Ayios Stephanos. Excavations at a Bronze Age and Medieval Settlement in Southern Laconia

LordWilliamTaylour 3January1904-2 December198g AYIOS STEPHANOS EXCAVATIONSAT A BRONZE AGE AND MEDIEVAL SETTLEMENT IN ...

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LordWilliamTaylour

3January1904-2 December198g

AYIOS STEPHANOS EXCAVATIONSAT A BRONZE AGE AND MEDIEVAL SETTLEMENT IN SOUTHERN LACONIA by W. D. TAYLOURf and R.JANKO withtheassistance of

D. FORTENBERRY, M.J. GO ALEN andT. WALLACEt and withcontributions by

E. C. BANKS,J.L. BINTLIFF, S. C. BISELt, H. BLITZER, C. DUHIG, E. B. FRENCH, N. H. GALE, S. M. A. HOFFMANN, M.J. IJDO, G.JONES, R. E.JONES, P. N. KARDULIAS,J.A. MACGILLIVRAY,P. A. MOUNTJOY, C. MOURER-CHAUVIRÉ, A. NICODEMUS, D. S. REESE, V.J.ROBINSONf, M.J.ROSE, G. D. R. SANDERS,J. MOTYKA SANDERS, B. H. I. H. STEWART, Z. A. STOS,J. E. TOMLINSON, I. K. WHITBREAD and C. ZERNER

SUPPLEMENTARY VOLUME NO. 44 Publishedby

THE BRITISH SCHOOL AT ATHENS 2008

Publishedand distributed by The British Schoolat Athens SenateHouse,MaletStreet, LondonWC1E7HU SeriesEditor:Olga Krzyszkowska

© The Council,The British Schoolat Athens ISBN 978 ο 904887 58 7

Designedandcomputer typeset byRaynaAndrew Printedat AldenPress, UnitedKingdom Witney,

Contents ListofFigures ListofCharts ListofTables ListofPlates ListofAbbreviations

ix xvi xvii xx xiv

A MemoirofthelateLordWilliamTaylour, byB. H. I. H. Stewart

xxv i

Introduction, ¿yR.Janko Chapteri

and stratigraphy, The BronzeAge architecture byW.D. TaylourfandK.Janko

Chapter2

The BronzeAgeburials,byW.D. TaylourfandR.Janko

121

Chapter3

andburials,byW.D. TaylourfandK.Janko The Medievalarchitecture, stratigraphy

145

Chapter4

The EarlyHelladicpottery, by].A. MacGillivray

15g

Chapter5

withtheMiddleHelladicwaresfromLateHelladic The MiddleHelladicpottery, marks,byC. Zerner depositsandthepotters'

177

Chapter6

The LateHelladicpottery, byP. A. Mountjoy

299

Chapter7

The Medievalpottery, byG. D. R. Sanders

389

Chapter8

The EarlyHelladicsmallfinds,byE. C. Banks,E. B. FrenchandK.Janko

411

Chapter9

The MiddleHelladicsmallfinds, theLinearA inscription, including byYi.C. Banks,withR.Janko

417

Chapter10

The LateHelladicsmallfinds,byE. B. French,withR.Janko

445

Chapter11

The Roman,MedievalandModernsmallfinds, tilesand coins,byG. D. R. Sanders andj. MotykaSanders,withK. Janko

471

Chapter12

The humanand otherorganicremains, byC. Duhig,G.Jones,C. Mourer-Chauviré, 485 A. Nicodemus, D. S. ReeseandM.J.Rose

Chapter13

The regionalgeologyand earlysettlement oftheHelosPlain,by].L. Bintliff

527

Chapter14

andhistorical conclusions, Summary byR.Janko

551

13

Bibliography, byT Wallacet andR.Janko

611

Index,byS. Button

633

Plates

vii

viii

CONTENTS

CD (insidebackcover): Tables

CD-3

Appendix1

Statistical ofEarlyHelladicpottery deposits, ware-analysis byR.Janko

CD-85

Appendix2

andchemicalanalysisofMiddleHelladicandLateHelladicI- II Pétrographie I. K. Whitbread andR.E.Jones pottery, by

CD-89

Appendix3

The PerlmanandAsaroanalysesofLateHelladicI- III sherdsfromthe1963 a statistical excavations: S. M. A. Hoffmann re-evaluation, byΕ. Β. French, andV.J.Robinsonf,with].E. Tomlinson

CD-i 18

Appendix4

Metallurgical analysisofMiddleandLateHelladiccrucibles, byN. H. Gale andZ.A. Stos

CD-i 24

Appendix5

X-Rayfluorescence analysisofMiddleandLateHelladicbronzeobjects, byR. E.Jones

CD-i 26

Appendix6

Statistical andmaterials analysesoftheobjectsinflakedandgroundstone, N. Kardulias by?. andM.J.Ijdo, withH.Blitzer

CD-128

Appendix7

witha catalogueofthepeople Bonemineralanalysesofselectedskeletons, of1977,byS.C. Biselt

