Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms

Joint Publication 1-02

Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms

12 April 2001 (As Amended Through 23 January 2002)

PREFACE 1. Scope The Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms (short title: Joint Pub 1-02 or JP 1-02) sets forth standard US military and associated terminology to encompass the joint activity of the Armed Forces of the United States in both US joint and allied joint operations, as well as to encompass the Department of Defense (DOD) as a whole. These military and associated terms, together with their definitions, constitute approved DOD terminology for general use by all components of the Department of Defense. The Secretary of Defense, by DOD Directive 5025.12, 23 August 1989, Standardization of Military and Associated Terminology, has directed the use of JP 1-02 throughout the Department of Defense to ensure standardization of military and associated terminology.

2. Purpose This publication supplements standard English-language dictionaries with standard terminology for military and associated use. However, it is not the intent of this publication to restrict the authority of the joint force commander (JFC) from organizing the force and executing the mission in a manner the JFC deems most appropriate to ensure unity of effort in the accomplishment of the overall mission.

3. Application — DOD and NATO Activities

intended. To provide a common interpretation of terminology at home and abroad, US officials, when participating in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) or dealing with NATO matters, will use NATO terminology. When a NATO standard for a term or definition does not exist, applicable DOD terminology (if any) may be used. Note concerning DOD-NATO Standardization: The United States is a signatory to NATO Standardization Agreement (STANAG) 3680, which ratifies the NATO Glossary of Terms and Definitions (English and French) (short title: AAP-6). Under the provisions of STANAG 3680, AAP-6 is established as the primary glossary for NATO. The United States carries out its obligation to implement STANAG 3680 in the following manner: (a) English-language entries approved for AAP-6 may be proposed by DOD elements for inclusion in JP 1-02 as DOD-NATO entries. The purpose of such proposals is to increase multinational standardization. After DOD-wide staffing by the US NATO Military Terminology Group (USNMTG), terminology so approved for inclusion in JP 1-02 and DOD-wide use will appear, along with DOD-only entries, in JP 1-02 with an asterisk in parentheses after the term to denote DOD-NATO standardization of terminology, referred to as “alignment” in NATO. (b) As stated in paragraph 3, US officials will adhere to NATO terminology when engaged in NATO matters, provided that applicable terminology exists. (c) An electronic copy of AAP-6 is provided under “Other Publications” at the internet address cited in paragraph 7.

JP 1-02 is promulgated for mandatory use by the Office of the Secretary of Defense, 4. Criteria for Terms Military Departments, Joint Staff, combatant commands, Defense agencies, and any other The following criteria are used to determine DOD components. DOD terminology herein the acceptability of terminology for inclusion is to be used without alteration unless a in JP 1-02: distinctly different context or application is

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Preface a. Inadequate coverage in a standard, by the Director for Operational Plans and Joint commonly accepted dictionary, e.g., by Force Development (J-7), Joint Staff. Merriam-Webster.

6. Publication Format b. Terminology should be of general military or associated significance. Technical This edition of JP 1-02 has been published or highly specialized terms may be included in two basic parts: if they can be defined in easily understood language and if their inclusion is of general a. Main Body. This part of the dictionary military or associated significance. contains all terms and definitions approved for use within the Department of Defense, to c. Terms for weaponry are limited to include those terms and definitions that are generic weapon systems. approved for both DOD and NATO use. Each entry approved for both DOD and NATO d. Unless there are special reasons to the appears with an asterisk in parentheses, i.e., contrary, terms and definitions are not to (*), after the term to denote DOD-NATO consist of or contain abbreviations or other acceptance. shortened forms, e.g., acronyms. Note: In rare instances, a term may have a e. Only UNCLASSIFIED terminology combination of DOD-only definitions and will be included. DOD-NATO definitions. In these instances, though an asterisk will appear after the term f. Dictionary entries will not be provided to denote DOD-NATO standardization, DODfor prowords, code words, brevity words, or only definitions will be preceded by “DOD NATO-only terms. only” in parentheses. g. Dictionary entries will not be Serviceb. Appendix A. Appendix A contains a specific or functionality-specific unless they listing of current abbreviations and acronyms are commonly employed by US joint forces in common use within the Department of as a whole. Defense. This is by no means a complete list of DOD abbreviations and acronyms. Rather, h. Dictionary entries will not consist of it serves as a guide to current DOD usage in components or sub-components contained in abbreviations and acronyms. missiles, aircraft, equipment, weapons, etc.

7. JP 1-02 on the Internet 5. Other DOD Dictionaries JP 1-02 is accessible on-line at the following Other dictionaries or glossaries for DOD internet address: use will be published ONLY AFTER coordination with the USNMTG and approval http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/doddict

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Preface As changes are approved for JP 1-02, they than any printed edition. The internet version are added to the internet version, making the thus provides the latest changes worldwide internet version of JP 1-02 more up-to-date between regular printed editions. For the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff:

S. A. FRY Vice Admiral, U.S. Navy Director, Joint Staff

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TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE MAIN BODY .................................................................................................................. 1 APPENDIX A B C

Abbreviations and Acronyms ........................................................................... A-1 Terminology Points of Contact .......................................................................... B-1 Administrative Instructions ............................................................................... C-1

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002

A abort — (*) 1. To terminate a mission for involved; is consistent with the law of war; any reason other than enemy action. It may and is militarily and politically supportable. occur at any point after the beginning of See also adequacy; feasibility. the mission and prior to its completion. 2. To discontinue aircraft takeoff or missile access to classified information — The launch. ability and opportunity to obtain knowledge of classified information. Persons have above-the-line publications — The upper access to classified information if they are level publications in the hierarchy of joint permitted to gain knowledge of the publications which includes capstone, information or if they are in a place where keystone, and other key joint doctrine they would be expected to gain such publications that the Chairman of the Joint knowledge. Persons do not have access to Chiefs of Staff signs and are intended to be classified information by being in a place used by combatant commanders, subunified where classified information is kept if commanders, joint task force commanders, security measures prevent them from Service Chiefs, and Joint Staff directors. gaining knowledge of the information. See also below-the-line publications; capstone publication; joint publication; accidental attack — An unintended attack keystone publications. (JP 1-01) which occurs without deliberate national design as a direct result of a random event, absolute altimeter — (*) A type of altimeter such as a mechanical failure, a simple which measures vertical distance to the human error, or an unauthorized action by surface below, using radio, radar, sonic, a subordinate. laser, or capacitive technology. accompanying supplies — Unit supplies that absolute dud — A nuclear weapon which, deploy with forces. when launched at or emplaced on a target, fails to explode. accountability — The obligation imposed by law or lawful order or regulation on an absolute filter — (*) A filter capable of officer or other person for keeping accurate cutting off 100% by weight of solid particles record of property, documents, or funds. greater than a stated micron size. The person having this obligation may or may not have actual possession of absolute height — (*) The height of an the property, documents, or funds. aircraft directly above the surface or terrain Accountability is concerned primarily with over which it is flying. See also altitude. records, while responsibility is concerned primarily with custody, care, and absorbed dose — (*) The amount of energy safekeeping. See also responsibility. imparted by nuclear (or ionizing) radiation to unit mass of absorbing material. The unit accounting line designator — A is the rad. five-character code, consisting of the target desired ground zero designator and the acceptability — Operation plan review striking command suffix, to indicate a criterion. The determination as to whether specific nuclear strike by a specified the contemplated course of action is worth weapon delivery system on a target the cost in manpower, materiel, and time

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 objective to the operation plan. Also called ALD. accuracy of fire — (*) The precision of fire expressed by the closeness of a grouping of shots at and around the center of the target. accuracy of information — See evaluation. acoustical surveillance — Employment of electronic devices, including sound-recording, -receiving, or -transmitting equipment, for the collection of information. acoustic circuit — A mine circuit which responds to the acoustic field of a target. See also mine. acoustic intelligence — (*) Intelligence derived from the collection and processing of acoustic phenomena. Also called ACINT.

Also called AW. There are three divisions within acoustic warfare. 1. acoustic warfare support measures. That aspect of acoustic warfare involving actions to search for, intercept, locate, record, and analyze radiated acoustic energy in water for the purpose of exploiting such radiations. The use of acoustic warfare support measures involves no intentional underwater acoustic emission and is generally not detectable by the enemy. Also called AWSM. 2. acoustic warfare countermeasures. That aspect of acoustic warfare involving actions taken to prevent or reduce an enemy’s effective use of the underwater acoustic spectrum. Acoustic warfare countermeasures involve intentional underwater acoustic emissions for deception and jamming. Also called AWCM. 3. acoustic warfare countercountermeasures. That aspect of acoustic warfare involving actions taken to ensure friendly effective use of the underwater acoustic spectrum despite the enemy’s use of underwater acoustic warfare. Acoustic warfare counter-countermeasures involve anti-acoustic warfare support measures and anti-acoustic warfare countermeasures, and may not involve underwater acoustic emissions. Also called AWCCM.

acoustic jamming — The deliberate radiation or reradiation of mechanical or electroacoustic signals with the objectives of obliterating or obscuring signals that the enemy is attempting to receive and of disrupting enemy weapons systems. See also barrage jamming; electronic warfare; jamming; spot jamming. acoustic warfare counter-countermeasures — See acoustic warfare Part 3. acoustic mine — (*) A mine with an acoustic circuit which responds to the acoustic field acoustic warfare countermeasures — See of a ship or sweep. See also mine. acoustic warfare Part 2.

acoustic minehunting — (*) The use of a acoustic warfare support measures — See sonar to detect mines or mine-like objects acoustic warfare Part 1. which may be on or protruding from the seabed, or buried. acquire — 1. When applied to acquisition radars, the process of detecting the presence acoustic warfare — (*) Action involving and location of a target in sufficient detail the use of underwater acoustic energy to to permit identification. 2. When applied determine, exploit, reduce, or prevent to tracking radars, the process of positioning hostile use of the underwater acoustic a radar beam so that a target is in that beam spectrum and actions which retain friendly to permit the effective employment of use of the underwater acoustic spectrum. weapons. See also target acquisition.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 acquire (radar) — See acquire.

activation — Order to active duty (other than for training) in the Federal service. See also acquisition — See collection (acquisition). active duty; federal service. (JP 4-05) acquisition and cross-servicing agreement — Agreements negotiated on a bilateral basis with US allies or coalition partners that allow US forces to exchange most common types of support, including food, fuel, transportation, ammunition, and equipment. Authority to negotiate these agreements is usually delegated to the combatant commander by the Secretary of Defense. Authority to execute these agreements lies with the Secretary of Defense, and may or may not be delegated. Governed by legal guidelines, these agreements are used for contingencies, peacekeeping operations, unforeseen emergencies, or exercises to correct logistic deficiencies that cannot be adequately corrected by national means. The support received or given is reimbursed under the conditions of the acquisition and crossservicing agreement. Also called ACSA. See also cross-servicing; servicing. (JP 4-07) action agent — In intelligence usage, one who has access to, and performs actions against, the target.

activation detector — (*) A device used to determine neutron flux or density by virtue of the radioactivity induced in it as a result of neutron capture. active air defense — Direct defensive action taken to destroy, nullify, or reduce the effectiveness of hostile air and missile threats against friendly forces and assets. It includes the use of aircraft, air defense weapons, electronic warfare, and other available weapons. See also air defense. (JP 3-01) active communications satellite — See communications satellite. active defense — The employment of limited offensive action and counterattacks to deny a contested area or position to the enemy. See also passive defense. active duty — Full-time duty in the active military service of the United States. This includes members of the Reserve Components serving on active duty or full-time training duty, but does not include full-time National Guard duty. Also called AD. See also active duty for training; inactive duty training.

action deferred — Tactical action on a specific track is being withheld for better tactical advantage. Weapons are available and commitment is pending. active duty for special work — A tour of active duty for reserve personnel authorized action information center — See air from military and reserve personnel defense control center; combat appropriations for work on active or reserve information center. component programs. This includes annual screening, training camp operations, action phase — In an amphibious operation, training ship operations, and unit the period of time between the arrival of conversion to new weapon systems when the landing forces of the amphibious force such duties are essential. Active duty for in the operational area and the special work may also be authorized to accomplishment of their mission. See also support study groups, training sites and amphibious force; amphibious operation; exercises, short-term projects, and doing landing force; mission. (JP 3-02) administrative or support functions. By

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 policy, active duty for special work tours active public affairs policy — Open are normally limited to 179 days or less in dissemination of information to inform the one fiscal year. Tours exceeding 180 days news media and public about an issue or are accountable against active duty end activity. An active approach is strength. characterized by announcing the event or addressing the issue through news media active duty for training — A tour of active advisories, news releases, personal contacts, duty which is used for training members of news conferences, or other forms of public the Reserve Components to provide trained presentation. Such a policy encourages and units and qualified persons to fill the needs supports news media coverage. See also of the Armed Forces in time of war or public affairs. (JP 3-61) national emergency and such other times as the national security requires. The active sealift forces — Military Sealift member is under orders that provide for Command active, common-user sealift and return to non-active status when the period the afloat pre-positioning force, including of active duty for training is completed. the required cargo handling and delivery This includes annual training, special tours systems as well as necessary operating of active duty for training, school tours, and personnel. See also afloat pre-positioning the initial duty for training performed by force; common-user sealift; Military nonprior service enlistees. Also called Sealift Command. (JP 4-01.2) ADT. active status — Status of all Reserves except Active Guard and Reserve — National those on an inactive status list or in the Guard and Reserve members who are on Retired Reserve. Reservists in an active voluntary active duty providing full-time status may train for points and/or pay and support to National Guard, Reserve, and may be considered for promotion. Active Component organizations for the purpose of organizing, administering, activity — 1. A unit, organization, or recruiting, instructing, or training the installation performing a function or Reserve Components. Also called AGR. mission, e.g., reception center, (JP 1-03.17) redistribution center, naval station, naval shipyard. 2. A function, mission, action, active homing guidance — (*) A system of or collection of actions. Also called ACT. homing guidance wherein both the source See also establishment. for illuminating the target and the receiver for detecting the energy reflected from the act of mercy — In evasion and recovery target as the result of the illumination are operations, assistance rendered to evaders carried within the missile. by an individual or elements of the local population who sympathize or empathize active material — (*) Material, such as with the evaders’ cause or plight. See also plutonium and certain isotopes of uranium, evader; evasion; evasion and recovery; which is capable of supporting a fission recovery; recovery operations. (JP 3-50.3) chain reaction. actual ground zero — (*) The point on the active mine — (*) A mine actuated by the surface of the Earth at, or vertically below reflection from a target of a signal emitted or above, the center of an actual nuclear by the mine. detonation. See also desired ground zero; ground zero.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 actuate — (*) To operate a mine-firing administrative landing — An unopposed mechanism by an influence or a series of landing involving debarkation from vessels influences in such a way that all the that have been administratively loaded. See requirements of the mechanism for firing, also administrative loading; or for registering a target count, are met. administrative movement; logistics over-the-shore operations. acute radiation dose — (*) Total ionizing radiation dose received at one time and over administrative lead time — The interval a period so short that biological recovery between initiation of procurement action cannot occur. and letting of contract or placing of order. See also procurement lead time. adequacy — Operation plan review criterion. The determination as to whether the scope administrative loading — (*) A loading and concept of a planned operation are system which gives primary consideration sufficient to accomplish the task assigned. to achieving maximum utilization of troop See also acceptability; feasibility. and cargo space without regard to tactical considerations. Equipment and supplies adjust — An order to the observer or spotter must be unloaded and sorted before they to initiate an adjustment on a designated can be used. Also called commercial target. loading. See also loading. administrative airlift service — The airlift administrative map — A map that contains service normally provided by specifically graphically recorded information pertaining identifiable aircraft assigned to to administrative matters, such as supply organizations or commands for internal and evacuation installations, personnel administration. installations, medical facilities, collecting points for stragglers and enemy prisoners administrative control — Direction or of war, train bivouacs, service and exercise of authority over subordinate or maintenance areas, main supply roads, other organizations in respect to traffic circulation, boundaries, and other administration and support, including details necessary to show the administrative organization of Service forces, control of situation. See also map. resources and equipment, personnel management, unit logistics, individual and administrative movement — (*) A unit training, readiness, mobilization, movement in which troops and vehicles are demobilization, discipline, and other arranged to expedite their movement and matters not included in the operational conserve time and energy when no enemy missions of the subordinate or other interference, except by air, is anticipated. organizations. Also called ADCON. (JP 0-2) administrative order — (*) An order covering traffic, supplies, maintenance, administrative escort — A warship or evacuation, personnel, and other merchant ship under naval control, carrying administrative details. a convoy commodore and staff, and serving as a platform for simultaneous administrative shipping — Support shipping communication with an operational control that is capable of transporting troops and authority and a coastal convoy. cargo from origin to destination, but that

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 cannot be loaded or unloaded without nonbeing the advance guard support. It protects organic personnel and/or equipment (e.g., the main force and is itself protected by the cargo handling personnel, stevedores, piers, advance guard support. Small advance barges, cranes, materials handling guards do not have reserves. equipment, vessels, etc.). See also administrative loading; administrative advance guard support — First of the two movement. main parts of an advance guard, the other being the advance guard reserve. It is made advanced base — A base located in or near up of three smaller elements, in order from an operational area whose primary mission front to rear, the advance guard point, the is to support military operations. advance party, and the support proper. The advance guard support protects the advance advanced operations base — In special guard reserve. operations, a small temporary base established near or within a joint special adverse weather — Weather in which operations area to command, control, and/ military operations are generally restricted or support training or tactical operations. or impeded. See also marginal weather. Facilities are normally austere. The base may be ashore or afloat. If ashore, it may adverse weather aerial delivery system — include an airfield or unimproved airstrip, The precise delivery of personnel, a pier, or an anchorage. An advanced equipment, and supplies during adverse operations base is normally controlled and/ weather, using a self-contained aircraft or supported by a main operations base or instrumentation system without artificial a forward operations base. Also called ground assistance or the use of ground AOB. See also forward operations base; navigational aids. Also called AWADS. main operations base. (JP 3-05.3) (JP 3-17) advance force — (*) A temporary advisory area — (*) A designated area organization within the amphibious task within a flight information region where air force which precedes the main body to the traffic advisory service is available. objective area. Its function is to participate in preparing the objective for the main aerial picket — See air picket. assault by conducting such operations as reconnaissance, seizure of supporting aerial port — An airfield that has been positions, minesweeping, preliminary designated for the sustained air movement bombardment, underwater demolitions, and of personnel and materiel as well as an air support. authorized port for entrance into or departure from the country where located. advance guard — Detachment sent ahead Also called APORT. See also port of of the main force to ensure its uninterrupted debarkation; port of embarkation. advance; to protect the main body against surprise; to facilitate the advance by aerial port control center — The agency removing obstacles and repairing roads and responsible for the management and control bridges; and to cover the deployment of the of all aerial port resources and for the receipt main body if it is committed to action. and dissemination of all airlift requirements received from the airlift coordination cell advance guard reserve — Second of the two as the joint force commander’s agent. Also main parts of an advance guard, the other called APCC. (JP 3-17)

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 aerial port squadron — An Air Force organization that operates and provides the functions assigned to aerial ports, including processing personnel and cargo, rigging for airdrop, packing parachutes, loading equipment, preparing air cargo and load plans, loading and securing aircraft, ejecting cargo for inflight delivery, and supervising units engaged in aircraft loading and unloading operations.

equipment for inflight medical care; c. facilities on or in the vicinity of air strips and air bases for the limited medical care of intransit patients entering, en route via, or leaving the system; and d. communication with originating, destination, and en route medical facilities concerning patient transportation. Also called AES. See also aeromedical evacuation. (JP 4-02.2)

aerodynamic missile — (*) A missile which aeromedical evacuation unit — An uses aerodynamic forces to maintain its operational medical organization concerned flight path. See also ballistic missile; primarily with the management and control guided missile. of patients being transported via an aeromedical evacuation system or system aeromedical evacuation — The movement echelon. See also forward aeromedical of patients under medical supervision to and evacuation. between medical treatment facilities by air transportation. Also called AE. aeronautical chart — A specialized representation of mapped features of the aeromedical evacuation control officer — Earth, or some part of it, produced to show An officer of the air transport force or air selected terrain, cultural and hydrographic command controlling the flow of patients features, and supplemental information by air. required for air navigation, pilotage, or for planning air operations. aeromedical evacuation coordination center — A coordination center within the aeronautical information overprint — (*) joint air operations center’s airlift Additional information which is printed or coordination cell that monitors all activities stamped on a map or chart for the specific related to aeromedical evacuation (AE) purpose of air navigation. operations execution. It manages the medical aspects of the AE mission and aeronautical plotting chart — (*) A chart serves as the net control station for AE designed for the graphical processes of communications. It coordinates medical navigation. requirements with airlift capability, assigns medical missions to the appropriate AE aerosol — A liquid or solid composed of elements, and monitors patient movement finely divided particles suspended in a activities. Also called AECC. See also gaseous medium. Examples of common aeromedical evacuation; aeromedical aerosols are mist, fog, and smoke. (JP 3-11) evacuation system; aeromedical evacuation unit. (JP 4-01.1) aerospace — Of, or pertaining to, Earth’s envelope of atmosphere and the space aeromedical evacuation system — A system above it; two separate entities considered that provides: a. control of patient as a single realm for activity in launching, movement by air transport; b. specialized guidance, and control of vehicles that will medical aircrew, medical crew augmentees, travel in both entities. and specialty medical attendants and

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 aerospace defense — 1. All defensive afloat pre-positioning ships — Forward measures designed to destroy or nullify deployed merchant ships loaded with attacking enemy aircraft and missiles and tactical equipment and supplies to support also negate hostile space systems. 2. An the initial deployment of military forces. inclusive term encompassing air defense, Also called APS. See also merchant ship. ballistic missile defense, and space defense. (JP 4-01.2) See also air defense; space defense. (JP 3-01.1) afloat support — (*) A form of logistic support outside the confines of a harbor in affiliation training — Military training based which fuel, ammunition, and supplies are on allied and/or coalition, joint, and/or provided for operating forces either Service doctrine or tactics, techniques, and underway or at anchor. See also floating procedures, as applicable, to prepare base support. personnel or units for multinational operations. Usually conducted between US afterwinds — Wind currents set up in the and non-US forces. May also be referred vicinity of a nuclear explosion directed to as multinational training. See also toward the burst center, resulting from the command post exercise; exercise; field updraft accompanying the rise of the training exercise; maneuver. fireball. afloat pre-positioning force — Shipping agency — (*) In intelligence usage, an maintained in full operational status to organization or individual engaged in afloat pre-position military equipment and collecting and/or processing information. supplies in support of combatant Also called collection agency. See also commanders’ operation plans. The afloat agent; intelligence cycle; source. pre-positioning force consists of the three maritime pre-positioning ships squadrons agent — In intelligence usage, one who is and the afloat pre-positioning ships. Also authorized or instructed to obtain or to assist called APF. See also afloat prein obtaining information for intelligence or positioning ships; maritime precounterintelligence purposes. positioning ships. (JP 4-01.2) agent authentication — The technical afloat pre-positioning operations — Presupport task of providing an agent with positioning of ships, preloaded with personal documents, accoutrements, and equipment and supplies (including equipment which have the appearance of ammunition and petroleum) that provides authenticity as to claimed origin and which for an alternative to land-based programs. support and are consistent with the agent’s This concept provides for ships and onboard cover story. force support equipment and supplies positioned near potential crisis areas that agent net — An organization for clandestine can be delivered rapidly to joint airlifted purposes that operates under the direction forces in the operational area. Afloat preof a principal agent. positioning in forward areas enhances a force’s capability to respond to a crisis, aggressor forces — 1. Forces engaged in resulting in faster reaction time. See also aggressive military action. 2. In the context operation. (JP 4-01.6) of training exercises, the “enemy” created

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 to add realism in training maneuvers and exercises. air — (*) In artillery and naval gunfire support, a spotting, or an observation, by a spotter or an observer to indicate that a burst or group of bursts occurred before impact. air alert — See airborne alert; air defense warning conditions; alert; ground alert.

transport by air, an assault debarkation, either by parachuting or touchdown. 2. In relation to equipment, pieces of equipment that have been especially designed for use by airborne troops during or after an assault debarkation. It also designates some aeronautical equipment used to accomplish a particular mission. 3. When applied to materiel, items that form an integral part of the aircraft. 4. The state of an aircraft, from the instant it becomes entirely sustained by air until it ceases to be so sustained. A lighter-than-air aircraft is not considered to be airborne when it is attached to the ground, except that moored balloons are airborne whenever sent aloft. Also called ABN. See also air transportable unit.

air and space expeditionary task force — A deployed numbered air force (NAF) or command echelon immediately subordinate to a NAF provided as the US Air Force component command committed to a joint operation. Also called AETF. See also air expeditionary force; air expeditionary wing. (JP 3-33) airborne alert — (*) A state of aircraft readiness wherein combat-equipped aircraft air apportionment — See apportionment are airborne and ready for immediate action. (air). (JP 3-56.1) See also fighter cover. (DOD only) It is designed to reduce reaction time and to air assault — The movement of friendly increase survivability. See also combat air assault forces (combat, combat support, and patrol; fighter cover; ground alert. combat service support) by rotary-wing aircraft to engage and destroy enemy forces airborne assault — See assault phase, Part 2. or to seize and hold key terrain. See also assault. (JP 3-18) airborne assault weapon — An unarmored, mobile, full-tracked gun providing a mobile air attack — 1. coordinated — A antitank capability for airborne troops. Can combination of two or more types of air be airdropped. attack (dive, glide, low-level) in one strike, using one or more types of aircraft. 2. airborne battlefield command and control deferred — A procedure in which attack center — A United States Air Force aircraft groups rendezvous as a single unit. It is equipped with communications, data link, used when attack groups are launched from and display equipment; it may be employed more than one station with their departure as an airborne command post or a on the mission being delayed pending communications and intelligence relay further orders. 3. divided — A method of facility. Also called ABCCC. delivering a coordinated air attack which consists of holding the units in close tactical airborne command post — (*) A suitably concentration up to a point, then splitting equipped aircraft used by the commander them to attack an objective from different for the control of his or her forces. directions. airborne early warning — The detection of airborne — 1. In relation to personnel, troops enemy air or surface units by radar or other especially trained to effect, following equipment carried in an airborne vehicle,

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 and the transmitting of a warning to friendly airborne operation — An operation units. Also called AEW. involving the air movement into an objective area of combat forces and their airborne early warning and control — (*) logistic support for execution of a tactical, Air surveillance and control provided by operational, or strategic mission. The airborne early warning aircraft which are means employed may be any combination equipped with search and height-finding of airborne units, air transportable units, and radar and communications equipment for types of transport aircraft, depending on the controlling weapon systems. Also called mission and the overall situation. See also AEW & C. See also air picket. assault; assault phase. airborne force — (*) A force composed airborne order — A command and primarily of ground and air units organized, authorization for flight when a equipped, and trained for airborne predetermined time greater than five operations. See also force(s). minutes is established for aircraft to become airborne. airborne interception equipment — (*) A fire control system, including radar airborne radio relay — Airborne equipment equipment, installed in interceptor aircraft used to relay radio transmission from used to effect air interception. selected originating transmitters. airborne lift — The total capacities expressed airborne sensor operator — An individual in terms of personnel and cargo that are, or trained to operate sensor equipment aboard can be, carried by available aircraft in one aircraft and to perform limited trip. interpretations of collected information produced in flight. airborne mission commander — The commander serves as an airborne extension airborne troops — Those ground units of the executing component’s rescue whose primary mission is to make assault coordination center (RCC) and coordinates landings from the air. See also troops. the combat search and rescue (CSAR) effort between the combat search and rescue task air-breathing missile — A missile with an force (CSARTF) and the RCC (or joint engine requiring the intake of air for search and rescue center) by monitoring the combustion of its fuel, as in a ramjet or status of all CSARTF elements, requesting turbojet. To be contrasted with the rocket additional assets when needed, and ensuring missile, which carries its own oxidizer and the recovery and supporting forces arrive can operate beyond the atmosphere. at their designated areas to accomplish the CSAR mission. The airborne mission airburst — (*) An explosion of a bomb or commander (AMC) may be designated by projectile above the surface as distinguished the component RCC or higher authority. from an explosion on contact with the The AMC appoints, as necessary, an onsurface or after penetration. See also types scene commander. Also called AMC. See of burst. also combat search and rescue; combat search and rescue task force; rescue air-capable ship — All ships other than coordination center. (JP 3-50.21) aircraft carriers; aircraft carriers, nuclear;

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 amphibious assault ships, landing platform aircraft — See inactive aircraft inventory; helicopter; general purpose amphibious program aircraft; reserve aircraft; assault ships; or general purpose supporting aircraft; unit aircraft. amphibious assault ships (with internal dock) from which aircraft can take off, be aircraft arresting barrier — (*) A device, recovered, or routinely receive and transfer not dependent on an aircraft arresting hook, logistic support. See also aviation ship. used to stop an aircraft by absorbing its (JP 3-04.1) forward momentum in an emergency landing or an aborted takeoff. Also called air cargo — (*) Stores, equipment or barricade; emergency barrier. See also vehicles, which do not form part of the aircraft arresting system. aircraft, and are either part or all of its payload. aircraft arresting cable — (*) That portion of an aircraft arresting system which spans Air Carrier Initiative Program — Mutual the runway surface or flight deck landing assistance program with signatory area and is engaged by the aircraft arresting commercial air carriers to assist in illegal hook. Also called aircraft arresting wire. drug detection and detection of internal conspiracies. (JP 3-07.4) aircraft arresting gear — (*) A device used to engage hook-equipped aircraft to absorb air cartographic camera — (*) A camera the forward momentum of a routine or having the accuracy and other emergency landing or aborted takeoff. See characteristics essential for air survey or also aircraft arresting system. cartographic photography. Also called mapping camera. aircraft arresting hook — (*) A device fitted to an aircraft to engage arresting gear. Also air cartographic photography — (*) The called tail hook. See also aircraft taking and processing of air photographs arresting system. for mapping and charting purposes. aircraft arresting system — (*) A series of air control operations — The employment components used to stop an aircraft by of air forces, supported by ground and naval absorbing its momentum in a routine or forces, as appropriate, to achieve military emergency landing or aborted takeoff. See objectives in vital airspace areas. Such also aircraft arresting barrier; aircraft operations include destruction of enemy air arresting gear; aircraft arresting hook. and surface-to-air forces, interdiction of enemy air operations, protection of vital air aircraft arresting wire — See aircraft lines of communication, and the arresting cable. See also aircraft establishment of local military superiority arresting system. in areas of air operations. See also operation. (JP 3-18) aircraft arrestment — (*) Controlled stopping of an aircraft by external means. air corridor — (*) A restricted air route of travel specified for use by friendly aircraft aircraft block speed — True airspeed in and established for the purpose of knots under zero wind conditions adjusted preventing friendly aircraft from being fired in relation to length of sortie to compensate on by friendly forces. for takeoff, climbout, letdown, instrument approach, and landing.

11

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 aircraft captain — See aircraft commander.

to enable it to fulfill a particular mission or task. Also called aircraft role equipment.

aircraft carrier — A warship designed to support and operate aircraft, engage in aircraft modification — (*) A change in attacks on targets afloat or ashore, and the physical characteristics of aircraft, engage in sustained operations in support accomplished either by a change in of other forces. Designated as CV or CVN. production specifications or by alteration CVN is nuclear powered. of items already produced. aircraft commander — (*) The aircrew aircraft monitoring and control — That member designated by competent authority equipment installed in aircraft to permit as being in command of an aircraft and monitoring and control of safing, arming, responsible for its safe operation and and fuzing functions of nuclear weapons accomplishment of the assigned mission. or nuclear weapon systems. Also called AC. aircraft piracy — Any seizure or exercise of aircraft control and warning system — A control, by force or violence, or threat of system established to control and report the force or violence or by any other form of movement of aircraft. It consists of intimidation and with wrongful intent, of observation facilities (radar, passive an aircraft within the special aircraft electronic, visual, or other means), control jurisdiction of the United States. (JP 3-07.2) center, and necessary communications. aircraft role equipment — See aircraft aircraft cross-servicing — (*) Services mission equipment. performed on an aircraft by an organization other than that to which the aircraft is aircraft scrambling — (*) Directing the assigned, according to an established immediate takeoff of aircraft from a ground operational aircraft cross-servicing alert condition of readiness. requirement, and for which there may be a charge. Aircraft cross-servicing has been aircraft store — (*) Any device intended divided into two categories: a. Stage A for internal or external carriage and cross-servicing: The servicing of an aircraft mounted on aircraft suspension and release on an airfield/ship which enables the aircraft equipment, whether or not the item is to be flown to another airfield/ship. b. intended to be separated in flight from the Stage B cross-servicing: The servicing of aircraft. Aircraft stores are classified in two an aircraft on an airfield/ship which enables categories as follows. a. expendable store the aircraft to be flown on an operational — An aircraft store normally separated mission. See also aircraft transient from the aircraft in flight such as a missile, servicing. rocket, bomb, nuclear weapon, mine, torpedo, pyrotechnic device, sonobuoy, aircraft loading table — A data sheet used signal underwater sound device, or other by the airlift commander containing similar items. b. nonexpendable store — information as to the load that actually goes An aircraft store which is not normally into each aircraft. separated from the aircraft in flight such as a tank (fuel and spray), line-source aircraft mission equipment — (*) disseminator, pod (refueling, thrust Equipment that must be fitted to an aircraft augmentation, gun, electronic attack, data

12

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 link, etc.), multiple rack, target, cargo drop container, drone, or other similar items. See also payload.

normally given precedence in operations except under specified conditions. See also air defense operations area.

aircraft tiedown — Securing aircraft when air defense area — 1. overseas — A parked in the open to restrain movement specifically defined airspace for which air due to the weather or condition of the defense must be planned and provided. 2. parking area. United States — Airspace of defined dimensions designated by the appropriate aircraft transient servicing — (*) Services agency within which the ready control of performed on an aircraft by an organization airborne vehicles is required in the interest other than that to which the aircraft is of national security during an air defense assigned and for which there may be a emergency. financial charge. This activity is separate from the established aircraft cross-servicing air defense artillery — Weapons and program and requires that the transient equipment for actively combatting air aircrew supervise the correct application of targets from the ground. Also called ADA. ground crew procedures. See also aircraft cross-servicing. air defense battle zone — A volume of airspace surrounding an air defense fire unit aircraft utilization — Average numbers of or defended area, extending to a specified hours during each 24-hour period that an altitude and range, in which the fire unit aircraft is actually in flight. commander will engage and destroy targets not identified as friendly under criteria aircraft vectoring — (*) The directional established by higher headquarters. control of in-flight aircraft through transmission of azimuth headings. air defense control center — (*) The principal information, communications, and air cushion vehicle — A vehicle capable of operations center from which all aircraft, being operated so that its weight, including antiaircraft operations, air defense artillery, its payload, is wholly or significantly guided missiles, and air warning functions supported on a continuously generated of a specific area of air defense cushion or “bubble” of air at higher than responsibility are supervised and ambient pressure. Also called ACV. (Note: coordinated. Also called air defense NATO uses the term “ground effect operations center. See also combat machine.”) information center. air defense — All defensive measures air defense direction center — An designed to destroy attacking enemy aircraft installation having the capability of or missiles in the Earth’s envelope of performing air surveillance, interception, atmosphere, or to nullify or reduce the control, and direction of allocated air effectiveness of such attack. Also called defense weapons within an assigned sector AD. See also active air defense; aerospace of responsibility. It may also have an defense; passive air defense. identification capability. air defense action area — (*) An area and air defense division — A geographic the airspace above it within which friendly subdivision of an air defense region. See aircraft or surface-to-air weapons are also air defense sector.

13

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 air defense early warning — See early air defense readiness — An operational warning. status requiring air defense forces to maintain higher than ordinary preparedness air defense emergency — An emergency for a short period of time. condition, declared by the Commander in Chief, North American Air Defense air defense region — (*) A geographical Command, that exists when attack upon the subdivision of an air defense area. continental United States, Alaska, Canada, or United States installations in Greenland air defense sector — (*) A geographical by hostile aircraft or missiles is considered subdivision of an air defense region. See probable, is imminent, or is taking place. also air defense division. Also called ADE. air defense suppression — In air operations, air defense ground environment — (*) The actions taken to degrade fixed and mobile network of ground radar sites and command surface-based components of enemy air and control centers within a specific theater defense systems so that offensive air forces of operations which are used for the tactical may effectively attack a target. control of air defense operations. air defense warning conditions — A degree air defense identification zone — Airspace of air raid probability according to the of defined dimensions within which the following code. The term air defense ready identification, location, and control division/sector referred to herein may of airborne vehicles are required. Also include forces and units afloat and/or called ADIZ. See also air defense deployed to forward areas, as applicable. operations area. Air defense warning yellow — attack by hostile aircraft and/or missiles is probable. air defense operations area — An area and This means that hostile aircraft and/or the airspace above it within which missiles are en route toward an air defense procedures are established to minimize division/sector, or unknown aircraft and/or mutual interference between air defense and missiles suspected to be hostile are en route other operations. It may include designation toward or are within an air defense division/ of one or more of the following: air defense sector. Air defense warning red — attack action area, air defense area; air defense by hostile aircraft and/or missiles is identification zone, and/or firepower imminent or is in progress. This means that umbrella. See also air defense action area; hostile aircraft and/or missiles are within air defense identification zone; positive an air defense division/sector or are in the identification and radar advisory zone. immediate vicinity of an air defense (JP 3-52) division/sector with high probability of entering the division/sector. Air defense air defense operations center — See air warning white — attack by hostile aircraft defense control center. and/or missiles is improbable. May be called either before or after air defense air defense operations team — A team of warning yellow or red. The initial United States Air Force ground declaration of air defense emergency will environment personnel assigned to certain automatically establish a condition of air allied air defense control and warning units/ defense warning other than white for elements. purposes of security control of air traffic.

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JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 air delivery — See airdrop; air landed; air air expeditionary wing — A wing or wing movement; air supply. slice placed under the administrative control of an air and space expeditionary task force air delivery container — A sling, bag, or or air and space task force by Department roll, usually of canvas or webbing, designed of the Air Force orders for a joint operation. to hold supplies and equipment for air Also called AEW. See also air and space delivery. expeditionary task force. (JP 3-33) air delivery equipment — Special items of air facility — An installation from which air equipment (such as parachutes, air delivery operations may be or are being conducted. containers, platforms, tie downs, and related See also facility. items) used in air delivery of personnel, supplies, and equipment. airfield — An area prepared for the accommodation (including any buildings, air direct delivery — The strategic air installations, and equipment), landing, and movement of cargo or personnel from an takeoff of aircraft. See also alternate airlift point of embarkation to a point as airfield; departure airfield; landing area; close as practicable to the user’s specified landing point; landing site; main airfield; final destination, thereby minimizing redeployment airfield. (DOD Note: In all transshipment requirements. Air direct entries involving “airfield” or “aerodrome,” delivery eliminates the traditional Air Force the US uses “airfield,” and NATO uses two step strategic and theater airlift “aerodrome.” The terms are synonymous.) transshipment mission mix. airfield traffic — (*) All traffic on the airdrop — The unloading of personnel or maneuvering area of an airfield and all materiel from aircraft in flight. See also aircraft flying in the vicinity of an airfield. airdrop platform; air movement; free drop; free fall; high velocity drop; low air fire plan — A plan for integrating and velocity drop. coordinating tactical air support of ground forces with other fire support. airdrop platform — A base upon which vehicles, cargo, or equipment are loaded for Air Force Component Headquarters — airdrop. See also airdrop. The field headquarters facility of the Air Force commander charged with the overall air employment/allocation plan — The conduct of Air Force operations. It is means by which subordinate commanders composed of the command section and advise the joint force commander of appropriate staff elements. planned employment/allocation of organic or assigned assets, of any expected excess Air Force special operations base — A base, sorties, or of any additional air support airstrip, or other appropriate facility that requirements. provides physical support to Air Force special operations forces (AFSOF). The air expeditionary force — Deployed US Air facility may be used solely to support Force wings, groups, and squadrons AFSOF or may be a portion of a larger base committed to a joint operation. Also called supporting other operations. As a AEF. See also air and space supporting facility, it is distinct from the expeditionary task force. (JP 3-33) forces operating from or being supported by it. Also called AFSOB. (JP 3-05)

15

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Air Force special operations component — The Air Force component of a joint force special operations component. Also called AFSOC. See also Army special operations component; Navy special operations component. (JP 3-05.5)

operations. Normally it is the area seized in the assault phase of an airborne operation. 2. A designated location in an area of operations used as a base for supply and evacuation by air. See also beachhead; bridgehead.

Air Force special operations detachment airhead line — A line denoting the limits of — A squadron-size headquarters that could the objective area for an airborne assault. be a composite organization composed of The airhead line is bounded by assault different Air Force special operations assets. objectives that are operationally located to The detachment is normally subordinate to ensure that enemy fires cannot be brought an Air Force special operations component, to bear on the main objective and for joint special operations task force, or joint friendly forces to conduct defensive task force, depending upon size and operations in depth. See also airhead; duration of the operation. Also called assault phase; objective area. (JP 3-18) AFSOD. (JP 3-05) air intercept control common — A tactical Air Force special operations element — An air-to-ground radio frequency, monitored element-size Air Force special operations by all air intercept control facilities within headquarters. It is normally subordinate to an area, that is used as a backup for other an Air Force special operations component discrete tactical control frequencies. or detachment, depending upon size and duration of the operation. Also called air interception — To effect visual or AFSOE. (JP 3-05) electronic contact by a friendly aircraft with another aircraft. Normally, the air intercept Air Force special operations forces — Those is conducted in the following five phases: Active and Reserve Component Air Force a. climb phase — Airborne to cruising forces designated by the Secretary of altitude. b. maneuver phase — Receipt Defense that are specifically organized, of initial vector to target until beginning trained, and equipped to conduct and transition to attack speed and altitude. c. support special operations. Also called transition phase — Increase or decrease AFSOF. (JP 3-05) of speed and altitude required for the attack. d. attack phase — Turn to attack heading, air ground operations system — (*) An acquire target, complete attack, and turn to Army/Air Force system providing the breakaway heading. e. recovery phase ground commander with the means for — Breakaway to landing. See also closereceiving, processing and forwarding the controlled air interception. requests of subordinate ground commanders for air support missions and air intercept zone — A subdivided part of for the rapid dissemination of information the destruction area in which it is planned and intelligence. to destroy or defeat the enemy airborne threat with interceptor aircraft. airhead — (*) 1. A designated area in a hostile or threatened territory which, when air interdiction — (*) Air operations seized and held, ensures the continuous air conducted to destroy, neutralize, or delay landing of troops and materiel and provides the enemy’s military potential before it can the maneuver space necessary for projected be brought to bear effectively against

16

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 friendly forces at such distance from friendly forces that detailed integration of each air mission with the fire and movement of friendly forces is not required. air landed — (*) Moved by air and disembarked, or unloaded, after the aircraft has landed or while a helicopter is hovering. See also air movement.

participating in airlift operations specified in the implementing directive. The airlift mission commander is usually designated by the commander of the deployed airlift unit, but may be selected by the Air Force component commander or joint force air component commander depending on the nature of the mission. See also joint force air component commander. (JP 3-17)

air landed operation — An operation airlift requirement — (*) The total number involving air movement in which personnel of passengers and/or weight/cubic and supplies are air landed at a designated displacement of cargo required to be carried site for further deployment of units and by air for a specific task. See also airlift personnel and further distribution of capability. supplies. (JP 3-17) airlift service — The performance or air-launched ballistic missile — A ballistic procurement of air transportation and missile launched from an airborne vehicle. services incident thereto required for the movement of persons, cargo, mail, or other air liaison officer — An officer (aviator/pilot goods. or naval flight officer) attached to a ground unit who functions as the primary advisor air logistic support — Support by air landing to the ground commander on air operation or airdrop, including air supply, movement matters. Also called ALO. See also liaison. of personnel, evacuation of casualties and (JP 3-09.1) enemy prisoners of war, and recovery of equipment and vehicles. airlift capability — The total capacity expressed in terms of number of passengers air logistic support operation — (*) An air and/or weight/cubic displacement of cargo operation, excluding an airborne operation, that can be carried at any one time to a given conducted within a theater to distribute and destination by available airlift. See also recover personnel, equipment, and supplies. airlift requirement; allowable load; payload. airmiss — See near miss. airlift coordination cell — A cell within the air mission — See mission, Part 3. air operations center which plans, coordinates, manages, and executes theater air mission intelligence report — A detailed airlift operations in the area of responsibility report of the results of an air mission, or joint operations area. Normally consists including a complete intelligence account of an airlift plans branch, an airlift of the mission. operations branch, and an airlift support branch. Also called ALCC. See also air airmobile forces — (*) The ground combat, operations center; area of responsibility; supporting, and air vehicle units required joint operations area. (JP 3-17) to conduct an airmobile operation. airlift mission commander — A commander airmobile operation — (*) An operation in designated when airlift aircraft are which combat forces and their equipment

17

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 move about the battlefield by aircraft to engage in ground combat.

of aircraft space to elements of the ground units to be airlifted; b. designates the number and type of aircraft in each serial; c. specifies the departure area, time of loading, and takeoff.

airmobility — (*) A capability of airmobile forces which permits them to move by air while retaining the ability to engage in ground combat. air observation — See air observer.

Air Mobility Command — The Air Force air observation post — See observation post. component command of the US Transportation Command. Also called air observer — (*) An individual whose AMC. primary mission is to observe or take photographs from an aircraft in order to air mobility division — The division within adjust artillery fire or obtain military the air operations center responsible for information. planning, coordinating, tasking, and management of air mobility missions. Also air observer adjustment — The correcting called AMD. See also air operations of gunfire from an aircraft. See also spot. center; division. (JP 4-01.8) air offensive — Sustained operations by air mobility element — The air mobility strategic and/or tactical air weapon systems element is an extension of the Air Mobility against hostile air forces or surface targets. Command tanker airlift control center deployed to a theater when requested by air operations center — The principal air the geographic combatant commander. It operations installation from which aircraft coordinates strategic airlift operations with and air warning functions of combat air the theater airlift management system and operations are directed, controlled, and collocates with the air operations center executed. It is the senior agency of the Air whenever possible. Also called AME. See Force Component Commander from which also air operations center; tanker airlift command and control of air operations are control center. (JP 3-17) coordinated with other components and Services. Also called AOC. (JP 3-56.1) air movement — Air transport of aircraft, units, personnel, supplies, equipment, and air photographic reconnaissance — (*) The materiel. See also airdrop; air landed; obtaining of information by air free drop; high velocity drop; low velocity photography, divided into three types: a. drop. Strategic photographic reconnaissance; b. Tactical photographic reconnaissance; and air movement column — In airborne c. Survey/cartographic photography-air operations, the lead formation and the photography taken for survey/ serials following, proceeding over the same cartographical purposes and to survey/ flight path at the same altitude. cartographic standards of accuracy. It may be strategic or tactical. air movement table — (*) A table prepared by a ground force commander in air picket — (*) An airborne early warning coordination with an air force commander. aircraft positioned primarily to detect, This form, issued as an annex to the report, and track approaching enemy operation order: a. indicates the allocation aircraft or missiles and to control intercepts.

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JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Also called aerial picket. See also air priorities committee — (*) A committee airborne early warning and control. set up to determine the priorities of passengers and cargo. air plot — (*) 1. A continuous plot used in air navigation of a graphic representation air raid reporting control ship — (*) A of true headings steered and air distances ship to which the air defense ship has flown. 2. A continuous plot of the position delegated the duties of controlling air of an airborne object represented warning radar and air raid reporting. graphically to show true headings steered and air distances flown. 3. Within ships, a air reconnaissance — The acquisition of display that shows the positions and information by employing visual movements of an airborne object relative observation and/or sensors in air vehicles. to the plotting ship. air reconnaissance liaison officer — An airport — See airfield. Army officer especially trained in air reconnaissance and imagery interpretation air portable — (*) Denotes materiel which matters who is attached to a tactical air is suitable for transport by an aircraft loaded reconnaissance unit. This officer assists and internally or externally, with no more than advises the air commander and staff on minor dismantling and reassembling within matters concerning ground operations and the capabilities of user units. This term must informs the supported ground commander be qualified to show the extent of air on the status of air reconnaissance requests. portability. See also load. air refueling — The capability to refuel airport surface detection equipment — aircraft in flight, which extends presence, Short-range radar displaying the airport increases range, and serves as a force surface. Aircraft and vehicular traffic multiplier. Also called AR. operating on runways, taxiways, and ramps, moving or stationary, may be observed with air refueling control point — During a high degree of resolution. refueling operations, the geographic point where the receiver arrives in the observation airport surveillance radar — Radar or precontact position with respect to the displaying range and azimuth that is tanker. Also called ARCP. normally employed in a terminal area as an aid to approach- and departure-control. air refueling control time — During refueling operations, the time the receiver airport traffic area — Unless otherwise and tanker arrive at the air refueling control specifically designated, that airspace within point. Also called ARCT. a horizontal radius of five statute miles from the geographic center of any airport at air refueling initiation point — During which a control tower is operating, refueling operations, a point located extending from the surface up to, but not upstream from the air refueling control including, an altitude of 3,000 feet above point (inbound to the air refueling control the elevation of the airport. Also called point) where the receiver aircraft initiates ATA. the rendezvous. Also called ARIP. air position — (*) The calculated position air request net — A high frequency, single of an aircraft assuming no wind effect. sideband, nonsecure net monitored by all

19

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 tactical air control parties (TACPs) and the air support operations center (ASOC) that allows immediate requests to be transmitted from a TACP at any Army echelon directly to the ASOC for rapid response. (JP 3-01.4)

airspace control system in the airspace control area. Also called ACA. See also airspace control; airspace control area; airspace control system; control; operation.

air route — (*) The navigable airspace airspace control boundary — (*) The lateral between two points, identified to the extent limits of an airspace control area, airspace necessary for the application of flight rules. control sub-area, high density airspace control zone, or airspace restricted area. air route traffic control center — The principal facility exercising en route control airspace control center — The airspace of aircraft operating under instrument flight control authority’s primary airspace control rules within its area of jurisdiction. facility, including assigned Service Approximately 26 such centers cover the component, host-nation, and/or allied United States and its possessions. Each has personnel and equipment. (JP 3-52) a communication capability to adjacent centers. airspace control facility — Any of the several Service component, host nation, or air smuggling event — In counterdrug allied facilities that provide airspace control operations, the departure of a suspected in the combat zone. (JP 3-52) drug smuggling aircraft, an airdrop of drugs, or the arrival of a suspected drug smuggling airspace control in the combat zone — A aircraft. (JP 3-07.4) process used to increase combat effectiveness by promoting the safe, air sovereignty — A nation’s inherent right efficient, and flexible use of airspace. to exercise absolute control and authority Airspace control is provided in order to over the airspace above its territory. See prevent fratricide, enhance air defense also air sovereignty mission. operations, and permit greater flexibility of operations. Airspace control does not air sovereignty mission — The integrated infringe on the authority vested in tasks of surveillance and control, the commanders to approve, disapprove, or execution of which enforces a nation’s deny combat operations. Also called authority over its territorial airspace. See airspace control; combat airspace also air sovereignty. control. (JP 3-52) airspace control — See airspace control in airspace control order — An order the combat zone. (JP 3-52) implementing the airspace control plan that provides the details of the approved requests airspace control area — Airspace that is for airspace control measures. It is laterally defined by the boundaries of the published either as part of the air tasking operational area. The airspace control area order or as a separate document. Also may be subdivided into airspace control called ACO. (JP 3-52) sectors. airspace control plan — The document airspace control authority — (*) The approved by the joint force commander that commander designated to assume overall provides specific planning guidance and responsibility for the operation of the procedures for the airspace control system

20

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 for the joint force area of responsibility and/ airspace restrictions — (*) Special or joint operations area. Also called ACP. restrictive measures applied to segments of See also airspace control system; area of airspace of defined dimensions. responsibility; joint force commander; joint operations area. (JP 3-52) air space warning area — See danger area. airspace control sector — A subelement of airspeed — The speed of an aircraft relative the airspace control area, established to to its surrounding air mass. The unqualified facilitate the control of the overall area. term “airspeed” can mean any one of the Airspace control sector boundaries following. a. calibrated airspeed — normally coincide with air defense Indicated airspeed corrected for instrument organization subdivision boundaries. installation error. b. equivalent airspeed Airspace control sectors are designated in — Calibrated airspeed corrected for accordance with procedures and guidance compressibility error. c. indicated airspeed contained in the airspace control plan in — The airspeed shown by an airspeed consideration of Service component, hostindicator. d. true airspeed — Equivalent nation, and allied airspace control airspeed corrected for error due to air capabilities and requirements. See also density (altitude and temperature). airspace control area. (JP 3-52) airspeed indicator — (*) An instrument airspace control system — (*) An which displays the indicated airspeed of the arrangement of those organizations, aircraft derived from inputs of pitot and personnel, policies, procedures, and static pressures. facilities required to perform airspace control functions. Also called ACS. air staging unit — (*) A unit situated at an airfield and concerned with reception, airspace coordination area — A handling, servicing, and preparation for three-dimensional block of airspace in a departure of aircraft and control of target area, established by the appropriate personnel and cargo. ground commander, in which friendly aircraft are reasonably safe from friendly air station — (*) In photogrammetry, the surface fires. The airspace coordination point in space occupied by the camera lens area may be formal or informal. Also called at the moment of exposure. ACA. (JP 3-09.3) air strike — An attack on specific objectives airspace management — The coordination, by fighter, bomber, or attack aircraft on an integration, and regulation of the use of offensive mission. May consist of several airspace of defined dimensions. air organizations under a single command in the air. airspace reservation — The airspace located above an area on the surface of the land or air strike coordinator — The air water, designated and set apart by Executive representative of the force commander in a Order of the President or by a state, target area, who is responsible for directing commonwealth, or territory, over which the all aircraft in the target area and flight of aircraft is prohibited or restricted coordinating their efforts to achieve the for the purpose of national defense or for most effective use of air striking power. other governmental purposes.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 air strip — (*) An unimproved surface which unrestricted by the operation of friendly has been adapted for takeoff or landing of submarines. See also restricted area. aircraft, usually having minimum facilities. See also airfield. air surveillance — (*) The systematic observation of airspace by electronic, visual air superiority — (*) That degree of or other means, primarily for the purpose dominance in the air battle of one force over of identifying and determining the another which permits the conduct of movements of aircraft and missiles, friendly operations by the former and its related and enemy, in the airspace under land, sea, and air forces at a given time and observation. See also satellite and missile place without prohibitive interference by surveillance; surveillance. the opposing force. air surveillance officer — (*) An individual air supply — (*) The delivery of cargo by responsible for coordinating and airdrop or air landing. maintaining an accurate, current picture of the air situation within an assigned airspace air support — (*) All forms of support given area. by air forces on land or sea. See also close air support; immediate air support; air survey camera — See air cartographic preplanned air support; tactical air camera. support. air survey photography — See air air support operations center — (*) An cartographic photography. agency of a tactical air control system collocated with a corps headquarters or an air target chart — A display of pertinent air appropriate land force headquarters, which target intelligence on a specialized graphic coordinates and directs close air support and base. It is designed primarily to support other tactical air support. Also called operations against designated air targets by ASOC. See also air support; close air various weapon systems. Also called ATC. support; operation; tactical air control center. (JP 4-01.8) Air Target Materials Program — A Department of Defense program under the air support request — A means to request management control of the National preplanned and immediate close air support, Imagery and Mapping Agency established air interdiction, air reconnaissance, for and limited to the production of surveillance, escort, helicopter airlift, and medium- and large-scale map, chart, and other aircraft missions. Also called geodetic products, that supports worldwide AIRSUPREQ. (JP 3-56.1) targeting requirements of the unified and specified commands, the Military air supremacy — (*) That degree of air Departments, and allied participants. It superiority wherein the opposing air force encompasses the determination of is incapable of effective interference. production and coverage requirements, standardization of products, establishment air surface zone — (*) A restricted area of production priorities and schedules, and established for the purpose of preventing the production, distribution, storage, and friendly surface vessels and aircraft from release/exchange of products included being fired upon by friendly forces and for under it. permitting antisubmarine operations,

22

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 air target mosaic — A large-scale mosaic air traffic control and landing system — providing photographic coverage of an area Department of Defense facilities, personnel, and permitting comprehensive portrayal of and equipment (fixed, mobile, and pertinent target detail. These mosaics are seaborne) with associated avionics to used for intelligence study and in planning provide safe, orderly, and expeditious and briefing for air operations. aerospace vehicle movements worldwide. Also called ATCALS. air tasking order — A method used to task and disseminate to components, air traffic control center — (*) A unit subordinate units, and command and combining the functions of an area control control agencies projected sorties, center and a flight information center. Also capabilities and/or forces to targets and called ATCC. See also area control specific missions. Normally provides center; flight information region. specific instructions to include call signs, targets, controlling agencies, etc., as well air traffic control clearance — (*) as general instructions. Also called ATO. Authorization by an air traffic control (JP 3-56.1) authority for an aircraft to proceed under specified conditions. air tasking order/confirmation — A message used to task joint force air traffic control facility — Any of the components; to inform the requesting component airspace control facilities command and the tasking authority of the primarily responsible for providing air action being taken; and/or to provide traffic control services and, as required, additional information about the mission. limited tactical control services. (JP 3-52) The message is used only for preplanned missions and is transmitted on a daily basis, air traffic controller — An air controller normally 12 hours prior to the start of the especially trained for and assigned to the air tasking day or in accordance with duty of airspace management and traffic established operation plans for the control of airborne objects. operational area. Also called ATOCONF. (JP 3-56.1) air traffic control service — (*) A service provided for the purpose of: a. preventing air terminal — A facility on an airfield that collisions: (1) between aircraft; and (2) on functions as an air transportation hub and the maneuvering area between aircraft and accommodates the loading and unloading obstructions; and b. expediting and of airlift aircraft and the intransit processing maintaining an orderly flow of air traffic. of traffic. The airfield may or may not be designated an aerial port. air traffic identification — The use of electronic devices, operational procedures, air-to-air guided missile — (*) An visual observation, and/or flight plan air-launched guided missile for use against correlation for the purpose of identifying air targets. See also guided missile. and locating aircraft flying within the airspace control area. air-to-surface guided missile — (*) An air-launched guided missile for use against air traffic section — The link between the surface targets. See also guided missile. staging post and the local air priority

23

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 committee. It is the key to the efficient handling of passengers and cargo at a staging post. It must include load control (including Customs and Immigrations facilities), freight, and mail sections.

mission. 6. (DOD only) In aviation, an aircraft and aircrew that are placed in an increased state of readiness so that they may be airborne in a specified period of time after a launch order is received. See also air defense warning conditions; ground alert; warning order.

air transportable unit — (*) A unit, other than airborne, whose equipment is adapted for air movement. See also airborne; alert force — Specified forces maintained in airborne operation. a special degree of readiness.

air transported operations — The alerting service — (*) A service provided movement by aircraft of troops and their to notify appropriate organizations equipment for an operation. regarding aircraft in need of search and rescue aid, and assist such organizations as air transport group — A task organization required. of transport aircraft units that provides air transport for landing force elements or alert order — 1. A crisis action planning provides logistic support. (JP 3-02) directive from the Secretary of Defense, issued by the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs airway — (*) A control area or portion of Staff, that provides essential guidance thereof established in the form of a corridor for planning and directs the initiation of marked with radio navigational aids. execution planning for the selected course of action authorized by the Secretary of airways station — A ground communication Defense. 2. A planning directive that installation established, manned, and provides essential planning guidance and equipped to communicate with aircraft in directs the initiation of execution planning flight, as well as with other designated after the directing authority approves a airways installations, for the purpose of military course of action. An alert order expeditious and safe movements of aircraft. does not authorize execution of the These stations may or may not be located approved course of action. See also course on designated airways. of action; crisis action planning; execution planning. (JP 5-0) air weapons controller — An individual especially trained for and assigned to the all appropriate action — Action taken in duty of employing and controlling air self-defense that is reasonable in intensity, weapon systems against airborne and duration, and magnitude, based on all the surface objects. facts known to the commander at the time. alert — (*) 1. Readiness for action, defense alliance — An alliance is the result of formal or protection. 2. A warning signal of a agreements (i.e., treaties) between two or real or threatened danger, such as an air more nations for broad, long-term attack. 3. The period of time during which objectives that further the common interests troops stand by in response to an alarm. 4. of the members. See also coalition; To forewarn; to prepare for action. See also multinational. (JP 5-0) airborne alert. 5. (DOD only) A warning received by a unit or a headquarters which allocation — In a general sense, distribution forewarns of an impending operational of limited resources among competing

24

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 requirements for employment. Specific allowable cabin load — The maximum allocations (e.g., air sorties, nuclear payload that can be carried on an individual weapons, forces, and transportation) are sortie. Also called ACL. (JP 3-17) described as allocation of air sorties, nuclear weapons, etc. See also allocation allowable load — (*) The total load that an (air); allocation (nuclear); allocation aircraft can transport over a given distance, (transportation); apportionment. taking into account weight and volume. See also airlift capability; airlift requirement; allocation (air) — The translation of the air load; payload. apportionment decision into total numbers of sorties by aircraft type available for each allowable stacking weight — The amount operation or task. See also allocation. of weight that can be stacked on corner (JP 3-17) posts of a container when subjected to 1.8 times the force of gravity. (JP 4-01.7) allocation (nuclear) — The apportionment of specific numbers and types of nuclear all-source intelligence — 1. Intelligence weapons to a commander for a stated time products and/or organizations and activities period as a planning factor for use in the that incorporate all sources of information, development of war plans. (Additional most frequently including human resources authority is required for the actual intelligence, imagery intelligence, deployment of allocated weapons to measurement and signature intelligence, locations desired by the commander to signals intelligence, and open-source data support the war plans. Expenditures of in the production of finished intelligence. these weapons are not authorized until 2. In intelligence collection, a phrase that released by proper authority.) indicates that in the satisfaction of intelligence requirements, all collection, allocation request — A message used to processing, exploitation, and reporting provide an estimate of the total air effort, systems and resources are identified for to identify any excess and joint force possible use and those most capable are general support aircraft sorties, and to tasked. See also intelligence. (JP 2-0) identify unfilled air requirements. This message is used only for preplanned all-weather air defense fighter — (*) A missions and is transmitted on a daily basis, fighter aircraft with equipment and weapons normally 24 hours prior to the start of the which enable it to engage airborne targets next air tasking day. Also called in all weather conditions, day and night. ALLOREQ. (JP 3-56.1) alongside replenishment — The transfer at allocation (transportation) — sea of personnel and/or supplies by rigs Apportionment by designated authority of between two or more ships proceeding side available transport capability to users. by side. allotment — The temporary change of alphabet code — See phonetic alphabet. assignment of tactical air forces between subordinate commands. The authority to alternate airfield — (*) An airfield specified allot is vested in the commander having in the flight plan to which a flight may combatant command (command authority). proceed when it becomes inadvisable to See also combatant command (command land at the airfield of intended landing. An authority).

25

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 alternate airfield may be the airfield of departure.

the aircraft or some specified datum; for pressure altitude, the level at which the atmospheric pressure is 29.92 inches of mercury (1013.2 m.bs); and for true altitude, mean sea level. See also altitude.

alternate command authority — One or more predesignated officers empowered by the commander through predelegation of authority to act under stipulated emergency altitude delay — (*) Synchronization delay conditions in the accomplishment of introduced between the time of previously defined functions. transmission of the radar pulse and the start of the trace on the indicator, for the purpose alternate command post — Any location of eliminating the altitude hole on the plan designated by a commander to assume position indicator-type display. command post functions in the event the command post becomes inoperative. It may altitude height — See altitude datum. be partially or fully equipped and manned or it may be the command post of a altitude hole — (*) The blank area at the subordinate unit. origin of a radial display, on a radar tube presentation, the center of the periphery of alternate headquarters — An existing which represents the point on the ground headquarters of a component or subordinate immediately below the aircraft. In command that is predesignated to assume side-looking airborne radar, this is known the responsibilities and functions of another as the altitude slot. headquarters under prescribed emergency conditions. altitude separation — See vertical separation. alternative — See variant.

altitude slot — See altitude hole.

altitude — (*) The vertical distance of a level, ambient temperature — Outside a point or an object considered as a point, temperature at any given altitude, preferably measured from mean sea level. See also expressed in degrees centigrade. (JP 3-04.1) density altitude; drop altitude; elevation; minimum safe altitude; pressure ambulance exchange point — A location altitude; transition altitude; true where a patient is transferred from one altitude. ambulance to another en route to a medical treatment facility. This may be an altitude acclimatization — (*) A slow established point in an ambulance shuttle physiological adaptation resulting from or it may be designated independently. Also prolonged exposure to significantly reduced called AXP. See also medical treatment atmospheric pressure. facility. (JP 4-02.2) altitude chamber — See hypobaric American National Standards Institute — chamber. The United States standards organization that establishes procedures for the altitude datum — (*) The arbitrary level development and coordination of voluntary from which vertical displacement is American national standards. measured. The datum for height measurement is the terrain directly below ammunition — See munition.

26

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 ammunition and toxic material open space amphibious assault area — See landing — (*) An area especially prepared for area. storage of explosive ammunition and toxic material. For reporting purposes, it does amphibious assault bulk fuel system — The not include the surrounding area restricted petroleum, oils, and lubricants discharge for storage because of safety distance system used to support US Marine Corps factors. It includes barricades and amphibious assaults and maritime preimprovised coverings. See also storage. positioning force operations. It consists of 5,000 or 10,000 feet of buoyant 6-inch hose ammunition controlled supply rate — In deployed from a landing ship, tank in Army usage, the amount of ammunition amphibious assaults, or a maritime preestimated to be available to sustain positioning ship in maritime pre-positioning operations of a designated force for a force operations. See also amphibious specified time if expenditures are controlled assault; petroleum, oils, and lubricants. at that rate. It is expressed in terms of (JP 4-01.6) rounds per weapon per day for ammunition items fired by weapons, and in terms of amphibious assault landing — See units of measure per organization per day amphibious operation, Part e. for bulk allotment ammunition items. Tactical commanders use this rate to control amphibious assault ship (general purpose) expenditures of ammunition during tactical — A naval ship designed to embark, deploy, operations at planned intervals. It is issued and land elements of a landing force in an through command channels at each level. assault by helicopters, landing craft, It is determined based on consideration of amphibious vehicles, and by combinations the required supply rates submitted by of these methods. Designated as “LHA” subordinate commanders and ammunition or with internal dock as “LHD.” assets available. amphibious aviation assault ship — An ammunition lot — (*) A quantity of amphibious assault ship, landing platform homogeneous ammunition, identified by a helicopter; general purpose amphibious unique lot number, which is manufactured, assault ship; or general purpose amphibious assembled, or renovated by one producer assault ship (with internal dock). (JP 3-04.1) under uniform conditions and which is expected to function in a uniform manner. amphibious chart — (*) A special naval chart designed to meet special requirements ammunition supply point — See for landing operations and passive coastal distribution point. defense, at a scale of 1:25,000 or larger, and showing foreshore and coastal information amphibian — A small craft, propelled by in greater detail than a combat chart. propellers and wheels or by air cushions for the purpose of moving on both land and amphibious command ship — (*) A naval water. (JP 4-01.6) ship from which a commander exercises control in amphibious operations. amphibious assault — The principal type of Designated as LCC. amphibious operation that involves establishing a force on a hostile or amphibious construction battalion — A potentially hostile shore. See also assault; permanently commissioned naval unit, assault phase. (JP 3-02) subordinate to the Commander, Naval

27

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Beach Group, designed to provide an the amphibious force. This area must be of administrative unit from which personnel sufficient size to ensure accomplishment of and equipment are formed in tactical the amphibious force’s mission and must elements and made available to appropriate provide sufficient area for conducting commanders to operate pontoon necessary sea, air, and land operations. Also causeways, transfer barges, warping tugs, called AOA. See also amphibious force; and assault bulk fuel systems, and to meet mission. (JP 3-02) salvage requirements of the naval beach party. Also called PHIBCB. (JP 3-02) amphibious objective study — A study designed to provide basic intelligence data amphibious control group — (*) Personnel, of a permanent or semipermanent nature ships, and craft designated to control the required for planning amphibious waterborne ship-to-shore movement in an operations. Each study deals with a specific amphibious operation. area, the selection of which is based on strategic location, susceptibility to seizure amphibious demonstration — (*) A type by amphibious means, and other of amphibious operation conducted for the considerations. purpose of deceiving the enemy by a show of force with the expectation of deluding amphibious operation — A military the enemy into a course of action operation launched from the sea by an unfavorable to him. amphibious force, embarked in ships or craft with the primary purpose of amphibious force — An amphibious task introducing a landing force ashore to force and a landing force together with other accomplish the assigned mission. See also forces that are trained, organized, and amphibious force; landing force; equipped for amphibious operations. Also mission; operation. (JP 3-02) called AF. See also amphibious operation; amphibious task force; amphibious planning — The process of landing force. (JP 3-02) planning for an amphibious operation, distinguished by the necessity for amphibious group — A command within the concurrent, parallel, and detailed planning amphibious force, consisting of the by all participating forces. The planning commander and staff, designed to exercise pattern is cyclical in nature, composed of a operational control of assigned units in series of analyses and judgments of executing all phases of a division-size operational situations, each stemming from amphibious operation. (JP 3-02.2) those that have preceded. (JP 3-02.2) amphibious lift — (*) The total capacity of amphibious raid — (*) A type of assault shipping utilized in an amphibious amphibious operation involving swift operation, expressed in terms of personnel, incursion into or temporary occupation of vehicles, and measurement or weight tons an objective followed by a planned of supplies. withdrawal. See also amphibious operation. amphibious objective area — A geographical area (delineated for command amphibious reconnaissance — (*) An and control purposes in the order initiating amphibious landing conducted by minor the amphibious operation) within which is elements, normally involving stealth rather located the objective(s) to be secured by than force of arms, for the purpose of

28

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 securing information, and usually followed by a planned withdrawal.

vehicles, and helicopters. Designated as LPD.

amphibious reconnaissance unit — A unit amphibious transport group — A organized, equipped, and trained to conduct subdivision of an amphibious task force and support amphibious reconnaissance composed primarily of transport ships. The missions. An amphibious reconnaissance size of the transport group will depend upon unit is made up of a number of amphibious the scope of the operation. Ships of the reconnaissance teams. transport group will be combat-loaded to support the landing force scheme of amphibious shipping — Organic Navy ships maneuver ashore. A transport unit will specifically designed to transport, land, and usually be formed to embark troops and support landing forces in amphibious equipment to be landed over a designated assault operations and capable of being beach or to embark all helicopter-borne loaded or unloaded by naval personnel troops and equipment. (JP 3-02.2) without external assistance in the amphibious objective area. amphibious vehicle — (*) A wheeled or tracked vehicle capable of operating on both amphibious squadron — (*) A tactical and land and water. See also landing craft. administrative organization composed of amphibious assault shipping to transport amphibious vehicle availability table — A troops and their equipment for an tabulation of the type and number of amphibious assault operation. Also called amphibious vehicles available primarily for PHIBRON. assault landings and for support of other elements of the operation. amphibious striking forces — Forces capable of projecting military power from amphibious vehicle employment plan — A the sea upon adjacent land areas for plan showing in tabular form the planned initiating and/or conducting operations in employment of amphibious vehicles in the face of enemy opposition. landing operations, including their employment after the initial movement to amphibious task force — A Navy task the beach. organization formed to conduct amphibious operations. The amphibious task force, amphibious vehicle launching area — (*) together with the landing force and other An area, in the vicinity of and to seaward forces, constitutes the amphibious force. of the line of departure, to which landing Also called ATF. See also amphibious ships proceed and launch amphibious force; amphibious operation; landing vehicles. force. (JP 3-02) amphibious withdrawal — A type of amphibious tractor — See amphibious amphibious operation involving the vehicle. extraction of forces by sea in ships or craft from a hostile or potentially hostile shore. amphibious transport dock — A ship See also amphibious operation. (JP 3-02) designed to transport and land troops, equipment, and supplies by means of analysis and production — See intelligence embarked landing craft, amphibious cycle. (JP 2-0)

29

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 anchorage — A specified location for anchoring or mooring a vessel in-stream or offshore. (JP 4-01.6)

completed after death to help establish a positive identification of a remains. See also mortuary affairs. (JP 4-06)

anchor cable — (*) In air transport, a cable antenna mine — (*) In naval mine warfare, in an aircraft to which the parachute static a contact mine fitted with antennae which, lines or strops are attached. when touched by a steel ship, sets up galvanic action to fire the mine. See also anchor line extension kit — (*) A device mine. fitted to an aircraft equipped with removable clamshell doors to enable antiarmor helicopter — (*) A helicopter paratroopers to exit from the rear. armed primarily for use in the destruction of armored targets. Also called antitank annex — A document appended to an helicopter. operation order or other document to make it clearer or to give further details. anticountermining device — (*) A device fitted in an influence mine designed to annotated print — (*) A photograph on prevent its actuation by shock. which interpretation details are indicated by words or symbols. antideficiency violations — The incurring of obligations or the making of expenditure annotation — (*) A marking placed on (outlays) in excess of amounts available in imagery or drawings for explanatory appropriations or funds. (JP 1-06) purposes or to indicate items or areas of special importance. anti-G suit — A device worn by aircrew to counteract the effects on the human body annual screening — One day of active duty of positive acceleration. for training required each year for Individual Ready Reserve members so the antilift device — A device arranged to Services can keep current on each member’s detonate the mine to which it is attached, physical condition, dependency status, or to detonate another mine or charge military qualifications, civilian nearby, if the mine is disturbed. occupational skills, availability for service, and other information. antimateriel agent — (*) A living organism or chemical used to cause deterioration of, annual training — The minimal period of or damage to, selected materiel. training reserve members must perform each year to satisfy the training antimateriel operation — (*) The requirements associated with their Reserve employment of antimateriel weapons or Component assignment. Also called AT. agents in military operations. antemortem identification media — antipersonnel mine (land mine warfare) — Records, samples, and photographs taken A mine designed to cause casualties to prior to death. These include (but are not personnel. See also mine. limited to) fingerprints, dental x-rays, body tissue samples, photographs of tattoos, or antiradiation missile — (*) A missile which other identifying marks. These “predeath” homes passively on a radiation source. Also records would be compared against records called ARM. See also guided missile.

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JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 antirecovery device — (*) In naval mine antisubmarine search — (*) Systematic warfare, any device in a mine designed to investigation of a particular area for the prevent an enemy discovering details of the purpose of locating a submarine known or working of the mine mechanism. suspected to be somewhere in the area. Some types of search are also used in antisubmarine action — An operation by locating the position of a distress incident. one or more antisubmarine-capable ships, submarines, or aircraft (or a combination antisubmarine support operation — (*) An thereof) against a particular enemy operation conducted by an antisubmarine submarine. force in the area around a force or convoy, in areas through which the force or convoy antisubmarine air distant support — is passing, or in defense of geographic areas. Antisubmarine air support at a distance Support operations may be completely from, but directly related to, specific coordinated with those of the force or convoys or forces. convoy, or they may be independent operations coordinated only to the extent antisubmarine air search attack unit — The of providing operational intelligence and designation given to one or more aircraft information. separately organized as a tactical unit to search for and destroy submarines. antisubmarine warfare — (*) Operations conducted with the intention of denying the antisubmarine barrier — (*) The line enemy the effective use of submarines. formed by a series of static devices or Also called ASW. mobile units arranged for the purpose of detecting, denying passage to, or destroying antisubmarine warfare forces — Forces hostile submarines. See also organized primarily for antisubmarine antisubmarine patrol. action. May be composed of surface ships, aircraft, submarines, or any combination of antisubmarine close air support — Air these, and their supporting systems. operations for the antisubmarine warfare protection of a supported force. antisurface air operation — (*) An air operation conducted in an air/sea antisubmarine operation — Operation environment against enemy surface forces. contributing to the conduct of antisubmarine warfare. antisweep device — (*) Any device incorporated in the mooring of a mine or antisubmarine patrol — (*) The systematic obstructor, or in the mine circuits to make and continuing investigation of an area or the sweeping of the mine more difficult. along a line to detect or hamper submarines, used when the direction of submarine antisweeper mine — (*) A mine which is movement can be established. See also laid or whose mechanism is designed or antisubmarine barrier. adjusted with the specific object of damaging mine countermeasures vessels. antisubmarine screen — (*) An See also mine. arrangement of ships and/or aircraft for the protection of a screened unit against attack antitank helicopter — See antiarmor by a submarine. helicopter.

31

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 antitank mine — (*) A mine designed to applicable materiel assets — That portion immobilize or destroy a tank. See also of the total acceptable materiel assets that mine. meets the military or other characteristics as defined by the responsible Military antiterrorism — Defensive measures used Service and that is in the right condition to reduce the vulnerability of individuals and location to satisfy a specific military and property to terrorist acts, to include requirement. limited response and containment by local military forces. Also called AT. See application — 1. The system or problem to also antiterrorism awareness; which a computer is applied. Reference is counterterrorism; proactive measures; often made to an application as being either terrorism. (JP 3-07.2) of the computational type (arithmetic computations predominate) or of the data antiterrorism awareness — Fundamental processing type (data handling operations knowledge of the terrorist threat and predominate). 2. In the intelligence measures to reduce personal vulnerability context, the direct extraction and tailoring to terrorism. See also antiterrorism. of information from an existing foundation of intelligence and near real time reporting. antiwatching device — A device fitted in a It is focused on and meets specific, narrow moored mine which causes it to sink should requirements, normally on demand. (JP 2-0) it show on the surface, so as to prevent the position of the mine or minefield being apportionment — In the general sense, disclosed. See also watching mine. distribution for planning of limited resources among competing requirements. any Service member mail — Mail sent by Specific apportionments (e.g., air sorties the general public to an unspecified Service and forces for planning) are described as member deployed on a contingency apportionment of air sorties and forces for operation, as an expression of patriotic planning, etc. See also allocation; support. (JP 1-0) apportionment (air). apogee — The point at which a missile apportionment (air) — The determination trajectory or a satellite orbit is farthest from and assignment of the total expected effort the center of the gravitational field of the by percentage and/or by priority that should controlling body or bodies. be devoted to the various air operations for a given period of time. Also called air apparent horizon — (*) The visible line of apportionment. See also apportionment. demarcation between land/sea and sky. (JP 3-0) apparent precession — (*) The apparent approach clearance — Authorization for a deflection of the gyro axis, relative to the pilot conducting flight in accordance with Earth, due to the rotating effect of the Earth instrument flight rules to commence an and not due to any applied force. Also approach to an airport. called apparent wander. approach control — A control station in an appendix — A document appended to an air operations control center, helicopter annex of an operation order, operation plan, direction center, or carrier air traffic control or other document to clarify or to give center, that is responsible for controlling air further details. traffic from marshal until hand-off to final

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JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 control. See also helicopter direction center; marshal. (JP 3-04.1)

expeditious transit through archipelagic waters in the normal mode through and over routes normally used for navigation and overflight.

approach end of runway — (*) That end of the runway nearest to the direction from which the final approach is made. architecture — A framework or structure that portrays relationships among all the approach lane — An extension of a boat lane elements of the subject force, system, or from the line of departure toward the activity. (JP 3-05) transport area. archive — When used in the context of approach march — (*) Advance of a combat deliberate planning, the directed command unit when direct contact with the enemy is will remove the referenced operation plan, imminent. Troops are fully or partially operation plan in concept format, and any deployed. The approach march ends when associated Joint Operation Planning and ground contact with the enemy is made or Execution System automated data when the attack position is occupied. processing files from its library of active plans. All material will be prepared for approach schedule — The schedule that shipment to appropriate archive facilities indicates, for each scheduled wave, the time in accordance with appropriate command of departure from the rendezvous area, from directives. See also maintain; retain. the line of departure, and from other control points and the time of arrival at the beach. area air defense commander — Within a unified command, subordinate unified approach sequence — (*) The order in command, or joint task force, the which two or more aircraft are cleared for commander will assign overall an approach. responsibility for air defense to a single commander. Normally, this will be the approach time — The time at which an component commander with the aircraft is expected to commence approach preponderance of air defense capability and procedure. the command, control, and communications capability to plan and execute integrated air approval authority — A representative defense operations. Representation from (person or organization) of the the other components involved will be Commandant, US Coast Guard, authorized provided, as appropriate, to the area air to approve containers within terms of the defense commander’s headquarters. Also International Conference for Safe called AADC. (JP 3-52) Containers. See also International Convention for Safe Containers. (JP 4-01.7) area assessment — The commander’s prescribed collection of specific apron — A defined area on an airfield information that commences upon intended to accommodate aircraft for employment and is a continuous operation. purposes of loading or unloading It confirms, corrects, refutes, or adds to passengers or cargo, refueling, parking, or previous intelligence acquired from area maintenance. studies and other sources prior to employment. (JP 3-05) archipelagic sea lanes passage — The nonsuspendable right of continuous and

33

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 area bombing — (*) Bombing of a target area of limitation — A defined area where which is in effect a general area rather than specific limitations apply to the strength and a small or pinpoint target. fortifications of disputing or belligerent forces. Normally, upper limits are area command — (*) A command which is established for the number and type of composed of those organized elements of formations, tanks, antiaircraft weapons, one or more of the Armed Services, artillery, and other weapons systems in the designated to operate in a specific area of limitation. Also called AOL. See geographical area, which are placed under also line of demarcation; peace a single commander. See also command. operations. (JP 3-07.3) area control center — (*) A unit established area of militarily significant fallout — (*) to provide air traffic control service to Area in which radioactive fallout affects the controlled flights in control areas under its ability of military units to carry out their jurisdiction. See also air traffic control normal mission. center; flight information region. area of northern operations — A region of area damage control — (*) Measures taken variable width in the Northern Hemisphere before, during, or after hostile action or that lies north of the 50 degrees isotherm natural or manmade disasters, to reduce the — a line along which the average probability of damage and minimize its temperature of the warmest 4-month period effects. See also damage control; disaster of the year does not exceed 50 degrees control. Fahrenheit. Mountain regions located outside of this area are included in this area of influence — (*) A geographical area category of operations provided these same wherein a commander is directly capable temperature conditions exist. of influencing operations by maneuver or fire support systems normally under the area of operations — An operational area commander’s command or control. defined by the joint force commander for land and naval forces. Areas of operation area of intelligence responsibility — An area do not typically encompass the entire allocated to a commander in which the operational area of the joint force commander is responsible for the provision commander, but should be large enough for of intelligence within the means at the component commanders to accomplish commander’s disposal. See also area of their missions and protect their forces. Also interest; area of responsibility. called AO. See also area of responsibility; joint operations area; joint special area of interest — That area of concern to operations area. (JP 5-0) the commander, including the area of influence, areas adjacent thereto, and area of responsibility — The geographical extending into enemy territory to the area associated with a combatant command objectives of current or planned operations. within which a combatant commander has This area also includes areas occupied by authority to plan and conduct operations. enemy forces who could jeopardize the Also called AOR. See also combatant accomplishment of the mission. Also called command. (JP 3-0) AOI. See also area of influence. (JP 2-03)

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JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 area of separation — See buffer zone. Also called AOS. See also peace operations. (JP 3-07.3)

or from persons in the Armed Forces of the United States and persons accompanying or serving with the Armed Forces of the United States. See also censorship.

area operations — (*) In maritime usage, operations conducted in a geographical area armed forces courier — An officer or and not related to the protection of a specific enlisted member in the grade of E-7 or force. above, of the US Armed Forces, assigned to perform Armed Forces Courier Service area oriented — Personnel or units whose duties and identified by possession of an organizations, mission, training, and Armed Forces Courier Service equipping are based on projected Identification Card (ARF-COS Form 9). operational deployment to a specific See also courier. geographic or demographic area. (JP 3-05) Armed Forces Courier Service — A joint area radar prediction analysis — Radar service of the Departments of the Army, the target intelligence study designed to provide Navy, and the Air Force, with the Chief of radar-significant data for use in the Staff, US Army, as Executive Agent. The preparation of radar target predictions. courier service provides one of the available methods for the secure and expeditious area search — Visual reconnaissance of transmission of material requiring limited or defined areas. protected handling by military courier. area target — (*) A target consisting of an armed forces courier station — An Army, area rather than a single point. Navy, or Air Force activity, approved by the respective military department and armament delivery recording — Motion officially designated by Headquarters, picture, still photography, and video Armed Forces Courier Service, for the recordings showing the delivery and impact acceptance, processing, and dispatching of of ordnance. This differs from Armed Forces Courier Service material. reconnaissance imagery in that it records the act of delivery and impact and normally Armed Forces of the United States — A is done by the weapon system delivering term used to denote collectively all the ordnance. Armament delivery components of the Army, Navy, Air Force, recording is used primarily for evaluating Marine Corps, and Coast Guard. See also strike effectiveness and for combat crew United States Armed Forces. training. It is also one of the principal sources of over-the-target documentation Armed Forces Radio and Television Service in force employments, and may be used for — A worldwide radio and television public affairs purposes. Also called ADR. broadcasting organization that provides US military commanders overseas and at sea armed forces — The military forces of a with sufficient electronic media resources nation or a group of nations. See also to effectively communicate theater, local, force(s). Department of Defense, and Service-unique command information to their personnel armed forces censorship — The examination and family members. Also called AFRTS. and control of personal communications to (JP 3-61)

35

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 armed helicopter — (*) A helicopter fitted with weapons or weapon systems.

aircraft store in order to initiate the arming sequence for the store upon release from the aircraft, when the armed release condition has been selected; it also prevents arming initiation prior to store release and during safe jettison. Also called arming lanyard. See also safety wire.

armed mine — (*) A mine from which all safety devices have been withdrawn and, after laying, all automatic safety features and/or arming delay devices have operated. Such a mine is ready to be actuated after receipt of a target signal, influence, or armistice — In international law, a contact. suspension or temporary cessation of hostilities by agreement between belligerent armed reconnaissance — A mission with the powers. (JP 3-07.3) primary purpose of locating and attacking targets of opportunity, i.e., enemy materiel, armistice demarcation line — A personnel, and facilities, in assigned general geographically defined line from which areas or along assigned ground disputing or belligerent forces disengage communications routes, and not for the and withdraw to their respective sides purpose of attacking specific briefed targets. following a truce or cease fire agreement. Also called cease fire line in some United armed sweep — (*) A sweep fitted with Nations operations. Also called ADL. See cutters or other devices to increase its ability also armistice; cease fire; cease fire line; to cut mine moorings. peace operations. (JP 3-07.3) arming — As applied to explosives, weapons, arm or de-arm — Applies to those and ammunition, the changing from a safe procedures in the arming or de-arming condition to a state of readiness for section of the applicable aircraft loading initiation. manual or checklist that places the ordnance or explosive device in a ready or safe arming delay device — A device fitted in a condition i.e., rocket launchers, guided mine to prevent it being actuated for a preset missiles, guns — internal and pods, time after laying. paraflares — (external and SUU-44/25 dispenser). (NOTE: The removal or arming lanyard — See arming wire. installation of pylon or bomb rack safety pins from a nonordnance-loaded station is arming pin — (*) A safety device inserted considered a function requiring certification in a munition, which until its removal, within the purview of this publication.) See prevents the unintentional action of the also arming; de-arming; ordnance. arming cycle. Also called safety pin. See (JP 3-04.1) also safety device. armored personnel carrier — A lightly arming system — That portion of a weapon armored, highly mobile, full-tracked that serves to ready (arm), safe, or re-safe vehicle, amphibious and air-droppable, (disarm) the firing system and fuzing used primarily for transporting personnel system and that may actuate devices in the and their individual equipment during nuclear system. tactical operations. Production modifications or application of special kits arming wire — (*) A cable, wire or lanyard permit use as a mortar carrier, command routed from the aircraft to an expendable post, flame thrower, antiaircraft artillery

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 chassis, or limited recovery vehicle. Also called APC.

including G-2 air and G-3 air personnel, and necessary communication equipment. Also called AAGS.

arms control — A concept that connotes: a. any plan, arrangement, or process, resting Army and Air Force Exchange Service upon explicit or implicit international imprest fund activity — A militaryagreement, governing any aspect of the operated retail activity, usually in remote following: the numbers, types, and or forward sites, when regular direct performance characteristics of weapon operations exchanges cannot be provided. systems (including the command and It is a satellite activity of an Army and Air control, logistics support arrangements, and Force Exchange Service (AAFES) direct any related intelligence-gathering operation. The supported unit appoints the mechanism); and the numerical strength, officer in charge of an imprest fund activity, organization, equipment, deployment, or who is issued an initial fund by AAFES to employment of the Armed Forces retained purchase beginning inventory. Money by the parties (it encompasses generated from sales is used to replenish disarmament); and b. on some occasions, the merchandise stock. See also imprest those measures taken for the purpose of fund. (JP 1-0) reducing instability in the military environment. Army base — A base or group of installations for which a local commander is responsible, arms control agreement — The written or consisting of facilities necessary for support unwritten embodiment of the acceptance of of Army activities including security, one or more arms control measures by two internal lines of communications, utilities, or more nations. plants and systems, and real property for which the Army has operating arms control agreement verification — A responsibility. See also base complex. concept that entails the collection, processing, and reporting of data indicating Army corps — A tactical unit larger than a testing or employment of proscribed division and smaller than a field army. A weapon systems, including country of corps usually consists of two or more origin and location, weapon and payload divisions together with auxiliary arms and identification, and event type. services. See also field army. arms control measure — Any specific arms Army service area — The territory between control course of action. the corps rear boundary and the combat zone rear boundary. Most of the Army Army Air Defense Command Post — The administrative establishment and service tactical headquarters of an Army air defense troops are usually located in this area. See commander. also rear area. Army air-ground system — The Army Army special operations component — The system which provides for interface Army component of a joint force special between Army and tactical air support operations component. Also called agencies of other Services in the planning, ARSOC. See also Air Force special evaluating, processing, and coordinating of operations component; Navy special air support requirements and operations. It operations component. (JP 3-05.3) is composed of appropriate staff members,

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Army special operations forces — Those Active and Reserve Component Army forces designated by the Secretary of Defense that are specifically organized, trained, and equipped to conduct and support special operations. Also called ARSOF. (JP 3-05)

objective, such as a gun emplacement, a fort, or a machine gun nest. 4. A phase of an airborne operation beginning with delivery by air of the assault echelon of the force into the objective area and extending through attack of assault objectives and consolidation of the initial airhead. See also assault phase; landing attack.

Army tactical data link 1 — See tactical digital information link. assault aircraft — (*) A powered aircraft that moves assault troops and/or cargo into arresting barrier — See aircraft arresting an objective area. barrier. assault area — In amphibious operations, that arresting gear — See aircraft arresting area that includes the beach area, the boat gear. lanes, the lines of departure, the landing ship areas, the transport areas, and the fire arrival zone — In counterdrug operations, support areas in the immediate vicinity of the area in or adjacent to the United States the boat lanes. (JP 3-02) where smuggling concludes and domestic distribution begins. By air, an airstrip; by assault area diagram — A graphic means sea, an offload point on land, or transfer to of showing, for amphibious operations, the small boats. See also transit zone. (JP 3-07.4) beach designations, boat lanes, organization of the line of departure, scheduled waves, artificial horizon — See attitude indicator. landing ship area, transport areas, and the fire support areas in the immediate vicinity artillery fire plan table — (*) A presentation of the boat lanes. of planned targets giving data for engagement. Scheduled targets are fired assault craft — (*) A landing craft or in a definite time sequence. The starting amphibious vehicle primarily employed for time may be on call, at a prearranged time, landing troops and equipment in the assault or at the occurrence of a specific event. waves of an amphibious operation. artillery survey control point — (*) A point assault craft unit — A permanently at which the coordinates and the altitude commissioned naval organization, are known and from which the bearings/ subordinate to the commander, naval beach azimuths to a number of reference objects group, that contains landing craft and crews are also known. necessary to provide lighterage required in an amphibious operation. Also called assault — 1. The climax of an attack, closing ACU. (JP 3-02) with the enemy in hand-to-hand fighting. 2. In an amphibious operation, the period assault echelon — In amphibious operations, of time between the arrival of the major the element of a force comprised of tailored assault forces of the amphibious task force units and aircraft assigned to conduct the in the objective area and the initial assault on the operational area. Also accomplishment of the amphibious task called AE. See also amphibious force mission. 3. To make a short, violent, operation. (JP 3-02) but well-ordered attack against a local

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 assault fire — 1. That fire delivered by assembly area — (*) 1. An area in which a attacking troops as they close with the command is assembled preparatory to enemy. 2. In artillery, extremely accurate, further action. 2. In a supply installation, short-range destruction fire at point targets. the gross area used for collecting and combining components into complete units, assault follow-on echelon — In amphibious kits, or assemblies. operations, that echelon of the assault troops, vehicles, aircraft, equipment, and assessment — 1. Analysis of the security, supplies that, though not needed to initiate effectiveness, and potential of an existing the assault, is required to support and sustain or planned intelligence activity. 2. the assault. In order to accomplish its Judgment of the motives, qualifications, and purpose, it is normally required in the characteristics of present or prospective objective area no later than five days after employees or “agents.” commencement of the assault landing. Also called AFOE. asset (intelligence) — Any resource — person, group, relationship, instrument, assault phase — (*) 1. In an amphibious installation, or supply — at the disposition operation, the period of time between the of an intelligence organization for use in arrival of the major assault forces of the an operational or support role. Often used amphibious task force in the objective area with a qualifying term such as agent asset and the accomplishment of their mission. or propaganda asset. 2. In an airborne operation, a phase beginning with delivery by air of the assault assign — (*) 1. To place units or personnel echelon of the force into the objective area in an organization where such placement is and extending through attack of assault relatively permanent, and/or where such objectives and consolidation of the initial organization controls and administers the airhead. See also assault. units or personnel for the primary function, or greater portion of the functions, of the assault schedule — See landing schedule. unit or personnel. 2. To detail individuals to specific duties or functions where such assault shipping — (*) Shipping assigned duties or functions are primary and/or to the amphibious task force and utilized relatively permanent. See also attach. for transporting assault troops, vehicles, equipment, and supplies to the objective assistance mechanism — Individuals, area. groups of individuals, or organizations (together with materiel and/or facilities in assault wave — See wave. position, or that can be placed in position by appropriate US or multinational assembly — (*) In logistics, an item forming agencies), used to accomplish or support a portion of an equipment, that can be evasion and recovery operations. See also provisioned and replaced as an entity and evasion; evasion and recovery; recovery; which normally incorporates replaceable recovery operations. (JP 3-50.3) parts or groups of parts. See also component; subassembly. assisted recovery — The return of an evader to friendly control as the result of assistance assembly anchorage — (*) An anchorage from an outside source. See also evader; intended for the assembly and onward source. (JP 3-50.3) routing of ships.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 assumed azimuth — The assumption of atomic underground burst — See nuclear azimuth origins as a field expedient until underground burst. the required data are available. atomic underwater burst — See nuclear assumed grid — A grid constructed using underwater burst. an arbitrary scale superimposed on a map, chart, or photograph for use in point atomic warfare — See nuclear warfare. designation without regard to actual geographic location. See also grid. atomic weapon — See nuclear weapon. assumption — A supposition on the current at priority call — (*) A precedence applied situation or a presupposition on the future to the task of an artillery unit to provide course of events, either or both assumed to fire to a formation/unit on a guaranteed be true in the absence of positive proof, basis. Normally observer, communications, necessary to enable the commander in the and liaison are not provided. An artillery process of planning to complete an estimate unit in “direct support” or “in support” may of the situation and make a decision on the simultaneously be placed “at priority call” course of action. to another unit or agency for a particular task and/or for a specific period of time. astern fueling — (*) The transfer of fuel at sea during which the receiving ship(s) at sea — Includes the following maritime keep(s) station astern of the delivering ship. areas: foreign internal waters, archipelagic waters, and territorial seas; foreign asymmetrical sweep — (*) A sweep whose contiguous zones; foreign exclusive swept path under conditions of no wind or economic zones; the high seas; and UScross-tide is not equally spaced either side exclusive economic zone, territorial sea, of the sweeper’s track. and internal waters. atmospheric environment — The envelope attach — 1. The placement of units or of air surrounding the Earth, including its personnel in an organization where such interfaces and interactions with the Earth’s placement is relatively temporary. 2. The solid or liquid surface. detailing of individuals to specific functions where such functions are secondary or at my command — (*) In artillery and naval relatively temporary, e.g., attached for gunfire support, the command used when quarters and rations; attached for flying it is desired to control the exact time of duty. See also assign. delivery of fire. attachment — See attach. atomic air burst — See airburst. attack assessment — An evaluation of atomic defense — See nuclear defense. information to determine the potential or actual nature and objectives of an attack for atomic demolition munition — A nuclear the purpose of providing information for device designed to be detonated on or below timely decisions. See also damage the ground surface, or under water as a estimation. demolition munition against material-type targets to block, deny, and/or canalize the attack cargo ship — A naval ship designed enemy. or converted to transport combat-loaded

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 cargo in an assault landing. Capabilities as to carrying landing craft, speed of ship, armament, and size of hatches and booms are greater than those of comparable cargo ship types. Designated as LKA.

i.e., the inverse square of distance effect. 2. In mine warfare, the reduction in intensity of an influence as distance from the source increases. 3. In camouflage and concealment, the process of making an object or surface less conspicuous by reducing its contrast to the surroundings and/or background. Also called tone down.

attack group — (*) A subordinate task organization of the navy forces of an amphibious task force. It is composed of assault shipping and supporting naval units attenuation factor — (*) The ratio of the designated to transport, protect, land, and incident radiation dose or dose rate to the initially support a landing group. radiation dose or dose rate transmitted through a shielding material. This is the attack heading — 1. The interceptor heading reciprocal of the transmission factor. during the attack phase that will achieve the desired track-crossing angle. 2. The attitude — (*) The position of a body as assigned magnetic compass heading to be determined by the inclination of the axes flown by aircraft during the delivery phase to some frame of reference. If not otherwise of an air strike. specified, this frame of reference is fixed to the Earth. attack helicopter — (*) A helicopter specifically designed to employ various attitude indicator — (*) An instrument weapons to attack and destroy enemy which displays the attitude of the aircraft targets. by reference to sources of information which may be contained within the attack origin — 1. The location or source instrument or be external to it. When the from which an attack was initiated. 2. The sources of information are self-contained, nation initiating an attack. See also attack the instrument may be referred to as an assessment. artificial horizon. attack pattern — The type and distribution attrition — (*) The reduction of the of targets under attack. Also called target effectiveness of a force caused by loss of pattern. See also attack assessment. personnel and materiel. attack position — The last position occupied attrition minefield — (*) In naval mine by the assault echelon before crossing the warfare, a field intended primarily to cause line of departure. damage to enemy ships. See also minefield. attack timing — The predicted or actual time of bursts, impacts, or arrival of weapons at attrition rate — (*) A factor, normally their intended targets. expressed as a percentage, reflecting the degree of losses of personnel or materiel attenuation — (*) 1. Decrease in intensity due to various causes within a specified of a signal, beam, or wave as a result of period of time. absorption of energy and of scattering out of the path of a detector, but not including attrition reserve aircraft — Aircraft the reduction due to geometric spreading, procured for the specific purpose of

41

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 replacing the anticipated losses of aircraft because of peacetime and/or wartime attrition.

support facility (MCSF) to energize the automatic communications relay functions of the MCSF, providing rapid exchange of data through the system.

attrition sweeping — (*) The continuous sweeping of minefields to keep the risk of automated data handling — See automatic mines to all ships as low as possible. data handling. augmentation forces — Forces to be automated identification technology — A transferred from a supporting commander suite of tools for facilitating total asset to the combatant command (command visibility (TAV) source data capture and authority) or operational control of a transfer. Automated identification supported commander during the execution technology (AIT) includes a variety of of an operation order approved by the devices, such as bar codes, magnetic strips, National Command Authorities. (JP 5-0) optical memory cards, and radio frequency tags for marking or “tagging” individual authenticate — A challenge given by voice items, multi-packs, equipment, air pallets, or electrical means to attest to the or containers, along with the hardware and authenticity of a message or transmission. software required to create the devices, read the information on them, and integrate that authentication — 1. A security measure information with other logistic information. designed to protect a communications AIT integration with logistic information system against acceptance of a fraudulent systems is key to the Department of transmission or simulation by establishing Defense’s TAV efforts. Also called AIT. the validity of a transmission, message, or See also total asset visibility. (JP 4-01.8) originator. 2. A means of identifying individuals and verifying their eligibility to automatic approach and landing — A receive specific categories of information. control mode in which the aircraft’s speed 3. Evidence by proper signature or seal that and flight path are automatically controlled a document is genuine and official. 4. In for approach, flare-out, and landing. See evasion and recovery operations, the also ground-controlled approach process whereby the identity of an evader procedure. is confirmed. See also evader; evasion; evasion and recovery; recovery automatic data handling — (*) A operations; security. (JP 3-50.3) generalization of automatic data processing to include the aspect of data transfer. authenticator — A symbol or group of symbols, or a series of bits, selected or automatic data processing — 1. Data derived in a prearranged manner and processing largely performed by automatic usually inserted at a predetermined point means. 2. That branch of science and within a message or transmission for the technology concerned with methods and purpose of attesting to the validity of the techniques relating to data processing message or transmission. largely performed by automatic means. autocode format — An abbreviated and automatic flight control system — (*) A formatted message header used in system which includes all equipment to conjunction with the mobile cryptologic control automatically the flight of an aircraft

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 or missile to a path or attitude described by autonomous operation — In air defense, the references internal or external to the aircraft mode of operation assumed by a unit after or missile. Also called AFCS. it has lost all communications with higher echelons. The unit commander assumes full automatic message processing system — responsibility for control of weapons and Any organized assembly of resources and engagement of hostile targets. methods used to collect, process, and distribute messages largely by automatic availability date — The date after notification means. of mobilization by which forces will be marshalled at their home station or automatic resupply — A resupply mission mobilization station and available for fully planned before insertion of a special deployment. See also home station; operations team into the operations area that mobilization; mobilization station. (JP 4-05) occurs at a prearranged time and location, unless changed by the operating team after available payload — The passenger and/or insertion. See also emergency resupply; cargo capacity expressed in weight and/or on-call resupply. (JP 3-50.3) space available to the user. automatic search jammer — (*) An available-to-load date — A date specified intercept receiver and jamming transmitter for each unit in a time-phased force and system which searches for and jams signals deployment data indicating when that unit automatically which have specific radiation will be ready to load at the point of characteristics. embarkation. Also called ALD. Automatic Secure Voice Communications avenue of approach — An air or ground Network — A worldwide, switched, secure route of an attacking force of a given size voice network developed to fulfill DOD leading to its objective or to key terrain in long-haul, secure voice requirements. Also its path. Also called AA. called AUTOSEVOCOM. average speed — (*) The average distance automatic supply — A system by which traveled per hour, calculated over the whole certain supply requirements are journey, excluding specifically ordered automatically shipped or issued for a halts. predetermined period of time without requisition by the using unit. It is based aviation combat element — The core upon estimated or experience-usage factors. element of a Marine air-ground task force (MAGTF) that is task-organized to conduct automation network — The automation aviation operations. The aviation combat network combines all of the information element (ACE) provides all or a portion of collection devices, automatic identification the six functions of Marine aviation technologies, and the automated necessary to accomplish the MAGTF’s information systems that either support or mission. These functions are antiair facilitate the joint reception, staging, warfare, offensive air support, assault onward movement, and integration process. support, electronic warfare, air See also automated identification reconnaissance, and control of aircraft and technology; joint reception, staging, missiles. The ACE is usually composed onward movement, and integration. of an aviation unit headquarters and various (JP 4-01.8) other aviation units or their detachments.

43

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 It can vary in size from a small aviation axis of advance — A line of advance assigned detachment of specifically required aircraft for purposes of control; often a road or a to one or more Marine aircraft wings. The group of roads, or a designated series of ACE itself is not a formal command. Also locations, extending in the direction of the called ACE. See also combat service enemy. support element; command element; ground combat element; Marine air- azimuth — Quantities may be expressed in ground task force; Marine expeditionary positive quantities increasing in a clockwise force; Marine expeditionary force direction, or in X, Y coordinates where (forward); Marine expeditionary unit; south and west are negative. They may be special purpose Marine air-ground task referenced to true north or magnetic north depending on the particular weapon system force; task force. used. aviation life support equipment — See life azimuth angle — (*) An angle measured support equipment. clockwise in the horizontal plane between a reference direction and any other line. aviation medicine — (*) The special field of medicine which is related to the biological and psychological problems of azimuth guidance — (*) Information which will enable the pilot or autopilot of an flight. aircraft to follow the required track. aviation ship — An aircraft carrier. See also air-capable ship; aircraft; amphibious azimuth resolution — (*) The ability of aviation assault ship. (JP 3-04.1) radar equipment to separate two reflectors at similar ranges but different bearings from avoidance — Individual and/or unit measures a reference point. Normally the minimum separation distance between the reflectors taken to avoid or minimize nuclear, is quoted and expressed as the angle biological, and chemical (NBC) attacks and subtended by the reflectors at the reference reduce the effects of NBC hazards. (JP 3-11) point. axial route — A route running through the rear area and into the forward area. See also route.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002

B backfill — Reserve Component units and back tell — (*) The transfer of information individuals recalled to replace deploying from a higher to a lower echelon of active units and/or individuals in the command. See also track telling. continental United States and outside the continental United States. See also Reserve back-up — (*) In cartography, an image Components. (JP 4-05.1) printed on the reverse side of a map sheet already printed on one side. Also the background count — The evidence or effect printing of such images. on a detector of radiation caused by background radiation. In connection with backwash — An even layer of water that health protection, the background count moves along the sea floor from the beach includes but is not limited to radiations through the surf zone and caused by the pileproduced by naturally occurring up of water on the beach from incoming radioactivity and cosmic rays. breakers. (JP 4-01.6) background radiation — (*) Nuclear (or balance — A concept as applied to an arms ionizing) radiations arising from within the control measure that connotes: a. body and from the surroundings to which adjustments of armed forces and armaments individuals are always exposed. in such a manner that one state does not obtain military advantage over other states back-haul airlift — The rearward movement agreeing to the measure; and b. internal of personnel and materiel from an air adjustments by one state of its forces in such terminal in forward deployed areas back to manner as to enable it to cope with all a staging base (either in-theater or out) after aspects of remaining threats to its security the normal forward delivery. See also in a post arms control agreement era. staging base. (JP 3-17) balanced stock(s) — 1. That condition of backscatter — Refers to a portion of the laser supply when availability and requirements energy that is scattered back in the direction are in equilibrium for specific items. 2. An of the seeker by an obscurant. See also accumulation of supplies in quantities laser. (JP 3-09.1) determined necessary to meet requirements for a fixed period. back-scattering — Radio wave propagation in which the direction of the incident and balance station zero — See reference scattered waves, resolved along a reference datum. direction (usually horizontal), are oppositely directed. A signal received by bale cubic capacity — (*) The space back-scattering is often referred to as available for cargo measured in cubic feet “back-scatter.” to the inside of the cargo battens, on the frames, and to the underside of the beams. backshore — The area of a beach extending In a general cargo of mixed commodities, from the limit of high water foam lines to the bale cubic applies. The stowage of the dunes or extreme inland limit of the beach. mixed cargo comes in contact with the cargo (JP 4-01.6) battens and as a general rule does not extend to the skin of the ship.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 balisage — (*) The marking of a route by a system of dim beacon lights enabling vehicles to be driven at near day-time speed, under blackout conditions.

bandwidth is usually expressed in either kilobits per second or megabits per second.

bank angle — (*) The angle between the ballistic missile — (*) Any missile which aircraft’s normal axis and the Earth’s does not rely upon aerodynamic surfaces vertical plane containing the aircraft’s to produce lift and consequently follows a longitudinal axis. ballistic trajectory when thrust is terminated. See also aerodynamic missile; bar — A submerged or emerged embankment guided missile. of sand, gravel, or mud created on the sea floor in shallow water by waves and ballistic missile early warning system — currents. A bar may be composed of An electronic system for providing mollusk shells. (JP 4-01.6) detection and early warning of attack by enemy intercontinental ballistic missiles. bare base — A base having minimum Also called BMEWS. essential facilities to house, sustain, and support operations to include, if required, ballistics — (*) The science or art that deals a stabilized runway, taxiways, and aircraft with the motion, behavior, appearance, or parking areas. A bare base must have a modification of missiles or other vehicles source of water that can be made potable. acted upon by propellants, wind, gravity, Other requirements to operate under bare temperature, or any other modifying base conditions form a necessary part of substance, condition, or force. the force package deployed to the bare base. See also base. (JP 3-05.3) ballistic trajectory — (*) The trajectory traced after the propulsive force is barge — A flat-bed, shallow-draft vessel with terminated and the body is acted upon only no superstructure that is used for the by gravity and aerodynamic drag. transport of cargo and ships’ stores or for general utility purposes. See also ballistic wind — That constant wind that watercraft. (JP 4-01.6) would have the same effect upon the trajectory of a bomb or projectile as the barometric altitude — (*) The altitude wind encountered in flight. determined by a barometric altimeter by reference to a pressure level and calculated balloon barrage — See barrage, Part 2. according to the standard atmosphere laws. See also altitude. balloon reflector — In electronic warfare, a balloon-supported confusion reflector to barrage — 1. A prearranged barrier of fires, produce fraudulent radar echoes. except that delivered by small arms, designed to protect friendly troops and bandwidth — The difference between the installations by impeding enemy limiting frequencies of a continuous movements across defensive lines or areas. frequency band expressed in hertz (cycles 2. A protective screen of balloons that is per second). The term bandwidth is also moored to the ground and kept at given loosely used to refer to the rate at which heights to prevent or hinder operations by data can be transmitted over a given enemy aircraft. This meaning also called communications circuit. In the latter usage, balloon barrage. 3. A type of electronic

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JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 attack intended for simultaneous jamming over a wide area of frequency spectrum. See also barrage jamming; electronic warfare; fires.

completion times. The plan may designate locations of obstacle zones or belts. It is normally prepared as an annex to a campaign plan, operation plan, or operation order. (JP 3-15)

barrage fire — (*) Fire which is designed to fill a volume of space or area rather than bar scale — See graphic scale; scale. aimed specifically at a given target. See also fire. base — (*) 1. A locality from which operations are projected or supported. 2. barrage jamming — Simultaneous An area or locality containing installations electromagnetic jamming over a broad band which provide logistic or other support. See of frequencies. See also jamming. also establishment. 3. (DOD only) Home airfield or home carrier. See also base of barricade — See aircraft arresting barrier. operations; facility. barrier — A coordinated series of obstacles base cluster — In base defense operations, a designed or employed to channel, direct, collection of bases, geographically grouped restrict, delay, or stop the movement of an for mutual protection and ease of command opposing force and to impose additional and control. (JP 3-10) losses in personnel, time, and equipment on the opposing force. Barriers can exist base cluster commander — In base defense naturally, be manmade, or a combination operations, the senior officer in the base of both. (JP 3-15) cluster (excluding medical officers, chaplains, and commanders of transient barrier combat air patrol — One or more units), with responsibility for coordinating divisions or elements of fighter aircraft the defense of bases within the base cluster employed between a force and an objective and for integrating defense plans of bases area as a barrier across the probable into a base cluster defense plan. (JP 3-10) direction of enemy attack. It is used as far from the force as control conditions permit, base cluster operations center — A giving added protection against raids that command and control facility that serves use the most direct routes of approach. See as the base cluster commander’s focal point also combat air patrol. for defense and security of the base cluster. Also called BCOC. (JP 3-10.1) barrier forces — Air, surface, and submarine units and their supporting systems base command — An area containing a positioned across the likely courses of military base or group of such bases expected enemy transit for early detection organized under one commander. See also and providing rapid warning, blocking, and command. destruction of the enemy. base commander — In base defense barrier, obstacle, and mine warfare plan operations, the officer assigned to command — A comprehensive, coordinated plan that a base. (JP 3-10) includes responsibilities; general location of unspecified and specific barriers, base complex — See Army base; obstacles, and minefields; special installation complex; Marine base; naval instructions; limitations; coordination; and

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 base; naval or Marine (air) base. See also base development plan — A plan for the noncontiguous facility. facilities, installations, and bases required to support military operations. base defense — The local military measures, both normal and emergency, required to base element — See base unit. nullify or reduce the effectiveness of enemy attacks on, or sabotage of, a base, to ensure base line — 1. (surveying) A surveyed line that the maximum capacity of its facilities established with more than usual care, to is available to US forces. which surveys are referred for coordination and correlation. 2. (photogrammetry) base defense forces — Troops assigned or The line between the principal points of two attached to a base for the primary purpose consecutive vertical air photographs. It is of base defense and security as well as usually measured on one photograph after augmentees and selectively armed the principal point of the other has been personnel available to the base commander transferred. 3. (radio navigation systems) for base defense from units performing The shorter arc of the great circle joining primary missions other than base defense. two radio transmitting stations of a (JP 3-10.1) navigation system. 4. (triangulation) The side of one of a series of coordinated base defense operations center — A triangles the length of which is measured command and control facility established with prescribed accuracy and precision and by the base commander to serve as the focal from which lengths of the other triangle point for base security and defense. It plans, sides are obtained by computation. directs, integrates, coordinates, and controls all base defense efforts and coordinates and baseline environmental survey — A multiintegrates into area security operations with disciplinary site survey conducted prior to the rear area operations center/rear tactical or in the initial stage of a joint operational operations center. Also called BDOC. deployment. The survey documents (JP 3-10.1) existing deployment-area environmental conditions, determines the potential for base defense zone — An air defense zone present and past site contamination (e.g., established around an air base and limited hazardous substances, petroleum products, to the engagement envelope of short-range and derivatives), and identifies potential air defense weapons systems defending that vulnerabilities (to include occupational and base. Base defense zones have specific environmental health risks). Surveys entry, exit, and identification, friend or foe accomplished in conjunction with joint procedures established. Also called BDZ. operational deployments that do not involve (JP 3-10.1) training or exercises (e.g., contingency operations) should be completed to the base development (less force beddown) — extent practicable consistent with The acquisition, development, expansion, operational requirements. See also civil improvement, and construction and/or engineering; survey. (JP 4-04) replacement of the facilities and resources of an area or location to support forces base map — (*) A map or chart showing employed in military operations or certain fundamental information, used as a deployed in accordance with strategic plans. base upon which additional data of (JP 4-04) specialized nature are compiled or

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 overprinted. Also, a map containing all the basic intelligence — Fundamental information from which maps showing intelligence concerning the general specialized information can be prepared. situation, resources, capabilities, and See also chart base; map. vulnerabilities of foreign countries or areas which may be used as reference material in base of operations — An area or facility from the planning of operations at any level and which a military force begins its offensive in evaluating subsequent information operations, to which it falls back in case of relating to the same subject. reverse, and in which supply facilities are organized. basic load — (*) The quantity of supplies required to be on hand within, and which base period — That period of time for which can be moved by, a unit or formation. It is factors were determined for use in current expressed according to the wartime planning and programming. organization of the unit or formation and maintained at the prescribed levels. base section — An area within the communications zone in an operational area basic military route network — (*) Axial, organized to provide logistic support to lateral, and connecting routes designated in forward areas. peacetime by the host nation to meet the anticipated military movements and base surge — (*) A cloud which rolls out transport requirements, both Allied and from the bottom of the column produced national. by a subsurface burst of a nuclear weapon. For underwater bursts the surge is, in effect, basic psychological operations study — A a cloud of liquid droplets which has the document that describes succinctly the property of flowing almost as if it were a characteristics of a country, geographical homogeneous fluid. For subsurface land area, or region which are most pertinent to bursts the surge is made up of small solid psychological operations, and which can particles but still behaves like a fluid. serve as an immediate reference for the planning and conduct of psychological base unit — Unit of organization in a tactical operations. Also called BPS. operation around which a movement or maneuver is planned and performed. basic research — Research directed toward the increase of knowledge, the primary aim baseline costs — The continuing annual costs being a greater knowledge or understanding of military operations funded by the of the subject under study. See also operations and maintenance and military research. personnel appropriations. (JP 1-06) basic stocks — (*) Stocks to support the basic cover — Coverage of any installation execution of approved operational plans for or area of a permanent nature with which an initial predetermined period. See also later coverage can be compared to discover sustaining stocks. any changes that have taken place. basic stopping power — (*) The probability, basic encyclopedia — A compilation of expressed as a percentage, of a single identified installations and physical areas vehicle being stopped by mines while of potential significance as objectives for attempting to cross a minefield. attack. Also called BE.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 basic tactical organization — The the left (right), one after the other, at five conventional organization of landing force second intervals. units for combat, involving combinations of infantry, supporting ground arms, and battle damage assessment — The timely and aviation for accomplishment of missions accurate estimate of damage resulting from ashore. This organizational form is the application of military force, either employed as soon as possible following the lethal or non-lethal, against a predetermined landing of the various assault components objective. Battle damage assessment can of the landing force. be applied to the employment of all types of weapon systems (air, ground, naval, and basic undertakings — The essential things, special forces weapon systems) throughout expressed in broad terms, that must be done the range of military operations. Battle in order to implement the commander’s damage assessment is primarily an concept successfully. These may include intelligence responsibility with required military, diplomatic, economic, inputs and coordination from the operators. informational, and other measures. See also Battle damage assessment is composed of strategic concept. physical damage assessment, functional damage assessment, and target system basis of issue — Authority that prescribes the assessment. Also called BDA. See also number of items to be issued to an combat assessment. (JP 2-0) individual, a unit, a military organization, or for a unit piece of equipment. battle damage repair — (*) Essential repair, which may be improvised, carried out bathymetric contour — See depth contour. rapidly in a battle environment in order to return damaged or disabled equipment to battalion landing team — In an amphibious temporary service. Also called BDR. operation, an infantry battalion normally reinforced by necessary combat and service battlefield coordination detachment — An elements; the basic unit for planning an Army liaison provided by the Army assault landing. Also called BLT. component or force commander to the air operations center (AOC) and/or to the battery — (*) 1. Tactical and administrative component designated by the joint force artillery unit or subunit corresponding to a commander to plan, coordinate, and company or similar unit in other branches deconflict air operations. The battlefield of the Army. 2. All guns, torpedo tubes, coordination detachment processes Army searchlights, or missile launchers of the requests for air support, monitors and same size or caliber or used for the same interprets the land battle situation for the purpose, either installed in one ship or AOC, and provides the necessary interface otherwise operating as an entity. for exchange of current intelligence and operational data. Also called BCD. See battery center — (*) A point on the ground, also air operations center; liaison. (JP 3-01.4) the coordinates of which are used as a reference indicating the location of the battlefield illumination — (*) The lighting battery in the production of firing data. Also of the battle area by artificial light, either called chart location of the battery. visible or invisible to the naked eye. battery (troop) left (right) — A method of battlefield psychological activities — (*) fire in which weapons are discharged from Planned psychological activities conducted

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 as an integral part of combat operations and beach capacity — (*) An estimate, expressed designed to bring psychological pressure in terms of measurement tons, or weight to bear on enemy forces and civilians under tons, of cargo that may be unloaded over a enemy control in the battle area, to assist in designated strip of shore per day. See also achievement of operational and tactical clearance capacity; port capacity. objectives. beach group — See naval beach group; battlefield surveillance — (*) Systematic shore party. observation of the battle area for the purpose of providing timely information and combat beachhead — A designated area on a hostile intelligence. See also surveillance. or potentially hostile shore that, when seized and held, ensures the continuous battle force — A standing operational naval landing of troops and materiel, and provides task force organization of carriers, surface maneuver space requisite for subsequent combatants, and submarines assigned to projected operations ashore. (JP 3-02) numbered fleets. A battle force is subdivided into battle groups. beach landing site — A geographic location selected for across-the-beach infiltration, battle reserves — Reserve supplies exfiltration, or resupply operations. Also accumulated by an army, detached corps, called BLS. (JP 3-05) or detached division in the vicinity of the battlefield, in addition to unit and individual beach marker — A sign or device used to reserves. See also reserve supplies. identify a beach or certain activities thereon for incoming waterborne traffic. Markers battlespace — The environment, factors, and may be panels, lights, buoys, or electronic conditions that must be understood to devices. successfully apply combat power, protect the force, or complete the mission. This beachmaster — The naval officer in includes the air, land, sea, space, and the command of the beachmaster unit of the included enemy and friendly forces; naval beach group. Also called BM. facilities; weather; terrain; the electromagnetic spectrum; and the beachmaster unit — A commissioned naval information environment within the unit of the naval beach group designed to operational areas and areas of interest. See provide to the shore party a Navy also electromagnetic spectrum; component known as a beach party, which information environment; joint is capable of supporting the amphibious intelligence preparation of the landing of one division (reinforced). Also battlespace. called BMU. See also beach party; naval beach group; shore party. (JP 4-01.6) beach — 1. The area extending from the shoreline inland to a marked change in beach minefield — (*) A minefield in the physiographic form or material, or to the shallow water approaches to a possible line of permanent vegetation (coastline). 2. amphibious landing beach. See also In amphibious operations, that portion of minefield. the shoreline designated for landing of a tactical organization. beach organization — In an amphibious operation, the planned arrangement of

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 personnel and facilities to effect movement, beam rider — A missile guided by an supply, and evacuation across beaches and electronic beam. in the beach area for support of a landing force. beam width — The angle between the directions, on either side of the axis, at beach party — The naval component of the which the intensity of the radio frequency shore party. See also beachmaster unit; field drops to one-half the value it has on shore party. the axis. beach party commander — The naval bearing — The horizontal angle at a given officer in command of the naval component point measured clockwise from a specific of the shore party. datum point to a second point. See also grid bearing; relative bearing; true beach photography — Vertical, oblique, bearing. ground, and periscope coverage at varying scales to provide information of offshore, beaten zone — The area on the ground upon shore, and inland areas. It covers terrain which the cone of fire falls. that provides observation of the beaches and is primarily concerned with the geological begin morning civil twilight — The period and tactical aspects of the beach. of time at which the sun is halfway between beginning morning and nautical twilight beach reserves — (*) In an amphibious and sunrise, when there is enough light to operation, an accumulation of supplies of see objects clearly with the unaided eye. all classes established in dumps in At this time, light intensification devices beachhead areas. See also reserve supplies. are no longer effective, and the sun is six degrees below the eastern horizon. Also beach support area — In amphibious called BMCT. operations, the area to the rear of a landing force or elements thereof, established and begin morning nautical twilight — The start operated by shore party units, which of that period where, in good conditions and contains the facilities for the unloading of in the absence of other illumination, enough troops and materiel and the support of the light is available to identify the general forces ashore; it includes facilities for the outlines of ground objects and conduct evacuation of wounded, enemy prisoners limited military operations. Light of war, and captured materiel. Also called intensification devices are still effective and BSA. may have enhanced capabilities. At this time, the sun is 12 degrees below the eastern beach survey — The collection of data horizon. Also called BMNT. describing the physical characteristics of a beach; that is, an area whose boundaries beleaguered — See missing. are a shoreline, a coastline, and two natural or arbitrary assigned flanks. below-the-line publications — The lower level publications in the hierarchy of joint beach width — The horizontal dimensions publications which includes supporting of the beach measured at right angles to the joint doctrine and joint tactics, techniques, shoreline from the line of extreme low water and procedures publications that are signed inland to the landward limit of the beach by the Director, Joint Staff and contain (the coastline). specific mission-area guidance for the joint

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 community. Included in this level are binding — (*) The fastening or securing of reference publications and those describing items to a movable platform called a pallet. joint personnel, intelligence support, See also palletized unit load. operations, logistic support, planning, and command, control, communications, and bin storage — Storage of items of supplies computer systems support. See also aboveand equipment in an individual the-line publications; capstone compartment or subdivision of a storage publication; joint publication; keystone unit in less than bulk quantities. See also publications. (JP 1-01) bulk storage; storage. berm, natural — The nearly horizontal biographical intelligence — That component portion of a beach or backshore having an of intelligence that deals with individual abrupt fall and formed by deposition of foreign personalities of actual or potential material by wave action. A berm marks importance. the limit of ordinary high tide. For air cushion vehicles, berms (constructed) are biological agent — A microorganism that required to protect materials handling causes disease in personnel, plants, or equipment operations. See also backshore. animals or causes the deterioration of (JP 4-01.6) materiel. See also biological operation; biological weapon; chemical agent. besieged — See missing. biological ammunition — (*) A type of bight — A bend in a coast forming an open ammunition, the filler of which is primarily bay or an open bay formed by such a bend. a biological agent. (JP 4-01.6) biological defense — (*) The methods, plans, bilateral infrastructure — (*) Infrastructure and procedures involved in establishing and which concerns only two NATO members executing defensive measures against and is financed by mutual agreement attacks using biological agents. between them (e.g., facilities required for the use of forces of one NATO member in biological environment — (*) Conditions the territory of another). See also found in an area resulting from direct or infrastructure. persisting effects of biological weapons. bill — A ship’s publication listing operational biological half-time — See half-life. or administrative procedures. (JP 3-04.1) biological operation — Employment of billet — 1. Shelter for troops. 2. To quarter biological agents to produce casualties in troops. 3. A personnel position or personnel or animals or damage to plants. assignment that may be filled by one person. See also biological agent; biological threat. (JP 3-11) binary chemical munition — (*) A munition in which chemical substances, biological threat — A threat that consists of held in separate containers, react when biological material planned to be deployed mixed or combined as a result of being fired, to produce casualties in personnel or launched, or otherwise initiated to produce animals or damage plants. See also a chemical agent. See also munition. biological agent; biological ammunition;

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 biological defense; biological blast wave diffraction — (*) The passage environment; chemical, biological, and around and envelopment of a structure by radiological operation; contamination; the nuclear blast wave. contamination control. (JP 3-11) bleeding edge — (*) That edge of a map or biological warfare — See biological chart on which cartographic detail is operation. extended to the edge of the sheet. biological weapon — (*) An item of materiel blind transmission — Any transmission of which projects, disperses, or disseminates information that is made without a biological agent including arthropod expectation of acknowledgement. (JP 3-05) vectors. blister agent — (*) A chemical agent which black — In intelligence handling, a term used injures the eyes and lungs, and burns or in certain phrases (e.g., living black, black blisters the skin. Also called vesicant border crossing) to indicate reliance on agent. illegal concealment rather than on cover. blocking and chocking — (*) The use of black list — An official counterintelligence wedges or chocks to prevent the inadvertent listing of actual or potential enemy shifting of cargo in transit. collaborators, sympathizers, intelligence suspects, and other persons whose presence blocking position — A defensive position menaces the security of friendly forces. so sited as to deny the enemy access to a given area or to prevent the enemy’s black propaganda — Propaganda that advance in a given direction. purports to emanate from a source other than the true one. See also propaganda. block shipment — A method of shipment of supplies to overseas areas to provide blast effect — Destruction of or damage to balanced stocks or an arbitrary balanced structures and personnel by the force of an force for a specific number of days, e.g., explosion on or above the surface of the shipment of 30 days’ supply for an average ground. Blast effect may be contrasted with force of 10,000 individuals. the cratering and ground-shock effects of a projectile or charge that goes off beneath block stowage loading — (*) A method of the surface. loading whereby all cargo for a specific destination is stowed together. The purpose blast line — A horizontal radial line on the is to facilitate rapid off-loading at the surface of the Earth originating at ground destination, with the least possible zero on which measurements of blast from disturbance of cargo intended for other an explosion are taken. points. See also loading. blast wave — A sharply defined wave of blood agent — (*) A chemical compound, increased pressure rapidly propagated including the cyanide group, that affects through a surrounding medium from a bodily functions by preventing the normal center of detonation or similar disturbance. utilization of oxygen by body tissues.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 blood chit — A small sheet of material is determined by the length of the depicting an American flag and a statement corresponding beach. in several languages to the effect that anyone assisting the bearer to safety will boat space — The space and weight factor be rewarded. See also evasion aid. (JP 3-50.3) used to determine the capacity of boats, landing craft, and amphibious vehicles. blood chit (intelligence) — See blood chit. With respect to landing craft and amphibious vehicles, it is based on the blowback — (*) 1. Escape, to the rear and requirements of one person with individual under pressure, of gases formed during the equipment. The person is assumed to weigh firing of the weapon. Blowback may be 224 pounds and to occupy 13.5 cubic feet caused by a defective breech mechanism, a of space. See also man space. ruptured cartridge case, or a faulty primer. 2. Type of weapon operation in which the boattail — (*) The conical section of a force of expanding gases acting to the rear ballistic body that progressively decreases against the face of the bolt furnishes all the in diameter toward the tail to reduce overall energy required to initiate the complete aerodynamic drag. cycle of operation. A weapon which employs this method of operation is boat wave — See wave. characterized by the absence of any breech-lock or bolt-lock mechanism. bomb disposal unit — See explosive ordnance disposal unit. Blue Bark — US military personnel, US citizen civilian employees of the bomber — See intermediate-range bomber Department of Defense, and the dependents aircraft; long-range bomber aircraft; of both categories who travel in connection medium-range bomber aircraft. with the death of an immediate family member. It also applies to designated bomb impact plot — A graphic escorts for dependents of deceased military representation of the target area, usually a members. Furthermore, the term is used to pre-strike air photograph, on which designate the personal property shipment prominent dots are plotted to mark the of a deceased member. impact or detonation points of bombs dropped on a specific bombing attack. boat diagram — In the assault phase of an amphibious operation, a diagram showing bombing angle — (*) The angle between the positions of individuals and equipment the vertical and a line joining the aircraft to in each boat. what would be the point of impact of a bomb released from it at that instant. boat group — The basic organization of landing craft. One boat group is organized bombing run — (*) In air bombing, that for each battalion landing team (or part of the flight that begins, normally from equivalent) to be landed in the first trip of an initial point, with the approach to the landing craft or amphibious vehicles. target, includes target acquisition, and ends normally at the weapon release point. boat lane — (*) A lane for amphibious assault landing craft, which extends bomb release line — (*) An imaginary line seaward from the landing beaches to the around a defended area or objective over line of departure. The width of a boat lane which an aircraft should release its bomb

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 in order to obtain a hit or hits on an area or border — (*) In cartography, the area of a objective. map or chart lying between the neatline and the surrounding framework. bomb release point — (*) The point in space at which bombs must be released to reach border break — (*) A cartographic the desired point of detonation. technique used when it is required to extend a portion of the cartographic detail of a map bona fides — Good faith. In evasion and or chart beyond the sheetlines into the recovery operations, the use of verbal or margin. visual communication by individuals who are unknown to one another to establish border crosser — (*) An individual, living their authenticity, sincerity, honesty, and close to a frontier, who normally has to cross truthfulness. See also evasion; evasion and the frontier frequently for legitimate recovery; recovery; recovery operations. purposes. (JP 3-50.3) boresafe fuze — (*) Type of fuze having an bonding — (*) In electrical engineering, the interrupter in the explosive train that process of connecting together metal parts prevents a projectile from exploding until so that they make low resistance electrical after it has cleared the muzzle of a weapon. contact for direct current and lower frequency alternating currents. See also bottom mine — (*) A mine with negative earthing. buoyancy which remains on the seabed. Also called ground mine. See also mine. booby trap — (*) An explosive or nonexplosive device or other material, bound — (*) 1. In land warfare, a single deliberately placed to cause casualties when movement, usually from cover to cover, an apparently harmless object is disturbed made by troops often under enemy fire. or a normally safe act is performed. 2. (DOD only) Distance covered in one movement by a unit that is advancing by booster — (*) 1. A high-explosive element bounds. sufficiently sensitive so as to be actuated by small explosive elements in a fuze or boundary — A line that delineates surface primer and powerful enough to cause areas for the purpose of facilitating detonation of the main explosive filling. 2. coordination and deconfliction of An auxiliary or initial propulsion system operations between adjacent units, which travels with a missile or aircraft and formations, or areas. See also airspace which may or may not separate from the control boundary. (JP 3-0) parent craft when its impulse has been delivered. A booster system may contain, bouquet mine — (*) In naval mine warfare, or consist of, one or more units. a mine in which a number of buoyant mine cases are attached to the same sinker, so boost phase — That portion of the flight of a that when the mooring of one mine case is ballistic missile or space vehicle during cut, another mine rises from the sinker to which the booster and sustainer engines its set depth. See also mine. operate. See also midcourse phase; reentry phase; terminal phase. bracketing — (*) A method of adjusting fire in which a bracket is established by

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 obtaining an over and a short along the spotting line, and then successively splitting the bracket in half until a target hit or desired bracket is obtained.

the wave enters shallow (shoaling) water. Breakers either plunge, spill, or surge. See also breaker angle. (JP 4-01.6)

breaker angle — The angle a breaker makes branch — 1. A subdivision of any with the beach. See also breaker. (JP 4-01.6) organization. 2. A geographically separate unit of an activity which performs all or breakoff position — (*) The position at part of the primary functions of the parent which a leaver or leaver section breaks off activity on a smaller scale. Unlike an annex, from the main convoy to proceed to a a branch is not merely an overflow addition. different destination. 3. An arm or service of the Army. 4. The contingency options built into the basic break-up — (*) 1. In detection by radar, the plan. A branch is used for changing the separation of one solid return into a number mission, orientation, or direction of of individual returns which correspond to movement of a force to aid success of the the various objects or structure groupings. operation based on anticipated events, This separation is contingent upon a number opportunities, or disruptions caused by of factors including range, beam width, gain enemy actions and reactions. See also setting, object size and distance between sequel. (JP 3-0) objects. 2. In imagery interpretation, the result of magnification or enlargement breakaway — (*) 1. The onset of a condition which causes the imaged item to lose its in which the shock front moves away from identity and the resultant presentation to the exterior of the expanding fireball become a random series of tonal produced by the explosion of a nuclear impressions. Also called split-up. weapon. 2. (DOD only) After completion of attack, turn to heading as directed. brevity code — (*) A code which provides no security but which has as its sole purpose breakbulk cargo — Any commodity that, the shortening of messages rather than the because of its weight, dimensions, or concealment of their content. incompatibility with other cargo, must be shipped by mode other than military van bridgehead — An area of ground held or to or SEAVAN. See also breakbulk ship. be gained on the enemy’s side of an (JP 4-01.7) obstacle. See also airhead; beachhead. breakbulk ship — A ship with conventional bridgehead line — (*) The limit of the holds for stowage of breakbulk cargo, objective area in the development of the below or above deck, and equipped with bridgehead. See also objective area. cargo-handling gear. Ships also may be capable of carrying a limited number of briefing — (*) The act of giving in advance containers, above or below deck. See also specific instructions or information. breakbulk cargo. (JP 4-01.7) brigade — A unit usually smaller than a breaker — A wave in the process of losing division to which are attached groups and/ energy where offshore energy loss is caused or battalions and smaller units tailored to by wind action and nearshore energy loss meet anticipated requirements. Also called is caused by the impact of the sea floor as BDE.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 broach — When a water craft is thrown broadside to the wind and waves, against a bar, or against the shoreline. (JP 4-01.6)

to provide specific building configurations (e.g., large steel arch structures, large span tension fabric structures, panelized buildings, and pre-engineered buildings). See also civil engineering. (JP 4-04)

buffer distance — (*) In nuclear warfare: 1. The horizontal distance which, when added to the radius of safety, will give the desired buildup — (*) The process of attaining assurance that the specified degree of risk prescribed strength of units and prescribed will not be exceeded. The buffer distance levels of vehicles, equipment, stores, and is normally expressed quantitatively in supplies. Also may be applied to the means multiples of the delivery error. 2. The of accomplishing this process. vertical distance which is added to the fallout safe-height of burst in order to bulk cargo — That which is generally determine a desired height of burst which shipped in volume where the transportation will provide the desired assurance that conveyance is the only external container; militarily significant fallout will not occur. such as liquids, ore, or grain. It is normally expressed quantitatively in multiples of the vertical error. bulk petroleum product — (*) A liquid petroleum product transported by various buffer zone — 1. A defined area controlled means and stored in tanks or containers by a peace operations force from which having an individual fill capacity greater disputing or belligerent forces have been than 250 liters. excluded. A buffer zone is formed to create an area of separation between disputing or bulk storage — 1. Storage in a warehouse belligerent forces and reduce the risk of of supplies and equipment in large renewed conflict. Also called area of quantities, usually in original containers, as separation in some United Nations distinguished from bin storage. 2. Storage operations. Also called BZ. See also area of liquids, such as petroleum products in of separation; line of demarcation; peace tanks, as distinguished from drum or operations. 2. A conical volume centered packaged storage. See also bin storage; on the laser’s line of sight with its apex at storage. the aperture of the laser, within which the beam will be contained with a high degree bullseye — An established reference point of certainty. It is determined by the buffer from which the position of an object can be angle. See also laser. (JP 3-07.3) referenced. See also reference point. (JP 3-60) bug — 1. A concealed microphone or burn notice — An official statement by one listening device or other audiosurveillance intelligence agency to other agencies, device. 2. To install means for domestic or foreign, that an individual or audiosurveillance. group is unreliable for any of a variety of reasons. bugged — Room or object that contains a concealed listening device. burnout — (*) The point in time or in the missile trajectory when combustion of fuels building systems — Structures assembled in the rocket engine is terminated by other from manufactured components designed than programmed cutoff.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 burnout velocity — (*) The velocity attained burn-through range — The distance at by a missile at the point of burnout. which a specific radar can discern targets through the external interference being received.

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Intentionally Blank

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002

C cache — In evasion and recovery operations, the camera at the time of exposure. This source of subsistence and supplies, typically direction is defined by its azimuth expressed containing items such as food, water, in degrees in relation to true/magnetic north. medical items, and/or communications equipment, packaged to prevent damage camera calibration — (*) The determination from exposure and hidden in isolated of the calibrated focal length, the location locations by such methods as burial, of the principal point with respect to the concealment, and/or submersion, to support fiducial marks and the lens distortion evaders in current or future operations. See effective in the focal plane of the camera also concealment; evader; evasion; referred to the particular calibrated focal evasion and recovery; recovery; recovery length. operations. (JP 3-50.3) camera cycling rate — (*) The frequency calibrated focal length — (*) An adjusted with which camera frames are exposed, value of the equivalent focal length, so expressed as cycles per second. computed as to equalize the positive and negative values of distortion over the entire camera nadir — See photo nadir. field used in a camera. camouflage — (*) The use of natural or call fire — Fire delivered on a specific target artificial material on personnel, objects, or in response to a request from the supported tactical positions with the aim of confusing, unit. See also fire. misleading, or evading the enemy. call for fire — (*) A request for fire camouflage detection photography — (*) containing data necessary for obtaining the Photography utilizing a special type of film required fire on a target. (usually infrared) designed for the detection of camouflage. call sign — (*) Any combination of characters or pronounceable words, which camouflet — (*) The resulting cavity in a identifies a communication facility, a deep underground burst when there is no command, an authority, an activity, or a unit; rupture of the surface. See also crater. used primarily for establishing and maintaining communications. Also called campaign — A series of related military CS. See also collective call sign; indefinite operations aimed at accomplishing a call sign; international call sign; net call strategic or operational objective within a sign; tactical call sign; visual call sign; given time and space. See also campaign voice call sign. plan. camera axis — (*) An imaginary line campaign plan — A plan for a series of through the optical center of the lens related military operations aimed at perpendicular to the negative photo plane. accomplishing a strategic or operational objective within a given time and space. camera axis direction — (*) Direction on See also campaign; campaign planning. the horizontal plane of the optical axis of (JP 5-0)

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 campaign planning — The process whereby capacity load (Navy) — The maximum combatant commanders and subordinate quantity of all supplies (ammunition; joint force commanders translate national petroleum, oils, and lubricants; rations; or theater strategic and operational concepts general stores; maintenance stores; etc.) through the development of campaign which each vessel can carry in proportions plans. Campaign planning may begin prescribed by proper authority. See also during deliberate planning when the actual wartime load. threat, national guidance, and available resources become evident, but is normally capstone publication — The top group of not completed until after the National joint doctrine publications in the hierarchy Command Authorities select the course of of joint publications. Capstone publications action during crisis action planning. link joint doctrine to national strategy and Campaign planning is conducted when the contributions of other government contemplated military operations exceed agencies, alliances, and coalitions. See also the scope of a single major joint operation. above-the-line publications; below-theSee also campaign; campaign plan. (JP 5-0) line publications; joint publication; keystone publications. (JP 1-01) canalize — To restrict operations to a narrow zone by use of existing or reinforcing capstone requirements document — A obstacles or by fire or bombing. document that contains performance-based requirements to facilitate development of cannibalize — To remove serviceable parts individual operational requirements from one item of equipment in order to documents by providing a common install them on another item of equipment. framework and operational concept to guide their development. Also called CRD. cannot observe — (*) A type of fire control which indicates that the observer or spotter capsule — (*) 1. A sealed, pressurized cabin will be unable to adjust fire, but believes a for extremely high altitude or space flight target exists at the given location and is of which provides an acceptable environment sufficient importance to justify firing upon for man, animal, or equipment. 2. An it without adjustment or observation. ejectable sealed cabin having automatic devices for safe return of the occupants to cantilever lifting frame — Used to move the surface. Navy lighterage causeway systems on to and off of lighter aboard ship (LASH) captive firing — (*) A firing test of short vessels. This device is suspended from the duration, conducted with the missile Morgan LASH barge crane and can lift one propulsion system operating while secured causeway section at a time. It is designed to a test stand. to allow the long sections to clear the rear of the ship as they are lowered into the captured — See missing. water. Also called CLF. See also causeway; lighterage. (JP 4-01.6) cardinal point effect — (*) The increased intensity of a line or group of returns on the capability — The ability to execute a radarscope occurring when the radar beam specified course of action. (A capability is perpendicular to the rectangular surface may or may not be accompanied by an of a line or group of similarly aligned intention.) features in the ground pattern.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 caretaker status — A nonoperating condition military supplies and equipment through the in which the installations, materiel, and cargo transporter service. facilities are in a care and limited preservation status. Only a minimum of carpet bombing — (*) The progressive personnel is required to safeguard against distribution of a mass bomb load upon an fire, theft, and damage from the elements. area defined by designated boundaries, in such manner as to inflict damage to all cargo classification (combat loading) — portions thereof. The division of military cargo into categories for combat loading aboard ships. carrier air wing — Two or more aircraft squadrons formed under one commander cargo increment number — A sevenfor administrative and tactical control of character alphanumeric field that uniquely operations from a carrier. describes a non-unit-cargo entry (line) in the Joint Operation Planning and Execution carrier battle group — A standing naval task System time-phased force and deployment group consisting of a carrier, surface data. combatants, and submarines as assigned in direct support, operating in mutual support cargo outturn message — A brief message with the task of destroying hostile report transmitted within 48 hours of submarine, surface, and air forces within completion of ship discharge to advise both the group’s assigned operational area and the Military Sealift Command and the striking at targets along hostile shore lines terminal of loading of the condition of the or projecting fire power inland. Also called cargo, including any discrepancies in the CVBG. (JP 3-33) form of overages, shortages, or damages between cargo as manifested and cargo as carrier striking force — A naval task force checked at time of discharge. composed of aircraft carriers and supporting combatant ships capable of conducting cargo outturn report — A detailed report strike operations. prepared by a discharging terminal to record discrepancies in the form of over, short, and cartel — An association of independent damaged cargo as manifested, and cargo businesses organized to control prices and checked at a time and place of discharge production, eliminate competition, and from ship. reduce the cost of doing business. (JP 3-07.4) cargo sling — (*) A strap, chain, or other CARVER — A special operations forces material used to hold cargo items securely acronym used throughout the targeting and which are to be hoisted, lowered, or mission planning cycle to assess mission suspended. validity and requirements. The acronym stands for criticality, accessibility, cargo tie-down point — A point on military recuperability, vulnerability, effect, and materiel designed for attachment of various recognizability. (JP 3-05.5) means for securing the item for transport. case — 1. An intelligence operation in its cargo transporter — A reusable metal entirety. 2. Record of the development of shipping container designed for worldwide an intelligence operation, including surface and air movement of suitable personnel, modus operandi, and objectives.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 casual — See transient.

casualty type — A term used to identify a casualty for reporting purposes as either a hostile casualty or a nonhostile casualty. See also casualty; casualty category; casualty status; hostile casualty; nonhostile casualty.

casualty — Any person who is lost to the organization by having been declared dead, duty status – whereabouts unknown, missing, ill, or injured. See also casualty category; casualty status; casualty type; duty status – whereabouts unknown; catalytic attack — An attack designed to hostile casualty; nonhostile casualty. bring about a war between major powers through the disguised machinations of a casualty category — A term used to third power. specifically classify a casualty for reporting purposes based upon the casualty type and catalytic war — Not to be used. See catalytic the casualty status. Casualty categories attack. include killed in action, died of wounds received in action, and wounded in action. catapult — (*) A structure which provides See also casualty; casualty status; an auxiliary source of thrust to a missile or casualty type; duty status - whereabouts aircraft; must combine the functions of unknown; missing. directing and accelerating the missile during its travel on the catapult; serves the same casualty evacuation — The movement of functions for a missile as does a gun tube casualties. It includes movement both to for a shell. and between medical treatment facilities. Any vehicle may be used to evacuate categories of data — In the context of casualties. Also called CASEVAC. See perception management and its constituent also casualty; evacuation; medical approaches, data obtained by adversary treatment facility. (JP 4-02) individuals, groups, intelligence systems, and officials. Such data fall in two casualty receiving and treatment ship — categories: a. information — A compilation In amphibious operations, a ship designated of data provided by protected or open to receive, provide treatment for, and sources that would provide a substantially transfer casualties. (JP 3-02) complete picture of friendly intentions, capabilities, or activities. b. indicators — casualty status — A term used to classify a Data derived from open sources or from casualty for reporting purposes. There are detectable actions that adversaries can piece seven casualty statuses: (1) deceased; (2) together or interpret to reach personal duty status - whereabouts unknown; (3) conclusions or official estimates concerning missing; (4) very seriously ill or injured; friendly intentions, capabilities, or (5) seriously ill or injured; (6) incapacitating activities. (Note: In operations security, illness or injury; and (7) not seriously actions that convey indicators exploitable injured. See also casualty; casualty by adversaries, but that must be carried out category; casualty type; deceased; duty regardless, to plan, prepare for, and execute status - whereabouts unknown; activities, are called “observables.”) See incapacitating illness or injury; missing; also operations security. not seriously injured; seriously ill or injured; very seriously ill or injured.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 causeway — A craft similar in design to a celestial sphere — (*) An imaginary sphere barge, but longer and narrower, designed of infinite radius concentric with the Earth, to assist in the discharge and transport of on which all celestial bodies except the cargo from vessels. See also barge; Earth are imagined to be projected. watercraft. (JP 4-01.6) cell — Small group of individuals who work causeway launching area — An area located together for clandestine or subversive near the line of departure but clear of the purposes. approach lanes, where ships can launch pontoon causeways. (JP 3-02) cell system — See net, chain, cell system. caveat — A designator used with a censorship — See armed forces censorship; classification to further limit the civil censorship; field press censorship; dissemination of restricted information. national censorship; primary (JP 3-07.4) censorship; prisoner of war censorship; secondary censorship. C-day — See times. center of burst — See mean point of impact. CEASE BUZZER — An unclassified term to terminate electronic attack activities, centers of gravity — Those characteristics, including the use of electronic warfare capabilities, or sources of power from expendables. See also electronic attack; which a military force derives its freedom electronic warfare. (JP 3-51) of action, physical strength, or will to fight. Also called COGs. See also capability; cease fire — 1. A command given to any decisive point. (JP 3-0) unit or individual firing any weapon to stop engaging the target. See also call for fire; centigray — (*) A unit of absorbed dose of fire mission. 2. A command given to air radiation (one centigray equals one rad). defense artillery units to refrain from firing on, but to continue to track, an airborne central control officer — The officer object. Missiles already in flight will be designated by the amphibious task force permitted to continue to intercept. commander for the overall coordination of the waterborne ship-to-shore movement. cease fire line — See armistice demarcation The central control officer is embarked in line. See also armistice; cease fire. the central control ship. Also called CCO. (JP 3-07.3) (JP 3-02.2) ceiling — The height above the Earth’s centralized control — (*) In air defense, the surface of the lowest layer of clouds or control mode whereby a higher echelon obscuration phenomena that is reported as makes direct target assignments to fire units. “broken,” “overcast,” or “obscured” and not See also decentralized control. classified as “thin” or “partial.” centralized receiving and shipping point — celestial guidance — The guidance of a Actual location where containers with cargo missile or other vehicle by reference to must be sorted before transshipment to the celestial bodies. appropriate supply support activity or

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 owning unit. Single consignee cargo and ammunition will not pass through the centralized receiving and shipping point. Cargo will be shipped directly to the owner with the movement organization maintaining visibility, and ammunition will go directly to the appropriate ammunition storage facility. Also called CRSP. (JP 4-01.7)

in effect until superseded, rescinded, or otherwise canceled. CJCS Instructions, unlike joint publications, will not contain joint doctrine and/or joint tactics, techniques, and procedures. Terminology used in these publications will be consistent with JP 1-02. Also called CJCSI. See also Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Manual. (JP 1-01)

centrally managed item — An item of Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff materiel subject to inventory control point Manual — A document containing (wholesale level) management. detailed procedures for performing specific tasks that do not involve the employment central procurement — The procurement of of forces. A manual is of indefinite duration materiel, supplies, or services by an and is applicable to external agencies or officially designated command or agency both the Joint Staff and external agencies. with funds specifically provided for such It may supplement a Chairman of the Joint procurement for the benefit and use of the Chiefs of Staff Instruction or stand alone entire component or, in the case of single and remains in effect until superseded, managers, for the Military Departments as rescinded, or otherwise canceled. Chairman a whole. of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Manuals, unlike joint publications, will not contain joint chaff — Radar confusion reflectors, doctrine and/or joint tactics, techniques, and consisting of thin, narrow metallic strips procedures. Terminology used in these of various lengths and frequency responses, publications will be consistent with JP 1-02. which are used to reflect echoes for Also called CJCSM. See also Chairman confusion purposes. Causes enemy radar of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Instruction. guided missiles to lock on to it instead of (JP 1-01) the real aircraft, ship, or other platform. See also deception; rope. Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff memorandum of policy — A statement chain — See net, chain, cell system. of policy approved by the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and issued for the chain of command — (*) The succession of guidance of the Services, the combatant commanding officers from a superior to a commands, and the Joint Staff. subordinate through which command is exercised. Also called command channel. Chairman’s program assessment — Provides the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff of Staff’s personal appraisal on alternative Instruction — A replacement document program recommendations and budget for all types of correspondence containing proposals to the Secretary of Defense for Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff consideration in refining the defense (CJCS) policy and guidance that does not program and budget in accordance with 10 involve the employment of forces. An United States Code. The Chairman’s instruction is of indefinite duration and is program assessment comments on the risk applicable to external agencies or both the associated with the programmed allocation Joint Staff and external agencies. It remains of Defense resources and evaluates the

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 conformance of program objective offices of the chief of mission or principal memoranda to the priorities established in officer. strategic plans and combatant commanders’ priority requirements. Also called CPA. change of operational control — The date and time (Coordinated Universal Time) at Chairman’s program recommendations — which a force or unit is reassigned or Provides the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs attached from one commander to another of Staff’s personal recommendations to the where the gaining commander will exercise Secretary of Defense for the programming operational control over that force or unit. and budgeting process before publishing the Also called CHOP. See also operational Defense Planning Guidance (DPG) in control. (JP 0-2) accordance with 10 United States Code. The Chairman’s program recommendations channel airlift — Common-user airlift articulates programs the Chairman deems service provided on a scheduled basis critical for the Secretary of Defense to between two points. There are two types consider when identifying Department of of channel airlift. A requirements channel Defense (DOD) priorities and performance serves two or more points on a scheduled goals in the DPG and emphasizes specific basis depending upon the volume of traffic; recommendations that will enhance joint a frequency channel is time-based and readiness, promote joint doctrine and serves two or more points at regular training, improve joint warfighting intervals. capabilities, and satisfy joint warfighting requirements within DOD resource characteristic actuation probability — In constraints and within acceptable risk naval mine warfare, the average probability levels. Also called CPR. of a mine of a given type being actuated by one run of the sweep within the chalk commander — (*) The commander characteristic actuation width. of all troops embarked under one chalk number. See also chalk number; chalk characteristic actuation width — In naval troops. mine warfare, the width of path over which mines can be actuated by a single run of chalk number — (*) The number given to a the sweep gear. complete load and to the transporting carrier. See also chalk commander; chalk characteristic detection probability — In troops. naval mine warfare, the ratio of the number of mines detected on a single run to the chalk troops — (*) A load of troops defined number of mines which could have been by a particular chalk number. See also detected within the characteristic detection chalk commander; chalk number. width. challenge — (*) Any process carried out by characteristic detection width — In naval one unit or person with the object of mine warfare, the width of path over which ascertaining the friendly or hostile character mines can be detected on a single run. or identity of another. See also countersign; password. charged demolition target — (*) A demolition target on which all charges have chancery — The building upon a diplomatic been placed and which is in the states of or consular compound which houses the readiness, either state 1--safe, or state

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 2--armed. See also state of readiness-state 1--safe; state of readiness--state 2--armed.

also chemical ammunition; chemical defense; chemical dose; chemical environment; chemical warfare; riot control agent. (JP 3-11)

chart base — (*) A chart used as a primary source for compilation or as a framework chemical agent cumulative action — The on which new detail is printed. Also called building up, within the human body, of topographic base. small ineffective doses of certain chemical agents to a point where eventual effect is chart index — See map index. similar to one large dose. chart location of the battery — See battery chemical ammunition — (*) A type of center. ammunition, the filler of which is primarily a chemical agent. chart series — See map; map series. chemical ammunition cargo — Cargo such chart sheet — See map; map sheet. as white phosphorous munitions (shell and grenades). check firing — In artillery, mortar, and naval gunfire support, a command to cause a chemical, biological, and radiological temporary halt in firing. See also cease fire; operation — (*) A collective term used fire mission. only when referring to a combined chemical, biological, and radiological checkout — (*) A sequence of functional, operation. operational, and calibrational tests to determine the condition and status of a chemical contamination — See weapon system or element thereof. contamination. (JP 3-11) checkpoint — (*) 1. A predetermined point chemical defense — (*) The methods, plans, on the surface of the Earth used as a means and procedures involved in establishing and of controlling movement, a registration executing defensive measures against attack target for fire adjustment, or reference for utilizing chemical agents. See also nuclear, location. 2. Center of impact; a burst center. biological, and chemical defense. 3. Geographical location on land or water above which the position of an aircraft in chemical dose — (*) The amount of chemical flight may be determined by observation agent, expressed in milligrams, that is taken or by electrical means. 4. A place where or absorbed by the body. military police check vehicular or pedestrian traffic in order to enforce chemical environment — (*) Conditions circulation control measures and other laws, found in an area resulting from direct or orders, and regulations. persisting effects of chemical weapons. check sweeping — (*) In naval mine warfare, chemical horn — (*) In naval mine warfare, sweeping to check that no moored mines a mine horn containing an electric battery, are left after a previous clearing operation. the electrolyte for which is in a glass tube protected by a thin metal sheet. Also called chemical agent — Any toxic chemical Hertz Horn. intended for use in military operations. See

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 chemical monitoring — (*) The continued or periodic process of determining whether or not a chemical agent is present. See also chemical survey. chemical operation — (*) Employment of chemical agents to kill, injure, or incapacitate for a significant period of time, man or animals, and deny or hinder the use of areas, facilities, or materiel; or defense against such employment. chemical survey — (*) The directed effort to determine the nature and degree of chemical hazard in an area and to delineate the perimeter of the hazard area.

agent; chemical defense; chemical dose; chemical environment; chemical warfare; riot control agent. (JP 3-11) chief Army, Navy, Air Force, or Marine Corps censor — An officer appointed by the commander of the Army, Navy, Air Force, or Marine Corps component of a unified command to supervise all censorship activities of that Service. chief of mission — A chief of mission (COM) (normally the ambassador) is the principal officer in charge of a diplomatic facility of the United States, including any individual assigned to be temporarily in charge of such a facility. The COM is the personal representative of the President to the country of accreditation. The COM is responsible for the direction, coordination, and supervision of all US Government executive branch employees in that country (except those under the command of a US area military commander). The security of the diplomatic post is the COM’s direct responsibility. Also called COM.

chemical warfare — All aspects of military operations involving the employment of lethal and incapacitating munitions/agents and the warning and protective measures associated with such offensive operations. Since riot control agents and herbicides are not considered to be chemical warfare agents, those two items will be referred to separately or under the broader term “chemical,” which will be used to include all types of chemical munitions/agents chief of staff — The senior or principal collectively. Also called CW. See also member or head of a staff, or the principal chemical agent; chemical defense; assistant in a staff capacity to a person in a chemical dose; chemical environment; command capacity; the head or controlling chemical weapon; riot control agent. member of a staff, for purposes of the (JP 3-11) coordination of its work; a position that in itself is without inherent power of command chemical weapon — Together or separately, by reason of assignment, except that which (a) a toxic chemical and its precursors, is invested in such a position by delegation except when intended for a purpose not to exercise command in another’s name. prohibited under the Chemical Weapons Convention; (b) a munition or device, chronic radiation dose — A dose of ionizing specifically designed to cause death or other radiation received either continuously or harm through toxic properties of those intermittently over a prolonged period of chemicals specified in (a), above, which time. A chronic radiation dose may be high would be released as a result of the enough to cause radiation sickness and employment of such munition or device; death but, if received at a low dose rate, a (c) any equipment specifically designed for significant portion of the acute cellular use directly in connection with the damage may be repaired. See also acute employment of munitions or devices radiation dose; radiation dose; radiation specified in (b), above. See also chemical dose rate.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 chuffing — (*) The characteristic of some rockets to burn intermittently and with an irregular noise. CINC’s required date — The original date relative to C-day, specified by the combatant commander for arrival of forces or cargo at the destination; shown in the time-phased force and deployment data to assess the impact of later arrival. Also called CRD.

friendly territory, under an agreement with the government of the area concerned, to exercise certain authority normally the function of the local government; or (2) hostile territory, occupied by United States forces, where a foreign government exercises executive, legislative, and judicial authority until an indigenous civil government can be established. Also called CA administration. (JP 3-57)

civil affairs — Designated Active and CINC’s strategic concept — Final Reserve component forces and units document produced in step 5 of the concept organized, trained, and equipped development phase of the deliberate specifically to conduct civil affairs activities planning process. The CINC’s strategic and to support civil-military operations. See concept is used as the vehicle to distribute also civil affairs activities; civil-military the CINC’s decision and planning guidance operations. Also called CA. (JP 3-57) for accomplishing Joint Strategic Capabilities Plan or other Chairman of the civil affairs activities — Activities performed Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS) taskings. CJCS or supported by civil affairs that (1) enhance approval of the strategic concept becomes the relationship between military forces and the basis of the plan for development into civil authorities in areas where military an operation plan or operation plan in forces are present; and (2) involve concept format. Also called CSC. (JP 5-0) application of civil affairs functional specialty skills, in areas normally the cipher — Any cryptographic system in which responsibility of civil government, to arbitrary symbols (or groups of symbols) enhance conduct of civil-military represent units of plain text of regular operations. See also civil affairs; civillength, usually single letters; units of plain military operations. (JP 3-57) text are rearranged; or both, in accordance with certain predetermined rules. See also civil affairs agreement — An agreement that cryptosystem. governs the relationship between allied armed forces located in a friendly country circular error probable — An indicator of and the civil authorities and people of that the delivery accuracy of a weapon system, country. See also civil affairs. used as a factor in determining probable damage to a target. It is the radius of a circle civil augmentation program — Standing, within which half of a missile’s projectiles long-term contacts designed to augment are expected to fall. Also called CEP. See Service logistic capabilities with contract also delivery error; deviation; dispersion support in both preplanned and short notice error; horizontal error. contingencies. Examples include US Army Logistics Civilian Augmentation Program, civic action — See military civic action. US Air Force Contract Augmentation Program, and US Navy Construction civil administration — An administration Capabilities Contract. See also established by a foreign government in (1) contingency. (JP 4-07)

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 civil censorship — Censorship of civilian civil disturbance — (*) Group acts of communications, such as messages, printed violence and disorder prejudicial to public matter, and films entering, leaving, or law and order. See also domestic circulating within areas or territories emergencies. occupied or controlled by armed forces. See also censorship. civil disturbance readiness conditions — Required conditions of preparedness to be civil damage assessment — An appraisal of attained by military forces in preparation damage to a nation’s population, industry, for deployment to an objective area in utilities, communications, transportation, response to an actual or threatened civil food, water, and medical resources to disturbance. support planning for national recovery. See also damage assessment. civil engineering — Those combat support and combat service support activities that civil defense — All those activities and identify, design, construct, lease, or provide measures designed or undertaken to: a. facilities, and which operate, maintain, and minimize the effects upon the civilian perform war damage repair and other population caused or which would be engineering functions in support of military caused by an enemy attack on the United operations. See also civil engineering States; b. deal with the immediate support plan; combat service support; emergency conditions that would be created combat support. (JP 4-04) by any such attack; and c. effectuate emergency repairs to, or the emergency civil engineering support plan — An restoration of, vital utilities and facilities appendix to the logistics annex or separate destroyed or damaged by any such attack. annex of an operation plan that identifies the minimum essential engineering services civil defense emergency — See domestic and construction requirements required to emergencies. support the commitment of military forces. Also called CESP. See also civil civil defense intelligence — The product engineering; operation plan. (JP 4-04) resulting from the collection and evaluation of information concerning all aspects of the civilian internee — 1. A civilian who is situation in the United States and its interned during armed conflict or territories that are potential or actual targets occupation for security reasons or for of any enemy attack including, in the protection or because he or she has preattack phase, the emergency measures committed an offense against the detaining taken and estimates of the civil populations’ power. 2. A term used to refer to persons preparedness. In the event of an actual interned and protected in accordance with attack, the information will include a the Geneva Convention Relative to the description of conditions in the affected area Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of with emphasis on the extent of damage, War, 12 August 1949 (Geneva Convention). fallout levels, and casualty and resource Also called CI. See also prisoner of war. estimates. The product is required by civil and military authorities for use in the civilian internee camp — An installation formulation of decisions, the conduct of established for the internment and operations, and the continuation of the administration of civilian internees. planning processes.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 civil-military operations — The activities of periods of armed conflict or occupation to a commander that establish, maintain, ensure the productive efficiency of the influence, or exploit relations between civilian economy and to provide to civilians military forces, governmental and the treatment and protection to which they nongovernmental civilian organizations and are entitled under customary and authorities, and the civilian populace in a conventional international law. friendly, neutral, or hostile operational area in order to facilitate military operations, to civil reserve air fleet — A program in which consolidate and achieve operational US the Department of Defense uses aircraft objectives. Civil-military operations may owned by a US entity or citizen. The include performance by military forces of aircraft are allocated by the Department of activities and functions normally the Transportation to augment the military responsibility of the local, regional, or airlift capability of the Department of national government. These activities may Defense. These aircraft are allocated, in occur prior to, during, or subsequent to other accordance with DOD requirements, to military actions. They may also occur, if segments, according to their capabilities, directed, in the absence of other military such as International Long Range and Short operations. Civil-military operations may Range Cargo and Passenger sections, be performed by designated civil affairs, by National (Domestic and Alaskan sections) other military forces, or by a combination and Aeromedical Evacuation and other of civil affairs and other forces. Also called segments as may be mutually agreed upon CMO. See also civil affairs; operation. by the Department of Defense and the (JP 3-57) Department of Transportation. Also called CRAF. See also reserve. civil-military operations center — An ad hoc organization, normally established by civil transportation — The movement of the geographic combatant commander or persons, property, or mail by civil facilities, subordinate joint force commander, to assist and the resources (including storage, except in the coordination of activities of engaged that for agricultural and petroleum military forces, and other United States products) necessary to accomplish the Government agencies, nongovernmental movement. (Excludes transportation organizations, and regional and operated or controlled by the military as international organizations. There is no well as petroleum and gas pipelines.) established structure, and its size and composition are situation dependent. Also clandestine operation — An operation called CMOC. See also civil affairs sponsored or conducted by governmental activities; civil-military operations; departments or agencies in such a way as operation. (JP 3-57) to assure secrecy or concealment. A clandestine operation differs from a covert civil nuclear power — A nation that has the operation in that emphasis is placed on potential to employ nuclear technology for concealment of the operation rather than on development of nuclear weapons but has concealment of the identity of the sponsor. deliberately decided against doing so. In special operations, an activity may be both covert and clandestine and may focus civil requirements — The necessary equally on operational considerations and production and distribution of all types of intelligence-related activities. See also services, supplies, and equipment during covert operation; overt operation. (JP 3-05.3)

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 classes of supply — There are ten categories national security. See also unclassified into which supplies are grouped in order to matter. facilitate supply management and planning. I. Rations and gratuitous issue of health, clean aircraft — 1. An aircraft in flight morale, and welfare items. II. Clothing, configuration (versus landing individual equipment, tentage, tool sets, and configuration); i.e., landing gear and flaps administrative and housekeeping supplies retracted, etc. 2. An aircraft that does not and equipment. III. Petroleum, oils, and have external stores. lubricants. IV. Construction materiels. V. Ammunition. VI. Personal demand items. cleansing station — See decontamination VII. Major end items, including tanks, station. helicopters, and radios. VIII. Medical. IX. Repair parts and components for equipment clear — 1. To approve or authorize, or to maintenance. X. Nonstandard items to obtain approval or authorization for: a. a support nonmilitary programs such as person or persons with regard to their agriculture and economic development. actions, movements, duties, etc.; b. an See also ammunition; petroleum, oils, object or group of objects, as equipment or and lubricants. (JP 4-09) supplies, with regard to quality, quantity, purpose, movement, disposition, etc.; and classification — The determination that c. a request, with regard to correctness of official information requires, in the interests form, validity, etc. 2. To give one or more of national security, a specific degree of aircraft a clearance. 3. To give a person a protection against unauthorized disclosure, security clearance. 4. To fly over an coupled with a designation signifying that obstacle without touching it. 5. To pass a such a determination has been made. See designated point, line, or object. The end also security classification. of a column must pass the designated feature before the latter is cleared. 6. a. To classification of bridges and vehicles — See operate a gun so as to unload it or make military load classification. certain no ammunition remains; and b. to free a gun of stoppages. 7. To clear an classified contract — Any contract that engine; to open the throttle of an idling requires or will require access to classified engine to free it from carbon. 8. To clear information by the contractor or the the air to gain either temporary or employees in the performance of the permanent air superiority or control in a contract. (A contract may be classified even given sector. though the contract document itself is not classified.) clearance capacity — An estimate expressed in terms of measurement or weight tons per classified information — Official day of the cargo that may be transported information that has been determined to inland from a beach or port over the require, in the interests of national security, available means of inland communication, protection against unauthorized disclosure including roads, railroads, and inland and which has been so designated. waterways. The estimate is based on an evaluation of the physical characteristics of classified matter — (*) Official information the transportation facilities in the area. See or matter in any form or of any nature which also beach capacity; port capacity. requires protection in the interests of

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 clearance rate — (*) The area which would be cleared per unit time with a stated minimum percentage clearance, using specific minehunting and/or minesweeping procedures.

necessarily in, the objective area. They are assigned to naval support carrier battle groups, surface action groups, surface action units, and certain logistic combat service support elements. (JP 3-02)

clearing operation — An operation designed closure — In transportation, the process of a to clear or neutralize all mines and obstacles unit arriving at a specified location. It from a route or area. (JP 3-15) begins when the first element arrives at a designated location, e.g., port of entry and/ clock code position — The position of a target or port of departure, intermediate stops, or in relation to an aircraft or ship with final destination, and ends when the last dead-ahead position considered as 12 element does likewise. For the purposes of o’clock. studies and command post exercises, a unit is considered essentially closed after 95 close air support — Air action by fixed- and percent of its movement requirements for rotary-wing aircraft against hostile targets personnel and equipment are completed. that are in close proximity to friendly forces and that require detailed integration of each closure minefield — (*) In naval mine air mission with the fire and movement of warfare, a minefield which is planned to those forces. Also called CAS. See also present such a threat that waterborne air interdiction; air support; immediate shipping is prevented from moving. mission request; preplanned mission request. (JP 3-0) closure shortfall — The specified movement requirement or portion thereof that did not close-controlled air interception — (*) An meet scheduling criteria and/or movement interception in which the interceptor is dates. continuously controlled to a position from which the target is within visual range or cloud amount — (*) The proportion of sky radar contact. See also air interception. obscured by cloud, expressed as a fraction of sky covered. closed area — (*) A designated area in or over which passage of any kind is cloud chamber effect — See condensation prohibited. See also prohibited area. cloud. close support — (*) That action of the cloud top height — The maximal altitude to supporting force against targets or which a nuclear mushroom cloud rises. objectives which are sufficiently near the supported force as to require detailed cluster bomb unit — (*) An aircraft store integration or coordination of the composed of a dispenser and submunitions. supporting action with the fire, movement, Also called CBU. or other actions of the supported force. See also direct support; general support; clutter — Permanent echoes, cloud, or other mutual support; support. atmospheric echo on radar scope; as contact has entered scope clutter. See also radar close support area — Those parts of the clutter. ocean operating areas nearest to, but not

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 coalition — An ad hoc arrangement between coastal refraction — (*) The change of the two or more nations for common action. direction of travel of a radio ground wave See also alliance; multinational. (JP 5-0) as it passes from land to sea or from sea to land. Also called land effect or shoreline coalition action — Multinational action effect. outside the bounds of established alliances, usually for single occasions or longer coastal sea control — The employment of cooperation in a narrow sector of common forces to ensure the unimpeded use of an interest. See also alliance; coalition; offshore coastal area by friendly forces and, multinational operations. (JP 5-0) as appropriate, to deny the use of the area to enemy forces. (JP 3-10) coalition coordination cell — An ad hoc unified or sub-unified staff organization code — 1. Any system of communication in composed of staff elements required to which arbitrary groups of symbols represent integrate coalition contributions (forces and units of plain text of varying length. Codes capabilities) into a contingency operation. may be used for brevity or for security. 2. Also called CCC. A cryptosystem in which the cryptographic equivalents (usually called “code groups”), coarse mine — (*) In naval mine warfare, a typically consisting of letters or digits (or relatively insensitive influence mine. both) in otherwise meaningless combinations, are substituted for plain text coassembly — With respect to exports, a elements which are primarily words, cooperative arrangement (e.g., US phrases, or sentences. See also Government or company with foreign cryptosystem. government or company) by which finished parts, components, assemblies, or code word — (*) 1. A word that has been subassemblies are provided to an eligible assigned a classification and a classified foreign government, international meaning to safeguard intentions and organization, or commercial producer for information regarding a classified plan or the assembly of an end-item or system. This operation. 2. A cryptonym used to identify is normally accomplished under the sensitive intelligence data. provisions of a manufacturing license agreement per the US International Traffic cold war — A state of international tension in Arms Regulation and could involve the wherein political, economic, technological, implementation of a government-tosociological, psychological, paramilitary, government memorandum of understanding. and military measures short of overt armed conflict involving regular military forces coastal convoy — (*) A convoy whose are employed to achieve national objectives. voyage lies in general on the continental shelf and in coastal waters. collaborative purchase — A method of purchase whereby, in buying similar coastal frontier — A geographic division of commodities, buyers for two or more a coastal area, established for organization departments exchange information and command purposes in order to ensure concerning planned purchases in order to the effective coordination of military forces minimize competition between them for employed in military operations within the commodities in the same market. coastal frontier area.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 collapse depth — (*) The design depth, commander. See also capability; referenced to the axis of the pressure hull, collection. (JP 2-01) beyond which the hull structure or hull penetrations are presumed to suffer collection coordination facility line number catastrophic failure to the point of total — An arbitrary number assigned to collapse. contingency intelligence reconnaissance objectives by the Defense Intelligence collate — 1. The grouping together of related Agency collection coordination facility to items to provide a record of events and facilitate all-source collection. facilitate further processing. 2. To compare critically two or more items or documents collection management — In intelligence concerning the same general subject; usage, the process of converting intelligence normally accomplished in the processing requirements into collection requirements, and exploitation phase in the intelligence establishing priorities, tasking or cycle. See also intelligence cycle. (JP 2-0) coordinating with appropriate collection sources or agencies, monitoring results, and collateral damage — Unintentional or retasking, as required. See also collection; incidental injury or damage to persons or collection requirement; collection objects that would not be lawful military requirements management; intelligence; targets in the circumstances ruling at the intelligence cycle. (JP 2-0) time. Such damage is not unlawful so long as it is not excessive in light of the overall collection management authority — military advantage anticipated from the Constitutes the authority to establish, attack. (JP 3-60) prioritize, and validate theater collection requirements, establish sensor tasking collateral mission — A mission other than guidance, and develop theater collection those for which a force is primarily plans. Also called CMA. See also organized, trained, and equipped, that the collection manager; collection plan; force can accomplish by virtue of the collection requirement. (JP 2-01) inherent capabilities of that force. (JP 3-05.3) collection manager — An individual with collection — See intelligence cycle, Subpart b. responsibility for the timely and efficient tasking of organic collection resources and collection (acquisition) — The obtaining of the development of requirements for theater information in any manner, including direct and national assets that could satisfy observation, liaison with official agencies, specific information needs in support of the or solicitation from official, unofficial, or mission. Also called CM. See also public sources. collection; collection management authority. (JP 2-01) collection agency — Any individual, organization, or unit that has access to collection operations management — The sources of information and the capability authoritative direction, scheduling, and of collecting information from them. See control of specific collection operations and also agency. associated processing, exploitation, and reporting resources. Also called COM. See collection asset — A collection system, also collection management; collection platform, or capability that is supporting, requirements management. (JP 2-0) assigned, or attached to a particular

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 collection plan — (*) A plan for collecting commands, authorities, or units. The information from all available sources to collective call sign for any of these includes meet intelligence requirements and for the commander thereof and all subordinate transforming those requirements into orders commanders therein. See also call sign. and requests to appropriate agencies. See also information; information collective nuclear, biological, and chemical requirements; intelligence cycle. protection — (*) Protection provided to a group of individuals in a nuclear, biological, collection planning — A continuous process and chemical environment which permits that coordinates and integrates the efforts relaxation of individual nuclear, biological, of all collection units and agencies. See and chemical protection. also collection. (JP 2-0) collective self-defense — Collective selfcollection point — A point designated for defense is the act of defending other the assembly of personnel casualties, designated non-US forces. Only the stragglers, disabled materiel, salvage, etc., National Command Authorities may for further movement to collecting stations authorize US forces to exercise the right of or rear installations. collective self-defense. collection requirement — An established collocation — (*) The physical placement intelligence need considered in the of two or more detachments, units, allocation of intelligence resources to fulfill organizations, or facilities at a specifically the essential elements of information and defined location. other intelligence needs of a commander. colored beach — That portion of usable collection requirements management — coastline sufficient for the assault landing The authoritative development and control of a regimental landing team or similar sized of collection, processing, exploitation, and/ unit. In the event that the landing force or reporting requirements that normally consists of a single battalion landing team, result in either the direct tasking of assets a colored beach will be used and no further over which the collection manager has subdivision of the beach is required. See authority, or the generation of tasking also numbered beach. (JP 3-02) requests to collection management authorities at a higher, lower, or lateral column formation — (*) A formation in echelon to accomplish the collection which elements are placed one behind the mission. Also called CRM. See also other. collection; collection management; collection operations management. (JP 2-0) column gap — (*) The space between two consecutive elements proceeding on the collection resource — A collection system, same route. It can be calculated in units of platform, or capability that is not assigned length or in units of time measured from or attached to a specific unit or echelon the rear of one element to the front of the which must be requested and coordinated following element. through the chain of command. See also collection management. (JP 2-01) column length — (*) The length of the roadway occupied by a column or a convoy collective call sign — (*) Any call sign which in movement. See also road space. represents two or more facilities,

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 combat air patrol — (*) An aircraft patrol provided over an objective area, the force protected, the critical area of a combat zone, or in an air defense area, for the purpose of intercepting and destroying hostile aircraft before they reach their targets. Also called CAP. See also airborne alert; barrier combat air patrol; patrol; rescue combat air patrol. combat airspace control — See airspace control in the combat zone. (JP 3-52) combat and operational stress — The expected and predictable emotional, intellectual, physical, and/or behavioral reactions of Service members who have been exposed to stressful events in war or military operations other than war. Combat stress reactions vary in quality and severity as a function of operational conditions, such as intensity, duration, rules of engagement, leadership, effective communication, unit morale, unit cohesion, and perceived importance of the mission. (JP 4-02)

combatant commander to perform those functions of command over assigned forces involving organizing and employing commands and forces, assigning tasks, designating objectives, and giving authoritative direction over all aspects of military operations, joint training, and logistics necessary to accomplish the missions assigned to the command. Combatant command (command authority) should be exercised through the commanders of subordinate organizations. Normally this authority is exercised through subordinate joint force commanders and Service and/or functional component commanders. Combatant command (command authority) provides full authority to organize and employ commands and forces as the combatant commander considers necessary to accomplish assigned missions. Operational control is inherent in combatant command (command authority). Also called COCOM. See also combatant command; combatant commander; operational control; tactical control. (JP 0-2)

combatant command — A unified or specified command with a broad continuing combatant commander — A commander in mission under a single commander chief of one of the unified or specified established and so designated by the combatant commands established by the President, through the Secretary of Defense President. Also called CINC. See also and with the advice and assistance of the combatant command. (JP 0-2) Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Combatant commands typically have combat area — A restricted area (air, land, geographic or functional responsibilities. or sea) that is established to prevent or See also specified command; unified minimize mutual interference between command. (JP 5-0) friendly forces engaged in combat operations. See also combat zone. combatant command (command authority) — Nontransferable command combat assessment — The determination of authority established by title 10 (“Armed the overall effectiveness of force Forces”), United States Code, section 164, employment during military operations. exercised only by commanders of unified Combat assessment is composed of three or specified combatant commands unless major components: (a) battle damage otherwise directed by the President or the assessment; (b) munitions effectiveness Secretary of Defense. Combatant assessment; and (c) reattack command (command authority) cannot be recommendation. Also called CA. See also delegated and is the authority of a battle damage assessment; munitions

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 effectiveness assessment; reattack combat engineering — Those engineering recommendation. (JP 3-60) tasks that assist the tactical and/or operational commander to “shape” the combat camera — Visual information battlespace by enhancing mobility, creating documentation covering air, sea, and the space and time necessary to generate ground actions of the Armed Forces of the mass and speed while protecting the force United States in combat or combat support and denying mobility and key terrain to the operations and in related peacetime training enemy. These tasks include breaching, activities such as exercises, war games, and bridging, and emplacement of obstacles to operations. Also called COMCAM. See deny mobility to the enemy. (JP 3-34) also visual information; visual information documentation. combat forces — Those forces whose primary missions are to participate in combat cargo officer — An embarkation combat. See also operating forces. officer assigned to major amphibious ships or naval staffs, functioning primarily as an combat information — Unevaluated data, adviser to and representative of the naval gathered by or provided directly to the commander in matters pertaining to tactical commander which, due to its highly embarkation and debarkation of troops and perishable nature or the criticality of the their supplies and equipment. Also called situation, cannot be processed into tactical CCO. See also embarkation officer. intelligence in time to satisfy the user’s tactical intelligence requirements. See also combat chart — A special naval chart, at a information. scale of 1:50,000, designed for naval surface fire support and close air support combat information center — (*) The during coastal or amphibious operations agency in a ship or aircraft manned and and showing detailed hydrography and equipped to collect, display, evaluate, and topography in the coastal belt. See also disseminate tactical information for the use amphibious chart. of the embarked flag officer, commanding officer, and certain control agencies. combat control team — A small task Certain control, assistance, and organized team of Air Force parachute and coordination functions may be delegated by combat diver qualified personnel trained command to the combat information center. and equipped to rapidly establish and Also called action information center; control drop, landing, and extraction zone CIC. See also air defense control center. air traffic in austere or hostile conditions. They survey and establish terminal airheads combat intelligence — That knowledge of as well as provide guidance to aircraft for the enemy, weather, and geographical airlift operations. They provide command features required by a commander in the and control, and conduct reconnaissance, planning and conduct of combat operations. surveillance, and survey assessments of potential objective airfields or assault zones. combat loading — (*) The arrangement of They also can perform limited weather personnel and the stowage of equipment observations and removal of obstacles or and supplies in a manner designed to unexploded ordinance with demolitions. conform to the anticipated tactical operation Also called CCT. (JP 3-17) of the organization embarked. Each

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 individual item is stowed so that it can be unloaded at the required time. See also loading. combat power — (*) The total means of destructive and/or disruptive force which a military unit/formation can apply against the opponent at a given time. combat readiness — Synonymous with operational readiness, with respect to missions or functions performed in combat.

war. Within the national and theater logistic systems, it includes but is not limited to that support rendered by service forces in ensuring the aspects of supply, maintenance, transportation, health services, and other services required by aviation and ground combat troops to permit those units to accomplish their missions in combat. Combat service support encompasses those activities at all levels of war that produce sustainment to all operating forces on the battlefield. Also called CSS. See also combat support. (JP 4-0)

combat search and rescue — A specific task performed by rescue forces to effect the recovery of distressed personnel during war combat service support area — An area or military operations other than war. Also ashore that is organized to contain the called CSAR. See also search and rescue. necessary supplies, equipment, (JP 3-50.2) installations, and elements to provide the landing force with combat service support combat search and rescue mission throughout the operation. Also called coordinator — The designated person or CSSA. (JP 3-02) organization selected to direct and coordinate support for a specific combat combat service support element — The core search and rescue mission. Also called element of a Marine air-ground task force CSAR mission coordinator. See also (MAGTF) that is task-organized to provide combat search and rescue; component the combat service support necessary to search and rescue controller; search and accomplish the MAGTF mission. The rescue; search and rescue mission combat service support element varies in coordinator. (JP 3-50.2) size from a small detachment to one or more force service support groups. It provides combat search and rescue task force — All supply, maintenance, transportation, forces committed to a specific combat general engineering, health services, and a search and rescue operation to search for, variety of other services to the MAGTF. locate, identify, and recover isolated The combat service support element itself personnel during wartime or contingency is not a formal command. Also called operations. This includes those elements CSSE. See also aviation combat element; assigned to provide command and control command element; ground combat and protect the recovery vehicle from element; Marine air-ground task force; enemy air or ground attack. Also called Marine expeditionary force; Marine CSARTF. See also combat search and expeditionary force (forward); Marine rescue; search; search and rescue. expeditionary unit; special purpose (JP 3-50.21) Marine air-ground task force; task force. combat service support — The essential combat service support elements — Those capabilities, functions, activities, and tasks elements whose primary missions are to necessary to sustain all elements of provide service support to combat forces operating forces in theater at all levels of and which are a part, or prepared to become

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 a part, of a theater, command, or task force combat vehicle — A vehicle, with or without formed for combat operations. See also armor, designed for a specific fighting operating forces; service troops; troops. function. Armor protection or armament mounted as supplemental equipment on combat support — Fire support and noncombat vehicles will not change the operational assistance provided to combat classification of such vehicles to combat elements. Also called CS. See also combat vehicles. service support. (JP 4-0) combat visual information support center combat support elements — Those elements — A visual information support facility whose primary missions are to provide established at a base of operations during combat support to the combat forces and war or military operations other than war which are a part, or prepared to become a to provide limited visual information part, of a theater, command, or task force support to the base and its supported formed for combat operations. See also elements. Also called CVISC. operating forces. combat zone — 1. That area required by combat support troops — Those units or combat forces for the conduct of operations. organizations whose primary mission is to 2. The territory forward of the Army rear furnish operational assistance for the area boundary. See also combat area; combat elements. See also troops. communications zone. combat surveillance — A continuous, combination influence mine — (*) A mine all-weather, day-and-night, systematic designed to actuate only when two or more watch over the battle area in order to different influences are received either provide timely information for tactical simultaneously or in a predetermined order. combat operations. Also called combined influence mine. See also mine. combat surveillance radar — Radar with the normal function of maintaining combination mission/level of continuous watch over a combat area. effort-oriented items — Items for which requirement computations are based on the combat survival — (*) Those measures to criteria used for both level of effort-oriented be taken by Service personnel when and mission-oriented items. involuntarily separated from friendly forces in combat, including procedures relating to combined — Between two or more forces or individual survival, evasion, escape, and agencies of two or more allies. (When all conduct after capture. allies or services are not involved, the participating nations and services shall be combatting terrorism — Actions, including identified, e.g., combined navies.) See also antiterrorism (defensive measures taken to joint. reduce vulnerability to terrorist acts) and counterterrorism (offensive measures taken combined airspeed indicator — (*) An to prevent, deter, and respond to terrorism), instrument which displays both indicated taken to oppose terrorism throughout the airspeed and mach number. entire threat spectrum. Also called CBT. See also antiterrorism; counterterrorism.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 combined arms team — The full integration and application of two or more arms or elements of one Military Service into an operation. (JP 3-18) combined force — A military force composed of elements of two or more allied nations. See also force(s). combined influence mine — See combination influence mine. combined operation — (*) An operation conducted by forces of two or more Allied nations acting together for the accomplishment of a single mission.

attached forces in the accomplishment of the mission. Command and control functions are performed through an arrangement of personnel, equipment, communications, facilities, and procedures employed by a commander in planning, directing, coordinating, and controlling forces and operations in the accomplishment of the mission. Also called C2. (JP 0-2) command and control system — The facilities, equipment, communications, procedures, and personnel essential to a commander for planning, directing, and controlling operations of assigned forces pursuant to the missions assigned.

combustor — (*) A name generally assigned to the combination of flame holder or command and control warfare — The stabilizer, igniter, combustion chamber, and integrated use of operations security, injection system of a ramjet or gas turbine. military deception, psychological operations, electronic warfare, and physical command — 1. The authority that a destruction, mutually supported by commander in the Armed Forces lawfully intelligence, to deny information to, exercises over subordinates by virtue of influence, degrade, or destroy adversary rank or assignment. Command includes the command and control capabilities, while authority and responsibility for effectively protecting friendly command and control using available resources and for planning capabilities against such actions. Command the employment of, organizing, directing, and control warfare is an application of coordinating, and controlling military information operations in military forces for the accomplishment of assigned operations. Also called C2W. C2W is missions. It also includes responsibility for both offensive and defensive: a. health, welfare, morale, and discipline of C2-attack. Prevent effective C2 of assigned personnel. 2. An order given by adversary forces by denying information to, a commander; that is, the will of the influencing, degrading, or destroying the commander expressed for the purpose of adversary C2 system. b. C2-protect. bringing about a particular action. 3. A Maintain effective command and control of unit or units, an organization, or an area own forces by turning to friendly advantage under the command of one individual. Also or negating adversary efforts to deny called CMD. See also area command; information to, influence, degrade, or base command; combatant command; destroy the friendly C2 system. See also combatant command (command command and control; electronic authority). (JP 0-2) warfare; information operations; intelligence; military deception; command and control — The exercise of operations security; psychological authority and direction by a properly operations. (JP 3-13.1) designated commander over assigned and

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 command axis — (*) A line along which a headquarters will move.

operations. Also called C4 systems. See also command and control; tactical command, control, communications, and computer system(s). (JP 6-0)

command center — A facility from which a commander and his or her representatives direct operations and control forces. It is command controlled stocks — (*) Stocks organized to gather, process, analyze, which are placed at the disposal of a display, and disseminate planning and designated NATO commander in order to operational data and perform other related provide him with a flexibility with which tasks. Also called CC. to influence the battle logistically. “Placed at the disposal of” implies responsibility for command channel — See chain of storage, maintenance, accounting, rotation command. or turnover, physical security, and subsequent transportation to a particular command chaplain — The senior chaplain battle area. assigned to or designated by a commander of a staff, command, or unit. See also command destruct signal — (*) A signal command chaplain of the combatant used to operate intentionally the destruction command; lay leader or lay reader; signal in a missile. religious ministry support; religious ministry support plan; religious ministry command detonated mine — (*) A mine support team; Service component detonated by remotely controlled means. command chaplain. (JP 1-05) command ejection system — See ejection command chaplain of the combatant systems. command — The senior chaplain assigned to the staff of, or designated by, the command element — The core element of a combatant commander to provide advice Marine air-ground task force (MAGTF) on religion, ethics, and morale of assigned that is the headquarters. The command personnel and to coordinate religious element is composed of the commander, ministries within the commander’s area of general or executive and special staff responsibility. The command chaplain of sections, headquarters section, and requisite the combatant command may be supported communications support, intelligence, and by a staff of chaplains and enlisted religious reconnaissance forces necessary to support personnel. See also command accomplish the MAGTF mission. The chaplain; lay leader or lay reader; command element provides command and religious ministry support; religious control, intelligence, and other support ministry support plan; religious ministry essential for effective planning and support team; Service component execution of operations by the other command chaplain. (JP 1-05) elements of the MAGTF. The command element varies in size and composition. command, control, communications, and Also called CE. See also aviation combat computer systems — Integrated systems element; combat service support of doctrine, procedures, organizational element; ground combat element; structures, personnel, equipment, facilities, Marine air-ground task force; Marine and communications designed to support a expeditionary force; Marine commander’s exercise of command and expeditionary force (forward); Marine control across the range of military

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 expeditionary unit; special purpose commander’s intent — A concise expression Marine air-ground task force; task force. of the purpose of the operation and the desired end state that serves as the initial commander, amphibious task force — The impetus for the planning process. It may Navy officer designated in the order also include the commander’s assessment initiating the amphibious operation as the of the adversary commander’s intent and commander of the amphibious task force. an assessment of where and how much risk Also called CATF. See also amphibious is acceptable during the operation. See also operation; amphibious task force; assessment; end state. (JP 5-00.1) commander, landing force. (JP 3-02) command guidance — (*) A guidance commander, landing force — The officer system wherein intelligence transmitted to designated in the order initiating the the missile from an outside source causes amphibious operation as the commander of the missile to traverse a directed flight path. the landing force for an amphibious operation. Also called CLF. See also command information — Communication amphibious operation; commander, by a military organization with Service amphibious task force; landing force. members, civilian employees, retirees, and (JP 3-02) family members of the organization that creates an awareness of the organization’s commander’s concept — See concept of goals, informs them of significant operations. developments affecting them and the organization, increases their effectiveness commander’s critical information as ambassadors of the organization, and requirements — A comprehensive list of keeps them informed about what is going information requirements identified by the on in the organization. Also called internal commander as being critical in facilitating information. See also command; timely information management and the information; public affairs. (JP 3-61) decisionmaking process that affect successful mission accomplishment. The commanding officer of troops — On a ship two key subcomponents are critical friendly that has embarked units, a designated officer force information and priority intelligence (usually the senior embarking unit requirements. Also called CCIR. See also commander) who is responsible for the critical information; information; administration, discipline, and training of information requirements; intelligence; all embarked units. Also called COT. priority intelligence requirements. (JP5-00.2) (JP 3-02.2) commander’s estimate of the situation — command net — (*) A communications A logical process of reasoning by which a network which connects an echelon of commander considers all the circumstances command with some or all of its subordinate affecting the military situation and arrives echelons for the purpose of command and at a decision as to a course of action to be control. taken in order to accomplish the mission. A commander’s estimate that considers a command post — (*) A unit’s or subunit’s military situation so far in the future as to headquarters where the commander and the require major assumptions is called a staff perform their activities. In combat, a commander’s long-range estimate of the unit’s or subunit’s headquarters is often situation. divided into echelons; the echelon in which

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 the unit or subunit commander is located or from which such commander operates is called a command post. Also called CP. command post exercise — An exercise in which the forces are simulated, involving the commander, the staff, and communications within and between headquarters. Also called CPX. See also exercise; maneuver.

from existing production lines for military use. commission — 1. To put in or make ready for service or use, as to commission an aircraft or a ship. 2. A written order giving a person rank and authority as an officer in the armed forces. 3. The rank and the authority given by such an order. See also constitute.

command relationships — The interrelated commit — The process of committing one responsibilities between commanders, as or more air interceptors or surface-to-air well as the operational authority exercised missiles for interception against a target by commanders in the chain of command; track. defined further as combatant command (command authority), operational control, commodity loading — (*) A method of tactical control, or support. See also chain loading in which various types of cargoes of command; combatant command are loaded together, such as ammunition, (command authority); command; rations, or boxed vehicles, in order that each operational control; support; tactical commodity can be discharged without control. (JP 0-2) disturbing the others. See also combat loading; loading. command select ejection system — See ejection systems. commodity manager — An individual within the organization of an inventory command-sponsored dependent — A control point or other such organization dependent entitled to travel to overseas assigned management responsibility for commands at Government expense and homogeneous grouping of materiel items. endorsed by the appropriate military commander to be present in a dependent’s commonality — A quality that applies to status. materiel or systems: a. possessing like and interchangeable characteristics enabling commercial items — Articles of supply each to be utilized, or operated and readily available from established maintained, by personnel trained on the commercial distribution sources which the others without additional specialized Department of Defense or inventory training; b. having interchangeable repair managers in the Military Services have parts and/or components; and c. applying designated to be obtained directly or to consumable items interchangeably indirectly from such sources. equivalent without adjustment. commercial loading — See administrative common control (artillery) — Horizontal loading. and vertical map or chart location of points in the target area and position area, tied in commercial vehicle — A vehicle that has with the horizontal and vertical control in evolved in the commercial market to meet use by two or more units. May be civilian requirements and which is selected established by firing, survey, or

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 combination of both, or by assumption. See common operational picture — A single also control point; ground control. identical display of relevant information shared by more than one command. A common infrastructure — (*) Infrastructure common operational picture facilitates essential to the training of NATO forces or collaborative planning and assists all to the implementation of NATO operational echelons to achieve situational awareness. plans which, owing to its degree of common Also called COP. (JP 3-0) use or interest and its compliance with criteria laid down from time to time by the common servicing — That function North Atlantic Council, is commonly performed by one Military Service in financed by NATO members. See also support of another Military Service for infrastructure. which reimbursement is not required from the Service receiving support. See also common item — 1. Any item of materiel servicing. that is required for use by more than one activity. 2. Sometimes loosely used to common supplies — Those supplies denote any consumable item except repair common to two or more Services. parts or other technical items. 3. Any item of materiel that is procured for, owned by common use — Services, materiel, or (Service stock), or used by any Military facilities provided by a Department of Department of the Department of Defense Defense agency or a Military Department and is also required to be furnished to a on a common basis for two or more recipient country under the grant-aid Department of Defense agencies, elements, Military Assistance Program. 4. Readily or other organizations as directed. available commercial items. 5. Items used by two or more Military Services of similar common use alternatives — Systems, manufacture or fabrication that may vary subsystems, devices, components, and between the Services as to color or shape materials, already developed or under (as vehicles or clothing). 6. Any part or development, that could be used to reduce component that is required in the assembly the cost of new systems acquisition and of two or more complete end-items. support by reducing duplication of research and development effort and by limiting the common operating environment — addition of support base. Automation services that support the development of the common reusable common-use container — Any Department software modules which enable of Defense-owned, -leased, or -controlled interoperability across multiple combat 20- or 40-foot International Organization support applications. This includes for Standardization container managed by segmentation of common software modules US Transportation Command as an element from existing applications, integration of of the Department of Defense common-use commercial products, development of a container system. See also componentcommon architecture, and development of owned container; Service-unique common tools for application developers. container. (JP 4-01.7) Also called COE. See also global grid; node/command, control, communications, common-user airlift service — The airlift and computers node. (JP 4-0) service provided on a common basis for all

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Department of Defense agencies and, as authorized, for other agencies of the US Government. common-user item — An item that is in common use by two or more nations or services of a nation.

Department of Defense agencies and, as authorized, for other agencies of the US Government. The Military Sealift Command, a transportation component command of the US Transportation Command, provides common-user sealift for which users reimburse the transportation accounts of the Transportation Working Capital Fund. See also Military Sealift Command; transportation component command. (JP 3-35)

common-user logistics — Materiel or service support shared with or provided by two or more Services, Department of Defense (DOD) agencies, or multinational partners to another Service, DOD agency, non-DOD common-user transportation — agency, and/or multinational partner in an Transportation and transportation services operation. Common-user logistics is provided on a common basis for two or usually restricted to a particular type of more Department of Defense (DOD) supply and/or service and may be further agencies and, as authorized, non-DOD restricted to specific unit(s) or types of units, agencies. Common-user assets are under specific times, missions, and/or geographic the combatant command (command areas. Also called CUL. See also common authority) of the Commander in Chief, US use. (JP 4-07) Transportation Command, excluding Service-unique or theater-assigned common-user military land transportation transportation assets. See also common — Point-to-point land transportation use. service operated by a single Service for common use by two or more Services. communicate — To use any means or method to convey information of any kind from one common-user network — A system of person or place to another. (JP 6-02) circuits or channels allocated to furnish communication paths between switching communication deception — Use of centers to provide communication service devices, operations, and techniques with the on a common basis to all connected stations intent of confusing or misleading the user or subscribers. It is sometimes described of a communications link or a navigation as a general purpose network. system. common-user ocean terminals — A military communication operation instructions — installation, part of a military installation, See signal operation instructions. or a commercial facility operated under contract or arrangement by the Military communications center — (*) An agency Traffic Management Command that charged with the responsibility for handling regularly provides for two or more Services and controlling communications traffic. terminal functions of receipt, transit storage The center normally includes message or staging, processing, and loading and center, transmitting, and receiving facilities. unloading of passengers or cargo aboard Also called COMCEN. See also ships. telecommunications center.

common-user sealift — The sealift services communications intelligence — Technical provided on a common basis for all information and intelligence derived from

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 foreign communications by other than the intended recipients. Also called COMINT. communications intelligence database — The aggregate of technical information and intelligence derived from the interception and analysis of foreign communications (excluding press, propaganda, and public broadcast) used in the direction and redirection of communications intelligence intercept, analysis, and reporting activities. communications mark — An electronic indicator used for directing attention to a particular object or position of mutual interest within or between command and control systems. communications net — (*) An organization of stations capable of direct communications on a common channel or frequency. communications network — An organization of stations capable of intercommunications, but not necessarily on the same channel.

security includes: cryptosecurity, transmission security, emission security, and physical security of communications security materials and information. a. cryptosecurity — The component of communications security that results from the provision of technically sound cryptosystems and their proper use. b. transmission security — The component of communications security that results from all measures designed to protect transmissions from interception and exploitation by means other than cryptanalysis. c. emission security — The component of communications security that results from all measures taken to deny unauthorized persons information of value that might be derived from intercept and analysis of compromising emanations from crypto-equipment and telecommunications systems. d. physical security — The component of communications security that results from all physical measures necessary to safeguard classified equipment, material, and documents from access thereto or observation thereof by unauthorized persons.

communications satellite — (*) An orbiting communications security equipment — vehicle, which relays signals between Equipment designed to provide security to communications stations. There are two telecommunications by converting types: a. active communications satellite information to a form unintelligible to an — A satellite that receives, regenerates, and unauthorized interceptor and by retransmits signals between stations; b. reconverting such information to its original passive communications satellite — A form for authorized recipients, as well as satellite which reflects communications equipment designed specifically to aid in signals between stations. Also called (or as an essential element of) the COMSAT. conversion process. Communications security equipment is cryptoequipment, communications security — The protection cryptoancillary equipment, cryptoproduction resulting from all measures designed to equipment, and authentication equipment. deny unauthorized persons information of value that might be derived from the communications security material — All possession and study of documents, devices, equipment, or telecommunications, or to mislead apparatus, including cryptomaterial, used unauthorized persons in their interpretation in establishing or maintaining secure of the results of such possession and study. communications. Also called COMSEC. Communications

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 communications security monitoring — public affairs support as required. See also The act of listening to, copying, or recording public affairs. transmissions of one’s own circuits (or when specially agreed, e.g., in allied community relations program — That exercises, those of friendly forces) to command function that evaluates public provide material for communications attitudes, identifies the mission of a military security analysis in order to determine the organization with the public interest, and degree of security being provided to executes a program of action to earn public those transmissions. In particular, the understanding and acceptance. purposes include providing a basis for advising commanders on the security risks comparative cover — (*) Coverage of the resulting from their transmissions, same area or object taken at different times, improving the security of communications, to show any changes in details. See also and planning and conducting manipulative cover. communications deception operations. compartmentation — 1. Establishment and communications terminal — Terminus of a management of an organization so that communications circuit at which data can information about the personnel, internal be either entered or received; located with organization, or activities of one component the originator or ultimate addressee. Also is made available to any other component called CT. only to the extent required for the performance of assigned duties. 2. Effects communications zone — Rear part of a of relief and drainage upon avenues of theater of war or theater of operations approach so as to produce areas bounded (behind but contiguous to the combat on at least two sides by terrain features such zone) which contains the lines of as woods, ridges, or ravines that limit communications, establishments for supply observation or observed fire into the area and evacuation, and other agencies required from points outside the area. (JP 3-05.3) for the immediate support and maintenance of the field forces. Also called COMMZ. compass rose — (*) A graduated circle, See also combat zone; line of usually marked in degrees, indicating communications; rear area; theater of directions and printed or inscribed on an operations; theater of war. (JP 4-0) appropriate medium. community relations — 1. The relationship complaint-type investigation — A between military and civilian communities. counterintelligence investigation in which 2. Those public affairs programs that sabotage, espionage, treason, sedition, address issues of interest to the general subversive activity, or disaffection is public, business, academia, veterans, suspected. Service organizations, military-related associations, and other non-news media complete round — A term applied to an entities. These programs are usually assemblage of explosive and nonexplosive associated with the interaction between US components designed to perform a specific military installations and their surrounding function at the time and under the or nearby civilian communities. Interaction conditions desired. Examples of complete with overseas non-news media civilians in rounds of ammunition are: a. separate a wartime or contingency theater will be loading, consisting of a primer, propelling handled by civil-military operations with charge and, except for blank ammunition,

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 a projectile and a fuze; b. fixed or maritime pre-positioning force containers). semifixed, consisting of a primer, propelling May be temporarily assigned to the charge, cartridge case, a projectile and, Department of Defense common-use except when solid projectiles are used, a container system. Also called Servicefuze; c. bomb, consisting of all component unique container. See also common-use parts required to drop and function the container. (JP 4-01.7) bomb once; d. missile, consisting of a complete warhead section and a missile component search and rescue controller — body with its associated components and The designated search and rescue propellants; and e. rocket, consisting of representative of a component commander all components necessary to function. of a joint force who is responsible for coordinating and controlling that complex contingency operations — Largecomponent’s search and rescue forces. See scale peace operations (or elements thereof) also combat search and rescue; combat conducted by a combination of military search and rescue mission coordinator; forces and nonmilitary organizations that search and rescue; search and rescue combine one or more of the elements of mission coordinator. (JP 3-50.2) peace operations which include one or more elements of other types of operations such composite air photography — Air as foreign humanitarian assistance, nation photographs made with a camera having assistance, support to insurgency, or support one principal lens and two or more to counterinsurgency. See also operation; surrounding and oblique lenses. The peace operations. (JP 3-57) several resulting photographs are corrected or transformed in printing to permit component — 1. One of the subordinate assembly as verticals with the same scale. organizations that constitute a joint force. Normally a joint force is organized with a composite warfare commander — The combination of Service and functional officer in tactical command is normally the components. 2. In logistics, a part or composite warfare commander. However combination of parts having a specific the composite warfare commander concept function, which can be installed or replaced allows an officer in tactical command to only as an entity. Also called COMP. See delegate tactical command to the composite also functional component command; warfare commander. The composite Service component command. (JP 0-2) warfare commander wages combat operations to counter threats to the force component (materiel) — An assembly or and to maintain tactical sea control with any combination of parts, subassemblies, assets assigned; while the officer in tactical and assemblies mounted together in command retains close control of power manufacture, assembly, maintenance, or projection and strategic sea control rebuild. operations. (JP 3-02) component-owned container — A 20- or composite wing — An Air Force wing that 40-foot International Organization for operates more than one type of weapon Standardization container procured and system. Some composite wings are built owned by a single Department of Defense from the ground up and designed to put all component. May be either on an individual resources required to meet a specific unit property book or contained within a warfighting objective in a single wing under component pool (e.g., Marine Corps one commander at one location. Other

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 composite wings need not be built from the ground up but combine different weapon systems operating at the same base into a single wing. compression chamber — See hyperbaric chamber.

electromagnetic spectrum. An example of the two operations is the following: sending a code or instruction to a central processing unit that causes the computer to short out the power supply is CNA. Using an electromagnetic pulse device to destroy a computer’s electronics and causing the same result is EA. Also called CNA. See also computer network defense; electronic attack; offensive information operations. (JP 3-51)

compromise — The known or suspected exposure of clandestine personnel, installations, or other assets or of classified information or material, to an unauthorized person. computer network defense — Defensive measures to protect and defend information, compromised — (*) A term applied to computers, and networks from disruption, classified matter, knowledge of which has, denial, degradation, or destruction. Also in whole or in part, passed to an called CND. See also computer network unauthorized person or persons, or which attack. (JP 3-51) has been subject to risk of such passing. See also classified matter. computer security — The protection resulting from all measures to deny computed air release point — (*) A unauthorized access and exploitation of computed air position where the first friendly computer systems. Also called paratroop or cargo item is released to land COMPUSEC. See also communications on a specified impact point. security. (JP 6-02) computer intrusion — An incident of computer simulation — See configuration unauthorized access to data or an automated management; independent review; information system. validation; verification.

computer intrusion detection — The concealment — (*) The protection from process of identifying that a computer observation or surveillance. See also intrusion has been attempted, is occurring, camouflage; cover; screen. or has occurred. concentration area — (*) 1. An area, usually computer modeling — See configuration in the theater of operations, where troops management; independent review; are assembled before beginning active validation; verification. operations. 2. A limited area on which a volume of gunfire is placed within a limited computer network attack — Operations to time. disrupt, deny, degrade, or destroy information resident in computers and concept of intelligence operations — A computer networks, or the computers and verbal or graphic statement, in broad networks themselves. Electronic attack outline, of a Intelligence Directorate’s (EA) can be used against a computer, but it assumptions or intent in regard to is not computer network attack (CNA). intelligence support of an operation or series CNA relies on the data stream to execute of operations. The concept of intelligence the attack while EA relies on the operations, which complements the

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 commander’s concept of operations, is Wilson cloud chamber and is sometimes contained in the intelligence annex of called the cloud chamber effect. operation plans. The concept of intelligence operations is designed to give an overall condensation trail — A visible cloud streak, picture of intelligence support for joint usually brilliantly white in color, which operations. It is included primarily for trails behind a missile or other vehicle in additional clarity of purpose. See also flight under certain conditions. Also called concept of operations. (JP 2-0) CONTRAIL. concept of logistic support — A verbal or condition — Those variables of an graphic statement, in a broad outline, of how operational environment or situation in a commander intends to support and which a unit, system, or individual is integrate with a concept of operations in an expected to operate and may affect operation or campaign. (JP 4-0) performance. See also joint missionessential tasks; standard. concept of operations — A verbal or graphic statement, in broad outline, of a conducting staff — See exercise directing commander’s assumptions or intent in staff. regard to an operation or series of operations. The concept of operations configuration management — A discipline frequently is embodied in campaign plans applying technical and administrative and operation plans; in the latter case, direction and surveillance to: (1) identify particularly when the plans cover a series and document the functional and physical of connected operations to be carried out characteristics of a configuration item; (2) simultaneously or in succession. The control changes to those characteristics; and concept is designed to give an overall (3) record and report changes to processing picture of the operation. It is included and implementation status. primarily for additional clarity of purpose. Also called commander’s concept or confirmation of information (intelligence) CONOPS. — An information item is said to be confirmed when it is reported for the second concept plan — An operation plan in concept time, preferably by another independent format. Also called CONPLAN. See also source whose reliability is considered when operation plan. confirming information. condensation cloud — A mist or fog of conflict — An armed struggle or clash minute water droplets that temporarily between organized groups within a nation surrounds the fireball following a nuclear or between nations in order to achieve (or atomic) detonation in a comparatively limited political or military objectives. humid atmosphere. The expansion of the Although regular forces are often involved, air in the negative phase of the blast wave irregular forces frequently predominate. from the explosion results in a lowering of Conflict often is protracted, confined to a the temperature, so that condensation of restricted geographic area, and constrained water vapor present in the air occurs and a in weaponry and level of violence. Within cloud forms. The cloud is soon dispelled this state, military power in response to when the pressure returns to normal and the threats may be exercised in an indirect air warms up again. The phenomenon is manner while supportive of other similar to that used by physicists in the instruments of national power. Limited

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 objectives may be achieved by the short, focused, and direct application of force. (JP 3-0)

functions of, a system, such as missile checkout, countdown, or launch operations.

consolidated vehicle table — A summary confusion agent — An individual who is of all vehicles loaded on a ship, listed by dispatched by the sponsor for the primary types and showing the units to which they purpose of confounding the intelligence or belong. counterintelligence apparatus of another country rather than for the purpose of consolidation — The combining or merging collecting and transmitting information. of elements to perform a common or related function. confusion reflector — (*) A reflector of electromagnetic radiations used to create consolidation of position — (*) Organizing echoes for confusion purposes. Radar and strengthening a newly captured position confusion reflectors include such devices so that it can be used against the enemy. as chaff, rope, and corner reflectors. consolidation psychological operations — connecting route — (*) A route connecting Psychological operations conducted in axial and/or lateral routes. See also route. foreign areas inhabited by an enemy or potentially hostile populace and occupied connectivity — The ability to exchange by United States forces, or in which United information by electronic means. (JP 3-18) States forces are based, designed to produce behaviors by the foreign populace that consecutive voyage charter — A contract support United States objectives in the area. by which a commercial ship is chartered See also overt peacetime psychological by the Military Sealift Command for a series operations programs; psychological of specified voyages. (JP 3-02.2) operations. (JP 3-53) consequence management — Those constitute — To provide the legal authority measures taken to protect public health and for the existence of a new unit of the Armed safety, restore essential government Services. The new unit is designated and services, and provide emergency relief to listed, but it has no specific existence until governments, businesses, and individuals it is activated. See also commission. affected by the consequences of a chemical, biological, nuclear, and/or high-yield constructive presence — Doctrine of explosive situation. For domestic constructive presence allows a coastal State consequence management, the primary to exercise jurisdiction over a foreign flag authority rests with the States to respond vessel that remains seaward of coastal State and the Federal Government to provide waters but acts in concert with another assistance as required. Also called CM. vessel (contact vessel) or aircraft that See also nuclear, biological, and chemical violates coastal State laws in waters over defense. (JP 3-0) which the coastal State may exercise jurisdiction. In order to exercise jurisdiction console — (*) A grouping of controls, over a “mothership” located seaward of indicators, and similar electronic or coastal State waters, the contact vessel must mechanical equipment, used to monitor be physically present in coastal State waters readiness of, and/or control specific or be subject to coastal State jurisdiction

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 under the doctrine of hot pursuit. Once contact burst preclusion — A fuzing pursuit of the mothership has legitimately arrangement that prevents an unwanted commenced, it may proceed until it ceases surface burst in the event of failure of the to be continuous or until the mothership air burst fuze. enters foreign territorial waters. Cases potentially involving the doctrine of contact mine — (*) A mine detonated by constructive presence can be complex and physical contact. See also mine. should be quickly referred to higher authority. contact point — (*) 1. In land warfare, a point on the terrain, easily identifiable, consumable supplies and materiel — See where two or more units are required to expendable supplies and materiel. make contact. 2. In air operations, the position at which a mission leader makes consumer — Person or agency that uses radio contact with an air control agency. information or intelligence produced by 3. (DOD only) In evasion and recovery either its own staff or other agencies. operations, a location where an evader can establish contact with friendly forces. Also consumer logistics — That part of logistics called CP. See also checkpoint; control concerning reception of the initial product, point; coordinating point. (JP 3-50.3) storage, inspection, distribution, transport, maintenance (including repair and contact print — (*) A print made from a serviceability), and disposal of materiel as negative or a diapositive in direct contact well as the provision of support and with sensitized material. services. In consequence, consumer logistics includes materiel requirements contact procedure — Those predesignated determination, follow-on support, stock actions taken by evaders and recovery control, provision or construction of forces that permit link-up between the two facilities (excluding any materiel element parties in hostile territory and facilitate the and those facilities needed to support return of evaders to friendly control. See production logistic activities), movement also evader; hostile; recovery force. control, codification, reliability and defect (JP 3-50.3) reporting, storage, transport and handling safety standards, and related training. contact reconnaissance — Locating isolated units out of contact with the main force. consumption rate — (*) The average quantity of an item consumed or expended contact report — (*) A report indicating during a given time interval, expressed in any detection of the enemy. quantities by the most appropriate unit of measurement per applicable stated basis. contain — To stop, hold, or surround the forces of the enemy or to cause the enemy contact — 1. In air intercept, a term meaning, to center activity on a given front and to “Unit has an unevaluated target.” 2. In prevent the withdrawal of any part of the health services, an unevaluated individual enemy’s forces for use elsewhere. who is known to have been sufficiently near an infected individual to have been exposed container — An article of transport to the transfer of infectious material. equipment that meets American National

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Standards Institute/International containership — A ship specially constructed Organization for Standardization standards and equipped to carry only containers that is designed to be transported by various without associated equipment, in all modes of transportation. These containers available cargo spaces, either below or are also designed to facilitate and optimize above deck. Containerships are usually the carriage of goods by one or more modes non-self-sustaining, do not have built-in of transportation without intermediate capability to load or off-load containers, and handling of the contents and equipped with require port crane service. A containership features permitting ready handling and with shipboard-installed cranes capable of transfer from one mode to another. loading and off-loading containers without Containers may be fully enclosed with one assistance of port crane service is or more doors, open top, refrigerated, tank, considered self-sustaining. See also open rack, gondola, flatrack, and other non-self-sustaining containership; designs. See also containerization. (JP 4-01) self-sustaining containership. (JP 4-01.7) container anchorage terminal — (*) A container ship cargo stowage adapter — sheltered anchorage (not a port) with the Serves as the bottom-most SEASHED and appropriate facilities for the transshipment precludes the necessity of strengthening of of containerized cargo from containerships tank tops or the installation of hard points to other vessels. on decks, thereby accelerating container ship readiness. See also container ship; container control officer — A designated SEASHED; stowage. (JP 4-01.6) official (E6 or above or civilian equivalent) within a command, installation, or activity contaminate — See contamination. (JP 3-11) who is responsible for control, reporting, use, and maintenance of all Department of contaminated remains — Remains of Defense-owned and controlled intermodal personnel which have absorbed or upon containers and equipment. This officer has which have been deposited radioactive custodial responsibility for containers from material, or biological or chemical agents. time received until dispatched. (JP 4-01.7) See also mortuary affairs. (JP 4-06) container-handling equipment — Items of contamination — (*) 1. The deposit, materials-handling equipment required to absorption, or adsorption of radioactive specifically receive, maneuver, and dispatch material, or of biological or chemical agents International Organization for on or by structures, areas, personnel, or Standardization containers. Also called objects. See also fallout; induced CHE. See also materials handling radiation; residual radiation. 2. (DOD equipment. (JP 4-01.7) only) Food and/or water made unfit for consumption by humans or animals because containerization — The use of containers to of the presence of environmental chemicals, unitize cargo for transportation, supply and radioactive elements, bacteria or organisms, storage. Containerization incorporates the byproduct of the growth of bacteria or supply, transportation, packaging, storage organisms, the decomposing material (to and security together with visibility of include the food substance itself), or waste container and its contents into a distribution in the food or water. system from source to user. (JP 4-01.7)

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 contamination control — Procedures to contingency — An emergency involving avoid, reduce, remove, or render harmless military forces caused by natural disasters, (temporarily or permanently) nuclear, terrorists, subversives, or by required biological, and chemical contamination for military operations. Due to the uncertainty the purpose of maintaining or enhancing of the situation, contingencies require plans, the efficient conduct of military operations. rapid response, and special procedures to See also biological agent; biological ensure the safety and readiness of personnel, ammunition; biological defense; installations, and equipment. See also biological environment; biological contingency contracting. threat; chemical agent; chemical ammunition; chemical, biological, and contingency contracting — Contracting radiological operation; chemical defense; performed in support of a peacetime chemical environment; contamination. contingency in an overseas location (JP 3-11) pursuant to the policies and procedures of the Federal Acquisition Regulatory System. contiguous zone — 1. A maritime zone See also contingency. adjacent to the territorial sea that may not extend beyond 24 nautical miles (nms) from contingency engineering management the baselines from which the breadth of the organization — An organization that may territorial sea is measured. Within the be formed by the combatant commander, contiguous zone the coastal state may or subordinate joint force commander to exercise the control necessary to prevent augment the combatant command, or and punish infringement of its customs, subordinate joint force staffs to provide fiscal, immigration, or sanitary laws and additional Service engineering expertise to regulations within its territory or territorial support both deliberate and crisis action sea. In all other respects the contiguous planning and to provide construction zone is an area subject to high seas freedom management in contingency and wartime of navigation, overflight, and related operations. The combatant commander freedoms, such as the conduct of military may form a theater contingency engineering exercises. 2. The zone of the ocean management cell, and similar organizations extending 3-12 nms from the US coastline. may be formed at subordinate levels of command (e.g., regional contingency continental United States — United States engineering management cell and/or joint territory, including the adjacent territorial task force contingency engineering waters, located within North America management cell). These organizations between Canada and Mexico. Also called should be staffed with expertise in combat CONUS. engineering, general engineering, and topographic engineering. See also combat continental United States replacement engineering; contingency; crisis action center — The processing centers at selected planning; topographic engineering. Army installations through which (JP 3-34) individual personnel will be processed to ensure that soldier readiness processing contingency operation — A military actions have been completed prior to operation that is either designated by the reporting to the aerial port of embarkation Secretary of Defense as a contingency for deployment to a theater of operations. operation or becomes a contingency See also continental United States; operation as a matter of law (10 United deployment. (JP 1-0) States code (USC) 101[a][13]). It is a

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 military operation that: a. is designated by and is the principal source document for the Secretary of Defense as an operation in the Joint Strategic Capabilities Plan. Also which members of the Armed Forces are called CPG. or may become involved in military actions, operations, or hostilities against an enemy contingency response program — Fast of the United States or against an opposing reaction transportation procedures intended force; or b. is created by definition of law. to provide for priority use of land Under 10 USC 101 (a)(13)(B), a transportation assets by Department of contingency operation exists if a military Defense when required. Also called operation results in the (1) callup to (or CORE. (JP 4-01) retention on) active duty of members of the uniformed Services under certain contingency retention stock — That portion enumerated statutes (10 USC Sections 688, of the quantity of an item excess to the 12301(a), 12302, 12304, 12305, 12406, or approved force retention level for which 331-335); and (2) the callup to (or retention there is no predictable demand or on) active duty of members of the quantifiable requirement, and which uniformed Services under other (nonnormally would be allocated as potential enumerated) statutes during war or national DOD excess stock, except for a emergency declared by the President or determination that the quantity will be Congress. See also contingency; operation. retained for possible contingencies for (JP 1-0) United States forces. (Category C ships, aircraft, and other items being retained as contingency plan — A plan for major contingency reserve are included in this contingencies that can reasonably be stratum.) anticipated in the principal geographic subareas of the command. See also joint contingency ZIP Code — A ZIP Code operation planning. assigned by Military Postal Service Agency to a contingency post office for the tactical contingency planning facilities list program use of the Armed Forces on a temporary — A joint Defense Intelligence Agency and basis. The number consists of a five-digit unified and specified command program for base with a four-digit add-on to assist in the production and maintenance of current routing and sorting. (JP 1-0) target documentation of all countries of contingency planning interest to US contingent effects — The effects, both military planners. desirable and undesirable, that are in addition to the primary effects associated Contingency Planning Guidance — The with a nuclear detonation. Contingency Planning Guidance (CPG) fulfills the statutory duty of the Secretary continuity of command — The degree or of Defense to furnish written policy state of being continuous in the exercise of guidance annually to the Chairman of the the authority vested in an individual of the Joint Chiefs of Staff for contingency Armed Forces for the direction, planning. The Secretary issues this coordination, and control of military forces. guidance with the approval of the President after consultation with the Chairman of the continuity of operations — The degree or Joint Chiefs of Staff. The CPG focuses the state of being continuous in the conduct of guidance given in the National Security functions, tasks, or duties necessary to Strategy and Defense Planning Guidance, accomplish a military action or mission in

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 carrying out the national military strategy. contracted logistic support — Support in It includes the functions and duties of the which maintenance operations for a commander, as well as the supporting particular military system are performed functions and duties performed by the staff exclusively by contract support personnel. and others acting under the authority and Also called CLS. See also logistic direction of the commander. Also called support; support. (JP 4-07) COOP. contracting officer — A US military officer continuous fire — (*) 1. Fire conducted at a or civilian employee who has a valid normal rate without interruption for appointment as a contracting officer under application of adjustment corrections or for the provisions of the Federal Acquisition other causes. 2. In field artillery and naval Regulation. The individual has the gunfire support, loading and firing at a authority to enter into and administer specified rate or as rapidly as possible contracts and determinations as well as consistent with accuracy within the findings about such contracts. (JP 1-06) prescribed rate of fire for the weapon. Firing will continue until terminated by the contract maintenance — The maintenance command “end of mission” or temporarily of materiel performed under contract by suspended by the command “cease loading” commercial organizations (including prime or “check firing.” contractors) on a one-time or continuing basis, without distinction as to the level of continuous illumination fire — (*) A type maintenance accomplished. of fire in which illuminating projectiles are fired at specified time intervals to provide contract termination — Defense uninterrupted lighting on the target or procurement: the cessation or cancellation, specified area. in whole or in part, of work under a prime contract or a subcontract thereunder for the continuous strip camera — (*) A camera convenience of, or at the option of, the in which the film moves continuously past government, or due to failure of the a slit in the focal plane, producing a contractor to perform in accordance with photograph in one unbroken length by the terms of the contract (default). virtue of the continuous forward motion of the aircraft. control — 1. Authority that may be less than full command exercised by a commander continuous strip imagery — (*) Imagery over part of the activities of subordinate or of a strip of terrain in which the image other organizations. 2. In mapping, remains unbroken throughout its length, charting, and photogrammetry, a collective along the line of flight. term for a system of marks or objects on the Earth or on a map or a photograph, contour flight — See terrain flight. whose positions or elevations (or both) have been or will be determined. 3. Physical or contour interval — (*) Difference in psychological pressures exerted with the elevation between two adjacent contour intent to assure that an agent or group will lines. respond as directed. 4. An indicator governing the distribution and use of contour line — (*) A line on a map or chart documents, information, or material. Such connecting points of equal elevation. indicators are the subject of intelligence

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 community agreement and are specifically defined in appropriate regulations. See also administrative control; operational control; tactical control.

controlled conditions so as to eliminate hazard to aircraft in flight. See also restricted area.

controlled forces — Military or paramilitary control area — (*) A controlled airspace forces under effective and sustained extending upwards from a specified limit political and military direction. above the Earth. See also airway; controlled airspace; control zone; controlled information — 1. Information terminal control area. conveyed to an adversary in a deception operation to evoke desired appreciations. control group — Personnel, ships, and craft 2. Information and indicators deliberately designated to control the waterborne conveyed or denied to foreign targets to ship-to-shore movement. (JP 3-02) evoke invalid official estimates that result in foreign official actions advantageous to control (intelligence) — See control, Parts US interests and objectives. 3 and 4. controlled item — See regulated item. controllable mine — (*) A mine which after laying can be controlled by the user, to the controlled map — A map with precise extent of making the mine safe or live, or horizontal and vertical ground control as a to fire the mine. See also mine. basis. Scale, azimuth, and elevation are accurate. See also map. controlled airspace — (*) An airspace of defined dimensions within which air traffic controlled mosaic — (*) A mosaic corrected control service is provided to controlled for scale, rectified and laid to ground control flights. to provide an accurate representation of distances and direction. See also mosaic; controlled dangerous air cargo — (*) Cargo rectification. which is regarded as highly dangerous and which may only be carried by cargo aircraft controlled passing — (*) A traffic movement operating within specific safety regulations. procedure whereby two lines of traffic travelling in opposite directions are enabled controlled effects nuclear weapons — to traverse alternately a point or section of Nuclear weapons designed to achieve route which can take only one line of traffic variation in the intensity of specific effects at a time. other than normal blast effect. controlled port — (*) A harbor or anchorage controlled exercise — (*) An exercise at which entry and departure, assignment characterized by the imposition of of berths, and traffic within the harbor or constraints on some or all of the anchorage are controlled by military participating units by planning authorities authorities. with the principal intention of provoking types of interaction. See also free play controlled reprisal — Not to be used. See exercise. controlled response. controlled firing area — An area in which controlled response — The selection from a ordnance firing is conducted under wide variety of feasible options one of

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 which will provide the specific military response most advantageous in the circumstances. controlled route — (*) A route, the use of which is subject to traffic or movement restrictions which may be supervised. See also route.

survey with which a corresponding point on a photograph is matched as a check. control zone — (*) A controlled airspace extending upwards from the surface of the Earth to a specified upper limit. See also airway; control area; controlled airspace; terminal control area.

controlled shipping — Shipping that is conventional forces — Those forces capable controlled by the Military Sealift of conducting operations using nonnuclear Command. Included in this category are weapons. Military Sealift Command ships (United States Naval Ships), government-owned conventional mines — Land mines, other ships operated under a general agency than nuclear or chemical, that are not agreement, and commercial ships under designed to self-destruct. They are charter to the Military Sealift Command. designed to be emplaced by hand or See also Military Sealift Command; mechanical means. Conventional mines United States Naval Ship. (JP 3-02.2) can be buried or surface laid and are normally emplaced in a pattern to aid in controlled substance — A drug or other recording. See also mine. (JP 3-15) substance, or immediate precursor included in Schedule I, II, III, IV, or V of the conventional recovery operation — Evader Controlled Substances Act. (JP 3-07.4) recovery operations conducted by conventional forces. See also conventional controlled war — Not to be used. See forces; evader; recovery; recovery limited war. operations. (JP 3-50.3) control of electromagnetic radiation — A conventional weapon — (*) A weapon national operation plan to minimize the use which is neither nuclear, biological, nor of electromagnetic radiation in the United chemical. States and its possessions and the Panama Canal Zone in the event of attack or converge — A request or command used in a imminent threat thereof, as an aid to the call for fire to indicate that the observer or navigation of hostile aircraft, guided spotter desires a sheaf in which the planes missiles, or other devices. See also of fire intersect at a point. emission control orders. converged sheaf — The lateral distribution control point — (*) 1. A position along a of fire of two or more pieces so that the route of march at which men are stationed planes of fire intersect at a given point. See to give information and instructions for the also parallel sheaf. regulation of supply or traffic. 2. A position marked by a buoy, boat, aircraft, electronic convergence — See convergence factor; device, conspicuous terrain feature, or other grid convergence; grid convergence identifiable object which is given a name factor; map convergence; true convergence. or number and used as an aid to navigation or control of ships, boats, or aircraft. 3. In convergence factor — (*) The ratio of the marking mosaics, a point located by ground angle between any two meridians on the

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 chart to their actual change of longitude. convoy joiner — See joiner. See also joiner See also convergence. convoy; joiner section. convergence zone — That region in the deep convoy leaver — See leaver. See also leaver ocean where sound rays, refractured from convoy; leaver section. the depths, return to the surface. convoy loading — (*) The loading of troop conversion angle — (*) The angle between units with their equipment and supplies in a great circle (orthodromic) bearing and a vessels of the same movement group, but rhumb line (loxodromic) bearing of a point, not necessarily in the same vessel. See also measured at a common origin. loading. conversion scale — (*) A scale indicating convoy route — (*) The specific route the relationship between two different units assigned to each convoy by the appropriate of measurement. See also scale. routing authority. convoy — 1. A number of merchant ships convoy schedule — (*) Planned convoy and/or naval auxiliaries usually escorted by sailings showing the shipping lanes, warships and/or aircraft — or a single assembly and terminal areas, scheduled merchant ship or naval auxiliary under speed, and sailing interval. surface escort — assembled and organized for the purpose of passage together. 2. A convoy speed — (*) For ships, the speed group of vehicles organized for the purpose which the convoy commodore orders the of control and orderly movement with or guide of the convoy to make good through without escort protection that moves over the water. the same route at the same time and under one commander. See also coastal convoy; convoy terminal area — (*) A geographical evacuation convoy; ocean convoy. area, designated by the name of a port or anchorage on which it is centered, at which convoy commodore — A naval officer, or convoys or sections of convoys arrive and master of one of the ships in a convoy, from which they will be dispersed to coastal designated to command the convoy, subject convoy systems or as independents to their to the orders of the officer in tactical final destination. command. If no surface escort is present, the convoy commodore takes entire convoy through escort — (*) Those ships command. of the close escort which normally remain with the convoy from its port of assembly convoy dispersal point — (*) The position to its port of arrival. at sea where a convoy breaks up, each ship proceeding independently thereafter. convoy title — (*) A combination of letters and numbers that gives the port of departure convoy escort — (*) 1. A naval ship(s) or and arrival, speed, and serial number of each aircraft in company with a convoy and convoy. responsible for its protection. 2. An escort to protect a convoy of vehicles from being cooperative logistics — The logistic support scattered, destroyed, or captured. See also provided a foreign government or agency escort. through its participation in the US

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Department of Defense logistic system, with reimbursement to the United States for support provided.

is maintained within 0.9 seconds of UT1 (see Universal Time) by introduction of Leap Seconds. The rotational orientation of the Earth, specified by UT1, may be obtained to an accuracy of a tenth of a second by applying the UTC to the increment DUT1 (where DUT1 = UT1 UTC) that is broadcast in code with the time signals. Also called UTC. See also International Atomic Time; Universal Time; ZULU Time.

cooperative logistic support arrangements — The combining term for procedural arrangements (cooperative logistic arrangements) and implementing procedures (supplementary procedures) that together support, define, or implement cooperative logistic understandings between the United States and a friendly foreign government under peacetime coordinates — (*) Linear or angular conditions. quantities which designate the position that a point occupies in a given reference frame coordinated draft plan — (*) A plan for or system. Also used as a general term to which a draft plan has been coordinated designate the particular kind of reference with the nations involved. It may be used frame or system such as plane rectangular for future planning and exercises and may coordinates or spherical coordinates. See be implemented during an emergency. See also geographic coordinates; georef; grid also draft plan; final plan; initial draft coordinates. plan; operation plan. coordinating altitude — A procedural coordinated fire line — The coordinated fire airspace control method to separate fixedline (CFL) is a line beyond which and rotary-wing aircraft by determining an conventional, direct, and indirect surface altitude below which fixed-wing aircraft fire support means may fire at any time will normally not fly and above which within the boundaries of the establishing rotary-wing aircraft normally will not fly. headquarters without additional coordination. The coordinating altitude is normally The purpose of the CFL is to expedite the specified in the airspace control plan and surface-to-surface attack of targets beyond may include a buffer zone for small altitude the CFL without coordination with the deviations. (JP 3-52) ground commander in whose area the targets are located. Also called CFL. See coordinating authority — A commander or also fire support. (JP 3-09) individual assigned responsibility for coordinating specific functions or activities coordinated procurement assignee — The involving forces of two or more Military agency or Military Service assigned Departments, two or more joint force purchase responsibility for all Department components, or two or more forces of the of Defense requirements of a particular same Service. The commander or Federal Supply Group/class, commodity, or individual has the authority to require item. consultation between the agencies involved, but does not have the authority to compel Coordinated Universal Time — An atomic agreement. In the event that essential time scale that is the basis for broadcast time agreement cannot be obtained, the matter signals. Coordinated Universal Time shall be referred to the appointing authority. (UTC) differs from International Atomic Coordinating authority is a consultation Time by an integral number of seconds; it relationship, not an authority through which

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 command may be exercised. Coordinating authority is more applicable to planning and similar activities than to operations. (JP 0-2) coordinating point — (*) Designated point at which, in all types of combat, adjacent units/formations must make contact for purposes of control and coordination.

manufacturing arrangement (US Government or company with foreign government or company) providing for the transfer of production information which enables the receiving government, international organization, or commercial producer to manufacture, in whole or in part, an item of defense equipment. The receiving party could be an eligible foreign government, international organization, or foreign producer; or the US Government or a US producer, depending on which direction the information is to flow. A typical coproduction arrangement would include the functions of production engineering, controlling, quality assurance, and determining of resource requirements. It may or may not include design engineering information and critical materials production and design information.