CD-150

Appendix8

The mammalian remains:catalogueandcomparanda andreptilian byD. S. Reese

CD-155

Appendix9

oftheradiocarbon data,byR.Janko Analysis

CD-186

ofstratigraphie contexts andkeptsherds,byR.Janko Repertory

CD-192

andmuseumboxes,byR.Janko Concordance ofexcavation numbers tocataloguenumbers

CD-251

ofpreviously Concordance finds, published byR.Janko

CD-268

Appendices plates

CD-270

ILLUSTRATION

CREDITS

D. Parshall2-9;J.Bintliff D. Aston1.10;E. Bennett The figs,weredrawnbythefollowing: 2.7-2.8;E. Bennett, K. Calucci D. Goalen 14.7; Demakopoulou14.1i;C. Duhig12.113.1-13.3; Blackman, 1.41-1.42,i-54'J· M.J. A. B. S. M. E. Hoffmann, 1.11; French, 12.6; D. Fortenberry, V.J. RobinsonA3.1; F. Gleave4.12; J. Rempel F. Gleave,D. Haldon,I. Strom1.5-1.7; M.J. Goalen 1.1-1.2, 1.8-1.9, 1.12-1.13, 1.15, 1.46, 2.1-2.3, 3.1; D. M. Ursery, C. K. WilliamsIII 1.37,1.43;M.J.Goalen,R. Hope Simpson1.53; M.J.Goalen,A. F. Harding, R. Kentish R. S. 3.4; M.J. Goalen,J. B. Rutter1.57-1.62; M.J. Goalen, M.J. Goalen, Hope Simpson, D. M. Ursery, III iii-iv,2.6;A. F.Harding1.38, 1.44-1.45; R. Hope Simpsonii;R. Hope Simpson, C. K. Williams R.Janko1.40; R Wright R. S. Kentish, R. S. Kentish1.24-1.25,1.66;R. Hope Simpson, 1.33;R. Hope Simpson, R.Jankoi, 1.3-1.4,1.19, 1.39, 1.47,9.12, 11.7, 14.6; R.Janko,D. Fortenberry 14.1-14.3,14.5, 14.8-14.10, 14.12; R. S. Kentish1.23, 1.26, 1.31-1.32, 1.48-1.49, 1.63-1.65, 2.4, 2.10-2.11, 3.2-3.3; R. S. Kentish, G. Rapp 13.5-13.6; J. B. Rutter1.55-1.56; R. S. Kentish,P. Wright1.28; J. Kraft,S. Aschenbrenner, S. Button4.2; W. H. McGeachen, 4.1, 4.3-4.11·^. A. MacGillivray, J. G. Younger1.14;J. A. MacGillivray S. W. ManningA9.1; N. Memmou13.4;J. MotykaSanders7.1-7.10, 11.4-11.6;J. MotykaSanders,G. D. R. Sanders1.50-1.52;P. A. Mountjoy6.1-6.44; A. Nicodemus12.7-12.13;A. PoelstraTraga8.1-8.2,9.1-9.10, 10.1-10.6,11.2-11.3;A. PoelstraTraga,F. Gleave 10.7-10.8;A. PoelstraTraga,J. B. Rutter9.11; A. Poelstra 14.14; M. Walton14.4; Traga,D. Blackman11.1;J. B. Rutter1.16-1.18, 1.20-1.22, 8.3; J. M. Wagstaff I. K. Whitbread A2.1-A2.12;P. Wright 1.27,1.29-1.30;C. Zerner5.1-5.16,5.18-5.23,5.25-5.58;C. Zerner, tofigs.9.1-9.10,10.1-10.5,11.1-11.3. andE. Huttonalsocontributed F. Gleave5.17,5.24.L. Picornell theAshmoleanMuseum6oô; S. BiselA7.1-2;Ε. Β. French53~5*> The plates are theworkofthefollowing: Ε. Β. French,W. D. Taylour44-50, 52, 56; R. Janko59-600, 6oc-e'J. B. Rutter13c, 14ε, ι6α, i6c-i"jb' G. D. R. Sanders,W. D. Taylour57; G. D. R. Sanders,R.Janko58; W. D. Taylour10-13^,14a, i4C-i5d; 16e, A2.1-2; C. Zerner38; unknown, frontispiece. 17^-27^,28-37,39-43; 51; I. K. Whitbread

ListofFigures i ii iii iv 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.31 1.32 1.33 1.34 1.35 1.36 1.37 1.38 1.39

Map showingLaconia and Kythera. Sketchplan ofAyios Stephanosshowingthe excavationsof 1959. AyiosStephanos1959-77. Plan showingexcavationtrenches. Plan ofS SectorofAyios Stephanos,withtheexcavationsof 1973-77 hatched. Area Epsilon. Plan showinglocationof sectorsand sections. Area Epsilon. Plan ofLH IIIC Earlyphase, also showingpits,sectorsand sections. Area Epsilon.Potterysectionofsectorsgamma and delta,lookingnw. Area Epsilon. Potterysectionofsectorsalpha and beta,lookingnw. Area Epsilon. Sectionofn baulk ofNE Extension,lookingn. Area Epsilon. Sectionofe baulk ofTrench11,lookinge. Area Epsilon. Sectionofw baulk ofTrenchia, lookingw. Area Epsilon. Plan ofMiddle Helladic III and LH I-IIIA2 phases, showinglocationof sectorsand sections. Area Zeta. Plan showinglocationofwalls and sectors. Area Zeta. Compositeschematicpotterysection,showingwalls and sectors. Area Zeta. Potterysectionof sectorbeta w, lookingn. Area Zeta. Plan ofMH II- III phase. Area Zeta. Plan ofMH I Late (third)phase, showinglocationof sectorsand findsin destruction debris. Area Zeta. Plan of sectorbeta w, showingEH II Late and MH I Early (firstand second) phases. Area Eta. Plan showinglocationofwalls and sections. Area Eta. Potterysectione-w acrossN partofArea, lookingn. Area Eta. Potterysectione-w acrosscentralpartofArea, lookingn. Area Eta. Potterysectione-w acrosss partofArea, lookingn. Area Eta. Potterysectionnnw-sse acrossArea, lookinge. Area Eta. Sectionofw baulk ofTrench11,lookingw. Area Eta. Partialsectionofw baulk,lookingw. Area Eta. PartialsectionofE baulk,lookinge. Area Beta 3/8/9/10.Plan showingsectors,sections,elevationsand LH IIA-IIIAi walls, withLH IIIAi potteryand finds. Area Beta 3/8/9/10.Sectionofs baulk,lookings. Area Beta 3/8/9/10.Sectionofe baulk,lookinge. Area Beta 3/8/9/10.Sectionofw baulk,lookingw. Area Beta 3/8/9/10,SW sector.Elevationofbaulk underwall ed, lookingnw. Area Beta 3/8/9/10,SE sector.Plan ofLH IIA forge. Area Beta 3/8/9/10,SE sector.Partialelevationofbaulk underwall ey, lookingnw. Area Beta 3/8/9/10,SE sector.Elevationofbaulk underwall ex, lookingne. Area Beta 3/8/9/10.Plan ofMH III Late and LH I phases, showinglocationof sections and elevations. Area Beta 3/8/9/10.Plan ofMH II and MH III Earlyphases, showinglocationof sectionsand elevations. Area Beta 3/8/9/10,SE sector.Plan ofEH II to MH I Late phases, showinglocationof sectionsand elevations. Area Lambda / Beta 12. Plan showingrelationshipoftheLambda/Betatrenches. Area Lambda / Beta 12. Plan showinglocationofwalls,sectionsand elevations. Area Lambda / Beta 12. Plan ofLH II- III phases,showingRooms 1-4 and associated floors,withlocationof sections. Area Lambda / Beta 12. Plan ofLH IIIC Earlyfloors,potteryand smallfindsin Rooms 2 and 4, withlocationof sections. Area Lambda / Beta 12. Sectionofn baulk oftrenchLambda 1, lookingn. Area Lambda / Beta 12. n-s potterysectionofLambda i/Beta 12A baulk w ofwalls la, lo and lm, lookinge. ix

Facing i 3 5 6 14 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 22 23 24 25 27 29 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 41 43 44 46 47 50 53 54 54 55 57 59 60 62 63 64 66 68

LIST OF FIGURES

x

1.40 1.41 1.42 1.43 1.44 1.45 1.46 1.47 1.48 1.49 1.50 1.51 1.52 1.53 1.54 1.55 1.56 1.57 1.58 1.59 1.60 1.61 1.62 1.63 1.64 1.65 1.66 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4

AreaLambda/Beta12. Sectionofs baulkoftrench Beta1, 1959,through Room3 over inne cornerofRoom7, lookings. sounding AreaLambda/Beta12. Sectionofw baulkofBeta12A (n),Beta 1/12A baulk,Beta1 andBeta6/1baulk,through centreofRooms2-3 overε partofRoom7, withwallsof Lambdai/Beta12A baulkinelevation, lookingw. AreaLambda/Beta12.Sectionofε baulkofBeta1 (s),Beta1/12Β baulkandBeta12Β ε sideofRoom4 overw sideofRoom9,withwallhminelevation, (ν),through lookinge. AreaLambda/Beta12. PlanofMH III-LH I phase,showing Rooms5-11, associated floorsandlocationofsectionsandelevations. AreaLambda/Beta12. Elevationofwalllc andofbaulkbeneath, lookingw. AreaLambda/Beta12. Elevationofwallle andofbaulkbeneath, lookingn. AreaLambda2. Planshowing locationofwallsandsection. AreaLambda2. n-spottery sectionε ofwalllh,lookinge. AreaLambda3/4.Planshowing locationofMH III-LH ΠΙΑ walls,burials,andsections. MH III-LH I wallsandLH I floorsandfinds. AreaLambda3/4.Planshowing AreaLambda3/4.SectionofΝbaulkoftrench Lambda3, lookingn. AreaLambda3/4.Sectionofε baulkofAreaLambda3/4,lookinge. AreaLambda3/4.Sectionofw baulkoftrench Lambda3, lookingw. AreaNu/Gamma1. PlanofLH II-IIIA andMedievalphases,showing locationof sections andburials. TrenchNu 2. PlanofLH II-IIIA phases,showing locationofburials, findsandsections. AreaNu / Gamma1. Sectionofε baulk,lookinge. AreaNu / Gamma1. Sectionofs baulkoftrench Nu 2,lookings. AreaNu / Gamma1. Partialsectionofw baulkoftrench Nu 1 andNu/Gamma1 baulk, w. looking AreaNu / Gamma1. Sectionofν baulkofNu 1 alonglineofwallne, lookingn. Nu 1 through Room2 of AreaNu / Gamma1. Partialsectionofs baulkoftrench Nu II, lookings. Structure AreaNu / Gamma1. Planoftrenches Nu 1 and 2 toshowrelation ofStructure Nu II (MH III/LH I) toLH I/IIA ShaftGrave,burial13. locationof AreaNu / Gamma1. PlanofStructure Nu II (MH III/LH I), showing sections andfinds. location AreaNu / Gamma1. PlanofMH II- III Earlywalls,floorsandroad,showing ofsections andfinds. Nu I (MH I Late),showing debrisabovefloor, AreaNu / Gamma1. PlanofStructure MH II burial14 andlocationofsections. mainroomofStructure Nu I (MH I Late),toshow AreaNu / Gamma1. Sectionthrough stratification ofdebrisabovefloor. Nu I (MH I Late), ofwallnu ofStructure AreaNu /Gamma1. Axonometrie drawing fromse. Nu I (MH I Late),showing locationofsections AreaNu / Gamma1. PlanofStructure andfindson floors.

70 72 74 76 78 79 83 84 86 87 88 89 90 93 94 95 96 99 100 103 104 106 110 113 115 116 117

locationofburials. AreaZeta.Planshowing AreaEta.Planshowing locationofburials. PlanofLH IIA burialEta 15. Planshowing locationofburials. AreaBeta3/8/9/10. PlanofLH IIB-IIIAi burialBeta28. 12. Planshowing AreaLambda/Beta locationofburials. PlanofLH IIIA2 EarlyburialLambda1. PlanofMH III LateburialLambda2. PlanofLH IIIAi burialNu 4. PlansofLH I/IIA shaft graveburialNu 13. SectionsofLH I/IIA shaft graveburialNu 13,withcoverslabsremoved.