coordinating review authority — An agency appointed by a Service or combatant command to coordinate with and assist the primary review authority in joint doctrine development, and maintenance efforts. Each Service or combatant command must assign a coordinating review authority. When authorized by the appointing Service or combatant command, coordinating review authority comments provided to designated primary review authorities will represent the position of the appointing Service or combatant command with regard to the publication under development. Also copy negative — (*) A negative produced called CRA. See also joint doctrine; joint from an original not necessarily at the same publication; joint tactics, techniques, and scale. procedures; joint test publication; lead agent; primary review authority. (JP 1-01) corner reflector — (*) 1. A device, normally consisting of three metallic surfaces or coproduction — 1. With respect to exports, screens perpendicular to one another, a cooperative manufacturing arrangement designed to act as a radar target or marker. (e.g., US Government or company with 2. In radar interpretation, an object which, foreign government or company) providing by means of multiple reflections from for the transfer of production information smooth surfaces, produces a radar return that enables an eligible foreign government, of greater magnitude than might be international organization, or commercial expected from the physical size of the producer to manufacture, in whole or in object. part, an item of US defense equipment. Such an arrangement would include the corps support command — Provides corps functions of production engineering, logistic support and command and control controlling, quality assurance, and of water supply battalions. (JP 4-01.6) determination of resource requirements. This is normally accomplished under the corps troops — (*) Troops assigned or provisions of a manufacturing license attached to a corps, but not a part of one of agreement per the US International Traffic the divisions that make up the corps. in Arms Regulation and could involve the implementation of a government-to- correlation factor — (*) The ratio of a government memorandum of ground dose rate reading to a reading taken understanding. 2. A cooperative

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 at approximately the same time at survey counterbattery fire — (*) Fire delivered for height over the same point on the ground. the purpose of destroying or neutralizing indirect fire weapon systems. cost contract — 1. A contract that provides for payment to the contractor of allowable counterdeception — Efforts to negate, costs, to the extent prescribed in the neutralize, diminish the effects of, or gain contract, incurred in performance of the advantage from a foreign deception contract. 2. A cost-reimbursement type operation. Counterdeception does not contract under which the contractor include the intelligence function of receives no fee. identifying foreign deception operations. See also deception. cost-plus a fixed-fee contract — A costreimbursement type contract that provides counterdrug — Those active measures taken for the payment of a fixed fee to the to detect, monitor, and counter the contractor. The fixed fee, once negotiated, production, trafficking, and use of illegal does not vary with actual cost but may be drugs. Also called CD. (JP 3-05) adjusted as a result of any subsequent changes in the scope of work or services to counterdrug nonoperational support — be performed under the contract. Support provided to law enforcement agencies or host nations that includes loan cost sharing contract — A costor lease of equipment without operators, use reimbursement type contract under which of facilities (such as buildings, training the contractor receives no fee but is areas, and ranges), training conducted in reimbursed only for an agreed portion of formal schools, transfer of excess its allowable costs. equipment, or other support provided by the Services from forces not assigned or counterair — A mission that integrates made available to the combatant offensive and defensive operations to attain commanders. See also counterdrug and maintain a desired degree of air operational support; counterdrug superiority. Counterair missions are operations. (JP 3-07.4) designed to destroy or negate enemy aircraft and missiles, both before and after launch. counterdrug operational support — See also air superiority; mission; Support to host nations and drug law offensive counterair. (JP 3-01) enforcement agencies involving military personnel and their associated equipment, counterattack — Attack by part or all of a and provided by the geographic combatant defending force against an enemy attacking commanders from forces assigned to them force, for such specific purposes as or made available to them by the Services regaining ground lost or cutting off or for this purpose. Operational support does destroying enemy advance units, and with not include support in the form of the general objective of denying to the equipment alone, nor the conduct of joint enemy the attainment of the enemy’s law enforcement investigations with purpose in attacking. In sustained defensive cooperating civilian law enforcement operations, it is undertaken to restore the agencies. See also counterdrug battle position and is directed at limited nonoperational support; counterdrug objectives. See also countermove; operations. (JP 3-07.4) counteroffensive.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 counterdrug operations — Civil or military government to defeat insurgency. Also actions taken to reduce or eliminate illicit called COIN. drug trafficking. See also counterdrug; counterdrug nonoperational support; counterintelligence — Information gathered counterdrug operational support. and activities conducted to protect against (JP 3-07.4) espionage, other intelligence activities, sabotage, or assassinations conducted by or counterdrug support office — In on behalf of foreign governments or counterdrug operations, offices under the elements thereof, foreign organizations, or office of the Department of Defense foreign persons, or international terrorist Coordinator for Drug Enforcement Policy activities. Also called CI. See also and Support, responsible for processing, counterespionage; countersabotage; tracking, and coordinating all countersubversion; security; security nonoperational support requests from drug intelligence. (JP 2-0) law enforcement officials. Also called CDSO. See also counterdrug; counterintelligence activities — The four counterdrug operations. (JP 3-07.4) functions of counterintelligence: operations; investigations; collection and counterespionage — That aspect of reporting; and analysis, production, counterintelligence designed to detect, and dissemination. See also destroy, neutralize, exploit, or prevent counterintelligence. (JP 2-01.2) espionage activities through identification, penetration, manipulation, deception, and counterintelligence collection — The repression of individuals, groups, or systematic acquisition of information organizations conducting or suspected of (through investigations, operations, or conducting espionage activities. liaison) concerning espionage, sabotage, terrorism, other intelligence activities or counterfire — (*) Fire intended to destroy assassinations conducted by or on behalf or neutralize enemy weapons. (DOD of foreign governments or elements thereof, only) Includes counterbattery, foreign organizations, or foreign persons counterbombardment, and countermortar that are directed against or threaten fire. See also fire. Department of Defense interests. See also counterintelligence. (JP 2-01.2) counterforce — The employment of strategic air and missile forces in an effort to destroy, counterintelligence investigations — or render impotent, selected military Counterintelligence investigations capabilities of an enemy force under any establish the elements of proof for of the circumstances by which hostilities prosecution or administrative action. may be initiated. Counterintelligence investigations can provide a basis for or be developed from counterguerrilla warfare — (*) Operations conducting counterintelligence operations. and activities conducted by armed forces, Counterintelligence investigations are paramilitary forces, or nonmilitary agencies conducted against individuals or groups against guerrillas. suspected of committing acts of espionage, sabotage, sedition, subversion, terrorism, counterinsurgency — Those military, and other major security violations as well paramilitary, political, economic, as failure to follow Defense agency and psychological, and civic actions taken by a Military Service directives governing

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 reporting of contacts with foreign citizens explosive train and/or firing mechanism of and “out-of-channel” requests for defense the mine. information. Counterintelligence investigations provide military countermine operation — (*) In land mine commanders and policymakers with warfare, an operation to reduce or eliminate information used to eliminate security the effects of mines or minefields. See also vulnerabilities and otherwise to improve the countermine; countermining; mine security posture of threatened interests. See warfare. also counterintelligence. (JP 2-01.2) countermining — 1. Land mine warfare counterintelligence production — The — Tactics and techniques used to detect, process of analyzing all-source information avoid, breach, and/or neutralize enemy concerning espionage or other mines and the use of available resources to multidiscipline intelligence collection deny the enemy the opportunity to employ threats, sabotage, terrorism, and other mines. 2. Naval mine warfare — The related threats to US military commanders, detonation of mines by nearby explosions, the Department of Defense, and the US either accidental or deliberate. Intelligence Community and developing it into a final product that is disseminated. countermobility operations — The Counterintelligence production is used in construction of obstacles and emplacement formulating security policy, plans, and of minefields to delay, disrupt, and destroy operations. See also counterintelligence. the enemy by reinforcement of the terrain. (JP 2-01.2) The primary purpose of countermobility operations is to slow or divert the enemy, counterintelligence support — Conducting to increase time for target acquisition, and counterintelligence activities to protect to increase weapons effectiveness. See also against espionage and other foreign minefield; operation; target acquisition. intelligence activities, sabotage, (JP 3-34) international terrorist activities, or assassinations conducted for or on behalf countermove — (*) An operation undertaken of foreign powers, organizations, or in reaction to or in anticipation of a move persons. See also counterintelligence. by the enemy. See also counterattack. (JP 2-01.2) counteroffensive — A large scale offensive countermeasures — That form of military undertaken by a defending force to seize science that, by the employment of devices the initiative from the attacking force. See and/or techniques, has as its objective the also counterattack. impairment of the operational effectiveness of enemy activity. See also electronic counterpreparation fire — (*) Intensive warfare. prearranged fire delivered when the imminence of the enemy attack is countermine — (*) To explode the main discovered. (DOD only) It is designed to: charge in a mine by the shock of a nearby break up enemy formations; disorganize the explosion of another mine or independent enemy’s systems of command, explosive charge. The explosion of the communications, and observation; decrease main charge may be caused either by the effectiveness of artillery preparation; sympathetic detonation or through the

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 and impair the enemy’s offensive spirit. See also fire.

represented US department or agency, as desired by the chief of the US diplomatic mission. (JP 3-07.4)

counterreconnaissance — All measures taken to prevent hostile observation of a coup de main — An offensive operation that force, area, or place. capitalizes on surprise and simultaneous execution of supporting operations to countersabotage — That aspect of achieve success in one swift stroke. (JP 3-0) counterintelligence designed to detect, destroy, neutralize, or prevent sabotage courier — A messenger (usually a activities through identification, commissioned or warrant officer) penetration, manipulation, deception, and responsible for the secure physical repression of individuals, groups, or transmission and delivery of documents and organizations conducting or suspected of material. Generally referred to as a conducting sabotage activities. command or local courier. See also armed forces courier. countersign — (*) A secret challenge and its reply. See also challenge; password. course — (*) The intended direction of movement in the horizontal plane. countersubversion — That aspect of counterintelligence designed to detect, course of action — 1. Any sequence of destroy, neutralize, or prevent subversive activities that an individual or unit may activities through the identification, follow. 2. A possible plan open to an exploitation, penetration, manipulation, individual or commander that would deception, and repression of individuals, accomplish, or is related to the groups, or organizations conducting or accomplishment of the mission. 3. The suspected of conducting subversive scheme adopted to accomplish a job or activities. mission. 4. A line of conduct in an engagement. 5. A product of the Joint countersurveillance — All measures, active Operation Planning and Execution System or passive, taken to counteract hostile concept development phase. Also called surveillance. See also surveillance. COA. counterterrorism — Offensive measures course of action development — The phase taken to prevent, deter, and respond to of the Joint Operation Planning and terrorism. Also called CT. See also Execution System within the crisis action antiterrorism; combatting terrorism; planning process that provides for the terrorism. development of military responses and includes, within the limits of the time country cover diagram — (*) A small scale allowed: establishing force and sustainment index, by country, depicting the existence requirements with actual units; evaluating of air photography for planning purposes force, logistic, and transportation only. feasibility; identifying and resolving resource shortfalls; recommending resource country team — The senior, in-country, US allocations; and producing a course of coordinating and supervising body, headed action via a commander’s estimate that by the chief of the US diplomatic mission, contains a concept of operations, and composed of the senior member of each employment concept, risk assessments,

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 prioritized courses of action, and supporting databases. See also course of action; crisis action planning.

before the enemy can attack the force covered. 2. Any body or detachment of troops which provides security for a larger force by observation, reconnaissance, attack, or defense, or by any combination of these methods. See also force(s).

cover — (*) 1. The action by land, air, or sea forces to protect by offense, defense, or threat of either or both. 2. Those measures necessary to give protection to a person, covering force area — (*) The area forward plan, operation, formation, or installation of the forward edge of the battle area out to from the enemy intelligence effort and the forward positions initially assigned to leakage of information. 3. The act of the covering forces. It is here that the maintaining a continuous receiver watch covering forces execute assigned tasks. with transmitter calibrated and available, but not necessarily available for immediate cover (military) — Actions to conceal actual use. 4. Shelter or protection, either natural friendly intentions, capabilities, operations, or artificial. 5. (DOD only) Photographs and other activities by providing a plausible or other recorded images which show a yet erroneous explanation of the observable. particular area of ground. 6. (DOD only) A code meaning, “Keep fighters between cover search — (*) In air photographic force/base and contact designated at reconnaissance, the process of selection of distance stated from force/base” (e.g., the most suitable existing cover for a “cover bogey twenty-seven to thirty specific requirement. miles”). covert operation — An operation that is so coverage — (*) 1. The ground area planned and executed as to conceal the represented on imagery, photomaps, identity of or permit plausible denial by the mosaics, maps, and other geographical sponsor. A covert operation differs from a presentation systems. 2. (DOD only) clandestine operation in that emphasis is Cover or protection, as the coverage of placed on concealment of identity of troops by supporting fire. 3. (DOD only) sponsor rather than on concealment of the The extent to which intelligence operation. See also clandestine operation; information is available in respect to any overt operation. (JP 3-05.3) specified area of interest. 4. (DOD only) The summation of the geographical areas coxswain — A person in charge of a small and volumes of aerospace under craft (in the Army, a Class B or smaller surveillance. See also comparative cover. craft) who often functions as the helmsman. For a causeway ferry, the pilot is in charge covering fire — (*) 1. Fire used to protect with the coxswain performing helmsman troops when they are within range of enemy functions. See causeway. (JP 4-01.6) small arms. 2. In amphibious usage, fire delivered prior to the landing to cover crash locator beacon — (*) An automatic preparatory operations such as underwater emergency radio locator beacon to help demolition or minesweeping. See also fire. searching forces locate a crashed aircraft. See also emergency locator beacon; covering force — (*) 1. A force operating personal locator beacon. apart from the main force for the purpose of intercepting, engaging, delaying, crash position indicator — See crash disorganizing, and deceiving the enemy locator beacon.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 crash rescue and fire suppression — crisis — An incident or situation involving a Extraction of aircrew members from threat to the United States, its territories, crashed or burning aircraft and the control citizens, military forces, possessions, or and extinguishing of aircraft and structural vital interests that develops rapidly and fires. (JP 4-04) creates a condition of such diplomatic, economic, political, or military importance crater — The pit, depression, or cavity that commitment of US military forces and formed in the surface of the Earth by an resources is contemplated in order to explosion. It may range from saucer shaped achieve national objectives. (JP 5-0) to conical, depending largely on the depth of burst. In the case of a deep underground crisis action planning — 1. The Joint burst, no rupture of the surface may occur. Operation Planning and Execution System The resulting cavity is termed a process involving the time-sensitive “camouflet.” development of joint operation plans and orders in response to an imminent crisis. crater depth — The maximum depth of the Crisis action planning follows prescribed crater measured from the deepest point of crisis action procedures to formulate and the pit to the original ground level. implement an effective response within the time frame permitted by the crisis. 2. The cratering charge — (*) A charge placed at time-sensitive planning for the deployment, an adequate depth to produce a crater. employment, and sustainment of assigned and allocated forces and resources that crater radius — The average radius of the occurs in response to a situation that may crater measured at the level corresponding result in actual military operations. Crisis to the original surface of the ground. action planners base their plan on the circumstances that exist at the time planning creeping barrage — (*) A barrage in which occurs. Also called CAP. See also Joint the fire of all units participating remains in Operation Planning and Execution the same relative position throughout and System. (JP 5-0) which advances in steps of one line at a time. crisis management — Measure to resolve a hostile situation and investigate and prepare creeping mine — (*) In naval mine warfare, a criminal case for prosecution under federal a buoyant mine held below the surface by a law. Crisis management will include a weight, usually in the form of a chain, which response to an incident involving a weapon is free to creep along the seabed under the of mass destruction, special improvised influence of stream or current. explosive device, or a hostage crisis that is beyond the capability of the lead federal crest — (*) A terrain feature of such altitude agency. See also crisis; hostage; hostile. that it restricts fire or observation in an area (JP 3-07.6) beyond, resulting in dead space, or limiting the minimum elevation, or both. critical information — Specific facts about friendly intentions, capabilities, and crested — A report that indicates that activities vitally needed by adversaries for engagement of a target or observation of them to plan and act effectively so as to an area is not possible because of an guarantee failure or unacceptable obstacle or intervening crest.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 consequences for friendly mission accomplishment.

of Defense and documented in the Joint Duty Assignment List.

critical intelligence — Intelligence that is critical mass — The minimum amount of crucial and requires the immediate attention fissionable material capable of supporting of the commander. It is required to enable a chain reaction under precisely specified the commander to make decisions that will conditions. provide a timely and appropriate response to actions by the potential or actual enemy. critical node — An element, position, or It includes but is not limited to the command and control entity whose following: a. strong indications of the disruption or destruction immediately imminent outbreak of hostilities of any type degrades the ability of a force to command, (warning of attack); b. aggression of any control, or effectively conduct combat nature against a friendly country; c. operations. Also called target critical indications or use of nuclear, biological, and damage point. chemical weapons (targets); and d. significant events within potential enemy critical occupational specialty — A military countries that may lead to modification of occupational specialty selected from among nuclear strike plans. the combat arms in the Army or equivalent military specialties in the Navy, Air Force, critical item — An essential item which is in or Marine Corps. Equivalent military short supply or expected to be in short specialties are those engaged in operational supply for an extended period. See also art in order to attain strategic goals in an critical supplies and materiel; regulated operational area through the design, item. organization, and conduct of campaigns and major operations. Critical occupational critical item list — Prioritized list, compiled specialties are designated by the Secretary from a subordinate commander’s composite of Defense. Also called COS. critical item lists, identifying supply items and weapon systems that assist Service and critical point — 1. A key geographical point Defense Logistics Agency’s selection of or position important to the success of an supply items and systems for production operation. 2. In point of time, a crisis or a surge planning. Also may be used in turning point in an operation. 3. A selected operational situations by the combatant point along a line of march used for commander and/or subordinate joint force reference in giving instructions. 4. A point commander (within combatant commander where there is a change of direction or directives) to cross-level critical supply change in slope in a ridge or stream. 5. items between Service components. Also Any point along a route of march where called CIL. See also critical item. (JP 4-07) interference with a troop movement may occur. critical joint duty assignment billet — A joint duty assignment position for which, critical safety item — A part, assembly, considering the duties and responsibilities installation, or production system with one of the position, it is highly important that or more essential characteristics that, if not the assigned officer be particularly trained conforming to the design data or quality in, and oriented toward, joint matters. requirements, would result in an unsafe Critical billets are selected by heads of joint condition that could cause loss or serious organizations, approved by the Secretary damage to the end item or major

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 components, loss of control, or serious injury to personnel. Also called CSI. critical speed — (*) A speed or range of speeds which a ship cannot sustain due to vibration or other similar phenomena.

personnel, and key equipment among the aircraft, vessels, or vehicles of a formation to preclude the total loss of command and control or unit effectiveness if an aircraft, vessel, or vehicle is lost. It is also an important factor in aiding rapid assembly of units at the drop zone or landing zone. See also loading.

critical supplies and materiel — (*) Those supplies vital to the support of operations, which owing to various causes are in short cross-servicing — A subset of common-user supply or are expected to be in short supply. logistics in which a function is performed See also critical item; regulated item. by one Military Service in support of another Military Service and for which critical sustainability item — Any item reimbursement is required from the Service described at National Stock Number level receiving support. See also acquisition and of detail, by federal supply class, as part of cross-servicing agreement; commonthe logistic factors file, that significantly user logistics; servicing. (JP 4-07) affect the commander’s ability to execute an operation plan. Also called CSI. cross-targeting (nuclear) — The layering of weapons from different delivery platforms critic report — See critical intelligence. to increase the probability of target damage or destruction. crossing area — (*) 1. A number of adjacent crossing sites under the control of one cross tell — (*) The transfer of information commander. 2. (DOD only) A controlled between facilities at the same operational access area for a river crossing operation level. See also track telling. used to decrease traffic congestion at the river. It is normally a brigade-sized area cruise missile — Guided missile, the major defined by lateral boundaries and release portion of whose flight path to its target is lines 3 to 4 kilometers (based on mission, conducted at approximately constant enemy, terrain and weather, troops and velocity; depends on the dynamic reaction support available-time available) from each of air for lift and upon propulsion forces to side of the river. balance drag. cross-leveling — The authority and ability cruising altitude — (*) A level determined to shift materiel inventory from one owner by vertical measurement from mean sea to meet the requirement of another. At the level, maintained during a flight or portion theater strategic level and operational level, thereof. it is the process of diverting en route or intheater materiel from one military element cruising level — (*) A level maintained to meet the higher priority of another within during a significant portion of a flight. See the combatant commander’s directive also altitude. authority for logistics. Cross-leveling plans must include specific reimbursement crush depth — See collapse depth. procedures. (JP 4-07) cryogenic liquid — Liquefied gas at very low cross-loading (personnel) — The temperature, such as liquid oxygen, distribution of leaders, key weapons, nitrogen, or argon.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 cryptanalysis — The steps and operations They are not to be confused with message performed in converting encrypted parts. messages into plain text without initial knowledge of the key employed in the cryptosecurity — See communications encryption. security. cryptochannel — 1. A complete system of cryptosystem — The associated items of crypto-communications between two or cryptomaterial that are used as a unit and more holders. 2. The basic unit for naval provide a single means of encryption and cryptographic communication. It includes: decryption. See also cipher; code; a. the cryptographic aids prescribed; b. the decrypt; encipher. holders thereof; c. the indicators or other means of identification; d. the area or areas CSAR-capable assets — Those aircraft, in which effective; e. the special purpose, vehicles, maritime craft, and assigned if any, for which provided; and f. pertinent personnel possessing inherent capabilities notes as to distribution, usage, etc. A to recover isolated personnel, but whose cryptochannel is analogous to a radio primary designed operational capability or circuit. mission is other than combat search and rescue (CSAR). CSAR-capable assets are cryptographic information — All mobile, responsive, and capable of information significantly descriptive of physically recovering and/or returning cryptographic techniques and processes or isolated personnel to friendly forces. of cryptographic systems and equipment (or their functions and capabilities) and all CSAR-dedicated assets — Those aircraft, cryptomaterial. vehicles, maritime craft, and assigned personnel with a primary designed cryptologic — Of or pertaining to cryptology. operational capability and Service- or component-designated mission of cryptology — The science that deals with conducting or directly supporting combat hidden, disguised, or encrypted search and rescue (CSAR) operations. communications. It includes communications Dedicated assets and assigned personnel are security and communications intelligence. specifically trained, equipped, and employed to recover isolated personnel or cryptomaterial — All material including provide direct support to assets conducting documents, devices, equipment, and CSAR operations. “CSAR-capable” assets apparatus essential to the encryption, specifically tasked to conduct CSAR decryption, or authentication of operations by a joint force commander or telecommunications. When classified, it is other appropriate authority are included in designated CRYPTO and subject to special this category. safeguards. culminating point — The point at which a cryptopart — (*) A division of a message force no longer has the capability to as prescribed for security reasons. The continue its form of operations, offense or operating instructions for certain defense. a. In the offense, the point at which cryptosystems prescribe the number of continuing the attack is no longer possible groups which may be encrypted in the and the force must consider reverting to a systems, using a single message indicator. defensive posture or attempting an Cryptoparts are identified in plain language. operational pause. b. In the defense, the

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 point at which counteroffensive action is curve of pursuit — (*) The curved path no longer possible. (JP 3-0) described by a fighter plane making an attack on a moving target while holding the cultivation — A deliberate and calculated proper aiming allowance. association with a person for the purpose of recruitment, obtaining information, or cusps — Ridges of beach material extending gaining control for these or other purposes. seaward from the beach face with intervening troughs. (JP 4-01.6) culture — (*) A feature of the terrain that has been constructed by man. Included are custodian of postal effects — Members of such items as roads, buildings, and canals; the US Armed Forces or Department of boundary lines; and, in a broad sense, all Defense civilian employees accountable for names and legends on a map. administration of the postal effects entrusted to them by the United States Postal Service. curb weight — Weight of a ground vehicle Civilian custodians of postal effects are including fuel, lubricants, coolant, and supervised by the members of the US on-vehicle materiel, excluding cargo and Armed Forces. Also called COPE. operating personnel. custody — 1. The responsibility for the current — A body of water moving in a control of, transfer and movement of, and certain direction and caused by wind and access to, weapons and components. density differences in water. The effects of Custody also includes the maintenance of a current are modified by water depth, accountability for weapons and underwater topography, basin shape, land components. 2. Temporary restraint of a masses, and deflection from the earth’s person. rotation. (JP 4-01.6) customer ship — (*) The ship in a current force — The force that exists today. replenishment unit that receives the The current force represents actual force transferred personnel and/or supplies. structure and/or manning available to meet present contingencies. It is the basis for customer wait time — The total elapsed time operations and contingency plans and between issuance of a customer order and orders. See also force; Intermediate Force satisfaction of that order. Also called CWT. Planning Level; Programmed Forces. (JP 4-09) current intelligence — One of two Customs Over-The-Horizon Enforcement categories of descriptive intelligence that Network — US Customs Service is concerned with describing the existing long-range voice communications system. situation. Also called COTHEN. (JP 3-07.4) current, offshore — Deep water movements cut-off — (*) The deliberate shutting off of a caused by tides or seasonal changes in ocean reaction engine. water level. (JP 4-01.6) cutoff attack — An attack that provides a current, rip — A water movement that flows direct vector from the interceptor’s position from the beach through the surf zone in to an intercept point with the target track. swiftly moving narrow channels. See also surf zone. (JP 4-01.6)

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 cut-off velocity — (*) The velocity attained by a missile at the point of cut-off.

Coast Guard watercraft 65 feet long or larger. See also mine warfare; watercraft. (JP 3-33)

cutout — An intermediary or device used to obviate direct contact between members of cutting charge — (*) A charge which a clandestine organization. produces a cutting effect in line with its plane of symmetry. cutter — (*) 1. In naval mine warfare, a device fitted to a sweep wire to cut or part cyberspace — The notional environment in the moorings of mines or obstructors; it may which digitized information is also be fitted in the mooring of a mine or communicated over computer networks. (JP 2-01.3) obstructor to part a sweep. 2. (DOD only)

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D daily intelligence summary — A report thermal radiation, required to achieve prepared in message form at the joint force specified levels of damage. headquarters that provides higher, lateral, and subordinate headquarters with a damage estimation — A preliminary summary of all significant intelligence appraisal of the potential effects of an attack. produced during the previous 24-hour See also attack assessment. period. The “as of” time for information, content, and submission time for the report damage expectancy (nuclear) — The will be as specified by the joint force probability that a weapon will arrive, commander. Also called DISUM. detonate, and achieve at least a specified level of damage (severe or moderate) daily movement summary (shipping) — A against a given target. Damage expectancy tabulation of departures and arrivals of all is a function of both probability of arrival merchant shipping (including neutrals) and probability of damage of a weapon. arriving or departing ports during a 24-hour period. damage radius — (*) In naval mine warfare, the average distance from a ship within damage area — (*) In naval mine warfare, which a mine containing a given weight and the plan area around a minesweeper inside type of explosive must detonate if it is to which a mine explosion is likely to interrupt inflict a specified amount of damage. operations. damage threat — (*) The probability that a damage assessment — (*) 1. The target ship passing once through a minefield determination of the effect of attacks on will explode one or more mines and sustain targets. 2. (DOD only) A determination a specified amount of damage. of the effect of a compromise of classified information on national security. See also danger area — (*) 1. In air traffic control, civil damage assessment; military an airspace of defined dimensions within damage assessment. which activities dangerous to the flight of aircraft may exist at specified times. 2. damage control — In naval usage, measures (DOD only) A specified area above, below, necessary aboard ship to preserve and or within which there may be potential reestablish watertight integrity, stability, danger. See also closed area; prohibited maneuverability, and offensive power; to area; restricted area. control list and trim; to effect rapid repairs of materiel; to limit the spread of and danger close — In close air support, artillery, provide adequate protection from fire; to mortar, and naval gunfire support fires, it limit the spread of, remove the is the term included in the method of contamination by, and provide adequate engagement segment of a call for fire which protection from chemical, biological, and indicates that friendly forces are within radiological agents; and to provide for care close proximity of the target. The close of wounded personnel. See also area proximity distance is determined by the damage control; disaster control. weapon and munition fired. See also call for fire; final protective fire. damage criteria — The critical levels of various effects, such as blast pressure and

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 dangerous cargo — (*) Cargo which, because of its dangerous properties, is subject to special regulations for its transport.

element. For example, the data element “military personnel grade” contains data items such as sergeant, captain, and colonel.

data link — (*) The means of connecting danger space — That space between the one location to another for the purpose of weapon and the target where the trajectory transmitting and receiving data. See also does not rise 1.8 meters (the average height tactical digital information link. of a standing human). This includes the area encompassed by the beaten zone. See data link coordination net — A voice also beaten zone. coordination net of voice circuits used to coordinate technical operation of data data — Representation of facts, concepts, or terminal equipment. One voice circuit is instructions in a formalized manner suitable required for each tactical digital information for communication, interpretation, or link (TADIL)-B pair, and one net is required processing by humans or by automatic for participants on each TADIL-A, means. Any representations such as TADIL-J, or interim Joint Tactical characters or analog quantities to which Information Distribution System message meaning is or might be assigned. specification net. The net is normally secure or covered. Also called DCN. database — Information that is normally structured and indexed for user access and data mile — A standard unit of distance review. Databases may exist in the form of physical files (folders, documents, etc.) or date line — See international date line. formatted automated data processing system data files. (JP 2-0) date-time group — The date and time, expressed in digits and time zone suffix, at data block — Information presented on air which the message was prepared for imagery relevant to the geographical transmission. (Expressed as six digits position, altitude, attitude, and heading of followed by the time zone suffix; first pair the aircraft and, in certain cases, of digits denotes the date, second pair the administrative information and information hours, third pair the minutes, followed by a on the sensors employed. three-letter month abbreviation and twodigit year abbreviation.) Also called DTG. data code — A number, letter, character, or any combination thereof used to represent datum — (*) Any numerical or geometrical a data element or data item. quantity or set of such quantities which may serve as reference or base for other data element — 1. A basic unit of quantities. Where the concept is geometric, information built on standard structures the plural form is “datums” in contrast to having a unique meaning and distinct units the normal plural “data.” or values. 2. In electronic recordkeeping, a combination of characters or bytes datum (antisubmarine warfare) — A datum referring to one separate item of is the last known position of a submarine, information, such as name, address, or age. or suspected submarine, after contact has been lost. data item — A subunit of descriptive information or value classified under a data

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 datum error (antisubmarine warfare) — An estimate of the degree of accuracy in the reported position of datum.

the inability of the production base to meet expenditure (consumption) requirements during the D-to-P period. See also D-to-P concept.

datum (geodetic) — 1. A reference surface consisting of five quantities: the latitude and D-day materiel readiness gross capability longitude of an initial point, the azimuth of — As applied to the D-to-P concept, this a line from that point, and the parameters capability represents the sum of all assets of the reference ellipsoid. 2. The on hand on D-day and the gross production mathematical model of the earth used to capability (funded and unfunded) between calculate the coordinates on any map. D-day and P-day. When this capability Different nations use different datums for equals the D-to-P materiel readiness gross printing coordinates on their maps. The requirement, requirements and capabilities datum is usually referenced in the marginal are in balance. See also D-to-P concept. information of each map. D-day pipeline assets — As applied to the datum level — (*) A surface to which D-to-P concept, these assets represent the elevations, heights, or depths on a map or sum of continental United States and chart are related. See also altitude. overseas operating and safety levels and intransit levels of supply. See also D-to-P datum point — (*) Any reference point of concept. known or assumed coordinates from which calculation or measurements may be taken. deadline — To remove a vehicle or piece of See also pinpoint. equipment from operation or use for one of the following reasons: a. is inoperative due datum time (antisubmarine warfare) — to damage, malfunctioning, or necessary The time when contact with the submarine, repairs (the term does not include items or suspected submarine, was lost. temporarily removed from use by reason of routine maintenance and repairs that do davit — A small crane on a vessel that is used not affect the combat capability of the item); to raise and lower small boats, such as b. is unsafe; and c. would be damaged by lifeboats, an LCM-8 on landing ship, tanks, further use. side loadable warping tugs, or causeway sections. (JP 4-01.6) dead mine — (*) A mine which has been neutralized, sterilized, or rendered safe. See day of supply — See one day’s supply. also mine. dazzle — Temporary loss of vision or a dead space — (*) 1. An area within the temporary reduction in visual acuity; may maximum range of a weapon, radar, or also be applied to effects on optics. See observer, which cannot be covered by fire also directed-energy warfare; flash or observation from a particular position blindness. because of intervening obstacles, the nature of the ground, or the characteristics of the D-day — See times. trajectory, or the limitations of the pointing capabilities of the weapon. 2. An area or D-day consumption/production differential zone which is within range of a radio assets — As applied to the D-to-P concept, transmitter, but in which a signal is not these assets are required to compensate for received. 3. The volume of space above

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 and around a gun or guided missile system deception — Those measures designed to into which it cannot fire because of mislead the enemy by manipulation, mechanical or electronic limitations. distortion, or falsification of evidence to induce the enemy to react in a manner de-arming — An operation in which a prejudicial to the enemy’s interests. See weapon is changed from a state of readiness also counterdeception; military for initiation to a safe condition. Also called deception. safing. See also arm or de-arm. (JP 3-04.1) deception action — A collection of related debarkation — The unloading of troops, deception events that form a major equipment, or supplies from a ship or component of a deception operation. aircraft. (JP 3-58) debarkation net — A specially prepared type deception concept — The deception course of cargo net employed for the debarkation of action forwarded to the Chairman of the of troops over the side of a ship. Joint Chiefs of Staff for review as part of the CINC’s strategic concept. (JP 3-58) debarkation schedule — (*) A schedule that provides for the timely and orderly deception course of action — A deception debarkation of troops and equipment and scheme developed during the estimate emergency supplies for the waterborne process in sufficient detail to permit ship-to-shore movement. decisionmaking. At a minimum, a deception course of action will identify the deceased — A casualty status applicable to a deception objective, the deception target, person who is either known to have died, the desired perception, the deception story, determined to have died on the basis of and tentative deception means. (JP 3-58) conclusive evidence, or declared to be dead on the basis of a presumptive finding of deception event — A deception means death. The recovery of remains is not a executed at a specific time and location in prerequisite to determining or declaring a support of a deception operation. (JP 3-58) person deceased. See also casualty status. deception means — Methods, resources, and decentralized control — (*) In air defense, techniques that can be used to convey the normal mode whereby a higher echelon information to the deception target. There monitors unit actions, making direct target are three categories of deception means: a. assignments to units only when necessary physical means — Activities and resources to ensure proper fire distribution or to used to convey or deny selected information prevent engagement of friendly aircraft. to a foreign power. (Examples include See also centralized control. military operations, including exercises, reconnaissance, training activities, and decentralized execution — The delegation movement of forces; the use of dummy of execution authority to subordinate equipment and devices; tactics; bases, commanders. (JP 0-2) logistic actions, stockpiles, and repair activity; and test and evaluation activities.) decentralized items — Those items of supply b. technical means — Military materiel for which appropriate authority has resources and their associated operating prescribed local management and techniques used to convey or deny selected procurement. information to a foreign power through the

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 deliberate radiation, re-radiation, alteration, decision point — The point in space and time absorption, or reflection of energy; the where the commander or staff anticipates emission or suppression of chemical or making a decision concerning a specific biological odors; and the emission or friendly course of action. A decision point suppression of nuclear particles. c. is usually associated with a specific target administrative means — Resources, area of interest, and is located in time and methods, and techniques to convey or deny space to permit the commander sufficient oral, pictorial, documentary, or other lead time to engage the adversary in the physical evidence to a foreign power. target area of interest. Decision points may (JP 3-58) also be associated with the friendly force and the status of ongoing operations. See deception objective — The desired result of also course of actions; decision support a deception operation expressed in terms template; target area of interest. (JP 2-01.3) of what the adversary is to do or not to do at the critical time and/or location. (JP 3-58) decision support template — A graphic record of wargaming. The decision support deception story — A scenario that outlines template depicts decision points, timelines the friendly actions that will be portrayed associated with movement of forces and the to cause the deception target to adopt the flow of the operation, and other key items desired perception. (JP 3-58) of information required to execute a specific friendly course of action. See also course deception target — The adversary of action; decision point. (JP 2-01.3) decisionmaker with the authority to make the decision that will achieve the deception decisive engagement — In land and naval objective. (JP 3-58) warfare, an engagement in which a unit is considered fully committed and cannot decision — In an estimate of the situation, a maneuver or extricate itself. In the absence clear and concise statement of the line of of outside assistance, the action must be action intended to be followed by the fought to a conclusion and either won or commander as the one most favorable to lost with the forces at hand. the successful accomplishment of the assigned mission. decisive point — A geographic place, specific key event, critical system, or function that decision altitude — (*) An altitude related allows commanders to gain a marked to the highest elevation in the touchdown advantage over an enemy and greatly zone, specified for a glide slope approach, influence the outcome of an attack. See at which a missed-approach procedure must also centers of gravity. (JP 3-0) be initiated if the required visual reference has not been established. See also decision deck alert — See ground alert. height. declared speed — The continuous speed decision height — (*) A height above the which a master declares the ship can highest elevation in the touchdown zone, maintain on a forthcoming voyage under specified for a glide slope approach, at moderate weather conditions having due which a missed-approach procedure must regard to the ship’s present condition. be initiated if the required visual reference has not been established. See also decision declassification — The determination that, altitude. in the interests of national security,

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 classified information no longer requires decoy ship — (*) A ship camouflaged as a any degree of protection against noncombatant ship with its armament and unauthorized disclosure, coupled with other fighting equipment hidden and with removal or cancellation of the classification special provisions for unmasking its designation. weapons quickly. Also called Q-ship. declassify — (*) To cancel the security decrypt — To convert encrypted text into its classification of an item of classified matter. equivalent plain text by means of a Also called DECL. See also downgrade. cryptosystem. (This does not include solution by cryptanalysis.) (Note: The term declination — (*) The angular distance to a “decrypt” covers the meanings of body on the celestial sphere measured north “decipher” and “decode.”) See also or south through 90 degrees from the cryptosystem. celestial equator along the hour circle of the body. Comparable to latitude on the deep fording capability — (*) The terrestrial sphere. See also magnetic characteristic of a self-propelled gun or declination; magnetic variation. ground vehicle equipped with built-in waterproofing and/or a special decompression chamber — See hyperbaric waterproofing kit, to negotiate a water chamber. obstacle with its wheels or tracks in contact with the ground. decompression sickness — A syndrome, including bends, chokes, neurological deep minefield — (*) An antisubmarine disturbances, and collapse, resulting from minefield which is safe for surface ships to exposure to reduced ambient pressure and cross. See also minefield. caused by gas bubbles in the tissues, fluids, and blood vessels. de facto boundary — (*) An international or administrative boundary whose existence decontamination — (*) The process of and legality is not recognized, but which is making any person, object, or area safe by a practical division between separate absorbing, destroying, neutralizing, national and provincial administering making harmless, or removing chemical or authorities. biological agents, or by removing radioactive material clinging to or defense area — (*) For any particular around it. command, the area extending from the forward edge of the battle area to its rear decontamination station — (*) A building boundary. It is here that the decisive or location suitably equipped and organized defensive battle is fought. where personnel and materiel are cleansed of chemical, biological, or radiological Defense Business Operations Fund — A contaminants. revolving industrial fund concept for a large number of Defense support functions, decoy — An imitation in any sense of a including transportation. Utilizes person, object, or phenomenon which is business-like cost accounting to determine intended to deceive enemy surveillance total cost of a business activity. Defense devices or mislead enemy evaluation. Also Business Operations Fund-Transportation called dummy. is comprised of those Defense Business

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Operations Fund accounts assigned by the Office of the Secretary of Defense for Commander in Chief, United States Transportation Command control. Also called DBOF. (JP 4-01.7) defense classification — See security classification. Defense Communications System — Department of Defense long-haul voice, data, and record traffic system which includes the Defense Data Network, Defense Satellite Communications System, and Defense Switched Network. Also called DCS. See also Defense Data Network; Defense Switched Network. (JP 3-07.4)

computers, communications, data applications, security, people, training, and other support structures serving Department of Defense (DOD) local, national, and worldwide information needs. The defense information infrastructure connects DOD mission support, command and control, and intelligence computers through voice, telecommunications, imagery, video, and multimedia services. It provides information processing and services to subscribers over the Defense Information Systems Network and includes command and control, tactical, intelligence, and commercial communications systems used to transmit DOD information. Also called DII. See also global information infrastructure; information; infrastructure; national information infrastructure. (JP 3-13)

Defense Data Network — Component of the Defense Communications System used for switching Department of Defense Defense Information Systems Network — automated data processing systems. Also Integrated network, centrally managed and called DDN. See also Defense configured to provide long-haul Communications System; Defense information transfer services for all Switched Network. (JP 3-07.4) Department of Defense activities. It is an information transfer utility designed to defense emergency — An emergency provide dedicated point-to-point, switched condition that exists when: a. a major attack voice and data, imagery, and video is made upon US forces overseas or on teleconferencing services. Also called allied forces in any theater and is confirmed DISN. (JP 2-01) by either the commander of a command established by the Secretary of Defense or defense intelligence production — The higher authority; or b. an overt attack of integration, evaluation, analysis, and any type is made upon the United States interpretation of information from single or and is confirmed either by the commander multiple sources into finished intelligence of a command established by the Secretary for known or anticipated military and of Defense or higher authority. related national security consumer requirements. (JP 2-0) defense in depth — The siting of mutually supporting defense positions designed to defense message system — Consists of all absorb and progressively weaken attack, hardware, software, procedures, standards, prevent initial observations of the whole facilities, and personnel used to exchange position by the enemy, and to allow the messages electronically. commander to maneuver the reserve. Defense Meteorological Satellite Program defense information infrastructure — The — Military weather satellite controlled by shared or interconnected system of

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Also called DMSP.

Communications System; Defense Data Network. (JP 3-07.4)

Defense Planning Guidance — This Defense Transportation System — That document, issued by the Secretary of portion of the Nation’s transportation Defense, provides firm guidance in the form infrastructure that supports Department of of goals, priorities, and objectives, including Defense common-user transportation needs fiscal constraints, for the development of across the range of military operations. It the Program Objective Memorandums by consists of those common-user military and the Military Departments and Defense commercial assets, services, and systems agencies. Also called DPG. organic to, contracted for, or controlled by the Department of Defense. Also called defense readiness condition — A uniform DTS. See also common-user system of progressive alert postures for use transportation; transportation system. between the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the commanders of unified and defensive coastal area — (*) A part of a specified commands and for use by the coastal area and of the air, land, and water Services. Defense readiness conditions are area adjacent to the coastline within which graduated to match situations of varying defense operations may involve land, sea, military severity (status of alert). Defense and air forces. readiness conditions are identified by the short title DEFCON (5), (4), (3), (2), and defensive counterair — All defensive (1), as appropriate. Also called DEFCON. measures designed to detect, identify, intercept, and destroy or negate enemy Defense Satellite Communications forces attempting to attack or penetrate the System — Geosynchronous military friendly air environment. Also called DCA. communications satellites that provide See also counterair; offensive counterair. high data rate communications for military (JP 3-01) forces, diplomatic corps, and the White House. The Defense Satellite defensive information operations — The Communications System provides longintegration and coordination of policies and haul super-high frequency 7/8 gigahertz procedures, operations, personnel, and voice and high data rate communications technology to protect and defend for fixed and transportable terminals, and information and information systems. extends mobile service to a limited number Defensive information operations are of ships and aircraft. Also called DSCS. conducted through information assurance, physical security, operations security, Defense Support Program — Satellites that counter-deception, counter-psychological provide early warning of missile launches; operations, counterintelligence, electronic the first line of defense against missile attack warfare, and special information operations. against North America. Also called DSP. Defensive information operations ensure timely, accurate, and relevant information Defense Switched Network — Component access while denying adversaries the of the Defense Communications System opportunity to exploit friendly information that handles Department of Defense voice, and information systems for their own data, and video communications. Also purposes. See also counterintelligence; called DSN. See also Defense electronic warfare; information

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 assurance; information operations; degaussing — The process whereby a ship’s information system; offensive magnetic field is reduced by the use of information operations; operations electromagnetic coils, permanent magnets, security; physical security; special or other means. information operations. (JP 3-13) degree of risk — As specified by the defensive minefield — (*) 1. In naval mine commander, the risk to which friendly warfare, a minefield laid in international forces may be subjected from the effects of waters or international straits with the the detonation of a nuclear weapon used in declared intention of controlling shipping the attack of a close-in enemy target; in defense of sea communications. 2. (DOD acceptable degrees of risk under differing only) In land mine warfare, a minefield tactical conditions are emergency, laid in accordance with an established plan moderate, and negligible. See also to prevent a penetration between positions emergency risk (nuclear); negligible risk and to strengthen the defense of the (nuclear). positions themselves. See also minefield. de jure boundary — (*) An international or defensive sea area — A sea area, usually administrative boundary whose existence including the approaches to and the waters and legality is recognized. of important ports, harbors, bays, or sounds, for the control and protection of shipping; delayed entry program — A program under for the safeguarding of defense installations which an individual may enlist in a Reserve bordering on waters of the areas; and for Component of a military service and specify provision of other security measures a future reporting date for entry on active required within the specified areas. It does duty in the Active Component that would not extend seaward beyond the territorial coincide with availability of training spaces waters. See also maritime control area. and with personal plans such as high school graduation. Also called DEP. See also defensive zone — A belt of terrain, generally active duty; Reserve Components. (JP 4-05) parallel to the front, that includes two or more organized, or partially organized, delaying action — See delaying operation. battle positions. delaying operation — (*) An operation in defilade — (*) 1. Protection from hostile which a force under pressure trades space observation and fire provided by an obstacle for time by slowing down the enemy’s such as a hill, ridge, or bank. 2. A vertical momentum and inflicting maximum distance by which a position is concealed damage on the enemy without, in principle, from enemy observation. 3. To shield from becoming decisively engaged. enemy fire or observation by using natural or artificial obstacles. delay release sinker — (*) A sinker which holds a moored mine on the sea-bed for a defoliant operation — (*) The employment predetermined time after laying. of defoliating agents on vegetated areas in support of military operations. delegation of authority — The action by which a commander assigns part of his or defoliating agent — (*) A chemical which her authority commensurate with the causes trees, shrubs, and other plants to shed assigned task to a subordinate commander. their leaves prematurely. While ultimate responsibility cannot be

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 relinquished, delegation of authority carries Planning and Execution System; Joint with it the imposition of a measure of Strategic Planning System. (JP 5-00.1) responsibility. The extent of the authority delegated must be clearly stated. delivering ship — The ship in a replenishment unit that delivers the rig(s). deliberate attack — (*) A type of offensive action characterized by preplanned delivery error — (*) The inaccuracy coordinated employment of firepower and associated with a given weapon system maneuver to close with and destroy or resulting in a dispersion of shots about the capture the enemy. aiming point. See also circular error probable; deviation; dispersion; deliberate breaching — (*) The creation of dispersion error; horizontal error. a lane through a minefield or a clear route through a barrier or fortification, which is delivery forecasts — 1. Periodic estimates systematically planned and carried out. of contract production deliveries used as a measure of the effectiveness of production deliberate crossing — (*) The crossing of and supply availability scheduling and as a an inland water obstacle that requires guide to corrective actions to resolve extensive planning and detailed procurement or production bottlenecks. 2. preparations. See also hasty crossing. Estimates of deliveries under obligation against procurement from appropriated or deliberate defense — (*) A defense normally other funds. organized when out of contact with the enemy or when contact with the enemy is delivery requirements — The stipulation that not imminent and time for organization is requires that an item of materiel must be available. It normally includes an extensive delivered in the total quantity required by fortified zone incorporating pillboxes, forts, the date required. and communications systems. See also hasty defense. demilitarized zone — (*) A defined area in which the stationing or concentrating of deliberate planning — 1. The Joint military forces, or the retention or Operation Planning and Execution System establishment of military installations of process involving the development of joint any description, is prohibited. (JP 3-07.3) operation plans for contingencies identified in joint strategic planning documents. demobilization — The process of Deliberate planning is accomplished in transitioning a conflict or wartime military prescribed cycles that complement other establishment and defense-based civilian Department of Defense planning cycles in economy to a peacetime configuration accordance with the formally established while maintaining national security and Joint Strategic Planning System. 2. A economic vitality. See also mobilization. planning process for the deployment and (JP 4-05) employment of apportioned forces and resources that occurs in response to a demolition belt — A selected land area sown hypothetical situation. Deliberate planners with explosive charges, mines, and other rely heavily on assumptions regarding the available obstacles to deny use of the land circumstances that will exist when the plan to enemy operations, and as a protection to is executed. See also Joint Operation friendly troops. There are two types of

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 demolition belts: a. primary. A demonstration — (*) 1. An attack or show continuous series of obstacles across the of force on a front where a decision is not whole front, selected by the division or sought, made with the aim of deceiving the higher commander. The preparation of such enemy. See also amphibious a belt is normally a priority engineer task. demonstration; diversion; diversionary b. subsidiary. A supplement to the primary attack. 2. (DOD only) In military belt to give depth in front or behind or to deception, a show of force in an area where protect the flanks. a decision is not sought made to deceive an adversary. It is similar to a feint but no demolition chamber — (*) Space actual contact with the adversary is intentionally provided in a structure for the intended. (JP 3-58) emplacement of explosive charges. denial measure — (*) An action to hinder demolition firing party — The party at the or deny the enemy the use of space, site that is technically responsible for the personnel, or facilities. It may include demolition and that actually initiates destruction, removal, contamination, or detonation or fires the demolitions. See also erection of obstructions. demolition guard; state of readiness. denied area — An area under enemy or demolition guard — A local force positioned unfriendly control in which friendly forces to ensure that a target is not captured by an cannot expect to operate successfully within enemy before orders are given for its existing operational constraints and force demolition and before the demolition has capabilities. (JP 3-05) been successfully fired. The commander of the demolition guard is responsible for density altitude — (*) An atmospheric the tactical control of all troops at the density expressed in terms of the altitude demolition site, including the demolition which corresponds with that density in the firing party. The commander of the standard atmosphere. demolition guard is responsible for transmitting the order to fire to the departmental intelligence — Intelligence demolition firing party. that any department or agency of the Federal Government requires to execute its demolition kit — (*) The demolition tool own mission. kit complete with explosives. See also demolition tool kit. Department of Defense construction agent — The Corps of Engineers, Naval Facilities demolition target — (*) A target of known Engineering Command, or other such military interest identified for possible approved Department of Defense activity, future demolition. See also charged that is assigned design or execution demolition target; preliminary responsibilities associated with military demolition target; prewithdrawal construction programs, facilities support, or demolition target; reserved demolition civil engineering support to the combatant target; uncharged demolition target. commanders in contingency operations. See also contingency operation. (JP 3-34) demolition tool kit — (*) The tools, materials and accessories of a nonexplosive nature Department of Defense container system necessary for preparing demolition charges. — All Department of Defense See also demolition kit. (DOD)-owned, leased, and controlled 20-

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 or 40-foot intermodal International designated by the Secretary of Defense as Organization for Standardization containers a Department of Defense (DOD) executive and flatracks, supporting equipment such agent, that is responsible for management as generator sets and chassis, container of specified logistic commodities or handling equipment, information systems, common service activities on a DOD-wide and other infrastructure that supports DOD basis. See also executive agent. (JP 4-07) transportation and logistic operations, including commercially provided Department of the Air Force — The transportation services. This also includes executive part of the Department of the Air 463L pallets, nets, and tie down equipment Force at the seat of government and all field as integral components of the DOD headquarters, forces, Reserve Components, Intermodal Container System. Size and installations, activities, and functions under configuration of the common-use portion the control or supervision of the Secretary of the DOD container system controlled of the Air Force. Also called DAF. See by US Transportation Command also Military Department. (USTRANSCOM), will be determined by USTRANSCOM based on established Department of the Army — The executive requirements and availability of part of the Department of the Army at the commercially owned containers and seat of government and all field equipment. USTRANSCOM will lease or headquarters, forces, Reserve Components, procure additional containers as required installations, activities, and functions under to augment the DOD container system. See the control or supervision of the Secretary also container-handling equipment; of the Army. Also called DA. See also containerization; International Military Department. Organization for Standardization. (JP 4-01.7) Department of the Navy — The executive part of the Department of the Navy at the Department of Defense Intelligence seat of government; the headquarters, US Information System — The combination Marine Corps; the entire operating forces of Department of Defense personnel, of the United States Navy and of the US procedures, equipment, computer Marine Corps, including the Reserve programs, and supporting communications Components of such forces; all field that support the timely and comprehensive activities, headquarters, forces, bases, preparation and presentation of intelligence installations, activities, and functions under and information to military commanders the control or supervision of the Secretary and national-level decision makers. Also of the Navy; and the US Coast Guard when called DODIIS. operating as a part of the Navy pursuant to law. Also called DON. See also Military Department of Defense internal audit Department. organizations — The Army Audit Agency; Naval Audit Service; Air Force Audit departure airfield — An airfield on which Agency; and the Office of the Assistant troops and/or materiel are enplaned for Inspector General for Auditing, Office of flight. See also airfield. the Inspector General, Department of Defense. departure area — The general area encompassing all base camps, bivouacs, Department of Defense single manager — and departure airfield facilities. (JP 3-17) A Military Department or Agency,

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 departure end — (*) That end of a runway deployment — 1. In naval usage, the change nearest to the direction in which initial from a cruising approach or contact departure is made. disposition to a disposition for battle. 2. The movement of forces within operational departure point — (*) 1. A navigational areas. 3. The positioning of forces into a check point used by aircraft as a marker for formation for battle. 4. The relocation of setting course. 2. In amphibious operations, forces and materiel to desired operational an air control point at the seaward end of areas. Deployment encompasses all the helicopter approach lane system from activities from origin or home station which helicopter waves are dispatched through destination, specifically including along the selected helicopter approach lane intra-continental United States, intertheater, to the initial point. and intratheater movement legs, staging, and holding areas. See also deployment deployable joint task force augmentation order; deployment planning; cell — A combatant commander (CINC) deployment preparation order. (JP 4-0) asset composed of personnel from the CINC’s staff and component deployment database — The Joint Operation representatives. The members represent a Planning and Execution System database multi-service, multi-disciplined group of containing the necessary information on planners and operators which operationally forces, materiel, and filler and replacement report to the CINC’s Operations Directorate personnel movement requirements to until deployed to a joint task force (JTF). support execution. The database reflects It can be tailored to meet the needs of a information contained in the refined timecommander, joint task force and deploy phased force and deployment data from the within 48 hours from notification. deliberate planning process or developed Members can also act as liaison officers during the various phases of the crisis action between the CINC and the JTF. Also called planning process, and the movement DJTFAC. schedules or tables developed by the transportation component commands to deployed health surveillance — The support the deployment of required forces, identification of a population at risk, personnel, and materiel. See also timerecognition and assessment of hazardous phased force and deployment data. exposures, employment of specific countermeasures, and monitoring health deployment diagram — In the assault phase outcomes. of an amphibious operation, a diagram showing the formation in which the boat deployed nuclear weapons — 1. When used group proceeds from the rendezvous area in connection with the transfer of weapons to the line of departure and the method of between the Department of Energy and the deployment into the landing formation. Department of Defense, this term describes those weapons transferred to and in the deployment order — A planning directive custody of the Department of Defense. 2. from the Secretary of Defense, issued by Those nuclear weapons specifically the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, authorized by the Joint Chiefs of Staff to that authorizes and directs the transfer of be transferred to the custody of the storage forces between combatant commands by facilities or carrying or delivery units of the reassignment or attachment. A deployment Armed Forces. order normally specifies the authority that

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 the gaining combatant commander will available in lower level maintenance exercise over the transferred forces. See activities. also deployment; deployment planning; deployment preparation order. (JP 5-0) depth — (*) In maritime/hydrographic use, the vertical distance from the plane of the deployment planning — Operational hydrographic datum to the bed of the sea, planning directed toward the movement of lake, or river. forces and sustainment resources from their original locations to a specific operational depth contour — (*) A line connecting area for conducting the joint operations points of equal depth below the contemplated in a given plan. Encompasses hydrographic datum. Also called all activities from origin or home station bathymetric contour or depth curve. through destination, specifically including intra-continental United States, intertheater, depth curve — See depth contour. and intratheater movement legs, staging areas, and holding areas. See also descriptive name — (*) Written indication deployment; deployment order; on maps and charts, used to specify the deployment preparation order. (JP 5-0) nature of a feature (natural or artificial) shown by a general symbol. deployment preparation order — An order issued by competent authority to move desired appreciation — See appreciations. forces or prepare forces for movement (e.g., increase deployability posture of units). See desired effects — The damage or casualties also deployment; deployment order; to the enemy or materiel that a commander deployment planning. desires to achieve from a nuclear weapon detonation. Damage effects on materiel are depot — 1. supply — An activity for the classified as light, moderate, or severe. receipt, classification, storage, accounting, Casualty effects on personnel may be issue, maintenance, procurement, immediate, prompt, or delayed. manufacture, assembly, research, salvage, or disposal of material. 2. personnel — desired ground zero — (*) The point on the An activity for the reception, processing, surface of the Earth at, or vertically below training, assignment, and forwarding of or above, the center of a planned nuclear personnel replacements. detonation. Also called DGZ. See also actual ground zero; ground zero. depot maintenance — That maintenance performed on materiel requiring major desired perception — In military deception, overhaul or a complete rebuild of parts, what the deception target must believe for assemblies, subassemblies, and end-items, it to make the decision that will achieve the including the manufacture of parts, deception objective. (JP 3-58) modifications, testing, and reclamation as required. Depot maintenance serves to destroyed — A condition of a target so support lower categories of maintenance by damaged that it can neither function as providing technical assistance and intended nor be restored to a usable performing that maintenance beyond their condition. In the case of a building, all responsibility. Depot maintenance provides vertical supports and spanning members are stocks of serviceable equipment by using damaged to such an extent that nothing is more extensive facilities for repair than are salvageable. In the case of bridges, all spans

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 must have dropped and all piers must require replacement. destruction — A type of adjustment for destroying a given target.

administratively processed and provided custodial care pending disposition and subsequent release, transfer, or movement to a prisoner-of-war or civilian internee camp.

destruction fire — Fire delivered for the sole detecting circuit — (*) The part of a mine purpose of destroying material objects. See firing circuit which responds to the also fire. influence of a target. destruction fire mission — (*) In artillery, detection — 1. In tactical operations, the fire delivered for the purpose of destroying perception of an object of possible military a point target. See also fire. interest but unconfirmed by recognition. 2. In surveillance, the determination and destruction radius — (*) In mine warfare, transmission by a surveillance system that the maximum distance from an exploding an event has occurred. 3. In arms control, charge of stated size and type at which a the first step in the process of ascertaining mine will be destroyed by sympathetic the occurrence of a violation of an arms detonation of the main charge, with a stated control agreement. 4. In nuclear, biological, probability of destruction, regardless of and chemical (NBC) environments, the act orientation. of locating NBC hazards by use of NBC detectors or monitoring and/or survey detachment — (*) 1. A part of a unit teams. See also hazard; monitoring; separated from its main organization for nuclear, biological, and chemical duty elsewhere. 2. A temporary military environment. (JP 3-11) or naval unit formed from other units or parts of units. Also called DET. deterioration limit — (*) A limit placed on a particular product characteristic to define detailed photographic report — (*) A the minimum acceptable quality comprehensive, analytical, intelligence requirement for the product to retain its report written as a result of the interpretation NATO code number. of photography usually covering a single subject, a target, target complex, and of a deterrence — The prevention from action by detailed nature. fear of the consequences. Deterrence is a state of mind brought about by the existence detained — See missing. of a credible threat of unacceptable counteraction. detainee — A term used to refer to any person captured or otherwise detained by an armed deterrent options — A course of action, force. developed on the best economic, diplomatic, political, and military judgment, detainee collecting point — A facility or designed to dissuade an adversary from a other location where detainees are current course of action or contemplated assembled for subsequent movement to a operations. (In constructing an operation detainee processing station. plan, a range of options should be presented to effect deterrence. Each option requiring detainee processing station — A facility or deployment of forces should be a separate other location where detainees are force module.)

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 detonating cord — (*) A waterproof, dip — (*) In naval mine warfare, the amount flexible fabric tube containing a high by which a moored mine is carried beneath explosive designed to transmit the its set depth by a current or tidal stream detonation wave. acting on the mine casing and mooring. detonator — (*) A device containing a diplomatic authorization — (*) Authority sensitive explosive intended to produce a for overflight or landing obtained at detonation wave. government-to-government level through diplomatic channels. developmental assistance — US Agency for International Development function diplomatic and/or consular facility — Any chartered under chapter one of the Foreign Foreign Service establishment maintained Assistance Act of 1961, primarily designed by the US Department of State abroad. It to promote economic growth and the may be designated a “mission” or “consular equitable distribution of its benefits. (JP 3-08) office,” or given a special designation for particular purposes, such as “United States deviation — (*) 1. The distance by which a Liaison Office.” A “mission” is designated point of impact or burst misses the target. as an embassy and is maintained in order See also circular error probable; delivery to conduct normal continuing diplomatic error; dispersion error; horizontal error. relations between the US Government and 2. The angular difference between other governments. A “consular office” is magnetic and compass headings. any consulate general or consulate that may participate in most foreign affairs activities, diaphragm stop — See relative aperture. and varies in size and scope. diapositive — (*) A positive photograph on dip needle circuit — (*) In naval mine a transparent medium. warfare, a mechanism which responds to a change in the magnitude of the vertical died of wounds received in action — A component of the total magnetic field. casualty category applicable to a hostile casualty, other than the victim of a terrorist direct action — Short-duration strikes and activity, who dies of wounds or other other small-scale offensive actions by injuries received in action after having special operations forces or special reached a medical treatment facility. Also operations-capable units to seize, destroy, called DWRIA. See also casualty capture, recover, or inflict damage on category. designated personnel or materiel. In the conduct of these operations, special differential ballistic wind — (*) In bombing, operations forces or special operationsa hypothetical wind equal to the difference capable units may employ raid, ambush, or in velocity between the ballistic wind and direct assault tactics; emplace mines and the actual wind at a release altitude. other munitions; conduct standoff attacks by fire from air, ground, or maritime diffraction loading — (*) The total force platforms; provide terminal guidance for which is exerted on the sides of a structure precision-guided munitions; conduct by the advancing shock front of a nuclear independent sabotage; and conduct antiexplosion. ship operations. Also called DA. See also

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 special operations; special operations forces. (JP 3-05)

sensors that are sensitive to light. See also directed energy; directed-energy weapon.

direct action fuze — See impact action fuze; proximity fuze; self-destroying fuse; time directed-energy protective measures — fuze. That division of directed-energy warfare involving actions taken to protect friendly direct air support center — The principal equipment, facilities, and personnel to air control agency of the US Marine air ensure friendly effective uses of the command and control system responsible electromagnetic spectrum that are for the direction and control of air threatened by hostile directed-energy operations directly supporting the ground weapons and devices. combat element. It processes and coordinates requests for immediate air directed-energy warfare — Military action support and coordinates air missions involving the use of directed-energy requiring integration with ground forces weapons, devices, and countermeasures to and other supporting arms. It normally either cause direct damage or destruction collocates with the senior fire support of enemy equipment, facilities, and coordination center within the ground personnel, or to determine, exploit, reduce, combat element and is subordinate to the or prevent hostile use of the electromagnetic tactical air command center. Also called spectrum through damage, destruction, and DASC. See also Marine air command disruption. It also includes actions taken and control system; tactical air to protect friendly equipment, facilities, and operations center. (JP 3-09.3) personnel and retain friendly use of the electromagnetic spectrum. Also called direct air support center (airborne) — An DEW. See also directed energy; airborne aircraft equipped with the directed-energy device; directed-energy necessary staff personnel, communications, weapon; electromagnetic spectrum; and operations facilities to function as a electronic warfare. direct air support center. Also called DASC-A. See also direct air support directed-energy weapon — A system using center. directed energy primarily as a direct means to damage or destroy enemy equipment, directed energy — An umbrella term facilities, and personnel. See also directed covering technologies that relate to the energy; directed-energy device. production of a beam of concentrated electromagnetic energy or atomic or direct exchange — A supply method of subatomic particles. Also called DE. See issuing serviceable materiel in exchange for also directed-energy device; unserviceable materiel on an item-for-item directed-energy weapon. basis. Also called DX. directed-energy device — A system using direct fire — Gunfire delivered on a target, directed energy primarily for a purpose using the target itself as a point of aim for other than as a weapon. Directed-energy either the gun or the director. devices may produce effects that could allow the device to be used as a weapon direct illumination — (*) Illumination against certain threats; for example, laser provided by direct light from pyrotechnics rangefinders and designators used against or searchlights.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 directing staff — See exercise directing staff.

elimination of redundant facilities and/or overlapping functions among the Service component commands. See also combatant command (command authority); logistics. (JP 0-2)

direction — In artillery and naval gunfire support, a term used by a spotter and/or observer in a call for fire to indicate the bearing of the spotting line. See also direct laying — Laying in which the sights bearing; call for fire; naval gunfire of weapons are aligned directly on the support; spotter; spotting line. (JP 2-0) target. Normally used in conjunction with mortars and sometimes artillery. See also directional gyro indicator — An azimuth lay. gyro with a direct display and means for setting the datum to a specified compass direct liaison authorized — That authority heading. granted by a commander (any level) to a subordinate to directly consult or coordinate direction finding — A procedure for an action with a command or agency within obtaining bearings of radio frequency or outside of the granting command. Direct emitters by using a highly directional liaison authorized is more applicable to antenna and a display unit on an intercept planning than operations and always carries receiver or ancillary equipment. with it the requirement of keeping the commander granting direct liaison direction of attack — A specific direction authorized informed. Direct liaison or route that the main attack or center of authorized is a coordination relationship, mass of the unit will follow. The unit is not an authority through which command restricted, required to attack as indicated, may be exercised. Also called and is not normally allowed to bypass the DIRLAUTH. (JP 0-2) enemy. The direction of attack is used primarily in counterattacks or to ensure that director of mobility forces — Normally a supporting attacks make maximal senior officer who is familiar with the area contribution to the main attack. of responsibility or joint operations area and possesses an extensive background in airlift directive — (*) 1. A military communication operations. When established, the director in which policy is established or a specific of mobility forces serves as the designated action is ordered. 2. A plan issued with a agent for all airlift issues in the area of view to putting it into effect when so responsibility or joint operations area, and directed, or in the event that a stated for other duties as directed. The director of contingency arises. 3. Broadly speaking, mobility forces exercises coordinating any communication which initiates or authority between the airlift coordination governs action, conduct, or procedure. cell, the air mobility element, the Tanker Airlift Control Center, the joint movement directive authority for logistics — center, and the air operations center in order Combatant commander authority to issue to expedite the resolution of airlift directives to subordinate commanders, problems. The director of mobility forces including peacetime measures, necessary to may be sourced from the theater’s ensure the effective execution of approved organizations, United States Transportation operation plans. Essential measures include Command, or United States Atlantic the optimized use or reallocation of Command. Also called DIRMOBFOR. available resources and prevention or See also airlift coordination cell; air

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 mobility element; air operations center; disarmed mine — (*) A mine for which the area of responsibility; coordinating arming procedure has been reversed, authority; joint movement center; joint rendering the mine inoperative. It is safe operations area; tanker airlift control to handle and transport and can be rearmed center. (JP 4-01.1) by simple action. direct support — A mission requiring a force disaster assistance response team — United to support another specific force and States Agency for International authorizing it to answer directly to the Development’s (USAID) Office of United supported force’s request for assistance. States Foreign Disaster Assistance provides Also called DS. See also close support; this rapidly deployable team in response to general support; mission; mutual international disasters. A disaster assistance support; support. (JP 3-09.1) response team provides specialists, trained in a variety of disaster relief skills, to assist direct support artillery — (*) Artillery US embassies and USAID missions with whose primary task is to provide fire the management of US Government requested by the supported unit. response to disasters. Also called DART. See also foreign disaster; foreign disaster direct supporting fire — (*) Fire delivered relief. (JP 3-08) in support of part of a force, as opposed to general supporting fire which is delivered disaster control — Measures taken before, in support of the force as a whole. See also during, or after hostile action or natural or supporting fire. manmade disasters to reduce the probability of damage, minimize its effects, and initiate direct vendor delivery — A materiel recovery. See also area damage control; acquisition and distribution method that damage control. requires vendor delivery directly to the customer. Also called DVD. See also discriminating circuit — (*) That part of distribution. (JP 4-09) the operating circuit of a sea mine which distinguishes between the response of the disabling fire — The firing of ordnance by detecting circuit to the passage of a ship ships or aircraft at the steering or propulsion and the response to other disturbances (e.g., system of a vessel. The intent is to disable influence sweep, countermining, etc.) with minimum injury to personnel or damage to vessel. disease and nonbattle injury casualty — A person who is not a battle casualty but who disaffected person — A person who is is lost to the organization by reason of alienated or estranged from those in disease or injury, including persons dying authority or lacks loyalty to the government; of disease or injury, by reason of being a state of mind. missing where the absence does not appear to be voluntary, or due to enemy action or disarmament — The reduction of a military being interned. Also called DNBI casualty. establishment to some level set by (JP 4-02) international agreement. See also arms control; arms control agreement; arms disembarkation schedule — See control measure. debarkation schedule.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 disengagement — In arms control, a general dispersion — (*) 1. A scattered pattern of term for proposals that would result in the hits around the mean point of impact of geographic separation of opposing bombs and projectiles dropped or fired nonindigenous forces without directly under identical conditions. 2. In antiaircraft affecting indigenous military forces. gunnery, the scattering of shots in range and deflection about the mean point of dislocated civilian — A broad term that explosion. 3. The spreading or separating includes a displaced person, a stateless of troops, materiel, establishments, or person, an evacuee, an expellee, or a activities which are usually concentrated in refugee. Also called DC. See also limited areas to reduce vulnerability. 4. In displaced person; evacuee; expellee; chemical and biological operations, the refugee; stateless person. (JP 3-07.6) dissemination of agents in liquid or aerosol form. 5. In airdrop operations, the scatter dispatch route — (*) In road traffic, a of personnel and/or cargo on the drop zone. roadway over which full control, both as to 6. In naval control of shipping, the priorities of use and the regulation of reberthing of a ship in the periphery of the movement of traffic in time and space, is port area or in the vicinity of the port for its exercised. Movement authorization is own protection in order to minimize the risk required for its use, even by a single vehicle. of damage from attack. See also circular See also route. error probable; convoy dispersal point; delivery error; deviation; dispersion dispenser — (*) In air armament, a container error; horizontal error. or device which is used to carry and release submunitions. See also cluster bomb unit. dispersion error — (*) The distance from the point of impact or burst of a round to dispersal — Relocation of forces for the the mean point of impact or burst. purpose of increasing survivability. See also dispersion. dispersion pattern — (*) The distribution of a series of rounds fired from one weapon dispersal airfield — An airfield, military or or a group of weapons under conditions as civil, to which aircraft might move before nearly identical as possible; the points of H-hour on either a temporary duty or burst or impact being dispersed about a permanent change of station basis and be point called the mean point of impact. able to conduct operations. See also airfield. displaced person — A civilian who is involuntarily outside the national dispersed movement pattern — (*) A boundaries of his or her country. See also pattern for ship-to-shore movement which evacuee; refugee. provides additional separation of landing craft both laterally and in depth. This display — In military deception, a static pattern is used when nuclear weapon threat portrayal of an activity, force, or equipment is a factor. intended to deceive the adversary’s visual observation. (JP 3-58) dispersed site — (*) A site selected to reduce concentration and vulnerability by its disposition — (*) 1. Distribution of the separation from other military targets or a elements of a command within an area; recognized threat area. usually the exact location of each unit

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 headquarters and the deployment of the distant support area — In amphibious forces subordinate to it. 2. A prescribed operations, the area located in the vicinity arrangement of the stations to be occupied of the landing area but at considerable by the several formations and single ships distance seaward of it. These areas are of a fleet, or major subdivisions of a fleet, assigned to distant support forces, such as for any purpose, such as cruising, approach, striking forces, surface action groups, maintaining contact, or battle. 3. A surface action units, and their logistic prescribed arrangement of all the tactical groups. See also amphibious operation; units composing a flight or group of aircraft. landing area. (JP 3-02) See also deployment; dispersion. 4. (DOD only) The removal of a patient from a distributed fire — (*) Fire so dispersed as medical treatment facility by reason of to engage most effectively an area target. return to duty, transfer to another treatment See also fire. facility, death, or other termination of medical case. distribution — 1. The arrangement of troops for any purpose, such as a battle, march, or disruptive pattern — (*) In surveillance, maneuver. 2. A planned pattern of an arrangement of suitably colored irregular projectiles about a point. 3. A planned shapes which, when applied to the surface spread of fire to cover a desired frontage or of an object, is intended to enhance its depth. 4. An official delivery of anything, camouflage. such as orders or supplies. 5. The operational process of synchronizing all dissemination — See intelligence cycle. elements of the logistic system to deliver the “right things” to the “right place” at the dissemination and integration — See “right time” to support the geographic intelligence cycle. See also dissemination; combatant commander. 6. The process of integration. (JP 2-0) assigning military personnel to activities, units, or billets. (JP 4-0) distance — 1. The space between adjacent individual ships or boats measured in any distribution manager — The executive direction between foremasts. 2. The space agent for managing distribution with the between adjacent men, animals, vehicles, combatant commander’s area of or units in a formation measured from front responsibility. See also area of to rear. 3. The space between known responsibility; distribution. (JP 4-01.4) reference points or a ground observer and a target, measured in meters (artillery), in distribution pipeline — Continuum or yards (naval gunfire), or in units specified channel through which the Department of by the observer. See also interval. Defense conducts distribution operations. The distribution pipeline represents the enddistant retirement area — In amphibious to-end flow of resources from supplier to operations, that sea area located to seaward consumer and, in some cases, back to the of the landing area. This area is divided supplier in retrograde activities. See also into a number of operating areas to which distribution; pipeline. (JP 4-01.4) assault ships may retire and operate in the event of adverse weather or to prevent distribution plan — A reporting system concentration of ships in the landing area. comprising reports, updates, and See also amphibious operation; landing information systems feeds that articulate the area; retirement. (JP 3-02) requirements of the theater distribution

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 system to the strategic and operational route or channel bypassing a dangerous resources assigned responsibility for area. A diversion may connect one channel support to the theater. It portrays the to another or it may branch from a channel interface of the physical, financial, and rejoin it on the other side of the danger. information and communications networks See also demonstration. for gaining visibility of the theater distribution system and communicates diversion airfield — (*) An airfield with at control activities necessary for optimizing least minimum essential facilities, which capacity of the system. It depicts, and is may be used as an emergency airfield or continually updated to reflect changes in, when the main or redeployment airfield is infrastructure, support relationships, and not usable or as required to facilitate tactical customer locations to all elements of the operations. Also called divert field. See distribution system (strategic operational, also airfield; departure airfield; main and tactical). See also distribution; airfield; redeployment airfield. distribution system; theater distribution; theater distribution system. (JP 4-01.4) diversionary attack — (*) An attack wherein a force attacks, or threatens to distribution point — (*) A point at which attack, a target other than the main target supplies and/or ammunition, obtained from for the purpose of drawing enemy defenses supporting supply points by a division or away from the main effort. See also other unit, are broken down for distribution demonstration. to subordinate units. Distribution points usually carry no stocks; items drawn are diversionary landing — An operation in issued completely as soon as possible. which troops are actually landed for the purpose of diverting enemy reaction away distribution system — That complex of from the main landing. facilities, installations, methods, and procedures designed to receive, store, divert field — See diversion airfield. maintain, distribute, and control the flow of military materiel between the point of diving chamber — See hyperbaric receipt into the military system and the point chamber. of issue to using activities and units. division — (*) 1. A tactical unit/formation ditching — Controlled landing of a distressed as follows: a. A major administrative and aircraft on water. tactical unit/formation which combines in itself the necessary arms and services diversion — 1. The act of drawing the required for sustained combat, larger than attention and forces of an enemy from the a regiment/brigade and smaller than a corps. point of the principal operation; an attack, b. A number of naval vessels of similar alarm, or feint that diverts attention. 2. A type grouped together for operational and change made in a prescribed route for administrative command, or a tactical unit operational or tactical reasons. A diversion of a naval aircraft squadron, consisting of order will not constitute a change of two or more sections. c. An air division is destination. 3. A rerouting of cargo or an air combat organization normally passengers to a new transshipment point or consisting of two or more wings with destination or on a different mode of appropriate service units. The combat transportation prior to arrival at ultimate wings of an air division will normally destination. 4. In naval mine warfare, a contain similar type units. 2. An

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 organizational part of a headquarters that nationals as well as third country civilians. handles military matters of a particular (JP 1-03.17) nature, such as personnel, intelligence, plans, and training, or supply and DOD support to counterdrug operations evacuation. 3. (DOD only) A number of — Support provided by the Department of personnel of a ship’s complement grouped Defense to law enforcement agencies to together for tactical and administrative detect, monitor, and counter the production, control. trafficking, and use of illegal drugs. See also counterdrug operations. (JP 3-07) division artillery — Artillery that is permanently an integral part of a division. dolly — Airborne data link equipment. For tactical purposes, all artillery placed under the command of a division dome — See spray dome. commander is considered division artillery. domestic air traffic — Air traffic within the doctrinal template — A model based on continental United States. known or postulated adversary doctrine. Doctrinal templates illustrate the disposition domestic emergencies — Emergencies and activity of adversary forces and assets affecting the public welfare and occurring conducting a particular operation within the 50 states, District of Columbia, unconstrained by the effects of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, US battlespace. They represent the application possessions and territories, or any political of adversary doctrine under ideal subdivision thereof, as a result of enemy conditions. Ideally, doctrinal templates attack, insurrection, civil disturbance, depict the threat’s normal organization for earthquake, fire, flood, or other public combat, frontages, depths, boundaries and disasters or equivalent emergencies that other control measures, assets available endanger life and property or disrupt the from other commands, objective depths, usual process of government. The term engagement areas, battle positions, and so domestic emergency includes any or all of forth. Doctrinal templates are usually scaled the emergency conditions defined below: to allow ready use with geospatial products. a. civil defense emergency — A domestic See also doctrine. (JP 2-01.3) emergency disaster situation resulting from devastation created by an enemy attack and doctrine — Fundamental principles by which requiring emergency operations during and the military forces or elements thereof guide following that attack. It may be proclaimed their actions in support of national by appropriate authority in anticipation of objectives. It is authoritative but requires an attack. b. civil disturbances — Riots, judgment in application. See also acts of violence, insurrections, unlawful multinational doctrine; joint doctrine; obstructions or assemblages, or other multi-Service doctrine. disorders prejudicial to public law and order. The term civil disturbance includes DOD civilian — A Federal civilian employee all domestic conditions requiring or likely of the Department of Defense directly hired to require the use of Federal Armed Forces and paid from appropriated or pursuant to the provisions of Chapter 15 of nonappropriated funds, under permanent or Title 10, United States Code. c. major temporary appointment. Specifically disaster — Any flood, fire, hurricane, excluded are contractors and foreign host tornado, earthquake, or other catastrophe

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 which, in the determination of the President, the combatant commander. See also is or threatens to be of sufficient severity common-user logistics; lead Service or and magnitude to warrant disaster agency for common-user logistics. assistance by the Federal Government (JP 4-07) under Public Law 606, 91st Congress (42 United States Code 58) to supplement the dominant user concept — The concept that efforts and available resources of State and the Service that is the principal consumer local governments in alleviating the will have the responsibility for performance damage, hardship, or suffering caused of a support workload for all using Services. thereby. d. natural disaster — All domestic emergencies except those created doppler effect — (*) The phenomenon as a result of enemy attack or civil evidenced by the change in the observed disturbance. See also civil defense frequency of a sound or radio wave caused emergency; civil disturbance; major by a time rate of change in the effective disaster; natural disaster. length of the path of travel between the source and the point of observation. domestic intelligence — Intelligence relating to activities or conditions within the United doppler radar — A radar system that States that threaten internal security and that differentiates between fixed and moving might require the employment of troops; targets by detecting the apparent change in and intelligence relating to activities of frequency of the reflected wave due to individuals or agencies potentially or motion of target or the observer. actually dangerous to the security of the Department of Defense. dormant — In mine warfare, the state of a mine during which a time delay feature in domestic support operations — Those a mine prevents it from being actuated. activities and measures taken by the Department of Defense to foster mutual dose rate contour line — (*) A line on a assistance and support between the map, diagram, or overlay joining all points Department of Defense and any civil at which the radiation dose rate at a given government agency in planning or time is the same. preparedness for, or in the application of resources for response to, the consequences dosimetry — (*) The measurement of of civil emergencies or attacks, including radiation doses. It applies to both the national security emergencies. Also called devices used (dosimeters) and to the DSOs. (JP 3-57) techniques. dominant user — The Service or double agent — Agent in contact with two multinational partner who is the principal opposing intelligence services, only one of consumer of a particular common-user which is aware of the double contact or logistic supply or service within a joint or quasi-intelligence services. multinational operation. The dominant user will normally act as the lead Service to double flow route — (*) A route of at least provide this particular common-user two lanes allowing two columns of vehicles logistic supply or service to other Service to proceed simultaneously, either in the components, multinational partners, same direction or in opposite directions. other governmental agencies, or See also single flow route. nongovernmental agencies as directed by

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 downgrade — To determine that classified drift — (*) In ballistics, a shift in projectile information requires, in the interests of direction due to gyroscopic action which national security, a lower degree of results from gravitational and protection against unauthorized disclosure atmospherically induced torques on the than currently provided, coupled with a spinning projectile. changing of the classification designation to reflect such a lower degree. drift angle — (*) The angle measured in degrees between the heading of an aircraft downloading — An operation that removes or ship and the track made good. airborne weapons or stores from an aircraft. (JP 3-04.1) drill mine — (*) An inert filled mine or mine-like body, used in loading, laying, or down lock — (*) A device for locking discharge practice and trials. See also mine. retractable landing gear in the down or extended position. drone — A land, sea, or air vehicle that is remotely or automatically controlled. See draft — 1. The conscription of qualified also remotely piloted vehicle; unmanned citizens in military service. 2. The depth aerial vehicle. (JP 4-01.5) of water that a vessel requires to float freely; the depth of a vessel from the water line to droop stop — (*) A device to limit the keel. See also active duty; Military downward vertical motion of helicopter Service; watercraft. (JP 4-01.6) rotor blades upon rotor shutdown. draft plan — (*) A plan for which a draft drop altitude — (*) The altitude above mean plan has been coordinated and agreed with sea level at which airdrop is executed. See the other military headquarters and is ready also altitude; drop height. for coordination with the nations involved, that is those nations who would be required drop height — (*) The vertical distance to take national actions to support the plan. between the drop zone and the aircraft. See It may be used for future planning and also altitude; drop altitude. exercises and may form the basis for an operation order to be implemented in time dropmaster — 1. An individual qualified to of emergency. See also coordinated draft prepare, perform acceptance inspection, plan; final plan; initial draft plan; load, lash, and eject material for airdrop. operation plan. 2. An aircrew member who, during parachute operations, will relay any drag — Force of aerodynamic resistance required information between pilot and caused by the violent currents behind the jumpmaster. shock front. drop message — (*) A message dropped drag loading — The force on an object or from an aircraft to a ground or surface unit. structure due to transient winds accompanying the passage of a blast wave. drop zone — (*) A specific area upon which The drag pressure is the product of the airborne troops, equipment, or supplies are dynamic pressure and the drag coefficient airdropped. Also called DZ. which is dependent upon the shape (or geometry) of the structure or object.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 drug interdiction — The interception of D-to-P assets required on D-day; D-to-P illegal drugs being smuggled by air, sea, or materiel readiness gross requirement. land. See also counterdrug operations. (JP 3-07.4) D-to-P materiel readiness gross requirement — As applied to the D-to-P dry deck shelter — A shelter module that concept, the gross requirement for all attaches to the hull of a specially configured supplies and materiel needed to meet all submarine to provide the submarine with initial pipeline and anticipated expenditure the capability to launch and recover special (consumption) requirements between Doperations personnel, vehicles, and day and P-day. Includes initial allowances, equipment while submerged. The dry deck continental United States and overseas shelter provides a working environment at operating and safety levels, intransit levels one atmosphere for the special operations of supply, and the cumulative sum of all element during transit and has structural items expended (consumed) during the Dintegrity to the collapse depth of the host to-P period. See also D-to-P concept. submarine. Also called DDS. (JP 3-05.3) dual agent — One who is simultaneously and D-to-P assets required on D-day — As independently employed by two or more applied to the D-to-P concept, this asset intelligence agencies, covering targets for requirement represents those stocks that both. must be physically available on D-day to meet initial allowance requirements, to fill dual-capable aircraft — Allied and US the wartime pipeline between the producers fighter aircraft tasked and configured to and users (even if P-day and D-day occur perform either conventional or theater simultaneously), and to provide any nuclear missions. Also called DCA. required D-to-P consumption or production differential stockage. The D-to-P assets dual-capable forces — Forces capable of required on D-day are also represented as employing dual-capable weapons. the difference between the D-to-P materiel readiness gross requirements and the dual capable unit — (*) A nuclear certified cumulative sum of all production deliveries delivery unit capable of executing both during the D-to-P period. See also D-to-P conventional and nuclear missions. concept. dual-firing circuit — (*) An assembly D-to-P concept — A logistic planning comprising two independent firing systems, concept by which the gross materiel both electric or both non-electric, so that readiness requirement in support of the firing of either system will detonate all approved forces at planned wartime rates charges. for conflicts of indefinite duration will be satisfied by a balanced mix of assets on hand dual (multi)-capable weapons — 1. on D-day and assets to be gained from Weapons, weapon systems, or vehicles production through P-day when the planned capable of selective equipage with different rate of production deliveries to the users types or mixes of armament or firepower. equals the planned wartime rate of 2. Sometimes restricted to weapons capable expenditure (consumption). See also of handling either nuclear or non-nuclear D-day consumption/production munitions. differential assets; D-day pipeline assets;

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 dual (multi)-purpose weapons — Weapons dummy run — Any simulated firing practice, which possess the capability for effective particularly a dive bombing approach made application in two or more basically without release of a bomb. Also called dry different military functions and/or levels of run. conflict. dump — (*) A temporary storage area, usually in the open, for bombs, ammunition, dual-purpose weapon — A weapon equipment, or supplies. designed for delivering effective fire against air or surface targets. duplicate negative — (*) A negative reproduced from a negative or diapositive. dud — (*) Explosive munition which has not been armed as intended or which has failed to explode after being armed. See durable materiel — See nonexpendable supplies and materiel. also absolute dud; dwarf dud; flare dud; nuclear dud. duty status - whereabouts unknown — A transitory casualty status, applicable only dud probability — The expected percentage to military personnel, that is used when the of failures in a given number of firings. responsible commander suspects the member may be a casualty whose absence due in — Quantities of materiel scheduled to is involuntary, but does not feel sufficient be received from vendors, repair facilities, evidence currently exists to make a definite assembly operation, interdepot transfers, determination of missing or deceased. Also and other sources. called DUSTWUN. See also casualty status. dummy — See decoy. dummy message — (*) A message sent for dwarf dud — A nuclear weapon that, when launched at or emplaced on a target, fails some purpose other than its content, which to provide a yield within a reasonable range may consist of dummy groups or may have of that which could be anticipated with a meaningless text. normal operation of the weapon. This constitutes a dud only in a relative sense. dummy minefield — (*) In naval mine warfare, a minefield containing no live mines and presenting only a psychological dwell time — The time cargo remains in a terminal’s in-transit storage area while threat. awaiting shipment by clearance transportation. See also storage. (JP 4-01.6)

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E earliest anticipated launch time — The earliest time expected for a special operations tactical element and its supporting platform to depart the staging or marshalling area together en route to the operations area. Also called EALT. (JP 3-05.5)

echelon. 2. Separate level of command. As compared to a regiment, a division is a higher echelon, a battalion is a lower echelon. 3. A fraction of a command in the direction of depth to which a principal combat mission is assigned; i.e., attack echelon, support echelon, reserve echelon. 4. A formation in which its subdivisions are placed one behind another, with a lateral and even spacing to the same side.

earliest arrival date — A day, relative to Cday, that is specified by a planner as the earliest date when a unit, a resupply shipment, or replacement personnel can be echeloned displacement — (*) Movement accepted at a port of debarkation during a of a unit from one position to another deployment. Used with the latest arrival without discontinuing performance of its data, it defines a delivery window for primary function. (DOD only) Normally, transportation planning. Also called EAD. the unit divides into two functional elements See also latest arrival date. (base and advance); and, while the base continues to operate, the advance element Early Spring — An antireconnaissance displaces to a new site where, after it satellite weapon system. becomes operational, it is joined by the base element. early time — See span of detonation (atomic demolition munition employment). economic action — The planned use of economic measures designed to influence early warning — (*) Early notification of the policies or actions of another state, e.g., the launch or approach of unknown to impair the war-making potential of a weapons or weapons carriers. Also called hostile power or to generate economic EW. See also attack assessment; tactical stability within a friendly power. warning. economic mobilization — (*) The process earmarking of stocks — (*) The of preparing for and carrying out such arrangement whereby nations agree, changes in the organization and functioning normally in peacetime, to identify a of the national economy as are necessary proportion of selected items of their war to provide for the most effective use of reserve stocks to be called for by specified resources in a national emergency. NATO commanders. economic order quantity — That quantity earthing — (*) The process of making a derived from a mathematical technique used satisfactory electrical connection between to determine the optimum (lowest) total the structure, including the metal skin, of variable costs required to order and hold an object or vehicle, and the mass of the inventory. Earth, to ensure a common potential with the Earth. See also bonding. economic potential — (*) The total capacity of a nation to produce goods and services. echelon — (*) 1. A subdivision of a headquarters, i.e., forward echelon, rear

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 economic potential for war — That share of the total economic capacity of a nation that can be used for the purposes of war.

independently of other ejection systems installed in one aircraft. d. sequenced ejection system — A system which ejects the aircraft crew in sequence to ensure a safe minimum total time of escape without collision.

economic retention stock — That portion of the quantity of an item excess of the approved force retention level that has been determined will be more economical to electrode sweep — In naval mine warfare, a retain for future peacetime issue in lieu of magnetic cable sweep in which the water replacement of future issues by forms part of the electric circuit. procurement. To warrant economic retention, items must have a reasonably electro-explosive device — (*) An explosive predictable demand rate. or pyrotechnic component that initiates an explosive, burning, electrical, or economic warfare — Aggressive use of mechanical train and is activated by the economic means to achieve national application of electrical energy. Also called objectives. EED. effective damage — That damage necessary electromagnetic compatibility — The ability to render a target element inoperative, of systems, equipment, and devices that unserviceable, nonproductive, or utilize the electromagnetic spectrum to uninhabitable. operate in their intended operational environments without suffering effective US controlled ships — US-owned unacceptable degradation or causing foreign flagships that can be tasked by the unintentional degradation because of Maritime Administration to support electromagnetic radiation or response. It Department of Defense requirements when involves the application of sound necessary. Also called EUSCS. electromagnetic spectrum management; system, equipment, and device design ejection — (*) 1. Escape from an aircraft by configuration that ensures interference-free means of an independently propelled seat operation; and clear concepts and doctrines or capsule. 2. In air armament, the process that maximize operational effectiveness. of forcefully separating an aircraft store Also called EMC. See also from an aircraft to achieve satisfactory electromagnetic spectrum; electronic separation. warfare; spectrum management. ejection systems — (*) a. command electromagnetic deception — The deliberate ejection system — A system in which the radiation, re-radiation, alteration, pilot of an aircraft or the occupant of the suppression, absorption, denial, other ejection seat(s) initiates ejection enhancement, or reflection of resulting in the automatic ejection of all electromagnetic energy in a manner occupants. b. command select ejection intended to convey misleading information system — A system permitting the optional to an enemy or to enemy transfer from one crew station to another electromagnetic-dependent weapons, of the control of a command ejection system thereby degrading or neutralizing the for automatic ejection of all occupants. c. enemy’s combat capability. Among the independent ejection system — An types of electromagnetic deception are: a. ejection system which operates manipulative electromagnetic deception

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 — Actions to eliminate revealing, or against undesirable effects of convey misleading, electromagnetic telltale electromagnetic energy. See also electronic indicators that may be used by hostile warfare. forces; b. simulative electromagnetic deception — Actions to simulate friendly, electromagnetic interference — Any notional, or actual capabilities to mislead electromagnetic disturbance that interrupts, hostile forces; and c. imitative obstructs, or otherwise degrades or limits electromagnetic deception — The the effective performance of electronics and introduction of electromagnetic energy into electrical equipment. It can be induced enemy systems that imitates enemy intentionally, as in some forms of electronic emissions. See also electronic warfare. warfare, or unintentionally, as a result of spurious emissions and responses, electromagnetic environment — The intermodulation products, and the like. resulting product of the power and time Also called EMI. distribution, in various frequency ranges, of the radiated or conducted electromagnetic intrusion — The intentional electromagnetic emission levels that may insertion of electromagnetic energy into be encountered by a military force, system, transmission paths in any manner, with the or platform when performing its assigned objective of deceiving operators or of mission in its intended operational causing confusion. See also electronic environment. It is the sum of warfare. electromagnetic interference; electromagnetic pulse; hazards of electromagnetic jamming — The deliberate electromagnetic radiation to personnel, radiation, reradiation, or reflection of ordnance, and volatile materials; and natural electromagnetic energy for the purpose of phenomena effects of lightning and preventing or reducing an enemy’s effective precipitation static. Also called EME. use of the electromagnetic spectrum, and with the intent of degrading or neutralizing electromagnetic environmental effects — the enemy’s combat capability. See also The impact of the electromagnetic electromagnetic spectrum; electronic environment upon the operational warfare; spectrum management. capability of military forces, equipment, systems, and platforms. It encompasses all electromagnetic pulse — The electromagnetic disciplines, including electromagnetic radiation from a strong electromagnetic compatibility and electronic pulse, most commonly caused by electromagnetic interference; electromagnetic a nuclear explosion that may couple with vulnerability; electromagnetic pulse; electrical or electronic systems to produce electronic protection, hazards of damaging current and voltage surges. Also electromagnetic radiation to personnel, called EMP. See also electromagnetic ordnance, and volatile materials; and natural radiation. (JP 3-51) phenomena effects of lightning and precipitation static. Also called E3. electromagnetic radiation — Radiation made up of oscillating electric and magnetic electromagnetic hardening — Action taken fields and propagated with the speed of to protect personnel, facilities, and/or light. Includes gamma radiation, X-rays, equipment by filtering, attenuating, ultraviolet, visible, and infrared radiation, grounding, bonding, and/or shielding and radar and radio waves.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 electromagnetic radiation hazards — imagery products in other than real or near Hazards caused by transmitter or antenna real time. d. secondary imagery installation that generates electromagnetic dissemination — The electronic radiation in the vicinity of ordnance, transmission and receipt of exploited nonpersonnel, or fueling operations in excess original quality imagery and imagery of established safe levels or increases the products in other than real or near real time existing levels to a hazardous level; or a through a secondary imagery dissemination personnel, fueling, or ordnance installation system. located in an area that is illuminated by electromagnetic radiation at a level that is electronic intelligence — Technical and hazardous to the planned operations or geolocation intelligence derived from occupancy. Also called EMR hazards or foreign non-communications electromagnetic RADHAZ. radiations emanating from other than nuclear detonations or radioactive sources. electromagnetic spectrum — The range of Also called ELINT. See also electronic frequencies of electromagnetic radiation warfare; foreign instrumentation signals from zero to infinity. It is divided into 26 intelligence; intelligence; signals alphabetically designated bands. See also intelligence. (JP 2-01) electronic warfare. electronic line of sight — The path traversed electromagnetic vulnerability — The by electromagnetic waves that is not subject characteristics of a system that cause it to to reflection or refraction by the suffer a definite degradation (incapability atmosphere. to perform the designated mission) as a result of having been subjected to a certain electronic masking — (*) The controlled level of electromagnetic environmental radiation of electromagnetic energy on effects. Also called EMV. friendly frequencies in a manner to protect the emissions of friendly communications electronic attack — See electronic warfare. and electronic systems against enemy electronic warfare support measures/signals electronic imagery dissemination — The intelligence without significantly degrading transmission of imagery or imagery the operation of friendly systems. products by any electronic means. This includes the following four categories. a. electronic probing — Intentional radiation primary imagery dissemination system designed to be introduced into the devices — The equipment and procedures used in or systems of potential enemies for the the electronic transmission and receipt of purpose of learning the functions and un-exploited original or near-original operational capabilities of the devices or quality imagery in near real time. b. systems. primary imagery dissemination — The electronic transmission and receipt of electronic protection — See electronic unexploited original or near-original quality warfare. imagery in near real time through a primary imagery dissemination system. c. electronic reconnaissance — The detection, secondary imagery dissemination system location, identification, and evaluation of — The equipment and procedures used in foreign electromagnetic radiations. See the electronic transmission and receipt of also electromagnetic radiation; exploited non-original quality imagery and reconnaissance. (JP 3-51)

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 electronics security — The protection resulting from all measures designed to deny unauthorized persons information of value that might be derived from their interception and study of noncommunications electromagnetic radiations, e.g., radar. electronic warfare — Any military action involving the use of electromagnetic and directed energy to control the electromagnetic spectrum or to attack the enemy. Also called EW. The three major subdivisions within electronic warfare are: electronic attack, electronic protection, and electronic warfare support. a. electronic attack. That division of electronic warfare involving the use of electromagnetic energy, directed energy, or antiradiation weapons to attack personnel, facilities, or equipment with the intent of degrading, neutralizing, or destroying enemy combat capability and is considered a form of fires. Also called EA. EA includes: 1) actions taken to prevent or reduce an enemy’s effective use of the electromagnetic spectrum, such as jamming and electromagnetic deception, and 2) employment of weapons that use either electromagnetic or directed energy as their primary destructive mechanism (lasers, radio frequency weapons, particle beams). b. electronic protection. That division of electronic warfare involving passive and active means taken to protect personnel, facilities, and equipment from any effects of friendly or enemy employment of electronic warfare that degrade, neutralize, or destroy friendly combat capability. Also called EP. c. electronic warfare support. That division of electronic warfare involving actions tasked by, or under direct control of, an operational commander to search for, intercept, identify, and locate or localize sources of intentional and unintentional radiated electromagnetic energy for the purpose of immediate threat recognition, targeting, planning and conduct of future

operations. Thus, electronic warfare support provides information required for decisions involving electronic warfare operations and other tactical actions such as threat avoidance, targeting, and homing. Also called ES. Electronic warfare support data can be used to produce signals intelligence, provide targeting for electronic or destructive attack, and produce measurement and signature intelligence. See also directed energy; electromagnetic spectrum. (JP 3-51) electronic warfare frequency deconfliction — Actions taken to integrate those frequencies used by electronic warfare systems into the overall frequency deconfliction process. See also electronic warfare. (JP 3-51) electronic warfare reprogramming — The deliberate alteration or modification of electronic warfare (EW) or target sensing systems (TSS), or the tactics and procedures that employ them, in response to validated changes in equipment, tactics, or the electromagnetic environment. These changes may be the result of deliberate actions on the part of friendly, adversary or third parties; or may be brought about by electromagnetic interference or other inadvertent phenomena. The purpose of EW reprogramming is to maintain or enhance the effectiveness of EW and TSS equipment. EW reprogramming includes changes to self-defense systems, offensive weapons systems, and intelligence collection systems. See also electronic warfare. (JP 3-51) electronic warfare support — See electronic warfare. electro-optical intelligence — Intelligence other than signals intelligence derived from the optical monitoring of the electromagnetic spectrum from ultraviolet (0.01 micrometers) through far infrared

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sea, and air transportation, and be in accordance with the guidance of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

electro-optics — (*) The technology embarkation — (*) The process of putting associated with those components, devices personnel and/or vehicles and their and systems which are designed to interact associated stores and equipment into ships between the electromagnetic (optical) and and/or aircraft. See also loading. the electric (electronic) state. embarkation and tonnage table — A element set — Three lines of data which consolidated table showing personnel and define the location of a satellite in space. cargo, by troop or naval units, loaded aboard Also called ELSET. a combat-loaded ship. elements of national power — All the means embarkation area — (*) An area ashore, that are available for employment in the including a group of embarkation points, pursuit of national objectives. in which final preparations for embarkation are completed and through which assigned elevated causeway system — An elevated personnel and loads for craft and ships are causeway pier that provides a means of called forward to embark. See also delivering containers, certain vehicles, and mounting area. bulk cargo ashore without the lighterage contending with the surf zone. See also embarkation element (unit) (group) — A causeway. (JP 4-01.6) temporary administrative formation of personnel with supplies and equipment elevation — (*) The vertical distance of a embarking or to be embarked (combat point or level on or affixed to the surface of loaded) aboard the ships of one transport the Earth measured from mean sea level. element (unit) (group). It is dissolved upon See also altitude. completion of the embarkation. An embarkation element normally consists of elevation tint — See hypsometric tinting. two or more embarkation teams: a unit, of two or more elements; and a group, of two elicitation (intelligence) — Acquisition of or more units. See also embarkation information from a person or group in a organization; embarkation team. manner that does not disclose the intent of the interview or conversation. A technique embarkation officer — An officer on the of human source intelligence collection, staff of units of the landing force who generally overt, unless the collector is other advises the commander thereof on matters than he or she purports to be. pertaining to embarkation planning and loading ships. See also combat cargo eligible traffic — Traffic for which officer. movement requirements are submitted and space is assigned or allocated. Such traffic embarkation order — (*) An order must meet eligibility requirements specified specifying dates, times, routes, loading in Joint Travel Regulations for the diagrams, and methods of movement to Uniformed Services and publications of the shipside or aircraft for troops and their Department of Defense and Military equipment. See also movement table. Departments governing eligibility for land,

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 embarkation organization — A temporary emergency-essential employee — A administrative formation of personnel with Department of Defense civilian employee supplies and equipment embarking or to be whose assigned duties and responsibilities embarked (combat loaded) aboard must be accomplished following the amphibious shipping. See also evacuation of non-essential personnel embarkation element (unit) (group); (including dependents) during a declared embarkation team. emergency or outbreak of war. The position occupied cannot be converted to a military embarkation phase — In amphibious billet because it requires uninterrupted operations, the phase that encompasses the performance so as to provide immediate and orderly assembly of personnel and materiel continuing support for combat operations and their subsequent loading aboard ships and/or combat systems support functions. and/or aircraft in a sequence designed to See also evacuation. (JP 1-0) meet the requirements of the landing force concept of operations ashore. (JP 3-02.2) emergency interment — An interment, usually on the battlefield, when conditions embarkation plans — The plans prepared do not permit either evacuation for by the landing force and appropriate interment in an interment site or interment subordinate commanders containing according to national or international legal instructions and information concerning the regulations. See also group interment; organization for embarkation, assignment mortuary affairs; temporary interment; to shipping, supplies and equipment to be trench interment. (JP 4-06) embarked, location and assignment of embarkation areas, control and emergency locator beacon — (*) A generic communication arrangements, movement term for all radio beacons used for schedules and embarkation sequence, and emergency locating purposes. See also additional pertinent instructions relating to crash locator beacon; personal locator the embarkation of the landing force. beacon. (JP 3-02) emergency priority — A category of embarkation team — A temporary immediate mission request that takes administrative formation of all personnel precedence over all other priorities, e.g., an with supplies and equipment embarking or enemy breakthrough. See also immediate to be embarked (combat loaded) aboard one mission request; priority of immediate ship. See also embarkation element (unit) mission requests. (group); embarkation organization. emergency relocation site — A site located emergency anchorage — (*) An anchorage, where practicable outside a prime target which may have a limited defense area to which all or portions of a civilian or organization, for naval vessels, mobile military headquarters may be moved. As a support units, auxiliaries, or merchant ships. minimum, it is manned to provide for See also assembly anchorage; holding the maintenance of the facility, anchorage; working anchorage. communications, and database. It should be capable of rapid activation, of supporting emergency barrier — See aircraft arresting the initial requirements of the relocated barrier. headquarters for a predetermined period, and of expansion to meet wartime requirements of the relocated headquarters.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 emergency repair — The least amount of emission control orders — Orders used to immediate repair to damaged facilities authorize, control, or prohibit the use of necessary for the facilities to support the electronic emission equipment. Also called mission. These repairs will be made using EMCON orders. See also control of expedient materials and methods (such as electromagnetic radiation. AM-2 aluminum matting, cold-mix asphalt, plywood scabs, temporary utility lines, and emplacement — (*) 1. A prepared position emergency generators). Modular or for one or more weapons or pieces of kit-type facility substitutes would be equipment, for protection against hostile appropriate if repairs cannot be made in fire or bombardment, and from which they time to meet mission requirements. See also can execute their tasks. 2. The act of fixing facility substitutes. (JP 4-04) a gun in a prepared position from which it may be fired. emergency resupply — A resupply mission that occurs based on a predetermined set of employment — The strategic, operational, circumstances and time interval should or tactical use of forces. See also radio contact not be established or, once employment planning. (JP 5-0) established, is lost between a special operations tactical element and its base. See employment planning — Planning that also automatic resupply; on-call prescribes how to apply force and/or forces resupply. (JP 3-05.3) to attain specified military objectives. Employment planning concepts are emergency risk (nuclear) — A degree of risk developed by combatant commanders where anticipated effects may cause some through their component commanders. See temporary shock, casualties and may also employment. (JP 5-0) significantly reduce the unit’s combat efficiency. See also degree of risk; enabling mine countermeasures — negligible risk (nuclear). Countermeasures designed to counter mines once they have been laid. This emergency substitute — (*) A product includes both passive and active mine which may be used, in an emergency only, countermeasures. See also mine in place of another product, but only on the countermeasures. (JP 3-15) advice of technically qualified personnel of the nation using the product, who will encipher — To convert plain text into specify the limitations. unintelligible form by means of a cipher system. emission control — The selective and controlled use of electromagnetic, acoustic, end evening civil twilight — The time period or other emitters to optimize command and when the sun has dropped 6 degrees beneath control capabilities while minimizing, for the western horizon; it is the instant at which operations security: a. detection by enemy there is no longer sufficient light to see sensors; b. mutual interference among objects with the unaided eye. Light friendly systems; and/or c. enemy intensification devices are recommended interference with the ability to execute a from this time until begin morning civil military deception plan. Also called twilight. Also called EECT. EMCON. See also electronic warfare.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 end item — A final combination of end products, component parts, and/or materials that is ready for its intended use, e.g., ship, tank, mobile machine shop, or aircraft. end of evening nautical twilight — Occurs when the sun has dropped 12 degrees below the western horizon, and is the instant of last available daylight for the visual control of limited ground operations. At end of evening nautical twilight there is no further sunlight available. See also horizon. (JP 2-01.3)

the general courses of action open to the enemy, such as attack, defense, reinforcement, or withdrawal, but also all the particular courses of action possible under each general course of action. “Enemy capabilities” are considered in the light of all known factors affecting military operations, including time, space, weather, terrain, and the strength and disposition of enemy forces. In strategic thinking, the capabilities of a nation represent the courses of action within the power of the nation for accomplishing its national objectives throughout the range of military operations. See also capability; course of action; mission. (JP 2-01.3)

end of mission — In artillery, mortar, and naval gunfire support, an order given to terminate firing on a specific target. See also cease loading; call for fire; fire engage — (*) 1. In air defense, a fire control mission. order used to direct or authorize units and/ or weapon systems to fire on a designated end state — The set of required conditions target. See also cease engagement; hold that defines achievement of the fire. 2. (DOD only) To bring the enemy commander’s objectives. (JP 3-18) under fire.

endurance — (*) The time an aircraft can engagement — 1. In air defense, an attack continue flying, or a ground vehicle or ship with guns or air-to-air missiles by an can continue operating, under specified interceptor aircraft, or the launch of an air conditions, e.g., without refueling. See also defense missile by air defense artillery and endurance distance. the missile’s subsequent travel to intercept. 2. A tactical conflict, usually between endurance distance — (*) Total distance opposing lower echelons maneuver forces. that a ground vehicle or ship can be See also battle; campaign. self-propelled at any specified endurance speed. enlisted terminal attack controller — Tactical air party member who assists in endurance loading — The stocking aboard mission planning and provides final control ship for a period of time, normally covering of close air support aircraft in support of the number of months between overhauls, ground forces. Also called ETAC. See of items with all of the following also close air support; mission; terminal. characteristics: a. low price; b. low weight (JP 3-09.1) and cube; c. a predictable usage rate; and d. nondeteriorative. See also loading. en route care — The care required to maintain the phase treatment initiated prior to enemy capabilities — Those courses of evacuation and the sustainment of the action of which the enemy is physically patient’s medical condition during capable and that, if adopted, will affect evacuation. See also evacuation; patient. accomplishment of the friendly mission. (JP 4-02) The term “capabilities” includes not only

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 envelopment — (*) An offensive maneuver relations, and preserve valuable natural in which the main attacking force passes resources. around or over the enemy’s principal defensive positions to secure objectives to equipment — In logistics, all nonexpendable the enemy’s rear. See also turning items needed to outfit or equip an individual movement. or organization. See also assembly; component; subassembly; supplies. environmental cleanup — The process of removing solid, liquid, and hazardous equipment operationally ready — The wastes, except for unexploded ordnance, status of an item of equipment in the resulting from the joint operation of US possession of an operating unit that forces to a condition that approaches the indicates it is capable of fulfilling its one existing prior to operation as intended mission and in a system determined by the environmental baseline configuration that offers a high assurance survey, if one was conducted. The extent of an effective, reliable, and safe of this process will depend upon the performance. operational situation at the time that cleanup is accomplished. escalation — A deliberate or unpremeditated increase in scope or violence of a conflict. environmental considerations — The spectrum of environmental media, escapee — Any person who has been resources, or programs that may impact on, physically captured by the enemy and or are affected by, the planning and succeeds in getting free. See also evasion execution of military operations. Factors and escape. may include, but are not limited to, environmental compliance, pollution escape line — A planned route to allow prevention, conservation, protection of personnel engaged in clandestine activity historical and cultural sites, and protection to depart from a site or area when possibility of flora and fauna. (JP 3-34) of compromise or apprehension exists. environmental services — The various escape route — See evasion and escape combinations of scientific, technical, and route. advisory activities (including modification processes, i.e., the influence of manmade escort — (*) 1. A combatant unit(s) assigned and natural factors) required to acquire, to accompany and protect another force or produce, and supply information on the convoy. 2. Aircraft assigned to protect past, present, and future states of space, other aircraft during a mission. 3. An armed atmospheric, oceanographic, and terrestrial guard that accompanies a convoy, a train, surroundings for use in military planning prisoners, etc. 4. An armed guard and decisionmaking processes, or to modify accompanying persons as a mark of honor. those surroundings to enhance military 5. (DOD only) To convoy. 6. (DOD only) operations. A member of the Armed Forces assigned to accompany, assist, or guide an individual environmental stewardship — The or group, e.g., an escort officer. integration and application of environmental values into the military escort forces — Combat forces of various mission in order to sustain readiness, types provided to protect other forces improve quality of life, strengthen civil against enemy attack.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 espionage — The act of obtaining, delivering, adversary officials and intelligence systems transmitting, communicating, or receiving about specific friendly intentions, information about the national defense capabilities, and activities, so they can with an intent, or reason to believe, that obtain answers critical to their operational the information may be used to the injury effectiveness. Also called EEFI. of the United States or to the advantage o f any foreign nation. See also essential industry — Any industry necessary counterintelligence. (JP 2-01.2) to the needs of a civilian or war economy. The term includes the basic industries as espionage against the United States — well as the necessary portions of those other Overt, covert, or clandestine activity industries that transform the crude basic raw designed to obtain information relating to materials into useful intermediate or end the national defense with intent or reason products, e.g., the iron and steel industry, to believe that it will be used to the injury the food industry, and the chemical industry. of the United States or to the advantage of a foreign nation. For espionage crimes see essential secrecy — The condition achieved Chapter 37 of Title 18, United States Code. from the denial of critical information to adversaries. essential care — That care received within a theater that is dependent upon the mission, establishment — (*) An installation, together enemy, terrain, troops, time available, and with its personnel and equipment, organized other civilian considerations. It includes as an operating entity. See also activity; first responder care, forward resuscitative base; equipment. surgery, and en route care as well as treatment and hospitalization to return the estimate — 1. An analysis of a foreign patient to duty or to stabilize for movement situation, development, or trend that to a higher level of care. See also en route identifies its major elements, interprets the care; first responder phase; forward significance, and appraises the future resuscitative surgery; patient; theater. possibilities and the prospective results of (JP 4-02) the various actions that might be taken. 2. An appraisal of the capabilities, essential chemicals — In counterdrug vulnerabilities, and potential courses of operations, compounds that are required in action of a foreign nation or combination the synthetic or extraction processes of drug of nations in consequence of a specific production, but in most cases do not become national plan, policy, decision, or part of the drug molecule. Essential contemplated course of action. 3. An chemicals are used in the production of analysis of an actual or contemplated cocaine or heroin. (JP 3-07.4) clandestine operation in relation to the situation in which it is or would be essential communications traffic — conducted in order to identify and appraise Transmissions (record or voice) of any such factors as available as well as needed precedence that must be sent electrically in assets and potential obstacles, order for the command or activity accomplishments, and consequences. See concerned to avoid a serious impact on also intelligence estimate. mission accomplishment or safety or life. evacuation — 1. The process of moving any essential elements of friendly information person who is wounded, injured, or ill to — Key questions likely to be asked by and/or between medical treatment facilities.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 2. The clearance of personnel, animals, or evacuation policy — 1. Command decision materiel from a given locality. 3. The establishing the maximum number of days controlled process of collecting, classifying, that patients may be held within the and shipping unserviceable or abandoned command for treatment. Patients who, in materiel, US or foreign, to appropriate the opinion of responsible medical officers, reclamation, maintenance, technical cannot be returned to a duty status within intelligence, or disposal facilities. 4. The the period prescribed are evacuated by the ordered or authorized departure of first available means, provided the travel noncombatants from a specific area by involved will not aggravate their Department of State, Department of disabilities. 2. A command decision Defense, or appropriate military concerning the movement of civilians from commander. This refers to the movement the proximity of military operations for from one area to another in the same or security and safety reasons and involving different countries. The evacuation is the need to arrange for movement, caused by unusual or emergency reception, care, and control of such circumstances and applies equally to individuals. 3. Command policy command or non-command sponsored concerning the evacuation of unserviceable family members. See also evacuee; or abandoned materiel and including noncombatant evacuation operations. designation of channels and destinations for evacuated materiel, the establishment of evacuation control ship — (*) In an controls and procedures, and the amphibious operation, a ship designated as dissemination of condition standards and a control point for landing craft, amphibious disposition instructions. See also vehicles, and helicopters evacuating evacuation; patient. (JP 4-02) casualties from the beaches. Medical personnel embarked in the evacuation evacuee — A civilian removed from a place control ship effect distribution of casualties of residence by military direction for throughout the attack force in accordance reasons of personal security or the with ship’s casualty capacities and requirements of the military situation. See specialized medical facilities available, and also displaced person; expellee; refugee. also perform emergency surgery. evader — Any person isolated in hostile or evacuation convoy — (*) A convoy which unfriendly territory who eludes capture. is used for evacuation of dangerously exposed waters. See also evacuation of evaluation — In intelligence usage, appraisal dangerously exposed waters. of an item of information in terms of credibility, reliability, pertinence, and evacuation of dangerously exposed waters accuracy. — (*) The movement of merchant ships under naval control from severely evaluation agent — That command or threatened coastlines and dangerously agency designated in the program directive exposed waters to safer localities. See also to be responsible for the planning, dangerously exposed waters. coordination, and conduct of the required evaluation. The evaluation agent, normally evacuation of port equipment — (*) The the Joint Doctrine Center , J-7, identifies transfer of mobile/movable equipment from evaluation criteria and the media to be used, a threatened port to another port or to a develops a proposed evaluation directive, working anchorage. coordinates exercise-related evaluation

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 requirements with the sponsoring evasion and escape route — A course of commands, and provides required travel, preplanned or not, that an escapee evaluation reports to the Director, J-7 . See or evader uses in an attempt to depart enemy also joint doctrine; joint tactics, territory in order to return to friendly lines. techniques, and procedures; joint test publication. evasion and recovery — The full spectrum of coordinated actions carried out by evaluation and feedback — See intelligence evaders, recovery forces, and operational cycle. See also evaluation. (JP 2-0) recovery planners to effect the successful return of personnel isolated in hostile evasion — The process whereby individuals territory to friendly control. See also who are isolated in hostile or unfriendly evader; evasion; hostile; recovery force. territory avoid capture with the goal of (JP 3-50.3) successfully returning to areas under friendly control. See also evasion and evasion chart — Special map or chart recovery. (JP 3-50.3) designed as an evasion aid. See also evasion; evasion aid. (JP 3-50.3) evasion aid — In evasion and recovery operations, any piece of information or evasion plan of action — A course of action, equipment designed to assist an individual developed before executing a combat in evading capture. Evasion aids include, mission, that is intended to improve a but are not limited to, blood chits, potential evader’s chances of successful pointee-talkees, evasion charts, barter items, evasion and recovery by providing recovery and equipment designed to complement forces with an additional source of issued survival equipment. See also blood information that can increase the chit; evasion; evasion and recovery; predictability of the evader’s actions and evasion chart; pointee-talkee; recovery; movement. Also called EPA. See also recovery operations. (JP 3-50.3) course of action; evader; evasion; evasion and recovery; recovery force. (JP 3-50.3) evasion and escape — (*) The procedures and operations whereby military personnel event matrix — A description of the and other selected individuals are enabled indicators and activity expected to occur in to emerge from an enemy-held or hostile each named area of interest. It normally area to areas under friendly control. Also cross-references each named area of interest called E&E. and indicator with the times they are expected to occur and the courses of action evasion and escape intelligence — Processed they will confirm or deny. There is no information prepared to assist personnel to prescribed format. See also activity; area escape if captured by the enemy or to evade of interest; indicator. (JP 2-01.3) capture if lost in enemy-dominated territory. event template — A guide for collection evasion and escape net — The organization planning. The event template depicts the within enemy-held or hostile areas that named areas of interest where activity, or operates to receive, move, and exfiltrate its lack of activity, will indicate which military personnel or selected individuals course of action the adversary has adopted. to friendly control. See also See also activity; area of interest; unconventional warfare. collection planning; course of action. (JP 2-01.3)

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 exaggerated stereoscopy hyperstereoscopy.