122 123 126 128 130 131 132 133 136 138 139

and smallfinds. Medievalpottery AreaZeta.PlanofMedievalandre-usedwalls,showing BetaV andVI, showing PlanofroomsofMedievalStructures AreaBeta3/8/9/10. locationofsections. LambdaVII. AreaLambda3/4.PlanofMedievalStructure AreasNu/Gamma1,Gamma2, Lambda2 andLambda3/4.PlanofMedievalStructure LambdaVII andcourtyard.

146 149 152 153

LIST OF FIGURES 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.1 1 4.12 5.1

5.2 5.3 5.4

5.5 5.6

5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 5.18

EH I pottery. Variousfabrics,1-5, 7-8, 10-13. EH II pottery.Buffclay withplain surface,14-16, 18-21, 23-27; buffclay withpartially coated surface,28-29. EH II pottery.Buffclay withmonochromecoated surface,30-54. EH II pottery.Buffclay withmonochromecoated surface,55-57, 62-88. EH II pottery.Buffclay with'yellowmottled'surface,90-94, 96-106. EH II Late pottery.Buffclay withcreamslipped surface,107-123, 125-129, 132-139. EH II Late pottery.Buffclay withcream slipped surface,140-144, i46-i46a. EH II pottery.Semi-fineto coarse buffclay, 147-159. EH II pottery.Fine orangeclay, 160-163, 165-175, 177-182, 184-188. EH II pottery.Semi-fineto coarse orangeclay, 189-205. EH II pottery. Uncommonfabrics,206-221. EH II pottery.Singularfabrics,222-223. Area Epsilon 1973, MH I Early(?) pottery,1001-1005: Dull Painted1001-1002; LustrousDecorated,mediumcoarse 1003; Coarse, local group 1004; Coarse, painted 1005. MH I Late pottery,1006-1018: Dark Burnished1006-1010; GreyMinyan 1011; Dull Painted1012-1014; LustrousDecorated,mediumcoarse 1015; Minoan, medium coarse 1016; Coarse, local group 1017; pithos1018. Area Epsilon 1973, MH III-LH ILA pottery:Dark Burnished1019-1022; MattPainted, 1023-1025; LustrousDecorated,mediumcoarse 1026; Minoan, mediumcoarse 1027; Micaceous Minoanising1028-1031. Area Epsilon 1973, MH III-LH I pottery,1032-1034: AeginetanMattPainted 1032; Coarse, local group 1033; Pithos1034. Area Zeta 1973, MH I pottery,1035-1064. MH I Earliestpottery:Dark Burnished 1035-1040; Dull Painted1041; LustrousDecorated,mediumcoarse 42; Coarse, local group 1043-1050; EH or MH Micaceous Minoan 1051-1053. MH I Early:Dark Burnished1054-1063; GreyMinyan 1064. Area Zeta 1973, MH I Earlypottery:Dull Painted1065-1074. Area Zeta 1973, MH I Earlypottery,1075-1088: LustrousDecorated,fine,1075-1076; LustrousDecorated,mediumcoarse 1077-1081; Minoan 1082-1084; Micaceous Minoan 1085; Coarse, local group 1086-1088; MH I Late: Dark Burnished1089-1094. Area Zeta 1973, MH I Late pottery:Dark Burnished1095-1110. Area Zeta 1973, MH I Late pottery:Dull Painted 1111-1121; LustrousDecorated, fine1124-1127; LustrousDecorated,mediumcoarse 1128-1132; LustrousDecorated or Minoan 1133; Minoan, fine1134; Micaceous Minoan 1135. Area Zeta 1973, MH I Late pottery:Dull Painted 1122-1123. Area Zeta 1973, MH I Late pottery:Coarse, local group 1136-1149; Coarse, orange 1151-1153. Area Zeta 1973, MH I Late pottery,1154-1171: Coarse, orange 1150. MH II- III: Dark Burnished1154-1165; Dull Painted 1166-1167; LustrousDecorated,fine1168, 1169 (LH I); LustrousDecorated,mediumcoarse 1170-1171. Area Zeta 1973, MH II- III pottery,1172-1190: LustrousDecorated,coarse 1172; LustrousDecorated? 1173; Micaceous Minoan 1174 (LH I), 1175-1176; Coarse, local group 1177-1190. Area Eta 1973, MH I Earlypottery,1191-1217: Dark Burnished1191-1202; Dull Painted 1203-1212; LustrousDecorated,mediumcoarse 1213-1217. Area Eta 1973, MH I Earlypottery,1218-1236: Minoan, fineand mediumcoarse 1218-1219; local, mediumcoarse orange 1220-1221; Coarse, local group 1222-1225, 1227-1236. MH I Late: Dark Burnished1237-1245. Area Eta 1973, MH I Late pottery1246-1263: Dark Burnished1246-1252; Dull Painted 1253-1262; Dull Painted? 1263. Area Eta 1973, MH I Late pottery1264-1287: LustrousDecorated,mediumcoarse 1264-1272; Minoan,fine1273-1275; Coarse, local group 1276-1287. Area Eta 1973, MH II(?) pottery1288-1315: Dark Burnished1288-1296; Dull Painted 1297-1304; LustrousDecorated,mediumcoarse 1305; Minoan 1306-1307; Micaceous Minoan 1308; Coarse, local group 1309-1315. Area Eta 1973, MH pottery,1316-1320: Dark Burnished1316; Coarse, local group 1317-1318. LH, fineorange 1319-1320; LH IIA (burial15) 1321-1324: Yellow Minyan, fine1321; Yellow Minyan,gritty1322; MattPainted,gritty1323; Micaceous Minoan 1324

xi 160 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 170 171 172 173 215

216 217 219

220 221

223 224 225 226 227 228 230 232 233 234 236 237

xii

5.19

5.20 5.21 5.22

5.23 5.24

5.25 5.26 5.27 5.28 5.29 5.30 5.31 5.32 5.33 5.34 5.35 5.36 5.37 5.38 5.39 5.40 5.41 5.42 5.43 5.44

LIST OF FIGURES

AreaBeta1977,MH I Latepottery, 1325-1342:DarkBurnished 1325-1328;Dull Painted1329-1333;Lustrous Decorated,medium Decorated,fine1334;Lustrous coarse1335;import?, Lustrous Painted1336; Coarse,localgroup1337-1341;Coarse, MH Decorated,fine II, 1343-1346:DarkBurnished 1343; Lustrous plain?1342; mediumcoarse1345; Coarse,localgroup1346. Decorated, 1344;Lustrous AreaBeta1977,MH III Earlypottery, DarkBurnished 1347-1365;LH I-IIA, Dark Burnished orCoarseBurnished, fine1367-1368;MH III Early, 1366; MattPainted, Lustrous fine1369-1373;Lustrous Decorated, Decorated,mediumcoarse1374-1379AreaBeta1977,MH III Earlypottery, Decorated,medium 1380-1410:Lustrous coarse1380-1398;Minoan,fine1399-1401;MicaceousMinoan1402-1403; Red SlippedandBurnished orEH I?) 1404; Coarse,localgroup1405-1410. (Aeginetan AreaBeta1974-77,MH III Earlypottery, 1411-1414:cookingpot 1411-1412; Coarseorange1413-1414.MH III Late-LHII, 1415-1446:DarkBurnished fine, 1415-1422;GreyMinyan1423;YellowMinyan,fine1424-1427;MattPainted, bichrome1428;YellowMinyan, 1429-1431;MattPainted, 1432-1437; gritty gritty = Dull Painted?1438; Lustrous fine1439-1446. wareuncertain, Decorated, AreaBeta1974-77,MH III Late-LHII pottery, Decorated, 1447-1473:Lustrous mediumcoarse1447-1458;Minoan1459-1464;Minoan?1465-1468;Aeginetan 1469;Coarse,localgroup1470-1473. AreaLambda1973-77,MH I- II pottery, 1474-1478:DarkBurnished 1474-1475; MH III pottery, Lustrous fine Decorated, 1476-1478. 1479-1506:DarkBurnished Decorated,mediumcoarse1486-1499;Minoan, i479-i485a; MH III Early,Lustrous fine1500-1506. AreaLambda1973and 1977,MH III pottery, 1507-1513:MH III Early,Coarse, localgroup1507-1512.MH III Late,pithos1513. AreaLambda1973-77,Transitional-LH ILApottery, 1514-1553:DarkBurnished LH Yellow fine I-IIA, 1514-1534; Minyan, i535~1553AreaLambda1973-77,LH ILApottery, 1554-1606:YellowMinyan,fine1554-1578; MattPainted, fine1579-1606. AreaLambda1973-77,MH III/LH I-LH ILApottery, 1607-1637:YellowMinyan, 1607-1632;LH IIA, MattPainted, 1633-1637. gritty gritty MattPainted, AreaLambda1974and 1977,LH I-IIA pottery, 1638-1656. gritty MattPainted, AreaLambda1973-77,MH III/LH I-IIA pottery, 1657-1688. gritty AreaLambda1973-77,LH IIA pottery, 1689-1695; 1689-1696:MattPainted, gritty MattPainted?1696. Light-on-Dark, gritty, AreaLambda1973-77,LH I-IIA pottery, Decorated,fine 1697-1737:Lustrous coarse Lustrous medium Decorated, 1714-1737. 1697-1713; AreaLambda1973-77,LH I-IIA pottery, 1738-1768:Minoan,fine1738-1751; Minoan,mediumcoarse1752-1767;Minoan?1768. MicaceousMinoan1769-1781. AreaLambda1974and 1977,LH I-IIA pottery, Red Slippedand AreaLambda1973-77,LH I-IIA pottery, 1782-1804:Aeginetan Coarse1793-1794; MattPainted1783-1792;Aeginetan Burnished 1782;Aeginetan Coarse,local 1795-1804. AreaLambda1973-77,LH I-IIA pottery, Coarse,localgroup1805-1827. DarkBurnished AreaNu 1977,MH I Latepottery, 1828-1850. DarkBurnished AreaNu 1977,MH I Latepottery, 1851-1855. local? 1856; AreaNu 1977,EH orMH I Earliest(?) pottery, 1856-1857:Burnished, EH Patterned, wareuncertain 1857.MH I Late,Dull Painted1858-1869. AreaNu 1977,MH I Latepottery, Decorated,mediumcoarse 1870-1896:Lustrous fine Lustrous Decorated? Minoan, 1877-1883;Minoan,medium 1876; 1870-1875; coarse,redfabric1884-1886;Coarse,localgroup1887-1896. AreaNu 1977,MH I Latepottery, Coarse,localgroup1897-1907. DarkBurnished AreaNu 1977,MH II- III Earlypottery, 1908-1925;MH III Early, MattPainted/Plain Matt Painted White Burnished, 1927; Gritty GreyMinyan1926; fine IIIII Lustrous MH Decorated, 1931-1942. 1928-1930; Early, Lustrous AreaNu 1977,MH II- III Earlypottery, Decorated,mediumcoarse 1943-1970;MH III Early,Minoan,fine1971-1973;MH II- III Early,Minoan, mediumcoarse1974-1976. MicaceousMinoan1977; MH II- III Early, AreaNu 1977,MH III Earlypottery, wareuncertain MH III Early,Lustrous ware uncertain Painted, 1978-1979; orange, 1980-1981;MH II- III Early,Coarse,localgroup1982-2000.