—

See

groups to modify their behavior to meet the desires of the sanctioning body or face continued imposition of sanctions, or use or threat of force. (JP 3-07)

exceptional transport — (*) In railway terminology, transport of a load whose size, weight, or preparation entails special execute order — 1. An order issued by the difficulties vis-a-vis the facilities or Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, by equipment of even one of the railway the authority and at the direction of the systems to be used. See also ordinary Secretary of Defense, to implement a transport. National Command Authorities decision to initiate military operations. 2. An order to excess property — The quantity of property initiate military operations as directed. Also in possession of any component of the called EXORD. (JP 5-0) Department of Defense that exceeds the quantity required or authorized for retention executing commander (nuclear weapons) by that component. — A commander to whom nuclear weapons are released for delivery against specific exclusive economic zone — A maritime zone targets or in accordance with approved adjacent to the territorial sea that may not plans. See also commander(s); releasing extend beyond 200 nautical miles from the commander (nuclear weapons). baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured. Within the execution planning — The phase of the Joint exclusive economic zone (EEZ), the coastal Operation Planning and Execution System state has sovereign rights for the purpose crisis action planning process that provides of exploring, exploiting, conserving, and for the translation of an approved course of managing natural resources, both living and action into an executable plan of action nonliving, of the seabed, subsoil, and the through the preparation of a complete subjacent waters and, with regard to other operation plan or operation order. activities, for the economic exploitation and Execution planning is detailed planning for exploration of the zone (e.g., the production the commitment of specified forces and of energy from the water, currents, and resources. During crisis action planning, winds). Within the EEZ, the coastal state an approved operation plan or other has jurisdiction with regard to establishing National Command Authorities-approved and using artificial islands, installations, and course of action is adjusted, refined, and structures having economic purposes as translated into an operation order. well as for marine scientific research and Execution planning can proceed on the the protection and preservation of the basis of prior deliberate planning, or it can marine environment. Other states may, take place in the absence of prior planning. however, exercise traditional high seas Also called EP. See also Joint Operation freedoms of navigation, overflight, and Planning and Execution System. (JP 5-0) related freedoms, such as conducting military exercises in the EEZ. Also called executive agent — A term used to indicate a EEZ. delegation of authority by the Secretary of Defense to a subordinate to act on the exclusion zone — A zone established by a Secretary’s behalf. An agreement between sanctioning body to prohibit specific equals does not create an executive agent. activities in a specific geographic area. The For example, a Service cannot become a purpose may be to persuade nations or Department of Defense executive agent for

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 a particular matter with simply the indicating devices to show where and when agreement of the other Services; such it would normally fire. See also drill mine; authority must be delegated by the mine; practice mine. Secretary of Defense. Designation as executive agent, in and of itself, confers no exercise specifications — (*) The authority. The exact nature and scope of fundamental requirements for an exercise, the authority delegated must be stated in providing in advance an outline of the the document designating the executive concept, form, scope, setting, aim, agent. An executive agent may be limited objectives, force requirements, political to providing only administration and implications, analysis arrangements, and support or coordinating common functions, costs. or it may be delegated authority, direction, and control over specified resources for exercise sponsor — (*) The commander who specified purposes. Also called EA. See conceives a particular exercise and orders also agent. (JP 0-2) that it be planned and executed either by the commander’s staff or by a subordinate exercise — A military maneuver or simulated headquarters. wartime operation involving planning, preparation, and execution. It is carried out exercise study — (*) An activity which may for the purpose of training and evaluation. take the form of a map exercise, a war game, It may be a multinational, joint, or singlea series of lectures, a discussion group, or Service exercise, depending on an operational analysis. participating organizations. See also command post exercise; field exercise; exercise term — A combination of two maneuver. words, normally unclassified, used exclusively to designate a test, drill, or exercise directing staff — (*) A group of exercise. An exercise term is employed to officers who by virtue of experience, preclude the possibility of confusing qualifications, and a thorough knowledge exercise directives with actual operations of the exercise instructions, are selected to directives. direct or control an exercise. exfiltration — The removal of personnel or exercise filled mine — (*) In naval mine units from areas under enemy control by warfare, a mine containing an inert filling stealth, deception, surprise, or clandestine and an indicating device. See also means. See also special operations; explosive filled mine; fitted mine; mine. unconventional warfare. exercise incident — (*) An occurrence existence load — Consists of items other than injected by directing staffs into the exercise those in the fighting load that are required which will have an effect on the forces being to sustain or protect the combat soldier. exercised, or their facilities, and which will These items may be necessary for increased require action by the appropriate personal and environmental protection and commander and/or staff being exercised. are not normally carried by the individual. See also fighting load. exercise mine — (*) In naval mine warfare, a mine suitable for use in mine warfare exoatmosphere — See nuclear exercises, fitted with visible or audible exoatmospheric burst.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 expedition — A military operation conducted by an armed force to accomplish a specific objective in a foreign country. (JP 3-0)

or area is subjected to minehunting procedures to determine the presence or absence of mines.

expeditionary force — An armed force explosive filled mine — (*) In mine warfare, organized to accomplish a specific objective a mine containing an explosive charge but in a foreign country. not necessarily the firing train needed to detonate it. See also exercise filled mine; expellee — A civilian outside the boundaries fitted mine. of the country of his or her nationality or ethnic origin who is being forcibly explosive ordnance — (*) All munitions repatriated to that country or to a third containing explosives, nuclear fission or country for political or other purposes. See fusion materials, and biological and also displaced person; evacuee; refugee. chemical agents. This includes bombs and warheads; guided and ballistic missiles; expendable property — Property that may artillery, mortar, rocket, and small arms be consumed in use or loses its identity in ammunition; all mines, torpedoes, and use and may be dropped from stock record depth charges; demolition charges; accounts when it is issued or used. pyrotechnics; clusters and dispensers; cartridge and propellant actuated devices; expendable supplies and materiel — electro-explosive devices; clandestine and Supplies that are consumed in use, such as improvised explosive devices; and all ammunition, paint, fuel, cleaning and similar or related items or components preserving materials, surgical dressings, explosive in nature. drugs, medicines, etc., or that lose their identity, such as spare parts, etc. Also called explosive ordnance disposal — (*) The consumable supplies and materiel. detection, identification, on-site evaluation, rendering safe, recovery, and final disposal exploder — (*) A device designed to of unexploded explosive ordnance. It may generate an electric current in a firing circuit also include explosive ordnance which has after deliberate action by the user in order become hazardous by damage or to initiate an explosive charge or charges. deterioration. Also called EOD. exploitation — (*) 1. (DOD only) Taking explosive ordnance disposal incident — (*) full advantage of success in military The suspected or detected presence of operations, following up initial gains, and unexploded or damaged explosive making permanent the temporary effects ordnance which constitutes a hazard to already achieved. 2. Taking full advantage operations, installations, personnel, or of any information that has come to hand material. Not included in this definition for tactical, operational, or strategic are the accidental arming or other purposes. 3. An offensive operation that conditions that develop during the usually follows a successful attack and is manufacture of high explosive material, designed to disorganize the enemy in depth. technical service assembly operations or the See also attack; pursuit. laying of mines and demolition charges. exploratory hunting — (*) In naval mine explosive ordnance disposal procedures — warfare, a parallel operation to search (*) Those particular courses or modes of sweeping, in which a sample of the route action taken by explosive ordnance disposal

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 personnel for access to, diagnosis, rendering extended communications search — In safe, recovery, and final disposal of search and rescue operations, consists of explosive ordnance or any hazardous contacting all possible sources of material associated with an explosive information on the missing craft, including ordnance disposal incident. a. access physically checking possible locations such procedures — Those actions taken to as harbors, marinas, and airport ramps. An locate exactly and gain access to extended communications search is unexploded explosive ordnance. b. normally conducted after a preliminary diagnostic procedures — Those actions communications search has yielded no taken to identify and evaluate unexploded results and when the mission is upgraded explosive ordnance. c. render safe to the alert phase. Also called EXCOM. procedures — The portion of the explosive See also preliminary communications ordnance disposal procedures involving the search; search and rescue incident application of special explosive ordnance classification, Subpart b. disposal methods and tools to provide for the interruption of functions or separation extent of a military exercise — (*) The scope of essential components of unexploded of an exercise in relation to the involvement explosive ordnance to prevent an of NATO and/or national commands. See unacceptable detonation. d. recovery also intra-command exercise. procedures — Those actions taken to recover unexploded explosive ordnance. e. extent of damage — The visible plan area of final disposal procedures — The final damage to a target element, usually disposal of explosive ordnance which may expressed in units of 1,000 square feet, in include demolition or burning in place, detailed damage analysis and in removal to a disposal area, or other approximate percentages in immediate-type appropriate means. damage assessment reports; e.g., 50 percent structural damage. explosive ordnance disposal unit — Personnel with special training and external audience — All people who are not equipment who render explosive ordnance part of the internal audience of US military safe (such as bombs, mines, projectiles, and members and civilian employees and their booby traps), make intelligence reports on immediate families. Part of the concept of such ordnance, and supervise the safe “publics.” Includes many varied subsets removal thereof. that may be referred to as “audiences” or “publics.” See also internal audience; explosive train — (*) A succession of public. initiating and igniting elements arranged to cause a charge to function. external reinforcing force — (*) A reinforcing force which is principally exposure dose — (*) The exposure dose at a stationed in peacetime outside its intended given point is a measurement of radiation Major NATO Command area of operations. in relation to its ability to produce ionization. The unit of measurement of the external support contractors — US national exposure dose is the roentgen. or third party contract personnel hired from outside the operational area. See also exposure station — See air station. systems support contractors; theater support contractors. (JP 4-07)

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 extraction parachute — An auxiliary extraction zone — (*) A specified drop zone parachute designed to release and extract used for the delivery of supplies and/or and deploy cargo from aircraft in flight and equipment by means of an extraction deploy cargo parachutes. See also gravity technique from an aircraft flying very close extraction. to the ground.

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F fabricator — Individuals or groups who, result of a nuclear weapon detonation. See without genuine resources, invent also types of burst. information or inflate or embroider over news for personal gain or for political fallout wind vector plot — (*) A wind vector purposes. diagram based on the wind structure from the surface of the Earth to the highest facility — A real property entity consisting altitude of interest. of one or more of the following: a building, a structure, a utility system, pavement, and false origin — (*) A fixed point to the south underlying land. See also air facility. and west of a grid zone from which grid distances are measured eastward and facility substitutes — Items such as tents and northward. prepackaged structures requisitioned through the supply system that may be used fan camera photography — (*) to substitute for constructed facilities. Photography taken simultaneously by an (JP 4-04) assembly of three or more cameras systematically installed at fixed angles fairway — A channel either from offshore, relative to each other so as to provide wide in a river, or in a harbor that has enough lateral coverage with overlapping images. depth to accommodate the draft of large See also tri-camera photography. vessels. See also draft; watercraft. (JP 4-01.6) fan cameras — (*) An assembly of three or more cameras systematically disposed at fallout — The precipitation to Earth of fixed angles relative to each other so as to radioactive particulate matter from a nuclear provide wide lateral coverage with cloud; also applied to the particulate matter overlapping images. See also split itself. cameras. fallout contours — (*) Lines joining points fan marker beacon — (*) A type of radio which have the same radiation intensity that beacon, the emissions of which radiate in a define a fallout pattern, represented in terms vertical, fan-shaped pattern. The signal can of roentgens per hour. be keyed for identification purposes. See also radio beacon. fallout pattern — (*) The distribution of fallout as portrayed by fallout contours. farm gate type operations — Operational assistance and specialized tactical training fallout prediction — An estimate, made provided to a friendly foreign air force by before and immediately after a nuclear the Armed Forces of the United States to detonation, of the location and intensity of include, under certain specified conditions, militarily significant quantities of the flying of operational missions in combat radioactive fallout. by combined United States and foreign aircrews as a part of the training being given fallout safe height of burst — The height of when such missions are beyond the burst at or above which no militarily capability of the foreign air force. significant fallout will be reproduced as a

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 feasibility — Operation plan review criterion. management, and engineering support of The determination as to whether the the foregoing. assigned tasks could be accomplished by using available resources. See also federal transport agencies — See acceptability; adequacy. transportation operating agencies. feasibility assessment — A basic target feint — In military deception, an offensive analysis that provides an initial action involving contact with the adversary determination of the viability of a proposed conducted for the purpose of deceiving the target for special operations forces adversary as to the location and/or time of employment. Also called FA. (JP 3-05.5) the actual main offensive action. (JP 3-58) feasibility test — An operation plan review fender — An object, usually made of rope or criteria to determine whether or not a plan rubber, hung over the side of a vessel to is within the capacity of the resources that protect the sides from damage caused by can be made available. See also logistic impact with wharves or other craft. (JP 4-01.6) implications test. ferret — An aircraft, ship, or vehicle federal coordinating officer — Appointed especially equipped for the detection, by the Director of the Federal Emergency location, recording, and analyzing of Management Agency, on behalf of the electromagnetic radiation. President, to coordinate federal assistance to a state affected by a disaster or F-hour — See times. emergency. The source and level of the federal coordinating officer will likely field army — Administrative and tactical depend on the nature of the federal response. organization composed of a headquarters, Also called FCO. (JP 3-08) certain organic Army troops, service support troops, a variable number of corps, federal modal agencies — See and a variable number of divisions. See transportation operating agencies. also Army corps. federal service — A term applied to National field artillery — Equipment, supplies, Guard members and units when called to ammunition, and personnel involved in the active duty to serve the Federal Government use of cannon, rocket, or surface-to-surface under Article I, Section 8 and Article II, missile launchers. Field artillery cannons Section 2 of the Constitution and the US are classified according to caliber as Code, title 10 (Department of Defense), follows. sections 12401 to 12408. See also active Light — 120mm and less. duty; Reserve Components. (JP 4-05) Medium — 121-160mm. Heavy — 161-210mm. federal supply class management — Those Very heavy — greater than 210mm. functions of materiel management that can Also called FA. See also direct support best be accomplished by federal supply artillery; general support artillery. classification, such as cataloging, characteristic screening, standardization, field artillery observer — A person who interchangeability and substitution watches the effects of artillery fire, adjusts grouping, multi-item specification the center of impact of that fire onto a target,

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 and reports the results to the firing agency. See also naval gunfire spotting team; spotter.

warfare skills. Also called FTX. See also exercise; maneuver.

fighter cover — (*) The maintenance of a field exercise — (*) An exercise conducted number of fighter aircraft over a specified in the field under simulated war conditions area or force for the purpose of repelling in which troops and armament of one side hostile air activities. See also airborne are actually present, while those of the other alert; cover. side may be imaginary or in outline. See also command post exercise. fighter engagement zone — See weapon engagement zone. field fortifications — (*) An emplacement or shelter of a temporary nature which can fighter sweep — (*) An offensive mission be constructed with reasonable facility by by fighter aircraft to seek out and destroy units requiring no more than minor engineer enemy aircraft or targets of opportunity in supervisory and equipment participation. an allotted area of operations. field headquarters — See command post. field of fire — (*) The area which a weapon or a group of weapons may cover effectively with fire from a given position.

fighting load — Consists of items of individual clothing, equipment, weapons, and ammunition that are carried by and are essential to the effectiveness of the combat soldier and the accomplishment of the immediate mission of the unit when the soldier is on foot. See also existence load.

field of view — (*) 1. In photography, the angle between two rays passing through the perspective center (rear nodal point) of a filler — A substance carried in an ammunition camera lens to the two opposite sides of container such as a projectile, mine, bomb, the format. Not to be confused with “angle or grenade. A filler may be an explosive, of view.” 2. The total solid angle available chemical, or inert substance. to the gunner when looking through the gunsight. Also called FOV. filler personnel — Individuals of suitable grade and skill initially required to bring a field of vision — (*) The total solid angle unit or organization to its authorized available to the gunner from his or her strength. normal position. See also field of view. film badge — (*) A photographic film packet field press censorship — The security review to be carried by personnel, in the form of a of news material subject to the jurisdiction badge, for measuring and permanently of the Armed Forces of the United States, recording (usually) gamma-ray dosage. including all information or material intended for dissemination to the public. filter — (*) In electronics, a device which Also called FPC. See also censorship. transmits only part of the incident energy and may thereby change the spectral field training exercise — An exercise in distribution of energy: a. High pass filters which actual forces are used to train transmit energy above a certain frequency; commanders, staffs, and individual units in b. Low pass filters transmit energy below basic, intermediate, and advanced-level a certain frequency; c. Band pass filters

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 transmit energy of a certain bandwidth; d. Band stop filters transmit energy outside a specific frequency band.

designed to impede enemy movement across defensive lines or areas.

finance operations — The execution of the final approach — (*) That part of an joint finance mission to provide financial instrument approach procedure in which advice and guidance, support of the alignment and descent for landing are procurement process, providing pay accomplished. a. In a non-precision support, and providing disbursing support. approach it normally begins at the final See also financial management. (JP 1-06) approach fix or point and ends at the missed approach point or fix. b. In a precision financial management — Financial approach the final approach commences at management encompasses the two core the glide path intercept point and ends at processes of resource management and the decision height/altitude. finance operations. Also called FM. See also finance operations; resource final bearing — The magnetic bearing management operations. (JP 1-06) assigned by an air operations center, helicopter direction center, or carrier air financial property accounting — The traffic control center for final approach; an establishment and maintenance of property extension of the landing area centerline. See accounts in monetary terms; the rendition also air operations center; final of property reports in monetary terms. approach; helicopter direction center. (JP 3-04.1) fire — (*) 1. The command given to discharge a weapon(s). 2. To detonate the final destination — (*) In naval control of main explosive charge by means of a firing shipping, the final destination of a convoy system. See also barrage fire; call fire; or of an individual ship (whether in convoy counterfire; counterpreparation fire; or independent) irrespective of whether or covering fire; destruction fire; direct fire; not routing instructions have been issued. direct supporting fire; distributed fire; grazing fire; harassing fire; indirect fire; final disposal procedures — See explosive neutralization fire; observed fire; ordnance disposal procedures. preparation fire; radar fire; registration fire; scheduled fire; searching fire; final governing standards — A supporting fire; suppressive fire. comprehensive set of country-specific substantive environmental provisions, fireball — (*) The luminous sphere of hot typically technical limitations on effluent, gases which forms a few millionths of a discharges, etc., or a specific management second after detonation of a nuclear weapon practice. (JP 3-34) and immediately starts expanding and cooling. final plan — (*) A plan for which drafts have been coordinated and approved and fire barrage (specify) — An order to deliver which has been signed by or on behalf of a a prearranged barrier of fire. Specification competent authority. See also operation of the particular barrage may be by code plan. name, numbering system, unit assignment, or other designated means. final protective fire — (*) An immediately available prearranged barrier of fire

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 fire capabilities chart — (*) A chart, usually fire plan — (*) A tactical plan for using the in the form of an overlay, showing the areas weapons of a unit or formation so that their which can be reached by the fire of the bulk fire will be coordinated. of the weapons of a unit. firepower — (*) 1. The amount of fire which fire control — (*) The control of all may be delivered by a position, unit, or operations in connection with the weapon system. 2. Ability to deliver fire. application of fire on a target. fires — The effects of lethal or nonlethal fire control radar — (*) Radar used to weapons. (JP 3-09) provide target information inputs to a weapon fire control system. fire storm — (*) Stationary mass fire, generally in built-up urban areas, generating fire control system — (*) A group of strong, inrushing winds from all sides; the interrelated fire control equipments and/or winds keep the fires from spreading while instruments designed for use with a weapon adding fresh oxygen to increase their or group of weapons. intensity. fire coordination — See fire support fire support — Fires that directly support coordination. land, maritime, amphibious, and special operation forces to engage enemy forces, fire direction center — That element of a combat formations, and facilities in pursuit command post, consisting of gunnery and of tactical and operational objectives. See communications personnel and equipment, also fires. (JP 3-09) by means of which the commander exercises fire direction and/or fire control. fire support area — An appropriate The fire direction center receives target maneuver area assigned to fire support ships intelligence and requests for fire, and by the naval force commander from which translates them into appropriate fire they can deliver gunfire support to an direction. The fire direction center provides amphibious operation. Also called FSA. timely and effective tactical and technical See also amphibious operation; fire fire control in support of current operations. support; naval support area. (JP 3-09) Also called FDC. fire support coordinating measure — A fire for effect — That volume of fires measure employed by land or amphibious delivered on a target to achieve the desired commanders to facilitate the rapid effect. Also called FFE. See also final engagement of targets and simultaneously protective fire; fire mission; neutralize; provide safeguards for friendly forces. See suppression. also fire support coordination. (JP 3-0) fire message — See call for fire.

fire support coordination — (*) The planning and executing of fire so that targets fire mission — (*) 1. Specific assignment are adequately covered by a suitable given to a fire unit as part of a definite plan. weapon or group of weapons. 2. Order used to alert the weapon/battery area and indicate that the message following fire support coordination center — A single is a call for fire. location in which are centralized

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 communications facilities and personnel incident to the coordination of all forms of fire support. Also called FSCC. See also fire; fire support; fire support coordination; support; supporting arms coordination center. (JP 3-09.1) fire support coordination line — A fire support coordinating measure that is established and adjusted by appropriate land or amphibious force commanders within their boundaries in consultation with superior, subordinate, supporting, and affected commanders. Fire support coordination lines (FSCLs) facilitate the expeditious attack of surface targets of opportunity beyond the coordinating measure. An FSCL does not divide an area of operations by defining a boundary between close and deep operations or a zone for close air support. The FSCL applies to all fires of air, land, and sea-based weapons systems using any type of ammunition. Forces attacking targets beyond an FSCL must inform all affected commanders in sufficient time to allow necessary reaction to avoid fratricide. Supporting elements attacking targets beyond the FSCL must ensure that the attack will not produce adverse attacks on, or to the rear of, the line. Short of an FSCL, all air-to-ground and surface-to-surface attack operations are controlled by the appropriate land or amphibious force commander. The FSCL should follow well-defined terrain features. Coordination of attacks beyond the FSCL is especially critical to commanders of air, land, and special operations forces. In exceptional circumstances, the inability to conduct this coordination will not preclude the attack of targets beyond the FSCL. However, failure to do so may increase the risk of fratricide and could waste limited resources. Also called FSCL. See also fires; fire support. (JP 3-0) fire support element — That portion of the force tactical operations center at every

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echelon above company or troop (to corps) that is responsible for targeting coordination and for integrating fires delivered on surface targets by fire-support means under the control, or in support, of the force. Also called FSE. See also fire; fire support; force; support. (JP 3-09.1) fire support group — (*) A temporary grouping of ships under a single commander charged with supporting troop operations ashore by naval gunfire. A fire support group may be further subdivided into fire support units and fire support elements. fire support officer — Senior field artillery officer assigned to Army maneuver battalions and brigades. Advises commander on fire-support matters. Also called FSO. See also field artillery; fire; fire support; support. (JP 3-09.1) fire support station — An exact location at sea within a fire support area from which a fire support ship delivers fire. fire support team — An Army team provided by the field artillery component to each maneuver company and troop to plan and coordinate all indirect fire means available to the unit, including mortars, field artillery, close air support, and naval gunfire. Also called FIST. See also close air support; field artillery; fire; fire support; support. (JP 3-09.1) firing area — (*) In a sweeper-sweep combination it is the horizontal area at the depth of a particular mine in which the mine will detonate. The firing area has exactly the same dimensions as the interception area but will lie astern of it unless the mine detonates immediately when actuated. firing chart — Map, photo map, or grid sheet showing the relative horizontal and vertical positions of batteries, base points, base point

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 lines, check points, targets, and other details fission to yield ratio — (*) The ratio of the needed in preparing firing data. yield derived from nuclear fission to the total yield; it is frequently expressed in firing circuit — (*) 1. In land operations, percent. an electrical circuit and/or pyrotechnic loop designed to detonate connected charges fitted mine — (*) In naval mine warfare, a from a firing point. 2. In naval mine mine containing an explosive charge, a warfare, that part of a mine circuit which primer, detonator, and firing system. See either completes the detonator circuit or also exercise filled mine; explosive filled operates a ship counter. mine. firing mechanism — See firing circuit.

fix — (*) A position determined from terrestrial, electronic, or astronomical data.

firing point — (*) That point in the firing circuit where the device employed to initiate fixed ammunition — (*) Ammunition in the detonation of the charges is located. which the cartridge case is permanently Also called FP. attached to the projectile. See also munition. firing system — In demolition, a system composed of elements designed to fire the fixed capital property — 1. Assets of a main charge or charges. permanent character having continuing value. 2. As used in military first light — The beginning of morning establishments, includes real estate and nautical twilight; i.e., when the center of equipment installed or in use, either in the morning sun is 12 degrees below the productive plants or in field operations. horizon. Synonymous with fixed assets. first responder phase — A phase of medical fixed medical treatment facility — (*) A care in which health care providers’ focus medical treatment facility which is designed is to save life and limb and stabilize the to operate for an extended period of time at patient sufficiently to withstand evacuation a specific site. to the next level of care. This first response may include first aid (self-aid and buddy fixed port — Water terminals with an aid, combat lifesavers) or medical improved network of cargo-handling assistance by combat medics, hospital facilities designed for the transfer of corpsmen, physician assistants, or oceangoing freight. See also water physicians. See also essential care; terminal. (JP 4-01.5) evacuation; patient. (JP 4-02) fixed price incentive contract — A fixed first strike — The first offensive move of a price type of contract with provision for the war. (Generally associated with nuclear adjustment of profit and price by a formula operations.) based on the relationship that final negotiated total cost bears to negotiated fission products — (*) A general term for target cost as adjusted by approved changes. the complex mixture of substances produced as a result of nuclear fission.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 fixed price type contract — A type of stationary force to protect it from enemy contract that generally provides for a firm ground observation, direct fire, and surprise price or, under appropriate circumstances, attack. may provide for an adjustable price for the supplies or services being procured. Fixed flanking attack — (*) An offensive price contracts are of several types so maneuver directed at the flank of an enemy. designed as to facilitate proper pricing See also frontal attack. under varying circumstances. flare — (*) The change in the flight path of fixed station patrol — (*) One in which each an aircraft so as to reduce the rate of descent scout maintains station relative to an for touchdown. assigned point on a barrier line while searching the surrounding area. Scouts are flare dud — A nuclear weapon that, when not stationary but remain underway and launched at a target, detonates with patrol near the center of their assigned anticipated yield but at an altitude stations. A scout is a surface ship, appreciably greater than intended. This is submarine, or aircraft. not a dud insofar as yield is concerned, but it is a dud with respect to the effects on the fixer system — See fixer network. target and the normal operation of the weapon. flag days (red or green) — Red flag days are those during which movement flash blindness — (*) Impairment of vision requirements cannot be met; green flag days resulting from an intense flash of light. It are those during which the requisite amount includes temporary or permanent loss of or a surplus of transportation capability visual functions and may be associated with exists. retinal burns. See also dazzle. flag officer — A term applied to an officer flash burn — (*) A burn caused by excessive holding the rank of general, lieutenant exposure (of bare skin) to thermal radiation. general, major general, or brigadier general in the US Army, Air Force or Marine Corps flash message — A category of precedence or admiral, vice admiral, or rear admiral in reserved for initial enemy contact messages the US Navy or Coast Guard. or operational combat messages of extreme urgency. Brevity is mandatory. See also flame field expedients — Simple, handmade precedence. devices used to produce flame or illumination. Also called FFE. (JP 3-15) flash ranging — Finding the position of the burst of a projectile or of an enemy gun by flame thrower — (*) A weapon that projects observing its flash. incendiary fuel and has provision for ignition of this fuel. flash report — Not to be used. See inflight report. flammable cargo — See inflammable cargo. flash suppressor — (*) Device attached to the muzzle of the weapon which reduces flank guard — (*) A security element the amount of visible light or flash created operating to the flank of a moving or by burning propellant gases.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 flash-to-bang time — (*) The time from light being first observed until the sound of the nuclear detonation is heard. flatrack — Portable, open-topped, open-sided units that fit into existing below-deck container cell guides and provide a capability for container ships to carry oversized cargo and wheeled and tracked vehicles. (JP 4-01.7)

a US fleet and has the status of a type command. Also called FMF. flexible deterrent option — A planning construct intended to facilitate early decision by laying out a wide range of interrelated response paths that begin with deterrent-oriented options carefully tailored to send the right signal. The flexible deterrent option is the means by which the various deterrent options available to a commander (such as economic, diplomatic, political, and military measures) are implemented into the planning process. Also called FDO. See also deterrent options. (JP 4-05.1)

flatted cargo — Cargo placed in the bottom of the holds, covered with planks and dunnage, and held for future use. Flatted cargo usually has room left above it for the loading of vehicles that may be moved without interfering with the flatted cargo. Frequently, flatted cargo serves in lieu of flexible response — The capability of ballast. Sometimes called understowed military forces for effective reaction to any cargo. enemy threat or attack with actions appropriate and adaptable to the fleet — An organization of ships, aircraft, circumstances existing. Marine forces, and shore-based fleet activities all under the command of a flight — 1. In Navy and Marine Corps usage, commander or commander in chief who a specified group of aircraft usually engaged may exercise operational as well as in a common mission. 2. The basic tactical administrative control. See also major unit in the Air Force, consisting of four or fleet; numbered fleet. more aircraft in two or more elements. 3. A single aircraft airborne on a fleet ballistic missile submarine — A nonoperational mission. nuclear-powered submarine designed to deliver ballistic missile attacks against flight advisory — A message dispatched to assigned targets from either a submerged aircraft in flight or to interested stations to or surfaced condition. Designated as advise of any deviation or irregularity. SSBN. flight deck — 1. In certain airplanes, an fleet in being — A fleet (force) that avoids elevated compartment occupied by the crew decisive action, but, because of its strength for operating the airplane in flight. 2. The and location, causes or necessitates counterupper deck of an aircraft carrier that serves concentrations and so reduces the number as a runway. of opposing units available for operations elsewhere. flight following — (*) The task of maintaining contact with specified aircraft Fleet Marine Force — A balanced force of for the purpose of determining en route combined arms comprising land, air, and progress and/or flight termination. service elements of the US Marine Corps. A Fleet Marine Force is an integral part of

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 flight information center — (*) A unit flight readiness firing — A missile system established to provide flight information test of short duration conducted with the service and alerting service. propulsion system operating while the missile is secured to the launcher. Such a flight information region — (*) An airspace test is performed to determine the readiness of defined dimensions within which flight of the missile system and launch facilities information service and alerting service are prior to flight test. provided. Also called FIR. See also air traffic control center; area control center. flight surgeon — (*) A physician specially trained in aviator medical practice whose flight information service — (*) A service primary duty is the medical examination provided for the purpose of giving advice and medical care of aircrew. and information useful for the safe and efficient conduct of flights. Also called FIS. flight test — (*) Test of an aircraft, rocket, missile, or other vehicle by actual flight or flight levels — (*) Surfaces of constant launching. Flight tests are planned to atmospheric pressure which are related to achieve specific test objectives and gain a specific pressure datum, 1013.2 mb (29.92 operational information. in), and are separated by specific pressure intervals. (Flight levels are expressed in flight visibility — The average forward three digits that represent hundreds of feet; horizontal distance from the cockpit of an e.g., flight level 250 represents a barometric aircraft in flight at which prominent altimeter indication of 25,000 feet and flight unlighted objects may be seen and identified level 255 is an indication of 25,500 feet.) by day and prominent lighted objects may be seen and identified by night. flight path — (*) The line connecting the successive positions occupied, or to be floating base support — (*) A form of occupied, by an aircraft, missile, or space logistic support in which supplies, repairs, vehicle as it moves through air or space. maintenance, and other services are provided in harbor or at an anchorage for flight plan — (*) Specified information operating forces from ships. provided to air traffic services units relative to an intended flight or portion of a flight floating craft company — A company-sized of an aircraft. unit made up of various watercraft teams such as tugs, barges, and barge cranes. See flight plan correlation — A means of also watercraft. (JP 4-01.6) identifying aircraft by association with known flight plans. floating dump — Emergency supplies preloaded in landing craft, amphibious flight profile — Trajectory, or its graphic vehicles, or in landing ships. Floating representation, followed by its altitude, dumps are located in the vicinity of the speed, distance flown, and maneuver. appropriate control officer, who directs their landing as requested by the troop flight quarters — A ship configuration that commander concerned. (JP 3-02) assigns and stations personnel at critical positions to conduct safe flight operations. floating mine — (*) In naval mine warfare, (JP 3-04.1) a mine visible on the surface. See also free mine; mine; watching mine.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 floating reserve — (*) In an amphibious units. See also resupply; routine supplies; operation, reserve troops which remain supplies. (JP 3-17) embarked until needed. See also general reserve. footprint — 1. The area on the surface of the earth within a satellite’s transmitter or flooder — (*) In naval mine warfare, a device sensor field of view. 2. The amount of fitted to a buoyant mine which, on operation personnel, spares, resources, and after a preset time, floods the mine case and capabilities physically present and causes it to sink to the bottom. occupying space at a deployed location. flotation — (*) The capability of a vehicle force — 1. An aggregation of military to float in water. personnel, weapon systems, equipment, and necessary support, or combination thereof. fly-in echelon — Includes the balance of the 2. A major subdivision of a fleet. (JP 0-2) initial assault force, not included in the assault echelon, and some aviation support force activity designators — Numbers used equipment. Also called FIE. (JP 4-01.2) in conjunction with urgency of need designators to establish a matrix of priorities foam path — A path of fire extinguisher foam used for supply requisitions. Defines the laid on a runway to assist aircraft in an relative importance of the unit to emergency landing. accomplish the objectives of the Department of Defense. Also called FADs. follow-up — In amphibious operations, the See also force. (JP 4-09) reinforcements and stores carried on transport ships and aircraft (not originally force beddown — The provision of expedient part of the amphibious force) that are facilities for troop support to provide a offloaded after the assault and assault platform for the projection of force. These follow-on echelons have been landed. See facilities may include modular or kit-type also amphibious operation; assault; facility substitutes. See also facility assault follow-on echelon. (JP 3-02) substitutes. (JP 4-04) follow-up echelon — (*) In air transport force closure — The point in time when a operations, elements moved into the supported joint force commander objective area after the assault echelon. determines that sufficient personnel and equipment resources are in the assigned follow-up shipping — Ships not originally a operational area to carry out assigned tasks. part of the amphibious task force but which See also closure; force. (JP 3-35) deliver troops and supplies to the objective area after the assault phase has begun. force health protection — All services (JP 3-02.2) performed, provided, or arranged by the Services to promote, improve, conserve, or follow-up supplies — Supplies delivered restore the mental or physical well-being after the initial landings or airdrop to of personnel. These services include, but resupply units until routine supply are not limited to, the management of health procedures can be instituted. These services resources, such as manpower, supplies may be delivered either monies, and facilities; preventive and automatically or on an on-call basis and are curative health measures; evacuation of the prepared for delivery by supporting supply wounded, injured, or sick; selection of the

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 medically fit and disposition of the force multiplier — A capability that, when medically unfit; blood management; added to and employed by a combat force, medical supply, equipment, and significantly increases the combat potential maintenance thereof; combat stress control; of that force and thus enhances the and medical, dental, veterinary, laboratory, probability of successful mission optometry, medical food, and medical accomplishment. (JP 3-05.3) intelligence services. See also force; protection. (JP 4-02) force planning — Planning associated with the creation and maintenance of military force list — A total list of forces required by capabilities. It is primarily the an operation plan, including assigned responsibility of the Military Departments forces, augmentation forces, and other and Services and is conducted under the forces to be employed in support of the plan. administrative control that runs from the Secretary of Defense to the Military force module — A grouping of combat, Departments and Services. (JP 5-0) combat support, and combat service support forces, with their accompanying supplies force projection — The ability to project the and the required nonunit resupply and military element of national power from the personnel necessary to sustain forces for a continental United States (CONUS) or minimum of 30 days. The elements of force another theater, in response to requirements modules are linked together or are uniquely for military operations. Force projection identified so that they may be extracted operations extend from mobilization and from or adjusted as an entity in the Joint deployment of forces to redeployment to Operation Planning and Execution System CONUS or home theater. See also force. databases to enhance flexibility and (JP 3-35) usefulness of the operation plan during a crisis. Also called FM. See also force force protection — Actions taken to prevent module package. or mitigate hostile actions against Department of Defense personnel (to force module package — A force module include family members), resources, with a specific functional orientation (e.g. facilities, and critical information. These air superiority, close air support, actions conserve the force’s fighting reconnaissance, ground defense) that potential so it can be applied at the decisive include combat, associated combat support, time and place and incorporate the and combat service support forces. coordinated and synchronized offensive and Additionally, force module packages will defensive measures to enable the effective contain sustainment in accordance with employment of the joint force while logistic policy contained in Joint Strategic degrading opportunities for the enemy. Capabilities Plan Annex B. Also called Force protection does not include actions FMP. See also force module. to defeat the enemy or protect against accidents, weather, or disease. Also called force movement control center — A FP. See also force; protection; terrorist temporary organization activated by the threat condition. (JP 3-0) Marine air-ground task force to control and coordinate all deployment support force rendezvous — (*) A checkpoint at activities. Also called FMCC. See also which formations of aircraft or ships join Marine air-ground task force. (JP 4-01.8) and become part of the main force. Also called group rendezvous.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 force requirement number — An organizational entity other than the United alphanumeric code used to uniquely States. identify force entries in a given operation plan time-phased force and deployment foreign assistance — Assistance to foreign data. Also called FRN. nations ranging from the sale of military equipment to donations of food and medical force(s) — See airborne force; armed supplies to aid survivors of natural and forces; covering force; garrison force; manmade disasters. US assistance takes multinational force; Navy cargo three forms — development assistance, handling force; task force; underway humanitarian assistance, and security replenishment force. assistance. See also domestic emergencies; foreign disaster; foreign force shortfall — A deficiency in the number humanitarian assistance; security of types of units available for planning assistance. (JP 3-08) within the time required for the performance of an assigned task. (JP 4-05) foreign disaster — An act of nature (such as a flood, drought, fire, hurricane, earthquake, forces in being — (*) Forces classified as volcanic eruption, or epidemic), or an act being in state of readiness “A” or “B” as of man (such as a riot, violence, civil strife, prescribed in the appropriate Military explosion, fire, or epidemic), which is or Committee document. threatens to be of sufficient severity and magnitude to warrant United States foreign force sourcing — The identification of the disaster relief to a foreign country, foreign actual units, their origins, ports of persons, or to an international organization. embarkation, and movement characteristics See also foreign disaster relief. (JP 3-08) to satisfy the time-phased force requirements of a supported commander. foreign disaster relief — Prompt aid that can be used to alleviate the suffering of foreign force structure — See military capability. disaster victims. Normally it includes humanitarian services and transportation; force tabs — With reference to war plans, the provision of food, clothing, medicine, the statement of time-phased deployments beds, and bedding; temporary shelter and of major combat units by major commands housing; the furnishing of medical materiel and geographical areas. and medical and technical personnel; and making repairs to essential services. See force tracking — The identification of units also foreign disaster. (JP 3-07.6) and their specific modes of transport during movement to an objective area. (JP 4-01.3) foreign humanitarian assistance — Programs conducted to relieve or reduce forcible entry — Seizing and holding of a the results of natural or manmade disasters military lodgment in the face of armed or other endemic conditions such as human opposition. See also lodgment. (JP 3-18) pain, disease, hunger, or privation that might present a serious threat to life or that fordability — See shallow fording. can result in great damage to or loss of property. Foreign humanitarian assistance foreign armed force — An armed force (FHA) provided by US forces is limited in belonging to a government or scope and duration. The foreign assistance

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 provided is designed to supplement or provides reimbursement for defense articles complement the efforts of the host nation and services transferred. Also called FMS. civil authorities or agencies that may have the primary responsibility for providing foreign military sales trainees — Foreign FHA. FHA operations are those conducted nationals receiving training conducted by outside the United States, its territories, and the Department of Defense on a possessions. Also called FHA. See also reimbursable basis, at the country’s request. foreign assistance. (JP 3-07.6) foreign national — Any person other than a foreign instrumentation signals intelligence US citizen, US permanent or temporary — Technical information and intelligence legal resident alien, or person in US custody. derived from the intercept of foreign electromagnetic emissions associated with foreign object damage — Rags, pieces of the testing and operational deployment of paper, line, articles of clothing, nuts, bolts, non-US aerospace, surface, and subsurface or tools that, when misplaced or caught by systems. Foreign instrumentation signals air currents normally found around aircraft intelligence is a subcategory of signals operations (jet blast, rotor or prop wash, intelligence. Foreign instrumentation engine intake), cause damage to aircraft signals include but are not limited to systems or weapons or injury to personnel. telemetry, beaconry, electronic Also called FOD. (JP 3-04.1) interrogators, and video data links. Also called FISINT. See also signals foreshore — That portion of a beach intelligence. (JP 2-01) extending from the low water (datum) shoreline to the limit of normal high water foreign intelligence — Intelligence relating wave wash. (JP 4-01.6) to capabilities, intentions, and activities of foreign powers, organizations, or persons format — (*) 1. In photography, the size (not including counterintelligence), except and/or shape of a negative or of the print for information on international terrorist therefrom. 2. In cartography, the shape activities. See also intelligence. (JP 2-0) and size of a map or chart. foreign internal defense — Participation by formation — (*) 1. An ordered arrangement civilian and military agencies of a of troops and/or vehicles for a specific government in any of the action programs purpose. 2. An ordered arrangement of taken by another government to free and two or more ships, units, or aircraft protect its society from subversion, proceeding together under a commander. lawlessness, and insurgency. Also called FID. formatted message text — (*) A message text composed of several sets ordered in a foreign military sales — That portion of specified sequence, each set characterized United States security assistance authorized by an identifier and containing information by the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as of a specified type, coded and arranged in amended, and the Arms Export Control Act an ordered sequence of character fields in of 1976, as amended. This assistance differs accordance with the NATO message text from the Military Assistance Program and formatting rules. It is designed to permit the International Military Education and both manual and automated handling and Training Program in that the recipient processing. See also free form message text; structured message text.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 formerly restricted data — Information and deployed by an aviation commander, removed from the restricted data category and normally located in the main battle area upon a joint determination by the closer to the area where operations are being Department of Energy (or antecedent conducted than the aviation unit’s combat agencies) and Department of Defense that service area — to provide fuel and such information relates primarily to the ammunition necessary for the employment military utilization of atomic weapons and of aviation maneuver units in combat. The that such information can be adequately forward arming and refueling point permits safeguarded as classified defense combat aircraft to rapidly refuel and rearm information. (Section 142d, Atomic Energy simultaneously. Also called FARP. Act of 1954, as amended.) See also restricted data. forward aviation combat engineering — A mobility operation in which engineers form lines — (*) Lines resembling contours, perform tasks in support of forward aviation but representing no actual elevations, which ground facilities. Tasks include have been sketched from visual observation reconnaissance; construction of low altitude or from inadequate or unreliable map parachute extraction zones, landing strips, sources, to show collectively the and airstrips; and providing berms, configuration of the terrain. revetments, and trenches for forward arming and refueling points. See also forward aeromedical evacuation — (*) combat engineering; reconnaissance. That phase of evacuation which provides (JP 3-34) airlift for patients between points within the battlefield, from the battlefield to the initial forward edge of the battle area — (*) The point of treatment, and to subsequent points foremost limits of a series of areas in which of treatment within the combat zone. ground combat units are deployed, excluding the areas in which the covering forward air controller — An officer (aviator/ or screening forces are operating, pilot) member of the tactical air control designated to coordinate fire support, the party who, from a forward ground or positioning of forces, or the maneuver of airborne position, controls aircraft in close units. Also called FEBA. air support of ground troops. Also called FAC. See also close air support. (JP 3-09.1) forward line of own troops — A line that indicates the most forward positions of forward air controller (airborne) — A friendly forces in any kind of military specifically trained and qualified aviation operation at a specific time. The forward officer who exercises control from the air line of own troops (FLOT) normally of aircraft engaged in close air support of identifies the forward location of covering ground troops. The forward air controller and screening forces. The FLOT may be (airborne) is normally an airborne extension at, beyond, or short of the forward edge of of the tactical air control party. Also called the battle area. An enemy FLOT indicates FAC(A). (JP 3-09.3) the forward-most position of hostile forces. Also called FLOT. forward area — An area in proximity to combat. forward-looking infrared — An airborne, electro-optical thermal imaging device that forward arming and refueling point — A detects far-infrared energy, converts the temporary facility — organized, equipped, energy into an electronic signal, and

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 provides a visible image for day or night forward recovery mission profile — A viewing. Also called FLIR. (JP 3-09.3) mission profile that involves the recovery of an aircraft at a neutral or friendly forward forward oblique air photograph — Oblique area airfield or landing site. photography of the terrain ahead of the aircraft. forward resuscitative surgery — The urgent initial surgery required to render patients forward observer — An observer operating transportable for further evacuation to with front line troops and trained to adjust medical treatment facilities staffed and ground or naval gunfire and pass back equipped to provide for their care. Forward battlefield information. In the absence of a resuscitative surgery is performed on forward air controller, the observer may patients with signs and symptoms of initial control close air support strikes. Also called airway compromise, difficult breathing, and FO. See also forward air controller; circulatory shock and who do not respond spotter. (JP 3-09.1) to initial emergency medical treatment and advanced trauma management procedures. forward operating base — An airfield used See also essential care; evacuation; to support tactical operations without medical treatment facility; patient. establishing full support facilities. The base (JP 4-02) may be used for an extended time period. Support by a main operating base will be forward slope — (*) Any slope which required to provide backup support for a descends towards the enemy. forward operating base. Also called FOB. (JP 3-09.3) forward tell — (*) The transfer of information to a higher level of command. forward operating location — Primarily See also track telling. used for counterdrug operations. Similar to a forward operating base (FOB) but four-round illumination diamond — (*) A without the in-place infrastructure method of distributing the fire of associated with a FOB. Also called FOL. illumination shells which, by a combination of lateral spread and range spread, provides forward operations base — In special illumination of a large area. operations, a base usually located in friendly territory or afloat that is established to 463L system — Aircraft pallets, nets, tie extend command and control or down, and coupling devices, facilities, communications or to provide support for handling equipment, procedures, and other training and tactical operations. Facilities components designed to interface with may be established for temporary or longer military and civilian aircraft cargo restraint duration operations and may include an systems. Though designed for airlift, airfield or an unimproved airstrip, an system components may have to move anchorage, or a pier. A forward operations intermodally via surface to support base may be the location of special geographic combatant commander operations component headquarters or a objectives. (JP 4-01.7) smaller unit that is controlled and/or supported by a main operations base. Also fragmentary order — An abbreviated form called FOB. See also advanced of an operation order (verbal, written or operations base; main operations base. digital) usually issued on a day-to-day basis (JP 3-05.3) that eliminates the need for restating

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 information contained in a basic operation additional coordination with the order. It may be issued in sections. It is establishing headquarters. Also called issued after an operation order to change FFA. See also fire. (JP 3-09) or modify that order or to execute a branch or sequel to that order. Also called FRAG free form message text — (*) A message order. text without prescribed format arrangements. It is intended for fast drafting frame — (*) In photography, any single as well as manual handling and processing. exposure contained within a continuous See also formatted message text; sequence of photographs. structured message text. free air anomaly — The difference between free issue — Materiel provided for use or observed gravity and theoretical gravity that consumption without charge to the fund or has been computed for latitude and fund subdivision that finances the activity corrected for elevation of the station above to which it is issued. or below the geoid, by application of the normal rate of change of gravity for change free mail — Correspondence of a personal of elevation, as in free air. nature that weighs less than 11 ounces, to include audio and video recording tapes, free air overpressure — (*) The unreflected from a member of the Armed Forces or pressure, in excess of the ambient designated civilian, mailed postage free atmospheric pressure, created in the air by from a Secretary of Defense approved free the blast wave from an explosion. See also mail zone. (JP 1-0) overpressure. free mine — (*) In naval mine warfare, a freedom of navigation operations — moored mine whose mooring has parted or Operations conducted to demonstrate US been cut. or international rights to navigate air or sea routes. (JP 3-07) free play exercise — (*) An exercise to test the capabilities of forces under simulated free drop — (*) The dropping of equipment contingency and/or wartime conditions, or supplies from an aircraft without the use limited only by those artificialities or of parachutes. See also airdrop; air restrictions required by peacetime safety movement; free fall; high velocity drop; regulations. See also controlled exercise. low velocity drop. free rocket — (*) A rocket not subject to free fall — A parachute maneuver in which guidance or control in flight. the parachute is manually activated at the discretion of the jumper or automatically freight consolidating activity — A at a preset altitude. See also airdrop; air transportation activity that receives less than movement; free drop; high velocity drop; car- or truckload shipments of materiel for low velocity drop. the purpose of assembling them into caror truckload lots for onward movement to free field overpressure — See free air the ultimate consignee or to a freight overpressure. distributing activity or other break bulk point. See also freight distributing free-fire area — A specific area into which activity. any weapon system may fire without

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 freight distributing activity — A frustrated cargo — Any shipment of transportation activity that receives and supplies and/or equipment which, while en unloads consolidated car- or truckloads of route to destination, is stopped prior to less than car- or truckload shipments of receipt and for which further disposition material and forwards the individual instructions must be obtained. shipments to the ultimate consignee. See also freight consolidating activity. full charge — The larger of the two propelling charges available for naval guns. frequency deconfliction — A systematic management procedure to coordinate the full mission-capable — Material condition use of the electromagnetic spectrum for of any piece of military equipment, aircraft, operations, communications, and or training device indicating that it can intelligence functions. Frequency perform all of its missions. Also called deconfliction is one element of FMC. See also deadline; missionelectromagnetic spectrum management. capable; partial mission-capable; partial See also electromagnetic spectrum; mission-capable, maintenance; partial electronic warfare; spectrum mission-capable, supply. management. (JP 3-51) full mobilization — See mobilization. friendly — A contact positively identified as friendly. See also hostile. functional component command — A command normally, but not necessarily, friendly fire — In casualty reporting, a composed of forces of two or more Military casualty circumstance applicable to persons Departments which may be established killed in action or wounded in action across the range of military operations to mistakenly or accidentally by friendly perform particular operational missions that forces actively engaged with the enemy, may be of short duration or may extend over who are directing fire at a hostile force or a period of time. See also component; what is thought to be a hostile force. See Service component command. (JP 0-2) also casualty. functional damage assessment — The front — (*) 1. The lateral space occupied by estimate of the effect of military force to an element measured from the extremity of degrade or destroy the functional or one flank to the extremity of the other flank. operational capability of the target to 2. The direction of the enemy. 3. The line perform its intended mission and on the of contact of two opposing forces. 4. When level of success in achieving operational a combat situation does not exist or is not objectives established against the target. assumed, the direction toward which the This assessment is based upon all-source command is faced. information, and includes an estimation of the time required for recuperation or frontal attack — (*) 1. An offensive replacement of the target function. See also maneuver in which the main action is damage assessment; target. (JP 3-60) directed against the front of the enemy forces. 2. (DOD only) In air intercept, an functional kill — To render a targeted attack by an interceptor aircraft that installation, facility, or target system unable terminates with a heading crossing angle to fulfill its primary function. greater than 135 degrees.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 of an individual, office, or organization. As functional plans — Plans involving the defined in the National Security Act of conduct of military operations in a 1947, as amended, the term “function” peacetime or permissive environment includes functions, powers, and duties (5 developed by combatant commanders to United States Code 171n (a)). address requirements such as disaster relief, nation assistance, logistics, communications, surveillance, protection of fusion — In intelligence usage, the process of examining all sources of intelligence and US citizens, nuclear weapon recovery and information to derive a complete evacuation, and continuity of operations or assessment of activity. (JP 2-0) similar discrete tasks. They may be developed in response to the requirements of the Joint Strategic Capabilities Plan, at fusion center — In intelligence usage, a physical location to accomplish fusion. It the initiative of the combatant commander normally has sufficient intelligence (CINC), or as tasked by the supported automated data processing capability to combatant commander, Joint Staff, Service, assist in the process. (JP 2-0) or Defense agency. Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff review of CINC-initiated fuze cavity — (*) A recess in a charge for plans is not normally required. (JP 5-0) receiving a fuze. functions — The appropriate or assigned duties, responsibilities, missions, or tasks

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G gadget — Radar equipment (type of operation, and maintenance of facilities. equipment may be indicated by a letter as See also force(s). listed in operation orders). May be followed by a color to indicate state of jamming. gear — A general term for a collection of Colors will be used as follows: a. green — spars, ropes, blocks, and equipment used Clear of jamming. b. amber — Sector for lifting and stowing cargo and ships partially jammed. c. red — Sector stores. (JP 4-01.6) completely jammed. d. blue — Completely jammed. general agency agreement — A contract between the Maritime Administration and gap — An area within a minefield or obstacle a steamship company which, as general belt, free of live mines or obstacles, whose agent, exercises administrative control over width and direction will allow a friendly a government-owned ship for employment force to pass through in tactical formation. by the Military Sealift Command. Also See also phoney minefield. called GAA. See also Military Sealift Command. (JP 3-02.2) gap filler radar — (*) A radar used to supplement the coverage of the principal general air cargo — (*) Cargo without radar in areas where coverage is inadequate. hazardous or dangerous properties and not requiring extra precautions for air transport. gap (imagery) — Any space where imagery fails to meet minimum coverage general and complete disarmament — requirements. This might be a space not Reductions of armed forces and armaments covered by imagery or a space where the by all states to levels required for internal minimum specified overlap was not security and for an international peace force. obtained. Connotation is “total disarmament” by all states. gap marker — (*) In landmine warfare, markers used to indicate a minefield gap. general cargo — Cargo that is susceptible Gap markers at the entrance to, and exit for loading in general, nonspecialized from, the gap will be referenced to a stowage areas or standard shipping landmark or intermediate marker. See also containers; e.g., boxes, barrels, bales, crates, marker. packages, bundles, and pallets. garble — An error in transmission, reception, general engineering — Encompasses the encryption, or decryption that changes the construction and repair of lines of text of a message or any portion thereof in communications, main supply routes, such a manner that it is incorrect or airfields, and logistic facilities to support undecryptable. joint military operations and may be performed in direct support of combat garnishing — (*) In surveillance, natural or operations, such as battle damage repair. artificial material applied to an object to These operations include both horizontal achieve or assist camouflage. and vertical construction, and may include use of both expedient repair methods and garrison force — (*) All units assigned to a more deliberate construction methods base or area for defense, development, characterized by the application of design

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 criteria, advanced planning, and general purchasing agents — Agents who preparation, depending on the mission have been appointed in the principal requirements. Also called GE. (JP 3-34) overseas areas to supervise, control, coordinate, negotiate, and develop the local general map — A map of small scale used procurement of supplies, services, and for general planning purposes. See also facilities by Armed Forces of the United map. States, in order that the most effective utilization may be made of local resources general military intelligence — Intelligence and production. concerning the (1) military capabilities of foreign countries or organizations or (2) general quarters — A condition of readiness topics affecting potential US or when naval action is imminent. All battle multinational military operations, relating stations are fully manned and alert; to the following subjects: armed forces ammunition is ready for instant loading; capabilities, including order of battle, guns and guided missile launchers may be organization, training, tactics, doctrine, loaded. strategy, and other factors bearing on military strength and effectiveness; area and general staff — A group of officers in the terrain intelligence, including urban areas, headquarters of Army or Marine divisions, coasts and landing beaches, and Marine brigades, and aircraft wings, or meteorological, oceanographic, and similar or larger units that assist their geological intelligence; transportation in all commanders in planning, coordinating, and modes; military materiel production and supervising operations. A general staff may support industries; military and civilian consist of four or more principal functional command, control, communications, sections: personnel (G-1), military computers, and intelligence systems; intelligence (G-2), operations and training military economics, including foreign (G-3), logistics (G-4), and (in Army military assistance; insurgency and organizations) civil affairs and military terrorism; military-political-sociological government (G-5). (A particular section intelligence; location, identification, and may be added or eliminated by the description of military-related installations; commander, dependent upon the need that government control; escape and evasion; has been demonstrated.) The comparable and threats and forecasts. (Excludes Air Force staff is found in the wing and scientific and technical intelligence.) Also larger units, with sections designated called GMI. See also intelligence; personnel, operations, etc. G-2 Air and G-3 military intelligence. (JP 2-0) Air are Army officers assigned to G-2 or G-3 at division, corps, and Army general orders — 1. Permanent instructions, headquarters level who assist in planning issued in order form, that apply to all and coordinating joint operations of ground members of a command, as compared with and air units. Naval staffs ordinarily are special orders, which affect only individuals not organized on these lines, but when they or small groups. General orders are usually are, they are designated N-1, N-2, etc. concerned with matters of policy or Similarly, a joint staff may be designated administration. 2. A series of permanent J-1, J-2, etc. In Army brigades and smaller guard orders that govern the duties of a units and in Marine Corps units smaller than sentry on post. a brigade or aircraft wing, staff sections are

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 designated S-1, S-2, etc., with general war — Armed conflict between corresponding duties; referred to as a unit major powers in which the total resources staff in the Army and as an executive staff of the belligerents are employed, and the in the Marine Corps. See also staff. national survival of a major belligerent is in jeopardy. general stopping power — (*) The percentage of a group of vehicles in battle generation (photography) — The formation likely to be stopped by mines preparation of successive positive and/or when attempting to cross a minefield. negative reproductions from an original negative and/or positive (first-generation). general support — (*) 1. That support which For example, the first positive produced is given to the supported force as a whole from an original negative is a and not to any particular subdivision second-generation product; the negative thereof. See also close support; direct made from this positive is a third-generation support; mutual support; support. product; and the next positive or print from 2. (DOD only) A tactical artillery mission. that negative is a fourth-generation product. Also called GS. See also direct support; general support-reinforcing; reinforcing. geographic coordinates — (*) The quantities of latitude and longitude which define the general support artillery — (*) Artillery position of a point on the surface of the which executes the fire directed by the Earth with respect to the reference spheroid. commander of the unit to which it See also coordinates. organically belongs or is attached. It fires in support of the operation as a whole rather geographic reference points — A means of than in support of a specific subordinate indicating position, usually expressed either unit. Also called GSA. See also direct as double letters or as code words that are support artillery; general supportestablished in operation orders or by other reinforcing; reinforcing. means. general support-reinforcing — General georef — (*) A worldwide position reference support-reinforcing artillery has the mission system that may be applied to any map or of supporting the force as a whole and of chart graduated in latitude and longitude providing reinforcing fires for other artillery regardless of projection. It is a method of units. Also called GSR. See also direct expressing latitude and longitude in a form support artillery; reinforcing. suitable for rapid reporting and plotting. (This term is derived from the words “The general unloading period — (*) In World Geographic Reference System.”) amphibious operations, that part of the ship-to-shore movement in which geospatial information and services — The unloading is primarily logistic in character, concept for collection, information and emphasizes speed and volume of extraction, storage, dissemination, and unloading operations. It encompasses the exploitation of geodetic, geomagnetic, unloading of units and cargo from the ships imagery (both commercial and national as rapidly as facilities on the beach permit. source), gravimetric, aeronautical, It proceeds without regard to class, type, or topographic, hydrographic, littoral, cultural, priority of cargo, as permitted by cargo and toponymic data accurately referenced handling facilities ashore. See also initial to a precise location on the earth’s surface. unloading period. These data are used for military planning,

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 training, and operations including Also called GCSS. See also combat navigation, mission planning, mission forces; combat support. (JP 4-0) rehearsal, modeling, simulation and precise targeting. Geospatial information provides Global Command and Control System — the basic framework for battlespace Highly mobile, deployable command and visualization. It is information produced control system supporting forces for joint by multiple sources to common and multinational operations across the interoperable data standards. It may be range of military operations, any time and presented in the form of printed maps, anywhere in the world with compatible, charts, and publications; in digital interoperable, and integrated command, simulation and modeling databases; in control, communications, computers, and photographic form; or in the form of intelligence systems. Also called GCCS. digitized maps and charts or attributed See also command and control; centerline data. Geospatial services include command and control system. (JP 2-01) tools that enable users to access and manipulate data, and also includes global distribution — The process that instruction, training, laboratory support, and synchronizes and integrates fulfillment of guidance for the use of geospatial data. joint force requirements with employment Also called GI&S. (JP 2-03) of the joint force. It provides national resources (personnel and materiel) to geospatial information and services support execution of joint operations. The priorities — The priorities defined by the ultimate objective of this process is the Joint Chiefs of Staff for indicating the effective and efficient accomplishment of relative importance of geospatial the joint force mission. See also information and services geographical area distribution. (JP 4-09) as well as weapons systems support requirements. The priorities are used as one global distribution of materiel — The of the factors in allocating National Imagery process of providing materiel from the and Mapping Agency production resources. source of supply to its point of consumption Priority definitions are contained in the joint or use on a worldwide basis. See also strategic planning document. global distribution. (JP 4-09) glide bomb — A bomb fitted with airfoils to global grid — An open systems architecture provide lift and which is carried and that provides global connectivity released in the direction of a target by an instantaneously on warrior demand. The airplane. global grid can support both vertical and horizontal information flow to joint and glide mode — In a flight control system, a multinational forces. See also common control mode in which an aircraft is operating environment; node/command, automatically positioned to the center of the control, communications, and computers glide slope course. node. (JP 6-02) Global Combat Support System — A Global Information Grid — The globally strategy that provides information interconnected, end-to-end set of interoperability across combat support information capabilities, associated functions and between combat support and processes and personnel for collecting, command and control functions through the processing, storing, disseminating and Global Command and Control System. managing information on demand to

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 warfighters, policy makers, and support Global Patient Movement Requirements personnel. The Global Information Grid Center — A joint activity reporting directly (GIG) includes all owned and leased to the Commander in Chief, US communications and computing systems Transportation Command, the Department and services, software (including of Defense single manager for the applications), data, security services and regulation of movement of uniformed other associated services necessary to services patients. The Global Patient achieve information superiority. It also Movement Requirements Center authorizes includes National Security Systems as transfers to medical treatment facilities of defined in section 5142 of the Clingerthe Military Departments or the Department Cohen Act of 1996. The GIG supports all of Veterans Affairs and coordinates Department of Defense (DOD), National intertheater and inside continental United Security, and related intelligence States patient movement requirements with community missions and functions the appropriate transportation component (strategic, operational, tactical and commands of US Transportation business), in war and in peace. The GIG Command. Also called GPMRC. See also provides capabilities from all operating medical treatment facility. (JP 4-02) locations (bases, posts, camps, stations, facilities, mobile platforms and deployed global positioning system — A satellite sites). The GIG provides interfaces to constellation that provides highly accurate coalition, allied, and non-DOD users and position, velocity, and time navigation systems. Also called GIG. See also grid; information to users. Also called GPS. information. (JP 3-05.1) Global Satellite Communications Support global information infrastructure — The Center — United States Space Command worldwide interconnection of operational element responsible for: communications networks, computers, providing global satellite communications databases, and consumer electronics that system status; maintaining global make vast amounts of information available situational awareness to include each to users. The global information combatant commander’s planned and infrastructure encompasses a wide range of current operations as well as deliberate equipment, including cameras, scanners, plans; supporting radio frequency keyboards, facsimile machines, computers, interference resolution management; switches, compact disks, video and audio supporting satellite anomaly resolution and tape, cable, wire, satellites, fiber-optic management; facilitating satellite transmission lines, networks of all types, communications interface to the defense televisions, monitors, printers, and much information infrastructure; and managing more. The friendly and adversary personnel the Regional Satellite Communications who make decisions and handle the Support Centers. Also called GSSC. transmitted information constitute a critical component of the global information global transportation management — The infrastructure. Also called GII. See also integrated process of satisfying defense information infrastructure; transportation requirements using the information; information system; Defense Transportation System to meet national information infrastructure. national security objectives. The process (JP 3-13) begins with planning, programming, and

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 budgeting for transportation assets, Command; United States Naval Ship. services, and associated systems and (JP 3-02.2) continues through delivery of the users’ transportation movement requirements. government-owned, Military Sealift Also called GTM. See also Defense Command-operated ships — Those ships Transportation System; Global to which the US Government holds title and Transportation Network. (JP 4-01) which the Military Sealift Command operates with US Government (civil Global Transportation Network — The service) employees. These ships are designated Department of Defense (DOD) designated United States Naval Ships and in-transit visibility system, providing use the prefix “USNS” with the ship name customers with the ability to track the and the letter “T” as a prefix to the ship identity, status, and location of DOD units classification (e.g., T-AKR). See also and non-unit cargo, passengers, patients, Military Sealift Command; United forces, and military and commercial airlift, States Naval Ship. (JP 3-02.2) sealift, and surface assets from origin to destination across the range of military gradient — The rate of inclination to operations. The Global Transportation horizontal expressed as a ratio, such as 1:25, Network (GTN) collects, integrates, and indicating a one unit rise to 25 units of distributes transportation information to horizontal distance. (JP 4-01.6) combatant commanders, Services, and other DOD customers. GTN provides the US gradient circuit — (*) In mine warfare, a Transportation Command with the ability circuit which is actuated when the rate of to perform command and control change, with time, of the magnitude of the operations, planning and analysis, and influence is within predetermined limits. business operations in tailoring customer requirements throughout the requirements grand strategy — See national security process. Also called GTN. See also strategy; national strategy. in-transit visibility. (JP 4-0) graphic — (*) Any and all products of the go no-go — The condition or state of cartographic and photogrammetric art. A operability of a component or system: “go,” graphic may be a map, chart, or mosaic or functioning properly; or “no-go,” not even a film strip that was produced using functioning properly. Alternatively, a cartographic techniques. critical point at which a decision to proceed or not must be made. graphic scale — (*) A graduated line by means of which distances on the map, chart, government-owned, contract-operated or photograph may be measured in terms ships — Those ships to which the US of ground distance. See also scale. Government holds title and which the Military Sealift Command operates under grapnel — (*) In naval mine warfare, a a contract (i.e., nongovernment-manned). device fitted to a mine mooring designed These ships are designated United States to grapple the sweep wire when the mooring Naval Ships and use the prefix “USNS” is cut. with the ship name and the letter “T” as a prefix to the ship classification (e.g., graticule — (*) 1. In cartography, a network T-AKR). See also Military Sealift of lines representing the Earth’s parallels

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 of latitude and meridians of longitude. 2. grid bearing — Bearing measured from grid In imagery interpretation, see reticle. north. graticule ticks — (*) In cartography, short grid convergence — The horizontal angle at lines indicating where selected meridians a place between true north and grid north. and parallels intersect. It is proportional to the longitude difference between the place and the central meridian. graves registration program — A program See also convergence. that provides for search, recovery, tentative identification, and evacuation or temporary grid convergence factor — (*) The ratio of interment. Temporary interment is only the grid convergence angle to the longitude authorized by the geographic combatant difference. In the Lambert Conical commander. Disposition of personal effects Orthomorphic projection, this ratio is is included in this program. See also constant for all charts based on the same personal effects. (JP 4-06) two standard parallels. See also convergence; grid convergence. gravity extraction — (*) The extraction of cargoes from the aircraft by influence of grid coordinates — (*) Coordinates of a grid their own weight. See also extraction coordinate system to which numbers and parachute. letters are assigned for use in designating a point on a gridded map, photograph, or grazing fire — (*) Fire approximately chart. See also coordinates. parallel to the ground where the center of the cone of fire does not rise above one grid coordinate system — (*) A meter from the ground. See also fire. plane-rectangular coordinate system usually based on, and mathematically Greenwich Mean Time — See Universal adjusted to, a map projection in order that Time. Also called GMT. geographic positions (latitudes and longitudes) may be readily transformed into grey propaganda — Propaganda that does plane coordinates and the computations not specifically identify any source. See relating to them may be made by the also propaganda. ordinary method of plane surveying. See also coordinates. grid — 1. Two sets of parallel lines intersecting at right angles and forming grid interval — (*) The distance represented squares; the grid is superimposed on maps, between the lines of a grid. charts, and other similar representations of the Earth’s surface in an accurate and grid magnetic angle — (*) Angular consistent manner in order to permit difference in direction between grid north identification of ground locations with and magnetic north. It is measured east or respect to other locations and the west from grid north. Also called grid computation of direction and distance to variation; grivation. other points. 2. A term used in giving the location of a geographic point by grid grid navigation — (*) A method of coordinates. See also military grid; navigation using a grid overlay for direction military grid reference system. reference. See also navigational grid.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 grid north — (*) The northerly or zero direction indicated by the grid datum of directional reference. grid ticks — (*) Small marks on the neatline of a map or chart indicating additional grid reference systems included on that sheet. Grid ticks are sometimes shown on the interior grid lines of some maps for ease of referencing. grid variation — See grid magnetic angle.

from a small ground unit of any type, to one or more Marine divisions that can be independently maneuvered under the direction of the MAGTF commander. The ground combat element itself is not a formal command. Also called GCE. See also aviation combat element; combat service support element; command element; Marine air-ground task force; Marine expeditionary force; Marine expeditionary force (forward); Marine expeditionary unit; special purpose Marine air-ground task force; task force.

grivation — See grid magnetic angle. ground control — (*) A system of accurate grossly transportation feasible — A measurements used to determine the determination made by the supported distances and directions or differences in commander that a draft operation plan can elevation between points on the Earth. See be supported with the apportioned also common control (artillery); control transportation assets. This determination point; traverse. is made by using a transportation feasibility estimator to simulate movement of ground-controlled approach procedure — personnel and cargo from port of (*) The technique for talking down, through embarkation to port of debarkation within the use of both surveillance and precision a specified time frame. (JP 5-03.1) approach radar, an aircraft during its approach so as to place it in a position for gross weight — (*) 1. Weight of a vehicle, landing. See also automatic approach and fully equipped and serviced for operation, landing. including the weight of the fuel, lubricants, coolant, vehicle tools and spares, crew, ground-controlled interception — (*) A personal equipment, and load. 2. Weight technique which permits control of friendly of a container or pallet including freight and aircraft or guided missiles for the purpose binding. Also called WT. See also net of effecting interception. See also air weight. interception. ground alert — (*) That status in which ground fire — Small arms ground-to-air fire aircraft on the ground/deck are fully directed against aircraft. serviced and armed, with combat crews in readiness to take off within a specified short ground liaison officer — An officer trained period of time (usually 15 minutes) after in offensive air support activities. Ground receipt of a mission order. See also liaison officers are normally organized into airborne alert; alert. parties under the control of the appropriate Army commander to provide liaison to Air ground combat element — The core element Force and naval units engaged in training of a Marine air-ground task force (MAGTF) and combat operations. Also called GLO. that is task-organized to conduct ground operations. It is usually constructed around ground mine — See bottom mine. an infantry organization but can vary in size

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 ground observer center — A center to which guard — 1. A form of security operation ground observer teams report and which in whose primary task is to protect the main turn will pass information to the appropriate force by fighting to gain time while also control and/or reporting agency. observing and reporting information, and to prevent enemy ground observation of and ground return — (*) The radar reflection direct fire against the main body by from the terrain as displayed and/or reconnoitering, attacking, defending, and recorded as an image. delaying. A guard force normally operates within the range of the main body’s indirect ground speed — (*) The horizontal fire weapons. 2. A radio frequency that is component of the speed of an aircraft normally used for emergency transmissions relative to the Earth’s surface. Also called and is continuously monitored. UHF band: GS. 243.0 MHZ; VHF band: 121.5 MHZ. See also cover; flank guard; screen. 3. A ground visibility — Prevailing horizontal military or civilian individual assigned to visibility near the Earth’s surface as reported protect personnel, equipment, or by an accredited observer. installations, or to oversee a prisoner. ground zero — (*) The point on the surface guarded frequencies — Enemy frequencies of the Earth at, or vertically below or above, that are currently being exploited for the center of a planned or actual nuclear combat information and intelligence. A detonation. See also actual ground zero; guarded frequency is time-oriented in that desired ground zero. the guarded frequency list changes as the enemy assumes different combat postures. group — 1. A flexible administrative and These frequencies may be jammed after the tactical unit composed of either two or more commander has weighed the potential battalions or two or more squadrons. The operational gain against the loss of the term also applies to combat support and technical information. See also electronic combat service support units. 2. A number warfare. (JP 3-51) of ships and/or aircraft, normally a subdivision of a force, assigned for a guerrilla — A combat participant in guerrilla specific purpose. Also called GP. warfare. See also unconventional warfare. group interment — An interment in a common grave of two or more individually guerrilla force — A group of irregular, unidentified remains. See also emergency predominantly indigenous personnel interment; mortuary affairs; temporary organized along military lines to conduct interment; trench interment. (JP 4-06) military and paramilitary operations in enemy-held, hostile, or denied territory. group of targets — (*) Two or more targets (JP 3-05) on which fire is desired simultaneously. A group of targets is designated by a letter/ guerrilla warfare — (*) Military and number combination or a nickname. paramilitary operations conducted in enemy-held or hostile territory by irregular, group rendezvous — A check point at which predominantly indigenous forces. Also formations of the same type will join before called GW. See also unconventional proceeding. See also force rendezvous. warfare.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 guidance station equipment — (*) The gun — 1. A cannon with relatively long barrel, operating with relatively low angle ground-based portion of a missile guidance of fire, and having a high muzzle velocity. system necessary to provide guidance 2. A cannon with tube length 30 calibers during missile flight. or more. See also howitzer; mortar. guided missile — An unmanned vehicle moving above the surface of the Earth gun carriage — (*) A mobile or fixed support for a gun. It sometimes includes whose trajectory or flight path is capable the elevating and traversing mechanisms. of being altered by an external or internal Also called carriage. mechanism. See also aerodynamic missile; ballistic missile. gun-target line — (*) An imaginary straight line from gun to target. Also called GTL. guide specification — (*) Minimum requirements to be used as a basis for the evaluation of a national specification gun-type weapon — (*) A device in which two or more pieces of fissionable material, covering a fuel, lubricant or associated each less than a critical mass, are brought product proposed for standardization together very rapidly so as to form a action. supercritical mass that can explode as the result of a rapidly expanding fission chain. guinea-pig — (*) In naval mine warfare, a ship used to determine whether an area can be considered safe from influence mines gyromagnetic compass — (*) A directional gyroscope whose azimuth scale is under certain conditions or, specifically, to maintained in alignment with the magnetic detonate pressure mines. meridian by a magnetic detector unit. gull — (*) In electronic warfare, a floating radar reflector used to simulate a surface target at sea for deceptive purposes.

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H half-life — (*) The time required for the between two recovery forces. See also activity of a given radioactive species to evader; evasion; evasion and recovery; decrease to half of its initial value due to recovery; recovery operations. (JP 3-50.3) radioactive decay. The half-life is a characteristic property of each radioactive handover line — (*) A control feature, species and is independent of its amount or preferably following easily defined terrain condition. The effective half-life of a given features, at which responsibility for the isotope is the time in which the quantity in conduct of combat operations is passed the body will decrease to half as a result of from one force to another. both radioactive decay and biological elimination. hang fire — A malfunction that causes an undesired delay in the functioning of a firing half-residence time — (*) As applied to system. delayed fallout, it is the time required for the amount of weapon debris deposited in harassing fire — (*) Fire designed to disturb a particular part of the atmosphere to the rest of the enemy troops, to curtail decrease to half of its initial value. movement, and, by threat of losses, to lower morale. See also fire. half thickness — (*) Thickness of absorbing material necessary to reduce by one-half the harassment — An incident in which the intensity of radiation which passes through primary objective is to disrupt the activities it. of a unit, installation, or ship, rather than to inflict serious casualties or damage. handling (ordnance) — Applies to those individuals who engage in the breakout, harbor — A restricted body of water, an lifting, or repositioning of ordnance or anchorage, or other limited coastal water explosive devices in order to facilitate area and its mineable water approaches, storage or stowage, assembly or from which shipping operations are disassembly, loading or downloading, or projected or supported. Generally, a harbor transporting. See also assembly; is part of a base, in which case the harbor downloading; loading; ordnance. (JP 3-04.1) defense force forms a component element of the base defense force established for the handover — The passing of control authority local defense of the base and its included of an aircraft from one control agency to harbor. another control agency. Handover action may be accomplished between control harbor defense — The defense of a harbor agencies of separate Services when or anchorage and its water approaches conducting joint operations or between against external threats such as: a. control agencies within a single command submarine, submarine-borne, or small and control system. Handover action is surface craft attack; b. enemy minelaying complete when the receiving controller operations; and c. sabotage. The defense acknowledges assumption of control of a harbor from guided missiles while such authority. Also called hand-off. missiles are airborne is considered to be a part of air defense. See also port security. handover/crossover — In evasion and recovery operations, the transfer of evaders

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 hard beach — A portion of a beach especially hasty breaching — (*) The rapid creation prepared with a hard surface extending into of a route through a minefield, barrier, or the water, employed for the purpose of fortification by any expedient method. loading or unloading directly into or from landing ships or landing craft. hasty breaching (land mine warfare) — The creation of lanes through enemy minefields hardened site — (*) A site, normally by expedient methods such as blasting with constructed under rock or concrete cover, demolitions, pushing rollers or disabled designed to provide protection against the vehicles through the minefields when the effects of conventional weapons. It may time factor does not permit detailed also be equipped to provide protection reconnaissance, deliberate breaching, or against the side effects of a nuclear attack bypassing the obstacle. and against a chemical or a biological attack. hasty crossing — (*) The crossing of an inland water obstacle using the crossing hard missile base — (*) A launching base means at hand or those readily available, that is protected against a nuclear explosion. and made without pausing for elaborate preparations. See also deliberate crossing. hardstand — (*) 1. A paved or stabilized area where vehicles are parked. 2. Open hasty defense — (*) A defense normally ground area having a prepared surface and organized while in contact with the enemy used for the storage of materiel. or when contact is imminent and time available for the organization is limited. It hardware — 1. The generic term dealing is characterized by improvement of the with physical items as distinguished from natural defensive strength of the terrain by its capability or function such as equipment, utilization of foxholes, emplacements, and tools, implements, instruments, devices, obstacles. See also deliberate defense. sets, fittings, trimmings, assemblies, subassemblies, components, and parts. The hatch — An opening in a ship’s deck giving term is often used in regard to the stage of access to cargo holds. (JP 4-01.6) development, as in the passage of a device or component from the design stage into hatch list — A list showing, for each hold the hardware stage as the finished object. section of a cargo ship, a description of the 2. In data automation, the physical items stowed, their volume and weight, the equipment or devices forming a computer consignee of each, and the total volume and and peripheral components. See also weight of materiel in the hold. software. havens (moving) — See moving havens. harmonization — The process and/or results of adjusting differences or inconsistencies hazard — A condition with the potential to to bring significant features into agreement. cause injury, illness, or death of personnel; damage to or loss of equipment or property; hasty attack — (*) In land operations, an or mission degradation. See also injury; attack in which preparation time is traded risk. (JP 5-00.2) for speed in order to exploit an opportunity. See also deliberate attack.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 hazards of electromagnetic radiation to health service support — All services ordnance — The danger of accidental performed, provided, or arranged by the actuation of electro-explosive devices or Services to promote, improve, conserve, or otherwise electrically activating ordnance restore the mental or physical well-being because of radio frequency electromagnetic of personnel. These services include but fields. This unintended actuation could are not limited to the management of health have safety (premature firing) or reliability services resources, such as manpower, (dudding) consequences. Also called monies, and facilities; preventive and HERO. See also electromagnetic curative health measures; evacuation of the radiation; HERO SAFE ordnance; wounded, injured, or sick; selection of the HERO UNSAFE ordnance; ordnance. medically fit and disposition of the (JP 3-04.1) medically unfit; blood management; medical supply, equipment, and heading hold mode — In a flight control maintenance thereof; combat stress control; system, a control mode that automatically and medical, dental, veterinary, laboratory, maintains an aircraft heading that exists at optometric, medical food, and medical the instant of completion of a maneuver. intelligence services. Also called HSS. (JP 4-02) heading indicator — (*) An instrument which displays heading transmitted health threat — A composite of ongoing or electrically from a remote compass system. potential enemy actions; environmental, occupational, and geographic and heading select feature — A flight control meteorological conditions; endemic system feature that permits selection or diseases; and employment of nuclear, preselection of desired automatically biological, and chemical weapons (to controlled heading or headings of an include weapons of mass destruction) that aircraft. can reduce the effectiveness of joint forces through wounds, injuries, illness, and head-up display — (*) A display of flight, psychological stressors. (JP 4-02) navigation, attack, or other information superimposed upon the pilot’s forward field heavy antitank weapon — A weapon of view. Also called HUD. See also flight; capable of operating from ground or horizontal situation display. (JP 3-09.1) vehicle, used to defeat armor and other material targets. health service logistic support — A functional area of logistic support that heavy artillery — See field artillery. supports the joint force surgeon’s health service support mission. It includes heavy drop — A system of delivery of heavy supplying Class VIII medical supplies supplies and equipment by parachute. (medical materiel to include medical peculiar repair parts used to sustain the heavy-lift cargo — 1. Any single cargo lift, health service support system), optical weighing over 5 long tons, and to be fabrication, medical equipment handled aboard ship. 2. In Marine Corps maintenance, blood storage and usage, individual units of cargo that exceed distribution, and medical gases. Also called 800 pounds in weight or 100 cubic feet in HSLS. See also health service support; volume. joint force surgeon. (JP 4-02.1)

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 heavy-lift ship — (*) A ship specially helicopters land to embark or disembark designed and capable of loading and troops and/or cargo. unloading heavy and bulky items. It has booms of sufficient capacity to helicopter landing zone — A specified accommodate a single lift of 100 tons. ground area for landing assault helicopters to embark or disembark troops and/or cargo. height datum — See altitude datum. A landing zone may contain one or more landing sites. Also called HLZ. height delay — See altitude delay. helicopter lane — (*) A safety air corridor height hole — See altitude hole. in which helicopters fly to or from their destination during helicopter operations. height of burst — (*) The vertical distance See also helicopter retirement route. from the Earth’s surface or target to the point of burst. Also called HOB. See also helicopter retirement route — (*) The track optimum height of burst; safe burst or series of tracks along which helicopters height; types of burst. move from a specific landing site or landing zone. See also helicopter lane. helicopter assault force — (*) A task organization combining helicopters, helicopter support team — (*) A task supporting units, and helicopter-borne troop organization formed and equipped for units for use in helicopter-borne assault employment in a landing zone to facilitate operations. the landing and movement of helicopterborne troops, equipment, and supplies, and helicopter control station — A shipboard to evacuate selected casualties and enemy aircraft control tower or, on ships not prisoners of war. Also called HST. equipped with a control tower, the communications installation that serves as helicopter transport area — Areas to the such. On all Coast Guard cutters, the seaward and on the flanks of the outer helicopter control station is located in the transport and landing ship areas, but pilot house. Also called HCS. See also preferably inside the area screen, used for station. (JP 3-04.1) launching and/or recovering helicopters. (JP 3-02) helicopter direction center — (*) In amphibious operations, the primary direct helicopter wave — See wave. control agency for the helicopter group/unit commander operating under the overall helipad — (*) A prepared area designated control of the tactical air control center. and used for takeoff and landing of helicopters. (Includes touchdown or hover helicopter drop point — A designated point point.) within a landing zone where helicopters are unable to land because of the terrain, but in heliport — (*) A facility designated for which they can discharge cargo or troops operating, basing, servicing, and while hovering. maintaining helicopters. helicopter landing site — A designated herbicide — A chemical compound that will subdivision of a helicopter landing zone in kill or damage plants. which a single flight or wave of assault

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 HERO SAFE ordnance — Any ordnance or loaded in any but the tested condition; item that is percussion initiated, sufficiently when the item is being assembled or shielded or otherwise so protected that all disassembled; or when such ordnance items electro-explosive devices contained by the are damaged causing exposure of internal item are immune to adverse effects (safety wiring or components or destroying or reliability) when the item is employed engineered HERO protective devices. See in its expected radio frequency also electromagnetic radiation; hazards environments, provided that the general of electromagnetic radiation to hazards of electromagnetic radiation to ordnance; HERO SAFE ordnance; ordnance requirements defined in the HERO SUSCEPTIBLE ordnance; hazards from electromagnetic radiation ordnance. (JP 3-04.1) manual are observed. See also electromagnetic radiation; hazards of Hertz-Horn — See chemical horn. electromagnetic radiation to ordnance; HERO SUSCEPTIBLE ordnance; H-hour — See times. HERO UNSAFE ordnance; ordnance. (JP 3-04.1) high airburst — The fallout safe height of burst for a nuclear weapon that increases HERO SUSCEPTIBLE ordnance — Any damage to or casualties on soft targets, or ordnance item containing electro-explosive reduces induced radiation contamination at devices proven by test or analysis to be actual ground zero. See also types of burst. adversely affected by radio frequency energy to the point that the safety and/or high altitude bombing — Horizontal reliability of the system is in jeopardy when bombing with the height of release over the system is employed in its expected radio 15,000 feet. frequency environment. See also electromagnetic radiation; hazards of high altitude burst — (*) The explosion of electromagnetic radiation to ordnance; a nuclear weapon which takes place at a HERO SAFE ordnance; HERO UNSAFE height in excess of 100,000 feet (30,000 ordnance; ordnance. (JP 3-04.1) meters). Also called HAB. See also types of burst. HERO UNSAFE ordnance — Any ordnance item containing electro-explosive high-altitude low-opening parachute devices that has not been classified as technique — A method of delivering HERO SAFE or HERO SUSCEPTIBLE personnel, equipment, or supplies from ordnance as a result of a hazards of airlift aircraft that must fly at altitudes above electromagnetic radiation to ordnance the threat umbrella. Also called HALO. (HERO) analysis or test is considered (JP 3-17) HERO UNSAFE ordnance. Additionally, any ordnance item containing high-altitude missile engagement zone — electro-explosive devices (including those See weapon engagement zone. (JP 3-52) previously classified as HERO SAFE or HERO SUSCEPTIBLE ordnance) that has high angle — (*) In artillery and naval its internal wiring exposed; when tests are gunfire support, an order or request to being conducted on that item that result in obtain high angle fire. additional electrical connections to the item; when electro-explosive devices having high angle fire — (*) Fire delivered at angles exposed wire leads are present and handled of elevation greater than the elevation that

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 corresponds to the maximum range of the gun and ammunition concerned; fire, the range of which decreases as the angle of elevation is increased.

capture by hostile forces in combat, by terrorists, or by unfriendly governments. See also hostile; terrorist. (JP 3-50.3)

high-risk personnel — Personnel who, by high-density airspace control zone — their grade, assignment, symbolic value, or Airspace designated in an airspace control relative isolation, are likely to be attractive plan or airspace control order, in which or accessible terrorist targets. See also there is a concentrated employment of antiterrorism. (JP 3-07.2) numerous and varied weapons and airspace users. A high-density airspace control zone high value airborne asset protection — A has defined dimensions which usually defensive counterair mission that defends coincide with geographical features or airborne national assets which are so navigational aids. Access to a high-density important that the loss of even one could airspace control zone is normally controlled seriously impact US warfighting by the maneuver commander. The capabilities or provide the enemy with maneuver commander can also direct a significant propaganda value. Examples of more restrictive weapons status within the high value airborne assets are Airborne high-density airspace control zone. Also Warning and Control System, Rivet Joint, called HIDACZ. (JP 3-52) Joint Surveillance and Target Attack Radar System, and Compass Call. Also called high explosive cargo — Cargo such as HVAA protection. See also defensive artillery ammunition, bombs, depth charges, counterair. (JP 3-01) demolition material, rockets, and missiles. high value asset control items — Items of high oblique — See oblique air supply identified for intensive management photograph. control under approved inventory management techniques designed to high-payoff target — A target whose loss to maintain an optimum inventory level of the enemy will significantly contribute to high investment items. Also called hi-value the success of the friendly course of action. asset control items. High-payoff targets are those high-value targets that must be acquired and high-value target — A target the enemy successfully attacked for the success of the commander requires for the successful friendly commander’s mission. Also called completion of the mission. The loss of highHPT. See also high-value target; target. value targets would be expected to seriously (JP 3-60) degrade important enemy functions throughout the friendly commander’s area high-payoff target list — A prioritized list of interest. Also called HVT. See also of high-payoff targets by phase of the joint high-payoff target; target. (JP 3-09) operation. Also called HPTL. See also high-payoff target; target. (JP 3-60) high velocity drop — (*) A drop procedure in which the drop velocity is greater than high-risk-of-capture personnel — US 30 feet per second (low velocity drop) and personnel whose position or assignment lower than free drop velocity. See also makes them particularly vulnerable to airdrop.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 high-water mark — Properly, a mark left have been assigned is full; b. when delayed on a beach by wave wash at the preceding by enemy threats or other factors from high water. It does not necessarily proceeding immediately on their next correspond to the high-water line. Because voyage; c. when dispersed from a port to it can be determined by simple observation, avoid the effects of a nuclear attack. See it is frequently used in place of the highalso assembly anchorage; emergency water line, which can be determined only anchorage; working anchorage. by a survey. When so used, it is called the high-water line. (JP 3-10) holding attack — An attack designed to hold the enemy in position, to deceive the enemy hill shading — (*) A method of representing as to where the main attack is being made, relief on a map by depicting the shadows to prevent the enemy from reinforcing the that would be cast by high ground if light elements opposing the main attack, and/or were shining from a certain direction. to cause the enemy to commit the reserves prematurely at an indecisive location. hinterland, far — That region surrounding a beach or terminal operation to the extent holding point — (*) A geographically or that it has characteristics that affect the electronically defined location used in operation — normally within 100 miles. stationing aircraft in flight in a (JP 4-01.6) predetermined pattern in accordance with air traffic control clearance. See also orbit hinterland, near — The area of land within point. an operational area of a specific beach or terminal operation — usually within 5 holding position — (*) A specified location miles. (JP 4-01.6) on the airfield, close to the active runway and identified by visual means, at which hi-value asset control item — See high the position of a taxiing aircraft is value asset control items. maintained in accordance with air traffic control instructions. hoist — (*) In helicopters, the mechanism by which external loads may be raised or hollow charge — (*) A shaped charge lowered vertically. producing a deep cylindrical hole of relatively small diameter in the direction hold — (*) 1. A cargo stowage compartment of its axis of rotation. aboard ship. 2. To maintain or retain possession of by force, as a position or an home recovery mission profile — A mission area. 3. In an attack, to exert sufficient profile that involves the recovery of an pressure to prevent movement or aircraft at its permanent or temporarily redisposition of enemy forces. 4. As assigned operating base. applied to air traffic, to keep an aircraft within a specified space or location which home station — The permanent location of is identified by visual or other means in active duty units and Reserve Component accordance with Air Traffic Control units (e.g., location of armory or reserve instructions. See also fix; retain. center). See also active duty; Reserve Components. (JP 4-05) holding anchorage — (*) An anchorage where ships may lie: a. if the assembly or homing — (*) The technique whereby a working anchorage, or port, to which they mobile station directs itself, or is directed,

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 towards a source of primary or reflected horizontal situation display — (*) An energy, or to a specified point. electronically generated display on which navigation information and stored mission homing guidance — A system by which a and procedural data can be presented. missile or torpedo steers itself towards a Radar information and television picture target by means of a self-contained can also be displayed either as a map mechanism which is activated by some overlay or as a separate image. See also distinguishing characteristics of the target. head-up display. See also active homing guidance; passive homing guidance; semi-active homing horizontal situation indicator — (*) An guidance. instrument which may display bearing and distance to a navigation aid, magnetic homing mine — (*) In naval mine warfare, heading, track/course and track/course a mine fitted with propulsion equipment deviation. which homes on to a target. See also mine. horizontal stowage — The lateral horizon — In general, the apparent or visible distribution of unit equipment or categories junction of the Earth and sky, as seen from of supplies so that they can be unloaded any specific position. Also called the simultaneously from two or more holds. apparent, visible, or local horizon. A (JP 3-02.2) horizontal plane passing through a point of vision or perspective center. The apparent horn — (*) In naval mine warfare, a or visible horizon approximates the true projection from the mine shell of some horizon only when the point of vision is contact mines which, when broken or bent very close to sea level. by contact, causes the mine to fire. horizontal action mine — (*) In land mine hospital — A medical treatment facility warfare, a mine designed to produce a capable of providing inpatient care. It is destructive effect in a plane approximately appropriately staffed and equipped to parallel to the ground. provide diagnostic and therapeutic services, as well as the necessary supporting services horizontal error — (*) The error in range, required to perform its assigned mission and deflection, or in radius, which a weapon functions. A hospital may, in addition, may be expected to exceed as often as not. discharge the functions of a clinic. Horizontal error of weapons making a nearly vertical approach to the target is hostage — A person held as a pledge that described in terms of circular error certain terms or agreements will be kept. probable. Horizontal error of weapons (The taking of hostages is forbidden under producing elliptical dispersion pattern is the Geneva Conventions, 1949.) expressed in terms of probable error. See also circular error probable; delivery host country — A nation in which error; deviation; dispersion error. representatives or organizations of another state are present because of government horizontal loading — (*) Loading of items invitation and/or international agreement. of like character in horizontal layers throughout the holds of a ship. See also hostile — In combat and combat support loading. operations, an identity applied to a track

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 declared to belong to any opposing nation, voluntarily absent from a place of duty. See party, group, or entity, which by virtue of also casualty; casualty type; nonhostile its behavior or information collected on it casualty. such as characteristics, origin, or nationality contributes to the threat to friendly forces. hostile environment — See operational See also neutral; suspect; unknown. environment. (JP 3-05.3) hostile act — 1. A hostile act is an attack or hostile force — Any civilian, paramilitary, other use of force by any civilian, or military force or terrorist(s), with or paramilitary, or military force or terrorist(s) without national designation, that have (with or without national designation) committed a hostile act, exhibited hostile against the United States, US forces and, intent, or have been declared hostile by in certain circumstances, US nationals, their appropriate US authority. property, US commercial assets, or other designated non-US forces, foreign hostile intent — The threat of imminent use nationals, and their property. 2. Force used of force by a foreign force, terrorist(s), or directly to preclude or impede the mission organization against the United States and and/or duties of US forces, including the US national interests, US forces and, in recovery of US personnel and vital US certain circumstances, US nationals, their Government property. When a hostile act property, US commercial assets, and other is in progress the right exists to use designated non-US forces, foreign proportional force, including armed force, nationals, and their property. When hostile in self-defense by all necessary means intent is present, the right exists to use available to deter or neutralize the potential proportional force, including armed force, attacker or, if necessary, to destroy the in self-defense by all necessary means threat. available to deter or neutralize the potential attacker or, if necessary, to destroy the hostile casualty — A person who is the victim threat. A determination that hostile intent of a terrorist activity or who becomes a exists and requires the use of proportional casualty “in action.” “In action” force in self-defense must be based on characterizes the casualty as having been evidence that an attack is imminent. the direct result of hostile action, sustained Evidence necessary to determine hostile in combat or relating thereto, or sustained intent will vary depending on the state of going to or returning from a combat mission international and regional political tension, provided that the occurrence was directly military preparations, intelligence, and related to hostile action. Included are indications and warning information. persons killed or wounded mistakenly or accidentally by friendly fire directed at a hostile track — See hostile. hostile force or what is thought to be a hostile force. However, not to be host nation — A nation that receives the considered as sustained in action and not forces and/or supplies of allied nations, to be interpreted as hostile casualties are coalition partners, and/or NATO injuries or death due to the elements, selforganizations to be located on, to operate inflicted wounds, combat fatigue, and in, or to transit through its territory. Also except in unusual cases, wounds or death called HN. inflicted by a friendly force while the individual is in an absent-without-leave, host-nation support — Civil and/or military deserter, or dropped-from-rolls status or is assistance rendered by a nation to foreign

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 forces within its territory during peacetime, hot spot — (*) Region in a contaminated crises or emergencies, or war based on area in which the level of radioactive agreements mutually concluded between contamination is considerably greater than nations. Also called HNS. See also host in neighboring regions in the area. nation. (JP 4-0) hovering — (*) A self-sustaining maneuver host-nation support agreement — Basic whereby a fixed, or nearly fixed, position agreement normally concluded at is maintained relative to a spot on the government-to-government or governmentsurface of the Earth or underwater. to-combatant commander level. These agreements may include general hovering ceiling — (*) The highest altitude agreements, umbrella agreements, and at which the helicopter is capable of memoranda of understanding. See also hovering in standard atmosphere. It is host nation; host-nation support. usually stated in two figures: hovering in (JP 4-01.8) ground effect and hovering out of ground effect. hot photo interpretation report — A preliminary unformatted report of howitzer — 1. A cannon that combines significant information from tactical certain characteristics of guns and mortars. reconnaissance imagery dispatched prior to The howitzer delivers projectiles with compilation of the initial photo medium velocities, either by low or high interpretation report. It should pertain to a trajectories. 2. Normally a cannon with a single objective, event, or activity of tube length of 20 to 30 calibers; however, significant interest to justify immediate the tube length can exceed 30 calibers and reporting. Also called HOTPHOTOREP. still be considered a howitzer when the high angle fire zoning solution permits range hot pursuit — Pursuit commenced within the overlap between charges. See also gun; territory, internal waters, the archipelagic mortar. waters, the territorial sea, or territorial airspace of the pursuing state and continued hub — An organization that sorts and without interruption beyond the territory, distributes inbound cargo from wholesale territorial sea, or airspace. Hot pursuit also supply sources (airlifted, sealifted, and exists if pursuit commences within the ground transportable) and/or from within contiguous or exclusive economic zones or the theater. See also hub and spoke on the continental shelf of the pursuing distribution; spoke. (JP 4-01.4) state, continues without interruption, and is undertaken based on a violation of the hub and spoke distribution — A physical rights for the protection of which the zone distribution system developed and modeled was established. The right of hot pursuit on industry standards to provide cargo ceases as soon as the ship or hostile force management for a theater. It is based on a pursued enters the territory or territorial sea “hub” moving cargo to and between several of its own state or of a third state. This “spokes”. It is designed to increase definition does not imply that force may or transportation efficiencies and in-transit may not be used in connection with hot visibility and reduce order ship time. See pursuit. NOTE: This term applies only to also distribution; distribution system; law enforcement activities. hub; in-transit visibility; spoke. (JP 4-01.4)

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 human intelligence — (*) A category of intelligence derived from information collected and provided by human sources. Also called HUMINT. See also human resources intelligence.

the United States by assisting other nations in protecting their populations from landmines and clearing land of the threat posed by landmines remaining after conflict has ended. The humanitarian demining program includes training of host nation deminers, establishment of national demining organizations, provision of demining equipment, mine awareness training, and research development. (JP 3-07.6)

humanitarian and civic assistance — Assistance to the local populace provided by predominantly US forces in conjunction with military operations and exercises. This assistance is specifically authorized by title 10, United States Code, section 401, and funded under separate authorities. humanitarian operations center — An Assistance provided under these provisions interagency policymaking body that is limited to (1) medical, dental, and coordinates the overall relief strategy and veterinary care provided in rural areas of a unity of effort among all participants in a country; (2) construction of rudimentary large foreign humanitarian assistance surface transportation systems; (3) well operation. It normally is established under drilling and construction of basic sanitation the direction of the government of the facilities; and (4) rudimentary construction affected country or the United Nations, or and repair of public facilities. Assistance a United States Government agency during must fulfill unit training requirements that a United States unilateral operation. The incidentally create humanitarian benefit to humanitarian operations center should the local populace. Also called HCA. See consist of representatives from the affected also foreign humanitarian assistance. country, the United States Embassy or (JP 3-05.3) Consulate, the joint force, the United Nations, nongovernmental and humanitarian assistance coordination international organizations, and other major center — A temporary center established players in the operation. Also called HOC. by a geographic combatant commander to See also operation. (JP 3-57) assist with interagency coordination and planning. A humanitarian assistance human resources intelligence — The coordination center operates during the intelligence derived from the intelligence early planning and coordination stages of collection discipline that uses human beings foreign humanitarian assistance operations as both sources and collectors, and where by providing the link between the the human being is the primary collection geographic combatant commander and instrument. Also called HUMINT. other United States Government agencies, nongovernmental organizations, and hung weapons — Those weapons or stores international and regional organizations at on an aircraft that the pilot has attempted the strategic level. Also called HACC. See to drop or fire but could not because of a also foreign humanitarian assistance; malfunction of the weapon, rack or interagency coordination. (JP 3-57) launcher, or aircraft release and control system. (JP 3-04.1) humanitarian demining — Department of Defense and Department of State program hunter track — (*) In naval mine warfare, to promote the foreign policy interests of the track to be followed by the hunter (or

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 sweeper) to ensure that the hunting (or sweeping) gear passes over the lap track.

phase difference measurement of phase-locked continuous wave transmissions. See also loran.

hydrogen bomb — See thermonuclear weapon. hypergolic fuel — (*) Fuel which will spontaneously ignite with an oxidizer, such hydrographic chart — (*) A nautical chart as aniline with fuming nitric acid. It is used showing depths of water, nature of bottom, as the propulsion agent in certain missile contours of bottom and coastline, and tides systems. and currents in a given sea or sea and land area. hypersonic — (*) Of or pertaining to speeds equal to, or in excess of, five times the speed hydrographic reconnaissance — of sound. See also speed of sound. Reconnaissance of an area of water to determine depths, beach gradients, the hyperspectral imagery — Term used to nature of the bottom, and the location of describe the imagery derived from coral reefs, rocks, shoals, and manmade subdividing the electromagnetic spectrum obstacles. into very narrow bandwidths. These narrow bandwidths may be combined with or hydrography — (*) The science which deals subtracted from each other in various ways with the measurements and description of to form images useful in precise terrain or the physical features of the oceans, seas, target analysis. Also called HSI. lakes, rivers, and their adjoining coastal areas, with particular reference to their use hyperstereoscopy — (*) Stereoscopic for navigational purposes. viewing in which the relief effect is noticeably exaggerated, caused by the hyperbaric chamber — (*) A chamber used extension of the camera base. Also called to induce an increase in ambient pressure exaggerated stereoscopy. as would occur in descending below sea level, in a water or air environment. It is hypobaric chamber — (*) A chamber used the only type of chamber suitable for use to induce a decrease in ambient pressure as in the treatment of decompression sickness would occur in ascending to altitude. This in flying or diving. Also called type of chamber is primarily used for compression chamber; diving chamber; training and experimental purposes. Also recompression chamber. called altitude chamber; decompression chamber. hyperbolic navigation system — (*) A radio navigation system which enables the hypsometric tinting — (*) A method of position of an aircraft equipped with a showing relief on maps and charts by suitable receiver to be fixed by two or more coloring in different shades those parts intersecting hyperbolic position lines. The which lie between selected levels. Also system employs either a time difference called altitude tint; elevation tint; layer measurement of pulse transmissions or a tint.