239

240 242 244

245 247

249 250 252 254 255 256 258 259 260 262 263 264 266 267 268 269 270 272 273 274

LIST OF FIGURES 5.45 5.46

5.47 5.48 5.49 5.50 5.51 5.52 5.53 5.54 5.55 5.56 5.57

5.58 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 6.1 1 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 6.16 6.17 6.18 6.19 6.20 6.2 1 6.22 6.23 6.24 6.25 6.26

6.27

xiii

Area Nu 1977, MH III Early to LH I Early pottery, 2001-2043: Dark Burnished 2001-2034; Dark Burnished? 2035; Grey Minyan 2036-2039; Dull Painted 2040-2043. Area Nu 1977, MH III Late to LH I/IIA pottery, 2044-2075: Fine, Matt Painted 2044-2045; GrittyPlain and Yellow Minyan 2046-2048; Matt Painted, gritty 2049-2069; ware uncertain 2070-2075. Area Nu 1977, MH III Early to LH I/IIA pottery, 2076-2110: Lustrous Decorated, fine 2076-2089; Lustrous Decorated, medium coarse 2090-2110. Area Nu 1977, MH III Early to LH I pottery, 2111-2128: Lustrous Decorated, medium coarse 2111-2127; Lustrous Decorated, coarse 2128. Area Nu 1977, MH III Early to LH I/IIA pottery, 2129-2164: Minoan? 2129; Minoan, fine 2130-2143; Minoan, medium coarse 2144-2151; Minoan? local? 2152; Micaceous Minoan 2153-2155; Micaceous Minoan? 2156; Coarse, plain 2157-2164. Area Nu 1977, MH III Early to LH I Early pottery,Coarse, local group 2165-2204. Earlier excavations, EH III (?), 2205; M H, Dark Burnished 2206-2220. Earlier excavations, MH pottery,2221-2247: Dark Burnished 2221-2234; Dull Painted 2235-2237; Dull Painted? 2238; Matt Painted, fine 2239-2247. Earlier excavations, MH pottery,2248-2267: Matt Painted, imported 2248-2249; Yellow Minyan, gritty2250-2251; Matt Painted, gritty2252-2267. Earlier excavations, MH pottery,Lustrous Decorated, fine 2268-2270, Lustrous Decorated, medium coarse 2271-2280, 2282-2287. Area Beta 1 1-12, 1963, MH pottery,Lustrous Decorated, medium coarse 2281, 2288-2289. Earlier excavations, MH pottery,2290-2302: Minoan, fine 2290-2295; Minoan, medium coarse 2296-2299; Micaceous Minoan 2300-2302. Earlier excavations, MH pottery,Micaceous Minoan 2303-2311; Coarse, local group 2312-2318; MH-LH pottery, 2328-2331: Aeginetan, Matt Painted 2328; Aeginetan, Coarse 2330-2331. Earlier excavations, MH pottery,Coarse, local group 2319-2320.

277

Area Epsilon, LH ILA potterydeposit, 3001-3010. Area Epsilon, LH I-IIIAi pottery,301 1-3026. Area Epsilon, LH IIIA2 pottery,3027-3039. Area Epsilon, LH IIIA2 Kylikes Group I, 3040-3047. Area Epsilon, LH IIIA2 Kylikes Group II, 3048-3066. Area Epsilon, LH IIIA2 pottery,3067-3078. Area Epsilon, LH IIIA2 pottery,3079-3090. Area Epsilon, LH IIIA2 pottery,3091-3110. Area Epsilon, LH IIIA2 pottery,3111-3121. Area Epsilon, LH IIIB pottery,3122-3134. Area Epsilon, LH IIIC Early pottery,3135-3152. Area Epsilon, LH IIIC Early pottery,3 153-3 184. Area Epsilon, LH IIIC Early pottery,3185-3197. Area Zeta, LH pottery,3198-3221. Area Eta, LH pottery,3222-3233. Area Beta, LH I pottery,3234-3244. Area Beta, LH ILA pottery,3245-3260. Area Beta, LH ILA pottery,3261-3288. Area Beta, burial 28, LH IIB pottery,3289-3291. Area Beta, LH IIB pottery,3292-3299. Area Beta, LH IIIAi pottery,3300-3315. Area Beta, LH IIIA2 pottery,3316-3337. Area Beta, burial 26, LH IIIA2 pottery,3338-3339. Area Beta, LH IIIA2 pottery,3340-3341; LH IIIB pottery,3342-3356. Area Beta, LH IIIC Early pottery,3357-3380. Area Lambda 3/4, LH I potterydeposits: Fine Yellow Minyan 3381-3390; Dark Burnished Micaceous 3391 (MH III Early), 3392-3398; Grey Minyan 3399; ware uncertain 3400; GrittyYellow Minyan 3401-3411; GrittyMatt Painted 3412-3415. Area Lambda 3/4, LH I potterydeposits: Lustrous Decorated, fine 3416-3430; Lustrous Decorated, gritty,431-33; Micaceous Minoan 3434-3436. Fine Minoan 3437-3440; Medium Coarse Minoan 3441-3448. Area Lambda 3/4, LH I potterydeposits: Coarse 3449-3453; LH I (Lustrous Painted) 3454-3461

300 302 304 306 307 308 310 311 313 315 316 318 319 321 326 327 329 331 331 333 335 337 338 340 346

278 280 281 283 284 286 287 289 290 292 293 294

295

348 350

xiv 6.28 6.29 6.30 6.31 6.32 6.33 6.34 6.35 6.36 6.37 6.38 6.39 6.40 6.41 6.42 6.43 6.44 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 7.10 8.1 8.2 8.3 9.1 9.2

9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6

LIST OF FIGURES Area Lambda, LH I pottery,3462-3489. Area Lambda, LH IIA pottery,3490-3510. Area Lambda, LH IIA pottery,351 1-3538; LH IIB, 3539; Late MattPainted, 3540-3543 Area Lambda, LH IIIAi pottery, 3544-3558. Area Lambda, LH IIIA2 pottery, 3559-3571* burial *4>357*; burial *>3573"3575 Area Lambda, LH IIIB pottery,3576-3582; LH IIIC Earlypottery,3583-3592; floor deposit3593-3597. Area Nu 1977 pottery:LustrousDecorated,Fine 3598-3611; LustrousDecorated,Gritty 3612-3628; LM IA 3629-3633; LH 1 3634-3637. Area Nu 1977 potteryLH IIA. 3638-3643. Area Nu 1973-74: LH IIA 3644-3646; LH IIB 3647; LH IIIAi 3648. 1960-63 excavations,LH I pottery,3649-3662. 3671-3674; 3663-3670; LH IIB pottery, 1960-63 excavations,LH IIA pottery, LH IIIAi pottery, 3675-3676. 3689-3694. 3677-3688; LH IIIB pottery, 1959-63 excavations,LH IIIA2 pottery, Area Delta 1959, LH IIIC Earlyfloordeposit,3695-3699. ! 959-63 excavations,LH IIIC Earlypottery,3700-3709. 3710, 3712-3722. 1960-63 excavations,LH IIIC Earlypottery, 3723-3730, 3732, 3736~3737> 3739> 1960-63 excavations,LH IIIC Earlypottery, 3745-3746> 3748-375 ! 3752-3754. 1960-63 excavations,LH IIIC Earlypottery, LH IIIC Earlypottery:local variationsofmotifs,371 1, 3731, 3733"3735> 3738> 3740-3744, 3747, 3755"3758 Medieval pottery.Glazed wares:bowls 4004, 4008, 4011, 4023-4027, 4046, 4049, 4055-4057, 4064, 4078, 4080, 4082. Medieval pottery.Glazed wares:bowls 4005, 4047, 4050, 4088; jugs 4010, 4053, 4063, 4093. Medieval pottery. Taffyware: lid 4012; stamnoi4036, 4060, 4069. Medieval pottery. Taffyware: stamnoi4013, 4032-4034, 4061-4062, 4067, 4070, bowls 4083; 4028-4030, 4068. Medieval pottery.Plain wares:jugs 4014-4015, 4051, 4091; bowls 4042, 4086, 4089-4090. ware: pitcher4002. Medieval pottery.Matt-painted Medieval pottery.Cookingwares:casseroles4019-4020, 4077. Medieval pottery.Cookingwares:stewpots4003, 4022, 4037, 4039, 4044, 4098. Plain ware: lekane 4001; storagejars 4071, 4081. Medieval pottery. Medieval pottery. Amphorae4017, 4073.

35 1 354 356 357 36° 362 365 367 370 372 376 378 380 382 383 384 385 392 393 396 397 398 399 400 401 401 402

EarlyHelladic smallfinds.Terracotta:whorls5001-5002; base withtextileimpression 5003. EarlyHelladic smallfinds.Terracotta:femalefigurines5004, 5008-5009; animals5010, 5014-5020; incisedhandle 5021; birdfigurines5022-5023. EarlyHelladic smallfinds.Groundstone:phyllitedisc 5025. Chipped stone(obsidian): unretouchedblades 5032, 5035, 5040; corticalflake5041; retouchedblades 5042-5045.

412

Middle Helladic smallfinds.Bone: pins 6001-6008. Copper: punch 6010. Bronze:pin 6012a. Lead: rivet6015. Middle Helladic smallfinds.Terracotta:whorls.Type 1, cylindrical,6016. Type 2, tall truncatedconical, 6023. Type4, low truncated truncatedconical, 6020. Type 3, strongly conical,6025. Type5, spherical,6027. Type6, convex biconical,6028. Type 7, convex biconicalwithmedial ridge,6031. Type8, strongly depressedspherical,6032. Type9, low convex conical,6033. Type 10, cylindricaldisc withbulgingends, 6034. Type 11, convex conical disc, 6035. Type 12, low concave conical, 6036. Middle Helladic smallfinds.Terracotta:spools,Type 1 withshortconvex shank, 6037-6041; Type 2 withtallconvex shank,6042-6049; Type 3 withcylindricalshank, 6050-6055. Middle Helladic smallfinds.Terracotta:loomweights6058-6059. Middle Helladic smallfinds.Terracotta:crucibles6060-6064. Middle Helladic smallfinds.Terracotta:reusedpottery6070-6071; (?) potteryanvil 6077.

418

413 415

421

425 428 429 431

LIST OF FIGURES

9.7 9.8 9.9 9.10 9.11

9.12 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8

10.9

11.1

11.2 11.3

11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 12.8 12.9

MiddleHelladicsmallfinds.Terracotta: (?) modelboats6078-6081. MiddleHelladicsmallfinds.Personalornament: carnelian beads 6084, 6086-6087; schistpendant6088; terracotta bead 6089. MiddleHelladicsmallfinds.Groundstone:shaft-hole axe 6090; celts6103-6104. MiddleHelladicsmallfinds.Groundstone:phyllite discs6115-6118. MiddleHelladicsmallfinds.Chippedstone:obsidianblades6125-6126,6130,6132a; obsidianflake6134; chertflake6134c; chertsickle-element 6135; lapislacedaemonius denticulate blade 6142; obsidianendscrapers6 143-6143a; obsidianhollow-based 6145-6149; obsidiantangedprojectile projectile-points point6150. MiddleHelladicsmallfinds.Carvedstone:tabwithLinearA inscription 6154.