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I identification — 1. The process of image format — Actual size of negative, determining the friendly or hostile character scope, or other medium on which image is of an unknown detected contact. 2. In arms produced. control, the process of determining which nation is responsible for the detected image motion compensation — (*) violations of any arms control measure. 3. Movement intentionally imparted to film In ground combat operations, at such a rate as to compensate for the discrimination between recognizable forward motion of an air or space vehicle objects as being friendly or enemy, or the when photographing ground objects. name that belongs to the object as a member of a class. Also called ID. imagery — (*) Collectively, the representations of objects reproduced identification, friend or foe — A device that electronically or by optical means on film, emits a signal positively identifying it as a electronic display devices, or other media. friendly. Also called IFF. See also air defense. imagery collateral — (*) The reference materials which support the imagery identification friend or foe personal interpretation function. identifier — The discrete identification friend or foe code assigned to a particular imagery correlation — (*) The mutual aircraft, ship, or other vehicle for relationship between the different identification by electronic means. signatures on imagery from different types of sensors in terms of position and the identification, friend or foe/selective physical characteristics signified. identification feature procedures — The directives that govern the use of imagery data recording — (*) The identification, friend or foe selective transposing of information relating to the identification feature equipment. See also airborne vehicle and sensor, such as speed, identification, friend or foe. height, tilt, position, and time, to the matrix block on the sensor record at the moment identification maneuver — A maneuver of image acquisition. performed for identification purposes. imagery exploitation — (*) The cycle of igloo space — Area in an earth-covered processing and printing imagery to the structure of concrete and/or steel designed positive or negative state, assembly into for the storage of ammunition and imagery packs, identification, explosives. See also storage. interpretation, mensuration, information extraction, the preparation of reports, and ignition system — See firing system. the dissemination of information. illuminate — Directing radar energy at an imagery intelligence — Intelligence derived aircraft or surface vessel sufficient to obtain from the exploitation of collection by visual radar targeting information (fire control photography, infrared sensors, lasers, solution). electro-optics, and radar sensors such as

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 synthetic aperture radar wherein images of immediate decontamination — objects are reproduced optically or Decontamination carried out by electronically on film, electronic display individuals immediately upon becoming devices, or other media. Also called contaminated. It is performed in an effort IMINT. See also intelligence; to minimize casualties, save lives, and limit photographic intelligence. (JP 2-0) the spread of contamination. Also called emergency decontamination. See also imagery interpretation — (*) 1. The contamination; decontamination. (JP 3-11) process of location, recognition, identification, and description of objects, immediate destination — (*) The next activities, and terrain represented on destination of a ship or convoy, irrespective imagery. 2. The extraction of information of whether or not onward routing from photographs or other recorded images. instructions have been issued to it. Also called photographic interpretation. immediately vital cargo — (*) A cargo imagery interpretation key — (*) Any already loaded which the consignee country diagram, chart, table, list, or set of examples, regards as immediately vital for the etc., which is used to aid imagery prosecution of the war or for national interpreters in the rapid identification of survival, notwithstanding the risk to the objects visible on imagery. ship. If the cargo is carried in a ship of another nation, then that nation must agree imagery pack — (*) An assembly of the to the delivery of the cargo. The use of this records from different imagery sensors term is limited to the period of covering a common target area. implementation of the shipping movement policy. imitative communications deception — That division of deception involving the immediate message — A category of introduction of false or misleading but precedence reserved for messages relating plausible communications into target to situations that gravely affect the security systems that mimics or imitates the targeted of national and multinational forces or communications. See also deception; populace and that require immediate target system. (JP 3-51) delivery to the addressee(s). See also precedence. imitative electromagnetic deception — See electromagnetic deception. immediate mission request — A request for an air strike on a target that, by its nature, immediate airlift requests — Requests could not be identified sufficiently in generated that, due to their time-critical advance to permit detailed mission nature, cannot be filled by a planned coordination and planning. See also mission. (JP 3-17) preplanned mission request. immediate air support — (*) Air support immediate nuclear support — Nuclear to meet specific requests which arise during support to meet specific requests that arise the course of a battle and which by their during the course of a battle, and that by nature cannot be planned in advance. See their nature, cannot be planned in advance. also air support. See also nuclear support; preplanned nuclear support.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 immediate operational readiness — Those plans and operation orders to prosecute the operations directly related to the assumption campaign. At lower levels, implementation of an alert or quick-reaction posture. planning prepares for the execution of Typical operations include strip alert, assigned tasks or logistic missions. See also airborne alert and/or indoctrination, joint operation planning. no-notice launch of an alert force, and the maintenance of missiles in an alert implosion weapon — A weapon in which a configuration. See also nuclear weapon quantity of fissionable material, less than a exercise; nuclear weapon maneuver. critical mass at ordinary pressure, has its volume suddenly reduced by compression immediate targets — Targets that have been (a step accomplished by using chemical identified too late, or not selected for action explosives) so that it becomes supercritical, in time to be included in the normal producing a nuclear explosion. targeting process, and therefore have not been scheduled. Immediate targets have imprest fund — A cash fund of a fixed two subcategories: unplanned and amount established through an advance of unanticipated. See also target. (JP 3-60) funds, without appropriation change, to an authorized imprest fund cashier to effect impact action fuze — (*) A fuze that is set immediate cash payments of relatively in action by the striking of a projectile or small amounts for authorized purchases of bomb against an object, e.g., percussion supplies and nonpersonal services. fuze, contact fuze. Also called direct action fuze. imprint — (*) Brief note in the margin of a map giving all or some of the following: impact area — An area having designated date of publication, printing, name of boundaries within the limits of which all publisher, printer, place of publication, ordnance will detonate or impact. number of copies printed, and related information. impact pressure — (*) The difference between pitot pressure and static pressure. improved conventional munitions — Munitions characterized by the delivery of implementation — Procedures governing the two or more antipersonnel or antimateriel mobilization of the force and the and/or antiarmor submunitions by a deployment, employment, and sustainment warhead or projectile. of military operations in response to execution orders issued by the National improvised early resupply — (*) The Command Authorities. Also called IMP. onward movement of commodities which are available on land and which can be implementation planning — Operational readily loaded into ships. planning associated with the conduct of a continuing operation, campaign, or war to improvised explosive device — (*) A device attain defined objectives. At the national placed or fabricated in an improvised level, it includes the development of manner incorporating destructive, lethal, strategy and the assignment of strategic noxious, pyrotechnic, or incendiary tasks to the combatant commanders. At the chemicals and designed to destroy, theater level, it includes the development incapacitate, harass, or distract. It may of campaign plans to attain assigned incorporate military stores, but is normally objectives and the preparation of operation

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 devised from nonmilitary components. Also called IED. (JP 3-07.2) improvised mine — A mine fabricated from available materials at or near its point of use.

members of the Inactive National Guard, they must muster once a year with their assigned unit. Like the Individual Ready Reserve, all members of the Inactive National Guard have legal, contractual obligations. Members of the Inactive National Guard may not train for retirement credit or pay and are not eligible for promotion. Also called ING. See also Individual Ready Reserve; Selected Reserve. (JP 4-05)

improvised nuclear device — A device incorporating radioactive materials designed to result in the dispersal of radioactive material or in the formation of nuclear-yield reaction. Such devices may be fabricated in a completely improvised inactive status — Status of reserve members manner or may be an improvised on an inactive status list of a Reserve modification to a US or foreign nuclear Component or assigned to the Inactive weapon. Also called IND. Army National Guard. Those in an inactive status may not train for points or pay, and inactive aircraft inventory — Aircraft in may not be considered for promotion. storage or bailment and/or governmentfurnished equipment on loan or lease inbound traffic — Traffic originating in an outside of the Defense establishment or area outside the continental United States otherwise not available to the Military destined for or moving in the general Services. direction of the continental United States.

inactive duty training — Authorized training incapacitating agent — An agent that performed by a member of a Reserve produces temporary physiological or Component not on active duty or active mental effects, or both, which will render duty for training and consisting of regularly individuals incapable of concerted effort in scheduled unit training assemblies, the performance of their assigned duties. additional training assemblies, periods of appropriate duty or equivalent training, and incapacitating illness or injury — The any special additional duties authorized for casualty status of a person (a) whose illness Reserve Component personnel by the or injury requires hospitalization but Secretary concerned, and performed by medical authority does not classify as very them in connection with the prescribed seriously ill or injured; or (b) seriously ill activities of the organization in which they or injured and the illness or injury makes are assigned with or without pay. Does not the person physically or mentally unable include work or study associated with to communicate with the next of kin. Also correspondence courses. Also called IDT. called III. See also casualty status. See also active duty for training. incentive type contract — A contract that Inactive National Guard — Army National may be of either a fixed price or cost Guard personnel in an inactive status not reimbursement nature, with a special in the Selected Reserve who are attached provision for adjustment of the fixed price to a specific National Guard unit but do not or fee. It provides for a tentative target price participate in training activities. Upon and a maximum price or maximum fee, with mobilization, they will mobilize with their price or fee adjustment after completion of units. In order for these personnel to remain the contract for the purpose of establishing

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 a final price or fee based on the contractor’s indefinite call sign — (*) A call sign which actual costs plus a sliding scale of profit or does not represent a specific facility, fee that varies inversely with the cost but command, authority, activity, or unit, but which in no event shall permit the final price which may represent any one or any group or fee to exceed the maximum price or fee of these. See also call sign. stated in the contract. See also cost contract; fixed price type contract. indefinite delivery type contract — A type of contract used for procurements where the incident — In information operations, an exact time of delivery is not known at time assessed event of attempted entry, of contracting. unauthorized entry, or an information attack on an automated information system. It independent — (*) A merchant ship under includes unauthorized probing and naval control sailed singly and unescorted browsing; disruption or denial of service; by a warship. See also military altered or destroyed input, processing, independent. storage, or output of information; or changes to information system hardware, independent ejection system — See ejection firmware, or software characteristics with systems. or without the users’ knowledge, instruction, or intent. See also information independent mine — (*) A mine which is operations. (JP 3-13) not controlled by the user after laying. See also mine. incident classification — See search and rescue incident classification. independent review — In computer modeling and simulation, a review incident control point — A designated point performed by competent, objective close to an incident where crisis reviewers who are independent of the model management forces will rendezvous and developer. Independent review includes establish control capability before initiating either (a) a detailed verification and/or a tactical reaction. Also called ICP. See validation of the model or simulation; or also antiterrorism. (JP 3-07.2) (b) an examination of the verification and/ or validation performed by the model or incidents — Brief clashes or other military simulation developer. See also disturbances generally of a transitory nature configuration management; validation; and not involving protracted hostilities. verification. in-company — Two or more units proceeding indicated airspeed — See airspeed. together under the command of a designated senior. indications and warning — Those intelligence activities intended to detect and inclination angle — See pitch angle. report time-sensitive intelligence information on foreign developments that incremental costs — Costs which are could involve a threat to the United States additional costs to the Service or allied and/or coalition military, political, appropriations that would not have been or economic interests or to US citizens incurred absent support of the contingency abroad. It includes forewarning of enemy operation. See also financial actions or intentions; the imminence of management. (JP 1-06) hostilities; insurgency; nuclear or non-

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 nuclear attack on the United States, its individual mobilization augmentee overseas forces, or allied and/or coalition detachment — An administrative unit nations; hostile reactions to US organized to train and manage individual reconnaissance activities; terrorists’ attacks; mobilization augmentees. and other similar events. Also called I&W. See also information; intelligence. individual protection — Actions taken by (JP 3-13) individuals to survive and continue the mission under nuclear, biological, and indications (intelligence) — Information in chemical conditions. See also protection. various degrees of evaluation, all of which (JP 3-11) bear on the intention of a potential enemy to adopt or reject a course of action. individual protective equipment — (*) In nuclear, biological, and chemical warfare, indicator — (*) In intelligence usage, an item the personal clothing and equipment of information which reflects the intention required to protect an individual from or capability of a potential enemy to adopt biological and chemical hazards and some or reject a course of action. nuclear effects. indirect fire — Fire delivered on a target that Individual Ready Reserve — A manpower is not itself used as a point of aim for the pool consisting of individuals who have had weapons or the director. some training, who have served previously in the Active Component or in the Selected indirect laying — (*) Aiming a gun either Reserve, and have some period of their by sighting at a fixed object, called the military service obligation remaining. aiming point, instead of the target or by Members may voluntarily participate in using a means of pointing other than a sight, training for retirement points and promotion such as a gun director, when the target with or without pay. Also called IRR. See cannot be seen from the gun position. also Selected Reserve. (JP 4-05) individual equipment — Referring to individual reserves — The supplies carried method of use: signifies personal clothing on a soldier, animal, or vehicle for and equipment, for the personal use of the individual use in an emergency. See also individual. See also equipment. reserve supplies. individual mobilization augmentee — An individual self-defense — The individual’s individual reservist attending drills who inherent right of self-defense is an element receives training and is preassigned to an of unit self-defense. It is critical that Active Component organization, a individuals are aware of and train to the Selective Service System, or a Federal principle that they have the authority to use Emergency Management Agency billet that all available means and to take all must be filled on, or shortly after, appropriate action to defend themselves and mobilization. Individual mobilization other US personnel in their vicinity. In the augmentees train on a part-time basis with implementation of these standing and other these organizations to prepare for rules of engagement (ROE), commanders mobilization. Inactive duty training for have the obligation to ensure that the individual mobilization augmentees is individuals within that commander’s unit decided by component policy and can vary understand when and how they may use from 0 to 48 drills a year. Also called IMA. force in self-defense. While individuals

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 assigned to a unit respond to a hostile act industrial mobilization — The or hostile intent in the exercise of selftransformation of industry from its defense, their use of force must remain peacetime activity to the industrial program consistent with lawful orders of their necessary to support the national military superiors, the rules contained in joint objectives. It includes the mobilization of doctrine, and other applicable ROE materials, labor, capital, production promulgated for the mission or area of facilities, and contributory items and responsibility. services essential to the industrial program. See also mobilization. individual sponsored dependent — A dependent not entitled to travel to the industrial preparedness — The state of overseas command at Government expense preparedness of industry to produce or who enters the command without essential materiel to support the national endorsement of the appropriate overseas military objectives. commander. industrial preparedness program — Plans, induced environment — Any manmade or actions, or measures for the transformation equipment-made environment that directly of the industrial base, both governmentor indirectly affects the performance of man owned and civilian-owned, from its or materiel. peacetime activity to the emergency program necessary to support the national induced radiation — (*) Radiation produced military objectives. It includes industrial as a result of exposure to radioactive preparedness measures such as materials, particularly the capture of modernization, expansion, and preservation neutrons. See also contamination; initial of the production facilities and contributory radiation; residual radiation; residual items and services for planning with radioactivity. industry. Also called IPP. induction circuit — (*) In naval mine industrial property — As distinguished from warfare, a circuit actuated by the rate of military property, any contractor-acquired change in a magnetic field due to the or government-furnished property, movement of the ship or the changing including materials, special tooling, and current in the sweep. industrial facilities, furnished or acquired in the performance of a contract or industrial chemicals — Chemicals subcontract. developed or manufactured for use in industrial operations or research by industrial readiness — See industrial industry, government, or academia. These preparedness. chemicals are not primarily manufactured for the specific purpose of producing human inert filling — (*) A prepared non-explosive casualties or rendering equipment, filling of the same weight as the explosive facilities, or areas dangerous for human use. filling. Hydrogen cyanide, cyanogen chloride, phosgene, and chloropicrin are industrial inertial guidance — A guidance system chemicals that also can be military chemical designed to project a missile over a agents. See also chemical warfare. predetermined path, wherein the path of the (JP 3-11) missile is adjusted after launching by

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 devices wholly within the missile and influence field — (*) The distribution in independent of outside information. The space of the influence of a ship or system measures and converts accelerations minesweeping equipment. experienced to distance traveled in a certain direction. influence mine — (*) A mine actuated by the effect of a target on some physical inertial navigation system — (*) A selfcondition in the vicinity of the mine or on contained navigation system using inertial radiations emanating from the mine. See detectors, which automatically provides also mine. vehicle position, heading, and velocity. Also called INS. influence release sinker — A sinker which holds a moored or rising mine at the sea-bed inert mine — (*) A mine or replica of a mine and releases it when actuated by a suitable incapable of producing an explosion. ship influence. in extremis — A situation of such exceptional influence sweep — A sweep designed to urgency that immediate action must be produce an influence similar to that taken to minimize imminent loss of life or produced by a ship and thus actuate mines. catastrophic degradation of the political or military situation. (JP 3-05) information — 1. Facts, data, or instructions in any medium or form. 2. The meaning infiltration — 1. The movement through or that a human assigns to data by means of into an area or territory occupied by either the known conventions used in their friendly or enemy troops or organizations. representation. (JP 3-13.1) The movement is made, either by small groups or by individuals, at extended or information assurance — Information irregular intervals. When used in operations that protect and defend connection with the enemy, it infers that information and information systems by contact is avoided. 2. In intelligence usage, ensuring their availability, integrity, placing an agent or other person in a target authentication, confidentiality, and area in hostile territory. Usually involves nonrepudiation. This includes providing crossing a frontier or other guarded line. for restoration of information systems by Methods of infiltration are: black incorporating protection, detection, and (clandestine); grey (through legal crossing reaction capabilities. Also called IA. See point but under false documentation); and also information; information white (legal). operations; information system. (JP 3-13) inflammable cargo — Cargo such as information-based processes — Processes drummed gasoline and oils. that collect, analyze, and disseminate information using any medium or form. inflight phase — The flight of a missile or These processes may be stand-alone space vehicle from launch to detonation or processes or sub-processes that, taken impact. together, comprise a larger system or systems of processes. See also information inflight report — The transmission from the system. (JP 3-13) airborne system of information obtained both at the target and en route.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 information box — (*) A space on an annotated overlay, mosaic, map, etc., which is used for identification, reference, and scale information.

of computer security and communications security. Also called INFOSEC. See also communications security; computer security; information security; information system. (JP 3-13)

information environment — The aggregate of individuals, organizations, or systems information superiority — That degree of that collect, process, or disseminate dominance in the information domain information; also included is the which permits the conduct of operations information itself. See also information without effective opposition. See also system. (JP 3-13) information operations. (JP 2-01.3) information operations — Actions taken to information system — The entire affect adversary information and infrastructure, organization, personnel, and information systems while defending one’s components that collect, process, store, own information and information systems. transmit, display, disseminate, and act on Also called IO. See also defensive information. See also information; information operations; information; information warfare. (JP 3-13) information system; offensive information operations; operation. information warfare — Information (JP 3-13) operations conducted during time of crisis or conflict to achieve or promote specific information report — Report used to objectives over a specific adversary or forward raw information collected to fulfill adversaries. Also called IW. See also intelligence requirements. crisis; information; information operations; operation. (JP 3-13) information requirements — (*) Those items of information regarding the enemy infrared film — Film carrying an emulsion and his environment which need to be especially sensitive to “near-infrared.” collected and processed in order to meet Used to photograph through haze because the intelligence requirements of a of the penetrating power of infrared light commander. See also priority intelligence and in camouflage detection to distinguish requirements. between living vegetation and dead vegetation or artificial green pigment. information resources — Information and related resources, such as personnel, infrared imagery — That imagery produced equipment, and information technology. as a result of sensing electromagnetic See also information. (JP 4-01.8) radiations emitted or reflected from a given target surface in the infrared position of the information security — The protection of electromagnetic spectrum (approximately information and information systems 0.72 to 1,000 microns). against unauthorized access or modification of information, whether in storage, infrared linescan system — (*) A passive processing, or transit, and against denial of airborne infrared recording system which service to authorized users. Information scans across the ground beneath the flight security includes those measures necessary path, adding successive lines to the record to detect, document, and counter such as the vehicle advances along the flight path. threats. Information security is composed

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 infrared photography — Photography initial approach — (*) a. That part of an employing an optical system and direct instrument approach procedure in which the image recording on film sensitive to aircraft has departed an initial approach fix near-infrared wavelength (infrared film). or point and is maneuvering to enter the (Note: Not to be confused with “infrared intermediate or final approach. It ends at imagery.”) the intermediate fix or point or, where no intermediate segment is established, at the infrared pointer — A low power laser device final approach fix or point. b. That part of operating in the near infrared light spectrum a visual approach of an aircraft immediately that is visible with light amplifying night prior to arrival over the airfield of vision devices. Also called IR pointer. destination, or over the reporting point from (JP 3-09.3) which the final approach to the airfield is commenced. infrared radiation — Radiation emitted or reflected in the infrared portion of the initial approach area — (*) An area of electromagnetic spectrum. defined width lying between the last preceding navigational fix or dead infrastructure — All building and permanent reckoning position and either the facility installations necessary for the support, to be used for making an instrument redeployment, and military forces approach or a point associated with such a operations (e.g., barracks, headquarters, facility that is used for demarcating the airfields, communications, facilities, stores, termination of initial approach. port installations, and maintenance stations). See also bilateral initial assessment — An assessment that infrastructure; common infrastructure; provides a basic determination of the national infrastructure. (JP 4-01.8) viability of the infiltration and exfiltration portion of a proposed special operations initial active duty for training — Basic forces mission. Also called IA. (JP 3-05.5) military training and technical skill training required for all accessions. For nonprior initial contact report — See contact report. service male enlistees between the ages of 18 1/2 and 26, initial active duty for training initial draft plan — (*) A plan which has shall be not less than 12 weeks and start been drafted and coordinated by the insofar as practical within 270 days after originating headquarters, and is ready for enlistment. Initial active duty for training external coordination with other military for all other enlistees and inductees shall headquarters. It cannot be directly be prescribed by the Secretary concerned implemented by the issuing commander, and start insofar as practical within 360 days but it may form the basis for an operation of entry into the Service, except in time of order issued by the commander in the event war or national emergency declared by of an emergency. See also coordinated Congress or the President when basic draft plan; draft plan; final plan; training shall be not less than 12 weeks or operation plan. its equivalent. Reservists may not be assigned to active duty on land outside the initial early resupply — The onward United States or its territories and movement of ships which are already possessions until basic training has been loaded with cargoes which will serve the completed. requirements after D-day. This includes

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 such shipping deployed from major ports/ major water terminals and subsequently dispersed to secondary ports/alternate water terminals and anchorages. initial entry into Military Service — Entry for the first time into military status (active duty or reserve) by induction, enlistment, or appointment in any Service of the Armed Forces of the United States. Appointment may be as a commissioned or warrant officer; as a cadet or midshipman at the Service academy of one of the armed forces; or as a midshipman, US Naval Reserve, for US Naval Reserve Officers’ Training Corps training at a civilian institution.

board. 2. A well-defined point, easily distinguishable visually and/or electronically, used as a starting point for the bomb run to the target. 3. airborne — A point close to the landing area where serials (troop carrier air formations) make final alterations in course to pass over individual drop or landing zones. 4. helicopter — An air control point in the vicinity of the landing zone from which individual flights of helicopters are directed to their prescribed landing sites. 5. Any designated place at which a column or element thereof is formed by the successive arrival of its various subdivisions, and comes under the control of the commander ordering the move. Also called IP. See also target approach point. (JP 3-09.1)

initial issues — The issue of materiel not previously furnished to an individual or organization, including new inductees and initial programmed interpretation report newly activated organizations, and the issue — (*) A standardized imagery of newly authorized items of materiel. interpretation report providing information on programmed mission objectives or other initial operational capability — The first vital intelligence information which can be attainment of the capability to employ readily identified near these objectives, and effectively a weapon, item of equipment, which has not been reported elsewhere. or system of approved specific Also called IPIR. characteristics that is manned or operated by an adequately trained, equipped, and initial provisioning — The process of supported military unit or force. Also called determining the range and quantity of items IOC. (i.e., spares and repair parts, special tools, test equipment, and support equipment) initial path sweeping — (*) In naval mine required to support and maintain an item warfare, initial sweeping to clear a path for an initial period of service. Its phases through a mined area dangerous to the include the identification of items of supply, following mine sweepers. See also the establishment of data for catalog, precursor sweeping. technical manual, and allowance list preparation, and the preparation of initial photo interpretation report — A instructions to assure delivery of necessary first-phase interpretation report, subsequent support items with related end articles. to the Joint Tactical Air Reconnaissance/ Surveillance Mission Report, presenting the initial radiation — (*) The radiation, results of the initial readout of new imagery essentially neutrons and gamma rays, to answer the specific requirements for resulting from a nuclear burst and emitted which the mission was requested. from the fireball within one minute after burst. See also induced radiation; initial point — 1. The first point at which a residual radiation. moving target is located on a plotting

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 initial reserves — In amphibious operations, classed as injuries. See also casualty; those supplies that normally are unloaded wounded. immediately following the assault waves; usually the supplies for the use of the beach inland petroleum distribution system — A organization, battalion landing teams, and multi-product petroleum pipeline designed other elements of regimental combat teams to move bulk fuel forward in a theater of for the purpose of initiating and sustaining operation. (JP 4-01.6) combat until higher supply installations are established. See also reserve supplies. inland search and rescue region — The inland areas of the continental United initial response force — The first unit, States, except waters under the jurisdiction usually military police, on the scene of a of the United States. See also search and terrorist incident. See also antiterrorism. rescue region. (JP 3-07.2) inner transport area — In amphibious initial unloading period — (*) In operations, an area as close to the landing amphibious operations, that part of the beach as depth of water, navigational ship-to-shore movement in which hazards, boat traffic, and enemy action unloading is primarily tactical in character permit, to which transports may move to and must be instantly responsive to landing expedite unloading. See also outer force requirements. All elements intended transport area; transport area. to land during this period are serialized. See also general unloading period. innocent passage — The right of all ships to engage in continuous and expeditious initiating directive — An order to a surface passage through the territorial sea subordinate commander to conduct military and archipelagic waters of foreign coastal operations as directed. It is issued by the states in a manner not prejudicial to its unified commander, subunified peace, good order, or security. Passage commander, Service component includes stopping and anchoring, but only commander, or joint force commander if incidental to ordinary navigation or delegated overall responsibility for the necessary by force majeure or distress, or operation. (JP 3-18) for the purpose of rendering assistance to persons, ships, or aircraft in danger or initiation of procurement action — That distress. point in time when the approved document requesting procurement and citing funds is in-place force — 1. A North Atlantic Treaty forwarded to the procuring activity. See Organization (NATO)-assigned force that, also procurement lead time. in peacetime, is principally stationed in the designated combat zone of the NATO injury — A term comprising such conditions command to which it is committed. 2. as fractures, wounds, sprains, strains, Force within a combatant commander’s dislocations, concussions, and area of responsibility and under the compressions. In addition, it includes combatant commander’s combatant conditions resulting from extremes of command (command authority). temperature or prolonged exposure. Acute poisonings (except those due to inshore patrol — (*) A naval defense patrol contaminated food) resulting from exposure operating generally within a naval defense to a toxic or poisonous substance are also coastal area and comprising all elements of

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 harbor defenses, the coastal lookout system, patrol craft supporting bases, aircraft, and Coast Guard stations.

controlled solely by reference to instruments.

instrument landing system — (*) A system of radio navigation intended to assist aircraft in landing which provides lateral and vertical guidance, which may include indications of distance from the optimum installation — A grouping of facilities, point of landing. Also called ILS. located in the same vicinity, which support particular functions. Installations may be instrument meteorological conditions — elements of a base. See also base; base Meteorological conditions expressed in complex. terms of visibility, distance from cloud, and ceiling; less than minimums specified for installation commander — The individual visual meteorological conditions. Also responsible for all operations performed by called IMC. See also visual an installation. See also antiterrorism; meteorological conditions. (JP 3-04.1) base commander; installation. (JP 3-07.2) in support — (*) An expression used to installation complex — In the Air Force, a denote the task of providing artillery combination of land and facilities supporting fire to a formation or unit. comprised of a main installation and its Liaison and observation are not normally noncontiguous properties (auxiliary air provided. See also at priority call; direct fields, annexes, and missile fields) that support. provide direct support to or are supported by that installation. Installation complexes in support of — Assisting or protecting may comprise two or more properties, e.g., another formation, unit, or organization a major installation, a minor installation, while remaining under original control. or a support site, each with its associated annex(es) or support property(ies). See also insurgency — (*) An organized movement minor installation. aimed at the overthrow of a constituted government through use of subversion and instructional mine — (*) An inert mine used armed conflict. for instruction and normally sectionalized for this purpose. See also inert mine. insurgent — Member of a political party who rebels against established leadership. See instrument approach procedure — (*) A also antiterrorism; counterinsurgency; series of predetermined maneuvers for the insurgency. (JP 3-07.2) orderly transfer of an aircraft under instrument flight conditions from the integrated fire control system — A system beginning of the initial approach to a that performs the functions of target landing or to a point from which a landing acquisition, tracking, data computation, and may be made visually or the missed engagement control, primarily using approach procedure is initiated. electronic means and assisted by electromechanical devices. instrument flight — (*) Flight in which the path and attitude of the aircraft are inspection — In arms control, physical process of determining compliance with arms control measures.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 integrated logistic support — A composite integrated tactical warning — See tactical of all the support considerations necessary warning. to assure the effective and economical support of a system for its life cycle. It is integrated warfare — The conduct of an integral part of all other aspects of system military operations in any combat acquisition and operation. Also called ILS. environment wherein opposing forces employ non-conventional weapons in integrated materiel management — The combination with conventional weapons. exercise of total Department of Defenselevel management responsibility for a integration — 1. In force protection, the federal supply group or class, commodity, synchronized transfer of units into an or item for a single agency. It normally operational commander’s force prior to includes computation of requirements, mission execution. 2. The arrangement of funding, budgeting, storing, issuing, military forces and their actions to create a cataloging, standardizing, and procuring force that operates by engaging as a whole. functions. Also called IMM. See also 3. In photography, a process by which the materiel; materiel management. (JP 4-07) average radar picture seen on several scans of the time base may be obtained on a print, integrated planning — In amphibious or the process by which several operations, the planning accomplished by photographic images are combined into a commanders and staffs of corresponding single image. See also force protection. echelons from parallel chains of command (JP 0-2) within the amphibious task force. See also amphibious operation; amphibious task intelligence — 1. The product resulting from force. (JP 3-02) the collection, processing, integration, analysis, evaluation, and interpretation of integrated priority list — A list of a available information concerning foreign combatant commander’s highest priority countries or areas. 2. Information and requirements, prioritized across Service and knowledge about an adversary obtained functional lines, defining shortfalls in key through observation, investigation, programs that, in the judgment of the analysis, or understanding. See also combatant commander, adversely affect the acoustic intelligence; all-source capability of the combatant commander’s intelligence; basic intelligence; civil forces to accomplish their assigned mission. defense intelligence; combat intelligence; The integrated priority list provides the communications intelligence; critical combatant commander’s recommendations intelligence; current intelligence; for programming funds in the planning, departmental intelligence; domestic programming, and budgeting system intelligence; electronic intelligence; process. Also called IPL. electro-optical intelligence; foreign intelligence; foreign instrumentation integrated staff — (*) A staff in which one signals intelligence; general military officer only is appointed to each post on intelligence; human resources the establishment of the headquarters, intelligence; imagery intelligence; joint irrespective of nationality and Service. See intelligence; laser intelligence; also multinational staff; joint staff; measurement and signature intelligence; parallel staff; staff. medical intelligence; merchant

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 intelligence; military intelligence; national intelligence; nuclear intelligence; open-source intelligence; operational intelligence; photographic intelligence; political intelligence; radar intelligence; radiation intelligence; scientific and technical intelligence; security intelligence; strategic intelligence; tactical intelligence; target intelligence; technical intelligence; technical operational intelligence; terrain intelligence; unintentional radiation intelligence. (JP 2-0) intelligence annex — A supporting document of an operation plan or order that provides detailed information on the enemy situation, assignment of intelligence tasks, and intelligence administrative procedures.

exploitation — Conversion of collected information into forms suitable to the production of intelligence. d. analysis and production — Conversion of processed information into intelligence through the integration, analysis, evaluation, and interpretation of all source data and the preparation of intelligence products in support of known or anticipated user requirements. e. dissemination and integration — Delivery of intelligence to users in a suitable form and the application of the intelligence to appropriate missions, tasks, and functions. f. evaluation and feedback — Continuous assessment of intelligence operations during each phase of the intelligence cycle to ensure that the commander’s intelligence requirements are being met. See also intelligence. (JP 2-0)

intelligence collection plan — A plan for intelligence database — The sum of holdings gathering information from all available of intelligence data and finished intelligence sources to meet an intelligence requirement. products at a given organization. Specifically, a logical plan for transforming the essential elements of information into intelligence data handling systems — orders or requests to sources within a Information systems that process and required time limit. See also intelligence manipulate raw information and cycle. intelligence data as required. They are characterized by the application of general intelligence contingency funds — purpose computers, peripheral equipment, Appropriated funds to be used for and automated storage and retrieval intelligence activities when the use of other equipment for documents and photographs. funds is not applicable or would either While automation is a distinguishing jeopardize or impede the mission of the characteristic of intelligence data handling intelligence unit. systems, individual system components may be either automated or manually intelligence cycle — The process by which operated. Also called IDHS. information is converted into intelligence and made available to users. There are six intelligence discipline — A well defined area phases in the cycle: a. planning and of intelligence collection, processing, direction — Determination of intelligence exploitation, and reporting using a requirements, development of appropriate specific category of technical or human intelligence architecture, preparation of a resources. There are seven major collection plan, and issuance of orders and disciplines: human intelligence, imagery requests to information collection agencies. intelligence, measurement and signature b. collection — Acquisition of information intelligence, signals intelligence and the provision of this information to (communications intelligence, electronic processing elements. c. processing and intelligence, and foreign instrumentation

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 signals intelligence), open-source intelligence, technical intelligence, a nd counterintelligence. See also counterintelligence; human intelligence; imagery intelligence; intelligence; measurement and signature intelligence; open-source intelligence; signals intelligence; technical intelligence. (JP 2-0)

enemy, environment, and terrain for all types of operations. Intelligence preparation of the battlespace builds an extensive database for each potential area in which a unit may be required to operate. The database is then analyzed in detail to determine the impact of the enemy, environment, and terrain on operations and presents it in graphic form. Intelligence preparation of the battlespace is a continuing process. Also called IPB. (JP 2-0)

intelligence estimate — (*) The appraisal, expressed in writing or orally, of available intelligence relating to a specific situation or condition with a view to determining the intelligence-related activities — Those courses of action open to the enemy or activities outside the consolidated defense potential enemy and the order of probability intelligence program that: respond to of their adoption. operational commanders’ tasking for time-sensitive information on foreign intelligence gathering — Collection of entities; respond to national intelligence intelligence on other units or forces by own community tasking of systems whose units or forces. primary mission is support to operating forces; train personnel for intelligence intelligence journal — A chronological log duties; provide an intelligence reserve; or of intelligence activities covering a stated are devoted to research and development period, usually 24 hours. It is an index of of intelligence or related capabilities. reports and messages that have been (Specifically excluded are programs that are received and transmitted, important events so closely integrated with a weapon system that have occurred, and actions taken. The that their primary function is to provide journal is a permanent and official record. immediate-use targeting data.)

intelligence operations — The variety of intelligence report — A specific report of intelligence tasks that are carried out by information, usually on a single item, made various intelligence organizations and at any level of command in tactical activities. Predominantly, it refers to either operations and disseminated as rapidly as intelligence collection or intelligence possible in keeping with the timeliness of production activities. When used in the the information. Also called INTREP. context of intelligence collection activities, intelligence operations refer to collection, intelligence reporting — The preparation processing, exploitation, and reporting of and conveyance of information by any information. When used in the context of means. More commonly, the term is intelligence production activities, it refers restricted to reports as they are prepared by to collation, integration, interpretation, and the collector and as they are transmitted by analysis, leading to the dissemination of a the collector to the latter’s headquarters and finished product. (JP 2-0) by this component of the intelligence structure to one or more intelligenceintelligence preparation of the battlespace producing components. Thus, even in this — An analytical methodology employed limited sense, reporting embraces both to reduce uncertainties concerning the collection and dissemination. The term is

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 applied to normal and specialist intelligence reports. See also normal intelligence reports; specialist intelligence report.

foreseeable intensity or the specific nature of an operation in a given area for a given period of time. It is applied to the standard day of supply in order to calculate the combat day of supply.

intelligence requirement — 1. Any subject, general or specific, upon which there is a need for the collection of information, or intensity mine circuit — (*) A circuit whose the production of intelligence. 2. A actuation is dependent on the field strength requirement for intelligence to fill a gap in reaching a level differing by some pre-set the command’s knowledge or minimum from that experienced by the understanding of the battlespace or threat mine when no ships are in the vicinity. forces. See also battlespace; intelligence; priority intelligence requirements. intensive management — The continuous (JP 2-0) process by which the supported and supporting commanders, the Services, intelligence source — The means or system transportation component commands, and that can be used to observe and record appropriate Defense agencies ensure that information relating to the condition, movement data in the Joint Operation situation, or activities of a targeted location, Planning and Execution System organization, or individual. An intelligence time-phased force and deployment data for source can be people, documents, the initial days of deployment and/or equipment, or technical sensors. See also mobilization are current to support intelligence; source. (JP 2-0) immediate execution. intelligence subject code — A system of intention — An aim or design (as distinct subject and area references to index the from capability) to execute a specified information contained in intelligence course of action. reports as required by a general intelligence document reference service. interagency coordination — Within the context of Department of Defense intelligence summary — A specific report involvement, the coordination that occurs providing a summary of items of between elements of Department of intelligence at frequent intervals. Also Defense, and engaged US Government called INTSUM. See also intelligence. agencies, nongovernmental organizations, and regional and international organizations intelligence system — Any formal or for the purpose of accomplishing an informal system to manage data gathering, objective. See also international to obtain and process the data, to interpret organization; nongovernmental the data, and to provide reasoned judgments organizations. (JP 3-57) to decision makers as a basis for action. The term is not limited to intelligence interceptor — (*) A manned aircraft utilized organizations or services but includes any for identification and/or engagement of system, in all its parts, that accomplishes airborne objects. the listed tasks. intercept point — (*) The point to which an intensity factor — (*) A multiplying factor airborne vehicle is vectored or guided to used in planning activities to evaluate the complete an interception.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 intercept receiver — (*) A receiver designed entities against which or at which necessary to detect and provide visual and/or aural information flow takes place. indication of electromagnetic emissions occurring within the particular portion of interim financing — Advance payments, the electromagnetic spectrum to which it is partial payments, loans, discounts, tuned. advances, and commitments in connection therewith; guarantees of loans, discounts, inter-chart relationship diagram — (*) A advances, and commitments in connection diagram on a map or chart showing names therewith; and any other type of financing and/or numbers of adjacent sheets in the necessary for both performance and same (or related) series. Also called index termination of contracts. to adjoining sheets. See also map index. interim overhaul — An availability for the interconnection — The linking together of accomplishment of necessary repairs and interoperable systems. urgent alterations at a naval shipyard or other shore-based repair activity, normally intercount dormant period — (*) In naval scheduled halfway through the established mine warfare, the period after the actuation regular overhaul cycle. of a ship counter before it is ready to receive another actuation. inter-look dormant period — (*) In mine warfare, the time interval after each look in interdepartmental or agency support — a multi-look mine, during which the firing Provision of logistic and/or administrative mechanism will not register. support in services or materiel by one or more Military Services to one or more intermediate approach — (*) That part of departments or agencies of the United States an instrument approach procedure in which Government (other than military) with or aircraft configuration, speed, and without reimbursement. See also positioning adjustments are made. It blends international logistic support; the initial approach segment into the final inter-Service support; support. approach segment. It begins at the intermediate fix or point and ends at the interdepartmental intelligence — Integrated final approach fix or point. departmental intelligence that is required by departments and agencies of the United Intermediate Force Planning Level — The States Government for the execution of their force level established during Planning missions but which transcends the exclusive Force development to depict the buildup competence of a single department or from the Current Force to the Planning agency to produce. Force. The Intermediate Force Planning Level is insufficient to carry out strategy interdiction — An action to divert, disrupt, with a reasonable assurance of success and delay, or destroy the enemy’s surface consequently cannot be referred to as the military potential before it can be used Planning Force. See also current force; effectively against friendly forces. See also force; Programmed Forces. air interdiction. intermediate maintenance (field) — interface — A boundary or point common to Maintenance that is the responsibility of and two or more similar or dissimilar command performed by designated maintenance and control systems, sub-systems, or other activities for direct support of using

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 organizations. Its phases normally consist International Organization for of: a. calibration, repair, or replacement of Standardization. (JP 4-01.7) damaged or unserviceable parts, components, or assemblies; b. the intermodal support equipment — Fixed emergency manufacture of nonavailable and deployable assets required to assist parts; and c. providing technical assistance container operations throughout the to using organizations. intermodal container system. Included are straddle cranes, chassis, rough terrain intermediate marker (land mine warfare) container handlers, container cranes and — (*) A marker, natural, artificial or spreader bars. See also intermodal. specially installed, which is used as a point (JP 4-01.7) of reference between the landmark and the minefield. intermodal systems — Specialized transportation facilities, assets, and intermediate objective — (*) In land handling procedures designed to create a warfare, an area or feature between the line seamless transportation system by of departure and an objective which must combining multimodal operations and be seized and/or held. facilities during the shipment of cargo. See also intermodal; transportation system. intermediate-range bomber aircraft — A (JP 4-01) bomber designed for a tactical operating radius of between 1,000 to 2,500 nautical internal audience — US military members miles at design gross weight and design and civilian employees and their immediate bomb load. families. One of the audiences comprising the concept of “publics.” See also external intermediate staging base — A temporary audience. location used to stage forces prior to inserting the forces into the host nation. internal defense and development — The Also called ISB. See also base; staging full range of measures taken by a nation to base. (JP 3-07.5) promote its growth and to protect itself from subversion, lawlessness, and insurgency. It intermittent arming device — (*) A device focuses on building viable institutions included in a mine so that it will be armed (political, economic, social, and military) only at set times. that respond to the needs of society. Also called IDAD. See also foreign internal intermittent illumination — (*) A type of defense. (JP 3-07.1) fire in which illuminating projectiles are fired at irregular intervals. internal information — See command information. intermodal — Type of international freight system that permits transshipping among internally displaced person — Any person sea, highway, rail, and air modes of who has left their residence by reason of transportation through use of American real or imagined danger but has not left the National Standards Institute and territory of their own country. (JP 3-07.6) International Organization for Standardization containers, line-haul assets, internal radiation — (*) Nuclear radiation and handling equipment. See also (alpha and beta particles and gamma American National Standards Institute;

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 radiation) resulting from radioactive substances in the body. internal security — The state of law and order prevailing within a nation.

of logistics through the coordination of policies, plans, procedures, development activities, and the common supply and exchange of goods and services arranged on the basis of bilateral and multilateral agreements with appropriate cost reimbursement provisions.

internal waters — All waters, other than lawfully claimed archipelagic waters, landward of the baseline from which the international date line — (*) The line territorial sea is measured. Archipelagic coinciding approximately with the states may also delimit internal waters anti-meridian of Greenwich, modified to consistent with the 1982 convention on the avoid certain habitable land. In crossing law of the sea. All states have complete this line there is a date change of one day. sovereignty over their internal waters. Also called date line. international arms control organization — international identification code — (*) In An appropriately constituted organization railway terminology, a code which established to supervise and verify the identifies a military train from point of implementation of arms control measures. origin to final destination. The code consists of a series of figures, letters, or International Atomic Time — The time symbols indicating the priority, country of reference scale established by the Bureau origin, day of departure, national International des Poids et Mesures on the identification code number, and country of basis of atomic clock readings from various destination of the train. laboratories around the world. Also called TAI. international loading gauge (GIC) — (*) The loading gauge upon which international call sign — (*) A call sign international railway agreements are based. assigned in accordance with the provisions A load whose dimensions fall within the of the International Telecommunications limits of this gauge may move without Union to identify a radio station. The restriction on most of the railways of nationality of the radio station is identified Continental Western Europe. GIC is an by the first or the first two characters. abbreviation for “gabarit international de (When used in visual signaling, chargement,” formerly called PPI. international call signs are referred to as “signal letters.”) See also call sign. international logistics — The negotiating, planning, and implementation of supporting International Convention for Safe logistic arrangements between nations, their Containers — A convention held in forces, and agencies. It includes furnishing Geneva, Switzerland, on 2 Dec 1972, which logistic support (major end items, materiel, resulted in setting standard safety and/or services) to, or receiving logistic requirements for containers moving in support from, one or more friendly foreign international transport. These requirements governments, international organizations, were ratified by the United States on 3 or military forces, with or without January 1978. Also called CSC. (JP 4-01.7) reimbursement. It also includes planning and actions related to the intermeshing of a international cooperative logistics — (*) significant element, activity, or component Cooperation and mutual support in the field of the military logistic systems or

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 procedures of the United States with those International Organization for of one or more foreign governments, Standardization — A worldwide international organizations, or military federation of national standards bodies from forces on a temporary or permanent basis. some 100 countries, one from each country. It includes planning and actions related to The International Organization for the utilization of United States logistic Standardization (ISO) is a nonpolicies, systems, and/or procedures to meet governmental organization, established to requirements of one or more foreign promote the development of governments, international organizations, standardization and related activities in the or forces. world with a view to facilitating the international exchange of goods and international logistic support — The services, and to developing cooperation in provision of military logistic support by one the spheres of intellectual, scientific, participating nation to one or more technological, and economic activity. ISO’s participating nations, either with or work results in international agreements without reimbursement. See also which are published as international interdepartmental or agency support; standards. Also called ISO. inter-Service support; support. interned — See missing. international military education and training — Formal or informal instruction interocular distance — The distance provided to foreign military students, units, between the centers of rotation of the and forces on a nonreimbursable (grant) eyeballs of an individual or between the basis by offices or employees of the United oculars of optical instruments. States, contract technicians, and contractors. Instruction may include correspondence interoperability — (*) 1. The ability of courses; technical, educational, or systems, units, or forces to provide informational publications; and media of services to and accept services from other all kinds. Also called IMET. See also systems, units, or forces and to use the United States Military Service funded services so exchanged to enable them to foreign training. operate effectively together. 2. (DOD only) The condition achieved among international narcotics activities — Those communications-electronics systems or activities outside the United States that items of communications-electronics produce, transfer, or sell narcotics or other equipment when information or services substances controlled in accordance with can be exchanged directly and satisfactorily Title 21, “Food and Drugs” — United States between them and/or their users. The Code, sections 811 and 812. (JP 3-07.4) degree of interoperability should be defined when referring to specific cases. international organization — Organizations with global mandates, generally funded by interoperation — The use of interoperable contributions from national governments. systems, units, or forces. Examples include the International Committee of the Red Cross, the interpretability — (*) Suitability of imagery International Organization for Migration, for interpretation with respect to answering and United Nation agencies. Also called adequately requirements on a given type IO. See also nongovernmental of target in terms of quality and scale. a. organizations. (JP 3-07.6) poor — Imagery is unsuitable for

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 interpretation to answer adequately inter-Service support — Action by one requirements on a given type of target. b. Military Service or element thereof to fair — Imagery is suitable for interpretation provide logistic and/or administrative to answer requirements on a given type of support to another Military Service or target but with only average detail. c. good element thereof. Such action can be — Imagery is suitable for interpretation to recurring or nonrecurring in character on answer requirements on a given type of an installation, area, or worldwide basis. target in considerable detail. d. excellent See also interdepartmental or agency — Imagery is suitable for interpretation to support; international logistic support; answer requirements on a given type of support. target in complete detail. inter-Service training — Military training interpretation — A part of the analysis and provided by one Service to members of production phase in the intelligence cycle another Service. See also military in which the significance of information is education; military training. judged in relation to the current body of knowledge. See also intelligence cycle. intertheater — Between theaters or between (JP 2-0) the continental United States and theaters. See also intertheater traffic. interrogation (intelligence) — Systematic effort to procure information by direct intertheater airlift — See strategic airlift. questioning of a person under the control (JP 4-01.1) of the questioner. intertheater evacuation — Evacuation of inter-Service education — Military stabilized patients between the originating education provided by one Service to theater and points outside the theater, to members of another Service. See also include the continental United States and military education; military training. other theaters. En route care is provided by medical attendants qualified for the inter-Service, intragovernmental specific mode of transportation. See also agreements — Formal long-term or en route care; evacuation; intratheater operational specific support agreements evacuation; patient. (JP 4-02) between Services, Department of Defense (DOD), and/or non-DOD agencies intertheater traffic — Traffic between governed by DOD Instruction 4000.19, theaters exclusive of that between the Interservice and Intragovernmental continental United States and theaters. Support. These agreements, normally developed at the Service Secretariat and interval — (*) 1. The space between adjacent governmental agency director level, groups of ships or boats measured in any document funding and reimbursement direction between the corresponding ships procedures as well as standards of support or boats in each group. 2. The space between the supplying and receiving between adjacent individuals, ground Service or agencies. Inter-Service, vehicles, or units in a formation that are intragovernmental agreements, while placed side by side, measured abreast. 3. binding Service level agreements, do not The space between adjacent aircraft connote DOD-level executive agent measured from front to rear in units of time responsibilities. See also inter-Service or distance. 4. The time lapse between support. (JP 4-07) photographic exposures. 5. At battery right

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 or left, an interval ordered in seconds is the in-transit visibility — The ability to track time between one gun firing and the next the identity, status, and location of gun firing. Five seconds is the standard Department of Defense units, and non-unit interval. 6. At rounds of fire for effect the cargo (excluding bulk petroleum, oils, and interval is the time in seconds between lubricants) and passengers; medical successive rounds from each gun. patients; and personal property from origin to consignee or destination across the range intervention — Action taken to divert a unit of military operations. Also called ITV. or force from its track, flight path, or See also Global Transportation Network; mission. total asset visibility. (JP 4-01.8) interview (intelligence) — To gather intratheater — Within a theater. See also information from a person who is aware that intratheater traffic. information is being given although there is ignorance of the true connection and intratheater airlift — See theater airlift. purposes of the interviewer. Generally (JP 4-01.1) overt unless the collector is other than purported to be. intratheater evacuation — Evacuation of stabilized patients between points within the intracoastal sealift — Shipping used theater. En route care is provided by primarily for the carriage of personnel and/ medical attendants qualified for the specific or cargo along a coast or into river ports to mode of transportation. See also en route support operations within a given area. care; evacuation; intertheater evacuation; patient. (JP 4-02) intransit aeromedical evacuation facility — A medical facility, on or in the vicinity of intratheater traffic — Traffic within a an air base, that provides limited medical theater. care for intransit patients awaiting air transportation. This type of medical facility intruder — An individual, unit, or weapon is provided to obtain effective utilization system, in or near an operational or exercise of transport airlift within operating area, which presents the threat of schedules. It includes “remain overnight” intelligence gathering or disruptive activity. facilities, intransit facilities at aerial ports of embarkation and debarkation, and intrusion — Movement of a unit or force casualty staging facilities in an overseas within another nation’s specified combat area. See also aeromedical operational area outside of territorial seas evacuation unit. and territorial airspace for surveillance or intelligence gathering in time of peace or intransit inventory — That materiel in the tension. military distribution system that is in the process of movement from point of receipt invasion currency — See military currency. from procurement and production (either contractor’s plant or first destination, inventory control — (*) That phase of depending upon point of delivery) and military logistics which includes managing, between points of storage and distribution. cataloging, requirements determinations, procurement, distribution, overhaul, and intransit stock — See intransit inventory. disposal of materiel. Also called inventory

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 management; materiel control; materiel irregular forces — Armed individuals or management; supply management. groups who are not members of the regular armed forces, police, or other internal inventory control point — An organizational security forces. unit or activity within a Department of Defense supply system that is assigned the irregular outer edge — (*) In land mine primary responsibility for the materiel warfare, short mine rows or strips laid in management of a group of items either for an irregular manner in front of a minefield a particular Service or for the Defense facing the enemy to deceive the enemy as Department as a whole. Materiel inventory to the type or extent of the minefield. management includes cataloging direction, Generally, the irregular outer edge will only requirements computation, procurement be used in minefields with buried mines. direction, distribution management, disposal direction and, generally, rebuild isodose rate line — See dose rate contour direction. Also called ICP. line. inventory management — See inventory isolated personnel — Military or civilian control. personnel separated from their unit or organization in an environment requiring inventory managers — See inventory them to survive, evade, or escape while control point. awaiting rescue or recovery. See also combat search and rescue; search and investment costs — Those program costs rescue. (JP 3-50.2) required beyond the development phase to introduce into operational use a new isolated personnel report — A Department capability; to procure initial, additional, or of Defense Form (DD 1833) containing replacement equipment for operational information designed to facilitate the forces; or to provide for major identification and authentication of an modifications of an existing capability. evader by a recovery force. Also called They exclude research, development, test ISOPREP. See also authentication; and evaluation, military personnel, and evader; recovery force. (JP 3-50.3) operation and maintenance appropriation costs. issue control group — A detachment that operates the staging area, consisting of ionosphere — That part of the atmosphere, holding areas and loading areas, in an extending from about 70 to 500 kilometers, operation. See also staging area. (JP 4-01.6) in which ions and free electrons exist in sufficient quantities to reflect issue priority designator — See priority electromagnetic waves. designator. IR pointer — See infrared pointer. item manager — An individual within the (JP 3-09.3) organization of an inventory control point or other such organization assigned management responsibility for one or more specific items of materiel.

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J J-2X — Umbrella organization consisting of jet stream — A narrow band of high velocity the human intelligence operations cell and wind in the upper troposphere or in the the task force counterintelligence stratosphere. coordinating authority. The J-2X is responsible for coordination and jettison — The selective release of stores from deconfliction of all human source-related an aircraft other than normal attack. activity. See also counterintelligence; human intelligence. (JP 2-01) jettisoned mines — (*) Mines which are laid as quickly as possible in order to empty the jamming — See barrage jamming; minelayer of mines, without regard to their electronic attack; electromagnetic condition or relative positions. jamming; selective jamming; spot jamming. joiner — (*) An independent merchant ship sailed to join a convoy. See also joiner j-axis — A vertical axis in a system of convoy; joiner section. rectangular coordinates; that line on which distances above or below (north or south) joiner convoy — (*) A convoy sailed to join the reference line are marked, especially on the main convoy. See also joiner; joiner a map, chart, or graph. section. jet advisory service — The service provided joiner section — (*) A joiner or joiner certain civil aircraft while operating within convoy, after rendezvous, and while radar and nonradar jet advisory areas. maneuvering to integrate with the main Within radar jet advisory areas, civil aircraft convoy. receiving this service are provided radar flight following, radar traffic information, joint — Connotes activities, operations, and vectors around observed traffic. In organizations, etc., in which elements of nonradar jet advisory areas, civil aircraft two or more Military Departments receiving this service are afforded standard participate. (JP 0-2) instrument flight rules separation from all other aircraft known to air traffic control to joint after action report — A report be operating within these areas. consisting of summary joint universal lessons learned. It describes a real world jet propulsion — Reaction propulsion in operation or training exercise and identifies which the propulsion unit obtains oxygen significant lessons learned. Also called from the air, as distinguished from rocket JAAR. propulsion, in which the unit carries its own oxygen-producing material. In connection joint airborne advance party — An advance with aircraft propulsion, the term refers to ground party that provides terminal a gasoline or other fuel turbine jet unit that guidance, air traffic control, ground control discharges hot gas through a tail pipe and a measures, intelligence gathering, and nozzle which provides a thrust that propels surface weather observation in the objective the aircraft. See also rocket propulsion. area of an airlift operation. It may consist

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 of US Air Force combat control team landing for assault on hostile shores. Also members and a US Army long-range called JATF. surveillance team or similar forces. Also called JAAP. (JP 3-17) joint base — For purposes of base defense operations, a joint base is a locality from joint airborne training — Training which operations of two or more of the operations or exercises involving airborne Military Departments are projected or and appropriate troop carrier units. This supported and which is manned by training includes: a. air delivery of significant elements of two or more Military personnel and equipment; b. assault Departments or in which significant operations by airborne troops and/or air elements of two or more Military transportable units; c. loading exercises and Departments are located. See also base. local orientation fights of short duration; (JP 3-10) and d. maneuvers and/or exercises as agreed upon by Services concerned and/or joint captured materiel exploitation center as authorized by the Joint Chiefs of Staff. — Physical location for deriving intelligence information from captured joint air operations — Air operations enemy materiel. It is normally subordinate performed with air capabilities/forces made to the joint force/J-2. Also called JCMEC. available by components in support of the (JP 2-0) joint force commander’s operation or campaign objectives, or in support of other joint civil-military operations task force — components of the joint force. (JP 3-56.1) A joint task force composed of civilmilitary operations units from more than joint air operations center — A jointly one Service. It provides support to the joint staffed facility established for planning, force commander in humanitarian or nation directing, and executing joint air operations assistance operations, theater campaigns, or in support of the joint force commander’s a civil-military operations concurrent with operation or campaign objectives. Also or subsequent to regional conflict. It can called JAOC. See also joint air organize military interaction among many operations. (JP 3-56.1) governmental and nongovernmental humanitarian agencies within the theater. joint air operations plan — A plan for a Also called JCMOTF. See also civilconnected series of joint air operations to military operations; joint task force; task achieve the joint force commander’s force. (JP 3-57) objectives within a given time and theater of operations. See also joint air joint combat search and rescue operation operations. (JP 3-56.1) — A combat search and rescue operation in support of a component’s military joint amphibious operation — (*) An operations that has exceeded the combat amphibious operation conducted by search and rescue capabilities of that significant elements of two or more component and requires the efforts of two Services. or more components of the joint force. Normally, the operation is conducted by the joint amphibious task force — A temporary joint force commander or a component grouping of units of two or more Services commander that has been designated by under a single commander, organized for joint force commander tasking. See also the purpose of engaging in an amphibious

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 combat search and rescue; search and rescue. (JP 3-50.2)

the commander, exceptional circumstances dictate otherwise. It will be promulgated by or for the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, in coordination with the combatant commands and Services. See also Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Instruction; Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Manual; doctrine; joint publication; joint tactics, techniques, and procedures; joint test publication; multinational doctrine; multi-Service doctrine. (JP 1-01)

joint communications control center — An element of the J-6 established to support a joint force commander. The joint communications control center (JCCC) serves as the single control agency for the management and direction of the joint force command, control, communications, and computer systems. The JCCC may include plans and operations, administration, system control, and frequency management sections. Also called JCCC. (JP 6-02) Joint Doctrine Publication System — The system of lead agents, Joint Staff doctrine joint communications network — The sponsors, primary review authorities, aggregation of all the joint communications coordinating review authorities, technical systems in a theater. The joint review authorities, Joint Doctrine Working communications network includes the joint Party, procedures, and hierarchical multi-channel trunking and switching framework designed to organize, develop, system and the joint command and control maintain, print, and distribute joint communications system(s). Also called publications. See also coordinating review JCN. authority; Joint Doctrine Working Party; joint publication; Joint Staff joint decision support tools — A doctrine sponsor; lead agent; primary compilation of processes and systems review authority. (JP 1-01) developed from the application of maturing leading edge information systems Joint Doctrine Working Party — A forum technologies that provide the warfighter and to include representatives of the Services, the logistician with the means to rapidly combatant commands, and the Joint Staff plan, execute, monitor, and replan logistic (represented by the Operational Plans and operations in a collaborative environment Joint Force Development Directorate, J-7) that is responsive to operational which meets semiannually to address and requirements. Also called JDST. (JP 4-0) vote on project proposals; discuss key joint doctrinal or operational issues; keep up to joint deployable intelligence support date on the status of the joint publication system — A transportable workstation and projects and emerging publications; and communications suite that electronically keep abreast of other initiatives of interest extends a joint intelligence center to a joint to the members. The Joint Doctrine task force or other tactical user. Also called Working Party meets under the sponsorship JDISS. (JP 2-0) of the Director, J-7, Joint Staff. Also called JDWP. See also joint doctrine; joint joint doctrine — Fundamental principles that publication; joint tactics, techniques, guide the employment of forces of two or and procedures; joint test publication. more Military Departments in coordinated (JP 1-01) action toward a common objective. It is authoritative; as such, joint doctrine will be joint document exploitation center — followed except when, in the judgment of Physical location for deriving intelligence

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 information from captured enemy called JFE. See also fire support; joint documents. It is normally subordinate to fires. (JP 3-60) the joint force/J-2. Also called JDEC. See also intelligence. (JP 2-01) joint fire support — Joint fires that assist air, land, maritime, amphibious, and special joint duty assignment — An assignment to operations forces to move, maneuver, and a designated position in a multi-Service, control territory, populations, airspace, and joint or multinational command or activity key waters. See also fire support; joint that is involved in the integrated fires. (JP 3-0) employment or support of the land, sea, and air forces of at least two of the three Military joint flow and analysis system for Departments. Such involvement includes, transportation — System that determines but is not limited to, matters relating to the transportation feasibility of a course of national military strategy, joint doctrine and action or operation plan; provides daily lift policy, strategic planning, contingency assets needed to move forces and resupply; planning, and command and control of advises logistic planners of channel and port combat operations under a unified or inefficiencies; and interprets shortfalls from specified command. Also called JDA. various flow possibilities. Also called JFAST. See also course of action; Joint Duty Assignment List — Positions operation plan; system. (JP 4-01.8) designated as joint duty assignments are reflected in a list approved by the Secretary joint force — A general term applied to a of Defense and maintained by the Joint force composed of significant elements, Staff. The Joint Duty Assignment List is assigned or attached, of two or more reflected in the Joint Duty Assignment Military Departments operating under a Management Information System. Also single joint force commander. See also called JDAL. joint force commander. (JP 3-0) joint engagement zone — See weapon joint force air component commander — engagement zone. (JP 3-52) The commander within a unified command, subordinate unified command, or joint task Joint Facilities Utilization Board — A joint force responsible to the establishing board that evaluates and reconciles commander for making recommendations component requests for real estate, use of on the proper employment of assigned, existing facilities, inter-Service support, and attached, and/or made available for tasking construction to ensure compliance with air forces; planning and coordinating air Joint Civil-Military Engineering Board operations; or accomplishing such priorities. (JP 4-04) operational missions as may be assigned. The joint force air component commander joint fires — Fires produced during the is given the authority necessary to employment of forces from two or more accomplish missions and tasks assigned by components in coordinated action toward the establishing commander. Also called a common objective. See also fires. (JP 3-09) JFACC. See also joint force commander. (JP 3-0) joint fires element — An optional staff element that provides recommendations to joint force commander — A general term the operations directorate to accomplish applied to a combatant commander, fires planning and synchronization. Also subunified commander, or joint task force

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 commander authorized to exercise joint force special operations component combatant command (command authority) commander — The commander within a or operational control over a joint force. unified command, subordinate unified Also called JFC. See also joint force. command, or joint task force responsible (JP 0-2) to the establishing commander for making recommendations on the proper joint force land component commander — employment of assigned, attached, and/or The commander within a unified command, made available for tasking special subordinate unified command, or joint task operations forces and assets; planning and force responsible to the establishing coordinating special operations; or commander for making recommendations accomplishing such operational missions as on the proper employment of assigned, may be assigned. The joint force special attached, and/or made available for tasking operations component commander is given land forces; planning and coordinating land the authority necessary to accomplish operations; or accomplishing such missions and tasks assigned by the operational missions as may be assigned. establishing commander. Also called The joint force land component commander JFSOCC. See also joint force is given the authority necessary to commander. (JP 3-0) accomplish missions and tasks assigned by the establishing commander. Also called joint force surgeon — A general term applied JFLCC. See also joint force commander. to a medical officer appointed by the joint (JP 3-0) force commander to serve as the joint force special staff officer responsible for joint force maritime component establishing, monitoring, or evaluating joint commander — The commander within a force health service support. Also called unified command, subordinate unified JFS. See also health service support; command, or joint task force responsible joint force. (JP 4-02) to the establishing commander for making recommendations on the proper joint guidance, apportionment, and employment of assigned, attached, and/or targeting team — A group that makes made available for tasking maritime forces recommendations for air apportionment to and assets; planning and coordinating engage targets, and provides other targeting maritime operations; or accomplishing such support requiring component input at the operational missions as may be assigned. joint force air component commander level. The joint force maritime component See also air apportionment; apportionment; commander is given the authority necessary joint force air component commander; to accomplish missions and tasks assigned targeting. (JP 3-60) by the establishing commander. Also called JFMCC. See also joint force joint information bureau — Facilities commander. (JP 3-0) established by the joint force commander to serve as the focal point for the interface joint force meteorological and between the military and the media during oceanographic officer — Officer the conduct of joint operations. When designated to provide direct meteorological operated in support of multinational and oceanographic support to a joint force operations, a joint information bureau is commander. Also called JMO. See also called a “combined information bureau” or meteorological and oceanographic. an “allied press information center.” Also (JP 3-59) called JIB. See also public affairs. (JP 3-61)

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 joint integrated prioritized target list — A joint intelligence preparation of the prioritized list of targets and associated data battlespace — The analytical process used approved by the joint force commander or by joint intelligence organizations to designated representative and maintained produce intelligence assessments, estimates by a joint force. Targets and priorities are and other intelligence products in support derived from the recommendations of of the joint force commander’s components in conjunction with their decisionmaking process. It is a continuous proposed operations supporting the joint process that includes defining the total force commander’s objectives and battlespace environment; describing the guidance. Also called JIPTL. See also battlespace’s effects; evaluating the target; target list. (JP 3-60) adversary; and determining and describing adversary potential courses of action. The joint intelligence — Intelligence produced process is used to analyze the air, land, sea, by elements of more than one Service of space, electromagnetic, cyberspace, and the same nation. human dimensions of the environment and to determine an opponent’s capabilities to joint intelligence architecture — A dynamic, operate in each. Joint intelligence flexible structure that consists of the preparation of the battlespace products are National Military Joint Intelligence Center, used by the joint force and component the theater joint intelligence centers, and command staffs in preparing their estimates subordinate joint force joint intelligence and are also applied during the analysis and support elements. This architecture selection of friendly courses of action. Also encompasses automated data processing called JIPB. See also battlespace; equipment capabilities, communications intelligence; joint intelligence. (JP 2-0) and information requirements, and responsibilities to provide national, theater, joint intelligence support element — A and tactical commanders with the full range subordinate joint force forms a joint of intelligence required for planning and intelligence support element as the focus conducting operations. See also for intelligence support for joint operations, architecture; intelligence. (JP 2-0) providing the joint force commander, joint staff, and components with the complete air, joint intelligence center — The intelligence space, ground, and maritime adversary center of the combatant command situation. Also called JISE. See also headquarters. The joint intelligence center intelligence; joint force; joint operations. is responsible for providing and producing (JP 2-01) the intelligence required to support the combatant commander and staff, joint interrogation and debriefing center components, subordinate joint forces and — Physical location for the exploitation of elements, and the national intelligence intelligence information from enemy community. Also called JIC. See also prisoners of war and other non-prisoner intelligence; joint intelligence; joint sources. It is normally subordinate to the intelligence architecture. (JP 2-0) joint force/J-2. Also called JIDC. See also information; intelligence. (JP 2-01) joint intelligence liaison element — A liaison element provided by the Central joint logistics — The art and science of Intelligence Agency in support of a unified planning and carrying out, by a joint force command or joint task force. commander and staff, logistic operations to

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 support the protection, movement, materiel priorities or allocate resources. maneuver, firepower, and sustainment of Also called JMPAB. See also materiel. operating forces of two or more Military (JP 4-09) Departments of the same nation. See also logistics. (JP 3-10) joint meteorological and oceanographic forecast unit — An organization consisting joint logistics over-the-shore commander of a jointly supported collective of — The joint logistics over-the-shore meteorological and oceanographic (JLOTS) commander is selected by the joint personnel and equipment formed to provide force commander (JFC) and is usually from meteorological and oceanographic support either the Army or Navy components that to the joint force commander. Also called are part of the JFC’s task organization. This JMFU. See also meteorological and individual then builds a joint headquarters oceanographic. (JP 3-59) from personnel and equipment in theater to organize the efforts of all elements joint mission-essential task — A mission participating in accomplishing the JLOTS task selected by a joint force commander mission having either wet or dry cargo or deemed essential to mission both. JLOTS commanders will usually accomplishment and defined using the integrate members from each participating common language of the universal joint task organization to balance the overall list in terms of task, condition, and standard. knowledge base in their headquarters. See Also called JMET. See also condition, also joint logistics over-the-shore universal joint task list. operations. (JP 4-01.6) Joint Mobility Control Group — The Joint joint logistics over-the-shore operations — Mobility Control Group is the focal point Operations in which Navy and Army for coordinating and optimizing logistics over-the-shore (LOTS) forces transportation operations. This group is conduct LOTS operations together under a comprised of seven essential elements. joint force commander. Also called JLOTS The primary elements are United operations. See also joint logistics; States Transportation Command’s logistics over-the-shore operations. (USTRANSCOM’s) Mobility Control (JP 4-01.6) Center, Joint Operational Support Airlift Center, Global Patient Movement joint manpower program — The document Requirements Center, Tanker Airlift that reflects an activity’s mission, functions, Control Center, Military Sealift Command organization, current and projected Command Center, Military Traffic manpower needs and, when applicable, its Management Command Command required mobilization augmentation. A Operations, and the Joint Intelligence recommended joint manpower program Center-USTRANSCOM. Also called also identifies and justifies any changes JMCG. See also Global Patient proposed by the commander or director of Movement Requirements Center; a joint activity for the next five fiscal years. United States Transportation Also called JMP. Command. Joint Materiel Priorities and Allocation joint mortuary affairs office — Plans and Board — The agency charged with executes all mortuary affairs programs performing duties for the Chairman of the within a theater. Provides guidance to Joint Chiefs of Staff in matters that establish facilitate the conduct of all mortuary

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 programs and to maintain data (as required) required by the mission planner. Although pertaining to recovery, identification, and emphasis is placed on weapons that are disposition of all US dead and missing in currently in the inventory, information is the assigned theater. Serves as the central also included for some weapons not clearing point for all mortuary affairs and immediately available but projected for the monitors the deceased and missing personal near future. Also called JMEM-SO. effects program. Also called JMAO. See (JP 3-05.5) also mortuary affairs; personal effects. (JP 4-06) joint nuclear accident coordinating center — A combined Defense Special Weapons joint movement center — The center Agency and Department of Energy established to coordinate the employment centralized agency for exchanging and of all means of transportation (including maintaining information concerned with that provided by allies or host nations) to radiological assistance capabilities and support the concept of operations. This coordinating that assistance in response to coordination is accomplished through an accident or incident involving establishment of transportation policies radioactive materials. Also called JNACC. within the assigned operational area, consistent with relative urgency of need, joint operation planning — Planning for port and terminal capabilities, contingencies that can reasonably be transportation asset availability, and anticipated in an area of responsibility or priorities set by a joint force commander. joint operations area of the command. Also called JMC. See also concept of Planning activities exclusively associated operations. (JP 4-0) with the preparation of operation plans, operation plans in concept format, joint multi-channel trunking and switching campaign plans, and operation orders (other system — That composite multi-channel than the Single Integrated Operational Plan) trunking and switching system formed from for the conduct of military operations by assets of the Services, the Defense the combatant commanders in response to Information Systems Agency, other requirements established by the Chairman available systems, and/or assets controlled of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Joint operation by the Joint Chiefs of Staff to provide an planning is coordinated at the national level operationally responsive, survivable to support Secretary of Defense communication system, preferably in a Contingency Planning Guidance, strategic mobile, transportable, and/or recoverable requirements in the National Military configuration, for the joint force Strategy, and emerging crises. As such, commander in an operational area. joint operation planning includes mobilization planning, deployment Joint Munitions Effectiveness planning, employment planning, Manual-Special Operations — A sustainment planning, and redeployment publication providing a single, planning procedures. Joint operation comprehensive source of information planning is performed in accordance with covering weapon effectiveness, selection, formally established planning and and requirements for special operations execution procedures. See also munitions. In addition, the closely related contingency plan; execution planning; fields of weapon characteristics and effects, implementation planning; Joint target characteristics, and target Operation Planning and Execution vulnerability are treated in limited detail

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 System; joint operation planning process. (JP 5-0)

when operations are limited in scope and geographic area or when operations are to be conducted on the boundaries between theaters. Also called JOA. See also area of responsibility; joint special operations area. (JP 0-2)

Joint Operation Planning and Execution System — A system that provides the foundation for conventional command and control by national- and combatant command-level commanders and their joint operations center — A jointly manned staffs. It is designed to satisfy their facility of a joint force commander’s information needs in the conduct of joint headquarters established for planning, planning and operations. Joint Operation monitoring, and guiding the execution of Planning and Execution System (JOPES) the commander’s decisions. Also called includes joint operation planning policies, JOC. procedures, and reporting structures supported by communications and joint patient movement requirements automated data processing systems. JOPES center — A joint force health service is used to monitor, plan, and execute support center under the control of the mobilization, deployment, employment, subordinate joint force surgeon, established sustainment, and redeployment activities to coordinate and control, in terms of associated with joint operations. Also identifying bed space requirements, the called JOPES. See also joint operation movement of patients within and out of the planning; joint operations. (JP 5-00.1) joint operations area. The joint patient movement requirements center also joint operation planning process — A generates subordinate joint force coordinated Joint Staff procedure used by commander (JFC) plans and schedules to a commander to determine the best method evacuate the subordinate JFC’s patients to of accomplishing assigned tasks and to medical treatment facilities in accordance direct the action necessary to accomplish with the supported combatant commander’s the mission. See also joint operation theater patient movement requirements planning; Joint Operation Planning and center theater plans and schedules for Execution System. (JP 5-0) movement of the patient to the medical treatment facility. Also called JPMRC. joint operations — A general term to See also health service support; joint describe military actions conducted by joint force surgeon; joint operations area; forces or by Service forces in relationships medical treatment facility; patient. (e.g., support, coordinating authority) (JP 5-00.2) which, of themselves, do not create joint forces. (JP 0-2) joint personnel training and tracking activity — The continental US center joint operations area — An area of land, sea, established (upon request of the supported and airspace, defined by a geographic combatant commander) to facilitate the combatant commander or subordinate reception, accountability, processing, unified commander, in which a joint force training, and onward movement of both commander (normally a joint task force military and civilian individual augmentees commander) conducts military operations preparing for overseas movement to support to accomplish a specific mission. Joint a joint military operation. Also called operations areas are particularly useful JPTTA. (JP 1-0)

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 joint planning and execution community joint psychological operations task force — — Those headquarters, commands, and A joint special operations task force agencies involved in the training, composed of headquarters and operational preparation, movement, reception, assets. It assists the joint force commander employment, support, and sustainment of in developing strategic, operational, and military forces assigned or committed to a tactical psychological operation plans for a theater of operations or objective area. It theater campaign or other operations. usually consists of the Joint Staff, Services, Mission requirements will determine its Service major commands (including the composition and assigned or attached units Service wholesale logistic commands), to support the joint task force commander. unified commands (and their certain Service Also called JPOTF. See also joint special component commands), subunified operations task force; psychological commands, transportation component operations; special operations. (JP 3-05.1) commands, joint task forces (as applicable), Defense Logistics Agency, and other joint publication — A publication containing Defense agencies (e.g., Defense joint doctrine and/or joint tactics, Intelligence Agency) as may be appropriate techniques, and procedures that involves the to a given scenario. Also called JPEC. employment of forces prepared under the (JP 5-0) cognizance of Joint Staff directorates and applicable to the Military Departments, joint planning group — A joint force combatant commands, and other authorized planning organization consisting of agencies. It is approved by the Chairman designated representatives of the joint force of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, in coordination headquarters principal and special staff with the combatant commands and sections, joint force components (Service Services. Also called JP. See also and/or functional), and other supporting Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff organizations or agencies as deemed Instruction; Chairman of the Joint necessary by the joint force commander Chiefs of Staff Manual; joint doctrine; (JFC). Joint planning group membership joint tactics, techniques, and procedures; should be a long-term assignment and joint test publication. (JP 1-01) members should be designated spokespersons for their respective sections joint readiness — See readiness. or organizations. Responsibilities and authority of the joint planning group are joint rear area — A specific land area within assigned by the JFC. Normally headed by a joint force commander’s operational area the joint force chief planner, joint planning designated to facilitate protection and group responsibilities may include, but are operation of installations and forces not limited to, crisis action planning (to supporting the joint force. Also called JRA. include course of action development and See also joint force; joint force refinement), coordination of joint force commander; rear area. (JP 3-10) operation order development, and planning for future operations (e.g., transition, joint rear area coordinator — The officer termination, follow-on). Also called JPG. with responsibility for coordinating the See also course of action development; overall security of the joint rear area in crisis action planning; joint operation accordance with joint force commander planning. (JP 5-00.2) directives and priorities in order to assist in

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 providing a secure environment to facilitate sustainment, host-nation support, infrastructure development, and movements of the joint force. The joint rear area coordinator also coordinates intelligence support and ensures that area management is practiced with due consideration for security requirements. Also called JRAC. (JP 3-10)

projection occurring in the operational area. This phase comprises the essential processes required to transition arriving personnel, equipment, and materiel into forces capable of meeting operational requirements. Also called JRSOI. See also integration; joint force; reception; staging. (JP 4-01.8)

joint regional defense command — A joint task force headquarters formed on order of the Commander in Chief, United States Atlantic Command within designated continental United States (CONUS) multistate regions, to command and control (1) execution of land defense of CONUS; joint rear tactical operations center — A and (2) military assistance to civil authority joint operations cell tailored to assist the missions. (JP 3-57) joint rear area coordinator in meeting mission responsibilities. Also called joint restricted frequency list — A time and JRTOC. (JP 3-10) geographically-oriented listing of TABOO, PROTECTED, and GUARDED functions, joint reception center — The center nets, and frequencies. It should be limited established in the operational area (per to the minimum number of frequencies direction of the joint force commander), necessary for friendly forces to accomplish with responsibility for the reception, objectives. Also called JRFL. See also accountability, training, processing, of electronic warfare; guarded frequencies; military and civilian individual augmentees protected frequencies; TABOO upon their arrival in the operational area. frequencies. (JP 3-51) Also the center where augmentees will normally be outprocessed through upon joint search and rescue center — A primary departure from the operational area. Also search and rescue facility suitably staffed called JRC. (JP 4-01.8) by supervisory personnel and equipped for planning, coordinating, and executing joint joint reception complex — The group of search and rescue and combat search and nodes (air and/or sea) designated by the rescue operations within the geographical supported combatant command, in area assigned to the joint force. The facility coordination with the host nation and is operated jointly by personnel from two United States Transportation Command, or more Service or functional components that receives, processes, services, supports, or it may have a multinational staff of and facilitates onward movement of personnel from two or more allied or personnel, equipment, materiel, and units coalition nations (multinational search and deploying into, out of, or within a theater rescue center). The joint search and rescue line of communications. See also group; center should be staffed equitably by trained node. (JP 4-01.8) personnel drawn from each joint force component, including US Coast Guard joint reception, staging, onward movement, participation where practical. Also called and integration — A phase of joint force JSRC. See also combat search and joint rear area operations — Those operations in the joint rear area that facilitate protection or support of the joint force. See also joint force; joint rear area; rear area. (JP 3-10)

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 rescue; joint search and rescue center director; rescue coordination center; search and rescue. (JP 3-50.2) joint search and rescue center director — The designated representative with overall responsibility for operation of the joint search and rescue center. See also combat search and rescue; joint search and rescue center; search and rescue. (JP 3-50.2)

friendly and hostile situation, and politico-military considerations all influence the number, composition, and sequencing of special operations forces deployed into a joint special operations area. It may be limited in size to accommodate a discrete direct action mission or may be extensive enough to allow a continuing broad range of unconventional warfare operations. Also called JSOA. (JP 3-05.3)

joint servicing — That function performed joint special operations task force — A joint by a jointly staffed and financed activity in task force composed of special operations support of two or more Military Services. units from more than one Service, formed See also servicing. to carry out a specific special operation or prosecute special operations in support of joint special operations air component a theater campaign or other operations. The commander — The commander within the joint special operations task force may have joint force special operations command conventional non-special operations units responsible for planning and executing joint assigned or attached to support the conduct special air operations and for coordinating of specific missions. Also called JSOTF. and deconflicting such operations with (JP 3-05) conventional nonspecial operations air activities. The joint special operations air joint specialty officer or joint specialist — component commander normally will be An officer on the active duty list who is the commander with the preponderance of particularly trained in, and oriented toward, assets and/or greatest ability to plan, joint matters. Also called JSO. coordinate, allocate, task, control, and support the assigned joint special operations joint staff — 1. The staff of a commander of aviation assets. The joint special operations a unified or specified command, air component commander may be directly subordinate unified command, joint task subordinate to the joint force special force, or subordinate functional component operations component commander or to any (when a functional component command nonspecial operations component or joint will employ forces from more than one force commander as directed. Also called Military Department), that includes JSOACC. (JP 3-05.3) members from the several Services comprising the force. These members joint special operations area — A restricted should be assigned in such a manner as to area of land, sea, and airspace assigned by ensure that the commander understands the a joint force commander to the commander tactics, techniques, capabilities, needs, and of a joint special operations force to conduct limitations of the component parts of the special operations activities. The force. Positions on the staff should be commander of joint special operations divided so that Service representation and forces may further assign a specific area or influence generally reflect the Service sector within the joint special operations composition of the force. 2. (capitalized area to a subordinate commander for as Joint Staff) The staff under the mission execution. The scope and duration Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff as of the special operations forces’ mission, provided for in the National Security Act

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 of 1947, as amended by the GoldwaterNichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1986. The Joint Staff assists the Chairman and, subject to the authority, direction, and control of the Chairman and the other members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in carrying out their responsibilities. Also called JS. See also staff. (JP 0-2)

on military capabilities resulting from completed program and budget actions and intelligence assessments. The JSCP provides a coherent framework for capabilities-based military advice provided to the National Command Authorities. Also called JSCP. See also combatant commander; joint. (JP 1-0)

Joint Strategic Planning System — The Joint Staff doctrine sponsor — The sponsor primary means by which the Chairman of for a joint doctrine or joint tactics, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, in consultation techniques, and procedures (JTTP) project. with the other members of the Joint Chiefs Each joint doctrine or JTTP project will be of Staff and the combatant commanders, assigned a Joint Staff doctrine sponsor carries out the statutory responsibilities to (JSDS). The JSDS will assist the lead agent assist the President and Secretary of and primary review authority as requested Defense in providing strategic direction to and directed. The JSDS will coordinate the the Armed Forces; prepares strategic plans; draft document with the Joint Staff and prepares and reviews contingency plans; provide Joint Staff comments and advises the President and Secretary of recommendations to the primary review Defense on requirements, programs, and authority. The JSDS will receive the revised budgets; and provides net assessment on the draft from the lead agent, and process the capabilities of the Armed Forces of the preliminary coordination and final United States and its allies as compared with coordination (and test publications, if those of their potential adversaries. Also applicable) for approval. Also called JSDS. called JSPS. See also joint doctrine; joint tactics, techniques, and procedures. (JP 1-01) joint suppression of enemy air defenses — A broad term that includes all suppression joint state area command — A joint task of enemy air defense activities provided by force headquarters formed on order of one component of the joint force in support Commander in Chief, United States of another. Also called J-SEAD. See also Atlantic Command, within existing state air defense suppression; suppression of boundaries to command and control United enemy air defenses. (JP 3-01.4) States and federalized state elements designated to execute land defense of the joint table of allowances — A document that continental United States, military support authorizes end-items of materiel for units to civil defense, and military assistance to operated jointly by two or more military civil authority missions. See also joint assistance advisory groups and missions. regional defense command. (JP 3-57) Also called JTA. Joint Strategic Capabilities Plan — The joint table of distribution — A manpower Joint Strategic Capabilities Plan (JSCP) document that identifies the positions and provides guidance to the combatant enumerates the spaces that have been commanders and the Joint Chiefs of Staff approved for each organizational element to accomplish task and missions based on of a joint activity for a specific fiscal year current military capabilities. It apportions (authorization year), and those spaces resources to combatant commanders based which have been accepted for planning and

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 programming purposes for the four subsequent fiscal years (program years). Also called JTD. See also joint manpower program.

in developing targeting guidance and reconciling competing requests for assets from multiple joint task forces. Also called JTSG. See also group; joint; targeting. (JP 3-60)

Joint Tactical Air Reconnaissance/ Surveillance Mission Report — A joint target list — A consolidated list of preliminary report of information from selected targets considered to have military tactical reconnaissance aircrews rendered significance in the combatant commander’s by designated debriefing personnel area of responsibility. Also called JTL. See immediately after landing and dispatched also joint; target. (JP 3-60) prior to compilation of the initial photo interpretation report. It provides a summary joint task force — A joint force that is of the route conditions, observations, and constituted and so designated by the aircrew actions and identifies sensor Secretary of Defense, a combatant products. Also called MISREP. commander, a subunified commander, or an existing joint task force commander. joint tactics, techniques, and procedures — Also called JTF. (JP 0-2) The actions and methods that implement joint doctrine and describe how forces will Joint Technical Coordinating Group for be employed in joint operations. They are Munitions Effectiveness — A Joint Staffauthoritative; as such, joint tactics, level organization tasked to produce generic techniques, and procedures will be followed target vulnerability and weaponeering except when, in the judgment of the studies. The special operations working commander, exceptional circumstances group is a subordinate organization dictate otherwise. They will be specializing in studies for special operations. promulgated by the Chairman of the Joint Also called JTCG-ME. (JP 3-05.5) Chiefs of Staff, in coordination with the combatant commands and Services. Also joint test publication — A proposed version called JTTP. See also joint doctrine. of a joint doctrine or joint tactics, (JP 1-01) techniques, and procedures publication that normally contains contentious issues and joint targeting coordination board — A is nominated for a test publication and group formed by the joint force commander evaluation stage. Joint test publications are to accomplish broad targeting oversight approved for evaluation by the Director, functions that may include but are not Operational Plans and Interoperability (J-7), limited to coordinating targeting Joint Staff. Publication of a test publication information, providing targeting guidance does not constitute Chairman of the Joint and priorities, and refining the joint Chiefs of Staff approval of the publication. integrated prioritized target list. The board Prior to final approval as joint doctrine, test is normally comprised of representatives publications are expected to be further from the joint force staff, all components, refined based upon evaluation results. Test and if required, component subordinate publications are automatically superseded units. Also called JTCB. See also joint upon completion of the evaluation and integrated prioritized target list. (JP 3-60) promulgation of the proposed publication. See also Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of joint targeting steering group — A group Staff Instruction; joint doctrine; joint formed by a combatant commander to assist

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 publication; joint tactics, techniques, and procedures. (JP 1-01)

features. Also called JUOs. See also joint operations. (JP 3-0)

joint theater missile defense — The joint warfighting capabilities assessment — integration of joint force capabilities to A team of warfighting and functional area destroy enemy theater missiles in flight or experts from the Joint Staff, unified prior to launch or to otherwise disrupt the commands, Services, Office of the enemy’s theater missile operations through Secretary of Defense, and Defense agencies an appropriate mix of mutually supportive tasked by the Joint Requirements Oversight passive missile defense; active missile Council with completing assessments and defense; attack operations; and supporting providing military recommendations to command, control, communications, improve joint warfighting capabilities. Also computers, and intelligence measures. called JWCA. Enemy theater missiles are those that are aimed at targets outside the continental Joint Worldwide Intelligence United States. Also called JTMD. (JP 3-01.5) Communications System — The sensitive, compartmented information joint total asset visibility — The capability portion of the Defense Information Systems designed to consolidate source data from a Network. It incorporates advanced variety of joint and Service automated networking technologies that permit information systems to provide joint force point-to-point or multipoint information commanders with visibility over assets inexchange involving voice, text, graphics, storage, in-process, and in-transit. Also data, and video teleconferencing. Also called JTAV. See also total asset visibility. called JWICS. (JP 2-0) (JP 4-01.8) joint zone (air, land, or sea) — An area Joint Transportation Board — Responsible established for the purpose of permitting to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, friendly surface, air, and subsurface forces the Joint Transportation Board assures that to operate simultaneously. common-user transportation resources assigned or available to the Department of join up — (*) To form separate aircraft or Defense (DOD) are allocated as to achieve groups of aircraft into a specific formation. maximum benefit in meeting DOD objectives. Also called JTB. See also jumpmaster — The assigned airborne common-user transportation. (JP 4-01) qualified individual who controls paratroops from the time they enter the joint urban operations — All joint aircraft until they exit. See also stick operations planned and conducted across commander (air transport). the range of military operations on or against objectives on a topographical jump speed — The airspeed at which complex and its adjacent natural terrain paratroops can jump with comparative where manmade construction or the density safety from an aircraft. of noncombatants are the dominant

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K K-day — The basic date for the introduction key terrain — (*) Any locality, or area, the of a convoy system on any particular seizure or retention of which affords a convoy lane. See also D-day; M-day. marked advantage to either combatant. See also vital ground. key employee — Any Reservist identified by his or her employer, private or public, as kill box — A three-dimensional area filling a key position. reference that enables timely, effective coordination and control and facilitates key facilities list — A register of selected rapid attacks. (JP 3-60) command installations and industrial facilities of primary importance to the killed in action — A casualty category support of military operations or military applicable to a hostile casualty, other than production programs. It is prepared under the victim of a terrorist activity, who is killed the policy direction of the Joint Chiefs of outright or who dies as a result of wounds Staff. or other injuries before reaching a medical treatment facility. Also called KIA. See key point — (*) A concentrated site or also casualty category. installation, the destruction or capture of which would seriously affect the war effort killing zone — An area in which a or the success of operations. commander plans to force the enemy to concentrate so as to be destroyed with key position — A civilian position, public or conventional weapons or the tactical private (designated by the employer and employment of nuclear weapons. approved by the Secretary concerned), that cannot be vacated during war or national kill probability — (*) A measure of the emergency. probability of destroying a target. keystone publications — Joint doctrine kiloton weapon — (*) A nuclear weapon, publications that establish the doctrinal the yield of which is measured in terms of foundation for a series of joint publications thousands of tons of trinitrotoluene in the hierarchy of joint publications. explosive equivalents, producing yields Keystone publications are provided for joint from 1 to 999 kilotons. See also megaton personnel, intelligence, operations, weapon; nominal weapon; subkiloton logistics, plans, and command, control, weapon. communications, and computer systems support series publications. See also above- kite — (*) In naval mine warfare, a device the-line publications; below-the-line which when towed, submerges and planes publications; capstone publication; joint at a predetermined level without sideways publication. (JP 1-01) displacement.

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L land control operations — The employment landing attack — An attack against enemy of ground forces, supported by naval and defenses by troops landed from ships, air forces (as appropriate) to achieve aircraft, boats, or amphibious vehicles. See military objectives in vital land areas. Such also assault. operations include destruction of opposing ground forces, securing key terrain, landing beach — That portion of a shoreline protection of vital land lines of usually required for the landing of a communications, and establishment of local battalion landing team. However, it may military superiority in areas of land also be that portion of a shoreline operations. See also sea control constituting a tactical locality (such as the operations. shore of a bay) over which a force larger or smaller than a battalion landing team may land forces — Personnel, weapon systems, be landed. vehicles, and support elements operating on land to accomplish assigned missions and landing craft — (*) A craft employed in tasks. amphibious operations, specifically designed for carrying troops and their landing aid — (*) Any illuminating light, equipment and for beaching, unloading, and radio beacon, radar device, communicating retracting. It is also used for resupply device, or any system of such devices for operations. aiding aircraft in an approach and landing. landing craft and amphibious vehicle landing approach — (*) The continuously assignment table — A table showing the changing position of an aircraft in space assignment of personnel and materiel to directed toward effecting a landing on a each landing craft and amphibious vehicle predetermined area. and the assignment of the landing craft and amphibious vehicles to waves for the landing area — 1. That part of the ship-to-shore movement. operational area within which are conducted the landing operations of an landing craft availability table — A amphibious force. It includes the beach, tabulation of the type and number of landing the approaches to the beach, the transport craft that will be available from each ship areas, the fire support areas, the airspace of the transport group. The table is the basis occupied by close supporting aircraft, and for the assignment of landing craft to the the land included in the advance inland to boat groups for the ship-to-shore the initial objective. 2. (Airborne) The movement. general area used for landing troops and materiel either by airdrop or air landing. landing diagram — (*) A graphic means of This area includes one or more drop zones illustrating the plan for the ship-to-shore or landing strips. 3. Any specially prepared movement. or selected surface of land, water, or deck designated or used for takeoff and landing landing force — A Marine Corps or Army of aircraft. See also airfield; amphibious task organization formed to conduct force; landing beach; landing force. amphibious operations. The landing force, (JP 3-02) together with the amphibious task force and

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 other forces, constitute the amphibious (sections) may be rapidly fastened together force. Also called LF. See also to form surfacing for emergency runways, amphibious force; amphibious landing beaches, etc. operation; amphibious task force; task organization. (JP 3-02) landing plan — 1. In amphibious operations, a collective term referring to all individually landing force supplies — Those supplies prepared naval and landing force remaining in assault shipping after initial documents that, taken together, present in combat supplies and floating dumps have detail all instructions for execution of the been unloaded. They are landed selectively ship-to-shore movement. 2. In airlift in accordance with the requirements of the operations, the sequence, method of landing force until the situation ashore delivery, and place of arrival of troops and permits the inception of general unloading. materiel. (JP 3-17) (JP 3-02.2) landing point — (*) A point within a landing landing force support party — A temporary site where one helicopter or vertical takeoff landing force organization composed of and landing aircraft can land. See also Navy and landing force elements, that airfield. facilitates the ship-to-shore movement and provides initial combat support and combat landing roll — (*) The movement of an service support to the landing force. The aircraft from touchdown through landing force support party is brought into deceleration to taxi speed or full stop. existence by a formal activation order issued by the commander, landing force. landing schedule — In an amphibious Also called LFSP. See also combat service operation, a schedule that shows the beach, support; combat support; landing force; hour, and priorities of landing of assault ship-to-shore movement. (JP 3-02) units, and which coordinates the movements of landing craft from the landing group — In amphibious operations, transports to the beach in order to execute a subordinate task organization of the the scheme of maneuver ashore. landing force capable of conducting landing operations, under a single tactical landing sequence table — A document that command, against a position or group of incorporates the detailed plans for positions. (JP 3-02) ship-to-shore movement of nonscheduled units. (JP 3-02.2) landing group commander — In amphibious operations, the officer landing ship — (*) An assault ship which is designated by the commander, landing designed for long sea voyages and for rapid force as the single tactical commander of a unloading over and on to a beach. subordinate task organization capable of conducting landing operations against a landing ship dock — (*) A ship designed to position or group of positions. See also transport and launch loaded amphibious amphibious operation; commander, craft and/or amphibian vehicles with their landing force. (JP 3-02) crews and embarked personnel and/or equipment and to render limited docking landing mat — (*) A prefabricated, portable and repair services to small ships and craft. mat so designed that any number of planks Also called LSD. (JP 3-02.2)

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 landing signal officer — Officer responsible sweeper or formation of sweepers for a run for the visual control of aircraft in the through the area. terminal phase of the approach immediately prior to landing. Also called LSO. See lap course — (*) In naval mine warfare, the also terminal phase. (JP 3-04.1) true course desired to be made good during a run along a lap. landing site — (*) 1. A site within a landing zone containing one or more landing points. lap track — (*) In naval mine warfare, the See also airfield. 2. In amphibious center line of a lap; ideally, the track to be operations, a continuous segment of followed by the sweep or detecting gear. coastline over which troops, equipment and supplies can be landed by surface means. lap turn — (*) In naval mine warfare, the maneuver a minesweeper carries out during landing threshold — The beginning of that the period between the completion of one portion of a runway usable for landing. run and the commencement of the run immediately following. landing zone — (*) Any specified zone used for the landing of aircraft. Also called LZ. lap width — (*) In naval mine warfare, the See also airfield. swept path of the ship or formation divided by the percentage coverage being swept to. landing zone control — See pathfinder drop zone control. large-lot storage — A quantity of material that will require four or more pallet columns landing zone control party — (*) Personnel stored to maximum height. Usually specially trained and equipped to establish accepted as stock stored in carload or and operate communications devices from greater quantities. See also storage. the ground for traffic control of aircraft/ helicopters for a specific landing zone. large-scale map — A map having a scale of 1:75,000 or larger. See also map. landmark — (*) A feature, either natural or artificial, that can be accurately determined large spread — A report by an observer or a on the ground from a grid reference. spotter to the ship to indicate that the distance between the bursts of a salvo is land mine warfare — See mine warfare. excessive. land search — The search of terrain by laser — Any device that can produce or Earth-bound personnel. amplify optical radiation primarily by the process of controlled stimulated emission. lane marker — (*) In land mine warfare, A laser may emit electromagnetic radiation sign used to mark a minefield lane. Lane from the ultraviolet portion of the spectrum markers, at the entrance to and exit from through the infrared portion. Also, an the lane, may be referenced to a landmark acronym for “light amplification by or intermediate marker. See also marker; stimulated emission of radiation.” (JP 3-09.1) minefield lane. laser footprint — The projection of the laser lap — (*) In naval mine warfare, that section beam and buffer zone on the ground or or strip of an area assigned to a single target area. The laser footprint may be part

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 of the laser surface danger zone if that laser seeker — (*) A device based on a footprint lies within the nominal visual direction sensitive receiver which detects hazard distance of the laser. See also buffer the energy reflected from a laser designated zone; laser. (JP 3-09.1) target and defines the direction of the target relative to the receiver. See also laser laser guidance unit — A device which guided weapon. incorporates a laser seeker to provide guidance commands to the control system laser spot — The area on a surface illuminated of a missile, projectile or bomb. by a laser. See also laser; spot. (JP 3-09.1) laser guided weapon — (*) A weapon which laser spot tracker — A device that locks on uses a seeker to detect laser energy reflected to the reflected energy from a laser-marked from a laser marked/designated target and or designated target and defines the through signal processing provides direction of the target relative to itself. Also guidance commands to a control system called LST. which guides the weapon to the point from which the laser energy is being reflected. laser target designating system — (*) A Also called LGW. See also laser. system which is used to direct (aim or point) (JP 3-09.1) laser energy at a target. The system consists of the laser designator or laser target marker laser illuminator — A device for enhancing with its display and control components the illumination in a zone of action by necessary to acquire the target and direct irradiating with a laser beam. the beam of laser energy thereon. laser intelligence — Technical and laser target designator — A device that geo-location intelligence derived from laser emits a beam of laser energy which is used systems; a subcategory of electro-optical to mark a specific place or object. Also intelligence. Also called LASINT. See also called LTD. See also laser; target. electro-optical intelligence; intelligence. (JP 3-09.1) (JP 2-0) laser-target/gun-target angle — The angle laser linescan system — (*) An active between the laser-to-target line and the laser airborne imagery recording system which guided weapon/gun-target line at the point uses a laser as the primary source of where they cross the target. See also laser; illumination to scan the ground beneath the laser guided weapon; target. (JP 3-09.1) flight path, adding successive across-track lines to the record as the vehicle advances. laser-target line — An imaginary straight See also infrared linescan system. line from the laser designator to the target with respect to magnetic north. See also laser pulse duration — (*) The time during laser; laser target designator; target. which the laser output pulse power remains (JP 3-09.1) continuously above half its maximum value. laser target marker — See laser designator. laser rangefinder — (*) A device which uses laser target marking system — See laser laser energy for determining the distance target designating system. from the device to a place or object.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 lashing — (*) See tie down. (DOD only) launch pad — (*) A concrete or other hard See restraint of loads. surface area on which a missile launcher is positioned. lashing point — See tie down point. launch time — The time at which an aircraft late — (*) In artillery and naval gunfire or missile is scheduled to be airborne. See support, a report made to the observer or also airborne order. spotter, whenever there is a delay in reporting “shot” by coupling a time in launch under attack — Execution by seconds with the report. National Command Authorities of Single Integrated Operational Plan forces lateral gain — (*) The amount of new subsequent to tactical warning of strategic ground covered laterally by successive nuclear attack against the United States and photographic runs over an area. prior to first impact. Also called LUA. lateral route — (*) A route generally parallel launch window — The earliest and latest time to the forward edge of the battle area, which a rocket may launch. crosses, or feeds into, axial routes. See also route. laundering — In counterdrug operations, the process of transforming drug money into a lateral spread — A technique used to place more manageable form while concealing the mean point of impact of two or more its illicit origin. Foreign bank accounts and units 100 meters apart on a line dummy corporations are used as shelters. perpendicular to the gun-target line. See also counterdrug operations. (JP 3-07.4) lateral tell — See track telling. latest arrival date — A day, relative to C-Day, that is specified by the supported combatant commander as the latest date when a unit, a resupply shipment, or replacement personnel can arrive at the port of debarkation and support the concept of operations. Used with the earliest arrival date, it defines a delivery window for transportation planning. Also called LAD.

law enforcement agency — Any of a number of agencies (outside the Department of Defense) chartered and empowered to enforce US laws in the following jurisdictions: The United States, a state (or political subdivision) of the United States, a territory or possession (or political subdivision) of the United States, or within the borders of a host nation. Also called LEA. (JP 3-07.4)

law of armed conflict — See law of war. late time — See span of detonation (atomic demolition munition employment), Part 3. law of war — That part of international law that regulates the conduct of armed latitude band — (*) Any latitudinal strip, hostilities. Also called the law of armed designated by accepted units of linear or conflict. See also rules of engagement. angular measurement, which circumscribes the Earth. Also called latitudinal band. lay — 1. Direct or adjust the aim of a weapon. 2. Setting of a weapon for a given range, a lattice — (*) A network of intersecting given direction, or both. 3. To drop one or positional lines printed on a map or chart more aerial bombs or aerial mines onto the from which a fix may be obtained. surface from an aircraft. 4. To spread a

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 smoke screen on the ground from an aircraft. 5. To calculate or project a course. 6. To lay on: a. to execute a bomber strike; b. to set up a mission.

related to a particular operation. The lead agency determines the agenda, ensures cohesion among the agencies, and is responsible for implementing decisions. (JP 3-08)

laydown bombing — (*) A very low level bombing technique wherein delay fuzes lead agent — Individual Services, combatant and/or devices are used to allow the attacker commands, or Joint Staff directorates may to escape the effects of the bomb. be assigned as lead agents for developing and maintaining joint doctrine, joint tactics, layer depth — The depth from the surface techniques, and procedures (JTTP) of the sea to the point above the first major publications. The lead agent is responsible negative thermocline at which sound for developing, coordinating, reviewing, velocity is maximum. and maintaining an assigned doctrine or JTTP. Also called LA. See also lay leader or lay reader — A volunteer (“lay coordinating review authority; joint leader” in Army and Air Force; “lay reader” doctrine; joint publication; joint tactics, in Navy and Marine Corps) appointed by techniques, and procedures; joint test the commanding officer and supervised and publication; primary review authority. trained by the command chaplain to serve (JP 1-01) for a period of time to meet the needs of a particular religious faith group when their lead aircraft — 1. The airborne aircraft military chaplains are not available. The designated to exercise command of other lay leader or lay reader may conduct aircraft within the flight. 2. An aircraft in services, but may not exercise any other the van of two or more aircraft. activities usually reserved for the ordained clergy. See also command chaplain; lead mobility wing — An Air Mobility command chaplain of the combatant Command unit designated to provide an oncommand; religious ministry support; call 32-member cross-functional initial religious ministry support plan; religious response team (IRT) for short-notice ministry support team; Service deployment in response to humanitarian component command chaplain. (JP 1-05) crises. When requested by a supported geographic combatant commander, this IRT lay reader — See lay leader or lay reader. arrives at an airfield in the disaster area to (JP 1-05) provide mobility expertise and leadership, assess the requirements for follow-on relief lay reference number — (*) In naval mine forces, and establish a reception base to warfare, a number allocated to an individual serve as a conduit for relief supplies or the mine by the minefield planning authority repatriation of noncombatants. The IRT is to provide a simple means of referring to attached to the joint task force established it. by the supported geographic combatant commander. Also called LMW. See also lead agency — Designated among US Air Mobility Command; mobility; wing. Government agencies to coordinate the (JP 3-57) interagency oversight of the day-to-day conduct of an ongoing operation. The lead lead nation — One nation assumes the agency is to chair the interagency working responsibility for procuring and providing group established to coordinate policy a broad spectrum of logistic support for all

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 or a part of the multinational force and/or headquarters. Compensation and/or reimbursement will then be subject to agreements between the parties involved. The lead nation may also assume the responsibility to coordinate logistics of the other nations within its functional and regional area of responsibility. See also logistic support; multinational force. (JP 4-0)

troops. The person using the terms “left” or “right” is assumed to be facing in the direction of the enemy regardless of whether the troops are advancing towards or withdrawing from the enemy. 2. Correction used in adjusting fire to indicate that a lateral shift of the mean point of impact perpendicular to the reference line or spotting line is desired.

left (right) bank — That bank of a stream or lead Service or agency for common-user river on the left (right) of the observer when logistics — A Service component or facing in the direction of flow or Department of Defense agency that is downstream. responsible for execution of common-user item or service support in a specific letter of assist — A contractual document combatant command or multinational issued by the United Nations (UN) to a operation as defined in the combatant or government authorizing it to provide goods subordinate joint force commander’s or services to a peacekeeping operation; the operation plan, operation order, and/or UN agrees either to purchase the goods or directives. See also common-user services or authorizes the government to logistics. (JP 4-07) supply them subject to reimbursement by the UN. A letter of assist typically details leapfrog — (*) Form of movement in which specifically what is to be provided by the like supporting elements are moved contributing government and establishes a successively through or by one another funding limit that cannot be exceeded. Also along the axis of movement of supported called LOA. See also peacekeeping. forces. (JP 1-06) leaver — (*) A merchant ship which breaks level of detail — Within the current joint off from a convoy to proceed to a different planning and execution systems, movement destination and becomes independent. Also characteristics are described at five distinct called convoy leaver. See also leaver levels of detail. a. level I-aggregated level convoy; leaver section. — Expressed as total number of passengers and total short tons, total measurement tons, leaver convoy — (*) A convoy which has total square feet, and/or total hundreds of broken off from the main convoy and is barrels by unit line number (ULN), cargo proceeding to a different destination. See increment number (CIN), and personnel also leaver; leaver section. increment number (PIN). b. level II-summary level — Expressed as total leaver section — (*) A group of ships number of passengers by ULN and PIN forming part of the main convoy which will and short tons, measurement tons (including subsequently break off to become leavers barrels), total square feet of bulk, oversize, or a leaver convoy. See also leaver; leaver outsize, and non-air-transportable cargo by convoy. ULN and CIN. c. level III-detail by cargo category — Expressed as total number of left (or right) — (*) 1. Terms used to passengers by ULN and PIN and short tons establish the relative position of a body of and/or measurement tons (including

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 barrels) as well as total square feet of cargo as identified by the ULN or CIN three-position cargo category code. d. level IV-detail expressed as number of passengers and individual dimensional data (expressed in length, width, and height in number of inches) of cargo by equipment type by ULN. e. level V-detail by priority of shipment — Expressed as total number of passengers by Service specialty code in deployment sequence by ULN, individual weight (in pounds), and dimensional data (expressed in length, width, and height in number of inches) of equipment in deployment sequence by ULN. level-of-effort munitions — (*) In stockpile planning, munitions stocked on the basis of expected daily expenditure rate, the number of combat days, and the attrition rate assumed, to counter targets the number of which is unknown. See also threat-oriented munitions. level of effort-oriented items — Items for which requirements computations are based on such factors as equipment and personnel density and time and rate of use. See also combination mission/level of effort-oriented items; mission-oriented items.

L-hour — See times. liaison — That contact or intercommunication maintained between elements of military forces or other agencies to ensure mutual understanding and unity of purpose and action. (JP 3-08) liberated territory — (*) Any area, domestic, neutral, or friendly, which, having been occupied by an enemy, is retaken by friendly forces. licensed production — A direct commercial arrangement between a US company and a foreign government, international organization, or foreign company, providing for the transfer of production information which enables the foreign government, international organization, or commercial producer to manufacture, in whole or in part, an item of US defense equipment. A typical license production arrangement would include the functions of production engineering, controlling, quality assurance and determining of resource requirements. It may or may not include design engineering information and critical materials production and design information. A licensed production arrangement is accomplished under the provisions of a manufacturing license agreement per the US International Traffic in Arms Regulation.

level of supply — (*) The quantity of supplies or materiel authorized or directed to be held in anticipation of future demands. See also operating level of supply; order and life cycle — The total phases through which shipping time; procurement lead time; an item passes from the time it is initially requisitioning objective; safety level of developed until the time it is either supply; stockage objective. consumed in use or disposed of as being excess to all known materiel requirements. leveraging — In information operations, the effective use of information, information lifeguard submarine — (*) A submarine systems, and technology to increase the employed for rescue in an area which means and synergy in accomplishing cannot be adequately covered by air or information operations strategy. See also surface rescue facilities because of enemy information; information operations; opposition, distance from friendly bases, or information system; operation. (JP 3-13) other reasons. It is stationed near the

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 objective and sometimes along the route to be flown by the strike aircraft. life support equipment — Equipment designed to sustain aircrew members and passengers throughout the flight environment, optimizing their mission effectiveness and affording a means of safe and reliable escape, descent, survival, and recovery in emergency situations.

requirement exists and for which no other existing item is suitable. Such an item appears to fulfill an approved materiel requirement or other Military Departmentapproved requirements and to be promising enough operationally to warrant initiating procurement and/or production for service issue prior to completion of development and/or test or adoption as a standard item.

limited standard item — An item of supply determined by standardization action as authorized for procurement only to support light damage — See nuclear damage, Part 1. in-service military materiel requirements. light artillery — See field artillery.

lightening — (*) The operation (normally limited war — Armed conflict short of carried out at anchor) of transferring crude general war, exclusive of incidents, oil cargo from a large tanker to a smaller involving the overt engagement of the tanker, so reducing the draft of the larger military forces of two or more nations. tanker to enable it to enter port. limiting factor — A factor or condition that, lighterage — A small craft designed to either temporarily or permanently, impedes transport cargo or personnel from ship to mission accomplishment. Illustrative shore. Lighterage includes amphibians, examples are transportation network landing craft, discharge lighters, causeways, deficiencies, lack of in-place facilities, and barges. (JP 3-02) malpositioned forces or materiel, extreme climatic conditions, distance, transit or light filter — (*) An optical element such as overflight rights, political conditions, etc. a sheet of glass, gelatine, or plastic dyed in a specific manner to absorb selectively light limit of fire — (*) 1. The boundary marking of certain colors. off the area on which gunfire can be delivered. 2. Safe angular limits for firing light line — (*) A designated line forward at aerial targets. of which vehicles are required to use black-out lights at night. linear scale — See graphic scale; scale. lightweight amphibious container handler line of communications — A route, either — A United States Marine Corps piece of land, water, and/or air, that connects an equipment usually maneuvered by a operating military force with a base of bulldozer and used to retrieve 20-foot operations and along which supplies and equivalent containers from landing craft in military forces move. Also called LOC. the surf and place them on flatbed truck See also base of operations; route. trailers. See also container. (JP 4-01.6) line of demarcation — A line defining the limited production-type item — An item boundary of a buffer zone or area of under development, commercially available limitation. A line of demarcation may also or available from other Government be used to define the forward limits of agencies, for which an urgent operational disputing or belligerent forces after each

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 phase of disengagement or withdrawal has link-lift vehicle — The conveyance, together been completed. See also area of with its operating personnel, used to satisfy limitation; buffer zone; disengagement; a movement requirement between nodes. peace operations. (JP 3-07.3) link-route segments — Route segments that line of departure — (*) 1. In land warfare, connect nodes wherein link-lift vehicles a line designated to coordinate the departure perform the movement function. of attack elements. 2. In amphibious warfare, a suitably marked offshore liquid explosive — (*) Explosive which is coordinating line to assist assault craft to fluid at normal temperatures. land on designated beaches at scheduled times. Also called LD. liquid propellant — Any liquid combustible fed to the combustion chamber of a rocket line overlap — See overlap, Part 1. engine. line-route map — A map or overlay for listening watch — A continuous receiver signal communications operations that watch established for the reception of traffic shows the actual routes and types of addressed to, or of interest to, the unit construction of wire circuits in the field. It maintaining the watch, with complete log also gives the locations of switchboards and optional. telegraph stations. See also map. list of targets — A tabulation of confirmed line search — (*) Reconnaissance along a or suspect targets maintained by any specific line of communications, such as a echelon for informational and fire support road, railway or waterway, to detect fleeting planning purposes. See also target list. targets and activities in general. litter — A basket or frame utilized for the lines of operations — Lines that define the transport of injured persons. directional orientation of the force in time and space in relation to the enemy. They litter patient — A patient requiring litter connect the force with its base of operations accommodations while in transit. and its objectives. (JP 5-0) load — (*) The total weight of passengers link — (*) 1. In communications, a general and/or freight carried on board a ship, term used to indicate the existence of aircraft, train, road vehicle, or other means communications facilities between two of conveyance. See also airlift capability; points. 2. A maritime route, other than a airlift requirement; allowable load. coastal or transit route, which links any two or more routes. load control group — (*) Personnel who are concerned with organization and control link encryption — The application of online of loading within the pick-up zone. crypto-operation to a link of a communications system so that all loading — (*) The process of putting information passing over the link is personnel, materiel, supplies and other encrypted in its entirety. freight on board ships, aircraft, trains, road vehicles, or other means of conveyance. See also embarkation.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 loading chart (aircraft) — Any one of a load spreader — (*) Material used to series of charts carried in an aircraft that distribute the weight of a load over a given shows the proper location for loads to be area to avoid exceeding designed stress. transported and that pertains to check-lists, balance records, and clearances for weight localizer — (*) A directional radio beacon and balance. which provides to an aircraft an indication of its lateral position relative to a loading (ordnance) — An operation that predetermined final approach course. See installs airborne weapons and stores on or also instrument landing system. in an aircraft and may include fuzing of bombs and stray voltage checks. See also local mean time — (*) The time interval loading; ordnance. (JP 3-04.1) elapsed since the mean sun’s transit of the observer’s anti-meridian. loading plan — (*) All of the individually prepared documents which, taken together, local procurement — The process of present in detail all instructions for the obtaining personnel, services, supplies, and arrangement of personnel, and the loading equipment from local or indigenous of equipment for one or more units or other sources. special grouping of personnel or material moving by highway, water, rail, or air local purchase — The function of acquiring transportation. See also ocean manifest. a decentralized item of supply from sources outside the Department of Defense. loading point — (*) A point where one aircraft can be loaded or unloaded. lock on — Signifies that a tracking or target-seeking system is continuously and loading site — (*) An area containing a automatically tracking a target in one or number of loading points. more coordinates (e.g., range, bearing, elevation). loading time — In airlift operations, a specified time, established jointly by the lodgment — A designated area in a hostile airlift and airborne commanders concerned, or potentially hostile territory that, when when aircraft and loads are available and seized and held, makes the continuous loading is to begin. (JP 3-17) landing of troops and materiel possible and provides maneuver space for subsequent loadmaster — An Air Force technician operations. See also hostile. (JP 3-18) qualified to plan loads, to operate auxiliary materials handling equipment, and to lodgment area — See airhead, Part 1; supervise loading and unloading of aircraft. beachhead. (JP 3-17) loft bombing — A method of bombing in load signal — In evasion and recovery which the delivery plane approaches the operations, a visual signal displayed in a target at a very low altitude, makes a definite covert manner to indicate the presence of pullup at a given point, releases the bomb an individual or object at a given location. at a predetermined point during the pullup, See also evasion; evasion and recovery; and tosses the bomb onto the target. See recovery operations; signal. (JP 3-50.3) also toss bombing.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 logistic assessment — An evaluation of: a. logistic marking and reading symbology — the logistic support required to support A system designed to improve the flow of particular military operations in a theater, cargo through the seaport of embarkation country, or area; and b. the actual and/or and debarkation using bar code technology. potential logistic support available for the See also logistics. (JP 4-01.6) conduct of military operations either within the theater, country, or area, or located logistic routes — See line of elsewhere. communications. logistic estimate of the situation — An logistics — The science of planning and appraisal resulting from an orderly carrying out the movement and examination of the logistic factors maintenance of forces. In its most influencing contemplated courses of action comprehensive sense, those aspects of in order to provide conclusions concerning military operations which deal with: a. the degree and manner of that influence. design and development, acquisition, storage, movement, distribution, logistic implications test — An analysis of maintenance, evacuation, and disposition the major logistic aspects of a joint strategic of materiel; b. movement, evacuation, and war plan and the consideration of the hospitalization of personnel; c. acquisition logistic implications resultant therefrom as or construction, maintenance, operation, they may limit the acceptability of the plan. and disposition of facilities; and d. The logistic analysis and consideration are acquisition or furnishing of services. conducted concurrently with the development of the strategic plan. The logistics over-the-shore operation area — objective is to establish whether the logistic That geographic area required to requirements generated by the plan are in successfully conduct a logistics over-thebalance with availabilities, and to set forth shore operation. Also called LOA. See those logistic implications that should be also logistics over-the-shore operations. weighed by the Joint Chiefs of Staff in their (JP 4-01.6) consideration of the plan. See also feasibility test. logistics over-the-shore operations — The loading and unloading of ships without the logistic and movement control center — A benefit of deep draft-capable, fixed port center organized from service support facilities in friendly or nondefended elements (or the supporting establishment) territory and, in time of war, during phases in the geographic proximity of the of theater development in which there is marshaling units. It is tasked by the force no opposition by the enemy; or as a means movement control center to provide organic of moving forces closer to tactical assembly and commercial transportation, areas dependent on threat force capabilities. transportation scheduling, materials Also called LOTS operations. See also handling equipment, and all other logistic joint logistics over-the-shore operations. support required by parent commands (JP 4-01.8) during marshaling and embarkation. Also called LMCC. See also control center; logistic sourcing — The identification of the embarkation; force movement; origin and determination of the availability marshalling. (JP 4-01.8) of the time-phased force and deployment data nonunit logistic requirements.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 logistic support — Logistic support encompasses the logistic services, materiel, and transportation required to support the continental United States-based and worldwide deployed forces. logistic support (medical) — Medical care, treatment, hospitalization, and evacuation as well as the furnishing of medical services, supplies, materiel, and adjuncts thereto. long-range bomber aircraft — A bomber designed for a tactical operating radius over 2,500 nautical miles at design gross weight and design bomb load. long-range transport aircraft — See transport aircraft. long ton — 2,240 pounds. Also called LT; L/T; or LTON. (JP 4-01.7) look — (*) In mine warfare, a period during which a mine circuit is receptive of an influence. loran — (*) A long-range radio navigation position fixing system using the time difference of reception of pulse type transmissions from two or more fixed stations. This term is derived from the words long-range electronic navigation. lot — Specifically, a quantity of material all of which was manufactured under identical conditions and assigned an identifying lot number. low airburst — (*) The fallout safe height of burst for a nuclear weapon which maximizes damage to or casualties on surface targets. See also types of burst. low-altitude missile engagement zone — See weapon engagement zone. (JP 3-52)

low-altitude parachute extraction system — A low-level, self-contained system capable of delivering heavy loads into an area where air landing is not feasible from an optimum aircraft wheel altitude of 5 to 10 feet above ground level. One or more platforms may be dropped. Also called LAPES. (JP 3-17) low angle — (*) In artillery and naval gunfire support, an order or request to obtain low angle fire. low angle fire — (*) Fire delivered at angles of elevation below the elevation that corresponds to the maximum range of the gun and ammunition concerned. low angle loft bombing — (*) Type of loft bombing of free fall bombs wherein weapon release occurs at an angle less than 35 degrees above the horizontal. See also loft bombing. low dollar value item — An item that normally requires considerably less management effort than those in the other management intensity groupings. low level flight — See terrain flight. low level transit route — (*) A temporary corridor of defined dimensions established in the forward area to minimize the risk to friendly aircraft from friendly air defenses or surface forces. Also called LLTR. low oblique — See oblique air photograph. low velocity drop — (*) A drop procedure in which the drop velocity does not exceed 30 feet per second. low visibility operations — Sensitive operations wherein the political-military restrictions inherent in covert and

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 clandestine operations are either not necessary or not feasible; actions are taken as required to limit exposure of those involved and/or their activities. Execution

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of these operations is undertaken with the knowledge that the action and/or sponsorship of the operation may preclude plausible denial by the initiating power.

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M mach number — The ratio of the velocity of a body to that of sound in the surrounding medium. magnetic bearing — See bearing. magnetic circuit — See magnetic mine.

influenced only by the Earth’s magnetic field. magnetic tape — A tape or ribbon of any material impregnated or coated with magnetic or other material on which information may be placed in the form of magnetically polarized spots.

magnetic compass — (*) An instrument containing a freely suspended magnetic magnetic variation — (*) 1. In navigation, element which displays the direction of the at a given place and time, the horizontal horizontal component of the Earth’s angle between the true north and magnetic magnetic field at the point of observation. north measured east or west according to whether magnetic north lies east or west of magnetic declination — (*) The angle true north. See also magnetic declination. between the magnetic and geographical 2. In cartography, the annual change in meridians at any place, expressed in degrees direction of the horizontal component of east or west to indicate the direction of the Earth’s magnetic field. magnetic north from true north. In nautical and aeronautical navigation, the term mail embargo — A temporary shutdown or magnetic variation is used instead of redirection of mail flow to or from a specific magnetic declination and the angle is location. (JP 1-0) termed variation of the compass or magnetic variation. Magnetic declination is not main airfield — (*) An airfield planned for otherwise synonymous with magnetic permanent occupation in peacetime, also variation which refers to regular or irregular suitable for use in wartime and having change with time of the magnetic sufficient operational facilities for full use declination, dip, or intensity. See also of its combat potential. See also airfield; magnetic variation. departure airfield; diversion airfield; redeployment airfield. magnetic equator — (*) A line drawn on a map or chart connecting all points at which main armament — The request of the the magnetic inclination (dip) is zero for a observer or spotter to obtain fire from the specified epoch. Also called aclinic line. largest guns installed on the fire support ship. magnetic mine — (*) A mine which responds to the magnetic field of a target. main attack — (*) The principal attack or effort into which the commander throws the magnetic minehunting — The process of full weight of the offensive power at his using magnetic detectors to determine the disposal. An attack directed against the presence of mines or minelike objects. chief objective of the campaign, major operation, or battle. magnetic north — (*) The direction indicated by the north seeking pole of a main battle area — That portion of the freely suspended magnetic needle, battlefield in which the decisive battle is

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 fought to defeat the enemy. For any which the bulk of traffic flows in support particular command, the main battle area of military operations. Also called MSR. extends rearward from the forward edge of the battle area to the rear boundary of the maintain — When used in the context of command’s subordinate units. deliberate planning, the directed command will keep the referenced operation plan, main convoy — (*) The convoy as a whole operation plan in concept format, or concept which sails from the convoy assembly port/ summary, and any associated Joint anchorage to its destination. It may be Operation Planning and Execution System supplemented by joiners or joiner convoys, (JOPES) automated data processing files and leavers or leaver convoys may break active in accordance with applicable tasking off. documents describing the type and level of update or maintenance to be performed. main deck — The highest deck running the General guidance is contained in JOPES, full length of a vessel (except for an aircraft Volumes I and II. See also archive; retain. carrier’s hanger deck). See also watercraft. (JP 4-01.6) maintenance area — A general locality in which are grouped a number of main detonating line — (*) In demolition, maintenance activities for the purpose of a line of detonating cord used to transmit retaining or restoring materiel to a the detonation wave to two or more serviceable condition. branches. maintenance engineering — The application main line of resistance — A line at the of techniques, engineering skills, and effort, forward edge of the battle position, organized to ensure that the design and designated for the purpose of coordinating development of weapon systems and the fire of all units and supporting weapons, equipment provide adequately for their including air and naval gunfire. It defines effective and economical maintenance. the forward limits of a series of mutually supporting defensive areas, but it does not maintenance (materiel) — 1. All action include the areas occupied or used by taken to retain materiel in a serviceable covering or screening forces. condition or to restore it to serviceability. It includes inspection, testing, servicing, main operations base — In special classification as to serviceability, repair, operations, a base established by a joint rebuilding, and reclamation. 2. All supply force special operations component and repair action taken to keep a force in commander or a subordinate special condition to carry out its mission. 3. The operations component commander in routine recurring work required to keep a friendly territory to provide sustained facility (plant, building, structure, ground command and control, administration, and facility, utility system, or other real logistical support to special operations property) in such condition that it may be activities in designated areas. Also called continuously used at its original or designed MOB. See also advanced operations capacity and efficiency for its intended base; forward operations base. (JP 3-05.3) purpose. main supply route — The route or routes maintenance status — 1. A nonoperating designated within an operational area upon condition, deliberately imposed, with

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 adequate personnel to maintain and major operation — A series of tactical preserve installations, materiel, and actions (battles, engagements, strikes) facilities in such a condition that they may conducted by various combat forces of a be readily restored to operable condition in single or several Services, coordinated in a minimum time by the assignment of time and place, to accomplish operational additional personnel and without extensive and, sometimes, strategic objectives in an repair or overhaul. 2. That condition of operational area. These actions are materiel that is in fact, or is administratively conducted simultaneously or sequentially classified as, unserviceable, pending in accordance with a common plan and are completion of required servicing or repairs. controlled by a single commander. See also 3. A condition of materiel readiness that operation. (JP 3-0) reports the level of operational readiness for a piece of equipment. major weapon system — One of a limited number of systems or subsystems that for major combat element — Those reasons of military urgency, criticality, or organizations and units described in the resource requirements, is determined by the Joint Strategic Capabilities Plan that Department of Defense as being vital to the directly produce combat capability. The national interest. size of the element varies by Service, force capability, and the total number of such make safe — One or more actions necessary elements available. Examples are Army to prevent or interrupt complete function divisions and separate brigades, Air Force of the system (traditionally synonymous squadrons, Navy task forces, and Marine with “dearm,” “disarm,” and “disable”). expeditionary forces. See also major force. Among the necessary actions are: (1) install (safety devices such as pins or locks); (2) major disaster — See domestic emergencies. disconnect (hoses, linkages, batteries); (3) bleed (accumulators, reservoirs); (4) major fleet — A principal, permanent remove (explosive devices such as subdivision of the operating forces of the initiators, fuzes, detonators); and (5) Navy with certain supporting shore intervene (as in welding, lockwiring). activities. Presently there are two such fleets: the Pacific Fleet and the Atlantic management and control system (mobility) Fleet. See also fleet. — Those elements of organizations and/or activities that are part of, or are closely major force — A military organization related to, the mobility system, and which comprised of major combat elements and authorize requirements to be moved, to associated combat support, combat service obtain and allocate lift resources, or to direct support, and sustainment increments. The the operation of linklift vehicles. major force is capable of sustained military operations in response to plan employment maneuver — 1. A movement to place ships, requirements. See also major combat aircraft, or land forces in a position of element. advantage over the enemy. 2. A tactical exercise carried out at sea, in the air, on the major nuclear power — (*) Any nation that ground, or on a map in imitation of war. possesses a nuclear striking force capable 3. The operation of a ship, aircraft, or of posing a serious threat to every other vehicle, to cause it to perform desired nation. movements. 4. Employment of forces in

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 the battlespace through movement in function’s present or proposed manpower combination with fires to achieve a position establishment. of advantage in respect to the enemy in order to accomplish the mission. See also manpower requirements — Human mission; operation. (JP 3-0) resources needed to accomplish specified work loads of organizations. maneuverable reentry vehicle — A reentry vehicle capable of performing preplanned manpower resources — Human resources flight maneuvers during the reentry phase. available to the Services that can be applied See also multiple independently against manpower requirements. targetable reentry vehicle; multiple reentry vehicle; reentry vehicle. man space — The space and weight factor used to determine the combat capacity of manifest — A document specifying in detail vehicles, craft, and transport aircraft, based the passengers or items carried for a specific on the requirements of one person with destination. individual equipment. The person is assumed to weigh between 222-250 pounds manipulative electromagnetic deception — and to occupy 13.5 cubic feet of space. See See electromagnetic deception. also boat space. man portable — Capable of being carried man transportable — Items that are usually by one man. Specifically, the term may be transported on wheeled, tracked, or air used to qualify: 1. Items designed to be vehicles, but have integral provisions to carried as an integral part of individual, allow periodic handling by one or more crew-served, or team equipment of the individuals for limited distances (100-500 dismounted soldier in conjunction with meters). Upper weight limit: approximately assigned duties. Upper weight limit: 65 pounds per individual. approximately 14 kilograms (31 pounds.) 2. In land warfare, equipment which can map — (*) A graphic representation, usually be carried by one man over long distance on a plane surface and at an established without serious degradation of the scale, of natural or artificial features on the performance of normal duties. surface of a part or the whole of the Earth or other planetary body. The features are manpower — See manpower requirements; positioned relative to a coordinate reference manpower resources. system. See also administrative map; chart index; chart series; chart sheet; manpower management — (*) The means controlled map; general map; large-scale of manpower control to ensure the most map; line-route map; map chart; map efficient and economical use of available index; map series; map sheet; mediummanpower. scale map; operation map; planimetric map; situation map; small-scale map; manpower management survey — (*) strategic map; tactical map; topographic Systematic evaluation of a functional area, map; traffic circulation map. utilizing expert knowledge, manpower scaling guides, experience, and other map chart — A representation of a land-sea practical considerations in determining the area, using the characteristics of a map to validity and managerial efficiency of the represent the land area and the

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 characteristics of a chart to represent the marginal data — (*) All explanatory sea area, with such special characteristics information given in the margin of a map as to make the map-chart most useful in or chart which clarifies, defines, illustrates, military operations, particularly amphibious and/or supplements the graphic portion of operations. See also map. the sheet. map convergence — (*) The angle at which marginal information — See marginal one meridian is inclined to another on a map data. or chart. See also convergence. marginal weather — Weather that is map exercise — An exercise in which a series sufficiently adverse to a military operation of military situations is stated and solved so as to require the imposition of procedural on a map. limitations. See also adverse weather. map index — (*) Graphic key primarily Marine air command and control system designed to give the relationship between — A system that provides the aviation sheets of a series, their coverage, combat element commander with the means availability, and further information on the to command, coordinate, and control all air series. See also map. operations within an assigned sector and to coordinate air operations with other mapping camera — See air cartographic Services. It is composed of command and camera. control agencies with communicationselectronics equipment that incorporates a map reference — (*) A means of identifying capability from manual through a point on the surface of the Earth by semiautomatic control. Also called relating it to information appearing on a MACCS. See also direct air support map, generally the graticule or grid. center; tactical air operations center. (JP 3-09.3) map reference code — (*) A code used primarily for encoding grid coordinates and Marine air-ground task force — The other information pertaining to maps. This Marine Corps principal organization for all code may be used for other purposes where missions across the range of military the encryption of numerals is required. operations, composed of forces taskorganized under a single commander map series — (*) A group of maps or charts capable of responding rapidly to a usually having the same scale and contingency anywhere in the world. The cartographic specifications, and with each types of forces in the Marine air-ground task sheet appropriately identified by producing force (MAGTF) are functionally grouped agency as belonging to the same series. into four core elements: a command element, an aviation combat element, a map sheet — (*) An individual map or chart ground combat element, and a combat either complete in itself or part of a series. service support element. The four core See also map. elements are categories of forces, not formal commands. The basic structure of the margin — (*) In cartography, the area of a MAGTF never varies, though the number, map or chart lying outside the border. size, and type of Marine Corps units

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 comprising each of its four elements will than a Marine expeditionary unit but always be mission dependent. The smaller than a MEF. The MEB is capable flexibility of the organizational structure of conducting missions across the full range allows for one or more subordinate of military operations. Also called MEB. MAGTFs to be assigned. Also called See also brigade; Marine air-ground task MAGTF. See also aviation combat force; Marine expeditionary force. element; combat service support (JP 3-18) element; command element; ground combat element; Marine expeditionary Marine expeditionary force — The largest force; Marine expeditionary force Marine air-ground task force (MAGTF) (forward); Marine expeditionary unit; and the Marine Corps principal warfighting special purpose Marine air-ground task organization, particularly for larger crises force; task force. or contingencies. It is task-organized around a permanent command element and Marine base — A base for support of Marine normally contains one or more Marine ground forces, consisting of activities or divisions, Marine aircraft wings, and facilities for which the Marine Corps has Marine force service support groups. The operating responsibilities, together with Marine expeditionary force is capable of interior lines of communications and the missions across the range of military minimum surrounding area necessary for operations, including amphibious assault local security. (Normally, not greater than and sustained operations ashore in any an area of 20 square miles.) See also base environment. It can operate from a sea base, complex. a land base, or both. Also called MEF. See also aviation combat element; combat Marine division and wing team — A Marine service support element; command Corps air-ground team consisting of one element; ground combat element; division and one aircraft wing, together with Marine air-ground task force; Marine their normal reinforcements. expeditionary force (forward); Marine expeditionary unit; special purpose marine environment — The oceans, seas, Marine air-ground task force; task force. bays, estuaries, and other major water bodies, including their surface interface and Marine expeditionary force (forward) — interaction, with the atmosphere and with A designated lead echelon of a Marine the land seaward of the mean high water expeditionary force (MEF), task-organized mark. to meet the requirements of a specific situation. A Marine expeditionary force Marine expeditionary brigade — A Marine (forward) varies in size and composition, air-ground task force that is constructed and may be commanded by the MEF around a reinforced infantry regiment, a commander personally or by another composite Marine aircraft group, and a designated commander. It may be tasked brigade service support group. The Marine with preparing for the subsequent arrival expeditionary brigade (MEB), commanded of the rest of the MEF/joint/multinational by a general officer, is task-organized to forces, and/or the conduct of other specified meet the requirements of a specific tasks, at the discretion of the MEF situation. It can function as part of a joint commander. A Marine expeditionary force task force, as the lead echelon of the Marine (forward) may also be a stand-alone Marine expeditionary force (MEF), or alone. It air-ground task force (MAGTF), taskvaries in size and composition, and is larger organized for a mission in which an MEF

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 is not required. Also called MEF (FWD). See also aviation combat element; combat service support element; command element; ground combat element; Marine air-ground task force; Marine expeditionary force; Marine expeditionary unit; Marine expeditionary unit (special operations capable); special purpose Marine airground task force; task force.

follow-on forces. The MEU(SOC) is not a special operations force but, when directed by the National Command Authorities, the combatant commander, and/or other operational commander, may conduct limited special operations in extremis, when other forces are inappropriate or unavailable. Also called MEU(SOC). See also aviation combat element; combat service support element; command element; ground combat element; Marine air-ground task force; Marine expeditionary force; Marine expeditionary force (forward); Marine expeditionary unit; special purpose Marine air-ground task force; task force.

Marine expeditionary unit — A Marine airground task force (MAGTF) that is constructed around an infantry battalion reinforced, a helicopter squadron reinforced, and a task-organized combat service support element. It normally fulfills Marine Corps forward sea-based Marine Logistics Command — The US deployment requirements. The Marine Marines may employ the concept of the expeditionary unit provides an immediate Marine Logistics Command (MLC) in reaction capability for crisis response and major regional contingencies to provide is capable of limited combat operations. operational logistic support, which will Also called MEU. See also aviation include arrival and assembly operations. combat element; combat service support The combat service support operations element; command element; ground center will be the MLC’s primary combat combat element; Marine air-ground task service support coordination center for units force; Marine expeditionary force; undergoing arrival and assembly. Also Marine expeditionary force (forward); called MLC. See also combat service Marine expeditionary unit (special support operations center. (JP 4-01.8) operations capable); special purpose Marine air-ground task force; task force. maritime control area — An area generally similar to a defensive sea area in purpose Marine expeditionary unit (special except that it may be established any place operations capable) — The Marine Corps on the high seas. Maritime control areas standard, forward-deployed, sea-based are normally established only in time of war. expeditionary organization. The Marine See also defensive sea area. expeditionary unit (special operations capable) (MEU[SOC]) is a Marine maritime defense sector — (*) One of the expeditionary unit, augmented with subdivisions of a coastal area. selected personnel and equipment, that is trained and equipped with an enhanced maritime environment — The oceans, seas, capability to conduct amphibious bays, estuaries, islands, coastal areas, and operations and a variety of specialized the airspace above these, including the missions of limited scope and duration. littorals. These capabilities include specialized demolition, clandestine reconnaissance and maritime power projection — Power surveillance, raids, in-extremis hostage projection in and from the maritime recovery, and enabling operations for environment, including a broad spectrum

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 of offensive military operations to destroy The maritime special purpose force is enemy forces or logistic support or to integral to and directly relies upon the prevent enemy forces from approaching Marine expeditionary unit (special within enemy weapons’ range of friendly operations capable) for all combat and forces. Maritime power projection may be combat service support. Also called MSPF. accomplished by amphibious assault (JP 3-05) operations, attack of targets ashore, or support of sea control operations. maritime superiority — That degree of dominance of one force over another that maritime pre-positioning force operation permits the conduct of maritime operations — A rapid deployment and assembly of a by the former and its related land, sea, and Marine expeditionary force in a secure area air forces at a given time and place without using a combination of strategic airlift and prohibitive interference by the opposing forward-deployed maritime pre-positioning force. ships. See also Marine expeditionary force; maritime pre-positioning ships. maritime supremacy — That degree of (JP 4-01.6) maritime superiority wherein the opposing force is incapable of effective interference. maritime pre-positioning ships — Civilian-crewed, Military Sealift marker — (*) 1. A visual or electronic aid Command-chartered ships that are used to mark a designated point. 2. In land organized into three squadrons and are mine warfare: See gap marker; usually forward-deployed. These ships are intermediate marker; lane marker; row loaded with pre-positioned equipment and marker; strip marker. 3. In naval 30 days of supplies to support three Marine operations, a maritime unit which maintains expeditionary brigades. Also called MPS. an immediate offensive or obstructive See also Navy cargo handling battalion. capability against a specified target. maritime search and rescue region — The marker ship — (*) In an amphibious waters subject to the jurisdiction of the operation, a ship which takes accurate United States; the territories and station on a designated control point. It may possessions of the United States (except fly identifying flags by day and show lights Canal Zone and the inland area of Alaska), to seaward by night. and designated areas of the high seas. See also search and rescue region. marking — To maintain contact on a target from such a position that the marking unit maritime special purpose force — A has an immediate offensive capability. task-organized force formed from elements of a Marine expeditionary unit (special marking error — (*) In naval mine warfare, operations capable) and naval special the distance and bearing of a marker from warfare forces that can be quickly tailored a target. to a specific mission. The maritime special purpose force can execute on short notice a marking fire — (*) Fire placed on a target wide variety of missions in a supporting, for the purpose of identification. supported, or unilateral role. It focuses on operations in a maritime environment and marking panel — (*) A sheet of material is capable of operations in conjunction with displayed for visual communication, or in support of special operations forces.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 usually between friendly units. See also mass — (*) 1. The concentration of combat panel code. power. 2. The military formation in which units are spaced at less than the normal married failure — (*) In naval mine warfare, distances and intervals. a moored mine lying on the seabed connected to its sinker from which it has mass casualty — Any large number of failed to release owing to defective casualties produced in a relatively short mechanism. period of time, usually as the result of a single incident such as a military aircraft marshal — A bearing, distance, and altitude accident, hurricane, flood, earthquake, or fix designated by an air operations center, armed attack that exceeds local logistic helicopter direction center, or carrier air support capabilities. See also casualty. traffic control center on which the pilot will orientate holding, and from which initial massed fire — 1. The fire of the batteries of approach will commence during an two or more ships directed against a single instrument approach. See also air target. 2. Fire from a number of weapons operations center; helicopter directions directed at a single point or small area. center. (JP 3-04.1) master — The commanding officer of a marshalling — (*) 1. The process by which United States Naval Ship, a commercial units participating in an amphibious or ship, or a government-owned general airborne operation group together or agency agreement ship operated for the assemble when feasible or move to Military Sealift Command by a civilian temporary camps in the vicinity of company to transport Department of embarkation points, complete preparations Defense cargo. Also called MA. (JP 3-02.2) for combat, or prepare for loading. 2. The process of assembling, holding, and master air attack plan — A plan that organizing supplies and/or equipment, contains key information that forms the especially vehicles of transportation, for foundation of the joint air tasking order. onward movement. See also stage; staging Sometimes referred to as the air area. employment plan or joint air tasking order shell. Information that may be found in the marshalling area — A location in the vicinity plan includes joint force commander of a reception terminal or pre-positioned guidance, joint force air component equipment storage site where arriving unit commander guidance, support plans, personnel, equipment, materiel, and component requests, target update requests, accompanying supplies are reassembled, availability of capabilities and forces, target returned to the control of the unit information from target lists, aircraft commander, and prepared for onward allocation, etc. Also called MAAP. See movement. The joint complex commander also air attack; target. (JP 3-60) designating the location will coordinate the use of the facilities with other allied master film — (*) The earliest generation commands and the host nation, and will of imagery (negative or positive) from provide life support to the units while in which subsequent copies are produced. the marshalling area. See also marshalling. (JP 4-01.8)

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 master plot — (*) A portion of a map or overlay on which are drawn the outlines of the areas covered by an air photographic sortie. Latitude and longitude, map, and sortie information are shown. See also sortie plot.

materiel procurement capability and the war materiel requirement adjustment. It includes the M-day force materiel requirement and the war reserve materiel requirement.

materiel management — See inventory materials handling — (*) The movement control. of materials (raw materials, scrap, semifinished, and finished) to, through, and materiel pipeline — The quantity of an item from productive processes; in warehouses required in the worldwide supply system and storage; and in receiving and shipping to maintain an uninterrupted replacement areas. flow. materials handling equipment — materiel planning — A subset of logistic Mechanical devices for handling of supplies planning consisting of a four-step process. with greater ease and economy. Also called a. requirements definition. Requirements MHE. See also materials handling. for significant items must be calculated at (JP 4-01.8) item level detail (i.e., National Stock Number) to support sustainability planning materiel — All items (including ships, tanks, and analysis. Requirements include unit self-propelled weapons, aircraft, etc., and roundout, consumption and attrition related spares, repair parts, and support replacement, safety stock, and the needs of equipment, but excluding real property, allies. b. apportionment. Items are installations, and utilities) necessary to apportioned to the combatant commanders equip, operate, maintain, and support based on a global scenario to avoid sourcing military activities without distinction as to of items to multiple theaters. The basis for its application for administrative or combat apportionment is the capability provided by purposes. See also equipment; personal unit stocks, host-nation support, theater preproperty. positioned war reserve stocks and industrial base, and continental United States materiel cognizance — Denotes Department of Defense stockpiles and responsibility for exercising supply available production. Item apportionment management over items or categories of cannot exceed total capabilities. c. materiel. sourcing. Sourcing is the matching of available capabilities on a given date against materiel control — See inventory control. item requirements to support sustainability analysis and the identification of locations materiel inventory objective — The quantity to support transportation planning. of an item required to be on hand and on Sourcing of any item is done within the order on M-day in order to equip, provide combatant commander’s apportionment. d. a materiel pipeline, and sustain the documentation. Sourced item approved US force structure (active and requirements and corresponding shortfalls reserve) and those Allied forces designated are major inputs to the combatant for US materiel support, through the period commander’s sustainability analysis. prescribed for war materiel planning Sourced item requirements are translated purposes. It is the quantity by which the into movement requirements and war materiel requirement exceeds the war documented in the Joint Operation Planning

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 and Execution System database for transportation feasibility analysis. Movement requirements for nonsignificant items are estimated in tonnage.

of the highest known natural or manmade feature in that quadrangle, plus suitable factors to allow for inaccuracy and incompleteness of the topographical heighting information.

materiel readiness — The availability of materiel required by a military organization maximum enlisted amount — For any to support its wartime activities or month, the sum of: a. the highest rate of contingencies, disaster relief (flood, basic pay payable for such month to any earthquake, etc.), or other emergencies. enlisted member of the Armed Forces of the United States at the highest pay grade materiel release confirmation — A applicable to enlisted members; and b. in notification from a shipping or storage the case of officers entitled to special pay activity advising the originator of a materiel under Title 37, United States Code, for such release order of the positive action taken month, the amount of such special pay on the order. It will also be used with payable to such officers for such month. appropriate shipment status document (JP 1-0) identifier codes as a reply to a followup initiated by the inventory control point. maximum landing weight — (*) The maximum gross weight due to design or materiel release order — An order issued operational limitations at which an aircraft by an accountable supply system manager is permitted to land. (usually an inventory control point or accountable depot or stock point) directing maximum operating depth — The keel a non-accountable activity (usually a depth that a submarine is not to exceed storage site or materiel drop point) within during operations. This depth is determined the same supply distribution complex to by the submarine’s national naval authority. release and ship materiel. See also test depth. materiel requirements — Those quantities maximum ordinate — (*) In artillery and of items of equipment and supplies naval gunfire support, the height of the necessary to equip, provide a materiel highest point in the trajectory of a projectile pipeline, and sustain a Service, formation, above the horizontal plane passing through organization, or unit in the fulfillment of its origin. Also called vertex height. its purposes or tasks during a specified period. maximum permissible concentration — See radioactivity concentration guide. maximum effective range — The maximum distance at which a weapon may be maximum permissible dose — (*) That expected to be accurate and achieve the radiation dose which a military commander desired effect. or other appropriate authority may prescribe as the limiting cumulative radiation dose maximum elevation figure — (*) A figure, to be received over a specific period of time shown in each quadrangle bounded by by members of the command, consistent ticked graticule lines on aeronautical charts, with current operational military which represents the height in thousands considerations. and hundreds of feet, above mean sea level,

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 maximum range — (*) The greatest distance mean point of impact — (*) The point a weapon can fire without consideration of whose coordinates are the arithmetic means dispersion. of the coordinates of the separate points of impact/burst of a finite number of maximum sustained speed — (*) In road projectiles fired or released at the same transport, the highest speed at which a aiming point under a given set of vehicle, with its rated payload, can be driven conditions. for an extended period on a level first-class highway without sustaining damage. mean sea level — The average height of the surface of the sea for all stages of the tide; maximum take-off weight — (*) The used as a reference for elevations. Also maximum gross weight due to design or called MSL. operational limitations at which an aircraft is permitted to take off. means of transport — See mode of transport. mayday — Distress call. measured mile — (*) In maritime M-day — See times. navigation, distance precisely measured and marked, used by a vessel to calibrate its log. M-day force materiel requirement — The quantity of an item required to be on hand measurement and signature intelligence — and on order (on M-day minus one day) to Scientific and technical intelligence equip and provide a materiel pipeline for obtained by quantitative and qualitative the approved peacetime US force structure, analysis of data (metric, angle, spatial, both active and reserve. wavelength, time dependence, modulation, plasma, and hydromagnetic) derived from meaconing — (*) A system of receiving specific technical sensors for the purpose radio beacon signals and rebroadcasting of identifying any distinctive features them on the same frequency to confuse associated with the target, source, emitter, navigation. The meaconing stations cause or sender measurement of the same. The inaccurate bearings to be obtained by detected feature may be either reflected or aircraft or ground stations. emitted. Also called MASINT. See also intelligence; scientific and technical mean lethal dose — (*) 1. The amount of intelligence. (JP 2-01.3) nuclear irradiation of the whole body which would be fatal to 50 percent of the exposed measurement ton — The unit of volumetric personnel in a given period of time. 2. The measurement of equipment associated with dose of chemical agent that would kill 50 surface-delivered cargo. Measurement tons percent of exposed, unprotected, and equal total cubic feet divided by 40 untreated personnel. (1MTON = 40 cubic feet). Also called M/T, MT, MTON. mean line of advance — In naval usage, the direction expected to be made good over a measures of effectiveness — Tools used to sustained period. measure results achieved in the overall mission and execution of assigned tasks. mean point of burst — See mean point of Measures of effectiveness are a prerequisite impact. to the performance of combat assessment.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Also called MOEs. See also combat medical officer — (*) Physician with officer assessment; mission. (JP 3-60) rank. Also called MO. mechanical sweep — (*) In naval mine medical regulating — The actions and warfare, any sweep used with the object of coordination necessary to arrange for the physically contacting the mine or its movement of patients through the levels of appendages. care. This process matches patients with a medical treatment facility that has the median incapacitating dose — (*) The necessary health service support capabilities amount or quantity of chemical agent which and available bed space. See also health when introduced into the body will service support; medical treatment incapacitate 50 percent of exposed, facility. (JP 4-02) unprotected personnel. medical surveillance — The ongoing, media pool — A limited number of news systematic collection of health data essential media who represent a larger number of to the evaluation, planning, and news media organizations for purposes of implementation of public health practice, news gathering and sharing of material closely integrated with timely during a specified activity. Pooling is dissemination of data as required by higher typically used when news media support authority. See also surveillance. (JP 4-02) resources cannot accommodate a large number of journalists. The Department of medical treatment facility — A facility Defense National Media Pool is available established for the purpose of furnishing for coverage of the earliest stages of a medical and/or dental care to eligible contingency. Additionally, the combatant individuals. commanders may also find it necessary to form limited local pools to report on specific medium-angle loft bombing — Type of loft missions. See also news media bombing wherein weapon release occurs at representative; public affairs. (JP 3-61) an angle between 35 and 75 degrees above the horizontal. medical evacuees — Personnel who are wounded, injured, or ill and must be moved medium artillery — See field artillery. to or between medical facilities. medium-lot storage — Generally defined as medical intelligence — That category of a quantity of material that will require one intelligence resulting from collection, to three pallet stacks, stored to maximum evaluation, analysis, and interpretation of height. Thus, the term refers to relatively foreign medical, bio-scientific, and small lots as distinguished from definitely environmental information that is of interest large or small lots. See also storage. to strategic planning and to military medical planning and operations for the medium-range ballistic missile — A conservation of the fighting strength of ballistic missile with a range capability from friendly forces and the formation of about 600 to 1,500 nautical miles. assessments of foreign medical capabilities in both military and civilian sectors. Also medium-range bomber aircraft — A called MEDINT. See also intelligence. bomber designed for a tactical operating (JP 2-02)

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 radius of under 1,000 nautical miles at design gross weight and design bomb load. medium-range transport aircraft — See transport aircraft.

peacetime commercial organization as a basis but under operational control authority, with the ability to employ the broadcast mode to ships when the situation makes radio silence necessary. Also called mercomms system.

medium-scale map — A map having a scale larger than 1:600,000 and smaller than merchant ship control zone — (*) A defined 1:75,000. See also map. area of sea or ocean inside which it may be necessary to offer guidance, control, and meeting engagement — (*) A combat action protection to Allied shipping. that occurs when a moving force, incompletely deployed for battle, engages merchant ship reporting and control an enemy at an unexpected time and place. message system — (*) A worldwide message system for reporting the megaton weapon — (*) A nuclear weapon, movements of and information relating to the yield of which is measured in terms of the control of merchant ships. millions of tons of trinitrotoluene explosive equivalents. See also kiloton weapon; mercomms system — See merchant ship nominal weapon; subkiloton weapon. communications system. merchant convoy — (*) A convoy consisting message — Any thought or idea expressed primarily of merchant ships controlled by briefly in a plain or secret language and the naval control of shipping organization. prepared in a form suitable for transmission by any means of communication. merchant intelligence — In intelligence handling, communication instructions for message center — See telecommunications reporting by merchant vessels of vital center. intelligence sightings. Also called MERINT. message (telecommunications) — Record information expressed in plain or encrypted merchant ship — (*) A vessel engaged in language and prepared in a format specified mercantile trade except river craft, estuarial for intended transmission by a craft, or craft which operate solely within telecommunications system. harbor limits. metadata — Information about information; merchant ship casualty report — A report more specifically, information about the by message, or other means, of a casualty meaning of other data. See also data; to a merchant ship at sea or in port. information. (JP 2-03) Merchant ship casualty reports are sent by the escort force commander or other meteorological and oceanographic — A appropriate authority to the operational term used to convey all meteorological control authority in whose area the casualty (weather) and oceanographic (physical occurred. oceanography) factors as provided by Service components. These factors include merchant ship communications system — the whole range of atmospheric and (*) A worldwide system of communications oceanographic phenomena, from the subto and from merchant ships using the bottom of the earth’s oceans up to the space

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 environment (space weather). Also called militarily significant fallout — Radioactive METOC. (JP 3-59) contamination capable of inflicting radiation doses on personnel which may Meteorological and Oceanographic result in a reduction of their combat Forecast Center — The collective of effectiveness. electronically connected, shore-based meteorological and oceanographic Military Affiliate Radio System — A (METOC) production facilities that program conducted by the Departments of includes centers such as Air Force Weather the Army, Navy, and Air Force in which Agency, Navy Fleet Numerical METOC amateur radio stations and operators Center, 55th Space Weather Squadron, participate in and contribute to the mission Naval Oceanographic Office, Warfighting of providing auxiliary and emergency Support Center, Air Force Combat communications on a local, national, or Climatology Center, Fleet Numerical international basis as an adjunct to normal METOC Center Detachment, Asheville, military communications. Also called North Carolina, and the Air Force and Navy MARS. theater and/or regional METOC production activities. Also called MFC. See also military assistance advisory group — A meteorological and oceanographic. joint Service group, normally under the (JP 3-59) military command of a commander of a unified command and representing the meteorological data — Meteorological facts Secretary of Defense, which primarily pertaining to the atmosphere, such as wind, administers the US military assistance temperature, air density, and other planning and programming in the host phenomena that affect military operations. country. Also called MAAG. meteorology — The study dealing with the Military Assistance Articles and Services phenomena of the atmosphere including the List — A Department of Defense physics, chemistry, and dynamics extending publication listing source, availability, and to the effects of the atmosphere on the price of items and services for use by the earth’s surface and the oceans. (JP 3-59) unified commands and Military Departments in preparing military microform — (*) A generic term for any assistance plans and programs. form, whether film, video tape, paper, or other medium, containing miniaturized or Military Assistance Program — That otherwise compressed images which cannot portion of the US security assistance be read without special display devices. authorized by the Foreign Assistance Act of l961, as amended, which provides midcourse guidance — The guidance defense articles and services to recipients applied to a missile between termination of on a nonreimbursable (grant) basis. Also the boost phase and the start of the terminal called MAP. phase of flight. Military Assistance Program training — midcourse phase — That portion of the See international military education and trajectory of a ballistic missile between the training. boost phase and the reentry phase. See also ballistic trajectory; boost phase; reentry military capability — The ability to achieve phase; terminal phase. a specified wartime objective (win a war

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 or battle, destroy a target set). It includes respect to a military installation. Also called four major components: force structure, MILCON. (JP 4-04) modernization, readiness, and sustainability. a. force structure — military container moved via ocean — Numbers, size, and composition of the units Commercial or Government owned (or that comprise US defense forces; e.g., leased) shipping containers that are moved divisions, ships, air wings. b. via ocean transportation without bogey modernization — Technical sophistication wheels attached, i.e., lifted on and off the of forces, units, weapon systems, and ship. Also called SEAVAN. equipments. c. unit readiness — The ability to provide capabilities required by military convoy — (*) A land or maritime the combatant commanders to execute their convoy that is controlled and reported as a assigned missions. This is derived from the military unit. A maritime convoy can ability of each unit to deliver the outputs consist of any combination of merchant for which it was designed. d. ships, auxiliaries, or other military units. sustainability — The ability to maintain the necessary level and duration of military currency — (*) Currency prepared operational activity to achieve military by a power and declared by its military objectives. Sustainability is a function of commander to be legal tender for use by providing for and maintaining those levels civilian and/or military personnel as of ready forces, materiel, and consumables prescribed in the areas occupied by its necessary to support military effort. See forces. It should be of distinctive design to also readiness. distinguish it from the official currency of the countries concerned, but may be military characteristics — Those denominated in the monetary unit of either. characteristics of equipment upon which depends its ability to perform desired military damage assessment — An appraisal military functions. Military characteristics of the effects of an attack on a nation’s include physical and operational military forces to determine residual characteristics but not technical military capability and to support planning characteristics. for recovery and reconstitution. See also damage assessment. military civic action — The use of preponderantly indigenous military forces military deception — Actions executed to on projects useful to the local population at deliberately mislead adversary military all levels in such fields as education, decision makers as to friendly military training, public works, agriculture, capabilities, intentions, and operations, transportation, communications, health, thereby causing the adversary to take sanitation, and others contributing to specific actions (or inactions) that will economic and social development, which contribute to the accomplishment of the would also serve to improve the standing friendly mission. The five categories of of the military forces with the population. military deception are as follows. a. (US forces may at times advise or engage strategic military deception — Military in military civic actions in overseas areas.) deception planned and executed by and in support of senior military commanders to military construction — Any construction, result in adversary military policies and alteration, development, conversion, or actions that support the originator’s extension of any kind carried out with strategic military objectives, policies, and

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 operations. b. operational military deception — Military deception planned and executed by and in support of operational-level commanders to result in adversary actions that are favorable to the originator’s objectives and operations. Operational military deception is planned and conducted in a theater to support campaigns and major operations. c. tactical military deception — Military deception planned and executed by and in support of tactical commanders to result in adversary actions that are favorable to the originator’s objectives and operations. Tactical military deception is planned and conducted to support battles and engagements. d. Service military deception — Military deception planned and executed by the Services that pertain to Service support to joint operations. Service military deception is designed to protect and enhance the combat capabilities of Service forces and systems. e. military deception in support of operations security (OPSEC) — Military deception planned and executed by and in support of all levels of command to support the prevention of the inadvertent compromise of sensitive or classified activities, capabilities, or intentions. Deceptive OPSEC measures are designed to distract foreign intelligence away from, or provide cover for, military operations and activities. See also deception. (JP 3-58)

forces in the field in direct connection with, or support of, combat or tactical operations. military education — The systematic instruction of individuals in subjects that will enhance their knowledge of the science and art of war. See also military training. military geographic documentation — Military geographic information that has been evaluated, processed, summarized, and published. military geographic information — Information concerning physical aspects, resources, and artificial features of the terrain that is necessary for planning and operations. military geography — The specialized field of geography dealing with natural and manmade physical features that may affect the planning and conduct of military operations. military government — See civil affairs. military government ordinance — An enactment on the authority of a military governor promulgating laws or rules regulating the occupied territory under such control. military governor — (*) The military commander or other designated person who, in an occupied territory, exercises supreme authority over the civil population subject to the laws and usages of war and to any directive received from the commander’s government or superior.

Military Department — One of the departments within the Department of Defense created by the National Security Act of 1947, as amended. Also called MILDEP. See also Department of the Air Force; Department of the Army; Department of the Navy. military grid — (*) Two sets of parallel lines intersecting at right angles and forming military designed vehicle — A vehicle squares; the grid is superimposed on maps, having military characteristics resulting charts, and other similar representations of from military research and development the surface of the Earth in an accurate and processes, designed primarily for use by consistent manner to permit identification

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 of ground locations with respect to other locations and the computation of direction and distance to other points. See also military grid reference system.

(Intelligence), Intelligence Program Support Group, DIA’s Directorates for Intelligence Production, Intelligence Operations, and Information and Services, and the combatant command J-2s. Also called MIB. See also intelligence; military intelligence. (JP 2-0)

military grid reference system — (*) A system which uses a standard-scaled grid square, based on a point of origin on a map projection of the surface of the Earth in an Military Intelligence Integrated Data accurate and consistent manner to permit System/Integrated Database — An either position referencing or the architecture for improving the manner in computation of direction and distance which military intelligence is analyzed, between grid positions. Also called stored, and disseminated. The Integrated MGRS. See also military grid. Database (IDB) forms the core automated database for the Military Intelligence military independent — (*) A merchant Integrated Data System (MIIDS) program ship or auxiliary sailed singly but controlled and integrates the data in the installation, and reported as a military unit. See also order of battle, equipment, and selected independent. electronic warfare and command, control, and communications files. The IDB is the military installation — A base, camp, post, national-level repository for the general station, yard, center, or other activity under military intelligence information available the jurisdiction of the Secretary of a Military to the entire Department of Defense Department or, in the case of an activity in Intelligence Information System a foreign country, under the operational community and maintained by DIA and the control of the Secretary of a Military commands. The IDB is kept synchronized Department or the Secretary of Defense. by system transactions to disseminate See also base; station. (JP 4-04) updates. Also called MIIDS/IDB. See also architecture; military intelligence. military intelligence — Intelligence on any (JP 2-01) foreign military or military-related situation or activity which is significant to military military intervention — The deliberate act policymaking or the planning and conduct of a nation or a group of nations to introduce of military operations and activities. Also its military forces into the course of an called MI. existing controversy. Military Intelligence Board — A military journalist — A US Service member decisionmaking forum which formulates or Department of Defense civilian Defense intelligence policy and employee providing photographic, print, programming priorities. The Military radio, or television command information Intelligence Board, chaired by the Director, for military internal audiences. See also Defense Intelligence Agency, who is dualcommand information. (JP 3-61) hatted as Director of Military Intelligence, consists of senior military and civilian military land transportation resources — intelligence officials of each Service, US All military-owned transportation Coast Guard, each Combat Support resources, designated for common-user, Agency, the Joint Staff/J-2/J-6, Deputy over the ground, point-to-point use. Assistant Secretary of Defense

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 military load classification — (*) A standard system in which a route, bridge, or raft is assigned class number(s) representing the load it can carry. Vehicles are also assigned number(s) indicating the minimum class of route, bridge, or raft they are authorized to use. See also route classification. military necessity — (*) The principle whereby a belligerent has the right to apply any measures which are required to bring about the successful conclusion of a military operation and which are not forbidden by the laws of war. military nuclear power — (*) A nation which has nuclear weapons and the capability for their employment.

positive relationships with other countries; confidence building and other measures to reduce military tensions; military presence; activities to convey threats to adversaries as well as truth projections; military deceptions and psychological operations; quarantines, blockades, and harassment operations; raids; intervention operations; armed conflict involving air, land, maritime, and strategic warfare operations; support for law enforcement authorities to counter international criminal activities (terrorism, narcotics trafficking, slavery, and piracy); support for law enforcement authorities to suppress domestic rebellion; and support for insurgency, counterinsurgency, and civil war in foreign countries. See also civil affairs; foreign humanitarian assistance; military civic action. (JP 5-01.3)

military objective — A derived set of military actions to be taken to implement military ordinary mail — A special military National Command Authorities guidance airlift service for ordinary official mail in support of national objectives. A military being sent to, from, or between overseas objective defines the results to be achieved areas. Also called MOM. by the military and assign tasks to commanders. See also national objectives. military payment certificate — An instrument (scrip) denominated in US military occupation — A condition in which dollars that is used as the official medium territory is under the effective control of a of exchange in US military operations foreign armed force. See also occupied designated as military payment certificate territory; phases of military government. areas. Also called MPC. (JP 1-06) military operations other than war — military performance specification Operations that encompass the use of container — A container that meets military capabilities across the range of specific written standards. Aviation and military operations short of war. These Troop Command, US Army, procures military actions can be applied to military performance specification complement any combination of the other containers for the Army and will perform instruments of national power and occur like services for other Department of before, during, and after war. Also called Defense components on request. Also MOOTW. (JP 3-07) called MILSPEC container. (JP 4-01.7) military options — A range of military force military post office — A branch of a responses that can be projected to designated US-based post office such as accomplish assigned tasks. Options include New York, San Francisco, Miami, or one or a combination of the following: civic Seattle established by US Postal Service action, humanitarian assistance, civil affairs, authority and operated by one of the and other military activities to develop Military Services. The term includes Army,

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Air Force, Navy, Marine Corps, and Military Sealift Command-controlled ships established Coast Guard post offices Also — Those ships assigned by the Military called MPO. Sealift Command (MSC) for a specific operation. They may be MSC nucleus fleet military postal clerk — A person of the US ships, contract-operated MSC ships, MSCArmed Forces officially designated to controlled time or voyage-chartered perform postal duties. commercial ships, or MSC-controlled ships allocated by the Maritime Administration Military Postal Service — The command, to MSC to carry out Department of Defense organization, personnel, and facilities objectives. (JP 3-02) established to provide, through military post offices, a means for the transmission of mail Military Sealift Command force — The to and from the Department of Defense, Military Sealift Command (MSC) force members of the US Armed Forces, and common-user sealift consists of three other authorized agencies and individuals. subsets: the Naval Fleet Auxiliary Force, Also called MPS. common-user ocean transportation, and the special mission support force. These ship Military Postal Service Agency — The classes include government-owned ships single manager operating agency (normally civilian manned) and ships established to manage the Military Postal acquired by MSC charter or allocated from Service. Also called MPSA. other government agencies. See also common-user sealift; Military Sealift military posture — The military disposition, Command. (JP 4-01.6) strength, and condition of readiness as it affects capabilities. Military Service — A branch of the Armed Forces of the United States, established by military requirement — (*) An established act of Congress, in which persons are need justifying the timely allocation of appointed, enlisted, or inducted for military resources to achieve a capability to service, and which operates and is accomplish approved military objectives, administered within a military or executive missions, or tasks. Also called operational department. The Military Services are: the requirement. See also objective force United States Army, the United States Navy, level. the United States Air Force, the United States Marine Corps, and the United States military resources — Military and civilian Coast Guard. personnel, facilities, equipment, and supplies under the control of a Department military standard requisitioning and issue of Defense component. procedure — A uniform procedure established by the Department of Defense Military Sealift Command — A major for use within the Department of Defense command of the US Navy, and the US to govern requisition and issue of materiel Transportation Command’s component within standardized priorities. Also called command responsible for designated MILSTRIP. common-user sealift transportation services to deploy, employ, sustain, and redeploy US military standard transportation and forces on a global basis. Also called MSC. movement procedures — Uniform and See also transportation component standard transportation data, command. documentation, and control procedures

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 applicable to all cargo movements in the military van (container) — Military-owned, Department of Defense transportation demountable container, conforming to US system. Also called MILSTAMP. and international standards, operated in a centrally controlled fleet for movement of military strategy — The art and science of military cargo. Also called MILVAN. employing the armed forces of a nation to secure the objectives of national policy by MILSPEC container — See military the application of force or the threat of force. performance specification containers. See also strategy. (JP 4-01.7) military symbol — (*) A graphic sign used, MILVAN — See military van (container). usually on map, display or diagram, to represent a particular military unit, MILVAN chassis — The compatible chassis installation, activity, or other item of to which the military van (container) is military interest. attached by coupling the lower four standard corner fittings of the container to military technician — A Federal civilian compatible mounting blocks in the chassis employee providing full-time support to a to permit road movement. National Guard, Reserve, or Active Component organization for administration, mine — (*) 1. In land mine warfare, an training, and maintenance of the Selected explosive or material, normally encased, Reserve. Also called MILTECH. designed to destroy or damage ground (JP 1-03.17) vehicles, boats, or aircraft, or designed to wound, kill, or otherwise incapacitate military traffic — Department of Defense personnel. It may be detonated by the action personnel, mail, and cargo to be, or being, of its victim, by the passage of time, or by transported. controlled means. 2. In naval mine warfare, an explosive device laid in the water with Military Traffic Management Command the intention of damaging or sinking ships — A major command of the US Army, and or of deterring shipping from entering an the US Transportation Command’s area. The term does not include devices component command responsible for attached to the bottoms of ships or to harbor designated continental United States land installations by personnel operating transportation as well as common-user underwater, nor does it include devices water terminal and traffic management which explode immediately on expiration service to deploy, employ, sustain, and of a predetermined time after laying. See redeploy US forces on a global basis. Also also land mine warfare; mine warfare. called MTMC. See also transportation (JP 3-15) component command. mineable waters — (*) Waters where naval military training — 1. The instruction of mines of any given type may be effective personnel to enhance their capacity to against any given target. perform specific military functions and tasks. 2. The exercise of one or more mine clearance — (*) The process of military units conducted to enhance their removing all mines from a route or area. combat readiness. See also military education.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 mine-cluster — A number of mines (not to minefield marking — Visible marking of all exceed five) laid within a two-meter points required in laying a minefield and semicircle of the central mine. indicating the extent of such minefields. mine countermeasures — All methods for minefield record — (*) A complete written preventing or reducing damage or danger record of all pertinent information from mines. Also called MCM. (JP 3-15) concerning a minefield, submitted on a standard form by the officer in charge of mined area — (*) An area declared the laying operations. dangerous due to the presence or suspected presence of mines. minefield report — An oral, electronic, or written communication concerning mining mine defense — (*) The defense of a activities (friendly or enemy) submitted in position, area, etc., by land or underwater a standard format by the fastest secure mines. A mine defense system includes the means available. (JP 3-15) personnel and equipment needed to plant, operate, maintain, and protect the minehunting — Employment of sensor and minefields that are laid. neutralization systems, whether air, surface, or subsurface, to locate and dispose of mine disposal — The operation by suitably individual mines. Minehunting is qualified personnel designed to render safe, conducted to eliminate mines in a known neutralize, recover, remove, or destroy field when sweeping is not feasible or mines. desirable, or to verify the presence or absence of mines in a given area. See also minefield — 1. In land warfare, an area of minesweeping. (JP 3-15) ground containing mines emplaced with or without a pattern. 2. In naval warfare, an mine row — (*) A single row of mines or area of water containing mines laid with or clusters of mines. See also mine strip. without a pattern. See also land mine warfare; mine; mine warfare. (JP 3-15) mine spotting — (*) In naval mine warfare, the process of visually observing a mine or minefield breaching — (*) In land mine minefield. warfare, the process of clearing a lane through a minefield under tactical mine strip — (*) In land mine warfare, two conditions. See also minefield lane. parallel mine rows laid simultaneously six meters or six paces apart. See also mine minefield density — In land mine warfare, row. the average number of mines per meter of minefield front, or the average number of minesweeping — The technique of clearing mines per square meter of minefield. In mines using either mechanical, explosive, naval warfare, the average number of mines or influence sweep equipment. Mechanical per nautical mile. sweeping removes, disturbs, or otherwise neutralizes the mine; explosive sweeping minefield lane — A marked lane, unmined, causes sympathetic detonations in, or cleared of mines, leading through a damages, or displaces the mine; and minefield. influence sweeping produces either the

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 acoustic and/or magnetic influence required to detonate the mine. See also minehunting. (JP 3-15)

with an actual or simulated emergency shall not be delayed.

minimum aircraft operating surface — (*) mine warfare — The strategic, operational, The minimum surface on an airfield which and tactical use of mines and mine is essential for the movement of aircraft. It countermeasures. Mine warfare is divided includes the aircraft dispersal areas, the into two basic subdivisions: the laying of minimum operating strip, and the taxiways mines to degrade the enemy’s capabilities between them. See also minimum to wage land, air, and maritime warfare; and operating strip. the countering of enemy-laid mines to permit friendly maneuver or use of selected minimum attack altitude — The lowest land or sea areas. Also called MIW. (JP 3-15) altitude determined by the tactical use of weapons, terrain consideration, and mine warfare chart — (*) A special naval weapons effects that permits the safe chart, at a scale of 1:50,000 or larger conduct of an air attack and/or minimizes (preferably 1:25,000 or larger) designed for effective enemy counteraction. planning and executing mine warfare operations, either based on an existing minimum crossing altitude — The lowest standard nautical chart, or produced to altitude at certain radio fixes at which an special specifications. aircraft must cross when proceeding in the direction of a higher minimum en route mine warfare forces (naval) — Navy forces instrument flight rules altitude. charged with the strategic, operational, and tactical use of naval mines and their minimum essential equipment — That part countermeasures. Such forces are capable of authorized allowances of Army of offensive and defensive measures in equipment, clothing, and supplies needed connection with laying and clearing mines. to preserve the integrity of a unit during movement without regard to the mine warfare group — (*) A task performance of its combat or service organization of mine warfare units for the mission. Items common within this conduct of minelaying and/or mine category will normally be carried by or countermeasures in maritime operations. accompany troops to the port and will be placed aboard the same ships with the minewatching — (*) In naval mine warfare, troops. As used in movement directives, the mine countermeasures procedure to minimum essential equipment refers to detect, record and, if possible, track specific items of both organizational and potential minelayers and to detect, find the individual clothing and equipment. position of, and/or identify mines during the actual minelaying. minimum force — Those minimum actions, including the use of armed force, sufficient mine weapons — (*) The collective term to bring a situation under control or to for all weapons which may be used in mine defend against hostile act or hostile intent. warfare. All actions must cease as soon as the target complies with instructions or ceases hostile minimize — A condition wherein normal action. The firing of weapons is to be message and telephone traffic is drastically considered as a means of last resort. reduced in order that messages connected

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 minimum nuclear safe distance — (*) The sum of the radius of safety and the buffer distance.

without lateral restrictions. Also called MRL. (JP 3-52)

minimum-risk route — A temporary corridor of defined dimensions recommended for use by high-speed, fixed-wing aircraft that presents the minimum known hazards to low-flying minimum obstruction clearance altitude — aircraft transiting the combat zone. Also The specified altitude in effect between called MRR. (JP 3-52) radio fixes on very high frequency omnirange airways, off-airway routes, or minimum safe altitude — (*) The altitude route segments, which meets obstruction below which it is hazardous to fly owing to clearance requirements for the entire route presence of high ground or other obstacles. segment, and that assures acceptable navigational signal coverage only within 22 minor control — See photogrammetric miles of a very high frequency omnirange. control. minimum nuclear warning time — (*) The sum of system reaction time and personnel reaction time.

minimum operating strip — (*) A runway minor installation — In the Air Force, a which meets the minimum requirements for facility operated by an Active, Reserve, or operating assigned and/or allocated aircraft Guard unit of at least squadron size that does types on a particular airfield at maximum not otherwise satisfy all the criteria for a or combat gross weight. See also major installation. This category includes minimum aircraft operating surface. Air Force stations; air stations; Air Reserve stations; and Air Guard stations. Examples minimum range — 1. Least range setting of of minor installations are Active, Reserve, a gun at which the projectile will clear an or Guard flying operations that are located obstacle or friendly troops between the gun at civilian-owned airports. See also and the target. 2. Shortest distance to which installation complex. a gun can fire from a given position. 3. The range at which a projectile or fuse will be minor port — (*) A port having facilities armed. for the discharge of cargo from coasters or lighters only. minimum reception altitude — The lowest altitude required to receive adequate signals misfire — (*) 1. Failure to fire or explode to determine specific very high frequency properly. 2. Failure of a primer or the omnirange and tactical air navigation fixes. propelling charge of a round or projectile to function wholly or in part. minimum residual radioactivity weapon — (*) A nuclear weapon designed to have missed approach — (*) An approach which optimum reduction of unwanted effects is not completed by landing. from fallout, rainout, and burst site radioactivity. See also salted weapon. missile assembly-checkout facility — A building, van, or other type structure located minimum-risk level — A specific altitude near the operational missile launching or altitude block that allows homebound location and designed for the final assembly aircraft to return in a homebound direction and checkout of the missile system.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 missile control system — (*) A system that serves to maintain attitude stability and to correct deflections. See also missile guidance system. missile destruct — (*) Intentional destruction of a missile or similar vehicle for safety or other reasons. missile destruct system — (*) A system which, when operated by external command or preset internal means, destroys the missile or similar vehicle.

other reason claimed by the government or group under which the person is being held. e. interned — The casualty is definitely known to have been taken into custody of a nonbelligerent foreign power as the result of and for reasons arising out of any armed conflict in which the Armed Forces of the United States are engaged. f. missing — The casualty is not present at his or her duty location due to apparent involuntary reasons and whose location is unknown. g. missing in action — The casualty is a hostile casualty, other than the victim of a terrorist activity, who is not present at his or her duty location due to apparent involuntary reasons and whose location is unknown. Also called MIA. See also casualty category; casualty status.

missile guidance system — (*) A system which evaluates flight information, correlates it with target data, determines the desired flight path of a missile, and communicates the necessary commands to the missile flight control system. See also missing in action — See missing. missile control system. mission — 1. The task, together with the missile release line — The line at which an purpose, that clearly indicates the action to attacking aircraft could launch an be taken and the reason therefore. 2. In air-to-surface missile against a specific common usage, especially when applied to target. lower military units, a duty assigned to an individual or unit; a task. 3. The missing — A casualty status for which the dispatching of one or more aircraft to United States Code provides statutory accomplish one particular task. guidance concerning missing members of the Military Services. Excluded are mission-capable — Material condition of an personnel who are in an absent without aircraft indicating it can perform at least one leave, deserter, or dropped-from-rolls and potentially all of its designated status. A person declared missing is missions. Mission-capable is further categorized as follows. a. beleaguered — defined as the sum of full mission-capable The casualty is a member of an organized and partial mission-capable. Also called element that has been surrounded by a MC. See also full mission-capable; hostile force to prevent escape of its partial mission-capable; partial missionmembers. b. besieged — The casualty is a capable, maintenance; partial missionmember of an organized element that has capable, supply. been surrounded by a hostile force, compelling it to surrender. c. captured — mission cycle — The mission cycle, as it The casualty has been seized as the result pertains to targeting, is a decisionmaking of action of an unfriendly military or process used by commanders to employ paramilitary force in a foreign country. d. forces. Within the cycle there are six detained — The casualty is prevented from general mission steps: detection, location, proceeding or is restrained in custody for identification, decision, execution, and alleged violation of international law or assessment. (JP 3-55)

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 mission-essential materiel — 1. That contamination. This posture requires materiel authorized and available to combat, personnel to wear only that protective combat support, combat service support, clothing and equipment (mission-oriented and combat readiness training forces in protective posture gear) appropriate to the order to accomplish their assigned missions. threat level, work rate imposed by the 2. For the purpose of sizing organic mission, temperature, and humidity. Also industrial facilities, that Service-designated called MOPP. See also mission-oriented materiel authorized to combat, combat protective posture gear. (JP 3-11) support, combat service support, and combat readiness training forces and mission-oriented protective posture gear — activities, including Reserve and National Military term for individual protective Guard activities, that is required to support equipment including suit, boots, gloves, approved emergency and/or war plans, and mask with hood, first aid treatments, and where the materiel is used to: a. destroy decontamination kits issued to soldiers. the enemy or the enemy’s capacity to Also called MOPP gear. See also continue war; b. provide battlefield decontamination; mission-oriented protection of personnel; c. communicate protective posture. (JP 3-11) under war conditions; d. detect, locate, or maintain surveillance over the enemy; e. mission review report (photographic provide combat transportation and support interpretation) — An intelligence report of men and materiel; and f. support training containing information on all targets functions. Mission-essential materiel covered by one photographic sortie. should also be suitable for employment under emergency plans to meet the purposes mission specific data sets — Further enumerated above. densification of global geospatial foundation data. Information created to mission needs statement — A formatted support specific operations, operation plans, non-system-specific statement containing training, or system development. operational capability needs and written in Information conforms to established broad operational terms. It describes Department of Defense data specifications. required operational capabilities and Also called MSDS. See also geospatial constraints to be studied during the Concept information and services. (JP 2-03) Exploration and Definition Phase of the Requirements Generation Process. Also mission type order — 1. Order issued to a called MNS. lower unit that includes the accomplishment of the total mission assigned to the higher mission-oriented items — Items for which headquarters. 2. Order to a unit to perform requirements computations are based upon a mission without specifying how it is to the assessment of enemy capabilities be accomplished. expressed as a known or estimated quantity of total targets to be destroyed. See also mixed — (*) In artillery and naval gunfire combination mission/level of support, a spotting, or an observation, by a effort-oriented items; level of spotter or an observer to indicate that the effort-oriented items. rounds fired resulted in an equal number of air and impact bursts. mission-oriented protective posture — A flexible system of protection against mixed bag — (*) In naval mine warfare, a nuclear, biological, and chemical collection of mines of various types, firing

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 systems, sensitivities, arming delays and ship counter settings.

upon host-nation requests. Also called MTT. (JP 3-05)

mixed minefield — (*) A minefield mobility — (*) A quality or capability of containing both antitank and antipersonnel military forces which permits them to move mines. See also minefield. from place to place while retaining the ability to fulfill their primary mission. mobile defense — Defense of an area or position in which maneuver is used with Mobility Air Forces — The Mobility Air organization of fire and utilization of terrain Forces are comprised of those air to seize the initiative from the enemy. components and Service components that are assigned air mobility forces and/or that mobile inshore undersea warfare unit — routinely exercise command authority over A Navy surveillance unit that provides their operations. Also called MAF. seaward security to joint logistics over-theshore operations from either a port or harbor mobility analysis — An in-depth complex or unimproved beach sites. The examination of all aspects of transportation mobile inshore undersea warfare unit is planning in support of operation plan and equipped with mobile radar, sonar, and operation order development. communications equipment located within a mobile van. Also called MIUWU. See mobility corridor — Areas where a force will also joint logistics over-the-shore be canalized due to terrain restrictions. operations. (JP 4-01.6) They allow military forces to capitalize on the principles of mass and speed and are mobile mine — (*) In naval mine warfare, a therefore relatively free of obstacles. mine designed to be propelled to its (JP 2-01.3) proposed laying position by propulsion equipment like a torpedo. It sinks at the mobility echelon — A subordinate element end of its run and then operates like a mine. of a unit that is scheduled for deployment See also mine. separately from the parent unit. mobile support group (naval) — Provides mobility system support resources — Those logistic support to ships at an anchorage; resources that are required to: a. in effect a naval base afloat, although certain complement the airlift and sealift forces; of its supporting elements may be located and/or b. perform those work functions ashore. directly related to the origination, processing, or termination of a movement mobile training team — A team consisting requirement. of one or more US military or civilian personnel sent on temporary duty, often to mobilization — 1. The act of assembling a foreign nation, to give instruction. The and organizing national resources to support mission of the team is to train indigenous national objectives in time of war or other personnel to operate, maintain, and employ emergencies. See also industrial weapons and support systems, or to develop mobilization. 2. The process by which a self-training capability in a particular skill. the Armed Forces or part of them are The National Command Authorities may brought to a state of readiness for war or direct a team to train either military or other national emergency. This includes civilian indigenous personnel, depending activating all or part of the Reserve

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Components as well as assembling and organizing personnel, supplies, and materiel. Mobilization of the Armed Forces includes but is not limited to the following categories. a. selective mobilization — Expansion of the active Armed Forces resulting from action by Congress and/or the President to mobilize Reserve Component units, Individual Ready Reservists, and the resources needed for their support to meet the requirements of a domestic emergency that is not the result of an enemy attack. b. partial mobilization — Expansion of the active Armed Forces resulting from action by Congress (up to full mobilization) or by the President (not more than 1,000,000 for not more than 24 consecutive months) to mobilize Ready Reserve Component units, individual reservists, and the resources needed for their support to meet the requirements of a war or other national emergency involving an external threat to the national security. c. full mobilization — Expansion of the active Armed Forces resulting from action by Congress and the President to mobilize all Reserve Component units in the existing approved force structure, as well as all individual reservists, retired military personnel, and the resources needed for their support to meet the requirements of a war or other national emergency involving an external threat to the national security. Reserve personnel can be placed on active duty for the duration of the emergency plus six months. d. total mobilization — Expansion of the active Armed Forces resulting from action by Congress and the President to organize and/or generate additional units or personnel beyond the existing force structure, and the resources needed for their support, to meet the total requirements of a war or other national emergency involving an external threat to the national security. Also called MOB. (JP 4-05)

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mobilization base — The total of all resources available, or that can be made available, to meet foreseeable wartime needs. Such resources include the manpower and materiel resources and services required for the support of essential military, civilian, and survival activities, as well as the elements affecting their state of readiness, such as (but not limited to) the following: manning levels, state of training, modernization of equipment, mobilization materiel reserves and facilities, continuity of government, civil defense plans and preparedness measures, psychological preparedness of the people, international agreements, planning with industry, dispersion, and standby legislation and controls. mobilization exercise — An exercise involving, either completely or in part, the implementation of mobilization plans. mobilization reserves — Not to be used. See war reserves. mobilization site — The designated location where a Reserve Component unit or individual mobilizes or moves after mobilization for further processing, training, and employment. This differs from a mobilization station in that it is not necessarily a military installation. See also mobilization; mobilization station; Reserve Components. (JP 4-05) mobilization staff officer — The action officer assigned the principle responsibility or additional duties related to Reserve Component mobilization actions. See also mobilization; Reserve Components. (JP 4-05.1) mobilization station — The designated military installation to which a Reserve Component unit or individual is moved for further processing, organizing, equipping,

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 training, and employment and from which the unit or individual may move to an aerial port of embarkation or seaport of embarkation. See also mobilization; mobilization site; Reserve Components. (JP 4-05)

militarily significant aspects of the battlespace environment, such as obstacles restricting military movement, key geography, and military objectives. Also called MCOO. See also joint intelligence preparation of a battlespace. (JP 2-01.3)

mock-up — (*) A model, built to scale, of a moment — (*) In air transport, the weight machine, apparatus, or weapon, used in of a load multiplied by its distance from a studying the construction of, and in testing reference point in the aircraft. a new development, or in teaching personnel how to operate the actual monitoring — (*) 1. The act of listening, machine, apparatus, or weapon. carrying out surveillance on, and/or recording the emissions of one’s own or mode (identification, friend or foe) — The allied forces for the purposes of maintaining number or letter referring to the specific and improving procedural standards and pulse spacing of the signals transmitted by security, or for reference, as applicable. 2. an interrogator or transponder. The act of listening, carrying out surveillance on, and/or recording of enemy mode of transport — The various modes emissions for intelligence purposes. 3. The used for a movement. For each mode, there act of detecting the presence of radiation are several means of transport. They are: and the measurement thereof with radiation a. inland surface transportation (rail, road, measuring instruments. Also called and inland waterway); b. sea transport radiological monitoring. (coastal and ocean); c. air transportation; and d. pipelines. monitoring service — The general surveillance of known air traffic movements modernization — See military capability. by reference to a radar scope presentation or other means, for the purpose of passing Modernized Integrated Database — The advisory information concerning national level repository for the general conflicting traffic or providing navigational military intelligence available to the entire assistance. Direct supervision or control is Department of Defense Intelligence not exercised, nor is positive separation Information System community and, provided. through Global Command and Control System integrated imagery and moored — Lying with both anchors down or intelligence, to tactical units. This data is tied to a pier, anchor buoy, or mooring buoy. maintained and updated by the Defense (JP 4-01.6) Intelligence Agency. Commands and Services are delegated responsibility to moored mine — (*) A contact or maintain their portion of the database. Also influence-operated mine of positive called MIDB. See also database. (JP 3-51) buoyancy held below the surface by a mooring attached to a sinker or anchor on modified combined obstacle overlay — A the bottom. See also mine. joint intelligence preparation of the battlespace product used to portray the mopping up — (*) The liquidation of effects of each battlespace dimension on remnants of enemy resistance in an area that military operations. It normally depicts has been surrounded or isolated, or through

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 which other units have passed without eliminating all active resistance.

subsequent embarkation into ships, craft, or aircraft if applicable. 2. (DOD only) A carriage or stand upon which a weapon is placed.

mortar — A muzzle-loading, indirect fire weapon with either a rifled or smooth bore. It usually has a shorter range than a mounting area — A general locality where howitzer, employs a higher angle of fire, assigned forces of an amphibious or and has a tube with a length of 10 to 20 airborne operation, with their equipment, calibers. See also gun; howitzer. are assembled, prepared, and loaded in shipping and/or aircraft preparatory to an mortuary affairs — Covers the search for, assault. See also embarkation area. recovery, identification, preparation, and disposition of remains of persons for whom movement control — 1. The planning, the Services are responsible by status and routing, scheduling, and control of Executive Order. See also joint mortuary personnel and cargo movements over lines affairs office. (JP 4-06) of communications. 2. An organization responsible for the planning, routing, mosaic — (*) An assembly of overlapping scheduling, and control of personnel and photographs that have been matched to cargo movements over lines of form a continuous photographic communications. Also called movement representation of a portion of the surface control center or MCC. See also line of of the Earth. See also controlled mosaic; communications; non-unit-related semi-controlled mosaic. cargo; non-unit-related personnel. (JP 4-01.8) most capable Service or agency — The organization that is best suited to provide movement control center — See movement common supply commodity or logistic control. service support within a specific joint operation. In this context, “best suited” movement control post — (*) The post could mean the Service or agency that has through which the control of movement is required or readily available resources and/ exercised by the commander, depending on or expertise. The most capable Service may operational requirements. or may not be the dominant user in any particular operation. See also agency. movement control team — Movement (JP 4-07) control teams (MCTs) are Army units that decentralize the execution of movement motorized unit — (*) A unit equipped with responsibilities on an area basis or at key complete motor transportation that enables transportation nodes. The mission of the all of its personnel, weapons, and MCTs is movement control of personnel equipment to be moved at the same time and materiel as well as the coordination of without assistance from other sources. bulk fuel and water transportation at pipeline and production take-off points. To mounting — (*) 1. All preparations made this end, the MCTs contribute to the in areas designated for the purpose, in development of procedures, documents, anticipation of an operation. It includes the and practices to facilitate local movement. assembly in the mounting area, preparation Their role is to expedite, coordinate, and and maintenance within the mounting area, monitor traffic moving through the movement to loading points, and transportation system. MCTs are tailored

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 to meet the anticipated workload. Other amphibious operation; amphibious task Service movement requirements that force. (JP 3-02) exceed organic capability will be requested through the Army MCTs. The movement movement report control center — The control center is the higher headquarters for controlling agency for the entire movement the MCTs and is located at Corps level. report system. It has available all Also called MCT. (JP 4-01.7) information relative to the movements of naval ships and other ships under naval movement credit — (*) The allocation control. granted to one or more vehicles in order to move over a controlled route in a fixed time movement report system — A system according to movement instructions. established to collect and make available to certain commands vital information on movement directive — The basic document the status, location, and movement of flag published by the Department of the Army commands, commissioned fleet units, and or the Department of the Air Force (or ships under operational control of the Navy. jointly) that authorizes a command to take action to move a designated unit from one movement requirement — A stated location to another. movement mode and time-phased need for the transport of units, personnel, and/or movement group — Those ships and materiel from a specified origin to a embarked units that load out and proceed specified destination. to rendezvous in the objective area. (JP 3-02.2) movement restriction — (*) A restriction movement order — An order issued by a temporarily placed on traffic into and/or out commander covering the details for a move of areas to permit clearance of or prevention of the command. of congestion. movement phase — In amphibious movement schedule — A schedule operations, the period during which various developed to monitor or track a separate elements of the amphibious force move entity, whether it is a force requirement, from points of embarkation to the cargo or personnel increment, or lift asset. operational area. This move may be via The schedule reflects the assignment of rehearsal, staging, or rendezvous areas. The specific lift resources (such as an aircraft movement phase is completed when the or ship) that will be used to move the various elements of the amphibious force personnel and cargo included in a specific arrive at their assigned positions in the movement increment. Arrival and operational area. See also amphibious departure times at ports of embarkation, force; amphibious operation. (JP 3-02) etc., are detailed to show a flow and workload at each location. Movement movement plan — In amphibious operations, schedules are detailed enough to support the naval plan providing for the movement plan implementation. of the amphibious task force to the objective area. It includes information and movement table — (*) A table giving instructions concerning departure of ships detailed instructions or data for a move. from embarkation points, the passage at sea, When necessary it will be qualified by the and the approach to and arrival in assigned words road, rail, sea, air, etc., to signify the positions in the objective area. See also

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 type of movement. Normally issued as an annex to a movement order or instruction.

position of the ship or the guide of a group of ships. See also moving havens.

movement to contact — A form of the moving target indicator — (*) A radar offense designed to develop the situation presentation which shows only targets and to establish or regain contact. See also which are in motion. Signals from meeting engagement; reconnaissance in stationary targets are subtracted out of the force. return signal by the output of a suitable memory circuit. moving havens — Restricted areas established to provide a measure of security multichannel — Pertaining to to submarines and surface ships in transit communications, usually full duplex, on through areas in which the existing attack more than one channel simultaneously. restrictions would be inadequate to prevent Multichannel transmission may be attack by friendly forces. See also moving accomplished by either time-, frequency-, submarine haven; moving surface ship code-, and phase-division multiplexing or haven. space diversity. moving map display — (*) A display in multi-modal — (*) In transport operations, which a symbol, representing the vehicle, a term applied to the movement of remains stationary while the map or chart passengers and cargo by more than one image moves beneath the symbol so that method of transport. the display simulates the horizontal movement of the vehicle in which it is multinational — Between two or more forces installed. Occasionally the design of the or agencies of two or more nations or display is such that the map or chart image coalition partners. See also alliance; remains stationary while the symbol moves coalition. (JP 5-0) across a screen. See also projected map display. multinational doctrine — Fundamental principles that guide the employment of moving mine — (*) The collective forces of two or more nations in coordinated description of mines, such as drifting, action toward a common objective. It is oscillating, creeping, mobile, rising, ratified by participating nations. See also homing, and bouquet mines. doctrine; joint doctrine; multi-Service doctrine. moving submarine haven — An area established by a submarine operating multinational exercise — An exercise authority to prevent mutual interference containing one or more non-US among friendly submarines, or between participating force(s). See also exercise. friendly submarines and ships operating with towed bodies or arrays. See also multinational force — A force composed of moving havens. military elements of nations who have formed an alliance or coalition for some moving surface ship haven — Established specific purpose. Also called MNF. See by surface ship notices, a moving surface also multinational force commander; ship haven will normally be a circle with a multinational operations. (JP 0-2) specified radius centered on the estimated

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 multinational force commander — A multiple inactive duty training periods — general term applied to a commander who Two scheduled inactive duty training exercises command authority over a periods performed in one calendar day, each military force composed of elements from at least four hours in duration. No more two or more nations. The extent of the than two inactive duty training periods may multinational force commander’s command be performed in one day. authority is determined by the participating nations. Also called MNFC. See also multiple independently targetable reentry multinational force. (JP 3-16) vehicle — A reentry vehicle carried by a delivery system that can place one or more multinational joint special operations task reentry vehicles over each of several force — A task force composed of special separate targets. See also maneuverable operations units from one or more foreign reentry vehicle; multiple reentry vehicle; countries and more than one US Military reentry vehicle. Department formed to carry out a specific special operation or prosecute special multiple reentry vehicle — The reentry operations in support of a theater campaign vehicle of a delivery system that places or other operations. The multinational joint more than one reentry vehicle over an special operations task force may have individual target. See also maneuverable conventional nonspecial operations units reentry vehicle; multiple independently assigned or attached to support the conduct targetable reentry vehicle; reentry of specific missions. Also called MJSOTF. vehicle. See also joint special operations task force; special operations; task force. multiple unit training assemblies — Two (JP 3-05) or more unit training assemblies executed during one or more consecutive days. No multinational operations — A collective more than two unit training assemblies may term to describe military actions conducted be performed in one calendar day. by forces of two or more nations, usually undertaken within the structure of a multiple warning phenomenology — coalition or alliance. See also alliance; Deriving warning information from two or coalition; coalition action. (JP 3-16) more systems observing separate physical phenomena associated with the same events multinational staff — A staff composed of to attain high credibility while being less personnel of two or more nations within susceptible to false reports or spoofing. the structure of a coalition or alliance. See also integrated staff; joint staff; parallel multiplexer — A device that combines staff. (multiplexes) multiple input signals (information channels) into an aggregate multinational warfare — Warfare conducted signal (common channel) for transmission. by forces of two or more nations, usually undertaken within the structure of a multi-Service doctrine — Fundamental coalition or alliance. (JP 3-05) principles that guide the employment of forces of two or more Services in multiple drill — See multiple unit training coordinated action toward a common assemblies. objective. It is ratified by two or more

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Services, and is promulgated in multi-Service publications that identify the participating Services, e.g., Army-Navy doctrine. See also joint doctrine; joint tactics, techniques, and procedures; multinational doctrine. multi-spectral imagery — (*) The image of an object obtained simultaneously in a number of discrete spectral bands. Also called MSI.

terms of the weapon system and munitions effectiveness to determine and recommend any required changes to the methodology, tactics, weapon system, munitions, fusing, and/or weapon delivery parameters to increase force effectiveness. Munitions effectiveness assessment is primarily the responsibility of operations with required inputs and coordination from the intelligence community. Also called MEA. See also assessment; battle damage assessment; munition. (JP 3-60)

multi-spot ship — Those ships certified to have three or more adjacent landing areas. mutual support — (*) That support which See also spot. (JP 3-04.1) units render each other against an enemy, because of their assigned tasks, their munition — (*) A complete device charged position relative to each other and to the with explosives, propellants, pyrotechnics, enemy, and their inherent capabilities. See initiating composition, or nuclear, also close support; direct support; biological, or chemical material for use in support. military operations, including demolitions. Certain suitably modified munitions can be muzzle brake — A device attached to the used for training, ceremonial, or muzzle of a weapon that utilizes escaping nonoperational purposes. Also called gas to reduce recoil. ammunition. (Note: In common usage, “munitions” [plural] can be military muzzle compensator — A device attached weapons, ammunition, and equipment.) to the muzzle of a weapon that utilizes See also explosive ordnance. (JP 3-11) escaping gas to control muzzle movement. munitions effectiveness assessment — muzzle velocity — The velocity of a projectile Conducted concurrently and interactively with respect to the muzzle at the instant the with battle damage assessment, the projectile leaves the weapon. assessment of the military force applied in

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N named area of interest — The geographical executive branch departments and agencies area where information that will satisfy a having a significant telecommunications specific information requirement can be capability. Also called NCS. collected. Named areas of interest are usually selected to capture indications of national defense area — An area established adversary courses of action, but also may on non-Federal lands located within the be related to conditions of the battlespace. United States or its possessions or territories Also called NAI. See also area of interest. for the purpose of safeguarding classified (JP 2-01.3) defense information or protecting Department of Defense (DOD) equipment napalm — 1. Powdered aluminum soap or and/or materiel. Establishment of a national similar compound used to gelatinize oil or defense area temporarily places such nongasoline for use in napalm bombs or flame Federal lands under the effective control of throwers. 2. The resultant gelatinized the Department of Defense and results only substance. from an emergency event. The senior DOD representative at the scene will define the nap-of-the-earth flight — See terrain flight. boundary, mark it with a physical barrier, and post warning signs. The landowner’s narco-terrorism — Terrorism conducted to consent and cooperation will be obtained further the aims of drug traffickers. It may whenever possible; however, military include assassinations, extortion, necessity will dictate the final decision hijackings, bombings, and kidnappings regarding location, shape, and size of the directed against judges, prosecutors, elected national defense area. Also called NDA. officials, or law enforcement agents, and general disruption of a legitimate National Defense Reserve Fleet — 1. government to divert attention from drug Including the Ready Reserve Force, a fleet operations. (JP 3-07.4) composed of ships acquired and maintained by the Maritime Administration (MARAD) national censorship — The examination and for use in mobilization or emergency. 2. control under civil authority of Less the Ready Reserve Force, a fleet communications entering, leaving, or composed of the older dry cargo ships, transiting the borders of the United States, tankers, troop transports, and other assets its territories, or its possessions. See also in MARAD’s custody that are maintained censorship. at a relatively low level of readiness. They are acquired by MARAD from commercial National Command Authorities — The ship operators under the provisions of the President and the Secretary of Defense or Merchant Marine Act of 1936 and are their duly deputized alternates or available only on mobilization or successors. Also called NCA. congressional declaration of an emergency. Because the ships are maintained in a state National Communications System — The of minimum preservation, activation telecommunications system that results requires 30 to 90 days and extensive from the technical and operational shipyard work, for many. Also called integration of the separate NDRF. See also Ready Reserve Force. telecommunications systems of the several (JP 3-02.2)

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 national emergency — A condition declared and probable courses of action of foreign by the President or the Congress by virtue nations produced at the national level as a of powers previously vested in them that composite of the views of the intelligence authorize certain emergency actions to be community. Also called NIE. undertaken in the national interest. Action to be taken may include partial, full, or total national intelligence support team — A mobilization of national resources. See also nationally sourced team composed of mobilization. intelligence and communications experts from either Defense Intelligence Agency, national information infrastructure — The Central Intelligence Agency, National nationwide interconnection of Security Agency, or any combination of communications networks, computers, these agencies. Also called NIST. See also databases, and consumer electronics that intelligence; national intelligence. (JP 2-0) make vast amounts of information available to users. The national information national intelligence surveys — Basic infrastructure encompasses a wide range of intelligence studies produced on a equipment, including cameras, scanners, coordinated interdepartmental basis and keyboards, facsimile machines, computers, concerned with characteristics, basic switches, compact disks, video and audio resources, and relatively unchanging tape, cable, wire, satellites, fiber-optic natural features of a foreign country or other transmission lines, networks of all types, area. televisions, monitors, printers, and much more. The friendly and adversary personnel National Military Command System — who make decisions and handle the The priority component of the Global transmitted information constitute a critical Command and Control System designed to component of the national information support the National Command Authorities infrastructure. Also called NII. See also and Joint Chiefs of Staff in the exercise of defense information infrastructure; their responsibilities. Also called NMCS. global information infrastructure; information. (JP 3-13) National Military Joint Intelligence Center — National-level focal point for all defense national infrastructure — (*) Infrastructure intelligence activities in support of joint provided and financed by a NATO member operations. Also called NMJIC. See also in its own territory solely for its own forces intelligence; joint intelligence center. (including those forces assigned to or (JP 3-33) designated for NATO). See also infrastructure. national military strategy — The art and science of distributing and applying military national intelligence — Integrated power to attain national objectives in peace departmental intelligence that covers the and war. Also called NMS. See also broad aspects of national policy and military strategy; national security national security, is of concern to more than strategy; strategy; theater strategy. one department or agency, and transcends (JP 3-0) the exclusive competence of a single department or agency. national objectives — The aims, derived from national goals and interests, toward national intelligence estimate — A strategic which a national policy or strategy is estimate of the capabilities, vulnerabilities, directed and efforts and resources of the

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 nation are applied. See also military objective.

t o include signals intelligence, communications security, and computer security. Also called NCR. See also counterintelligence. (JP 2-01.2)

national policy — A broad course of action or statements of guidance adopted by the government at the national level in pursuit National Security Council — A of national objectives. governmental body specifically designed to assist the President in integrating all spheres National Reconnaissance Office — A of national security policy. The President, Department of Defense agency tasked to Vice President, Secretary of State, and ensure that the United States has the Secretary of Defense are statutory technology and spaceborne and airborne members. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs assets needed to acquire intelligence of Staff; Director, Central Intelligence worldwide, including support to such Agency; and the Assistant to the President functions as monitoring of arms control for National Security Affairs serve as agreements, indications and warning, and advisers. Also called NSC. the planning and conducting of military operations. This mission is accomplished national security interests — The foundation through research and development, for the development of valid national acquisition, and operation of spaceborne objectives that define US goals or purposes. and airborne intelligence data collection National security interests include systems. Also called NRO. (JP 2-0) preserving US political identity, framework, and institutions; fostering economic national security — A collective term well-being; and bolstering international encompassing both national defense and order supporting the vital interests of the foreign relations of the United States. United States and its allies. Specifically, the condition provided by: a. a military or defense advantage over any national security strategy — The art and foreign nation or group of nations; b. a science of developing, applying, and favorable foreign relations position; or c. a coordinating the instruments of national defense posture capable of successfully power (diplomatic, economic, military, and resisting hostile or destructive action from informational) to achieve objectives that within or without, overt or covert. See also contribute to national security. Also called security. national strategy or grand strategy. See also military strategy; national military National Security Agency/Central Security strategy; strategy; theater strategy. Service Representative — The senior (JP 3-0) theater or military command representative of the Director, National Security Agency/ national shipping authority — (*) The Chief, Central Security Service in a specific organization within each Allied country or military command headquarters government responsible in time of war for who provides the Director, National the direction of its own merchant shipping. Security Agency, with information on Also called NSA. (JP 4-01.2) command plans requiring cryptologic support. The National Security Agency/ National Stock Number — The 13-digit Central Security Service representative stock number replacing the 11-digit Federal serves as a special advisor to the combatant Stock Number. It consists of the 4-digit commander for cryptologic matters, Federal Supply Classification code and the

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 9-digit National Item Identification nautical chart — See hydrographic chart. Number. The National Item Identification Number consists of a 2-digit National nautical mile — A measure of distance equal Codification Bureau number designating to one minute of arc on the Earth’s surface. the central cataloging office (whether North The United States has adopted the Atlantic Treaty Organization or other international nautical mile equal to 1,852 friendly country) that assigned the number meters or 6,076.11549 feet. Also called nm. and a 7-digit (xxx-xxxx) nonsignificant number. The number shall be arranged as nautical plotting chart — (*) An outline follows: 9999-00-999-9999. Also called chart, devoid of hydrographic information, NSN. of a specific scale and projection, usually portraying a graticule and compass rose, national strategy — The art and science of designed to be ancillary to standard nautical developing and using the diplomatic, charts, and produced either as an individual economic, and informational powers of a chart or a part of a coordinated series. nation, together with its armed forces, during peace and war to secure national naval advanced logistic support site — An objectives. Also called national security overseas location used as the primary strategy or grand strategy. See also transshipment point in the theater of strategy. operations for logistic support. A naval advanced logistic support site possesses full national support element — Any national capabilities for storage, consolidation, and organization or activity that supports transfer of supplies and for support of national forces that are a part of a forward-deployed units (including multinational force. Their mission is replacements units) during major nation-specific support to units and contingency and wartime periods. Naval common support that is retained by the advanced logistic support sites, with port nation. Also called NSE. See also and airfield facilities in close proximity, are multinational force; support. (JP 0-2) located within the theater of operations but not near the main battle areas, and must nation assistance — Civil and/or military possess the throughput capacity required to assistance rendered to a nation by foreign accommodate incoming and outgoing forces within that nation’s territory during intertheater airlift and sealift. When fully peacetime, crises or emergencies, or war activated, the naval advanced logistic based on agreements mutually concluded support site should consist of facilities and between nations. Nation assistance services provided by the host nation, programs include, but are not limited to, augmented by support personnel located in security assistance, foreign internal defense, the theater of operations, or both. Also other US Code title 10 (DOD) programs, called NALSS or Naval ALSS. See also and activities performed on a reimbursable logistic support; naval forward logistic basis by Federal agencies or international site; support; theater of operations. organizations. (JP 3-57) (JP 3-35) natural disaster — An emergency situation naval base — A naval base primarily for posing significant danger to life and support of the forces afloat, contiguous to property that results from a natural cause. a port or anchorage, consisting of activities See also domestic emergencies. (JP 3-07.6) or facilities for which the Navy has

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 operating responsibilities, together with advanced base construction. Also called interior lines of communications and the NCF. minimum surrounding area necessary for local security. (Normally, not greater than naval control of shipping — (*) Control an area of 40 square miles.) See also base exercised by naval authorities of movement, complex. routing, reporting, convoy organization, and tactical diversion of allied merchant naval beach group — A permanently shipping. It does not include the organized naval command within an employment or active protection of such amphibious force comprised of a shipping. commander and staff, a beachmaster unit, an amphibious construction battalion, and naval control of shipping officer — A naval assault craft units, designed to provide an officer appointed to form merchant convoys administrative group from which required and control and coordinate the routing and naval tactical components may be made movements of such convoys, independently available to the attack force commander and sailed merchant ships, and hospital ships to the amphibious landing force in and out of a port or base, subject to the commander. Also called NBG. See also directions of the operational control shore party. authority. naval coastal warfare — Coastal sea control, naval control of shipping organization — harbor defense, and port security, executed The organization within the Navy that both in coastal areas outside the United carries out the specific responsibilities of States in support of national policy and in the Chief of Naval Operations to provide the United States as part of this Nation’s for the control and protection of movements defense. Also called NCW. (JP 3-10) of merchant ships in time of war. Also called NCSORG. naval coastal warfare area — An assigned geographic area of operations which naval expeditionary warfare — Military includes offshore waters, harbor operations mounted from the sea, usually approaches, harbors, ports, waterfront on short notice, consisting of forward facilities, and those internal waters and deployed, or rapidly deployable, selfrivers which provide access to port sustaining naval forces tailored to achieve facilities. See also area of operations; a clearly stated objective. Also called naval coastal warfare. (JP 3-10) NEW. See also expedition. (JP 3-33) naval coastal warfare commander — An naval forward logistic site — An overseas officer designated to conduct naval coastal location, with port and airfield facilities warfare missions within a designated naval nearby, which provides logistic support to coastal geographic area. Also called naval forces within the theater of operations NCWC. (JP 3-10) during major contingency and wartime periods. Naval forward logistic sites may naval construction force — The combined be located in close proximity to main battle construction units of the Navy, including areas to permit forward staging of services, primarily the mobile construction battalions throughput of high priority cargo, advanced and the amphibious construction battalions. maintenance, and battle damage repair. These units are part of the operating forces Naval forward logistic sites are linked to and represent the Navy’s capability for in-theater naval advanced logistic support

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 sites by intratheater airlift and sealift, but or training for naval combat in order to gain may also serve as transshipment points for the objectives of any battle or campaign. intertheater movement of high-priority cargo into areas of direct combat. In naval or Marine (air) base — An air base providing fleet logistic support, naval for support of naval or Marine air units, forward logistic site capabilities may range consisting of landing strips, seaplane from very austere to near those of a naval alighting areas, and all components of advanced logistic support site. Also called related facilities for which the Navy or NFLS or Naval FLS. See also logistic Marine Corps has operating responsibilities, support; naval advanced logistic support together with interior lines of site; staging. (JP 3-35) communications and the minimum surrounding area necessary for local naval gunfire operations center — (*) The security. (Normally, not greater than an area agency established in a ship to control the of 20 square miles.) See also base complex. execution of plans for the employment of naval gunfire, process requests for naval naval port control office — The authority gunfire support, and to allot ships to forward established at a port or port complex to observers. Ideally located in the same ship coordinate arrangements for logistic as the supporting arms coordination center. support and harbor services to ships under naval control and to otherwise support the naval gunfire spotting team — The unit of naval control of shipping organization. a shore fire control party that designates targets; controls commencement, cessation, naval special warfare — A designated naval rate, and types of fire; and spots fire on the warfare specialty that conducts operations target. See also field artillery observer; in the coastal, riverine, and maritime spotter. environments. Naval special warfare emphasizes small, flexible, mobile units naval gunfire support — Fire provided by operating under, on, and from the sea. Navy surface gun systems in support of a These operations are characterized by unit or units tasked with achieving the stealth, speed, and precise, violent commander’s objectives. A subset of naval application of force. Also called NSW. surface fire support. Also called NGFS. (JP 3-05) See also naval surface fire support. (JP 3-09.2) naval special warfare forces — Those Active and Reserve Component Navy naval mobile environmental team — A forces designated by the Secretary of team of naval personnel organized, trained, Defense that are specifically organized, and equipped to support maritime special trained, and equipped to conduct and operations by providing weather, support special operations. Also called oceanography, mapping, charting, and NSW forces or NAVSOF. (JP 3-05.5) geodesy support. Also called NMET. (JP 3-05) naval special warfare group — A permanent Navy echelon III major command to which naval operation — 1. A naval action (or the most naval special warfare forces are performance of a naval mission) that may assigned for some operational and all be strategic, operational, tactical, logistic, administrative purposes. It consists of a or training. 2. The process of carrying on group headquarters with command and

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 control, communications, and support staff; an amphibious operation. See also fire sea-air-land teams; and sea-air-land team support area. delivery vehicle teams. Also called NSWG. (JP 3-05.3) naval surface fire support — Fire provided by Navy surface gun and missile systems naval special warfare special operations in support of a unit or units tasked with component — The Navy special achieving the commander’s objectives. operations component of a unified or Also called NSFS. See also fire support. subordinate unified command or joint (JP 3-02) special operations task force. Also called NAVSOC. (JP 3-05) naval tactical data system — A complex of data inputs, user consoles, converters, naval special warfare task element — A adapters, and radio terminals interconnected provisional subordinate element of a naval with high-speed, general-purpose special warfare task unit, employed to computers and its stored programs. Combat extend the command and control and data is collected, processed, and composed support capabilities of its parent task unit. into a picture of the overall tactical situation Also called NSWTE. See also naval that enables the force commander to make special warfare task unit. (JP 3-05.3) rapid, accurate evaluations and decisions. naval special warfare task group — A navigational grid — (*) A series of straight provisional naval special warfare lines, superimposed over a conformal organization that plans, conducts, and projection and indicating grid north, used supports special operations in support of as an aid to navigation. The interval of the fleet commanders and joint force special grid lines is generally a multiple of 60 or operations component commanders. Also 100 nautical miles. See also military grid. called NSWTG. (JP 3-05.3) navigation head — A transshipment point naval special warfare task unit — A on a waterway where loads are transferred provisional subordinate unit of a naval between water carriers and land carriers. special warfare task group. Also called A navigation head is similar in function to NSWTU. See also naval special warfare a railhead or truckhead. task group. (JP 3-05.3) navigation mode — In a flight control naval special warfare unit — A permanent system, a control mode in which the flight Navy organization forward based to control path of an aircraft is automatically and support attached naval special warfare maintained by signals from navigation forces. Also called NSWU. (JP 3-05.3) equipment. naval stores — (*) Any articles or Navy cargo handling battalion — A mobile commodities used by a naval ship or station, logistic support unit capable of worldwide such as equipment; consumable supplies; deployment in its entirety or in specialized clothing; petroleum, oils, and lubricants; detachments. It is organized, trained, and medical supplies; and ammunition. equipped to: a. load and off-load Navy and Marine Corps cargo carried in maritime prenaval support area — (*) A sea area positioning ships and merchant breakbulk assigned to naval ships detailed to support or container ships in all environments; b.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 operate an associated temporary ocean cargo terminal; c. load and offload Navy and Marine Corps cargo carried in military-controlled aircraft; and d. operate an associated expeditionary air cargo terminal. Also called NCHB or Navy CHB. Three sources of Navy cargo handling battalions are: a. Navy cargo handling and port group — The active duty, cargo handling, battalion-sized unit composed solely of active duty personnel. Also called NAVCHAPGRU. b. Naval Reserve cargo handling training battalion — The active duty, cargo handling training battalion composed of both active duty and reserve personnel. Also called NRCHTB. c. Naval Reserve cargo handling battalion — A reserve cargo handling battalion composed solely of selected reserve personnel. Also called NRCHB. See also maritime prepositioning ships.

movement of maritime pre-positioned equipment and/or supplies. Also called NSE. (JP 3-02.2) Navy tactical air control center — See tactical air control center. (JP 3-09.3) N-day — See times. near miss (aircraft) — Any circumstance in flight where the degree of separation between two aircraft is considered by either pilot to have constituted a hazardous situation involving potential risk of collision. near real time — (*) Pertaining to the timeliness of data or information which has been delayed by the time required for electronic communication and automatic data processing. This implies that there are no significant delays. Also called NRT. See also real time.

Navy cargo handling force — The combined cargo handling units of the Navy, including neatlines — (*) The lines that bound the body primarily the Navy cargo handling and port of a map, usually parallels and meridians. group, the Naval Reserve cargo handling See also graticule. training battalion, and the Naval Reserve cargo handling battalion. These units are need to know — A criterion used in security part of the operating forces and represent procedures that requires the custodians of the Navy’s capability for open ocean cargo classified information to establish, prior to handling. Also called NCHF. See also disclosure, that the intended recipient must Navy cargo handling battalion. have access to the information to perform his or her official duties. Navy special operations component — The Navy component of a joint force special negative phase of the shock wave — The operations component. Also called period during which the pressure falls NAVSOC. See also Air Force special below ambient and then returns to the operations component; Army special ambient value. See also positive phase of operations component. (JP 3-05.3) the shock wave. Navy support element — The maritime pre- negative photo plane — (*) The plane in positioning force element that is composed which a film or plate lies at the moment of of naval beach group staff and subordinate exposure. unit personnel, a detachment of Navy cargo handling force personnel, and other Navy negligible risk (nuclear) — A degree of risk components, as required. It is tasked with where personnel are reasonably safe, with conducting the off-load and ship-to-shore the exceptions of dazzle or temporary loss

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 of night vision. See also emergency risk (nuclear).

single member of the cell. Others in the cell do not know the agent, and nobody in the cell knows the identities or activities of members of other cells.

negotiations — A discussion between authorities and a barricaded offender or terrorist to effect hostage release and net (communications) — An organization terrorist surrender. See also antiterrorism. of stations capable of direct communications (JP 3-07.2) on a common channel or frequency.

NEOPACK — Preassembled package of net control station — A communications selected maps, charts, and other geographic station designated to control traffic and materials of various scales to support the enforce circuit discipline within a given net. planning and conduct of noncombatant Also called NCS. evacuation operations in selected countries or areas. See also noncombatant net explosive weight — The actual weight evacuation operations; noncombatant in pounds of explosive mixtures or evacuees. (JP 3-07.5) compounds, including the trinitrotoluene equivalent of energetic material, that is used nerve agent — (*) A potentially lethal in determination of explosive limits and chemical agent which interferes with the explosive quantity data arcs. Also called transmission of nerve impulses. NEW. (JP 4-09) net call sign — (*) A call sign which net inventory assets — That portion of the represents all stations within a net. See also total materiel assets that is designated to call sign. meet the materiel inventory objective. It consists of the total materiel assets less the net, chain, cell system — Patterns of peacetime materiel consumption and losses clandestine organization, especially for through normal appropriation and operational purposes. Net is the broadest procurement leadtime periods. of the three; it usually involves: a. a succession of echelons; and b. such net sweep — (*) In naval mine warfare, a functional specialists as may be required to two-ship sweep, using a netlike device, accomplish its mission. When it consists designed to collect drifting mines or scoop largely or entirely of nonstaff employees, them up from the sea bottom. it may be called an agent net. Chain focuses attention upon the first of these elements; it net weight — Weight of a ground vehicle is commonly defined as a series of agents without fuel, engine oil, coolant, on-vehicle and informants who receive instructions materiel, cargo, or operating personnel. from and pass information to a principal agent by means of cutouts and couriers. neutral — In combat and combat support Cell system emphasizes a variant of the first operations, an identity applied to a track element of net; its distinctive feature is the whose characteristics, behavior, origin, or grouping of personnel into small units that nationality indicate that it is neither are relatively isolated and self-contained. supporting nor opposing friendly forces. In the interest of maximum security for the See also hostile; suspect; unknown. organization as a whole, each cell has contact with the rest of the organization only neutrality — In international law, the attitude through an agent of the organization and a of impartiality during periods of war

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 adopted by third states toward a belligerent unclassified meaning and is employed only and subsequently recognized by the for unclassified administrative, morale, or belligerent, which creates rights and duties public information purposes. between the impartial states and the belligerent. In a United Nations night effect — (*) An effect mainly caused enforcement action, the rules of neutrality by variations in the state of polarization of apply to impartial members of the United reflected waves, which sometimes result in Nations except so far as they are excluded errors in direction finding bearings. The by the obligation of such members under effect is most frequent at nightfall. the United Nations Charter. night vision device — Any electro-optical neutralization — (*) In mine warfare, a mine device that is used to detect visible and is said to be neutralized when it has been infrared energy and provide a visible image. rendered, by external means, incapable of Night vision goggles, forward-looking firing on passage of a target, although it may infrared, thermal sights, and low-light level remain dangerous to handle. television are night vision devices. Also called NVD. See also forward-looking neutralization fire — Fire which is delivered infrared; night vision goggles(s). (JP 3-09.3) to render the target ineffective or unusable. See also fire. night vision goggle(s) — An electro-optical image intensifying device that detects neutralize — 1. As pertains to military visible and near-infrared energy, intensifies operations, to render ineffective or the energy, and provides a visible image for unusable. 2. To render enemy personnel or night viewing. Night vision goggles can material incapable of interfering with a be either hand-held or helmet-mounted. particular operation. 3. To render safe Also called NVG. See also night vision mines, bombs, missiles, and boobytraps. 4. device. (JP 3-09.3) To make harmless anything contaminated with a chemical agent. node — A location in a mobility system where a movement requirement is originated, neutral state — In international law, a state processed for onward movement, or that pursues a policy of neutrality during terminated. war. See also neutrality. node/command, control, communications, neutron induced activity — (*) and computers node — The physical and Radioactivity induced in the ground or an functional grouping of communications and object as a result of direct irradiation by computer systems that provide terminating, neutrons. switching, and gateway access services to support information exchange. See also news media representative — An individual common operating environment; global employed by a civilian radio or television grid. (JP 6-02) station, newspaper, newsmagazine, periodical, or news agency to gather and no-fire area — A land area designated by report on a newsworthy event. Also called the appropriate commander into which fires NMR. See also public affairs. (JP 3-61) or their effects are prohibited. Also called NFA. See also fires. (JP 3-09) nickname — A combination of two separate unclassified words that is assigned an

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 no-fire line — (*) A line short of which religious, educational, and recreational artillery or ships do not fire except on program, designed to improve the request or approval of the supported well-being of military and civilian commander, but beyond which they may personnel and their dependents. fire at any time without danger to friendly troops. nonbattle injury — A person who becomes a casualty due to circumstances not directly nominal filter — (*) A filter capable of attributable to hostile action or terrorist cutting off a nominated minimum activity. Also called NBI. percentage by weight of solid particles greater than a stated micron size. noncombatant evacuation operations — Operations directed by the Department of nominal focal length — (*) An approximate State, the Department of Defense, or value of the focal length, rounded off to other appropriate authority whereby some standard figure, used for the noncombatants are evacuated from foreign classification of lenses, mirrors, or cameras. countries when their lives are endangered by war, civil unrest, or natural disaster to nominal scale — See principal scale; scale. safe havens or to the United States. Also called NEOs. See also evacuation; nominal weapon — (*) A nuclear weapon NEOPACK; noncombatant evacuees; producing a yield of approximately 20 operation; safe haven. (JP 3-07) kilotons. See also kiloton weapon; megaton weapon; subkiloton weapon. noncombatant evacuees — 1. US citizens who may be ordered to evacuate by nonair transportable — That which is not competent authority include: a. civilian transportable by air by virtue of dimension, employees of all agencies of the US weight, or special characteristics or Government and their dependents, except restrictions. as noted in 2a below; b. military personnel of the US Armed Forces specifically nonaligned state — A state that pursues a designated for evacuation as policy of nonalignment. noncombatants; and c. dependents of members of the US Armed Forces. 2. US nonalignment — The political attitude of a (and non-US) citizens who may be state that does not associate or identify itself authorized or assisted (but not necessarily with the political ideology or objective ordered to evacuate) by competent authority espoused by other states, groups of states, include: a. civilian employees of US or international causes, or with the foreign Government agencies and their dependents, policies stemming therefrom. It does not who are residents in the country concerned preclude involvement, but expresses the on their own volition, but express the attitude of no precommitment to a particular willingness to be evacuated; b. private US state (or block) or policy before a situation citizens and their dependents; c. military arises. personnel and dependents of members of the US Armed Forces outlined in 1c above, nonappropriated funds — Funds generated short of an ordered evacuation; and d. by DOD military and civilian personnel and designated aliens, including dependents of their dependents and used to augment funds persons listed in 1a through 1c above, as appropriated by the Congress to provide a prescribed by the Department of State. See comprehensive, morale-building welfare,

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 also noncombatant evacuation operations. (JP 3-07.5)

moved from place to place, including medical treatment facilities afloat.

noncontiguous facility — A facility for nongovernmental organizations — which the Service indicated has operating Transnational organizations of private responsibility, but which is not located on, citizens that maintain a consultative status or in the immediate vicinity of, a base with the Economic and Social Council of complex of that Service. Its area includes the United Nations. Nongovernmental only that actually occupied by the facility, organizations may be professional plus the minimum surrounding area associations, foundations, multinational necessary for close-in security. See also businesses, or simply groups with a base complex. common interest in humanitarian assistance activities (development and relief). nondeferrable issue demand — Issue “Nongovernmental organizations” is a term demand related to specific periods of time normally used by non-United States that will not exist after the close of those organizations. Also called NGOs. periods, even though not satisfied during (JP 1-06) the period. nonhostile casualty — A person who nondeployable account — An account becomes a casualty due to circumstances where Reservists (officer and enlisted), not directly attributable to hostile action or either in units or individually, are assigned terrorist activity. Casualties due to the to a reserve component category or a elements, self-inflicted wounds, and combat training/retired category when the fatigue are nonhostile casualties. Also individual has not completed initial active called NHCS. See also casualty; casualty duty for training or its equivalent. type; hostile casualty. Reservists in a nondeployable account are not considered as trained strength assigned nonlethal weapons — Weapons that are to units or mobilization positions and are explicitly designed and primarily employed not deployable overseas on land with those so as to incapacitate personnel or material, units or mobilization positions. See also while minimizing fatalities, permanent training pipeline. injury to personnel, and undesired damage to property and the environment. a. Unlike nondestructive electronic warfare — Those conventional lethal weapons that destroy electronic warfare actions, not including their targets through blast, penetration, and employment of wartime reserve modes, that fragmentation, nonlethal weapons employ deny, disrupt, or deceive rather than damage means other than gross physical destruction or destroy. See also electronic warfare. to prevent the target from functioning. b. (JP 3-51) Nonlethal weapons are intended to have one, or both, of the following nonexpendable supplies and materiel — characteristics: (1) They have relatively Supplies not consumed in use that retain reversible effects on personnel or materiel. their original identity during the period of (2) They affect objects differently within use, such as weapons, machines, tools, and their area of influence. equipment. non-linear approach — (*) In approach and nonfixed medical treatment facility — A landing systems, a final approach in which medical treatment facility designed to be the nominal flight path is not a straight line.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 nonorganic transportation requirement — Unit personnel and cargo for which the transportation source must be an outside agency, normally a component of US Transportation Command.

combat service support units with higher echelon (division and above) reserve units of the landing force. Their landing is directed when the need ashore can be predicted with a reasonable degree of accuracy.

nonpersistent agent — A chemical agent that when released dissipates and/or loses its non-self-sustaining containership — A ability to cause casualties after 10 to 15 containership that does not have a built-in minutes. (JP 3-11) capability to load or off-load containers, and requires a port crane or craneship nonprecision approach — Radar-controlled service. Also called NSSCS. See also approach or an approach flown by reference containership; self-sustaining containership. to navigation aids in which glide slope (JP 4-01.7) information is not available. See also final approach; precision approach. (JP 3-04.1) nonstandard item — An item of supply determined by standardization action as not nonprior service personnel — Individuals authorized for procurement. without any prior military service, who have not completed basic inactive duty training, nonstandard unit — A force requirement and who receive a commission in or enlist identified in a time-phased force and directly into an Armed Force of the United deployment data for which movement States. characteristics have not been described in the type unit characteristics file. The nonrecurring demand — A request by an planner is required to submit detailed authorized requisitioner to satisfy a materiel movement characteristics for these units. requirement known to be a one-time occurrence. This materiel is required to nonstocked item — An item that does not provide initial stockage allowances, to meet meet the stockage criteria for a given planned program requirements, or to satisfy activity, and therefore is not stocked at the a one-time project or maintenance particular activity. requirement. Nonrecurring demands normally will not be considered by the nonstrategic nuclear forces — Those supporting supply system in the nuclear-capable forces located in an development of demand-based elements of operational area with a capability to employ the requirements computation. nuclear weapons by land, sea, or air forces against opposing forces, supporting non-registered publication — (*) A installations, or facilities. Such forces may publication which bears no register number be employed, when authorized by and for which periodic accounting is not competent authority, to support operations required. that contribute to the accomplishment of the commander’s mission within the theater of nonscheduled units — Units of the landing operations. force held in readiness for landing during the initial unloading period, but not included non-submarine contact chart — (*) A in either scheduled or on-call waves. This special naval chart, at a scale of 1:100,000 category usually includes certain of the to 1:1,000,000, showing bathymetry, combat support units and most of the bottom characteristics, wreck data, and

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 non-submarine contact data for coastal and normal intelligence reports — A category off-shore waters. It is designed for use in of reports used in the dissemination of conducting submarine and antisubmarine intelligence, conventionally used for the warfare operations. Also called non-sub immediate dissemination of individual contact chart. items of intelligence. See also intelligence reporting; specialist intelligence report. non-unit record — A time-phased force and deployment data file entry for non-unit- normal lighting — (*) Lighting of vehicles related cargo and personnel. Characteristics as prescribed or authorized by the law of a include using and providing organization, given country without restrictions for type of movement, routing data, cargo military reasons. See also reduced category, weight, volume, area required, lighting. and number of personnel requiring transportation. normal operations — Generally and collectively, the broad functions that a non-unit-related cargo — All equipment and combatant commander undertakes when supplies requiring transportation to an assigned responsibility for a given operational area, other than those identified geographic or functional area. Except as as the equipment or accompanying supplies otherwise qualified in certain unified of a specific unit (e.g., resupply, military command plan paragraphs that relate to support for allies, and support for particular commands, “normal operations” nonmilitary programs, such as civil relief). of a combatant commander include: Also called NURC. planning and execution of operations throughout the range of military operations; non-unit-related personnel — All personnel planning and conduct of cold war activities; requiring transportation to or from an planning and administration of military operational area, other than those assigned assistance; and maintaining the to a specific unit (e.g., filler personnel; relationships and exercising the directive replacements; temporary duty/temporary or coordinating authority prescribed in additional duty personnel; civilians; JP 0-2 and JP 4-01. medical evacuees; and retrograde personnel). Also called NRP or NUP. North American Aerospace Defense Command — A bi-national command of non-US forces — Includes all armed forces the US and Canada that provides aerospace of states other than US forces. US forces surveillance, warning and assessment of may act in defense of non-US forces when aerospace attack, and maintains the so designated by US National Command sovereignty of US and Canadian airspace. Authorities. Also called NORAD. normal charge — Charge employing a no-strike list — A list of geographic areas, standard amount of propellant to fire a gun complexes, or installations not planned for under ordinary conditions, as compared capture or destruction. Attacking these may with a reduced charge. See also reduced violate the law of armed conflict or interfere charge. with friendly relations with indigenous personnel or governments. Also called normal impact effect — See cardinal point NSL. See also law of armed conflict. effect. (JP 3-60)

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 notice to airmen — A notice containing than the maximum radius of the fireball. information concerning the establishment, See also types of burst. condition, or change in any aeronautical facility, service, procedures, or hazard, the nuclear, biological, and chemical-capable timely knowledge of which is essential to nation — A nation that has the capability personnel concerned with flight operations. to produce and employ one or more types Also called NOTAM. of nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons across the full range of military notional ship — A theoretical or average ship operations and at any level of war in order of any one category used in transportation to achieve political and military objectives. planning (e.g., a Liberty ship for dry cargo; (JP 3-11) a T-2 tanker for bulk petroleum, oils, and lubricants; a personnel transport of 2,400 nuclear, biological, and chemical conditions troop spaces). — See nuclear, biological, and chemical environment. (JP 3-11) not mission capable, maintenance — Material condition indicating that systems nuclear, biological, and chemical defense and equipment are not capable of — Defensive measures that enable friendly performing any of their assigned missions forces to survive, fight, and win against because of maintenance requirements. Also enemy use of nuclear, biological, or called NMCM. See also not mission chemical (NBC) weapons and agents. US capable, supply. forces apply NBC defensive measures before and during integrated warfare. In not mission capable, supply — Material integrated warfare, opposing forces employ condition indicating that systems and nonconventional weapons along with equipment are not capable of performing conventional weapons (NBC weapons are any of their assigned missions because of nonconventional). See also integrated maintenance work stoppage due to a supply warfare. (JP 3-11) shortage. Also called NMCS. See also not mission capable, maintenance. nuclear, biological, and chemical environment — Environments in which not seriously injured — The casualty status there is deliberate or accidental of a person whose injury may or may not employment, or threat of employment, of require hospitalization; medical authority nuclear, biological, or chemical weapons; does not classify as very seriously injured, deliberate or accidental attacks or seriously injured, or incapacitating illness contamination with toxic industrial or injury; and the person can communicate materials, including toxic industrial with the next of kin. Also called NSI. See chemicals; or deliberate or accidental also casualty status. attacks or contamination with radiological (radioactive) materials. See also no-wind position — See air position. contamination. (JP 3-11) nuclear accident — See nuclear weapon(s) nuclear bonus effects — (*) Desirable accident. damage or casualties produced by the effects from friendly nuclear weapons that nuclear airburst — (*) The explosion of a cannot be accurately calculated in targeting nuclear weapon in the air, at a height greater as the uncertainties involved preclude

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 depending on them for a militarily significant result.

of dirt is formed in an underground explosion.

nuclear burst — See types of burst.

nuclear commitment — (*) A statement by a NATO member that specific forces have nuclear certifiable — (*) Indicates a unit or been committed or will be committed to vehicle possessing the potential of passing NATO in a nuclear only or dual capable functional tests and inspections of all role. normal and emergency systems affecting the nuclear weapons. nuclear contact surface burst — An explosion of a nuclear weapon whose center nuclear certified — See nuclear certified of energy is at the surface of land or water. delivery unit; nuclear certified delivery vehicle. nuclear coordination — A broad term encompassing all the actions involved with nuclear certified delivery unit — (*) Any planning nuclear strikes, including liaison level of organization and support elements between commanders, for the purpose of which are capable of executing nuclear satisfying support requirements or because missions in accordance with appropriate of the extension of weapons effects into the bilateral arrangements and NATO territory of another. directives. See also nuclear delivery unit. nuclear damage — (*) 1. Light Damage nuclear certified delivery vehicle — (*) A — Damage which does not prevent the delivery vehicle whose compatibility with immediate use of equipment or installations a nuclear weapon has been certified by the for which it was intended. Some repair by applicable nuclear power through formal the user may be required to make full use procedures. See also nuclear delivery of the equipment or installations. 2. vehicle. Moderate Damage — Damage which prevents the use of equipment or nuclear cloud — (*) An all-inclusive term installations until extensive repairs are for the volume of hot gases, smoke, dust, made. 3. Severe Damage — Damage and other particulate matter from the nuclear which prevents use of equipment or bomb itself and from its environment, installations permanently. which is carried aloft in conjunction with the rise of the fireball produced by the nuclear damage assessment — (*) The detonation of the nuclear weapon. determination of the damage effect to the population, forces, and resources resulting nuclear collateral damage — Undesired from actual nuclear attack. It is performed damage or casualties produced by the during and after an attack. The operational effects from friendly nuclear weapons. significance of the damage is not evaluated in this assessment. nuclear column — (*) A hollow cylinder of water and spray thrown up from an nuclear defense — (*) The methods, plans, underwater burst of a nuclear weapon, and procedures involved in establishing and through which the hot, high-pressure gases exercising defensive measures against the formed in the explosion are vented to the effects of an attack by nuclear weapons or atmosphere. A somewhat similar column radiological warfare agents. It encompasses

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 both the training for, and the implementation of, these methods, plans, and procedures. See also nuclear, biological, and chemical defense; radiological defense. nuclear delivery unit — (*) Any level of organization capable of employing a nuclear weapon system or systems when the weapon or weapons have been released by proper authority.

assembly, testing, loading, or transportation of equipment, and/or the malfunctioning of equipment and materiel which could lead to an unintentional operation of all or part of the weapon arming and/or firing sequence, or which could lead to a substantial change in yield, or increased dud probability; and c. any act of God, unfavorable environment, or condition resulting in damage to the weapon, facility, or component.

nuclear delivery vehicle — (*) That portion nuclear intelligence — Intelligence derived of the weapon system which provides the from the collection and analysis of radiation means of delivery of a nuclear weapon to and other effects resulting from radioactive the target. sources. Also called NUCINT. See also intelligence. (JP 2-0) nuclear detonation detection and reporting system — (*) A system deployed to nuclear logistic movement — The transport provide surveillance coverage of critical of nuclear weapons in connection with friendly target areas, and indicate place, supply or maintenance operations. Under height of burst, yield, and ground zero of certain specified conditions, combat aircraft nuclear detonations. Also called NUDETS. may be used for such movements. nuclear dud — A nuclear weapon that, when nuclear nation — (*) Military nuclear launched at or emplaced on a target, fails powers and civil nuclear powers. to provide any explosion of that part of the weapon designed to produce the nuclear nuclear parity — A condition at a given point yield. in time when opposing forces possess nuclear offensive and defensive systems nuclear energy — All forms of energy approximately equal in overall combat released in the course of a nuclear fission effectiveness. or nuclear transformation. nuclear planning system — A system nuclear exoatmospheric burst — The composed of personnel, directives, and explosion of a nuclear weapon above the electronic data processing systems to sensible atmosphere (above 120 kilometers) directly support geographic nuclear where atmospheric interaction is minimal. combatant commanders in developing, See also types of burst. maintaining, and disseminating nuclear operation plans. nuclear incident — An unexpected event involving a nuclear weapon, facility, or nuclear proximity-surface burst — An component, resulting in any of the explosion of a nuclear weapon at a height following, but not constituting a nuclear less than the maximum radius of its fireball, weapon(s) accident: a. an increase in the but low enough to facilitate cratering and/ possibility of explosion or radioactive or the propagation of a shock wave into the contamination; b. errors committed in the ground.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 nuclear radiation — (*) Particulate and the constituents of certain nuclei, thus electromagnetic radiation emitted from giving rise to different nuclides. atomic nuclei in various nuclear processes. The important nuclear radiations, from the nuclear underground burst — (*) The weapon standpoint, are alpha and beta explosion of a nuclear weapon in which the particles, gamma rays, and neutrons. All center of the detonation lies at a point nuclear radiations are ionizing radiations, beneath the surface of the ground. See also but the reverse is not true; X-rays for types of burst. example, are included among ionizing radiations, but they are not nuclear nuclear underwater burst — (*) The radiations since they do not originate from explosion of a nuclear weapon in which the atomic nuclei. center of the detonation lies at a point beneath the surface of the water. See also nuclear reactor — A facility in which fissile types of burst. material is used in a self-supporting chain reaction (nuclear fission) to produce heat nuclear vulnerability assessment — (*) The and/or radiation for both practical estimation of the probable effect on application and research and development. population, forces, and resources from a hypothetical nuclear attack. It is performed nuclear round — See complete round. predominantly in the preattack period; however, it may be extended to the nuclear safety line — (*) A line selected, if transattack or postattack periods. possible, to follow well-defined topographical features and used to delineate nuclear warfare — (*) Warfare involving levels of protective measures, degrees of the employment of nuclear weapons. See damage or risk to friendly troops, and/or to also postattack period; transattack prescribe limits to which the effects of period. friendly weapons may be permitted to extend. nuclear warning message — A warning message that must be disseminated to all nuclear stalemate — A concept that affected friendly forces any time a nuclear postulates a situation wherein the relative weapon is to be detonated if effects of the strength of opposing nuclear forces results weapon will have impact upon those forces. in mutual deterrence against employment of nuclear forces. nuclear weapon — (*) A complete assembly (i.e., implosion type, gun type, or nuclear strike warning — (*) A warning of thermonuclear type), in its intended ultimate impending friendly or suspected enemy configuration which, upon completion of nuclear attack. the prescribed arming, fusing, and firing sequence, is capable of producing the nuclear support — The use of nuclear intended nuclear reaction and release of weapons against hostile forces in support energy. of friendly air, land, and naval operations. See also immediate nuclear support; nuclear weapon degradation — The preplanned nuclear support. degeneration of a nuclear warhead to such an extent that the anticipated nuclear yield nuclear transmutation — Artificially is lessened. induced modification (nuclear reaction) of

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 nuclear weapon employment time — (*) The time required for delivery of a nuclear weapon after the decision to fire has been made.

detonation or burning of a nuclear weapon or radiological nuclear weapon component; d. radioactive contamination; e. seizure, theft, loss, or destruction of a nuclear weapon or radiological nuclear weapon component, including jettisoning; and f. public hazard, actual or implied.

nuclear weapon exercise — (*) An operation not directly related to immediate operational readiness. It includes removal of a weapon from its normal storage nuclear weapons state — See military location, preparing for use, delivery to an nuclear power. employment unit, and the movement in a ground training exercise, to include loading nuclear weapons surety — Materiel, aboard an aircraft or missile and return to personnel, and procedures that contribute storage. It may include any or all of the to the security, safety, and reliability of operations listed above, but does not include nuclear weapons and to the assurance that launching or flying operations. Typical there will be no nuclear weapon accidents, exercises include aircraft generation incidents, unauthorized weapon exercises, ground readiness exercises, detonations, or degradation in performance ground tactical exercises, and various at the target. categories of inspections designed to evaluate the capability of the unit to perform nuclear yields — The energy released in the its prescribed mission. See also immediate detonation of a nuclear weapon, measured operational readiness; nuclear weapon in terms of the kilotons or megatons of maneuver. trinitrotoluene required to produce the same energy release. Yields are categorized as nuclear weapon maneuver — (*) An follows: operation not directly related to immediate very low — less than 1 kiloton; operational readiness. It may consist of all low — 1 kiloton to 10 kilotons; those operations listed for a nuclear weapon medium — over 10 kilotons to 50 kilotons; exercise and is extended to include flyaway high — over 50 kilotons to 500 kilotons; in combat aircraft, but does not include very high — over 500 kilotons. expenditure of the weapon. Typical See also nominal weapon; subkiloton maneuvers include nuclear operational weapon. readiness maneuvers and tactical air operations. See also immediate nuisance minefield — (*) A minefield laid operational readiness; nuclear weapon to delay and disorganize the enemy and to exercise. hinder the use of an area or route. See also minefield. nuclear weapon(s) accident — An unexpected event involving nuclear number . . . in (out) — (*) In artillery, term weapons or radiological nuclear weapon used to indicate a change in status of components that results in any of the weapon number _______________. following; a. accidental or unauthorized launching, firing, or use by United States numbered beach — In amphibious forces or United States supported allied operations, a subdivision of a colored beach, forces of a nuclear-capable weapon system designated for the assault landing of a that could create the risk of an outbreak of battalion landing team or similarly sized war; b. nuclear detonation; c. nonnuclear

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 unit, when landed as part of a larger force. (JP 3-02)

units for the purpose of prosecuting specific naval operations. See also fleet.

numbered fleet — A major tactical unit of numbered wave — See wave. the Navy immediately subordinate to a major fleet command and comprising numerical scale — See scale. various task forces, elements, groups, and

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O objective — 1. The clearly defined, decisive, obliquity — The characteristic in wide-angle and attainable goals towards which every or oblique photography that portrays the military operation should be directed. 2. terrain and objects at such an angle and The specific target of the action taken (for range that details necessary for example, a definite terrain feature, the interpretation are seriously masked or are seizure or holding of which is essential to at a very small scale, rendering the commander’s plan, or, an enemy force interpretation difficult or impossible. or capability without regard to terrain features). See also target. (JP 3-0) observation helicopter — (*) Helicopter used primarily for observation and objective area — (*) A defined reconnaissance, but which may be used for geographical area within which is located other roles. an objective to be captured or reached by the military forces. This area is defined by observation post — (*) A position from competent authority for purposes of which military observations are made, or command and control. Also called OA. fire directed and adjusted, and which possesses appropriate communications; objective force level — The level of military may be airborne. Also called OP. forces that needs to be attained within a finite time frame and resource level to observed fire — (*) Fire for which the point accomplish approved military objectives, of impact or burst can be seen by an missions, or tasks. See also military observer. The fire can be controlled and requirement. adjusted on the basis of observation. See also fire. obligated reservist — An individual who has a statutory requirement imposed by the observed fire procedure — (*) A Military Selective Service Act of 1967 or standardized procedure for use in adjusting Section 651, Title 10, United States Code, indirect fire on a target. to serve on active duty in the armed forces or to serve while not on active duty in a observer-target line — (*) An imaginary Reserve Component for a period not to straight line from the observer/spotter to the exceed that prescribed by the applicable target. See also spotting line. statute. observer-target range — The distance along oblique air photograph — (*) An air an imaginary straight line from the observer photograph taken with the camera axis or spotter to the target. directed between the horizontal and vertical planes. Commonly referred to as an obstacle — Any obstruction designed or “oblique.” a. High Oblique. One in which employed to disrupt, fix, turn, or block the the apparent horizon appears. b. Low movement of an opposing force, and to Oblique. One in which the apparent impose additional losses in personnel, time, horizon does not appear. and equipment on the opposing force. Obstacles can be natural, manmade, or a oblique air photograph strip — combination of both. (JP 3-15) Photographic strip composed of oblique air photographs.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 obstacle belt — A brigade-level command authority of the territory. See also civil and control measure, normally given affairs agreement. graphically, to show where within an obstacle zone the ground tactical Ocean Cargo Clearance Authority — The commander plans to limit friendly obstacle Military Traffic Management Command employment and focus the defense. It activity that books Department of Defense assigns an intent to the obstacle plan and (DOD) sponsored cargo and passengers for provides the necessary guidance on the surface movement, performs related overall effect of obstacles within a belt. See contract administration, and accomplishes also obstacle. (JP 3-15) export and import surface traffic management functions for DOD cargo obstacle clearing — The total elimination or moving within the Defense Transportation neutralization of obstacles. System. Also called OCCA. obstacle restricted areas — A command and ocean convoy — (*) A convoy whose voyage control measure used to limit the type or lies, in general, outside the continental shelf. number of obstacles within an area. See See also convoy. also obstacle. (JP 3-15) ocean manifest — (*) A detailed listing of obstacle zone — A division-level command the entire cargo loaded into any one ship and control measure, normally done showing all pertinent data which will graphically, to designate specific land areas readily identify such cargo and where and where lower echelons are allowed to how the cargo is stowed. employ tactical obstacles. See also obstacle. (JP 3-15) oceanography — The study of the sea, embracing and integrating all knowledge obstructor — (*) In naval mine warfare, a pertaining to the sea and its physical device laid with the sole object of boundaries, the chemistry and physics of obstructing or damaging mechanical seawater, and marine biology. minesweeping equipment. ocean station ship — (*) A ship assigned to occupational and environmental health operate within a specified area to provide threats — Threats to the health of military several services, including search and personnel and to military readiness created rescue, meteorological information, by exposure to hazardous agents, navigational aid, and communications environmental contamination, or toxic facilities. industrial materials. See also health threat. (JP 4-02) offensive counterair — Offensive operations to destroy, disrupt, or neutralize enemy occupation currency — See military aircraft, missiles, launch platforms, and currency. their supporting structures and systems both before and after launch, but as close to their occupied territory — Territory under the source as possible. Offensive counterair authority and effective control of a operations range throughout enemy belligerent armed force. The term is not territory and are generally conducted at the applicable to territory being administered initiative of friendly forces. These pursuant to peace terms, treaty, or other operations include attack operations, fighter agreement, express or implied, with the civil sweep, escort, and suppression of enemy

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 air defenses. Also called OCA. See also counterair; defensive counterair; operation. (JP 3-01)

assume command, or the officer to whom the senior officer has delegated tactical command. Also called OTC.

offensive counterair attack operations — officer of the deck — The officer of the deck Offensive action in support of the offensive under way has been designated by the counterair mission against surface targets commanding officer to be in charge of the that contribute to the enemy’s air power ship, including its safe and proper operation. capabilities. The objective of attack The officer of the deck reports directly to operations is to prevent the hostile use of the commanding officer for the safe aircraft and missile forces by attacking navigation and general operation of the targets such as missile launch sites, airfields, ship, to the executive officer (and command naval vessels, command and control nodes, duty officer if appointed) for carrying out munitions stockpiles, and supporting the ship’s routine, and to the navigator on infrastructure. Attack operations may be sighting navigational landmarks and performed by fixed- or rotary-wing aircraft, making course and speed changes. Also surface-to-surface weapons, special called OOD. (JP 3-04.1) operations forces, or ground forces. Also called OCA attack ops. See also official information — Information that is counterair; offensive counterair. owned by, produced for or by, or is subject to the control of the United States offensive information operations — The Government. integrated use of assigned and supporting capabilities and activities, mutually off-load preparation party — A temporary supported by intelligence, to affect task organization of Navy and Marine adversary decision makers to achieve or maintenance, embarkation, equipment promote specific objectives. These operators, and cargo-handling personnel capabilities and activities include but are deployed to the maritime pre-positioning not limited to operations security, military ship before or during its transit to the deception, psychological operations, objective area to prepare the ship’s off-load electronic warfare, physical attack and/or systems and embarked equipment for offdestruction, and special information load. Also called OPP. See also task operations, and could also include computer organization. (JP 4-01.8) network attack. See also computer network attack; defensive information offset bombing — (*) Any bombing operations; electronic warfare; procedure which employs a reference or information operations; intelligence; aiming point other than the actual target. military deception; operations security; psychological operations; special offset costs — Costs for which funds have information operations. (JP 3-13) been appropriated but will not be obligated because of a contingency operation. See offensive minefield — (*) In naval mine also contingency operation. (JP 1-06) warfare, a minefield laid in enemy territorial water or waters under enemy control. offset distance (nuclear) — The distance the desired ground zero or actual ground zero officer in tactical command — In maritime is offset from the center of an area target or usage, the senior officer present eligible to from a point target.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 offset lasing — The technique of aiming a laser designator at a point other than the target and, after laser acquisition, moving the laser to designate the target for terminal attack guidance. See also laser target designator. (JP 3-09.1) offshore assets — Oil and gas facilities, mining and industrial installations, ocean thermal energy conversion facilities, deep water ports, aids to navigation, and nuclear power plants located or in operation seaward of the coastline.

BTUs to interface with the shoreside systems. OPDS can support a two-line system for multiproduct discharge, but ship standoff distance is reduced from 4 to 2 miles. Amphibious construction battalions install the OPDS with underwater construction team assistance. OPDS are embarked on selected Ready Reserve Force tankers modified to support the system. Also called OPDS. See also facility; petroleum, oils, and lubricants; singleanchor leg mooring. (JP 4-01.6)

off-the-shelf item — An item that has been offshore bulk fuel system — The system developed and produced to military or used for transferring fuel from points commercial standards and specifications, is offshore to reception facilities on the beach. readily available for delivery from an It consists of two subsystems: amphibious industrial source, and may be procured assault bulk fuel system and the offshore without change to satisfy a military petroleum discharge system. See also requirement. amphibious assault bulk fuel system; offshore petroleum discharge system. oiler — (*) A naval or merchant tanker (JP 4-01.6) specially equipped and rigged for replenishing other ships at sea. offshore patrol — (*) A naval defense patrol operating in the outer areas of navigable on berth — Said of a ship when it is properly coastal waters. It is a part of the naval local moored to a quay, wharf, jetty, pier, or buoy defense forces consisting of naval ships and or when it is at anchor and available for aircraft and operates outside those areas loading or discharging passengers and assigned to the inshore patrol. cargo. offshore petroleum discharge system — on-call — 1. A term used to signify that a Provides a semipermanent, all-weather prearranged concentration, air strike, or facility for bulk transfer of petroleum, oils, final protective fire may be called for. 2. and lubricants (POL) directly from an Preplanned, identified force or materiel offshore tanker to a beach termination unit requirements without designated (BTU) located immediately inland from the time-phase and destination information. high watermark. POL then is either Such requirements will be called forward transported inland or stored in the beach upon order of competent authority. See also support area. Major offshore petroleum call for fire. discharge systems (OPDS) components are: the OPDS tanker with booster pumps and on-call resupply — A resupply mission spread mooring winches; a recoverable planned before insertion of a special single anchor leg mooring (SALM) to operations team into the operations area but accommodate tankers of up to 70,000 not executed until requested by the deadweight tons; ship to SALM hose lines; operating team. See also automatic up to 4 miles of 6-inch (internal diameter) resupply; emergency resupply. (JP 3-05.3) conduit for pumping to the beach; and two

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 on-call targets — Planned targets that are prepared with topping of some suitable known to exist in an operational area and material so as to permit effective materials are located in sufficient time for deliberate handling operations. See also storage. planning to meet emerging situations specific to campaign objectives. See also open ocean — Ocean limit defined as greater on-call; operational area; target. (JP 3-60) than 12 nautical miles (nm) from shore, as compared with high seas that are over 200 on-call target (nuclear) — A planned nuclear nm from shore. See also contiguous zone. target other than a scheduled nuclear target for which a need can be anticipated but open route — (*) A route not subject to traffic which will be delivered upon request rather or movement control restrictions. than at a specific time. Coordination and warning of friendly troops and aircraft are open-source intelligence — Information of mandatory. potential intelligence value that is available to the general public. Also called OSINT. on-call wave — See wave. See also intelligence. (JP 2-0) one day’s supply — (*) A unit or quantity of open unimproved wet space — That water supplies adopted as a standard of area specifically allotted to and usable for measurement, used in estimating the storage of floating equipment. See also average daily expenditure under stated storage. conditions. It may also be expressed in terms of a factor, e.g., rounds of ammunition operating forces — Those forces whose per weapon per day. primary missions are to participate in combat and the integral supporting one-look circuit — (*) A mine circuit which elements thereof. See also combat forces; requires actuation by a given influence once combat service support element; combat only. support elements. on hand — The quantity of an item that is operating level of supply — The quantities physically available in a storage location of materiel required to sustain operations and contained in the accountable property in the interval between requisitions or the book records of an issuing activity. arrival of successive shipments. These quantities should be based on the on-scene commander — 1. The person established replenishment period (monthly, designated to coordinate the rescue efforts quarterly, etc.) See also level of supply. at the rescue site. 2. Federal officer designated to direct federal crisis and operation — 1. A military action or the consequence management efforts at the carrying out of a strategic, operational, scene of a terrorist or weapons of mass tactical, service, training, or administrative destruction incident. Also called OSC. military mission. 2. The process of carrying on combat, including movement, supply, on-station time — The time an aircraft can attack, defense, and maneuvers needed to remain on station. May be determined by gain the objectives of any battle or endurance or orders. campaign. open improved storage space — Open area operational architecture — Descriptions of that has been graded and hard surfaced or the tasks, operational elements, and

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 information flows required to accomplish operational control — Command authority or support a warfighting function. that may be exercised by commanders at any echelon at or below the level of operational area — An overarching term combatant command. Operational control encompassing more descriptive terms for is inherent in combatant command geographic areas in which military (command authority) and may be delegated operations are conducted. Operational within the command. When forces are areas include, but are not limited to, such transferred between combatant commands, descriptors as area of responsibility, theater the command relationship the gaining of war, theater of operations, joint commander will exercise (and the losing operations area, amphibious objective area, commander will relinquish) over these joint special operations area, and area of forces must be specified by the Secretary operations. See also amphibious objective of Defense. Operational control is the area; area of operations; area of authority to perform those functions of responsibility; joint operations area; command over subordinate forces joint special operations area; theater of involving organizing and employing operations; theater of war. (JP 3-0) commands and forces, assigning tasks, designating objectives, and giving operational art — The employment of authoritative direction necessary to military forces to attain strategic and/or accomplish the mission. Operational operational objectives through the design, control includes authoritative direction over organization, integration, and conduct of all aspects of military operations and joint strategies, campaigns, major operations, training necessary to accomplish missions and battles. Operational art translates the assigned to the command. Operational joint force commander’s strategy into control should be exercised through the operational design and, ultimately, tactical commanders of subordinate organizations. action, by integrating the key activities at Normally this authority is exercised through all levels of war. (JP 3-0) subordinate joint force commanders and Service and/or functional component operational authority — That authority commanders. Operational control normally exercised by a commander in the chain of provides full authority to organize command, defined further as combatant commands and forces and to employ those command (command authority), forces as the commander in operational operational control, tactical control, or a control considers necessary to accomplish support relationship. See also combatant assigned missions; it does not, in and of command (command authority); in itself, include authoritative direction for support of; operational control; support; logistics or matters of administration, tactical control. (JP 0-2) discipline, internal organization, or unit training. Also called OPCON. See also operational characteristics — Those combatant command; combatant military characteristics that pertain command (command authority); tactical primarily to the functions to be performed control. (JP 0-2) by equipment, either alone or in conjunction with other equipment; e.g., for electronic operational control authority — (*) The equipment, operational characteristics naval commander responsible within a include such items as frequency coverage, specified geographical area for the naval channeling, type of modulation, and control of all merchant shipping under character of emission. Allied naval control. Also called OCA.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 operational decontamination — (*) environment in which hostile forces have Decontamination carried out by an control as well as the intent and capability individual and/or a unit, restricted to to effectively oppose or react to the specific parts of operationally essential operations a unit intends to conduct. equipment, materiel and/or working areas, (JP 3-05.3) in order to minimize contact and transfer hazards and to sustain operations. This may operational evaluation — The test and include decontamination of the analysis of a specific end item or system, individual beyond the scope of immediate insofar as practicable under Service decontamination, as well as operating conditions, in order to determine decontamination of mission-essential if quantity production is warranted spares and limited terrain decontamination. considering: a. the increase in military See also decontamination; immediate effectiveness to be gained; and b. its decontamination; thorough effectiveness as compared with currently decontamination. available items or systems, consideration being given to: (1) personnel capabilities operational design — The key to maintain and operate the equipment; (2) considerations used as a framework in the size, weight, and location considerations; course of planning for a campaign or major and (3) enemy capabilities in the field. See operation. See also campaign; major also technical evaluation. operation. (JP 5-00.1) operational intelligence — Intelligence that operational documentation — Visual is required for planning and conducting information documentation of activities to campaigns and major operations to convey information about people, places, accomplish strategic objectives within and things. It is general purpose theaters or operational areas. See also documentation normally accomplished in intelligence; strategic intelligence; peacetime. Also called OPDOC. See also tactical intelligence. (JP 2-0) visual information documentation. operational level of war — The level of war operational environment — A composite of at which campaigns and major operations the conditions, circumstances, and are planned, conducted, and sustained to influences that affect the employment of accomplish strategic objectives within military forces and bear on the decisions of theaters or other operational areas. the unit commander. Some examples are Activities at this level link tactics and as follows. a. permissive environment — strategy by establishing operational Operational environment in which host objectives needed to accomplish the country military and law enforcement strategic objectives, sequencing events to agencies have control as well as the intent achieve the operational objectives, initiating and capability to assist operations that a unit actions, and applying resources to bring intends to conduct. b. uncertain about and sustain these events. These environment — Operational environment activities imply a broader dimension of time in which host government forces, whether or space than do tactics; they ensure the opposed to or receptive to operations that a logistic and administrative support of unit intends to conduct, do not have totally tactical forces, and provide the means by effective control of the territory and which tactical successes are exploited to population in the intended operational area. achieve strategic objectives. See also c. hostile environment — Operational

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 strategic level of war; tactical level of war. (JP 3-0)

representative at each milestone beginning with Milestone I, Concept Demonstration Approval of the Requirements Generation Process. Also called ORD.

operationally ready — 1. A unit, ship, or weapon system capable of performing the missions or functions for which organized operational reserve — An emergency or designed. Incorporates both equipment reserve of men and/or materiel established readiness and personnel readiness. 2. for the support of a specific operation. See Personnel available and qualified to also reserve supplies. perform assigned missions or functions. operational route — (*) Land route allocated operational necessity — A mission to a command for the conduct of a specific associated with war or peacetime operations operation; derived from the corresponding in which the consequences of an action basic military route network. justify the risk of loss of aircraft and crew. See also mission. (JP 3-04.1) operational support airlift — Operational support airlift (OSA) missions are operational procedures — (*) The detailed movements of high-priority passengers and methods by which headquarters and units cargo with time, place, or mission-sensitive carry out their operational tasks. requirements. OSA aircraft are those fixed-wing aircraft acquired and/or retained operational reach — The distance and exclusively for OSA missions, as well as duration across which a unit can any other Department of Defense-owned successfully employ military capabilities. or controlled aircraft, fixed- or rotary-wing, (JP 3-0) used for OSA purposes. Also called OSA. See also aircraft. (JP 4-01) operational readiness — (*) The capability of a unit/formation, ship, weapon system, operational testing — A continuing process or equipment to perform the missions or of evaluation that may be applied to either functions for which it is organized or operational personnel or situations to designed. May be used in a general sense determine their validity or reliability. or to express a level or degree of readiness. Also called OR. See also combat operational training — (*) Training that readiness. develops, maintains, or improves the operational readiness of individuals or units. operational readiness evaluation — (*) An evaluation of the operational capability and operation and maintenance — Maintenance effectiveness of a unit or any portion and repair of real property, operation of thereof. utilities, and provision of other services such as refuse collection and disposal, operational requirement — See military entomology, snow removal, and ice requirement. alleviation. Also called O&M. (JP 4-04) Operational Requirements Document — operation annexes — Those amplifying A formatted statement containing instructions that are of such a nature, or are performance and related operational so voluminous or technical, as to make their parameters for the proposed concept or inclusion in the body of the plan or order system. Prepared by the user or user’s undesirable.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 operation exposure guide — The maximum amount of nuclear radiation that the commander considers a unit may be permitted to receive while performing a particular mission or missions. Also called OEG. See also radiation exposure status. operation map — A map showing the location and strength of friendly forces involved in an operation. It may indicate predicted movement and location of enemy forces. See also map. operation order — A directive issued by a commander to subordinate commanders for the purpose of effecting the coordinated execution of an operation. Also called OPORD.

Also called OPLAN. b. CONPLAN — An operation plan in an abbreviated format that would require considerable expansion or alteration to convert it into an OPLAN or OPORD. A CONPLAN contains the CINC’s Strategic Concept and those annexes and appendixes deemed necessary by the combatant commander to complete planning. Generally, detailed support requirements are not calculated and TPFDD files are not prepared. c. CONPLAN with TPFDD — A CONPLAN with TPFDD is the same as a CONPLAN except that it requires more detailed planning for phased deployment of forces. Also called CONPLAN. See also operation order; time-phased force and deployment data. (JP 5-0)

operation plan — Any plan, except for the operations center — The facility or location Single Integrated Operational Plan, for the on an installation, base, or facility used by conduct of military operations. Plans are the commander to command, control, and prepared by combatant commanders in coordinate all crisis activities. See also response to requirements established by the base defense operations center; Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and command center. (JP 3-07.2) by commanders of subordinate commands in response to requirements tasked by the operations research — The analytical study establishing unified commander. Operation of military problems undertaken to provide plans are prepared in either a complete responsible commanders and staff agencies format (OPLAN) or as a concept plan with a scientific basis for decision on action (CONPLAN). The CONPLAN can be to improve military operations. Also called published with or without a time-phased operational research; operations force and deployment data (TPFDD) file. analysis. a. OPLAN — An operation plan for the conduct of joint operations that can be used operations security — A process of as a basis for development of an operation identifying critical information and order (OPORD). An OPLAN identifies the subsequently analyzing friendly actions forces and supplies required to execute the attendant to military operations and other CINC’s Strategic Concept and a movement activities to: a. identify those actions that schedule of these resources to the theater can be observed by adversary intelligence of operations. The forces and supplies are systems; b. determine indicators that identified in TPFDD files. OPLANs will hostile intelligence systems might obtain include all phases of the tasked operation. that could be interpreted or pieced together The plan is prepared with the appropriate to derive critical information in time to be annexes, appendixes, and TPFDD files as useful to adversaries; and c. select and described in the Joint Operation Planning execute measures that eliminate or reduce and Execution System manuals containing to an acceptable level the vulnerabilities of planning policies, procedures, and formats. friendly actions to adversary exploitation.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 Also called OPSEC. See also command and control warfare; operations security indicators; operations security measures; operations security planning guidance; operations security vulnerabilbity. (JP 3-07.2)

friendly and adversary goals, estimated key adversary questions, probable adversary knowledge, desirable and harmful adversary appreciations, and pertinent intelligence system threats. It also should outline provisional operations security measures to ensure the requisite essential secrecy.

operations security indicators — Friendly detectable actions and open-source information that can be interpreted or pieced operations security vulnerability — A together by an adversary to derive critical condition in which friendly actions provide information. operations security indicators that may be obtained and accurately evaluated by an operations security measures — Methods adversary in time to provide a basis for and means to gain and maintain essential effective adversary decisionmaking. secrecy about critical information. The following categories apply. a. action operations to restore order — Operations control — The objective is to eliminate intended to halt violence and support, indicators or the vulnerability of actions to reinstate, or establish civil authorities. They exploitation by adversary intelligence are designed to return an unstable and systems. Personnel will select what actions lawless environment to the point where to undertake; decide whether or not to indigenous police forces can effectively execute actions; and determine the “who,” enforce the law and restore civil authority. “when,” “where,” and “how” for actions See also operation; peace operations. necessary to accomplish tasks. b. (JP 3-07.3) countermeasures — The objective is to disrupt effective adversary information opportune lift — That portion of lift gathering or prevent their recognition of capability available for use after planned indicators when collected materials are requirements have been met. processed. Use diversions, camouflage, concealment, jamming, threats, police opportunity target — See target of powers, and force against adversary opportunity. information gathering and processing capabilities. c. counteranalysis — The opposite numbers — Officers (including objective is to prevent accurate foreign) having corresponding duty interpretations of indicators during assignments within their respective Military adversary analysis of collected materials. Services or establishments. This is done by confusing the adversary analyst through deception techniques such optical axis — (*) In a lens element, the as covers. straight line which passes through the centers of curvature of the lens surfaces. operations security planning guidance — In an optical system, the line formed by the Guidance that serves as the blueprint for coinciding principal axes of the series of operations security planning by all optical elements. functional elements throughout the organization. It defines the critical optical minehunting — (*) The use of an information that requires protection from optical system (e.g., television or towed adversary appreciations, taking into account diver) to detect and classify mines or

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 minelike objects on or protruding from the order of battle — (*) The identification, seabed. strength, command structure, and disposition of the personnel, units, and optimum height — (*) The height of an equipment of any military force. Also called explosion which will produce the maximum OB; OOB. (JP 2-01.3) effect against a given target. order time — 1. The time elapsing between optimum height of burst — (*) For nuclear the initiation of stock replenishment action weapons and for a particular target (or area), and submittal of requisition or order. 2. The the height at which it is estimated a weapon time elapsing between the submittal of of a specified energy yield will produce a requisition or order and shipment of certain desired effect over the maximum materiel by the supplying activity. See also possible area. order and shipping time. orbital injection — The process of providing ordinary transport — (*) In railway a space vehicle with sufficient velocity to terminology, transport of a load whose size, establish an orbit. weight, or preparation does not entail special difficulties vis-à-vis the facilities or orbit determination — The process of equipment of the railway systems to be describing the past, present, or predicted used. See also exceptional transport. position of a satellite in terms of orbital parameters. ordnance — Explosives, chemicals, pyrotechnics, and similar stores, e.g., orbit point — (*) A geographically or bombs, guns and ammunition, flares, electronically defined location used in smoke, or napalm. stationing aircraft in flight during tactical operations when a predetermined pattern organic — Assigned to and forming an is not established. See also holding point. essential part of a military organization. Organic parts of a unit are those listed in its order — (*) A communication, written, oral, table of organization for the Army, Air or by signal, which conveys instructions Force, and Marine Corps, and are assigned from a superior to a subordinate. (DOD to the administrative organizations of the only) In a broad sense, the terms “order” operating forces for the Navy. and “command” are synonymous. However, an order implies discretion as to organizational equipment — Referring to the details of execution whereas a command method of use: signifies that equipment does not. (other than individual equipment) used in furtherance of the common mission of an order and shipping time — The time organization or unit. See also equipment. elapsing between the initiation of stock replenishment action for a specific activity organizational maintenance — That and the receipt by that activity of the maintenance that is the responsibility of and materiel resulting from such action. Order performed by a using organization on its and shipping time is applicable only to assigned equipment. Its phases normally materiel within the supply system, and it is consist of inspecting, servicing, lubricating, composed of the distinct elements, order and adjusting, as well as the replacing of time, and shipping time. See also level of parts, minor assemblies, and subassemblies. supply.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 organization for combat — In amphibious of a convoy or an individual ship (whether operations, task organization of landing in convoy or independent). This is force units for combat, involving particularly applicable to the original combinations of command, ground and destination of a voyage begun in peacetime. aviation combat, combat support, and combat service support units for original negative — See generation accomplishment of missions ashore. See (photography). also amphibious operation; task organization. (JP 3-02) original positive — See generation (photography). organization for embarkation — In amphibious operations, the organization for originating medical facility — (*) A embarkation consisting of temporary medical facility that initially transfers a landing force task organizations established patient to another medical facility. by the commander, landing force and a temporary organization of Navy forces originator — The command by whose established by the commander, amphibious authority a message is sent. The task force for the purpose of simplifying responsibility of the originator includes the planning and facilitating the execution of responsibility for the functions of the drafter embarkation. See also amphibious and the releasing officer. See also releasing operation; embarkation; landing force; officer. task organization. (JP 3-02) oropesa sweep — (*) In naval mine warfare, organization for landing — In amphibious a form of sweep in which a length of sweep operations, the specific tactical grouping of wire is towed by a single ship, lateral the landing force for the assault. (JP 3-02) displacement being caused by an otter and depth being controlled at the ship end by a organization of the ground — (*) The kite and at the other end by a float and float development of a defensive position by wire. strengthening the natural defenses of the terrain and by assignment of the occupying orthomorphic projection — (*) A troops to specific localities. projection in which the scale, although varying throughout the map, is the same in Organized Crime Drug Enforcement Task all directions at any point, so that very small Force — A network of 13 regional areas are represented by correct shape and organized crime drug enforcement task bearings are correct. forces designed to coordinate Federal law enforcement efforts to combat the national oscillating mine — (*) A mine, and international organizations that hydrostatically controlled, which maintains cultivate, process, and distribute illicit a pre-set depth below the surface of the drugs. Also called OCDETF. (JP 3-07.4) water independently of the rise and fall of the tide. See also mine. origin — Beginning point of a deployment where unit or non-unit-related cargo or other detainee — Person in the custody of personnel are located. the US Armed Forces who has not been classified as an enemy prisoner of war original destination — (*) In naval control (article 4, Geneva Convention of 1949 of shipping, the original final destination Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 War (GPW)), retained personnel (article 33, outer landing ship areas — In amphibious GPW), or civilian internee (article 78, operations, areas to which landing ships Geneva Convention). Also called OD. See proceed initially after their arrival in the also civilian internee; custody; detainee; objective area. They are usually located prisoner of war; retained personnel. on the flanks of the outer transport areas. (JP 1-0) (JP 3-02) other war reserve materiel requirement — outer transport area — In amphibious War reserve materiel requirement less the operations, an area inside the antisubmarine pre-positioned war reserve materiel screen to which assault transports proceed requirement. initially after arrival in the objective area. See also inner transport area; transport other war reserve materiel requirement, area. balance — That portion of the other war reserve materiel requirement that has not outline map — (*) A map which represents been acquired or funded. This level consists just sufficient geographic information to of the other war reserve materiel permit the correlation of additional data requirement less the other war reserve placed upon it. materiel requirement protectable. outline plan — (*) A preliminary plan which other war reserve materiel requirement, outlines the salient features or principles of protectable — The portion of the other war a course of action prior to the initiation of reserve materiel requirement that is detailed planning. protected for purposes of procurement, funding, and inventory management. outsized cargo — A single item of cargo, too large for palletization or containerization, other war reserve stock — The quantity of that exceeds 1090 inches long by 111 inches an item acquired and placed in stock against wide by 105 inches high. Requires the other war reserve materiel requirement. transport by sea or use of a C-5 or C-17 aircraft for transport by air. See also otter — (*) In naval mine warfare, a device oversized cargo. (JP 4-01.6) which, when towed, displaces itself sideways to a predetermined distance. overhaul — The restoration of an item to a completely serviceable condition as outbound traffic — Traffic originating in the prescribed by maintenance serviceability continental United States destined for standards. See also rebuild; repair. overseas or overseas traffic moving in a general direction away from the continental overhead clearance — The vertical distance United States. between the route surface and any obstruction above it. outer fix — A fix in the destination terminal area, other than the approach fix, to which overlap — 1. In photography, the amount by aircraft are normally cleared by an air route which one photograph includes the same traffic control center or a terminal area area covered by another, customarily traffic control facility, and from which expressed as a percentage. The overlap aircraft are cleared to the approach fix or between successive air photographs on a final approach course. flight line is called “forward overlap.” The

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 overlap between photographs in adjacent overseas search and rescue region — parallel flight lines is called “side overlap.” Overseas unified command areas (or 2. In cartography, that portion of a map or portions thereof not included within the chart that overlaps the area covered by inland region or the maritime region). See another of the same series. 3. In naval mine also search and rescue region. warfare, the width of that part of the swept path of a ship or formation that is also swept oversized cargo — Large items of specific by an adjacent sweeper or formation or is equipment such as a barge, side loadable reswept on the next adjacent lap. warping tug, causeway section, powered, or causeway section, nonpowered. overlay — A printing or drawing on a Requires transport by sea. See also transparent or semi-transparent medium at outsized cargo. (JP 4-01.6) the same scale as a map, chart, etc., to show details not appearing or requiring special over the beach operations — See logistics emphasis on the original. over-the-shore operations. overpressure — (*) The pressure resulting over-the-horizon amphibious operations from the blast wave of an explosion. It is — An operational initiative launched from referred to as “positive” when it exceeds beyond visual and radar range of the atmospheric pressure and “negative” during shoreline. (JP 3-02) the passage of the wave when resulting pressures are less than atmospheric over-the-horizon radar — A radar system pressure. that makes use of the atmospheric reflection and refraction phenomena to extend its overprint — (*) Information printed or range of detection beyond line of sight. stamped upon a map or chart, in addition Over-the-horizon radars may be either to that originally printed, to show data of forward scatter or back scatter systems. importance or special use. overt operation — An operation conducted overseas — All locations, including Alaska openly, without concealment. See also and Hawaii, outside the continental United clandestine operation; covert operation. States. (JP 3-05.3) Overseas Environmental Baseline overt peacetime psychological operations Guidance Document — A set of objective programs — Those programs developed criteria and management practices by combatant commands, in coordination developed by the Department of Defense with the chiefs of US diplomatic missions, to protect human health and the that plan, support, and provide for the environment. Also called OEBGD. conduct of psychological operations, during (JP 4-04) military operations other than war, in support of US regional objectives, policies, interests, and theater military missions. Also called OP3. See also consolidation psychological operations; psychological operations. (JP 3-53)

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002

P pace — (*) For ground forces, the speed of a palletized load system — A truck with column or element regulated to maintain a hydraulic load handling mechanism, trailer, prescribed average speed. and flatrack system capable of self-loading and -unloading. Truck and companion pace setter — (*) An individual, selected by trailer each have a 16.5 ton payload the column commander, who travels in the capacity. Also called PLS. See also lead vehicle or element to regulate the flatrack. (JP 4-01.7) column speed and establish the pace necessary to meet the required movement palletized load system flatrack — Topless, order. sideless container component of palletized load system, some of which conform to packaged forces — Forces of varying size International Organization for and composition preselected for specific Standardization specifications. See also missions in order to facilitate planning and palletized load system. (JP 4-01.7) training. palletized unit load — (*) Quantity of any packaged petroleum product — A item, packaged or unpackaged, which is petroleum product (generally a lubricant, arranged on a pallet in a specified manner oil, grease, or specialty item) normally and securely strapped or fastened thereto packaged by a manufacturer and procured, so that the whole is handled as a unit. stored, transported, and issued in containers having a fill capacity of 55 United States panel code — (*) A prearranged code gallons (or 45 Imperial gallons, or 205 designed for visual communications, liters) or less. usually between friendly units, by making use of marking panels. See also marking packup kit — Service-provided maintenance panel. gear including spare parts and consumables most commonly needed by the deployed panoramic camera — (*) 1. In aerial helicopter detachment. Supplies are photography, a camera which, through a sufficient for a short-term deployment but system of moving optics or mirrors, scans do not include all material needed for every a wide area of the terrain, usually from maintenance task. Also called PUK. horizon to horizon. The camera may be (JP 3-04.1) mounted vertically or obliquely within the aircraft, to scan across or along the line of padding — Extraneous text added to a flight. 2. In ground photography, a camera message for the purpose of concealing its which photographs a wide expanse of beginning, ending, or length. terrain by rotating horizontally about the vertical axis through the center of the pallet — (*) 1. A flat base for combining camera lens. stores or carrying a single item to form a unit load for handling, transportation, and parachute deployment height — (*) The storage by materials handling equipment. height above the intended impact point at 2. (DOD only) 463L pallet – An 88” x which the parachute or parachutes are fully 108” aluminum flat base used to facilitate deployed. the upload and download of aircraft.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 paradrop — (*) Delivery by parachute of partial mission-capable — Material personnel or cargo from an aircraft in flight. condition of an aircraft or training device indicating that it can perform at least one parallel chains of command — In but not all of its missions. Also called amphibious operations, a parallel system PMC. See also full mission-capable; of command, responding to the mission-capable; partial missioninterrelationship of Navy, landing force, Air capable, maintenance; partial missionForce, and other major forces assigned, capable, supply. wherein corresponding commanders are established at each subordinate level of all partial mission-capable, maintenance — components to facilitate coordinated Material condition of an aircraft or training planning for, and execution of, the device indicating that it can perform at least amphibious operation. (JP 3-02.2) one but not all of its missions because of maintenance requirements existing on the parallel sheaf — In artillery and naval gunfire inoperable subsystem(s). Also called support, a sheaf in which the planes (lines) PMCM. See also full mission-capable; of fire of all pieces are parallel. See also mission-capable; partial missionconverged sheaf. capable; partial mission-capable, supply. parallel staff — (*) A staff in which one partial mission-capable, supply — Material officer from each nation, or Service, condition of an aircraft or training device working in parallel is appointed to each indicating it can perform at least one but post. See also multinational staff; not all of its missions because maintenance integrated staff; joint staff. required to clear the discrepancy cannot continue due to a supply shortage. Also paramilitary forces — Forces or groups called PMCS. See also full missiondistinct from the regular armed forces of capable; mission-capable; partial any country, but resembling them in mission-capable; partial missionorganization, equipment, training, or capable, maintenance. mission. partial mobilization — See mobilization, pararescue team — Specially trained Part 2. personnel qualified to penetrate to the site of an incident by land or parachute, render partial storage monitoring — A periodic medical aid, accomplish survival methods, inspection of major assemblies or and rescue survivors. Also called PRT. components for nuclear weapons, consisting mainly of external observation parlimentaire — An agent employed by a of humidity, temperatures, and visual commander of belligerent forces in the field damage or deterioration during storage. to go in person within the enemy lines for This type of inspection is also conducted the purpose of communicating or prior to and upon completion of a negotiating openly and directly with the movement. enemy commander. partisan warfare — Not to be used. See parrot — Identification friend or foe guerrilla warfare. transponder equipment.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 part number — A combination of numbers, in the missile utilizes radiation from the letters, and symbols assigned by a designer, target. a manufacturer, or vendor to identify a specific part or item of materiel. passive mine — (*) 1. A mine whose anticountermining device has been operated pass — 1. A short tactical run or dive by an preventing the firing mechanism from being aircraft at a target. 2. A single sweep actuated. The mine will usually remain through or within firing range of an enemy passive for a comparatively short time. 2. air formation. A mine which does not emit a signal to detect the presence of a target. See also passage of lines — An operation in which a active mine. force moves forward or rearward through another force’s combat positions with the passive or responsive public affairs policy intention of moving into or out of contact — A responsive posture by which no direct with the enemy. A passage may be effort is made to initiate, or participate in, designated as a forward or rearward passage the public discussion about an issue or of lines. activity. When a passive policy is in effect, authorities must be prepared to respond to passenger mile — One passenger transported news media inquiries about the issue or one mile. For air and ocean transport, use activity — to make brief statements to avoid nautical miles; for rail, highway, and inland confusion, speculation, misunderstanding, waterway transport in the continental or false information that may prevail if news United States, use statute miles. media queries go unanswered. See also public affairs. (JP 3-61) passive — (*) In surveillance, an adjective applied to actions or equipments which emit pass time — (*) In road transport, the time no energy capable of being detected. that elapses between the moment when the leading vehicle of a column passes a given passive air defense — All measures, other point and the moment when the last vehicle than active air defense, taken to minimize passes the same point. the effectiveness of hostile air and missile threats against friendly forces and assets. password — (*) A secret word or distinctive These measures include camouflage, sound used to reply to a challenge. See also concealment, deception, dispersion, challenge; countersign. reconstitution, redundancy, detection and warning systems, and the use of protective pathfinder drop zone control — The construction. See also air defense; communication and operation center from concealment, deception, dispersion. which pathfinders exercise aircraft (JP 3-01) guidance. passive defense — Measures taken to reduce pathfinder landing zone control — See the probability of and to minimize the pathfinder drop zone control. effects of damage caused by hostile action without the intention of taking the initiative. pathfinders — 1. Experienced aircraft crews See also active defense. who lead a formation to the drop zone, release point, or target. 2. Teams dropped passive homing guidance — (*) A system or air landed at an objective to establish and of homing guidance wherein the receiver operate navigational aids for the purpose

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 of guiding aircraft to drop and landing security mission. See also combat air zones. 3. A radar device used for patrol. navigating or homing to an objective when visibility precludes accurate visual pattern bombing — The systematic covering navigation. 4. Teams air delivered into of a target area with bombs uniformly enemy territory for the purpose of distributed according to a plan. determining the best approach and withdrawal lanes, landing zones, and sites pattern laying — (*) In land mine warfare, for helicopterborne forces. the laying of mines in a fixed relationship to each other. pathogen — A disease-producing microorganism. (JP 3-11) payload — (*) 1. The sum of the weight of passengers and cargo that an aircraft can patient — A sick, injured, wounded, or other carry. See also load. 2. The warhead, its person requiring medical and/or dental care container, and activating devices in a or treatment. military missile. 3. The satellite or research vehicle of a space probe or research missile. patient movement — The act or process of 4. The load (expressed in tons of cargo or moving a sick, injured, wounded, or other equipment, gallons of liquid, or number of person to obtain medical and/or dental care passengers) which the vehicle is designed or treatment. Functions include medical to transport under specified conditions of regulating, patient evacuation, and en route operation, in addition to its unladen weight. medical care. See also patient; patient movement items; patient movement payload build-up (missile and space) — The requirements center. (JP 4-02) process by which the scientific instrumentation (sensors, detectors, etc.) patient movement items — The medical and necessary mechanical and electronic equipment and supplies required to support subassemblies are assembled into a patients during aeromedical evacuation. complete operational package capable of Also called PMIs. achieving the scientific objectives of the mission. patient movement requirements center — A joint activity that coordinates patient payload integration (missile and space) — movement. It is the functional merging of The compatible installation of a complete joint medical regulating processes, payload package into the spacecraft and Services’ medical regulating processes, and space vehicle. coordination with movement components for patient evacuation. This may be joint, payload (missile) — See payload, Part 2. reporting to the joint task force surgeon; theater, reporting to the theater surgeon; or P-day — That point in time at which the rate global, reporting to the United States of production of an item available for Transportation Command surgeon. Also military consumption equals the rate at called PMRC. See also patient. (JP 4-02) which the item is required by the Armed Forces. patrol — (*) A detachment of ground, sea, or air forces sent out for the purpose of peace building — Post-conflict actions, gathering information or carrying out a predominately diplomatic and economic, destructive, harassing, mopping-up, or that strengthen and rebuild governmental

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 infrastructure and institutions in order to avoid a relapse into conflict. See also peace enforcement; peacekeeping; peacemaking; peace operations. (JP 3-07)

provide a materiel pipeline, and sustain the United States force structure (active and reserve) and those allied forces designated for United States peacetime support in current Secretary of Defense guidance (including approved supply support arrangements with foreign military sales countries) and to support the scheduled establishment through normal appropriation and procurement leadtime periods.

peace enforcement — Application of military force, or the threat of its use, normally pursuant to international authorization, to compel compliance with resolutions or sanctions designed to maintain or restore peace and order. See also peace building; peacekeeping; peacemaking; peace operations. (JP 3-07) peacetime materiel consumption and losses — The quantity of an item consumed, lost, peacekeeping — Military operations or worn out beyond economical repair undertaken with the consent of all major through normal appropriation and parties to a dispute, designed to monitor and procurement leadtime periods. facilitate implementation of an agreement (ceasefire, truce, or other such agreement) peak overpressure — (*) The maximum and support diplomatic efforts to reach a value of overpressure at a given location long-term political settlement. See also which is generally experienced at the instant peace building; peace enforcement; the shock (or blast) wave reaches that peacemaking; peace operations. (JP 3-07) location.

peacemaking — The process of diplomacy, pecuniary liability — A personal, joint, or mediation, negotiation, or other forms of corporate monetary obligation to make peaceful settlements that arranges an end good any lost, damaged, or destroyed to a dispute and resolves issues that led to property resulting from fault or neglect. It it. See also peace building; peace may also result under conditions stipulated enforcement; peacekeeping; peace in a contract or bond. operations. (JP 3-07) pencil beam — (*) A searchlight beam peace operations — A broad term that reduced to, or set at, its minimum width. encompasses peacekeeping operations and peace enforcement operations conducted in penetration — (*) In land operations, a form support of diplomatic efforts to establish of offensive which seeks to break through and maintain peace. Also called PO. See the enemy’s defense and disrupt the also peace building; peace enforcement; defensive system. peacekeeping; and peacemaking. (JP 3-07) penetration aids — Techniques and/or peacetime force materiel assets — That devices employed by offensive aerospace portion of total materiel assets that is weapon systems to increase the probability designated to meet the peacetime force of penetration of enemy defenses. materiel requirement. See also war reserves. penetration (air traffic control) — That portion of a published high altitude peacetime force materiel requirement — instrument approach procedure that The quantity of an item required to equip, prescribes a descent path from the fix on

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 which the procedure is based to a fix or altitude from which an approach to the airport is made.

or its equivalent and higher) usually at intervals of 24 hours, or as directed by the commander. Also called PERINTSUM.

penetration (intelligence) — The period — The time it takes for a satellite to recruitment of agents within or the complete one orbit around the earth. As a infiltration of agents or technical rule of thumb, satellites with periods of 87.5 monitoring devices in an organization or minutes are on the verge of reentry. group for the purpose of acquiring information or of influencing its activities. period of interest — A period of time in which a launch of a missile is expected. percentage clearance — (*) In mine warfare, Also called POI. the estimated percentage of mines of specified characteristics which have been perishable cargo — Cargo requiring cleared from an area or channel. refrigeration, such as meat, fruit, fresh vegetables, and medical department perception management — Actions to biologicals. convey and/or deny selected information and indicators to foreign audiences to perishable target — A force or activity at a influence their emotions, motives, and specific location whose value as a target can objective reasoning as well as to intelligence decrease substantially during a specified systems and leaders at all levels to influence time. A significant decrease in value occurs official estimates, ultimately resulting in when the target moves or the operational foreign behaviors and official actions circumstances change to the extent that the favorable to the originator’s objectives. In target is no longer lucrative. See also various ways, perception management target. (JP 3-05.3) combines truth projection, operations security, cover and deception, and permafrost — Permanently frozen subsoil. psychological operations. See also psychological operations. permanent echo — Any dense and fixed radar return caused by reflection of energy perils of the sea — Accidents and dangers from the Earth’s surface or manmade peculiar to maritime activities, such as structure. Distinguished from “ground storms, waves, and wind; collision; clutter” by being from definable locations grounding; fire, smoke and noxious fumes; rather than large areas. flooding, sinking and capsizing; loss of propulsion or steering; and any other permissive action link — A device included hazards resulting from the unique in or attached to a nuclear weapon system environment of the sea. to preclude arming and/or launching until the insertion of a prescribed discrete code perimeter defense — A defense without an or combination. It may include equipment exposed flank, consisting of forces and cabling external to the weapon or deployed along the perimeter of the weapon system to activate components defended area. within the weapon or weapon system. periodic intelligence summary — A report permissive environment — See operational of the intelligence situation in a tactical environment. operation (normally produced at corps level

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 persistency — (*) In biological or chemical person in custody — Any person under the warfare, the characteristic of an agent which direct control and protection of US forces. pertains to the duration of its effectiveness under determined conditions after its personnel — Those individuals required in dispersal. either a military or civilian capacity to accomplish the assigned mission. persistent agent — A chemical agent that, when released, remains able to cause personnel increment number — A casualties for more than 24 hours to several seven-character, alphanumeric field that days or weeks. (JP 3-11) uniquely describes a non-unit-related personnel entry (line) in a Joint Operation personal effects — All privately owned Planning and Execution System moveable, personal property of an time-phased force and deployment data. individual. Also called PE. See also Also called PIN. mortuary affairs; personal property. (JP 4-06) personnel reaction time (nuclear) — (*) The time required by personnel to take personal locator beacon — (*) An prescribed protective measures after receipt emergency radio locator beacon with a of a nuclear strike warning. two-way speech facility carried by crew members, either on their person or in their personnel recovery — The aggregation of survival equipment, and capable of military, civil, and political efforts to obtain providing homing signals to assist search the release or recovery of personnel from and rescue operations. Also called PLB. uncertain or hostile environments and See also crash locator beacon; emergency denied areas whether they are captured, locator beacon. missing, or isolated. That includes US, allied, coalition, friendly military, or personal property — Property of any kind paramilitary, and others as designated by or any interest therein, except real property, the National Command Authorities. records of the Federal Government, and Personnel recovery (PR) is the umbrella naval vessels of the following categories: term for operations that are focused on the surface combatants, support ships, and task of recovering captured, missing, or submarines. isolated personnel from harm’s way. PR includes but is not limited to theater search person authorized to direct disposition of and rescue; combat search and rescue; remains — A person, usually primary next search and rescue; survival, evasion, of kin, who is authorized to direct resistance, and escape; evasion and escape; disposition of remains. Also called PADD. and the coordination of negotiated as well See also mortuary affairs. (JP 4-06) as forcible recovery options. PR can occur through military action, action by person eligible to receive effects — The nongovernmental organizations, other US person authorized by law to receive the Government-approved action, and/or personal effects of a deceased military diplomatic initiatives, or through any of member. Receipt of personal effects does these. Also called PR. See also combat not constitute ownership. Also called search and rescue; evasion; evasion and PERE. See also mortuary affairs; escape; personnel; recovery; search and personal effects. (JP 4-06) rescue. (JP 3-50.21)

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 personnel security investigation — An phonetic alphabet — A list of standard words inquiry into the activities of an individual, used to identify letters in a message designed to develop pertinent information transmitted by radio or telephone. The pertaining to trustworthiness and suitability following are the authorized words, listed for a position of trust as related to loyalty, in order, for each letter in the alphabet: character, emotional stability, and ALFA, BRAVO, CHARLIE, DELTA, reliability. Also called PSI. ECHO, FOXTROT, GOLF, HOTEL, INDIA, JULIETT, KILO, LIMA, MIKE, perspective grid — (*) A network of lines, NOVEMBER, OSCAR, PAPA, QUEBEC, drawn or superimposed on a photograph, ROMEO, SIERRA, TANGO, UNIFORM, to represent the perspective of a systematic VICTOR, WHISKEY, X-RAY, YANKEE, network of lines on the ground or datum and ZULU. plane. phoney minefield — (*) An area free of live petroleum intersectional service — (*) An mines used to simulate a minefield, or intersectional or interzonal service in a section of a minefield, with the object of theater of operations that operates pipelines deceiving the enemy. See also gap, and related facilities for the supply of bulk minefield. petroleum products to theater Army elements and other forces as directed. photoflash bomb — (*) A bomb designed to produce a brief and intense illumination petroleum, oils, and lubricants — (*) A for medium altitude night photography. broad term which includes all petroleum and associated products used by the Armed photoflash cartridge — (*) A pyrotechnic Forces. Also called POL. cartridge designed to produce a brief and intense illumination for low altitude night phase line — A line utilized for control and photography. coordination of military operations, usually an easily identified feature in the operational photogrammetric control — (*) Control area. established by photogrammetric methods as distinguished from control established phases of military government — 1. assault by ground methods. Also called minor — That period which commences with the control. first contact with civilians ashore and extends to the establishment of military photogrammetry — (*) The science or art government control ashore by the landing of obtaining reliable measurements from force. 2. consolidation — That period photographic images. which commences with the establishment of military government ashore by the photographic coverage — The extent to landing force and extends to the which an area is covered by photography establishment of control by occupation from one mission or a series of missions or forces. 3. occupation — That period in a period of time. Coverage, in this sense, which commences when an area has been conveys the idea of availability of occupied in fact, and the military photography and is not a synonym for the commander within that area is in a position word “photography.” to enforce public safety and order. See also civil affairs; military occupation.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 photographic intelligence — The collected physical characteristics — Those military products of photographic interpretation, characteristics of equipment that are classified and evaluated for intelligence use. primarily physical in nature, such as weight, Also called PHOTINT. shape, volume, water-proofing, and sturdiness. photographic interpretation — See imagery interpretation. physical damage assessment — The estimate of the quantitative extent of photographic panorama — A continuous physical damage (through munition blast, photograph or an assemblage of fragmentation, and/or fire damage effects) overlapping oblique or ground photographs to a target resulting from the application of that have been matched and joined together military force. This assessment is based to form a continuous photographic upon observed or interpreted damage. See representation of the area. also damage assessment; target. (JP 3-60) photographic reading — (*) The simple physical security — (*) That part of security recognition of natural or manmade features concerned with physical measures designed from photographs not involving imagery to safeguard personnel; to prevent interpretation techniques. unauthorized access to equipment, installations, material, and documents; and photographic scale — (*) The ratio of a to safeguard them against espionage, distance measured on a photograph or sabotage, damage, and theft. See also mosaic to the corresponding distance on the communications security; security. ground, classified as follows: a. very large scale — 1:4,999 and larger; pictomap — A topographic map in which b. large scale — 1:5,000 to 1:9,999; the photographic imagery of a standard c. medium scale — 1:10,000 to 1:24,999; mosaic has been converted into d. small scale — 1:25,000 to 1:49,999; interpretable colors and symbols by means e. very small scale — 1:50,000 and smaller. of a pictomap process. See also scale. pictorial symbolization — (*) The use of photographic strip — (*) Series of symbols which convey the visual character successive overlapping photographs taken of the features they represent. along a selected course or direction. Pierson-Moskowitz scale — A scale that photo interpretation key — See imagery categorizes the force of progressively interpretation key. higher wind speeds. See also sea state. (JP 4-01.6) photomap — (*) A reproduction of a photograph or photomosaic upon which the pillbox — (*) A small, low fortification that grid lines, marginal data, contours, place houses machine guns, antitank weapons, names, boundaries, and other data may be etc. A pillbox is usually made of concrete, added. steel, or filled sandbags. photo nadir — (*) The point at which a pilot’s trace — (*) A rough overlay to a map vertical line through the perspective center made by the pilot of a photographic of the camera lens intersects the photo reconnaissance aircraft during or plane. immediately after a sortie. It shows the

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 location, direction, number, and order of photographic runs made, together with the camera(s) used on each run.

individually prepared naval and landing force documents which, taken together, present in detail all instructions for execution of the ship-to-shore movement. (JP 3-02.2)

pinpoint — (*) 1. A precisely identified point, especially on the ground, that locates a very small target, a reference point for plan identification number — 1. A rendezvous or for other purposes; the command-unique four-digit number coordinates that define this point. 2. The followed by a suffix indicating the Joint ground position of aircraft determined by Strategic Capabilities Plan (JSCP) year for direct observation of the ground. which the plan is written, e.g., “2220-95”. 2. In the Joint Operation Planning and pinpoint photograph — (*) A single Execution System (JOPES) database, a photograph or a stereo pair of a specific five-digit number representing the object or target. command-unique four-digit identifier, followed by a one-character, alphabetic pinpoint target — (*) In artillery and naval suffix indicating the operation plan option, gunfire support, a target less than 50 meters or a one-digit number numeric value in diameter. indicating the JSCP year for which the plan is written. Also called PID. pipeline — (*) In logistics, the channel of support or a specific portion thereof by planimetric map — A map representing only means of which materiel or personnel flow the horizontal position of features. from sources of procurement to their point Sometimes called a line map. See also map. of use. plan information capability — The piracy — An illegal act of violence, capability that allows a supported command depredation (e.g., plundering, robbing, or to enter and update key elements of pillaging), or detention in or over information in an operation plan stored in international waters committed for private the Joint Operation Planning and Execution ends by the crew or passengers of a private System. ship or aircraft against another ship or aircraft or against persons or property on planned airlift requests — Requests board such ship or aircraft. generated to meet airlift requirements that can be forecast or where requirements can pitch — (*) 1. The movement of an aircraft be anticipated and published in the air or ship about its transverse axis. 2. In air tasking order. See also air tasking order. photography, the camera rotation about the (JP 3-17) transverse axis of the aircraft. Also called tip. planned target (nuclear) — A nuclear target planned on an area or point in which a need pitch angle — (*) The angle between the is anticipated. A planned nuclear target may aircraft’s longitudinal axis and the be scheduled or on call. Firing data for a horizontal plane. Also called inclination planned nuclear target may or may not be angle. determined in advance. Coordination and warning of friendly troops and aircraft are plan for landing — In amphibious mandatory. operations, a collective term referring to all

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 planned targets — Targets that are known capability for emerging systems. Also to exist in an operational area, and against called PFDB. See also data; database; which effects are scheduled in advance or geospatial information and services. are on-call. Examples range from targets (JP 2-03) on joint target lists in the applicable campaign plans, to targets detected in planning order — 1. An order issued by the sufficient time to list in the air tasking order, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff mission-type orders, or fire support plans. (CJCS) to initiate execution planning. The Planned targets have two subcategories: planning order will normally follow a scheduled or on-call. See also on-call commander’s estimate and a planning order targets; operational area; scheduled will normally take the place of the CJCS targets; target. (JP 3-60) alert order. National Command Authorities approval of a selected course of action is planning and direction — See intelligence not required before issuing a CJCS planning cycle. See also direction. (JP 2-0) order. 2. A planning directive that provides essential planning guidance and directs the planning directive — In amphibious initiation of execution planning before the operations, the plan issued by the directing authority approves a military designated commander, following receipt course of action. See also execution of the order initiating the amphibious planning. (JP 5-0) operation, to ensure that the planning process and interdependent plans developed planning phase — In amphibious operations, by the amphibious force will be the phase normally denoted by the period coordinated, completed in the time allowed, extending from the issuance of the order and important aspects not overlooked. See initiating the amphibious operation up to also amphibious force; amphibious the embarkation phase. The planning phase operation. (JP 3-02) may occur during movement or at any other time upon receipt of a new mission or planning factor — (*) A multiplier used in change in the operational situation. See also planning to estimate the amount and type amphibious operation. (JP 3-02) of effort involved in a contemplated operation. Planning factors are often plan position indicator — (*) A cathode expressed as rates, ratios, or lengths of time. ray tube on which radar returns are so displayed as to bear the same relationship planning factors database — Databases to the transmitter as the objects giving rise created and maintained by the Military to them. Services for the purpose of identifying all geospatial information and services plant equipment — Personal property of a requirements for emerging and existing capital nature, consisting of equipment, forces and systems. The database identifies: furniture, vehicles, machine tools, test unit requirements, at the information equipment, and accessory and auxiliary content level, for geospatial data and items, but excluding special tooling and services; system requirements for standard special test equipment, used or capable of Department of Defense geospatial data and use in the manufacture of supplies or for services; research, development, test, and any administrative or general plant purpose. evaluation requirements for developmental systems, identified by milestone; and initial plastic zone — (*) The region beyond the operating capability and full operating rupture zone associated with crater

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 formation resulting from an explosion in pointee-talkee — A language aid containing which there is no visible rupture, but in selected phrases in English opposite a which the soil is permanently deformed and translation in a foreign language. It is used compressed to a high density. See also by pointing to appropriate phrases. See also rupture zone. evasion aid. (JP 3-50.3) plate — (*) 1. In cartography: a. a printing point of no return — (*) A point along an plate of zinc, aluminum, or engraved aircraft track beyond which its endurance copper; b. collective term for all “states” will not permit return to its own or some of an engraved map reproduced from the other associated base on its own fuel supply. same engraved printing plate; c. all detail to appear on a map or chart which will be point-to-point sealift — The movement of reproduced from a single printing plate troops and/or cargo in Military Sealift (e.g., the “blue plate” or the “contour Command nucleus or commercial shipping plate”). 2. In photography, a transparent between established ports, in administrative medium, usually glass, coated with a landings, or during logistics over-the-shore photographic emulsion. See also operations. See also administrative diapositive. landing; administrative movement; logistics over-the-shore operations. platform drop — (*) The airdrop of loaded platforms from rear loading aircraft with poised mine — (*) A mine in which the ship roller conveyors. See also airdrop; counter setting has been run down to “one” airdrop platform. and which is ready to detonate at the next actuation. See also mine. plot — (*) 1. Map, chart, or graph representing data of any sort. 2. polar coordinates — (*) 1. Coordinates Representation on a diagram or chart of the derived from the distance and angular position or course of a target in terms of measurements from a fixed point (pole). 2. angles and distances from positions; In artillery and naval gunfire support, the location of a position on a map or a chart. direction, distance, and vertical correction 3. The visual display of a single location from the observer/spotter position to the of an airborne object at a particular instant target. of time. 4. A portion of a map or overlay on which are drawn the outlines of the areas polar orbit — A satellite orbit in which the covered by one or more photographs. See satellite passes over the North and South also master plot. Poles on each orbit, and eventually passes over all points on the earth. The angle of point defense — The defense or protection inclination between the equator and a polar of special vital elements and installations; orbit is 90 degrees. e.g., command and control facilities or air bases. (JP 3-52) polar plot — (*) The method of locating a target or point on the map by means of polar point designation grid — (*) A system of coordinates. lines, having no relation to the actual scale, or orientation, drawn on a map, chart, or political intelligence — Intelligence air photograph dividing it into squares so concerning foreign and domestic policies that points can be more readily located. of governments and the activities of political movements.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 political warfare — Aggressive use of political means to achieve national objectives.

debarkation; for unit requirements; it may or may not coincide with the destination. Also called POD. See also port of embarkation.

politico-military gaming — Simulation of situations involving the interaction of port of embarkation — The geographic political, military, sociological, point in a routing scheme from which cargo psychological, economic, scientific, and or personnel depart. This may be a seaport other appropriate factors. or aerial port from which personnel and equipment flow to a port of debarkation; pool — 1. Maintenance and control of a for unit and nonunit requirements, it may supply of resources or personnel upon or may not coincide with the origin. Also which other activities may draw. The called POE. See also port of debarkation. primary purpose of a pool is to promote maximum efficiency of use of the pooled port of support — The geographic point resources or personnel, e.g., a petroleum (seaport or airport) in an objective area that pool or a labor and equipment pool. 2. Any is the terminal point for strategic combination of resources which serves a deployment for non-unit-related supplies. common purpose. Each component designates ports of support for four categories of resupply: general port capacity — (*) The estimated capacity cargo; ammunition; petroleum, oils, and of a port or an anchorage to clear cargo in lubricants; and air deliveries. Also called 24 hours usually expressed in tons. See POS. also beach capacity; clearance capacity. port operations group — A task-organized port complex — (*) A port complex unit, located at the seaport of embarkation comprises one or more port areas of varying and/or debarkation under the control of the importance whose activities are landing force support party and/or combat geographically linked either because these service support element, that assists and areas are dependent on a common inland provides support in the loading and/or transport system or because they constitute unloading and staging of personnel, a common initial destination for convoys. supplies, and equipment from shipping. Also called POG. See also combat service port designator — (*) A group of letters support element; landing force support identifying ports in convoy titles or party; task organization. (JP 4-01.8) messages. port security — (*) The safeguarding of port evacuation of cargoes — (*) The vessels, harbors, ports, waterfront facilities, removal of cargoes from a threatened port and cargo from internal threats such as to alternative storage sites. destruction, loss, or injury from sabotage or other subversive acts; accidents; thefts; port evacuation of shipping — (*) The or other causes of similar nature. See also movement of merchant ships from a harbor defense; physical security; threatened port for their own protection. security. port of debarkation — The geographic point port support activity — A tailorable support at which cargo or personnel are discharged. organization composed of mobilization This may be a seaport or aerial port of station assets that ensures the equipment of

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 the deploying units is ready to load. The Comitatus” - United States Code, Section port support activity (PSA) operates unique 1385) equipment in conjunction with ship loading operations. The PSA is operationally postattack period — In nuclear warfare, that controlled by the military port commander period which extends from the termination or terminal transfer unit commander. Also of the final attack until political authorities called PSA. See also support. (JP 4-01.8) agree to terminate hostilities. See also posthostilities period; transattack positional defense — See position defense. period. position defense — (*) The type of defense posthostilities period — That period in which the bulk of the defending force is subsequent to the date of ratification by disposed in selected tactical localities where political authorities of agreements to the decisive battle is to be fought. Principal terminate hostilities. reliance is placed on the ability of the forces in the defended localities to maintain their poststrike reconnaissance — Missions positions and to control the terrain between undertaken for the purpose of gathering them. The reserve is used to add depth, to information used to measure results of a block, or restore the battle position by strike. counterattack. power projection — The ability of a nation positive control — A method of airspace to apply all or some of its elements of control that relies on positive identification, national power - political, economic, tracking, and direction of aircraft within an informational, or military - to rapidly and airspace, conducted with electronic means effectively deploy and sustain forces in and by an agency having the authority and from multiple dispersed locations to responsibility therein. respond to crises, to contribute to deterrence, and to enhance regional positive identification and radar advisory stability. See also elements of national zone — A specified area established for power. (JP 3-35) identification and flight following of aircraft in the vicinity of a fleet-defended area. Also PPI gauge — See international loading called PIRAZ. gauge. positive phase of the shock wave — The practice mine — (*) 1. In land mine warfare, period during which the pressure rises very an inert mine to which is fitted a fuze and a sharply to a value that is higher than device to indicate, in a non-lethal fashion, ambient and then decreases rapidly to the that the fuze has been activated. See also ambient pressure. See also negative phase mine. 2. In naval mine warfare, an of the shock wave. inert-filled mine but complete with assembly, suitable for instruction and for Posse Comitatus Act — Prohibits search, practice in preparation. See also drill mine. seizure, or arrest powers to US military personnel. Amended in 1981 under Public prearranged fire — (*) Fire that is formally Law 97-86 to permit increased Department planned and executed against targets or of Defense support of drug interdiction and target areas of known location. Such fire is other law enforcement activities. (Title 18, usually planned well in advance and is “Use of Army and Air Force as Posse executed at a predetermined time or during

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 a predetermined period of time. See also fire; on-call; scheduled fire.

condition, advice of the senior medical person at the scene, and the tactical situation. See also flash message; immediate message; priority message; routine message.

preassault operation — Operations conducted by the amphibious force upon its arrival in the operational area and prior to H-hour and/or L-hour. See also precession — See apparent precession. amphibious force; times. (JP 3-02) precipitation static — Charged precipitation precautionary launch — The launching of particles that strike antennas and gradually nuclear loaded aircraft under imminent charge the antenna, which ultimately nuclear attack so as to preclude friendly discharges across the insulator, causing a aircraft destruction and loss of weapons on burst of static. Also called P-STATIC. (JP 3-51) the ground and/or carrier. precise frequency — A frequency precautionary search and rescue and/or requirement accurate to within one part in combat search and rescue — The 1,000,000,000. planning and pre-positioning of aircraft, ships, or ground forces and facilities before precise time — A time requirement accurate an operation to provide search and rescue to within 10 milliseconds. (SAR) or combat search and rescue (CSAR) assistance if needed. The planning precision approach — An approach in which of precautionary SAR or CSAR is usually range, azimuth, and glide slope information done by plans personnel with SAR or are provided to the pilot. See also final CSAR expertise and background on an approach; nonprecision approach. operations staff, a joint search and rescue (JP 3-04.1) center, or a rescue coordination center. Also called precautionary SAR and/or CSAR. precision bombing — Bombing directed at See also combat search and rescue; joint a specific point target. combat search and rescue operation; search and rescue. (JP 3-50.2) precision-guided munitions — A weapon that uses a seeker to detect electromagnetic precedence — 1. communications — A energy reflected from a target or reference designation assigned to a message by the point and, through processing, provides originator to indicate to communications guidance commands to a control system that personnel the relative order of handling and guides the weapon to the target. Also called to the addressee the order in which the PGM. See also munitions. (JP 3-09.1) message is to be noted. Examples of communication precedence from most precursor — Any chemical reactant which immediate to least are flash, immediate, takes place at any stage in the production priority, and routine. 2. reconnaissance — by whatever method of a toxic chemical. A letter designation, assigned by a unit This includes any key component of a requesting several reconnaissance missions, binary or multicomponent chemical system. to indicate the relative order of importance See also toxic chemical. (JP 3-11) (within an established priority) of the mission requested. 3. evacuation — The precursor chemical — Compounds that are assignment of a priority for medical required in the synthetic or extraction evacuation that is based on patient processes of drug production, and become

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 incorporated into the drug molecule. Not used in the production of cocaine or heroin. (JP 3-07.4)

zones to be used by the main landing force. Prelanding operations also encompass final preparations for the ship-to-shore movement. (JP 3-02)

precursor front — (*) An air pressure wave which moves ahead of the main blast wave pre-launch survivability — The probability for some distance as a result of a nuclear that a delivery and/or launch vehicle will explosion of appropriate yield and low burst survive an enemy attack under an height over a heat-absorbing (or dusty) established condition of warning. surface. The pressure at the precursor front increases more gradually than in a true (or preliminary communications search — In ideal) shock wave, so that the behavior in search and rescue operations, consists of the precursor region is said to be non-ideal. contacting and checking major facilities within the areas where the craft might be precursor sweeping — (*) The sweeping of or might have been seen. A preliminary an area by relatively safe means in order to communications search is normally reduce the risk to mine countermeasures conducted during the uncertainty phase. vessels in subsequent operations. Also called PRECOM. See also extended communications search; search and predicted fire — (*) Fire that is delivered rescue incident classification, Subpart a. without adjustment. preliminary demolition target — (*) A predominant height — (*) In air target, other than a reserved demolition reconnaissance, the height of 51 percent or target, which is earmarked for demolition more of the structures within an area of and which can be executed immediately similar surface material. after preparation, provided that prior authority has been granted. See also preemptive attack — An attack initiated on demolition target; reserved demolition the basis of incontrovertible evidence that target. an enemy attack is imminent. preliminary movement schedule — A preinitiation — The initiation of the fission projection of the routing of movement chain reaction in the active material of a requirements reflected in the time-phased nuclear weapon at any time earlier than that force and deployment data, from origin to at which either the designed or the destination, including identification of maximum compression or degree of origins, ports of embarkation, ports of assembly is attained. debarkation, and en route stops; associated time frames for arrival and departure at each prelanding operations — In amphibious location; type of lift assets required to operations, operations conducted between accomplish the move; and cargo details by the commencement of the assault phase and carrier. Schedules are sufficiently detailed the commencement of the ship-to-shore to support comparative analysis of movement by the main body of the requirements against capabilities and to amphibious task force. They encompass develop location workloads for reception similar preparations conducted by the and onward movement. advanced force but focus on the landing area, concentrating specifically on the preload loading — (*) The loading of landing beaches and the helicopter landing selected items aboard ship at one port prior

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 to the main loading of the ship at another. See also loading. premature dud — See flare dud. preparation fire — Fire delivered on a target preparatory to an assault. See also fire.

requirement that the current Secretary of Defense guidance dictates be reserved and positioned at or near the point of planned use or issue to the user prior to hostilities to reduce reaction time and to assure timely support of a specific force or project until replenishment can be effected.

preplanned air support — (*) Air support pre-positioned war reserve stock — The in accordance with a program, planned in assets that are designated to satisfy the preadvance of operations. See also air positioned war reserve materiel support. requirement. Also called PWRS. preplanned mission request — A request prescribed nuclear load — (*) A specified for an air strike on a target that can be quantity of nuclear weapons to be carried anticipated sufficiently in advance to permit by a delivery unit. The establishment and detailed mission coordination and planning. replenishment of this load after each expenditure is a command decision and is preplanned nuclear support — Nuclear dependent upon the tactical situation, the support planned in advance of operations. nuclear logistical situation, and the See also immediate nuclear support; capability of the unit to transport and utilize nuclear support. the load. It may vary from day to day and among similar delivery units. pre-position — (*) To place military units, equipment, or supplies at or near the point prescribed nuclear stockage — (*) A of planned use or at a designated location specified quantity of nuclear weapons, to reduce reaction time, and to ensure timely components of nuclear weapons, and support of a specific force during initial warhead test equipment to be stocked in phases of an operation. special ammunition supply points or other logistical installations. The establishment pre-positioned war reserve materiel and replenishment of this stockage is a requirement, balance — That portion of command decision and is dependent upon the pre-positioned war reserve materiel the tactical situation, the allocation, the requirement that has not been acquired or capability of the logistical support unit to funded. This level consists of the store and maintain the nuclear weapons, and pre-positioned war reserve materiel the nuclear logistical situation. The requirement, less the pre-positioned war prescribed stockage may vary from time to reserve requirement, protectable. time and among similar logistical support units. pre-positioned war reserve materiel requirement, protectable — That portion preset guidance — A technique of missile of the pre-positioned war reserve materiel control wherein a predetermined flight path requirement that is protected for purposes is set into the control mechanism and cannot of procurement, funding, and inventory be adjusted after launching. management. Presidential Callup — Procedures by which pre-positioned war reserve requirement — the President brings all or part of the Army That portion of the war reserve materiel National Guard or Air National Guard to

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 active Federal service under section 12406 and Chapter 15 of title 10 (DOD), US Code. See also active duty; federal service; Presidential Reserve Callup Authority. (JP 4-05)

pressure of a target. 2. In naval mine warfare, a mine whose circuit responds to the hydrodynamic pressure field of a target. See also mine. pressure mine circuit — See pressure mine.

Presidential Reserve Callup Authority — Provision of a public law (US Code, Title 10 (DOD), section 12304) that provides the President a means to activate, without a declaration of national emergency, not more than 200,000 members of the Selected Reserve and the Individual Ready Reserve (of whom not more than 30,000 may be members of the Individual Ready Reserve), for not more than 270 days to meet the support requirements of any operational mission. Members called under this provision may not be used for disaster relief or to suppress insurrection. This authority has particular utility when used in circumstances in which the escalatory national or international signals of partial or full mobilization would be undesirable. Forces available under this authority can provide a tailored, limited-scope, deterrent, or operational response, or may be used as a precursor to any subsequent mobilization. Also called PRCA. See also Individual Ready Reserve; mobilization; Presidential Callup; Selected Reserve. (JP 3-57)

pressurized cabin — The occupied space of an aircraft in which the air pressure has been increased above that of the ambient atmosphere by compression of the ambient atmosphere into the space. prestrike reconnaissance — Missions undertaken for the purpose of obtaining complete information about known targets for use by the strike force. prevention — The security procedures undertaken by the public and private sector in order to discourage terrorist acts. See also antiterrorism. (JP 3-07.2) prevention of stripping equipment — See antirecovery device.

preventive deployment — The deployment of military forces to deter violence at the interface or zone of potential conflict where tension is rising among parties. Forces may be employed in such a way that they are indistinguishable from a peacekeeping force in terms of equipment, force posture, pressure altitude — (*) An atmospheric and activities. See also peace pressure expressed in terms of altitude enforcement; peacekeeping; peace which corresponds to that pressure in the operations. (JP 3-07) standard atmosphere. See also altitude. preventive diplomacy — Diplomatic actions pressure breathing — (*) The technique of taken in advance of a predictable crisis to breathing which is required when oxygen prevent or limit violence. (JP 3-07) is supplied direct to an individual at a pressure higher than the ambient barometric preventive maintenance — The care and pressure. servicing by personnel for the purpose of maintaining equipment and facilities in pressure front — See shock front. satisfactory operating condition by providing for systematic inspection, pressure mine — (*) 1. In land mine warfare, detection, and correction of incipient a mine whose fuze responds to the direct

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 failures either before they occur or before primary aircraft inventory — The aircraft they develop into major defects. assigned to meet the primary aircraft authorization. Also called PAI. preventive medicine — The anticipation, communication, prediction, identification, primary censorship — Armed forces prevention, education, risk assessment, and censorship performed by personnel of a control of communicable diseases, illnesses company, battery, squadron, ship, station, and exposure to endemic, occupational, and base, or similar unit on the personal environmental threats. These threats communications of persons assigned, include nonbattle injuries, combat stress attached, or otherwise under the jurisdiction responses, weapons of mass destruction, of a unit. See also censorship. and other threats to the health and readiness of military personnel. Communicable primary control officer — In amphibious diseases include anthropod-, vector-, food-, operations, the officer embarked in a waste-, and waterborne diseases. primary control ship assigned to control the Preventative medicine measures include movement of landing craft, amphibious field sanitation, medical surveillance, pest vehicles, and landing ships to and from a and vector control, disease risk assessment, colored beach. Also called PCO. (JP 3-02) environmental and occupational health surveillance, waste (human, hazardous, and primary control ship — In amphibious medical) disposal, food safety inspection, operations, a ship of the task force and potable water surveillance. Also called designated to provide support for the PVNTMED. (JP 4-02) primary control officer and a combat information center control team for a preventive war — A war initiated in the colored beach. Also called PCS. (JP 3-02) belief that military conflict, while not imminent, is inevitable, and that to delay primary flight control — The controlling would involve greater risk. agency on aviation ships and amphibious aviation assault ships that is responsible for prewithdrawal demolition target — A air traffic control of aircraft within 5 nautical target prepared for demolition preliminary miles of the ship. On Coast Guard cutters, to a withdrawal, the demolition of which primary flight control duties are performed can be executed as soon after preparation by a combat information center, and the as convenient on the orders of the officer term “PRIFLY” is not used. Also called to whom the responsibility for such PRIFLY. See also amphibious aviation demolitions has been delegated. See also assault ship; aviation ship. (JP 3-04.1) demolition target. primary imagery dissemination — See primary aircraft authorization — The electronic imagery dissemination. number of aircraft authorized to a unit for performance of its operational mission. The primary imagery dissemination system — primary authorization forms the basis for See electronic imagery dissemination. the allocation of operating resources to include manpower, support equipment, and primary interest — Principal, although not flying-hour funds. Also called PAA. exclusive, interest and responsibility for

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 accomplishment of a given mission, including responsibility for reconciling the activities of other agencies that possess collateral interest in the program.

classified information may be handled, stored, discussed, or processed, but that does not house the offices of the chief of mission or principal officer.

primary operating stocks — Logistic principal items — End items and resources on hand or on order necessary to replacement assemblies of such importance support day-to-day operational that management techniques require requirements, and which, in part, can also centralized individual item management be used to offset sustaining combat throughout the supply system, to include requirements. Also called POS. depot level, base level, and items in the hands of using units. These specifically primary review authority — The include the items where, in the judgment organization assigned by the lead agent to of the Services, there is a need for central perform the actions and coordination inventory control, including centralized necessary to develop and maintain the computation of requirements, central assigned joint publication under the procurement, central direction of cognizance of the lead agent. Also called distribution, and central knowledge and PRA. See also joint publication; lead control of all assets owned by the Services. agent. (JP 1-01) principal officer — The officer in charge of primary target — An object of high publicity a diplomatic mission, consular office, or value to terrorists. See also antiterrorism; other Foreign Service post, such as a United secondary targets. (JP 3-07.2) States Liaison Office. primed charge — (*) A charge ready in all principal operational interest — When used aspects for ignition. in connection with an established facility operated by one Service for joint use by prime mover — A vehicle, including heavy two or more Services, “principal construction equipment, possessing operational interest” indicates a requirement military characteristics, designed primarily for the greatest use of, or the greatest need for towing heavy, wheeled weapons and for, the services of that facility. The term frequently providing facilities for the may be applied to a Service, but is more transportation of the crew of, and applicable to a command. ammunition for, the weapon. principal parallel — (*) On an oblique prime vendor — A contracting process that photograph, a line parallel to the true provides commercial products to regionally horizon and passing through the principal grouped military and federal customers point. from commercial distributors using electronic commerce. Customers typically principal plane — (*) A vertical plane which receive materiel delivery through the contains the principal point of an oblique vendor’s commercial distribution system. photograph, the perspective center of the Also called PV. See also distribution lens, and the ground nadir. system. (JP 4-09) principal scale — (*) In cartography, the principal building — A building aboard a scale of a reduced or generating globe diplomatic or consular compound where representing the sphere or spheroid, defined

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 by the fractional relation of their respective radii. Also called nominal scale. See also scale. principal vertical — (*) On an oblique photograph, a line perpendicular to the true horizon and passing through the principal point. printing size of a map or chart — (*) The dimensions of the smallest rectangle which will contain a map or chart, including all the printed material in its margin.

collection and production in response to requirements relating to the formulation and execution of national security policy. They are compiled annually by the Washington Intelligence Community and flow directly from the intelligence mission as set forth by the National Security Council. They are specific enough to provide a basis for planning the allocation of collection and research resources, but not so specific as to constitute in themselves research and collection requirements.

priority of immediate mission requests — print reference — (*) A reference to an See emergency priority; urgent priority. individual print in an air photographic sortie. priority system for mission requests for tactical reconnaissance — A system that priority designator — A two-digit issue and assigns each tactical reconnaissance request priority code (01 through 15) placed in the appropriate priority as follows. Priority military standard requisitioning and issue I — Takes precedence over all other procedure requisitions. It is based upon a requests except those previously assigned combination of factors that relate the priority I. The results of these requests are mission of the requisitioner and the urgency of paramount importance to the immediate of need or the end use and is used to provide battle situation or objective. Priority II — a means of assigning relative rankings to The results of these requirements are in competing demands placed on the support of the general battle situation and Department of Defense supply system. will be accomplished as soon as possible after priority I requests. These are requests priority intelligence requirements — Those to gain current battle information. Priority intelligence requirements for which a III — The results of these requests update commander has an anticipated and stated the intelligence database but do not affect priority in the task of planning and the immediate battle situation. Priority IV decisionmaking. Also called PIRs. See — The results of these requests are of a also information requirements; routine nature. These results will be intelligence; intelligence cycle; fulfilled when the reconnaissance effort intelligence requirement. (JP 2-0) permits. See also precedence. priority message — A category of prior permission — (*) Permission granted precedence reserved for messages that by the appropriate authority prior to the require expeditious action by the commencement of a flight or a series of addressee(s) and/or furnish essential flights landing in or flying over the territory information for the conduct of operations of the nation concerned. in progress when routine precedence will not suffice. See also precedence. prisoner of war — A detained person as defined in Articles 4 and 5 of the Geneva priority national intelligence objectives — Convention Relative to the Treatment of A guide for the coordination of intelligence Prisoners of War of August 12, 1949. In

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 particular, one who, while engaged in combat under orders of his or her government, is captured by the armed forces of the enemy. As such, he or she is entitled to the combatant’s privilege of immunity from the municipal law of the capturing state for warlike acts which do not amount to breaches of the law of armed conflict. For example, a prisoner of war may be, but is not limited to, any person belonging to one of the following categories who has fallen into the power of the enemy: a member of the armed forces, organized militia or volunteer corps; a person who accompanies the armed forces without actually being a member thereof; a member of a merchant marine or civilian aircraft crew not qualifying for more favorable treatment; or individuals who, on the approach of the enemy, spontaneously take up arms to resist the invading forces. Also called POW or PW.

including that required by the Geneva Convention. proactive measures — In antiterrorism, measures taken in the preventive stage of antiterrorism designed to harden targets and detect actions before they occur. (JP 3-07.2) proactive mine countermeasures — Measures intended to prevent the enemy from successfully laying mines. See also mine countermeasures. (JP 3-15) probability of damage — (*) The probability that damage will occur to a target expressed as a percentage or as a decimal. Also called PD. probable error — See horizontal error. probable error deflection — Error in deflection that is exceeded as often as not.

prisoner of war branch camp — (*) A probable error height of burst — Error in subsidiary camp under the supervision and height of burst that projectile and/or missile administration of a prisoner of war camp. fuzes may be expected to exceed as often as not. prisoner of war camp — An installation established for the internment and probable error range — Error in range that administration of prisoners of war. is exceeded as often as not. prisoner of war censorship — The probably destroyed — (*) In air operations, censorship of the communications to and a damage assessment on an enemy aircraft from enemy prisoners of war and civilian seen to break off combat in circumstances internees held by the United States Armed which lead to the conclusion that it must be Forces. See also censorship. a loss although it is not actually seen to crash. prisoner of war compound — (*) A subdivision of a prisoner of war enclosure. probe — In information operations, any attempt to gather information about an prisoner of war enclosure — (*) A automated information system or its on-line subdivision of a prisoner of war camp. users. See also information; information operations; information system. (JP 3-13) prisoner of war personnel record — (*) A form for recording the photograph, procedural control — (*) A method of fingerprints, and other pertinent personal airspace control which relies on a data concerning the prisoner of war, combination of previously agreed and promulgated orders and procedures.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 procedure — A procedure begins with a administrative lead time; initiation of specific, documentable event that causes an procurement action; level of supply; activity to occur. The activity must produce production lead time; receipt into the a product that normally affects another supply system. external organization. Frequently, that product will be the event that causes another producer countries — In counterdrug procedure to occur. It is important to operations, countries where naturally recognize that a procedure determines occurring plants such as coca, cannabis, or “what” an organization must do at critical poppies are cultivated for later refinement periods but does not direct “how” it will be into illicit drugs. See also counterdrug done. operations. (JP 3-07.4) procedure turn — (*) An aircraft maneuver production base — The total national in which a turn is made away from a industrial production capacity available for designated track followed by a turn in the the manufacture of items to meet materiel opposite direction, both turns being requirements. executed at a constant rate so as to permit the aircraft to intercept and proceed along production lead time — The time interval the reciprocal of the designated track. between the placement of a contract and receipt into the supply system of materiel procedure word — A word or phrase limited purchased. Two entries are provided: a. to radio telephone procedure used to initial — The time interval if the item is facilitate communication by conveying not under production as of the date of information in a condensed standard form. contract placement; and b. reorder — The Also called proword. time interval if the item is under production as of the date of contract placement. See processing — (*) 1. In photography, the also procurement lead time. operations necessary to produce negatives, diapositives, or prints from exposed films, production logistics — That part of logistics plates, or paper. 2. (DOD only) A system concerning research, design, development, of operations designed to convert raw data manufacture, and acceptance of materiel. into useful information. (JP 2-0) In consequence, production logistics includes: standardization and proclamation — A document published to interoperability, contracting, quality the inhabitants of an area that sets forth the assurance, initial provisioning, basis of authority and scope of activities of transportability, reliability and defect a commander in a given area and which analysis, safety standards, specifications defines the obligations, liabilities, duties, and production processes, trials and testing and rights of the population affected. (including provision of necessary facilities), equipment documentation, configuration procurement lead time — The interval in control, and modifications. months between the initiation of procurement action and receipt into the production loss appraisal — An estimate of supply system of the production model damage inflicted on an industry in terms of (excludes prototypes) purchased as the quantities of finished products denied the result of such actions. It is composed of enemy from the moment of attack through two elements, production lead time and the period of reconstruction to the point administrative lead time. See also when full production is resumed.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 proficiency training aircraft — Aircraft projected map display — (*) The displayed required to maintain the proficiency of image of a map or chart projected through pilots and other aircrew members who are an optical or electro-optical system onto a assigned to nonflying duties. viewing surface. profile — See flight profile.

projection print — An enlarged or reduced photographic print made by projection of program aircraft — The total of the active the image of a negative or a transparency and reserve aircraft. See also aircraft. onto a sensitized surface. Programmed Forces — The forces that exist proliferation (nuclear weapons) — The for each year of the Future Years Defense process by which one nation after another Program. They contain the major combat comes into possession of, or into the right and tactical support forces that are expected to determine the use of, nuclear weapons; to execute the national strategy within each nation becomes potentially able to manpower, fiscal, and other constraints. See launch a nuclear attack upon another nation. also current force; force; Intermediate Force Planning Level. prompt radiation — The gamma rays produced in fission and as a result of other program of nuclear cooperation — (*) neutron reactions and nuclear excitation of Presidentially approved bilateral proposals the weapon materials appearing within a for the United States to provide nuclear second or less after a nuclear explosion. weapons and specified support to user The radiations from these sources are nations who desire to commit delivery units known either as prompt or instantaneous to NATO in nuclear only or dual capable gamma rays. See also induced radiation; roles. After presidential approval in initial radiation; residual radiation. principle, negotiations will be initiated with the user nation to develop detailed support proofing — The verification that a breached arrangements. lane is free of live mines by passing a mine roller or other mine-resistant vehicle progress payment — Payment made as work through as the lead vehicle. progresses under a contract, upon the basis of costs incurred, of percentage of propaganda — Any form of communication completion accomplished, or of a particular in support of national objectives designed stage of completion. The term does not to influence the opinions, emotions, include payments for partial deliveries attitudes, or behavior of any group in order accepted by the Government under a to benefit the sponsor, either directly or contract or partial payments on contract indirectly. See also black propaganda; termination claims. grey propaganda; white propaganda. prohibited area — A specified area within propelled mine — See mobile mine. the land areas of a state or its internal waters, archipelagic waters, or territorial sea proper authority — An authority authorized adjacent thereto over which the flight of to call an opposing force hostile; may be aircraft is prohibited. May also refer to land either the National Command Authorities or sea areas to which access is prohibited. (NCA), the affected CINC, and/or any See also closed area; danger area; commander so delegated by either the NCA restricted area. or the CINC.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 proper clearance — A clearance for entry protected persons/places — Persons (such of units into specified defense areas by civil as enemy prisoners of war) and places (such or military authorities having responsibility as hospitals) that enjoy special protections for granting such clearance. under the law of war. They may or may not be marked with protected emblems. property — 1. Anything that may be owned. 2. As used in the military establishment, protected site — (*) A facility which is this term is usually confined to tangible protected by the use of camouflage or property, including real estate and materiel. concealment, selective siting, construction For special purposes and as used in certain of facilities designed to prevent damage statutes, this term may exclude such items from fragments caused by conventional as the public domain, certain lands, certain weapons, or a combination of such categories of naval vessels, and records of measures. the Federal Government. protection — Measures that are taken to keep property account — A formal record of nuclear, biological, and chemical hazards property and property transactions in terms from having an adverse effect on personnel, of quantity and/or cost, generally by item. equipment, or critical assets and facilities. An official record of Government property Protection consists of five groups of required to be maintained. activities: hardening of positions; protecting personnel; assuming mission-oriented proportional navigation — A method of protective posture; using physical defense homing navigation in which the missile turn measures; and reacting to attack. See also rate is directly proportional to the turn rate mission-oriented protective posture. in space of the line of sight. (JP 3-11) protected emblems — The red cross, red protection of shipping — The use of crescent, and other symbols that designate proportionate force by US warships, that persons, places, or equipment so military aircraft, and other forces, when marked have a protected status under the necessary for the protection of US flag law of war. vessels and aircraft, US citizens (whether embarked in US or foreign vessels), and protected frequencies — Those friendly their property against unlawful violence. frequencies used for a particular operation, This protection may be extended (consistent identified and protected to prevent them with international law) to foreign flag from being inadvertently jammed by vessels, aircraft, and persons. (JP 3-07) friendly forces while active electronic warfare operations are directed against protective clothing — (*) Clothing hostile forces. These frequencies are of especially designed, fabricated, or treated such critical importance that jamming to protect personnel against hazards should be restricted unless absolutely caused by extreme changes in physical necessary or until coordination with the environment, dangerous working conditions, using unit is made. They are generally timeor enemy action. oriented, may change with the tactical situation, and must be updated periodically. protective mask — A protective ensemble See also electronic warfare. (JP 3-51) designed to protect the wearer’s face and

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 eyes and prevent the breathing of air psychological operations — Planned contaminated with chemical and/or operations to convey selected information biological agents. See also missionand indicators to foreign audiences to oriented protective posture. (JP 3-11) influence their emotions, motives, objective reasoning, and ultimately the behavior of protective minefield — (*) 1. In land mine foreign governments, organizations, warfare, a minefield employed to assist a groups, and individuals. The purpose of unit in its local, close-in protection. 2. In psychological operations is to induce or naval mine warfare, a minefield laid in reinforce foreign attitudes and behavior friendly territorial waters to protect ports, favorable to the originator’s objectives. harbors, anchorages, coasts, and coastal Also called PSYOP. See also routes. See also minefield. consolidation psychological operations; overt peacetime psychological operations prototype — A model suitable for evaluation programs; perception management. of design, performance, and production potential. psychological warfare — The planned use of propaganda and other psychological provisioning — See initial provisioning. actions having the primary purpose of influencing the opinions, emotions, proword — See procedure word. attitudes, and behavior of hostile foreign groups in such a way as to support the proximity fuze — (*) A fuze wherein achievement of national objectives. Also primary initiation occurs by remotely called PSYWAR. sensing the presence, distance, and/or direction of a target or its associated public affairs — Those public information, environment by means of a signal generated command information, and community by the fuze or emitted by the target, or by relations activities directed toward both the detecting a disturbance of a natural field external and internal publics with interest surrounding the target. in the Department of Defense. Also called PA. See also command information; pseudopursuit navigation — A method of community relations; public information. homing navigation in which the missile is directed toward the instantaneous target public affairs assessment — An analysis of position in azimuth, while pursuit the news media and public environments navigation in elevation is delayed until more to evaluate the degree of understanding favorable angle of attack on the target is about strategic and operational objectives achieved. and military activities and to identify levels of public support. Includes judgments psychological consolidation activities — about the public affairs impact of pending Planned psychological activities across the decisions and recommendations about the range of military operations directed at the structure of public affairs support for the civilian population located in areas under assigned mission. See also assessment; friendly control in order to achieve a desired public affairs. (JP 3-61) behavior that supports the military objectives and the operational freedom of public affairs ground rules — Conditions the supported commanders. established by a military command to

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 govern the conduct of news gathering and the release and/or use of specified information during an operation or during a specific period of time. See also public affairs. (JP 3-61)

networks. Public keys are bound to their owners by public key certificates. These certificates contain information such as the owner’s name and the associated public key and are issued by a reliable certification authority. Also called PKI.

public affairs guidance — Normally, a package of information to support the pull-up point — (*) The point at which an public discussion of defense issues and aircraft must start to climb from a low-level operations. Such guidance can range from approach in order to gain sufficient height a telephonic response to a specific question from which to execute the attack or to a more comprehensive package. retirement. See also contact point. Included could be an approved public affairs policy, news statements, answers to pulse code — A system of using selected anticipated media questions, and pulse-repetition frequencies to allow a community relations guidance. The public specific laser seeker to acquire a target affairs guidance also addresses the illuminated by a specific laser designator. method(s), timing, location, and other See also laser; laser designator; laser details governing the release of information seeker. (JP 3-09.1) to the public. Public affairs guidance is approved by the Assistant to the Secretary pulse duration — In radar, measurement of of Defense (Public Affairs). Also called pulse transmission time in microseconds; PAG. See also community relations; that is, the time the radar’s transmitter is public affairs. (JP 3-61) energized during each cycle. Also called pulse length and pulse width. public information — Information of a military nature, the dissemination of which pulsejet — (*) A jet-propulsion engine through public news media is not containing neither compressor nor turbine. inconsistent with security, and the release Equipped with valves in the front which of which is considered desirable or open and shut, it takes in air to create thrust nonobjectionable to the responsible in rapid periodic bursts rather than releasing agency. continuously. public key infrastructure — An enterprise- pulse repetition frequency — 1. In lasers, wide service (i.e. data integrity, user the number of pulses that occur each identification and authentication, user nonsecond. 2. In radar, the number of pulses repudiation, data confidentiality, that occur each second. Pulse repetition encryption, and digital signature) that frequency should not be confused with supports digital signatures and other public transmission frequency, which is key-based security mechanisms for determined by the rate at which cycles are Department of Defense functional repeated within the transmitted pulse. Also enterprise programs, including generation, called PRF. See also laser. (JP 3-09.1) production, distribution, control, and accounting of public key certificates. A pulsing — (*) In naval mine warfare, a public key infrastructure provides the method of operating magnetic and acoustic means to bind public keys to their owners sweeps in which the sweep is energized by and helps in the distribution of reliable current which varies or is intermittent in public keys in large heterogeneous accordance with a predetermined schedule.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 element of an installation or activity charged purchase description — A statement with the functions of procuring supplies or outlining the essential characteristics and services. functions of an item, service, or materiel required to meet the minimum needs of the Government. It is used when a specification pursuit — (*) An offensive operation designed to catch or cut off a hostile force is not available or when specific attempting to escape, with the aim of procurement specifications are not required destroying it. by the individual Military Departments or the Department of Defense. pyrotechnic — A mixture of chemicals which, when ignited, is capable of reacting purchase notice agreements — Agreements exothermically to produce light, heat, concerning the purchase of brand-name smoke, sound or gas. items for resale purposes established by each Military Service under the control of pyrotechnic delay — (*) A pyrotechnic the Defense Logistics Agency. device added to a firing system which transmits the ignition flame after a purchasing office — Any installation or predetermined delay. activity, or any division, office, branch, section, unit, or other organizational

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Q q-message — (*) A classified message quadruple container — A quadruple relating to navigational dangers, container box 57.5” x 96” x 96” with a metal navigational aids, mined areas, and frame, pallet base, and International searched or swept channels. Organization for Standardization (ISO) corner fittings. Four of these boxes can be Q-route — A system of preplanned shipping lashed together to form a 20- foot American lanes in mined or potentially mined waters National Standards Institute and/or ISO used to minimize the area the mine intermodal container. Also called QUADCON. countermeasures commander has to keep clear of mines in order to provide safe passage for friendly shipping. (JP 3-15) quay — A structure of solid construction along a shore or bank that provides berthing and generally provides cargo-handling quadrant elevation — (*) The angle facilities. A similar facility of open between the horizontal plane and the axis construction is called a wharf. See also of the bore when the weapon is laid. (DOD wharf. (JP 4-01.5) only) It is the algebraic sum of the elevation, angle of site, and complementary angle of site.

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R radar — A radio detection device that radar exploitation report — A formatted provides information on range, azimuth, statement of the results of a tactical radar and/or elevation of objects. imagery reconnaissance mission. The report includes the interpretation of radar advisory — The term used to indicate t h e sensor imagery. Also called that the provision of advice and information RADAREXREP. is based on radar observation. radar fire — (*) Gunfire aimed at a target radar altimetry area — (*) A large and which is tracked by radar. See also fire. comparatively level terrain area with a defined elevation which can be used in radar guardship — (*) Any ship which has determining the altitude of airborne been assigned the task by the officer in equipment by the use of radar. tactical command of maintaining the radar watch. radar beacon — A receiver-transmitter combination that sends out a coded signal radar horizon — (*) The locus of points at when triggered by the proper type of pulse, which the rays from a radar antenna become enabling determination of range and tangential to the Earth’s surface. On the bearing information by the interrogating open sea this locus is horizontal, but on land station or aircraft. Also called RB. it varies according to the topographical features of the terrain. radar camouflage — (*) The use of radar absorbent or reflecting materials to change radar imagery — Imagery produced by the radar echoing properties of a surface of recording radar waves reflected from a an object. given target surface. radar clutter — (*) Unwanted signals, radar intelligence — Intelligence derived echoes, or images on the face of the display from data collected by radar. Also called tube which interfere with observation of RADINT. See also intelligence. (JP 2-0) desired signals. radar netting — (*) The linking of several radar countermeasures — See electronic radars to a single center to provide warfare; chaff. integrated target information. radar coverage — (*) The limits within radar netting station — (*) A center which which objects can be detected by one or can receive data from radar tracking stations more radar stations. and exchange this data among other radar tracking stations, thus forming a radar radar danning — (*) In naval mine warfare, netting system. See also radar netting a method of navigating by using radar to unit; radar tracking station. keep the required distance from a line of dan buoys. radar netting unit — Optional electronic equipment that converts the operations radar deception — See electromagnetic central of certain air defense fire distribution deception. systems to a radar netting station. See also radar netting station.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 radar picket — (*) Any ship, aircraft, or the isocentre on a vertical photograph vehicle, stationed at a distance from the distorted by tip or tilt. force protected, for the purpose of increasing the radar detection range. radiant exposure — See thermal exposure. radar reconnaissance — Reconnaissance by radiation dose — (*) The total amount of means of radar to obtain information on ionizing radiation absorbed by material or enemy activity and to determine the nature tissues, expressed in centigrays. (DOD of terrain. only) The term radiation dose is often used in the sense of the exposure dose expressed radarscope overlay — (*) A transparent in roentgens, which is a measure of the total overlay for placing on the radarscope for amount of ionization that the quantity of comparison and identification of radar radiation could produce in air. This could returns. be distinguished from the absorbed dose, also given in rads, which represents the radarscope photography — (*) A film energy absorbed from the radiation per record of the returns shown by a radar gram of specified body tissue. Further, the screen. biological dose, in rems, is a measure of the biological effectiveness of the radiation radar signal film — The film on which is exposure. See also absorbed dose; recorded all the reflected signals acquired exposure dose. by a coherent radar, and that must be viewed or processed through an optical correlator radiation dose rate — (*) The radiation dose to permit interpretation. (dosage) absorbed per unit of time. (DOD only) A radiation dose rate can be set at radar silence — (*) An imposed discipline some particular unit of time (e.g., H + 1 prohibiting the transmission by radar of hour) and would be called H + 1 radiation electromagnetic signals on some or all dose rate. frequencies. radiation exposure state — (*) The radar spoking — Periodic flashes of the condition of a unit, or exceptionally an rotating time base on a radial display. individual, deduced from the cumulative Sometimes caused by mutual interference. whole body radiation dose(s) received. It is expressed as a symbol which indicates radar tracking station — A radar facility the potential for future operations and the that has the capability of tracking moving degree of risk if exposed to additional targets. nuclear radiation. radial — A magnetic bearing extending from radiation exposure status — Criteria to assist a very high frequency omni-range and/or the commander in measuring unit exposure tactical air navigation station. to radiation based on total past cumulative dose in centigray (cGy). Categories are as radial displacement — (*) On vertical follows: (a) radiation exposure status-0 photographs, the apparent “leaning out,” or — No previous exposure history. Also the apparent displacement of the top of any called RES-0; (b) radiation exposure object having height in relation to its base. status-1 — Negligible radiation exposure The direction of displacement is radial from history (greater than 0, but less than 70 the principal point on a true vertical, or from cGy). Also called RES-1; (c) radiation

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 exposure status-2 — Significant but not a radioactive decay — (*) The decrease in dangerous dose of radiation (greater than the radiation intensity of any radioactive 70, but less than 150 cGy). Also called material with respect to time. RES-2; (d) radiation exposure status-3 — Unit has already received a dose of radioactive decay curve — (*) A graph line radiation which makes further exposure representing the decrease of radioactivity dangerous (greater then 150 cGy). Also with the passage of time. called RES-3. radioactive decay rate — The time rate of radiation intelligence — Intelligence derived the disintegration of radioactive material from the collection and analysis of generally accompanied by the emission of non-information-bearing elements particles and/or gamma radiation. extracted from the electromagnetic energy unintentionally emanated by foreign radioactivity — The spontaneous emission devices, equipments, and systems, of radiation, generally alpha or beta excluding those generated by the detonation particles, often accompanied by gamma of atomic or nuclear weapons. rays, from the nuclei of an unstable isotope. radiation intensity — (*) The radiation dose radioactivity concentration guide — (*) rate at a given time and place. It may be The amount of any specified radioisotope used, coupled with a figure, to denote the that is acceptable in air and water for radiation intensity at a given number of continuous consumption. hours after a nuclear burst, e.g., RI-3 is the radiation intensity 3 hours after the time of radio and wire integration — The burst. Also called RI. combining of wire circuits with radio facilities. Also called RWI. radiation scattering — (*) The diversion of radiation (thermal, electromagnetic, or radio approach aids — (*) Equipment nuclear) from its original path as a result of making use of radio to determine the interaction or collisions with atoms, position of an aircraft with considerable molecules, or larger particles in the accuracy from the time it is in the vicinity atmosphere or other media between the of an airfield or carrier until it reaches a source of the radiation (e.g., a nuclear position from which landing can be carried explosion) and a point at some distance out. away. As a result of scattering, radiation (especially gamma rays and neutrons) will radio beacon — (*) A radio transmitter which be received at such a point from many emits a distinctive or characteristic signal directions instead of only from the direction used for the determination of bearings, of the source. courses, or location. radiation sickness — (*) An illness resulting radio countermeasures — See electronic from excessive exposure to ionizing warfare. radiation. The earliest symptoms are nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, which may radio deception — The employment of radio be followed by loss of hair, hemorrhage, to deceive the enemy. Radio deception inflammation of the mouth and throat, and includes sending false dispatches, using general loss of energy. deceptive headings, employing enemy call signs, etc. See also electronic warfare.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 radio detection — (*) The detection of the includes the intentional employment of presence of an object by radio-location fallout from nuclear weapons. without precise determination of its position. radiological survey — (*) The directed effort to determine the distribution and dose rates radio direction finding — (*) of radiation in an area. Radio-location in which only the direction of a station is determined by means of its radiological survey flight altitude — The emissions. altitude at which an aircraft is flown during an aerial radiological survey. radio direction finding database — The aggregate of information, acquired by both radio magnetic indicator — (*) An airborne and surface means, necessary to instrument which displays aircraft heading provide support to radio direction-finding and bearing to selected radio navigation operations to produce fixes on target aids. transmitters and/or emitters. The resultant bearings and fixes serve as a basis for radio navigation — (*) Radio-location tactical decisions concerning military intended for the determination of position operations, including exercises, planned or or direction or for obstruction warning in underway. navigation. radio fix — The location of a ship or aircraft radio range finding — (*) Radio-location by determining the direction of radio signals in which the distance of an object is coming to the ship or aircraft from two or determined by means of its radio emissions, more sending stations, the locations of whether independent, reflected, or which are known. retransmitted on the same or other wavelength. radio guard — A ship, aircraft, or radio station designated to listen for and record radio range station — (*) A radio navigation transmissions and to handle traffic on a land station in the aeronautical radio designated frequency for a certain unit or navigation service providing radio units. equi-signal zones. (In certain instances a radio range station may be placed on board radiological defense — (*) Defensive a ship.) measures taken against the radiation hazards resulting from the employment of radio silence — (*) A condition in which all nuclear and radiological weapons. or certain radio equipment capable of radiation is kept inoperative. (DOD only) radiological environment — (*) Conditions (Note: In combined or United States Joint found in an area resulting from the presence or intra-Service communications the of a radiological hazard. frequency bands and/or types of equipment affected will be specified.) radiological monitoring — See monitoring. radio telegraphy — The transmission of radiological operation — (*) The telegraphic codes by means of radio. employment of radioactive materials or radiation producing devices to cause radio telephony — (*) The transmission of casualties or restrict the use of terrain. It speech by means of modulated radio waves.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 radius of action — (*) The maximum an underwater burst of a nuclear weapon. distance a ship, aircraft, or vehicle can travel This rain is radioactive and presents an away from its base along a given course important secondary effect of such a burst. with normal combat load and return without refueling, allowing for all safety and rainout — (*) Radioactive material in the operating factors. atmosphere brought down by precipitation. radius of damage — The distance from ramjet — (*) A jet-propulsion engine ground zero at which there is a 0.50 containing neither compressor nor turbine probability of achieving the desired which depends for its operation on the air damage. compression accomplished by the forward motion of the engine. See also pulsejet. radius of integration — The distance from ground zero that indicates the area within random minelaying — (*) In land mine which the effects of both the nuclear warfare, the laying of mines without regard detonation and conventional weapons are to pattern. to be integrated. range — 1. The distance between any given radius of safety — (*) The horizontal point and an object or target. 2. Extent or distance from ground zero beyond which distance limiting the operation or action of the weapon effects on friendly troops are something, such as the range of an aircraft, acceptable. ship, or gun. 3. The distance that can be covered over a hard surface by a ground raid — (*) An operation, usually small scale, vehicle, with its rated payload, using the involving a swift penetration of hostile fuel in its tank and its cans normally carried territory to secure information, confuse the as part of the ground vehicle equipment. 4. enemy, or to destroy installations. It ends Area equipped for practice in shooting at with a planned withdrawal upon completion targets. In this meaning, also called target of the assigned mission. range. railhead — (*) A point on a railway where range marker — (*) A single calibration loads are transferred between trains and blip fed onto the time base of a radial other means of transport. See also display. The rotation of the time base shows navigation head. the single blips as a circle on the plan position indicator scope. It may be used to railway line capacity — (*) The maximum measure range. number of trains which can be moved in each direction over a specified section of range markers — Two upright markers that track in a 24 hour period. See also route may be lighted at night and placed so that, capacity. when aligned, the direction indicated assists in piloting. They may be used in railway loading ramp — (*) A sloping amphibious operations to aid in beaching platform situated at the end or beside a track landing ships or craft. and rising to the level of the floor of the rail cars or wagons. Rangers — Rapidly deployable airborne light infantry organized and trained to conduct rainfall (nuclear) — The water that is highly complex joint direct action precipitated from the base surge clouds after operations in coordination with or in

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 support of other special operations units of Rationalization applies to both weapons all Services. Rangers also can execute and/or materiel resources and non-weapons direct action operations in support of military matters. conventional nonspecial operations missions conducted by a combatant ration dense — Foods that, through commander and can operate as processing, have been reduced in volume conventional light infantry when properly and quantity to a small compact package augmented with other elements of without appreciable loss of food value, combined arms. quality, or acceptance, with a high yield in relation to space occupied, such as range spread — The technique used to place dehydrates and concentrates. the mean point of impact of two or more units 100 meters apart on the gun-target line. ratio print — A print the scale of which has been changed from that of the negative by ranging — (*) The process of establishing photographic enlargement or reduction. target distance. Types of ranging include echo, intermittent, manual, navigational, ratline — An organized effort for moving explosive echo, optical, radar, etc. See also personnel and/or material by clandestine spot. means across a denied area or border. rated load — (*) The designed safe operating R-day — See times. load for the equipment under prescribed conditions. reaction time — 1. The elapsed time between the initiation of an action and the required rate of fire — (*) The number of rounds response. 2. The time required between fired per weapon per minute. the receipt of an order directing an operation and the arrival of the initial element of the rate of march — (*) The average number of force concerned in the designated area. miles or kilometers to be traveled in a given period of time, including all ordered halts. readiness — The ability of US military forces It is expressed in miles or kilometers in the to fight and meet the demands of the hour. See also pace. national military strategy. Readiness is the synthesis of two distinct but interrelated ratification — The declaration by which a levels. a. unit readiness — The ability to nation formally accepts, with or without provide capabilities required by the reservation, the content of a standardization combatant commanders to execute their agreement. See also implementation; assigned missions. This is derived from the reservation; subscription. ability of each unit to deliver the outputs for which it was designed. b. joint rationalization — Any action that increases readiness — The combatant commander’s the effectiveness of allied forces through ability to integrate and synchronize ready more efficient or effective use of defense combat and support forces to execute his resources committed to the alliance. or her assigned missions. See also military Rationalization includes consolidation, capability; national military strategy. reassignment of national priorities to higher alliance needs, standardization, readiness condition — See operational specialization, mutual support or improved readiness. interoperability, and greater cooperation.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 readiness planning — Operation planning also National Defense Reserve Fleet. required for peacetime operations. Its (JP 3-02.2) objective is the maintenance of high states of readiness and the deterrence of potential ready-to-load date — The date when a unit enemies. It includes planning activities will be ready to move from the origin, i.e., that influence day-to-day operations and mobilization station. Also called RLD. the peacetime posture of forces. As such, its focus is on general capabilities and reallocation authority — (*) The authority readiness rather than the specifics of given to NATO commanders and normally a particular crisis, either actual or negotiated in peacetime, to reallocate in an potential. The assignment of geographic “emergency in war” national logistic responsibilities to combatant commanders, resources controlled by the combat forces establishment of readiness standards and under their command, and made available levels, development of peacetime by nations, in order to influence the battle deployment patterns, coordination of logistically. reconnaissance and surveillance assets and capabilities, and planning of joint exercises real property — Lands, buildings, structures, are examples of readiness planning. No utilities systems, improvements, and formal joint planning system exists for appurtenances thereto. Includes equipment readiness planning such as exists for joint attached to and made part of buildings and operation and execution planning. structures (such as heating systems) but not movable equipment (such as plant ready position — (*) In helicopter equipment). operations, a designated place where a helicopter load of troops and/or equipment real time — Pertaining to the timeliness of waits for pick-up. data or information which has been delayed only by the time required for electronic Ready Reserve — The Selected Reserve, communication. This implies that there are Individual Ready Reserve, and Inactive no noticeable delays. See also near real National Guard liable for active duty as time. prescribed by law (US Code, title 10 (DOD), sections 10142, 12301, and 12302). rear area — For any particular command, See also active duty; Inactive National the area extending forward from its rear Guard; Individual Ready Reserve; boundary to the rear of the area assigned to Selected Reserve. (JP 4-05) the next lower level of command. This area is provided primarily for the performance Ready Reserve Force — A force composed of support functions. See also Army of ships acquired by the Maritime service area. (JP 3-10) Administration (MARAD) with Navy funding and newer ships acquired by the rear area operations center/rear tactical MARAD for the National Defense Reserve operations center — A command and Fleet (NDRF). Although part of the NDRF, control facility that serves as an area and/ ships of the Ready Reserve Force are or subarea commander’s planning, maintained in a higher state of readiness coordinating, monitoring, advising, and and can be made available without directing agency for area security mobilization or congressionally declared operations. (JP 3-10.1) state of emergency. Also called RRF. See

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 rear echelon — (*) Elements of a force which receipt — A transmission made by a receiving are not required in the objective area. station to indicate that a message has been satisfactorily received. rear guard — 1. The rearmost elements of an advancing or a withdrawing force. It receipt into the supply system — That point has the following functions: to protect the in time when the first item or first quantity rear of a column from hostile forces; during of the item of the contract has been received the withdrawal, to delay the enemy; during at or is en route to point of first delivery the advance, to keep supply routes open. after inspection and acceptance. See also 2. Security detachment that a moving procurement lead time. ground force details to the rear to keep it informed and covered. See also guard. receiving ship — The ship in a replenishment unit that receives the rig(s). rearming — 1. An operation that replenishes the prescribed stores of ammunition, reception — 1. All ground arrangements bombs, and other armament items for an connected with the delivery and disposition aircraft, naval ship, tank, or armored vehicle of air or sea drops. Includes selection and (including replacement of defective preparation of site, signals for warning and ordnance equipment) in order to make it approach, facilitation of secure departure ready for combat service. 2. Resetting the of agents, speedy collection of delivered fuze on a bomb or on an artillery, mortar, articles, and their prompt removal to storage or rocket projectile so that it will detonate places having maximum security. When a at the desired time. group is involved, it may be called a reception committee. 2. Arrangements to reattack recommendation — An welcome and provide secure quarters or assessment, derived from the results of transportation for defectors, escapees, battle damage assessment and munitions evaders, or incoming agents. 3. The process effectiveness assessment, providing the of receiving, offloading, marshalling, and commander systematic advice on reattack transporting of personnel, equipment, and of targets and further target selection to materiel from the strategic and/or achieve objectives. The reattack intratheater deployment phase to a sea, air, recommendation considers objective or surface transportation point of achievement, target, and aimpoint selection, debarkation to the marshalling area. attack timing, tactics, and weapon system (JP 4-01.8) and munitions selection. The reattack recommendation is a combined operations receptivity — (*) The vulnerability of a target and intelligence function. Also called RR. audience to particular psychological See also assessment; battle damage operations media. assessment; munitions effectiveness assessment; target. (JP 3-60) reclama — A request to duly constituted authority to reconsider its decision or its rebuild — The restoration of an item to a proposed action. standard as nearly as possible to its original condition in appearance, performance, and recognition — 1. The determination by any life expectancy. See also overhaul; repair. means of the individuality of persons, or of

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 objects such as aircraft, ships, or tanks, or forces. The primary purposes do not of phenomena such as communicationsinclude making maps, charts, or mosaics. electronics patterns. 2. In ground combat operations, the determination that an object reconstitution site — A location selected by is similar within a category of something the surviving command authority as the site already known; e.g., tank, truck, man. at which a damaged or destroyed headquarters can be reformed from recognition signal — Any prearranged signal survivors of the attack and/or personnel by which individuals or units may identify from other sources, predesignated as each other. replacements. recompression chamber — See hyperbaric record information — All forms (e.g., chamber. narrative, graphic, data, computer memory) of information registered in either reconnaissance — (*) A mission undertaken temporary or permanent form so that it can to obtain, by visual observation or other be retrieved, reproduced, or preserved. detection methods, information about the activities and resources of an enemy or recoverable item — An item that normally potential enemy, or to secure data is not consumed in use and is subject to concerning the meteorological, return for repair or disposal. See also hydrographic, or geographic characteristics reparable item. of a particular area. Also called RECON. recovery — 1. In air (aviation) operations, reconnaissance by fire — (*) A method of that phase of a mission which involves the reconnaissance in which fire is placed on a return of an aircraft to a land base or suspected enemy position to cause the platform afloat. 2. The retrieval of a mine enemy to disclose a presence by movement from the location where emplaced. 3. or return of fire. Actions taken to rescue or extract personnel for return to friendly control. 4. Actions reconnaissance exploitation report — (*) taken to extricate damaged or disabled A standard message format used to report equipment for return to friendly control or the results of a tactical air reconnaissance repair at another location. See also evader; mission. Whenever possible the report evasion; evasion and recovery; recovery; should include the interpretation of sensor recovery force. imagery. Also called RECCEXREP. recovery activation signal — In evasion and reconnaissance in force — (*) An offensive recovery operations, a precoordinated operation designed to discover and/or test signal from an evader that indicates his or the enemy’s strength or to obtain other her presence in an area to a receiving or information. observing source that indicates “I am here, start the recovery planning.” Also called reconnaissance patrol — See patrol. RAS. See also evader; evasion; evasion and recovery; recovery operations; reconnaissance photography — signal. (JP 3-50.3) Photography taken to obtain information on the results of bombing, or on enemy recovery airfield — Any airfield, military or movements, concentrations, activities, and civil, at which aircraft might land

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 post-H-hour. It is not expected that combat recovery zone — A designated geographic missions would be conducted from a area from which special operations forces recovery airfield. See also airfield. can be extracted by air, boat, or other means. Also called RZ. (JP 3-05.5) recovery and reconstitution — 1. Those actions taken by one nation prior to, during, rectification — (*) In photogrammetry, the and following an attack by an enemy nation process of projecting a tilted or oblique to minimize the effects of the attack, photograph on to a horizontal reference rehabilitate the national economy, provide plane. for the welfare of the populace, and maximize the combat potential of recuperation — Not to be used. See remaining forces and supporting activities. recovery and reconstitution. 2. Those actions taken by a military force during or after operational employment to recurring demand — A request by an restore its combat capability to full authorized requisitioner to satisfy a materiel operational readiness. See also recovery. requirement for consumption or stock (JP 3-35) replenishment that is anticipated to recur periodically. Demands for which the recovery force — In evasion and recovery probability of future occurrence is unknown operations, an organization consisting of will be considered as recurring. Recurring personnel and equipment with a mission of demands will be considered by the seeking out evaders, contacting them, and supporting supply system in order to returning them to friendly control. See also procure, store, and distribute materiel to evader; evasion; evasion and recovery; meet similar demands in the future. recovery operations. (JP 3-50.3) redeployment — The transfer of forces and recovery operations — Operations materiel to support another joint force conducted to search for, locate, identify, commander’s operational requirements, or rescue, and return personnel, sensitive to return personnel, equipment, and materiel equipment, or items critical to national to the home and/or demobilization stations security. (JP 3-07) for reintegration and/or out-processing. See also deployment. (JP 3-35) recovery procedures — See explosive ordnance disposal procedures. redeployment airfield — (*) An airfield not occupied in its entirety in peacetime, but recovery site — In evasion and escape usage, available immediately upon outbreak of war an area from which an evader or an escapee for use and occupation by units redeployed can be evacuated. See also escapee; from their peacetime locations. It must have evader; evasion; evasion and escape. substantially the same standard of (JP 3-50.3) operational facilities as the main airfield. See also airfield; departure airfield; recovery vehicle — In combat search and diversion airfield; main airfield. rescue, the vehicle (aircraft, maritime, or land), on which isolated personnel are RED HORSE — Air Force units wartimeboarded and transported from the pickup structured to provide a heavy engineer site. capability. They have a responsibility

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 across the operational area, are not tied to a reduction (photographic) — The production specific base, and are not responsible for of a negative, diapositive, or print at a scale base operation and maintenance. These smaller than the original. units are mobile, rapidly deployable, and largely self-sufficient for limited periods of reefer — 1. A refrigerator. 2. A motor time. (JP 3-34) vehicle, railroad freight car, ship, aircraft, or other conveyance, so constructed and redistribution — The act of effecting transfer insulated as to protect commodities from in control, utilization, or location of materiel either heat or cold. between units or activities within or among the Military Services or between the reentry phase — That portion of the Military Services and other Federal trajectory of a ballistic missile or space agencies. vehicle where there is a significant interaction of the vehicle and the Earth’s reduced charge — 1. The smaller of the two atmosphere. See also boost phase; propelling charges available for naval guns. midcourse phase; terminal phase. 2. Charge employing a reduced amount of propellant to fire a gun at short ranges as reentry vehicle — (*) That part of a space compared to a normal charge. See also vehicle designed to re-enter the Earth’s normal charge. atmosphere in the terminal portion of its trajectory. Also called RV. See also reduced lighting — (*) The reduction in maneuverable reentry vehicle; multiple brightness of ground vehicle lights by either reentry vehicle. reducing power or by screening in such a way that any visible light is limited in reference datum — As used in the loading output. See also normal lighting. of aircraft, an imaginary vertical plane at or near the nose of the aircraft from which reduced operational status — Applies to the all horizontal distances are measured for Military Sealift Command ships withdrawn balance purposes. Diagrams of each aircraft from full operational status (FOS) because show this reference datum as “balance of decreased operational requirements. A station zero.” ship in reduced operational status is crewed in accordance with shipboard maintenance reference diversion point — (*) One of a and possible future operational number of positions selected by the routing requirements, with crew size predetermined authority on both sides of the route of a contractually. The condition of readiness convoy or independent to facilitate in terms of calendar days required to attain diversion at sea. FOS is designated by the numeral following the acronym ROS (i.e., ROS-5). Also called reference point — (*) A prominent, easily ROS. See also Military Sealift located point in the terrain. Command. (JP 3-02.2) reflected shock wave — When a shock wave reduction — The creation of lanes through a traveling in a medium strikes the interface minefield or obstacle to allow passage of between this medium and a denser medium, the attacking ground force. (JP 3-15) part of the energy of the shock wave induces

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 a shock wave in the denser medium and the remainder of the energy results in the formation of a reflected shock wave that travels back through the less dense medium. reflex sight — (*) An optical or computing sight that reflects a reticle image (or images) onto a combining glass for superimposition on the target.

managing satellite communications (SATCOM) resources. Specific tasks include: supporting combatant commanders’ (CINCs’) deliberate and crisis planning, assisting CINCs in day-today management of apportioned resources and allocating non-apportioned resources, assisting theater spectrum managers, and facilitating SATCOM interface to the defense information infrastructure. Also called RSSC.

refraction — The process by which the direction of a wave is changed when moving into shallow water at an angle to register — (*) In cartography, the correct the bathymetric contours. The crest of the position of one component of a composite wave advancing in shallower water moves map image in relation to the other more slowly than the crest still advancing components, at each stage of production. in deeper water, causing the wave crest to bend toward alignment with the underwater registration — The adjustment of fire to contours. (JP 4-01.6) determine firing data corrections.

refuge area — (*) A coastal area considered registration fire — (*) Fire delivered to safe from enemy attack to which merchant obtain accurate data for subsequent ships may be ordered to proceed when the effective engagement of targets. See also shipping movement policy is implemented. fire. See also safe anchorage. registration point — (*) Terrain feature or refugee — A person who, by reason of real other designated point on which fire is or imagined danger, has left their home adjusted for the purpose of obtaining country or country of their nationality and corrections to firing data. is unwilling or unable to return. See also dislocated civilian; displaced person; regrade — To determine that certain evacuee; expellee; stateless person. classified information requires, in the (JP 3-07.6) interests of national defense, a higher or a lower degree of protection against regimental landing team — A task unauthorized disclosure than currently organization for landing comprised of an provided, coupled with a changing of the infantry regiment reinforced by those classification designation to reflect such elements that are required for initiation of higher or lower degree. its combat function ashore. regular drill — See unit training assembly. regional satellite communications support center — United States Space Command regulated item — (*) Any item whose issue operational element responsible for to a user is subject to control by an providing the operational communications appropriate authority for reasons that may planners with a single all-spectrum include cost, scarcity, technical or (extremely high frequency, super-high hazardous nature, or operational frequency, ultrahigh frequency, Ku, and significance. Also called controlled item. Ka) point of contact for accessing and See also critical supplies and materiel.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 regulating point — An anchorage, port, or etc) can be given a reinforcing/reinforced ocean area to which assault and assault mission. follow-on echelons and follow-up shipping proceed on a schedule, and at which they reinforcing obstacles — Those obstacles are normally controlled by the commander, specifically constructed, emplaced, or amphibious task force, until needed in the detonated through military effort and transport area for unloading. See also designed to strengthen existing terrain to assault; commander, amphibious task disrupt, fix, turn, or block enemy force. (JP 3-02) movement. See also obstacle. (JP 3-15) regulating station — A command agency relateral tell — (*) The relay of information established to control all movements of between facilities through the use of a third personnel and supplies into or out of a given facility. This type of telling is appropriate area. between automated facilities in a degraded communications environment. See also rehabilitation — (*) 1. The processing, track telling. usually in a relatively quiet area, of units or individuals recently withdrawn from relative altitude — See vertical separation. combat or arduous duty, during which units recondition equipment and are rested, relative bearing — (*) The direction furnished special facilities, filled up with expressed as a horizontal angle normally replacements, issued replacement supplies measured clockwise from the forward point and equipment, given training, and of the longitudinal axis of a vehicle, aircraft, generally made ready for employment in or ship to an object or body. See also future operations. 2. The action performed bearing; grid bearing. in restoring an installation to authorized design standards. relative biological effectiveness — The ratio of the number of rads of gamma (or X) rehearsal phase — In amphibious operations, radiation of a certain energy that will the period during which the prospective produce a specified biological effect to the operation is practiced for the purpose of: number of rads of another radiation required (1) testing adequacy of plans, the timing of to produce the same effect measures the detailed operations, and the combat “relative biological effectiveness” of the readiness of participating forces; (2) latter radiation. ensuring that all echelons are familiar with plans; and (3) testing communications- release — (*) In air armament, the intentional information systems. See also amphibious separation of a free-fall aircraft store, from operation. (JP 3-02) its suspension equipment, for purposes of employment of the store. reinforcement training unit — See voluntary training unit. release altitude — Altitude of an aircraft above the ground at the time of release of reinforcing — A support mission in which bombs, rockets, missiles, tow targets, etc. the supporting unit assists the supported unit to accomplish the supported unit’s mission. release point (road) — A well-defined point Only like units (e.g., artillery to artillery, on a route at which the elements composing intelligence to intelligence, armor to armor, a column return under the authority of their

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 respective commanders, each one of these elements continuing its movement towards its own appropriate destination. releasing commander (nuclear weapons) — A commander who has been delegated authority to approve the use of nuclear weapons within prescribed limits. See also executing commander (nuclear weapons). releasing officer — A properly designated individual who may authorize the sending of a message for and in the name of the originator. See also originator. reliability diagram — (*) In cartography, a diagram showing the dates and quality of the source material from which a map or chart has been compiled. See also information box.

personal well being. Enlisted religious support personnel assist the chaplain in providing religious ministry support. See also command chaplain; command chaplain of the combatant command; lay leader or lay reader; religious ministry support plan; religious ministry support team; Service component command chaplain. (JP 1-05) religious ministry support plan — A plan that describes the way in which religious support personnel will provide religious support to all members of a joint force. When approved by the commander, it may be included as an annex to operation plans. See also command chaplain; command chaplain of the combatant command; lay leader or lay reader; religious ministry support; religious ministry support team; Service component command chaplain. (JP 1-05)

reliability of source — See evaluation. relief — (*) Inequalities of evaluation and the configuration of land features on the surface of the Earth which may be represented on maps or charts by contours, hypsometric tints, shading, or spot elevations.

religious ministry support team — A team that is composed of a chaplain and an Army chaplain assistant, Navy religious program specialist, Air Force chaplain service support personnel, and/or Coast Guard yeoman. The team works together in designing, implementing, and executing the command religious program. See also command chaplain; command chaplain of the combatant command; lay leader or lay reader; religious ministry support; religious ministry support plan; Service component command chaplain. (JP 1-05)

relief in place — (*) An operation in which, by direction of higher authority, all or part of a unit is replaced in an area by the incoming unit. The responsibilities of the replaced elements for the mission and the assigned zone of operations are transferred to the incoming unit. The incoming unit relocatable building — A building designed continues the operation as ordered. to be readily moved, erected, disassembled, stored, and reused. All types of buildings religious ministry support — The entire or building forms designed to provide spectrum of professional duties, to include relocatable capabilities are included in this providing for or facilitating essential definition. In classifying buildings as religious needs and practices; pastoral care; relocatable, the estimated funded and family support programs; religious unfunded costs for average building education; volunteer and community disassembly, repackaging (including activities; and programs performed to normal repair and refurbishment of enhance morale and moral, ethical, and components), and nonrecoverable building

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 components, including typical foundations, for order and shipping time equals the may not exceed 20 percent of the building reorder point. See also level of supply. acquisition cost. Excluded from this definition are building types and forms that repair — The restoration of an item to are provided as an integral part of a mobile serviceable condition through correction of equipment item and that are incidental a specific failure or unserviceable condition. portions of such equipment components, See also overhaul; rebuild. such as communications vans or trailers. (JP 4-04) repair and restoration — Repair, beyond emergency repair, of war-damaged facilities remain-behind equipment — Unit to restore operational capability in equipment left by deploying forces at their accordance with combatant command bases when they deploy. (JP 3-02.2) standards of construction, including repair and restoration of pavement surfaces. remaining forces — The total surviving Normally, repairs to facilities will be made United States forces at any given stage of using materials similar to those of the combat operations. original construction. For severely damaged facilities (i.e., essentially remote delivery — (*) In mine warfare, the destroyed), restoration may require delivery of mines to a target area by any reconstruction. (JP 4-04) means other than direct emplacement. The exact position of mines so laid may not be repair cycle — The stages through which a known. reparable item passes from the time of its removal or replacement until it is reinstalled remotely piloted vehicle — (*) An or placed in stock in a serviceable condition. unmanned vehicle capable of being controlled from a distant location through repair cycle aircraft — Aircraft in the active a communication link. It is normally inventory that are in or awaiting depot designed to be recoverable. See also maintenance, including those in transit to drone. or from depot maintenance. render safe procedures — See explosive reparable item — An item that can be ordnance disposal procedures. reconditioned or economically repaired for reuse when it becomes unserviceable. See rendezvous area — In an amphibious also recoverable item. operation, the area in which the landing craft and amphibious vehicles rendezvous repatriate — A person who returns to his or to form waves after being loaded, and prior her country or citizenship, having left said to movement to the line of departure. native country either against his or her will, or as one of a group who left for reason of reorder cycle — The interval between politics, religion, or other pertinent reasons. successive reorder (procurement) actions. repatriation — 1. The procedure whereby reorder point — 1. That point at which time American citizens and their families are a stock replenishment requisition would be officially processed back into the United submitted to maintain the predetermined or States subsequent to an evacuation. See calculated stockage objective. 2. The sum also evacuation. 2. The release and return of the safety level of supply plus the level of enemy prisoners of war to their own

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 country in accordance with the 1949 Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War. (JP 1-0)

originating terminal to the end receiver. See also near real time.

representative downwind direction — (*) repeater-jammer — (*) A receiver During the forecast period, the mean surface transmitter device which amplifies, downwind direction in the hazard area multiplies, and retransmits the signals towards which the cloud travels. received, for purposes of deception or jamming. representative downwind speed — (*) The mean surface downwind speed in the hazard replacement demand — A demand area during the forecast period. representing replacement of items consumed or worn out. representative fraction — The scale of a map, chart, or photograph expressed as a replacement factor — (*) The estimated fraction or ratio. See also scale. percentage of equipment or repair parts in use that will require replacement during a request for information — 1. Any specific given period due to wearing out beyond time-sensitive ad hoc requirement for repair, enemy action, abandonment, intelligence information or products to pilferage, and other causes except support an ongoing crisis or operation not catastrophes. necessarily related to standing requirements or scheduled intelligence production. A replacements — Personnel required to take request for information can be initiated to the place of others who depart a unit. respond to operational requirements and will be validated in accordance with the replenishment at sea — (*) Those theater command’s procedures. 2. The operations required to make a transfer of National Security Agency/Central Security personnel and/or supplies when at sea. Service uses this term to state ad hoc signals intelligence requirements. Also called RFI. reported unit — A unit designation that has See also information; intelligence. (JP 2-01) been mentioned in an agent report, captured document, or interrogation report, but for request modify — (*) In artillery and naval which available information is insufficient gunfire support, a request by any person, to include the unit in accepted order of battle other than the person authorized to make holdings. modifications to a fire plan, for a modification. reporting post — (*) An element of the control and reporting system used to extend required delivery date — The date that a the radar coverage of the control and force must arrive at the destination and reporting center. It does not undertake the complete unloading. Also called RDD. control of aircraft. required supply rate (ammunition) — The reporting time interval — 1. In surveillance, amount of ammunition expressed in terms the time interval between the detection of of rounds per weapon per day for an event and the receipt of a report by the ammunition items fired by weapons (and user. 2. In communications, the time for in terms of other units of measure per day transmission of data or a report from the for bulk allotment and other items)

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 estimated to be required to sustain stocks represented by the operating level, operations of any designated force without safety level, and the order and shipping time restriction for a specified period. Tactical or procurement lead time, as appropriate. commanders use this rate to state their See also level of supply. requirements for ammunition to support planned tactical operations at specified rescue combat air patrol — An aircraft intervals. The required supply rate is patrol provided over a combat search and submitted through command channels. It rescue objective area for the purpose of is consolidated at each echelon and is intercepting and destroying hostile aircraft. considered by each commander in Its primary mission is to protect the search subsequently determining the controlled and rescue task forces during recovery supply rate within the command. Also operations. Also called RESCAP. See also called RSR. See also ammunition combat air patrol. controlled supply rate. rescue coordination center — A primary requirements — See military requirement. search and rescue facility suitably staffed by supervisory personnel and equipped for requirements capability — This capability coordinating and controlling search and provides a Joint Operation Planning and rescue and/or combat search and rescue Execution System user with the ability to operations. The facility is operated identify, update, review, and delete data on unilaterally by personnel of a single Service forces and sustainment required to support or component. For Navy component an operation plan or course of action. operations, this facility may be called a rescue coordination team. Also called RCC requirements management system — A (or RCT for Navy component). See also system for the management of theater and combat search and rescue; joint search national imagery collection requirements and rescue center; search and rescue. that provides automated tools for users in (JP 3-50.2) support of submission, review, and validation of imagery nominations as rescue ship — (*) In shipping control, a ship requirements to be tasked on national or of a convoy stationed at the rear of a convoy Department of Defense imagery collection, column to rescue survivors. production, and exploitation resources. Also called RMS. See also imagery. research — All effort directed toward (JP 2-01) increased knowledge of natural phenomena and environment and toward the solution requisition — (*) 1. An authoritative of problems in all fields of science. This demand or request especially for personnel, includes basic and applied research. supplies, or services authorized but not made available without specific request. reseau — (*) A grid system of a standard 2. (DOD only) To demand or require size in the image plane of a photographic services from an invaded or conquered system used for mensuration purposes. nation. reservation — The stated qualification by a requisitioning objective — The maximum nation that describes the part of a quantities of materiel to be maintained on standardization agreement that it will not hand and on order to sustain current implement or will implement only with operations. It will consist of the sum of

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 limitations. See also implementation; ratification; subscription.

operational, or strategic plan, or because of the importance of the structure itself, or because the demolition may be executed in the face of the enemy. See also demolition target.

reserve — 1. Portion of a body of troops that is kept to the rear, or withheld from action at the beginning of an engagement, in order to be available for a decisive movement. reserved obstacles — Those demolition 2. Members of the Military Services who obstacles that are deemed critical to the plan are not in active service but who are subject for which the authority to detonate is to call to active duty. 3. Portion of an reserved by the designating commander. appropriation or contract authorization held See also obstacle. (JP 3-15) or set aside for future operations or contingencies and, in respect to which, reserved route — (*) In road traffic, a administrative authorization to incur specific route allocated exclusively to an commitments or obligations has been authority or formation. See also route. withheld. See also operational reserve; reserve supplies. reserve supplies — Supplies accumulated in excess of immediate needs for the purpose reserve aircraft — Those aircraft that have of ensuring continuity of an adequate been accumulated in excess of immediate supply. Also called reserves. See also needs for active aircraft and are retained in battle reserves; beach reserves; the inventory against possible future needs. contingency retention stock; economic See also aircraft. retention stock; individual reserves; initial reserves; unit reserves. reserve component category — The category that identifies an individual’s residual capabilities assessment — Provides status in a reserve component. The three an automated or manual crisis action reserve component categories are Ready capability to assess the effects of weapons Reserve, Standby Reserve, and Retired of mass destruction events for operations Reserve. Each reservist is identified by a planning. Residual capabilities assessment specific reserve component category tasks include, but are not limited to, designation. assessment of infrastructure and facility damage, fallout prediction, weapons effect Reserve Components — Reserve analysis, population impact assessment, and Components of the Armed Forces of the tracking strategic assets. United States are: a. the Army National Guard of the United States; b. the Army residual contamination — (*) Reserve; c. the Naval Reserve; d. the Contamination which remains after steps Marine Corps Reserve; e. the Air National have been taken to remove it. These steps Guard of the United States; f. the Air Force may consist of nothing more than allowing Reserve; and g. the Coast Guard Reserve. the contamination to decay normally. Also called RC. See also component; reserve. (JP 4-05.1) residual forces — Unexpended portions of the remaining United States forces that have reserved demolition target — A target for an immediate combat potential for demolition, the destruction of which must continued military operations, and that have be controlled at a specific level of command been deliberately withheld from utilization. because it plays a vital part in the tactical,

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 residual radiation — (*) Nuclear radiation reimbursement procedures, and establishing caused by fallout, artificial dispersion of a management control process. See also radioactive material, or irradiation which financial management. (JP 1-06) results from a nuclear explosion and persists longer than one minute after burst. See also resources — The forces, materiel, and other contamination; induced radiation; initial assets or capabilities apportioned or radiation. allocated to the commander of a unified or specified command. residual radioactivity — Nuclear radiation that results from radioactive sources and response force — A mobile force with persists for longer than one minute. Sources appropriate fire support designated, usually of residual radioactivity created by nuclear by the area commander, to deal with Level explosions include fission fragments and II threats in the rear area. Also called RF. radioactive matter created primarily by (JP 3-10.1) neutron activation, but may also be created by gamma and other radiation activation. responsibility — 1. The obligation to carry Other possible sources of residual forward an assigned task to a successful radioactivity include radioactive material conclusion. With responsibility goes created and dispersed by means other authority to direct and take the necessary than nuclear explosion. See also action to ensure success. 2. The obligation contamination; induced radiation; initial for the proper custody, care, and radiation. safekeeping of property or funds entrusted to the possession or supervision of an resistance movement — An organized effort individual. See also accountability. by some portion of the civil population of a country to resist the legally established responsor — (*) An electronic device used government or an occupying power and to to receive an electronic challenge and disrupt civil order and stability. display a reply thereto. resolution — 1. A measurement of the rest and recuperation — The withdrawal of smallest detail that can be distinguished by individuals from combat or duty in a combat a sensor system under specific conditions. area for short periods of rest and 2. A formal expression of an official body recuperation. Also called R&R. See also such as Congress, the United Nations rehabilitation. Security Council, or North Atlantic Treaty Organization North Atlantic Committee restitution — (*) The process of determining that may provide the basis for or set limits the true planimetric position of objects on a military operation. whose images appear on photographs. resource management operations — The restitution factor — See correlation factor. execution of the resource management mission that includes providing advice and restorative and rehabilitative care — A guidance to the commander, developing period of minimal care and increasing command resource requirements, physical activity necessary to restore identifying sources of funding, determining patients to functional health and allow their cost, acquiring funds, distributing and return to duty or useful and productive life. controlling funds, tracking costs and Restorative and rehabilitative treatment obligations, cost capturing and may be available in theater on a limited

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 basis due to the theater evacuation policy. restricted operations area — (*) Airspace This treatment is normally provided in the of defined dimensions, designated by the continental United States. See also airspace control authority, in response to evacuation policy; patient; theater. specific operational situations/requirements (JP 4-02) within which the operation of one or more airspace users is restricted. Also called restraint of loads — The process of binding, ROA. lashing, and wedging items into one unit or into its transporter in a manner that will restricted target — A target that has specific ensure immobility during transit. restrictions imposed upon it. Actions that exceed specified restrictions are prohibited restricted area — 1. An area (land, sea, or until coordinated and approved by the air) in which there are special restrictive establishing headquarters. See also target. measures employed to prevent or minimize (JP 3-60) interference between friendly forces. 2. An area under military jurisdiction in which restricted target list — A list of restricted special security measures are employed to targets nominated by elements of the joint prevent unauthorized entry. See also air force and approved by the joint force surface zone; controlled firing area; commander. This list also includes restricted areas (air). restricted targets directed by higher authorities. Also called RTL. See also restricted areas (air) — Designated areas restricted target; target. (JP 3-60) established by appropriate authority over which flight of aircraft is restricted. They restrictive fire area — An area in which are shown on aeronautical charts, published specific restrictions are imposed and into in notices to airmen, and provided in which fires that exceed those restrictions publications of aids to air navigation. See will not be delivered without coordination also restricted area. with the establishing headquarters. Also called RFA. See also fires. (JP 3-09) restricted dangerous air cargo — (*) Cargo which does not belong to the highly restrictive fire line — A line established dangerous category but which is hazardous between converging friendly surface forces and requires, for transport by cargo or that prohibits fires or their effects across passenger aircraft, extra precautions in that line. Also called RFL. See also fires. packing and handling. (JP 3-09) restricted data — All data (information) restrictive fire plan — (*) A safety measure concerning: a. design, manufacture, or use for friendly aircraft which establishes of atomic weapons; b. the production of airspace that is reasonably safe from special nuclear material; or c. the use of friendly surface delivered non-nuclear fires. special nuclear material in the production of energy, but shall not include data resupply — (*) The act of replenishing stocks declassified or removed from the restricted in order to maintain required levels of data category pursuant to Section 142 of supply. the Atomic Energy Act. (Section 11w, Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended.) resuscitative care — The aggressive See also formerly restricted data. management of life- and limb-threatening

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 injuries. Interventions include emergency Retired Reserve — All Reserve members medical treatment, advanced trauma who receive retirement pay on the basis of management, and lifesaving surgery to their active duty and/or Reserve service; enable the patient to tolerate evacuation to those members who are otherwise eligible the next level of care. See also evacuation; for retirement pay but have not reached age patient. (JP 4-02) 60 and who have not elected discharge and are not voluntary members of the Ready or retain — 1. When used in the context of Standby Reserve. See also active duty; deliberate planning, the directed command Ready Reserve; Standby Reserve. (JP 4-05) will keep the referenced operation plan or operation plan in concept format, and any retirement — (*) An operation in which a associated joint operation planning system force out of contact moves away from the or Joint Operation Planning and Execution enemy. System automated data processing files in an inactive library or status. The plan and retrofit action — Action taken to modify its associated files will not be maintained inservice equipment. unless directed by follow-on guidance. See also archive; maintain. 2. A tactical task retrograde cargo — Cargo evacuated from to occupy and hold a terrain feature to a theater. ensure that it is free of enemy occupation or use. retrograde movement — Any movement of a command to the rear, or away from the retained personnel — Enemy personnel who enemy. It may be forced by the enemy or come within any of the categories below may be made voluntarily. Such movements are eligible to be certified as retained may be classified as withdrawal, retirement, personnel. a. Medical personnel or delaying action. exclusively engaged in the: (1) Search for collection, transport, or treatment of the retrograde operation — See retrograde wounded or sick; (2) Prevention of disease; movement. and/or (3) Staff administration of medical units and establishments exclusively. b. retrograde personnel — Personnel Chaplains attached to enemy armed forces. evacuated from a theater who may include c. Staff of national Red Cross societies and medical patients, noncombatants, and other voluntary aid societies duly civilians. recognized and authorized by their governments. The staffs of such societies returned to military control — The status must be subject to military laws and of a person whose casualty status of “duty regulations. Also called RP. See also status - whereabouts unknown” or personnel. (JP 1-0) “missing” has been changed due to the person’s return or recovery by US military reticle — (*) A mark such as a cross or a authority. Also called RMC. See also system of lines lying in the image plane of casualty status; duty status a viewing apparatus. It may be used singly whereabouts unknown; missing. as a reference mark on certain types of monocular instruments or as one of a pair return load — (*) Personnel and/or cargo to to form a floating mark as in certain types be transported by a returning carrier. of stereoscopes. See also graticule.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 return to base — An order to proceed to the by contact, hydrostatic pressure, or other point indicated by the displayed means. information or by verbal communication. This point is being used to return the aircraft risk — 1. Probability and severity of loss to a place at which the aircraft can land. linked to hazards. 2. See degree of risk. Command heading, speed, and altitude may See also hazard; risk management. be used, if desired. Also called RTB. (JP 5-00.2) revolutionary — An individual attempting risk assessment — The identification and to effect a social or political change through assessment of hazards (first two steps of risk the use of extreme measures. See also management process). antiterrorism. (JP 3-07.2) risk management — The process of revolving fund — A fund established to identifying, assessing, and controlling risks finance a cycle of operations to which arising from operational factors and making reimbursements and collections are decisions that balance risk cost with mission returned for reuse in a manner such as will benefits. Also called RM. See also risk. maintain the principal of the fund, e.g., (JP 3-0) working capital funds, industrial funds, and loan funds. riverine area — An inland or coastal area comprising both land and water, riding off — Maneuvering one’s unit in order characterized by limited land lines of to cause an opposing force to turn away. communication, with extensive water Also known as blocking; defensive surface and/or inland waterways that blocking. provide natural routes for surface transportation and communications. right (left) bank — See left (right) bank. riverine operations — Operations conducted right (or left) — See left (or right). by forces organized to cope with and exploit the unique characteristics of a riverine area, riot control agent — Any chemical, that is to locate and destroy hostile forces, and/or not listed in the Chemical Weapons to achieve or maintain control of the riverine Convention, which can produce rapidly in area. Joint riverine operations combine humans sensory irritate or disabling land, naval, and air operations, as physical effects which disappear within a appropriate, and are suited to the nature of short time following termination of the specific riverine area in which exposure. See also chemical warfare. operations are to be conducted. (JP 3-11) road block — (*) A barrier or obstacle riot control operations — The employment (usually covered by fire) used to block or of riot control agents and/or special tactics, limit the movement of hostile vehicles along formations, and equipment in the control a route. of violent disorders. road capacity — The maximum traffic flow rising mine — (*) In naval mine warfare, a obtainable on a given roadway using all mine having positive buoyancy which is available lanes; usually expressed in released from a sinker by a ship influence vehicles per hour or vehicles per day. or by a timing device. The mine may fire

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 road clearance time — (*) The total time a column requires to travel over and clear a section of the road.

opposing defenses, starting at the periphery and working inward, to permit deeper penetration of succeeding defense positions.

road hazard sign — (*) A sign used to roll-in-point — The point at which aircraft indicate traffic hazards. Military hazard enter the final leg of the attack, e.g., dive, signs should be used in a communications glide. zone area only in accordance with existing agreements with national authorities. roll-on/roll-off discharge facility — Provides a means of disembarking vehicles road net — The system of roads available from a roll-on and roll-off ship to lighterage. within a particular locality or area. The roll-on/roll-off discharge facility consists of six causeway sections, road space — (*) The length of roadway nonpowered assembled into a platform that allocated to and/or actually occupied by a is two sections long and three sections wide. column on a route, expressed in miles or When use of landing craft, utility, as lighters kilometers. is being considered, a seventh “sea end” causeway section, on-powered, fitted with rocket propulsion — Reaction propulsion a rhino horn is required. The roll-on/roll-off wherein both the fuel and the oxidizer, discharge facility assembly includes generating the hot gases expended through fendering, lighting, and a ramp for vehicle a nozzle, are carried as part of the rocket movement from ship to the platform. Also engine. Specifically, rocket propulsion called RRDF. See also facility; lighterage. differs from jet propulsion in that jet (JP 4-01.6) propulsion utilizes atmospheric air as an oxidizer, whereas rocket propulsion utilizes roll-up — The process for orderly dismantling nitric acid or a similar compound as an of facilities no longer required in support oxidizer. See also jet propulsion. of operations and available for transfer to other areas. roentgen — (*) A unit of exposure dose of gamma (or X-) radiation. In field dosimetry, romper — (*) A ship which has moved more one roentgen is essentially equal to one rad. than 10 nautical miles ahead of its convoy, and is unable to rejoin it. See also straggler. roentgen equivalent mammal — One roentgen equivalent mammal is the quantity rope — (*) An element of chaff consisting of ionizing radiation of any type which, of a long roll of metallic foil or wire which when absorbed by man or other mammal, is designed for broad, low-frequency produces a physiological effect equivalent responses. See also chaff. to that produced by the absorption of 1 roentgen of X-ray or gamma radiation. rough terrain container handler — A piece Also called REM. of materials handling equipment used to pick up and move containers. Also called role number — (*) In the medical field, the RTCH. See also materials handling classification of treatment facilities equipment. (JP 4-01.6) according to their different capabilities. route — (*) The prescribed course to be roll back — The process of progressive traveled from a specific point of origin to a destruction and/or neutralization of the specific destination. See also axial route;

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 controlled route; dispatch route; lateral row marker — (*) In land mine warfare, a route; reserved route; signed route; natural, artificial, or specially installed supervised route. marker, located at the start or finish of a mine row where mines are laid by route capacity — (*) 1. The maximum individual rows. See also marker. traffic flow of vehicles in one direction at the most restricted point on the route. 2. rules of engagement — Directives issued by The maximum number of metric tons which competent military authority that delineate can be moved in one direction over a the circumstances and limitations under particular route in one hour. It is the product which United States forces will initiate and/ of the maximum traffic flow and the average or continue combat engagement with other payload of the vehicles using the route. See forces encountered. Also called ROE. See also railway line capacity. also law of war. route classification — (*) Classification run — 1. That part of a flight of one assigned to a route using factors of photographic reconnaissance aircraft during minimum width, worst route type, least which photographs are taken. 2. The transit bridge, raft, or culvert military load of a sweeper-sweep combination or of a classification, and obstructions to traffic mine-hunter operating its equipment flow. See also military load classification. through a lap. This term may also be applied to a transit of any formation of route lanes — (*) A series of parallel tracks sweepers. for the routing of independently sailed ships. runway visual range — (*) The maximum distance in the direction of takeoff or routine message — A category of precedence landing at which the runway, or specified to be used for all types of messages that lights or markers delineating it, can be seen justify transmission by rapid means unless from a position above a specified point on of sufficient urgency to require a higher its center line at a height corresponding to precedence. See also precedence. the average eye level of pilots at touch-down. routine supplies — Those items delivered as a result of normal requisitioning rupture zone — (*) The region immediately procedures to replace expended supplies or adjacent to the crater boundary in which to build up reserve stocks. See also the stresses produced by the explosion have follow-up supplies; supplies. (JP 3-17) exceeded the ultimate strength of the medium. It is characterized by the routing indicator — A group of letters appearance of numerous radial cracks of assigned to indicate: a. the geographic various sizes. See also plastic zone. location of a station; b. a fixed headquarters of a command, activity, or unit at a ruse — In military deception, a trick of war geographic location; and c. the general designed to deceive the adversary, usually location of a tape relay or tributary station involving the deliberate exposure of false to facilitate the routing of traffic over the information to the adversary’s intelligence tape relay networks. collection system. (JP 3-58)

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002

S sabotage — An act or acts with intent to safe distance — (*) In naval mine warfare, injure, interfere with, or obstruct the the horizontal range from the edge of the national defense of a country by willfully explosion damage area to the center of the injuring or destroying, or attempting to sweeper. injure or destroy, any national defense or war materiel, premises, or utilities, to safe haven — 1. Designated area(s) to which include human and natural resources. noncombatants of the United States Government’s responsibility and sabotage alert team — See security alert commercial vehicles and materiel may be team. evacuated during a domestic or other valid emergency. 2. Temporary storage provided saboteur — One who commits sabotage. See to Department of Energy classified also antiterrorism; countersabotage; shipment transporters at Department of sabotage. (JP 3-07.2) Defense facilities in order to assure safety and security of nuclear material and/or safe anchorage — (*) An anchorage nonnuclear classified material. Also considered safe from enemy attack to which includes parking for commercial vehicles merchant ships may be ordered to proceed containing Class A or Class B explosives. when the shipping movement policy is 3. A protected body of water or the well implemented. See also refuge area. deck of an amphibious ship used by small craft operating offshore for refuge from safe area — A designated area in hostile storms or heavy seas. (JP 4-01.6) territory that offers the evader or escapee a reasonable chance of avoiding capture and safe house — An innocent-appearing house of surviving until he or she can be or premises established by an organization evacuated. for the purpose of conducting clandestine or covert activity in relative security. safe burst height — (*) The height of burst at or above which the level of fallout or safe separation distance — (*) The damage to ground installations is at a minimum distance between the delivery predetermined level acceptable to the system and the weapon beyond which the military commander. See also types of hazards associated with functioning burst. (detonation) are acceptable. safe current — (*) In naval mine warfare, safety and arming mechanism — (*) A dual the maximum current that can be supplied function device which prevents the to a sweep in a given waveform and pulse unintended activation of a main charge or cycle which does not produce a danger area propulsion unit prior to arming, but allows with respect to the mines being swept for. activation thereafter upon receipt of the appropriate stimuli. safe depth — (*) In naval mine warfare, the shallowest depth of water in which a ship safety device — (*) A device which prevents will not actuate a bottom mine of the type unintentional functioning. under consideration. Safe depth is usually quoted for conditions of ship upright, calm safety distance — (*) In road transport, the sea, and a given speed. distance between vehicles traveling in

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 column specified by the command in light safing and arming mechanism — A of safety requirements. mechanism whose primary purpose is to prevent an unintended functioning of the safety fuze — A pyrotechnic contained in a main charge of the ammunition prior to flexible and weather-proof sheath burning completion of the arming delay and, in turn, at a timed and constant rate; used to transmit allow the explosive train of the ammunition a flame to the detonator. to function after arming. safety height — See altitude; minimum safe salted weapon — (*) A nuclear weapon altitude. which has, in addition to its normal components, certain elements or isotopes safety lane — (*) Specified sea lane which capture neutrons at the time of the designated for use in transit by submarine explosion and produce radioactive products and surface ships to prevent attack by over and above the usual radioactive friendly forces. weapon debris. See also minimum residual radioactivity weapon. safety level of supply — The quantity of materiel, in addition to the operating level salvage — 1. Property that has some value of supply, required to be on hand to permit in excess of its basic material content but is continuous operations in the event of minor in such condition that it has no reasonable interruption of normal replenishment or prospect of use for any purpose as a unit unpredictable fluctuations in demand. See and its repair or rehabilitation for use as a also level of supply. unit is clearly impractical. 2. The saving or rescuing of condemned, discarded, or safety line — (*) In land mine warfare, abandoned property, and of materials demarcation line for trip wire or wirecontained therein for reuse, refabrication, actuated mines in a minefield. It serves to or scrapping. protect the laying personnel. After the minefield is laid, this line is neither marked salvage group — In an amphibious operation, on the ground nor plotted on the minefield a naval task organization designated and record. equipped to rescue personnel and to salvage equipment and material. safety wire — (*) A cable, wire, or lanyard attached to the aircraft and routed to an salvage operation — 1. The recovery, expendable aircraft store to prevent arming evacuation, and reclamation of damaged, initiation prior to store release. See also discarded, condemned, or abandoned allied arming wire. or enemy materiel, ships, craft, and floating equipment for reuse, repair, refabrication, safety zone — (*) An area (land, sea, or air) or scrapping. 2. Naval salvage operations reserved for noncombat operations of include harbor and channel clearance, friendly aircraft, surface ships, submarines, diving, hazardous towing and rescue tug or ground forces. (Note: DOD does not services, and the recovery of materiel, ships, use the word “submarines”.) craft, and floating equipment sunk offshore or elsewhere stranded. safing — As applied to weapons and ammunition, the changing from a state of salvo — 1. In naval gunfire support, a method readiness for initiation to a safe condition. of fire in which a number of weapons are Also called de-arming. fired at the same target simultaneously.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 2. In close air support or air interdiction scaling law — (*) A mathematical operations, a method of delivery in which relationship which permits the effects of a the release mechanisms are operated to nuclear explosion of given energy yield to release or fire all ordnance of a specific type be determined as a function of distance from simultaneously. the explosion (or from ground zero) provided the corresponding effect is known sanction enforcement and maritime as a function of distance for a reference intercept operations — Operations that explosion, e.g., of 1-kiloton energy yield. employ coercive measures to interdict the movement of certain types of designated scan — 1. The path periodically followed by items into or out of a nation or specified a radiation beam. 2. In electronic area. (JP 3-07) intelligence, the motion of an electronic beam through space looking for a target. sanctuary — A nation or area near or Scanning is produced by the motion of the contiguous to the combat area that, by tacit antenna or by lobe switching. See also agreement between the warring powers, is electronic intelligence. exempt from attack and therefore serves as a refuge for staging, logistic, or other scan line — (*) The line produced on a activities of the combatant powers. recording medium frame by a single sweep of a scanner. sanitize — To revise a report or other document in such a fashion as to prevent scan period — The period taken by a radar, identification of sources, or of the actual sonar, etc., to complete a scan pattern and persons and places with which it is return to a starting point. concerned, or of the means by which it was acquired. Usually involves deletion or scan rate — (*) The rate at which individual substitution of names and other key details. scans are recorded. satellite and missile surveillance — The scan type — The path made in space by a systematic observation of aerospace for the point on the radar beam; for example, purpose of detecting, tracking, and circular, helical, conical, spiral, or sector. characterizing objects, events, and phenomena associated with satellites and scatterable mine — (*) In land mine warfare, inflight missiles, friendly and enemy. See a mine laid without regard to classical also surveillance. pattern and which is designed to be delivered by aircraft, artillery, missile, S-bend distortion — See S-curve distortion. ground dispenser, or by hand. Once laid, it normally has a limited life. See also mine. scale — (*) The ratio or fraction between the distance on a map, chart, or photograph and scene of action commander — In the corresponding distance on the surface antisubmarine warfare, the commander at of the Earth. See also conversion scale; the scene of contact. The commander is graphic scale; photographic scale; usually in a ship, or may be in a fixed-wing principal scale. aircraft, helicopter, or submarine. scale (photographic) — See photographic scheduled arrival date — The projected scale. arrival date of a specified movement requirement at a specified location.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 scheduled fire — (*) A type of prearranged fire executed at a predetermined time.

groups, or series of targets to be fired on, in a definite sequence according to a definite program.

scheduled maintenance — Periodic prescribed inspection and/or servicing of scheduling and movement — Joint equipment accomplished on a calendar, Operation Planning and Execution System mileage, or hours of operation basis. See application software providing the also organizational maintenance. capability to create, update, allocate, manifest, and review organic carrier scheduled service (air transport) — A information before and during deployment. routine air transport service operated in It provides the ability to review, analyze, accordance with a timetable. and generate several predefined reports on an extensive variety of scheduling and scheduled speed — (*) The planned movement information. Also called S&M. sustained speed of a convoy through the water which determines the speed scheduling and movement capability — classification of that convoy. See also The capability required by Joint Operation convoy speed; critical speed; declared Planning and Execution System planners speed. and operators to allow for review and update of scheduling and movement data scheduled targets — Planned targets upon before and during implementation of a which fires will be delivered at a specific deployment operation. time. See also planned targets; target. (JP 3-60) scheme of maneuver — Description of how arrayed forces will accomplish the scheduled target (nuclear) — A planned commander’s intent. It is the central target on which a nuclear weapon is to be expression of the commander’s concept for delivered at a specific time during the operations and governs the design of operation of the supported force. The time supporting plans or annexes. is specified in terms of minutes before or after a designated time or in terms of the scientific and technical intelligence — The accomplishment of a predetermined product resulting from the collection, movement or task. Coordination and evaluation, analysis, and interpretation of warning of friendly troops and aircraft are foreign scientific and technical information mandatory. that covers: a. foreign developments in basic and applied research and in applied scheduled wave — See wave. engineering techniques; and b. scientific and technical characteristics, capabilities, schedule of fire — Groups of fires or series and limitations of all foreign military of fires fired in a definite sequence systems, weapons, weapon systems, and according to a definite program. The time materiel; the research and development of starting the schedule may be ON CALL. related thereto; and the production methods For identification purposes, schedules may employed for their manufacture. Also be referred to by a code name or other called S&TI. See also intelligence; designation. research; scientific intelligence; technical intelligence. (JP 2-02) schedule of targets — In artillery, mortar, and naval gunfire support, individual targets,

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 scientific intelligence — See scientific and technical intelligence. screen — (*) 1. An arrangement of ships, aircraft and/or submarines to protect a main body or convoy. 2. In cartography, a sheet of transparent film, glass, or plastic carrying a “ruling” or other regularly repeated pattern which may be used in conjunction with a mask, either photographically or photomechanically, to produce areas of the pattern. 3. In surveillance, camouflage and concealment, any natural or artificial material, opaque to surveillance sensor(s), interposed between the sensor(s) and the object to be camouflaged or concealed. See also concealment. 4. A security element whose primary task is to observe, identify, and report information, and which only fights in self-protection. See also flank guard; guard. 5. (DOD only) A task to maintain surveillance; provide early warning to the main body; or impede, destroy, and harass enemy reconnaissance within its capability without becoming decisively engaged. See also security operations. screening group — In amphibious operations, a task organization of ships that furnishes protection to the task force en route to the objective area and during operations in the objective area. (JP 3-02) scribing — (*) In cartography, a method of preparing a map or chart by cutting the lines into a prepared coating. S-curve distortion — (*) The distortion in the image produced by a scanning sensor which results from the forward displacement of the sensor during the time of lateral scan.

special operations in maritime, littoral, and riverine environments. Also called SEAL team. (JP 3-05.3) sea areas — Areas in the amphibious objective area designated for the stationing of amphibious task force ships. Sea areas include inner transport area, sea echelon area, fire support area, etc. See also amphibious objective area; fire support area; inner transport area; sea echelon area. (JP 3-02) sea barge — A type of barge-ship that can carry up to 38 loaded barges. It may also carry tugs, stacked causeway sections, various watercraft, or heavy lift equipment to better support joint logistics over-theshore operations. seabasing — In amphibious operations, a technique of basing certain landing force support functions aboard ship which decreases shore-based presence. See also amphibious operation. (JP 3-02) seaborne forces — US or foreign combatants or auxiliary ships, including aircraft and ground forces assigned to or emanating from such vessels and other military forces operating in support of such forces and operating in, on, or over the sea. sea control operations — The employment of naval forces, supported by land and air forces as appropriate, in order to achieve military objectives in vital sea areas. Such operations include destruction of enemy naval forces, suppression of enemy sea commerce, protection of vital sea lanes, and establishment of local military superiority in areas of naval operations. See also land control operations.

S-Day — See times.

sea echelon — (*) A portion of the assault shipping which withdraws from or remains sea-air-land team — A naval force specially out of the transport area during an organized, trained, and equipped to conduct amphibious landing and operates in

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 designated areas to seaward in an on-call or unscheduled status.

authorized by joint approval of the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of Transportation. Also called SRP. See also Military Sealift Command.

sea echelon area — In amphibious operations, an area to seaward of a transport area from which assault shipping is phased sea port — A land facility designated for into the transport area, and to which assault reception of personnel or materiel moved shipping withdraws from the transport area. by sea, and that serves as an authorized (JP 3-02) port of entrance into or departure from the country in which located. See also port of sea echelon plan — In amphibious debarkation; port of embarkation. operations, the distribution plan for amphibious shipping in the transport area search — 1. An operation to locate an enemy to minimize losses due to enemy attack by force known or believed to be at sea. 2. A weapons of mass destruction and to reduce systematic reconnaissance of a defined area, the area to be swept of mines. See also so that all parts of the area have passed amphibious operation. (JP 3-02) within visibility. 3. To distribute gunfire over an area in depth by successive changes sea frontier — The naval command of a in gun elevation. coastal frontier, including the coastal zone in addition to the land area of the coastal search and rescue — The use of aircraft, frontier and the adjacent sea areas. surface craft (land or water), submarines, specialized rescue teams, and equipment to sealed cabin — (*) The occupied space of search for and rescue personnel in distress an aircraft characterized by walls which do on land or at sea. Also called SAR. See not allow any gaseous exchange between also combat search and rescue; combat the ambient atmosphere and the inside search and rescue mission coordinator; atmosphere and containing its own ways component search and rescue controller; of regenerating the inside atmosphere. isolated personnel; joint combat search and rescue operation; joint search and sealift enhancement program — Special rescue center; joint search and rescue equipment and modifications that adapt center director; rescue coordination merchant-type dry cargo ships and tankers center; search and rescue mission to specific military missions. They are coordinator. (JP 3-50.2) typically installed on Ready Reserve Force ships or ships under Military Sealift search and rescue alert notice — An alerting Command control. Sealift enhancements message used for United States domestic fall into three categories: productivity, flights. It corresponds to the declaration of survivability, and operational the alert phase. Also called ALNOT. See enhancements. Also called SEP. See also also search and rescue incident Military Sealift Command; Ready classification, subpart b. Reserve; Ready Reserve Force. (JP 4-01.7) search and rescue incident classification — Sealift Readiness Program — A standby Three emergency phases into which an contractual agreement between Military incident may be classified or progress, Sealift Command and US ship operators for according to the seriousness of the incident voluntary provision of private ships for and its requirement for rescue service. defense use. Call-up of ships may be a. uncertainty phase — Doubt exists as

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 to the safety of a craft or person because of search jammer — See automatic search knowledge of possible difficulties or jammer. because of lack of information concerning progress or position. b. alert phase — search mission — (*) In air operations, an Apprehension exists for the safety of a craft air reconnaissance by one or more aircraft or person because of definite information dispatched to locate an object or objects that serious difficulties exist that do not known or suspected to be in a specific area. amount to a distress or because of a continued lack of information concerning search radius — In search and rescue progress or position. c. distress phase — operations, a radius centered on a datum Immediate assistance is required by a craft point having a length equal to the total or person because of being threatened by probable error plus an additional safety grave or imminent danger or because of length to ensure a greater than 50 percent continued lack of information concerning probability that the target is in the search progress or position after procedures for the area. alert phase have been executed. search sweeping — (*) In naval mine search and rescue mission coordinator — warfare, the operation of sweeping a sample The designated person or organization of route or area to determine whether poised selected to direct and coordinate support for mines are present. a specific search and rescue mission. Also called SAR mission coordinator. See also SEASHED — A temporary deck in container combat search and rescue; combat ships for transport of large military vehicles search and rescue mission coordinator; and outsized breakbulk cargo that will not component search and rescue controller; fit into containers. See also outsized cargo. search and rescue. (JP 3-50.2) (JP 4-01.6) search and rescue region — See inland sea state — A scale that categorizes the force search and rescue region; maritime of progressively higher seas by wave height. search and rescue region; overseas This scale is mathematically co-related to search and rescue region. the Pierson-Moskowitz scale and the relationship of wind to waves. See also search attack unit — The designation given Pierson-Moskowitz scale. (JP 4-01.6) to one or more ships and/or aircraft separately organized or detached from a sea surveillance — (*) The systematic formation as a tactical unit to search for and observation of surface and subsurface sea destroy submarines. Also called SAU. areas by all available and practicable means primarily for the purpose of locating, searched channel — (*) In naval mine identifying and determining the movements warfare, the whole or part of a route or a of ships, submarines, and other vehicles, path which has been searched, swept, or friendly and enemy, proceeding on or under hunted, the width of the channel being the surface of the world’s seas and oceans. specified. See also surveillance. searching fire — (*) Fire distributed in depth sea surveillance system — (*) A system for by successive changes in the elevation of a collecting, reporting, correlating, and gun. See also fire. presenting information supporting and derived from the task of sea surveillance.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 seaward launch point — A designated point suitable for two-way, all-weather traffic at off the coast from which special operations moderate or slow speeds. forces will launch to proceed to the beach to conduct operations. Also called SLP. secondary targets — Alternative targets of See also seaward recovery point. (JP 3-05.5) lower publicity value that are attacked when the primary target is unattainable. See also seaward recovery point — A designated antiterrorism; primary target. (JP 3-07.2) point off the coast to which special operations forces will proceed for recovery secondary wave breaker system — A series by submarine or other means of recovery. of waves superimposed on another series Also called SRP. See also seaward launch and differing in height, period, or angle of point. (JP 3-05.5) approach to the beach. (JP 4-01.6) secondary censorship — Armed forces censorship performed on the personal communications of officers, civilian employees, and accompanying civilians of the Armed Forces of the United States, and on those personal communications of enlisted personnel of the Armed Forces not subject to Armed Forces primary censorship or those requiring reexamination. See also censorship.

second strike — The first counterblow of a war. (Generally associated with nuclear operations.) secret — See security classification. Secretary of a Military Department — The Secretary of the Air Force, Army, or Navy.

SECRET Internet Protocol Router Network — Worldwide SECRET level secondary imagery dissemination — See packet switch network that uses high-speed electronic imagery dissemination. internet protocol routers and high-capacity Defense Information Systems Network secondary imagery dissemination system circuitry. Also called SIPRNET. See also — See electronic imagery dissemination. Defense Information Systems Network. (JP 2-01) secondary loads — Unit equipment, supplies, and major end items that are transported in section — 1. As applied to ships or naval the beds of organic vehicles. aircraft, a tactical subdivision of a division. It is normally one-half of a division in the secondary port — (*) A port with one or case of ships, and two aircraft in the case of more berths, normally at quays, which can aircraft. 2. A subdivision of an office, accommodate ocean-going ships for installation, territory, works, or discharge. organization; especially a major subdivision of a staff. 3. A tactical unit of the Army secondary rescue facilities — Local airbaseand Marine Corps. A section is smaller than ready aircraft, crash boats, and other air, a platoon and larger than a squad. In some surface, subsurface, and ground elements organizations the section, rather than the suitable for rescue missions, including squad, is the basic tactical unit. 4. An area government and privately operated units in a warehouse extending from one wall to and facilities. the next; usually the largest subdivision of one floor. secondary road — A road supplementing a main road, usually wide enough and

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 sector — (*) 1. An area designated by loan, credit, or cash sales in furtherance of boundaries within which a unit operates, national policies and objectives. Also called and for which it is responsible. 2. One of SA. the subdivisions of a coastal frontier. See also area of influence; zone of action. security assistance organization — All Department of Defense elements located in sector of fire — (*) A defined area which is a foreign country with assigned required to be covered by the fire of responsibilities for carrying out security individual or crew served weapons or the assistance management functions. It weapons of a unit. includes military assistance advisory groups, military missions and groups, sector scan — (*) Scan in which the antenna offices of defense and military cooperation, oscillates through a selected angle. liaison groups, and defense attaché personnel designated to perform security secure — (*) In an operational context, to assistance functions. Also called SAO. See gain possession of a position or terrain also security assistance. (JP 3-07.1) feature, with or without force, and to make such disposition as will prevent, as far as security certification — A certification possible, its destruction or loss by enemy issued by competent authority to indicate action. See also denial measure. that a person has been investigated and is eligible for access to classified matter to the security — 1. Measures taken by a military extent stated in the certification. unit, activity, or installation to protect itself against all acts designed to, or which may, security classification — A category to impair its effectiveness. 2. A condition which national security information and that results from the establishment and material is assigned to denote the degree of maintenance of protective measures that damage that unauthorized disclosure would ensure a state of inviolability from hostile cause to national defense or foreign acts or influences. 3. With respect to relations of the United States and to denote classified matter, the condition that prevents the degree of protection required. There unauthorized persons from having access are three such categories. a. top secret — to official information that is safeguarded National security information or material in the interests of national security. See also that requires the highest degree of national security. protection and the unauthorized disclosure of which could reasonably be expected to security alert team — Two or more security cause exceptionally grave damage to the force members who form the initial national security. Examples of reinforcing element responding to security “exceptionally grave damage” include alarms, emergencies, or irregularities. Also armed hostilities against the United States called SAT. or its allies; disruption of foreign relations vitally affecting the national security; the security assistance — Group of programs compromise of vital national defense authorized by the Foreign Assistance Act plans or complex cryptologic and of 1961, as amended, and the Arms Export communications intelligence systems; the Control Act of 1976, as amended, or other revelation of sensitive intelligence related statutes by which the United States operations; and the disclosure of scientific provides defense articles, military training, or technological developments vital to and other defense-related services by grant, national security. b. secret — National

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 security information or material that national security information or would requires a substantial degree of protection jeopardize ongoing or future operations or and the unauthorized disclosure of which that would threaten the safety of the could reasonably be expected to cause members of the force. See also security. serious damage to the national security. (JP 3-61) Examples of “serious damage” include disruption of foreign relations significantly sedition — Willfully advocating or teaching affecting the national security; significant the duty or necessity of overthrowing the impairment of a program or policy directly US government or any political subdivision related to the national security; revelation by force or violence. See also of significant military plans or intelligence counterintelligence. (JP 2-01.2) operations; and compromise of significant scientific or technological developments seize — To employ combat forces to occupy relating to national security. c. confidential physically and to control a designated area. — National security information or material See also combat forces. (JP 3-18) that requires protection and the unauthorized disclosure of which could seizures — In counterdrug operations, reasonably be expected to cause damage to includes drugs and conveyances seized by the national security. See also law enforcement authorities and drugclassification; security. related assets (monetary instruments, etc.) confiscated based on evidence that they security clearance — An administrative have been derived from or used in illegal determination by competent authority that narcotics activities. See also counterdrug an individual is eligible, from a security operations; law enforcement agency. stand-point, for access to classified (JP 3-07.4) information. selected area for evasion — A designated security countermeasures — Those area in hostile territory that offers evaders protective activities required to prevent or escapees a reasonable chance of avoiding espionage, sabotage, theft, or unauthorized capture and of surviving until they can be use of classified or controlled information, evacuated. Also called SAFE. See also systems, or material of the Department of escapee; evader; hostile. (JP 3-50.3) Defense. See also counterintelligence. (JP 2-01.2) selected area for evasion area intelligence description — In evasion and recovery security intelligence — (*) Intelligence on operations, an in-depth, all-source evasion the identity, capabilities, and intentions of study designed to assist the recovery of hostile organizations or individuals who are military personnel from a selected area for or may be engaged in espionage, sabotage, evasion under hostile conditions. Also subversion, or terrorism. See also called SAID. See also evasion; evasion counterintelligence; intelligence; and recovery; hostile; recovery security. operations; selected area for evasion. (JP 3-50.3) security review — The process of reviewing news media products at some point, usually Selected Reserve — Those units and before transmission, to ensure that no oral, individuals within the Ready Reserve written, or visual information is filed for designated by their respective Services and publication or broadcast that would divulge approved by the Joint Chiefs of Staff as so

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 essential to initial wartime missions that observation and measurement, the exact they have priority over all other Reserves. positions of points and the figures and areas All Selected Reservists are in an active of large portions of the moon’s surface, or status. The Selected Reserve also includes the shape and size of the moon. persons performing initial active duty for training. See also Ready Reserve. self-defense — A commander has the authority and obligation to use all necessary Selected Reserve strength — The total means available and to take all appropriate number of guardsmen and reservists in the action to defend that commander’s unit and Selected Reserve who are subject to the other US forces in the vicinity from a hostile 200K Presidential recall or mobilization act or hostile intent. Force used should not under declaration of war or national exceed that which is necessary to decisively emergency. counter the hostile act or intent and ensure the continued safety of US forces or other selective identification feature — A persons and property they are ordered to capability that, when added to the basic protect. US forces may employ such force identification friend or foe system, provides in self-defense only so long as the hostile the means to transmit, receive, and display force continues to present an imminent selected coded replies. threat. selective jamming — See spot jamming.

self-destroying fuze — (*) A fuze designed to burst a projectile before the end of its selective loading — (*) The arrangement and flight. stowage of equipment and supplies aboard ship in a manner designed to facilitate issues self-protection depth — (*) The depth of to units. See also loading. water where the aggregate danger width relative to mines affected by a selective mobilization — See mobilization, minesweeping technique is zero. Safe depth Part 2. is a particular self-protection depth.

selective release process — The process self-sustaining containership — A involving requesting, analyzing, and containership with shipboard-installed obtaining approval for release of weapons cranes capable of loading and off-loading to obtain specific, limited damage on containers without assistance of port crane selected targets. service. See also containership. (JP 4-01.7) selective unloading — In an amphibious semi-active homing guidance — (*) A operation, the controlled unloading from system of homing guidance wherein the assault shipping, and movement ashore, of receiver in the missile utilizes radiations specific items of cargo at the request of the from the target which has been illuminated landing force commander. Normally, by an outside source. selective unloading parallels the landing of nonscheduled units during the initial semi-controlled mosaic — (*) A mosaic unloading period of the ship-to-shore composed of corrected or uncorrected prints movement. (JP 3-02.2) laid so that major ground features match their geographical coordinates. See also selenodesy — That branch of applied mosaic. mathematics that determines, by

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 semi-permanent joint task force — A joint Security Program Regulation.) Also called task force that has been assigned an SCI. expanded or follow-on mission and will continue to conduct these operations in a sensitive compartmented information specified area for an undetermined period facility — An accredited area, room, group of time. See also joint task force; mission; of rooms, or installation where sensitive operation. (JP 5-00.2) compartmented information (SCI) may be stored, used, discussed, and/or senior meteorological and oceanographic electronically processed. Sensitive officer — Meteorological and compartmented information facility (SCIF) oceanographic officer responsible for procedural and physical measures prevent assisting the combatant commander and the free access of persons unless they have staff in developing and executing been formally indoctrinated for the operational meteorological and particular SCI authorized for use or oceanographic service concepts in support storage within the SCIF. Also called of a designated joint force. Also called SCIF. See also sensitive compartmented SMO. See also meteorological and information. (JP 2-01) oceanographic. (JP 3-59) separation zone — (*) An area between two senior officer present afloat — The senior adjacent horizontal or vertical areas into line officer of the Navy, on active service, which units are not to proceed unless certain eligible for command at sea, who is present safety measures can be fulfilled. and in command of any unit of the operating forces afloat in the locality or within an area sequel — A major operation that follows the prescribed by competent authority. This current major operation. Plans for a sequel officer is responsible for the administration are based on the possible outcomes of matters which collectively affect naval (success, stalemate, or defeat) associated units of the operating forces afloat in the with the current operation. See also locality prescribed. Also called SOPA. branch. (JP 3-0) sensitive — Requiring special protection from sequence circuit — (*) In mine warfare, a disclosure that could cause embarrassment, circuit which requires actuation by a compromise, or threat to the security of the predetermined sequence of influences of sponsoring power. May be applied to an predetermined magnitudes. agency, installation, person, position, document, material, or activity. sequenced ejection system — See ejection systems. sensitive compartmented information — All information and materials bearing serial — (*) 1. An element or a group of special community controls indicating elements within a series which is given a restricted handling within present and future numerical or alphabetical designation for community intelligence collection convenience in planning, scheduling, and programs and their end products for which control. 2. (DOD only) A serial can be a community systems of compartmentation group of people, vehicles, equipment, or have been or will be formally established. supplies and is used in airborne, air assault, (These controls are over and above the amphibious operations, and convoys. provisions of DOD 5200.1-R, Information

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 serial assignment table — A table that is used may be supported by a staff of chaplains in amphibious operations and shows the and enlisted religious support personnel. serial number, the title of the unit, the See also command chaplain; command approximate number of personnel; the chaplain of the combatant command; lay material, vehicles, or equipment in the leader or lay reader; religious ministry serial; the number and type of landing craft support; religious ministry support plan; and/or amphibious vehicles required to boat religious ministry support team. (JP 1-05) the serial; and the ship on which the serial is embarked. service environment — (*) All external conditions, whether natural or induced, to seriously ill or injured — The casualty status which items of materiel are likely to be of a person whose illness or injury is subjected throughout their life cycle. classified by medical authority to be of such severity that there is cause for immediate Service force module — A hypothetical force concern, but there is not imminent danger module built per Service doctrine composed to life. Also called SII. See also casualty of combat, combat support, and combat status. service support forces and sustainment for an estimated period, e.g., 30 days. seriously wounded — A casualty whose injuries or illness are of such severity that service group — A major naval the patient is rendered unable to walk or administration and/or tactical organization, sit, thereby requiring a litter for movement consisting of the commander and the staff, and evacuation. See also evacuation; designed to exercise operational and litter; patient. (JP 4-02) administrative control of assigned squadrons and units in executing their tasks service ammunition — Ammunition of providing logistic support of fleet intended for combat rather than for training operations. purposes. service mine — (*) A mine capable of a Service component command — A destructive explosion. command consisting of the Service component commander and all those service squadron — An administrative and/ Service forces, such as individuals, units, or tactical subdivision of a naval service detachments, organizations, and force or service group, consisting of the installations under that command, including commander and the staff and organized to the support forces that have been assigned exercise operational and administrative to a combatant command or further control of assigned units in providing assigned to a subordinate unified command logistic support of fleet units as directed. or joint task force. See also component; functional component command. (JP 0-2) service test — A test of an item, system of materiel, or technique conducted under Service component command chaplain — simulated or actual operational conditions The senior chaplain assigned to the staff of, to determine whether the specified military or designated by, the Service component requirements or characteristics are satisfied. commander. The component command See also troop test. chaplain is responsible for supervising and coordinating religious ministries within the service troops — Those units designed to purview of the component commander and render supply, maintenance, transportation,

393

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 evacuation, hospitalization, and other servicing — See common servicing; services required by air and ground combat cross-servicing; joint servicing. See also units to carry out effectively their mission inter-Service support. in combat. See also combat service support elements; troops. severe damage — See nuclear damage, Part 3. Service-unique container — Any 20- or 40-foot International Organization for shaded relief — (*) A cartographic technique Standardization container procured or that provides an apparent three-dimensional leased by a Service to meet Service-unique configuration of the terrain on maps and requirements. Also called componentcharts by the use of graded shadows that owned container. See also common-use would be cast by high ground if light were container; component-owned container. shining from the northwest. Shaded relief (JP 4-01.7) is usually used in combination with contours. See also hill shading. Service-unique transportation assets — Transportation assets that are: a. Assigned shadowing — To observe and maintain to a Military Department for functions of contact (not necessarily continuously) with the Secretaries of the Military Departments a unit or force. set forth in Sections 3013(b), 5013(b), and 8013(b) of Title 10 of the United States shallow fording — The ability of a Code, including administrative functions self-propelled gun or ground vehicle (such as motor pools), intelligence equipped with built-in waterproofing, with functions, training functions, and its wheels or tracks in contact with the maintenance functions; b. Assigned to the ground, to negotiate a water obstacle Department of the Army for the execution without the use of a special waterproofing of the missions of the Army Corps of kit. See also flotation. Engineers; c. Assigned to the Department of the Navy as the special mission support shaped charge — (*) A charge shaped so as force of missile range instrumentation ships, to concentrate its explosive force in a ocean survey ships, cable ships, particular direction. oceanographic research ships, acoustic research ships, and naval test support ships; shared data environment — Automation the naval fleet auxiliary force of fleet services that support the implementation ammunition ships, fleet stores ships, fleet and maintenance of data resources that are ocean tugs, and fleet oilers; hospital ships; used by two or more combat support Marine Corps intermediate maintenance applications. Services provided include: activity ships, Marine Corps helicopter identification of common data, physical support to senior Federal officials; and, prior data modeling, database segmentation, to the complete discharge of cargo, development of data access and maritime pre-positioning ships; d. maintenance routines, and database Assigned to the Department of the Air Force reengineering to use the common data for search and rescue, weather environment. See also data. (JP 4-0) reconnaissance, audiovisual services, aeromedical evacuation functions, and shear link assembly — (*) A device transportation of senior Federal officials. designed to break at a specified mechanical (JP 4-01) load.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 sheet explosive — (*) Plastic explosive shipping configuration — The manner in provided in a sheet form. which an item is prepared for shipment. sheetlines — Those lines defining the shipping control — See naval control of geographic limits of the map or chart detail. shipping. shelf life — (*) The length of time during shipping designator — A code word which an item of supply, subject to assigned to a particular overseas base, port, deterioration or having a limited life which or area for specific use as an address on cannot be renewed, is considered shipments to the overseas location serviceable while stored. See also storage concerned. The code word is usually four life. letters and may be followed by a number to indicate a particular addressee. shell (specify) — (*) A command or request indicating the type of projectile to be used. shipping lane — (*) A term used to indicate the general flow of merchant shipping shelter — An International Organization for between two departure/terminal areas. Standardization container outfitted with live- or work-in capability. See also shipping time — The time elapsing between International Organization for the shipment of materiel by the supplying Standardization. (JP 4-01.7) activity and receipt of materiel by the requiring activity. See also order and shielding — (*) 1. Material of suitable shipping time. thickness and physical characteristics used to protect personnel from radiation ship-to-shore movement — (*) That portion during the manufacture, handling, and of the assault phase of an amphibious transportation of fissionable and radioactive operation which includes the deployment materials. 2. Obstructions which tend to of the landing force from the assault protect personnel or materials from the shipping to designated landing areas. effects of a nuclear explosion. shoal — A sandbank or bar that makes water shifting fire — Fire delivered at constant shoal; i.e., a sand-bank that is not rocky and range at varying deflections; used to cover on which there is a water depth of 6 fathoms the width of a target that is too great to be or less. (JP 4-01.6) covered by an open sheaf. shock front — (*) The boundary between ship counter — (*) In naval mine warfare, a the pressure disturbance created by an device in a mine which prevents the mine explosion (in air, water, or earth) and the from detonating until a preset number of ambient atmosphere, water, or earth. actuations has taken place. shore fire control party — A specially ship haven — See moving havens. trained unit for control of naval gunfire in support of troops ashore. It consists of a ship influence — (*) In naval mine warfare, spotting team to adjust fire and a naval the magnetic, acoustic, and pressure effects gunfire liaison team to perform liaison of a ship, or a minesweep simulating a ship, functions for the supported battalion which is detectable by a mine or other commander. Also called SFCP. sensing devices.

395

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 shoreline effect — See coastal refraction.

anticipated receipts during a given period are less than the total estimated demand during that period.

shore party — (*) A task organization of the landing force, formed for the purpose of facilitating the landing and movement short takeoff and landing — (*) The ability off the beaches of troops, equipment, and of an aircraft to clear a 50-foot (15 meters) supplies; for the evacuation from the obstacle within 1,500 feet (450 meters) of beaches of casualties and enemy prisoners commencing takeoff or in landing, to stop of war; and for facilitating the beaching, within 1,500 feet (450 meters) after passing retraction, and salvaging of landing ships over a 50-foot (15 meters) obstacle. Also and craft. It comprises elements of both called STOL. the naval and landing forces. Also called beach group. See also beachmaster unit; short takeoff and vertical landing aircraft beach party; naval beach group. — (*) Fixed-wing aircraft capable of clearing a 15-meter (50-foot) obstacle shore-to-shore movement — The assault within 450 meters (1,500 feet) of movement of personnel and materiel commencing takeoff run, and capable of directly from a shore staging area to the landing vertically. Also called STOVL. objective, involving no further transfers See also short takeoff and landing. between types of craft or ships incident to the assault movement. short title — (*) A short, identifying combination of letters, and/or numbers shortfall — The lack of forces, equipment, assigned to a document or device for personnel, materiel, or capability, reflected purposes of brevity and/or security. as the difference between the resources identified as a plan requirement and those short ton — 2,000 pounds. Also called S/T apportioned to a combatant commander for or STON. (JP 4-01.7) planning, that would adversely affect the command’s ability to accomplish its shouldering — Maneuvering a vessel in mission. contact with an opposing vessel to cause the opposing vessel to turn away. short-range air defense engagement zone Shouldering is undertaken with the intent — See weapon engagement zone. (JP 3-52) of minimizing damage to the opposing vessel. short-range ballistic missile — A ballistic missile with a range capability up to about show of force — An operation designed to 600 nautical miles. Also called SRBM. demonstrate US resolve that involves increased visibility of US deployed forces short-range transport aircraft — See in an attempt to defuse a specific situation transport aircraft. that, if allowed to continue, may be detrimental to US interests or national short scope buoy — (*) A buoy used as a objectives. (JP 3-07) navigational reference which remains nearly vertical over its sinker. shuttered fuze — (*) A fuze in which inadvertent initiation of the detonator will short supply — An item is in short supply not initiate either the booster or the burst when the total of stock on hand and charge.

396

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 side-looking airborne radar — (*) An SIGINT direct support unit — A signals airborne radar, viewing at right angles to intelligence (SIGINT) unit, usually mobile, the axis of the vehicle, which produces a designed to perform a SIGINT direct presentation of terrain or moving targets. support role for a military commander Also called SLAR. under delegated authority from the Director, National Security Agency/Chief, Central side oblique air photograph — An oblique Security Service. See also signals photograph taken with the camera axis at intelligence. right angles to the longitudinal axis of the aircraft. SIGINT operational control — The authoritative direction of signals side overlap — See overlap. intelligence (SIGINT) activities, including tasking and allocation of effort, and the sighting — Actual visual contact. Does not authoritative prescription of those uniform include other contacts, which must be techniques and standards by which SIGINT reported by type, e.g., radar and sonar information is collected, processed, and contacts. See also contact report. reported. See also signals intelligence. SIGINT direct service — A reporting SIGINT operational tasking — The procedure to provide signals intelligence authoritative operational direction of and (SIGINT) to a military commander or other direct levying of signals intelligence authorized recipient in response to SIGINT (SIGINT) information needs by a military requirements. The product may vary from commander on designated SIGINT recurring, serialized reports produced by the resources. These requirements are National Security Agency/Central Security directive, irrespective of other priorities, Service to instantaneous aperiodic reports and are conditioned only by the capability provided to the command or other recipient, of those resources to produce such usually from a fixed SIGINT activity information. Operational tasking includes engaged in collection and processing. See authority to deploy all or part of the SIGINT also signals intelligence. resources for which SIGINT operational tasking authority has been delegated. See SIGINT direct service activity — A signals also signals intelligence. intelligence (SIGINT) activity composed of collection and associated resources that SIGINT operational tasking authority — normally performs in a direct service role A military commander’s authority to under the SIGINT operational control of operationally direct and levy signals the Director, National Security Agency/ intelligence (SIGINT) requirements on Chief, Central Security Service. See also designated SIGINT resources; includes signals intelligence. authority to deploy and redeploy all or part of the SIGINT resources for which SIGINT SIGINT direct support — The provision of operational tasking authority has been signals intelligence (SIGINT) information delegated. Also called SOTA. See also to a military commander by a SIGINT signals intelligence. direct support unit in response to SIGINT operational tasking levied by that SIGINT resources — Personnel and commander. See also signals intelligence. equipment of any unit, activity, or

397

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 organizational element engaged in signals intelligence activities. See also signals intelligence.

or in combination all communications intelligence, electronic intelligence, and foreign instrumentation signals intelligence, however transmitted. 2. Intelligence derived from communications, electronic, and foreign instrumentation signals. Also called SIGINT. See also communications intelligence; electronic intelligence; foreign instrumentation signals intelligence; intelligence. (JP 2-0)

SIGINT support plans — Plans prepared by the National Security Agency/Central Security Service, in coordination with concerned elements of the United States SIGINT system, which specify how the resources of the system will be aligned in crisis or war to support military operations covered by certain Joint Chiefs of Staff and signal-to-noise ratio — The ratio of the unified and specified command operation amplitude of the desired signal to the plans. See also signals intelligence. amplitude of noise signals at a given point in time. signal — (*) 1. As applied to electronics, any transmitted electrical impulse. 2. signature equipment — (*) Any item of Operationally, a type of message, the text equipment which reveals the type and of which consists of one or more letters, nature of the unit or formation to which it words, characters, signal flags, visual belongs. displays, or special sounds with prearranged meaning, and which is conveyed or signed route — A route along which a unit transmitted by visual, acoustical, or has placed directional signs bearing its unit electrical means. identification symbol. The signs are for the unit’s use only and must comply with signal center — A combination of signal movement regulations. communication facilities operated by the Army in the field and consisting of a significant wave height — The average communications center, telephone height of the third of waves observed during switching central and appropriate means of a given period of time. Significant wave signal communications. See also height is used for evaluating the impact of communications center. waves and breakers on watercraft in the open sea and surf zones. See also surf zone. signal letters — See international call sign. (JP 4-01.6)

signal operation instructions — A series of Silver Triangle — The South American orders issued for technical control and region consisting of Peru, Bolivia, and coordination of the signal communication Colombia that is historically known to be activities of a command. In Marine Corps a major illegal drug production area. usage, these instructions are designated (JP 3-07.4) communication operation instructions. simulative electromagnetic deception — signal security — A generic term that See electromagnetic deception. includes both communications security and electronics security. See also security. simultaneous engagement — The concurrent engagement of hostile targets by signals intelligence — 1. A category of combination of interceptor aircraft and intelligence comprising either individually surface-to-air missiles.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 single-anchor leg mooring — A mooring United States Transportation facility dedicated to the offshore petroleum Command. (JP 4-01) discharge system. Once installed, it permits a tanker to remain on station and pump in single port manager — Through its much higher sea states than is possible with transportation component commands, US a spread moor. Also called SALM. See Transportation Command is the also offshore petroleum discharge Department of Defense-designated single system. (JP 4-01.6) port manager for all common-user aerial and sea ports worldwide. The single port single department purchase — A method manager performs those functions of purchase whereby one Military necessary to support the strategic flow of Department buys commodities for another the deploying forces’ equipment and Military Department or Departments. sustainment from the aerial and sea port of embarkation and hand-off to the combatant single flow route — (*) A route at least onecommander in the aerial and sea port of and-a-half lanes wide allowing the passage debarkation (APOD and SPOD). The of a column of vehicles, and permitting single port manager is responsible for isolated vehicles to pass or travel in the providing strategic deployment status opposite direction at predetermined points. information to the combatant commander See also double flow route. and to manage workload of the APOD and SPOD operator based on the commander’s single integrated theater logistic manager priorities and guidance. The single port — Service component or agency, usually manager is responsible through all phases in a mature theater, that is designated by of the theater aerial and sea port operations the combatant commander or subunified continuum, from an unimproved airfield commander as the single in-theater manager and bare beach deployment to a commercial for planning and execution of a specific contract supported deployment. Also called common-user logistic (CUL) item or related SPM. See also Military Traffic items. Single integrated logistic managers Management Command; transportation are normally long-term in nature with component command; United States responsibilities that include planning, Transportation Command. (JP 4-0) coordination, control, and execution of a specific CUL function (or similar CUL single-service manager — A component functions) at the theater level, in both commander, designated by the combatant peacetime and during actual operations, commander, who has been assigned within the parameters of combatant responsibility and delegated the authority commander’s directives. Also called to coordinate specific theater personnel SITLM. See also agency. (JP 4-07) support activities such as theater postal operations. See also component. (JP 1-0) single manager for transportation — The United States Transportation Command is single-spot ship — Those ships certified to the Department of Defense single manager have less than three adjacent landing areas. for transportation, other than See also spot. (JP 3-04.1) Service-unique or theater-assigned transportation assets. See also sinker — (*) In naval mine warfare, a heavy Service-unique transportation assets; weight to which a buoyant mine is moored. theater-assigned transportation assets; The sinker generally houses the mooring

399

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 rope drum and depth-setting mechanism slant range — (*) The line of sight distance and for mines laid by ships, it also serves between two points, not at the same level as a launching trolley. relative to a specific datum. situation map — (*) A map showing the slated items — Bulk petroleum and packaged tactical or the administrative situation at a bulk petroleum items that are requisitioned particular time. See also map. for overseas use by means of a consolidated requirement document, prepared and situation report — (*) A report giving the submitted through joint petroleum office situation in the area of a reporting unit or channels. Packaged petroleum items are formation. Also called SITREP. requisitioned in accordance with normal requisitioning procedures. situation template — A depiction of assumed adversary dispositions, based on adversary slice — An average logistic planning factor doctrine and the effects of the battlespace used to obtain estimates of requirements for if the adversary should adopt a particular personnel and materiel. (e.g., a personnel course of action. In effect, situation slice generally consists of the total strength templates are the doctrinal templates of the stated basic combatant elements, plus depicting a particular operation modified its proportionate share of all supporting and to account for the effects of the battlespace higher headquarters personnel.) environment and the adversary’s current situation (training and experience levels, slightly wounded — A casualty whose logistic status, losses, dispositions). injuries or illness are relatively minor, Normally, the situation template depicts permitting the patient to walk and/or sit. adversary units two levels of command See also patient; walking patient. (JP 4-02) below the friendly force, as well as the expected locations of high-value targets. small arms — Man portable, individual, and Situation templates use time-phase lines to crew-served weapon systems used mainly indicate movement of forces and the against personnel and lightly armored or expected flow of the operation. Usually, the unarmored equipment. situation template depicts a critical point in the course of action. Situation templates are small arms ammunition — Ammunition for one part of a adversary course of action small arms, i.e., all ammunition up to and model. Models may contain more than one including 20 millimeters (.787 inches). situation template. See also course of action; doctrinal template. (JP 2-01.3) small austere airfield — Unsophisticated airfield, usually with a short runway, that skim sweeping — (*) In naval mine warfare, is limited in one or a combination of the the technique of wire sweeping to a fixed following: taxiway systems, ramp space, depth over deep-laid moored mines to cut security, materials handling equipment, any shallow enough to endanger surface aircraft servicing, maintenance, navigation shipping. aids, weather observing sensors, and communications. Also called SAAF. See skin paint — A radar indication caused by also airfield. (JP 4-01.1) the reflected radar signal from an object. small-lot storage — Generally considered to skin tracking — The tracking of an object be a quantity of less than one pallet stack, by means of a skin paint. stacked to maximum storage height. Thus,

400

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 the term refers to a lot consisting of from one container to two or more pallet loads, but is not of sufficient quantity to form a complete pallet column. See also storage. small-scale map — A map having a scale smaller than 1:600,000. See also map. smoke screen — A cloud of smoke used to conceal ground maneuver, obstacle breaching, recovery operations, and amphibious assault operations as well as key assembly areas, supply routes, and logistic facilities.

may be active directional or nondirectional, or it may be passive directional or nondirectional. sortie — (*) In air operations, an operational flight by one aircraft. sortie allotment message — The means by which the joint force commander allots excess sorties to meet requirements of subordinate commanders that are expressed in their air employment and/or allocation plan. Also called SORTIEALOT. (JP 3-56.1)

sortie number — (*) A reference used to snagline mine — (*) A contact mine with a identify the images taken by all the sensors buoyant line attached to one of the horns or during one air reconnaissance sortie. switches which may be caught up and pulled by the hull or propellers of a ship. sortie plot — An overlay representing the area on a map covered by imagery taken soft missile base — (*) A launching base during one sortie. that is not protected against a nuclear explosion. sortie reference — See sortie number. soil shear strength — The maximum sorting — In counterdrug operations, the resistance of a soil to shearing stresses. process involved in differentiating traffic that could be involved in drug trafficking solatium payments — Monetary from legitimate air traffic. Initial sorting compensation given to alleviate grief, criteria are established jointly by the US suffering, and anxiety resulting from Coast Guard and US Customs Service, injuries, and property or personal loss. coordinated with Department of Defense (JP 1-06) counterparts, and disseminated as required. See also counterdrug operations. (JP solenoid sweep — (*) In naval mine warfare, 3-07.4) a magnetic sweep consisting of a horizontal axis coil wound on a floating iron tube. source — 1. A person, thing, or activity from which information is obtained. 2. In sonar — A sonic device used primarily for clandestine activities, a person (agent), the detection and location of underwater normally a foreign national, in the employ objects. (This term is derived from the of an intelligence activity for intelligence words “sound navigation and ranging.”) purposes. 3. In interrogation activities, any person who furnishes information, either sonic — Of or pertaining to sound or the speed with or without the knowledge that the of sound. See also speed of sound. information is being used for intelligence purposes. In this context, a controlled sonobuoy — A sonar device used to detect source is in the employment or under the submerged submarines that, when control of the intelligence activity and activated, relays information by radio. It knows that the information is to be used

401

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 for intelligence purposes. An uncontrolled ultraviolet, gamma rays, etc.). See also source is a voluntary contributor of ionosphere. (JP 3-59) information and may or may not know that the information is to be used for intelligence space support operations — Operations purposes. See also agent; collection required to ensure that space control and agency. support of terrestrial forces are maintained. They include activities such as launching space assignment — An assignment to the and deploying space vehicles, maintaining individual Departments/Services by the and sustaining space vehicles while on appropriate transportation operating agency orbit, and recovering space vehicles if of movement capability which completely required. or partially satisfies the stated requirements of the Departments/Services for the space systems — All of the devices and operating month and that has been accepted organizations forming the space network. by them without the necessity for referral The network includes spacecraft, ground to the Joint Transportation Board for control stations, and associated terminals. allocation. space weather — A term used to describe space available mail — A transportation the environment and other natural category for military mail transported to and phenomena occurring above 50 kilometers from overseas bases by air on a spacealtitude that can degrade Department of available basis. Also called SAM. Defense communications (satellite communications and skywave), global space control operations — Operations that positioning system, radar, and satellite provide freedom of action in space for operations. friendly forces while, when directed, denying it to an enemy, and include the span of detonation (atomic demolition broad aspects of protection of US and US munition employment) — That total allied space systems and negation of enemy period of time, resulting from a timer error, space systems. Space control operations between the earliest and the latest possible encompass all elements of the space defense detonation time. 1. early time — The mission. earliest possible time that an atomic demolition munition can detonate; 2. fire space defense — All defensive measures time — That time the atomic demolition designed to destroy attacking enemy munition will detonate should the timers vehicles (including missiles) while in space, function precisely without error; 3. late or to nullify or reduce the effectiveness of time — The latest possible time that an such attack. See also aerospace defense. atomic demolition munition can detonate. space environment — The region beginning special access program — A sensitive at the lower boundary of the Earth’s program, approved in writing by a head of ionosphere (approximately 50 km) and agency with original top secret extending outward that contains solid classification authority, that imposes needparticles (asteroids and meteoroids), to-know and access controls beyond those energetic charged particles (ions, protons, normally provided for access to electrons, etc.), and electromagnetic and confidential, secret, or top secret ionizing radiation (x-rays, extreme information. The level of controls is based

402

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 on the criticality of the program and the assessed hostile intelligence threat. The program may be an acquisition program, an intelligence program, or an operations and support program. Also called SAP. (JP 3-05.3)

or more special boat units are assigned for some operational and all administrative purposes. The squadron is tasked with the training and deployment of these special boat units and may augment naval special warfare task groups and task units. Also called SBS. (JP 3-05.3)

special activities — Activities conducted in support of national foreign policy objectives special boat unit — Those US Navy forces that are planned and executed so that the organized, trained, and equipped to conduct role of the US Government is not apparent or support naval special warfare, riverine or acknowledged publicly. They are also warfare, coastal patrol and interdiction, and functions in support of such activities but joint special operations with patrol boats are not intended to influence US political or other combatant craft designed primarily processes, public opinion, policies, or media for special operations support. Also called and do not include diplomatic activities or SBU. (JP 3-05) the collection and production of intelligence or related support functions. (JP 3-05) special cargo — Cargo that requires special handling or protection, such as special agent — A person, either United pyrotechnics, detonators, watches, and States military or civilian, who is a specialist precision instruments. in military security or the collection of intelligence or counterintelligence special-equipment vehicle — A vehicle information. consisting of a general-purpose chassis with special-purpose body and/or mounted special air operation — An air operation equipments designed to meet a specialized conducted in support of special operations requirement. and other clandestine, covert, and psychological activities. (JP 3-05.3) special forces — US Army forces organized, trained, and equipped special ammunition supply point — A specifically to conduct special operations. mobile supply point where special Special forces have five primary ammunition is stored and issued to delivery missions: unconventional warfare, foreign units. internal defense, direct action, special reconnaissance, and counterterrorism. special assignment airlift requirements — Counterterrorism is a special mission for Airlift requirements, including Chairman specially organized, trained, and equipped of the Joint Chiefs of Staff -directed or special forces units designated in theater -coordinated exercises, that require special contingency plans. Also called SF. (JP 3-05) consideration due to the number of passengers involved, weight or size of special forces group — A combat arms cargo, urgency of movement, sensitivity, or organization capable of planning, other valid factors that preclude the use of conducting, and supporting special channel airlift. See also airlift operations activities in all operational requirement; channel airlift. environments in peace, conflict, and war. It consists of a group headquarters and special boat squadron — A permanent Navy headquarters company, a support company, echelon III major command to which two and special forces battalions. The group

403

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 can operate as a single unit, but normally called SIT. See also suspect; track of the battalions plan and conduct operations interest. from widely separated locations. The group provides general operational direction and specialist intelligence report — A category synchronizes the activities of subordinate of specialized, technical reports used in the battalions. Although principally structured dissemination of intelligence. Also called for unconventional warfare, special forces SPIREP. See also intelligence reporting. group units are capable of task-organizing to meet specific requirements. Also called specialization — An arrangement within an SFG. (JP 3-05) alliance wherein a member or group of members most suited by virtue of technical special forces operations base — A skills, location, or other qualifications command, control, and support base assume(s) greater responsibility for a established and operated by a special forces specific task or significant portion thereof group or battalion from organic and for one or more other members. attached resources. The base commander and his staff coordinate and synchronize the special mission unit — A generic term to activities of subordinate and forwardrepresent a group of operations and support deployed forces. A special forces personnel from designated organizations operations base is normally established for that is task-organized to perform highly an extended period of time to support a classified activities. Also called SMU. series of operations. Also called SFOB. (JP 3-05.3) (JP 3-05) special operations — Operations conducted special hazard — (*) In aircraft crash rescue by specially organized, trained, and and fire-fighting activities: fuels, materials, equipped military and paramilitary forces components, or situations that could to achieve military, political, economic, or increase the risks normally associated with informational objectives by unconventional military aircraft accidents and could require military means in hostile, denied, or special procedures, equipment, or politically sensitive areas. These operations extinguishing agents. are conducted across the full range of military operations, independently or in special information operations — coordination with operations of Information operations that by their conventional, non-special operations sensitive nature and due to their potential forces. Political-military considerations effect or impact, security requirements, or frequently shape special operations, risk to the national security of the United requiring clandestine, covert, or low States, require a special review and approval visibility techniques and oversight at the process. Also called SIO. See also national level. Special operations differ information; information operations; from conventional operations in degree of operation. (JP 3-13) physical and political risk, operational techniques, mode of employment, special interest target — In counterdrug independence from friendly support, and operations, a contact that may be outside dependence on detailed operational initial sorting criteria but still requires intelligence and indigenous assets. Also special handling, such as controlled called SO. (JP 3-05) deliveries or other unusual situations. Also

404

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 special operations combat control team — special operations forces — Those Active A team of Air Force personnel organized, and Reserve Component forces of the trained, and equipped to conduct and Military Services designated by the support special operations. Under Secretary of Defense and specifically clandestine, covert, or low-visibility organized, trained, and equipped to conduct conditions, these teams establish and and support special operations. Also called control air assault zones; assist aircraft by SOF. See also Air Force special verbal control, positioning, and operating operations forces; Army special navigation aids; conduct limited offensive operations forces; naval special warfare direct action and special reconnaissance forces. (JP 3-05.3) operations; and assist in the insertion and extraction of special operations forces. Also special operations liaison element — A called SOCCT. See also combat control special operations liaison team provided by team. (JP 3-05.3) the joint force special operations component commander to the joint force air component special operations command — A commander (if designated) to coordinate, subordinate unified or other joint command deconflict, and integrate special operations established by a joint force commander to air and surface operations with conventional plan, coordinate, conduct, and support joint air operations. Also called SOLE. See also special operations within the joint force joint force air component commander; commander’s assigned operational area. joint force special operations component Also called SOC. See also special commander; special operations. (JP 3-05) operations. (JP 3-05) special operations mission planning folder special operations command and control — The package that contains the materials element — A special operations command required to execute a given special and control element (SOCCE) that is the operations mission. It will include the focal point for the synchronization of mission tasking letter, mission tasking special operations forces activities with package, original feasibility assessment (as conventional forces. It performs command desired), initial assessment (as desired), and control functions according to mission target intelligence package, plan of requirements. It normally collocates with execution, infiltration and exfiltration plan the command post of the supported force. of execution, and other documentation as The SOCCE can also receive special required or desired. Also called SOMPF. operations forces operational, intelligence, (JP 3-05.5) and target acquisition reports directly from deployed special operations elements and special operations naval mobile provide them to the supported component environment team — A team of Navy headquarters. The SOCCE remains under personnel organized, trained, and equipped the operational control of the joint force to support naval special warfare forces by special operations component commander providing weather, oceanographic, or commander, joint special operations task mapping, charting, and geodesy support. force. Also called SOCCE. See also Also called SONMET. (JP 3-05.3) command and control; joint force special operations component commander; special operations-peculiar — Equipment, special operations; special operations material, supplies, and services required for forces. (JP 3-05.1) special operations mission support for

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 which there is no broad conventional force operation, function, or mission. See also requirement. This includes standard items equipment. used by other Department of Defense (DOD) forces but modified for special special purpose Marine air-ground task operations forces (SOF); items initially force — A Marine air-ground task force designed for, or used by, SOF until adapted organized, trained, and equipped with for use as Service-common by other DOD narrowly focused capabilities. It is designed forces; and items approved by the to accomplish a specific mission, often of Commander in Chief, US Special limited scope and duration. It may be any Operations Command (USCINCSOC) as size, but normally it is a relatively small critically urgent for the immediate force — the size of a Marine expeditionary accomplishment of a special operations unit or smaller. Also called SPMAGTF. mission but not normally procured by See also aviation combat element; USCINCSOC. Also called SO-peculiar. combat service support element; See also special operations. (JP 3-05) command element; ground combat element; Marine air-ground task force; special operations terminal attack Marine expeditionary force; Marine controller — United States Air Force expeditionary force (forward); Marine combat control personnel certified to expeditionary unit; task force. perform the terminal attack control function in support of special operations forces special-purpose vehicle — A vehicle missions. Special operations terminal incorporating a special chassis and designed attack controller operations emphasize the to meet a specialized requirement. employment of night infrared, laser, and beacon tactics and equipment. Also called special reconnaissance — Reconnaissance SOTAC. See also special operations; and surveillance actions conducted by special tactics team; terminal. (JP 3-09.1) special operations forces to obtain or verify, by visual observation or other collection special operations weather team/tactical methods, information concerning the element — A task-organized team of Air capabilities, intentions, and activities of Force personnel organized, trained, and an actual or potential enemy or to secure equipped to collect critical weather data concerning the meteorological, observations from data-sparse areas. These hydrographic, or geographic characteristics teams are trained to operate independently of a particular area. It includes target in permissive or uncertain environments, acquisition, area assessment, and post-strike or as augmentation to other special reconnaissance. Also called SR. (JP 3-05.5) operations elements in hostile environments, in direct support of special special staff — All staff officers having duties operations. Also called SOWT/TE. (JP 3-05) at a headquarters and not included in the general (coordinating) staff group or in the special operations wing — An Air Force personal staff group. The special staff special operations wing. Also called SOW. includes certain technical specialists and (JP 3-05.5) heads of services, e.g., quartermaster officer, antiaircraft officer, transportation special (or project) equipment — officer, etc. See also staff. Equipment not authorized in standard equipment publications but determined as special tactics team — US Air Force special essential in connection with a contemplated operations forces consisting of combat

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 control, pararescue, and combat weather designated by the President through the personnel who are organized, trained, and Secretary of Defense with the advice and equipped to establish and control the airassistance of the Chairman of the Joint ground interface at an airhead in the Chiefs of Staff. It normally is composed of objective area. Functions include assault forces from a single Military Department. zone reconnaissance and surveillance, Also called specified combatant establishment, and terminal control; combat command. (JP 5-0) search and rescue; combat casualty care and evacuation staging; special operations spectrozonal photography — (*) A terminal attack control; and tactical weather photographic technique whereby the observations and forecasting. Also called natural spectral emissions of all objects are STT. See also air traffic controller; selectively filtered in order to image only combat search and rescue; special those objects within a particular spectral operations; special operations forces; band or zone and eliminate the unwanted special operations terminal attack background. controller. (JP 3-05.1) spectrum management — Planning, special unloading berth — Berths coordinating, and managing joint use established in the vicinity of the approach of t h e e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c s p e c t r u m lanes into which transports may move for through operational, engineering, and unloading, thus reducing the running time administrative procedures. The objective for landing craft and assisting in the of spectrum management is to enable dispersion of transports. (JP 3-02.2) electronic systems to perform their functions in the intended environment special weapons — A term sometimes used without causing or suffering unacceptable to indicate weapons grouped for special interference. See also electromagnetic procedures, for security, or other reasons. spectrum. (JP 3-51) Specific terminology, e.g., “nuclear weapons” or “guided missiles,” is speed of advance — (*) In naval usage, the preferable. speed expected to be made good over the ground. Also called SOA. See also pace; specific intelligence collection requirement rate of march. — An identified gap in intelligence holdings that may be satisfied only by speed of sound — (*) The speed at which collection action, and that has been sound travels in a given medium under validated by the appropriate requirements specified conditions. The speed of sound control authority. Also called SICR. at sea level in the International Standard Atmosphere is 1108 ft/second, 658 knots, specific search — Reconnaissance of a 1215 km/hour. See also hypersonic; sonic; limited number of points for specific subsonic; supersonic; transonic. information. spillover — The part of the laser spot that is specified combatant command — See not on the target because of beam specified command. (JP 0-2) divergence or standoff range, improper boresighting of laser designator, or poor specified command — A command that has operator illuminating procedures. See also a broad, continuing mission, normally laser spot. (JP 3-09.1) functional, and is established and so

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 spin stabilization — Directional stability of spot elevation — (*) A point on a map or a projectile obtained by the action of chart whose elevation is noted. gyroscopic forces that result from spinning of the body about its axis of symmetry. spot jamming — (*) The jamming of a specific channel or frequency. See also split cameras — (*) An assembly of two barrage jamming; electronic warfare; cameras disposed at a fixed overlapping jamming. angle relative to each other. spot net — Radio communication net used split pair — See split vertical photography. by a spotter in calling fire. split-up — See break-up. split vertical photography — (*) Photographs taken simultaneously by two cameras mounted at an angle from the vertical, one tilted to the left and one to the right, to obtain a small side overlap.

spot report — A concise narrative report of essential information covering events or conditions that may have an immediate and significant effect on current planning and operations that is afforded the most expeditious means of transmission consistent with requisite security. Also called SPOTREP. (Note: In reconnaissance and surveillance usage, spot report is not to be used.) See Joint Tactical Air Reconnaissance/Surveillance Mission Report.

spoiling attack — A tactical maneuver employed to seriously impair a hostile attack while the enemy is in the process of forming or assembling for an attack. Usually employed by armored units in defense by an attack on enemy assembly spot size — (*) The size of the electron spot positions in front of a main line of resistance on the face of the cathode ray tube. or battle position. spotter — An observer stationed for the sponsor — Military member or civilian purpose of observing and reporting results employee with dependents. of naval gunfire to the firing agency and who also may be employed in designating spoke — The portion of the hub and spoke targets. See also field artillery observer; distribution system that refers to naval gunfire spotting team. transportation mode operators responsible for scheduled delivery to a customer of the spotting line — (*) Any straight line to which “hub”. See also distribution; distribution the fall of shot of projectiles is related or system; hub; hub and spoke distribution. fire is adjusted by an observer or a spotter. (JP 4-01.4) See also gun-target line; observer-target line. spot — (*) 1. To determine by observation, deviations of ordnance from the target for spray dome — (*) The mound of water spray the purpose of supplying necessary thrown up into the air when the shock wave information for the adjustment of fire. 2. from an underwater detonation of a nuclear To place in a proper location. 3. (DOD weapon reaches the surface. only) An approved shipboard helicopter landing site. See also ordnance. (JP 3-04.1) spreader bar — A device specially designed to permit the lifting and handling of

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 containers or vehicles and breakbulk cargo. (JP 4-01.6) spreading fire — A notification by the spotter or the naval gunfire ship, depending on who is controlling the fire, to indicate that fire is about to be distributed over an area.

on air-capable ships. With it, a pilot can visually establish and maintain the proper glide slope for a safe approach and landing. The visual acquisition range is approximately 3 miles at night under optimal conditions. Also called SGSI. See also air-capable ship. (JP 3-04.1)

sprocket — (*) In naval mine warfare, an stabilized patient — A patient whose airway anti-sweep device included in a mine is secured, hemorrhage is controlled, shock mooring to allow a sweep wire to pass treated, and fractures are immobilized. See through the mooring without parting the also patient. (JP 4-02.2) mine from its sinker. stable base film — (*) A particular type of squadron — 1. An organization consisting film having a high stability in regard to of two or more divisions of ships, or two or shrinkage and stretching. more divisions (Navy) or flights of aircraft. It is normally but not necessarily composed stable patient — A patient for whom no of ships or aircraft of the same type. 2. The inflight medical intervention is expected but basic administrative aviation unit of the the potential for medical intervention exists. Army, Navy, Marine Corps, and Air Force. See also patient. (JP 4-02.2) 3. Battalion-sized ground or aviation units in US Army cavalry regiments. staff — See multinational staff; general staff; integrated staff; joint staff; parallel squib — A small pyrotechnic device that may staff; special staff. be used to fire the igniter in a rocket or for some similar purpose. Not to be confused staff estimates — Assessments of courses of with a detonator that explodes. action by the various staff elements of a command that serve as the foundation of squirt — (*) In air-to-air refuelling, a means the commander’s estimate. of providing visual detection of a nearby aircraft. In practice this is achieved by the staff supervision — The process of advising donor aircraft dumping fuel and/or the other staff officers and individuals receiver aircraft selecting afterburners, if so subordinate to the commander of the equipped. commander’s plans and policies, interpreting those plans and policies, staballoy — Metal alloys made from assisting such subordinates in carrying them high-density depleted uranium mixed with out, determining the extent to which they other metals for use in kinetic energy are being followed, and advising the penetrators for armor-piercing munitions. commander thereof. Several different metals, such as titanium or molybdenum, can be used for the stage — (*) 1. An element of the missile or purpose. The various staballoy metals have propulsion system that generally separates low radioactivity that is not considered to from the missile at burnout or cut-off. be a significant health hazard. Stages are numbered chronologically in order of burning. 2. To process, in a stabilized glide slope indicator — An specified area, troops which are in transit electrohydraulic optical landing aid for use

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 from one locality to another. See also standard advanced base units — Personnel marshalling; staging area. and materiel organized to function as advanced base units, including the staged crews — Aircrews specifically functional components that are employed positioned at intermediate airfields to take in the establishment of naval advanced over aircraft operating on air routes, thus bases. Such advanced base units may relieving complementary crews of flying establish repair bases, supply bases, supply fatigue and speeding up the flow rate of the depots, airfields, air bases, or other naval aircraft concerned. shore establishments at overseas locations. staging — Assembling, holding, and standardization — The process by which the organizing arriving personnel, equipment, Department of Defense achieves the closest and sustaining materiel in preparation for practicable cooperation among the Services onward movement. The organizing and and Defense agencies for the most efficient preparation for movement of personnel, use of research, development, and equipment, and materiel at designated areas production resources, and agrees to adopt to incrementally build forces capable of on the broadest possible basis the use of: a. meeting the operational commander’s common or compatible operational, requirements. See also staging area. administrative, and logistic procedures; b. (JP 3-35) common or compatible technical procedures and criteria; c. common, staging area — 1. Amphibious or airborne compatible, or interchangeable supplies, — A general locality between the mounting components, weapons, or equipment; and area and the objective of an amphibious or d. common or compatible tactical doctrine airborne expedition, through which the with corresponding organizational expedition or parts thereof pass after compatibility. mounting, for refueling, regrouping of ships, and/or exercise, inspection, and standard operating procedure — See redistribution of troops. 2. Other standing operating procedure. movements — A general locality established for the concentration of troop standard parallel — (*) A parallel on a map units and transient personnel between or chart along which the scale is as stated movements over the lines of for that map or chart. communications. Also called SA. See also airborne; marshalling; stage; staging. standard pattern — (*) In land mine (JP 3-35) warfare, the agreed pattern to which mines are normally laid. staging base — 1. An advanced naval base for the anchoring, fueling, and refitting of standard positioning system — One of two transports and cargo ships as well as levels of service provided by the global replenishment of mobile service squadrons. positioning system, the standard positioning 2. A landing and takeoff area with system normally offers users a horizontal minimum servicing, supply, and shelter accuracy of 100 meters or better with a 95% provided for the temporary occupancy of probability. Also called SPS. military aircraft during the course of movement from one location to another. standard route — In naval control of shipping, a pre-planned single track that is

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 assigned a code name and connects positions within the main shipping lanes.

establish a right to the nationality claimed. See also dislocated civilian; displaced person; evacuee; expellee; refugee. (JP 3-07.6)

standard unit — A type unit whose unit-type code and movement characteristics are described in the type unit characteristics file. state of readiness — See defense readiness condition; weapons readiness state. standard use Army aircraft flight route — Routes established below the coordinating state of readiness--state 1--safe — The state altitude to facilitate the movement of Army of a demolition target upon or within which aviation assets. Routes are normally located the demolition charge has been placed and in the corps through brigade rear areas of secured. The firing or initiating circuits operation and do not require approval by have been installed, but not connected to the airspace control authority. Also called the demolition charge. Detonators or SAAFR. (JP 3-52) initiators have not been connected nor installed. See also state of readiness--state Standby Reserve — Those units and 2--armed. members of the Reserve Components (other than those in the Ready Reserve or Retired state of readiness--state 2--armed — The Reserve) who are liable for active duty only, state of a demolition target in which the as provided in the US Code, title 10 (DOD), demolition charges are in place, the firing sections 10151, 12301, and 12306. See also and priming circuits are installed and active duty; Ready Reserve; Reserve complete, and the charge is ready for Components; Retired Reserve. (JP 4-05) immediate firing. See also state of readiness--state 1--safe. stand fast — (*) In artillery, the order at which all action on the position ceases static air temperature — (*) The immediately. temperature at a point at rest relative to the ambient air. standing operating procedure — (*) A set of instructions covering those features of static line (air transport) — A line attached operations which lend themselves to a to a parachute pack and to a strop or anchor definite or standardized procedure without cable in an aircraft so that, when the load is loss of effectiveness. The procedure is dropped, the parachute is deployed applicable unless ordered otherwise. Also automatically. called SOP. static line cable — See anchor cable. standing order — (*) A promulgated order which remains in force until amended or static marking — (*) Marks on photographic cancelled. negatives and other imagery caused by unwanted discharges of static electricity. state and regional defense airlift — The program for use during an emergency of station — 1. A general term meaning any civil aircraft other than air carrier aircraft. military or naval activity at a fixed land location. 2. A particular kind of activity to stateless person — Civilian who has been which other activities or individuals may denationalized or whose country of origin come for a specific service, often of a cannot be determined or who cannot technical nature, e.g., aid station. 3. An

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 assigned or prescribed position in a naval activated in the event of hostile overrun or formation or cruising disposition; or an other circumstances under which normal assigned area in an approach, contact, or access would be denied. battle disposition. 4. Any place of duty or post or position in the field to which an stay behind force — (*) A force which is individual, group of individuals, or a unit left in position to conduct a specified may be assigned. 5. One or more mission when the remainder of the force transmitters or receivers or a combination withdraws or retires from the area. of transmitters and receivers, including the accessory equipment necessary at one stellar guidance — A system wherein a location, for carrying on radio guided missile may follow a predetermined communication service. Each station will course with reference primarily to the be classified by the service in which it relative position of the missile and certain operates permanently or temporarily. preselected celestial bodies. station authentication — A security measure stepped-up separation — (*) The vertical designed to establish the authenticity of a separation in a formation of aircraft transmitting or receiving station. measured from an aircraft ahead upward to the next aircraft behind or in echelon. station time — (*) In air transport operations, the time at which crews, passengers, and stereographic coverage — Photographic cargo are to be on board and ready for the coverage with overlapping air photographs flight. to provide a three-dimensional presentation of the picture; 60 percent overlap is status-of-forces agreement — An agreement considered normal and 53 percent is that defines the legal position of a visiting generally regarded as the minimum. military force deployed in the territory of a friendly state. Agreements delineating the sterilize — (*) 1. In naval mine warfare, to status of visiting military forces may be permanently render a mine incapable of bilateral or multilateral. Provisions firing by means of a device (e.g., sterilizer) pertaining to the status of visiting forces within the mine. 2. (DOD only) To may be set forth in a separate agreement, remove from material to be used in covert or they may form a part of a more and clandestine operations, marks or comprehensive agreement. These devices which can identify it as emanating provisions describe how the authorities of from the sponsoring nation or organization. a visiting force may control members of that force and the amenability of the force sterilizer — (*) In mine warfare, a device or its members to the local law or to the included in mines to render the mine authority of local officials. To the extent permanently inoperative on expiration of a that agreements delineate matters affecting pre-determined time after laying. the relations between a military force and civilian authorities and population, they stick (air transport) — A number of may be considered as civil affairs paratroopers who jump from one aperture agreements. Also called SOFA. See also or door of an aircraft during one run over a civil affairs agreement. (JP 3-07.2) drop zone. stay behind — Agent or agent organization stick commander (air transport) — A established in a given country to be designated individual who controls

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 paratroops from the time they enter the aircraft until their exit. See also jumpmaster. stimulants — Controlled drugs that make the user feel stronger, more decisive, and self-possessed; includes cocaine and amphetamines. (JP 3-07.4)

retrofit, and the recycling of limited life components. stock record account — A basic record showing by item the receipt and issuance of property, the balances on hand, and such other identifying or stock control data as may be required by proper authority.

stockage objective — The maximum stop-loss — Presidential authority under Title quantities of materiel to be maintained on 10 US Code 12305 to suspend laws relating hand to sustain current operations. It will to promotion, retirement, or separation of consist of the sum of stocks represented by any member of the Armed Forces the operating level and the safety level. See determined essential to the national security also level of supply. of the United States (“laws relating to promotion” broadly includes, among stock control — (*) Process of maintaining others, grade tables, current general or flag inventory data on the quantity, location, and officer authorizations, and E8 and 9 limits). condition of supplies and equipment due-in, This authority may be exercised by the on-hand, and due-out, to determine President only if Reservists are serving on quantities of material and equipment active duty under Title 10 authorities for available and/or required for issue and to Presidential Selected Reserve Callup, facilitate distribution and management of partial mobilization, or full mobilization. materiel. See also inventory control. See also mobilization; partial mobilization; Presidential Selected stock coordination — A supply management Reserve Callup Authority. (JP 1-0) function exercised usually at department level that controls the assignment of storage — 1. The retention of data in any material cognizance for items or categories form, usually for the purpose of orderly of material to inventory managers. retrieval and documentation. 2. A device consisting of electronic, electrostatic, stock level — See level of supply. electrical, hardware, or other elements into which data may be entered, and from which Stock Number — See National Stock data may be obtained as desired. See also Number. ammunition and toxic material open space; bin storage; bulk storage; igloo stockpile to target sequence — 1. The order space; large-lot storage; medium-lot of events involved in removing a nuclear storage; open improved storage space; weapon from storage and assembling, open unimproved wet space; small-lot testing, transporting, and delivering it on storage. the target. 2. A document that defines the logistic and employment concepts and storage life — (*) The length of time for related physical environments involved in which an item of supply, including the delivery of a nuclear weapon from the explosives, given specific storage stockpile to the target. It may also define conditions, may be expected to remain the logistic flow involved in moving nuclear serviceable and, if relevant, safe. See also weapons to and from the stockpile for shelf life. quality assurance testing, modification and

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 storage or stowage — Storage is the act of separated from their unit, column, or placing material or ammunition and other formation. 2. A ship separated from its supplies onboard the vessel. Stowage convoy by more than 5 nautical miles, relates to the act of securing those items through inability to keep up, and unable to stored in such a manner that they do not rejoin before dark, or over 10 nautical miles shift or move during at-sea periods, using from its convoy whether or not it can rejoin methods and equipment as approved by before dark. See also romper. higher authority. See also storage; stowage. (JP 3-04.1) strapping — 1. An operation by which supply containers, such as cartons or boxes, stores — See naval stores; supplies. are reinforced by bands, metal straps, or wire, placed at specified intervals around stowage — The method of placing cargo into them, drawn taut, and then sealed or a single hold or compartment of a ship to clamped by a machine. 2. Measurement prevent damage, shifting, etc. (JP 3-02) of storage tanks and calculation of volume to provide tables for conversion of depth stowage diagram — (*) A scaled drawing of product in linear units of measurement included in the loading plan of a vessel for to volume of contents. each deck or platform showing the exact location of all cargo. See also stowage strategic advantage — The overall relative plan. power relationship of opponents that enables one nation or group of nations stowage factor — The number that expresses effectively to control the course of a military the space, in cubic feet, occupied by a long or political situation. ton of any commodity as prepared for shipment, including all crating or strategic airlift — The common-user airlift packaging. linking theaters to the continental United States (CONUS) and to other theaters as stowage plan — A completed stowage well as the airlift within CONUS. These diagram showing what materiel has been airlift assets are assigned to the Commander loaded and its stowage location in each in Chief, United States Transportation hold, between-deck compartment, or other Command. Due to the intertheater ranges space in a ship, including deck space. Each usually involved, strategic airlift is normally port of discharge is indicated by colors or comprised of the heavy, longer range, other appropriate means. Deck and intercontinental airlift assets, but may be between-deck cargo normally is shown in augmented with shorter range aircraft when perspective, while cargo stowed in the required. Also called intertheater airlift. lower hold is shown in profile, except that See also theater airlift. (JP 4-01.1) vehicles usually are shown in perspective regardless of stowage. See also stowage strategic air transport — The movement of diagram. personnel and materiel by air in accordance with a strategic plan. strafing — The delivery of automatic weapons fire by aircraft on ground targets. strategic air transport operations — (*) The carriage of passengers and cargo straggler — (*) 1. Any personnel, vehicles, between theaters by means of: a. scheduled ships, or aircraft which, without apparent service; b. special flight; c. air logistic purpose or assigned mission, become support; d. aeromedical evacuation.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 strategic air warfare — Air combat and national and theater levels. See also supporting operations designed to effect, intelligence; operational intelligence; through the systematic application of force tactical intelligence. (JP 2-0) to a selected series of vital targets, the progressive destruction and disintegration strategic level of war — The level of war at of the enemy’s war-making capacity to a which a nation, often as a member of a point where the enemy no longer retains group of nations, determines national or the ability or the will to wage war. Vital multinational (alliance or coalition) security targets may include key manufacturing objectives and guidance, and develops and systems, sources of raw material, critical uses national resources to accomplish these material, stockpiles, power systems, objectives. Activities at this level establish transportation systems, communication national and multinational military facilities, concentration of uncommitted objectives; sequence initiatives; define elements of enemy armed forces, key limits and assess risks for the use of military agricultural areas, and other such target and other instruments of national power; systems. develop global plans or theater war plans to achieve these objectives; and provide strategic concentration — (*) The assembly military forces and other capabilities in of designated forces in areas from which it accordance with strategic plans. See also is intended that operations of the assembled operational level of war; tactical level of force shall begin so that they are best war. (JP 3-0) disposed to initiate the plan of campaign. strategic map — A map of medium scale or strategic concept — The course of action smaller used for planning of operations, accepted as the result of the estimate of the including the movement, concentration, and strategic situation. It is a statement of what supply of troops. See also map. is to be done in broad terms sufficiently flexible to permit its use in framing the strategic material (critical) — Material military, diplomatic, economic, required for essential uses in a war informational, and other measures which emergency, the procurement of which in stem from it. See also basic undertakings. adequate quantity, quality, or time, is sufficiently uncertain, for any reason, to strategic estimate — The estimate of the require prior provision of the supply thereof. broad strategic factors that influence the determination of missions, objectives, and strategic mining — A long-term mining courses of action. The estimate is operation designed to deny the enemy the continuous and includes the strategic use of specific sea routes or sea areas. direction received from the National (JP 3-15) Command Authorities or the authoritative body of an alliance or coalition. See also strategic mission — A mission directed commander’s estimate of the situation; against one or more of a selected series of estimate; logistic estimate of the enemy targets with the purpose of situation; national intelligence estimate. progressive destruction and disintegration (JP 3-0) of the enemy’s warmaking capacity and will to make war. Targets include key strategic intelligence — Intelligence that is manufacturing systems, sources of raw required for the formulation of strategy, material, critical material, stockpiles, power policy, and military plans and operations at systems, transportation systems,

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 communication facilities, and other such returned to the operational control of MSC. target systems. As opposed to tactical See also Military Sealift Command; operations, strategic operations are Military Sealift Command force. (JP 4-01.6) designed to have a long-range rather than immediate effect on the enemy and its strategic transport aircraft — (*) Aircraft military forces. designed primarily for the carriage of personnel and/or cargo over long distances. strategic mobility — The capability to deploy and sustain military forces worldwide in strategic vulnerability — The susceptibility support of national strategy. See also of vital instruments of national power to mobility. being seriously decreased or adversely changed by the application of actions strategic plan — A plan for the overall within the capability of another nation to conduct of a war. impose. Strategic vulnerability may pertain to political, geographic, economic, strategic psychological activities — (*) informational, scientific, sociological, or Planned psychological activities in peace, military factors. crisis, and war which pursue objectives to gain the support and cooperation of friendly strategic warning — A warning prior to the and neutral countries and to reduce the will initiation of a threatening act. See also and the capacity of hostile or potentially strategic warning lead time; strategic hostile countries to wage war. warning post-decision time; strategic warning pre-decision time; tactical strategic sealift — The afloat pre-positioning warning; warning; warning of war. and ocean movement of military materiel in support of US and multinational forces. strategic warning lead time — That time Sealift forces include organic and between the receipt of strategic warning and commercially acquired shipping and the beginning of hostilities. This time may shipping services, including chartered include two action periods: strategic foreign-flag vessels and associated shipping warning pre-decision time and strategic services. (JP 4-01.5) warning post-decision time. See also commander’s estimate of the situation; strategic sealift forces — Sealift forces strategic concept; strategic warning. composed of ships, cargo handling and delivery systems, and the necessary strategic warning post-decision time — operating personnel. They include US That time beginning after the decision, Navy, US Marine Corps, and US Army made at the highest levels of government(s) elements with Active and Reserve in response to strategic warning, is ordered components. Merchant marine vessels executed and ending with the start of manned by civilian mariners may constitute hostilities or termination of the threat. It is part of this force. See also force. (JP 4-01.6) that part of strategic warning lead time available for executing pre-hostility actions strategic sealift shipping — Common-user to strengthen the national strategic posture; ships of the Military Sealift Command however, some preparatory actions may be (MSC) force, including pre-positioned initiated in the predecision period. See also ships after their pre-positioning mission has strategic warning; strategic warning lead been completed and they have been time.

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As Amended Through 23 January 2002 strategic warning pre-decision time — That strikedown — A term used to describe the time which begins upon receipt of strategic movement of aircraft from the flight deck warning and ends when a decision is to the hangar deck level. See also aircraft; ordered executed. It is that part of strategic flight deck. (JP 3-04.1) warning lead time available to the highest levels of government(s) to determine that strike photography — (*) Air photographs strategic course of action to be executed. taken during an air strike. See also strategic warning; strategic warning lead time. strip marker — (*) In land mine warfare, a marker, natural, artificial, or specially strategy — The art and science of developing installed, located at the start and finish of a and employing instruments of national mine strip. See also marker. power in a synchronized and integrated fashion to achieve theater, national, and/or strip plot — (*) A portion of a map or overlay multinational objectives. See also military on which a number of photographs taken strategy; national strategy. (JP 3-0) along a flight line is delineated without defining the outlines of individual prints. strategy determination — The Joint Operation Planning and Execution System strong point — (*) A key point in a defensive function in which analysis of changing position, usually strongly fortified and events in the international environment and heavily armed with automatic weapons, the development of national strategy to around which other positions are grouped respond to those events is conducted. In for its protection. joint operation planning, the responsibility for recommending military strategy to the structured message text — (*) A message National Command Authorities lies with text composed of paragraphs ordered in a the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, specified sequence, each paragraph in consultation with the other members of characterized by an identifier and the Joint Chiefs of Staff and in concert with containing information in free form. It is supported commanders. In the deliberate designed to facilitate manual handling and planning process, the Joint Strategic processing. See also formatted message Capabilities Plan is produced as a result of text; free form message text. this process. In the crisis assessment phase of the crisis action planning process, crisis stuffing — Packing of cargo into a container. action planning procedures are used to See also unstuffing. (JP 4-01.7) formulate decisions for direct development of possible military courses of action. subassembly — (*) In logistics, a portion of an assembly, consisting of two or more stretcher — See litter. parts, that can be provisioned and replaced as an entity. See also assembly; stretch out — A reduction in the delivery rate component. specified for a program without a reduction in the total quantity to be delivered. subgravity — A condition in which the resultant ambient acceleration is between strike — (*) An attack which is intended to 0 and 1 G. inflict damage on, seize, or destroy an objective. subkiloton weapon — (*) A nuclear weapon producing a yield below one kiloton. See

417

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 also kiloton weapon; megaton weapon; nominal weapon.

functional component command; operational control; subordinate command; unified command. (JP 0-2)

submarine operating authority — (*) The naval commander exercising operational subscription — An agreement by a nation’s control of submarines. Also called Military Services to agree to accept and SUBOPAUTH. abide by, with or without reservation, the details of a standardization agreement. See submarine operations area — A geographic also implementation; ratification; area defined for submarine operations for reservation. peacetime or warfare activities. subsidiary landing — (*) In an amphibious submarine patrol area — A restricted area operation, a landing usually made outside established to allow submarine operations: the designated landing area, the purpose of a. unimpeded by the operation of, or which is to support the main landing. possible attack from, friendly forces in wartime; b. without submerged mutual subsonic — Of or pertaining to speeds less interference in peacetime. than the speed of sound. See also speed of sound. submunition — (*) Any munition that, to perform its task, separates from a parent substitute transport-type vehicle — A munition. wheeled vehicle designed to perform, within certain limitations, the same military subordinate command — A command function as military transport vehicles, but consisting of the commander and all those not requiring all the special characteristics individuals, units, detachments, thereof. They are developed from civilian organizations, or installations that have designs by addition of certain features, or been placed under the command by the from military designs by deletion of certain authority establishing the subordinate features. command. subunified command — See subordinate subordinate unified command — A unified command. (JP 0-2) command established by commanders of unified commands, when so authorized subversion — Action designed to undermine through the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs the military, economic, psychological, or of Staff, to conduct operations on a political strength or morale of a regime. See continuing basis in accordance with the also unconventional warfare. criteria set forth for unified commands. A subordinate unified command may be subversion of Department of Defense established on an area or functional basis. personnel — Actions designed to Commanders of subordinate unified undermine the loyalty, morale, or discipline commands have functions and of Department of Defense military and responsibilities similar to those of the civilian personnel. commanders of unified commands and exercise operational control of assigned subversive activity — Anyone lending aid, commands and forces within the assigned comfort, and moral support to individuals, operational area. Also called subunified groups, or organizations that advocate the command. See also area command; overthrow of incumbent governments by

418

JP 1-02

As Amended Through 23 January 2002 force and violence is subversive and is or a vehicle of exceptional size or weight. engaged in subversive activity. All willful See also route. acts that are intended to be detrimental to the best interests of the government and that supplementary facilities — (*) Facilities do not fall into the categories of treason, required at a particular location to provide sedition, sabotage,