xv

433 434 435 437 439

442

Mycenaeansmallfinds.Bone:points7002, 7006-7007.Copper:rings7011-7012. Bronze:tweezers 7013. Lead: rivets7018-7019. whorlsandconuli:MiddleHelladictypes7023-7025, Mycenaeansmallfinds.Terracotta biconical 7027-7029; EarlyMycenaean 7031, 7033-7034,7036, 7038-7039; Early Mycenaeanconical7040-7045; LH IIIC types7047, 7049, 7051. 7054-7057,7059. Mycenaeansmallfinds.Terracotta: tuyère(?) 7052a,reusedpottery small finds. Terracotta: femalefigure 7090; spoutorfemalefigure 7091; Mycenaean Minoanmalefigurine 7092; Minoanhatorfoot7093; stag'shorn7115; bovidprotome handle7118; muzzleofrhyton orfigure horse7120; chariot wheel7122. 7119; chariot small finds. Personal ornaments of various materials: steatite seal 7126 (with Mycenaean faiencebeads7128-7134,7164-7199;glassbeads7200-7213; carnelian impression); bead 7215; stonebead 7217. Mycenaeansmallfinds.Groundstone:pestles7244-7246; pounder7267. 7275-7276. Mycenaeansmallfinds.Groundstone:saddle-querns 7280; obsidian fragment Mycenaeansmallfinds.Chippedstone:obsidianblade-core crested blades7281-7282; obsidianunretouched blades7284, 7286-7287,7293a, tool7312; obsidianpiercing/incising tools7313-7314; 7308; chertpiercing/incising obsidianpiercing/incising toolmadeon blade7315; obsidiandenticulate blade 7315a. 7316-7317; chert Mycenaeansmallfinds.Chippedstone:chertsickle-elements denticulate blades7318-7319; obsidianproximalendscraper7320; obsidiannotched blade7321; chertscaledpiece7322; chertbifacialtool7323; cherttinder-flint 7324; cherthollow-based 7325; obsidianhollow-based projectile-point projectile-points 7326-7331;obsidianbarbedandtangedprojectile-points 7332-7333; obsidianretouched blades7335~7337

446

Medievalsmallfinds.Bronze:embossedbuckle8001, (?) lantern orharness8002, armour or harness and hook fillets (?) 8004, (?) 8003,ring 8005-8006.Tin:button Iron: fire-steel arrowheads 8008, 8007 (modern?). 8009-8012,knives8013-8014,hook shoe 8016 horse shoe (modern?), 8015,donkey 8017. Medievalsmallfinds.Iron:nails8019-8022,8026-8030,8043, (?) hinge8044, (?) base ofbox 8045. Lead: disc8045a, (?) cup 8046,weight8047,fishing-net weight8048. Bone: pins8058-8060. Medievalsmallfinds.Terracotta: orRoman?)8063, 8062 and (Hellenistic loomweights whorls8065, 8066-8067,(?) bead 8068,inscribed stamnos handle8069,astragalus orRoman?)8071,palette8072. Groundstone:saddle-quern (Hellenistic 8073,pestle in clay8076. 8074,palette8075. Textile-impression Medievaltiles.Cover-tile 8077. Medievaltiles.Cover-tile 8078. Medievaltiles.Pan-tiles 8079-8080. RomanandMedievalcoins.Romanbronzedupondius or as: FaustinaII 8082. Medieval billondeniers tournois: CharlesI ofAnjou8084,Maud ofHainault8087.

472

477

Ageatdeath:all BronzeAgeburials. Ageatdeath:EH burials. Ageatdeath:MH andMH III/LH I burials. Ageat death:LH burials. Adultheights ofBronzeAgeburials. all BronzeAgeperiods. Ageatdeathup toendofinfancy, Abundanceofmammalian andreptilian faunabyperiod. Ovicapridage-profile byperiod. Cattleage-profile byperiod.

489 489 490 490 493 498 507 508 508

449 451 456 459 463 464 465

468

475

479 479 480 482

xvi

12.10 12.11 12.12 12.13 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 14.8 14.9 14.10 14.11 14.12 14.13

LIST

OF FIGURES/CHARTS

Pigage-profile byperiod. Ovicapridbody-part representation byperiod. Cattlebody-part byperiod. representation Pigbody-part representation byperiod.

50g 510 510 511

EH andMH sites. Map ofthesurface geologyoftheHelosPlain,showing LH and Classicalsitesandmodernsettlements. ReliefmapoftheHelosPlain,showing in intheHelosPlain,(a) Generalised Tectonic trends (b) actualoperation pattern; Helostopography. oftheHelosPlain. ofthesediments Generaldevelopment oftheHelosPlainwithdrill-cores. Geologiccross-section environments, prehistoric present-day mapoftheHelosPlain,showing Geomorphic sitesandtheapproximate positionoftheBronzeAgeshoreline.

532 533 540

andburials. theEH I- II settlement AyiosStephanos: andburials. theMH I settlement AyiosStephanos: detailofsettlement plan. Pavlopetri: andburials. theMH II- III settlement AyiosStephanos: I andburials. MH III/LH I-LH settlement the AyiosStephanos: ProbableMinoantraderoutesintheAegean,showing mines,sitesandfindsof LinearA inscriptions. ofEsnunnafromPalaeopolis,Kythera. ofKingNarãm-Sín Inscription andburials. theLH II settlement AyiosStephanos: andburials. theLH IIIA1-IIIA2 Earlysettlement AyiosStephanos: LaconiaduringLH IIIB andLH IIIC. andburials. theTransitional-LH IIIC Earlysettlement AyiosStephanos: and burials. the Medieval settlement AyiosStephanos: The HelosPlainduringtheMiddleAges.

561 562 570 573 574 579

544 545 547

585 593 594 601 603 604 607

A2.4 A2.5 A2.6 A2.7 A2.8 A2.9 A2.10 A2.11 A2.12

chart:Set 1 Class 1 (variouswares). Composition frequency WhiteSlipped chart:Set2 Class 1 (DarkBurnished/Fine Composition frequency MattPainted). WhiteSlipped chart:Set2 Class 2 (DarkBurnished/Fine Composition frequency MattPainted). chart:Set2 Class3 (DarkBurnished). Composition frequency MattPainted). chart:Set3 Class 1 (WhiteSlippedGritty Composition frequency 1 Lustrous Set Class chart: Decorated). (Minoan 4 Composition frequency chart:Set5 Class 1 (Coarse/Lustrous Decorated). Composition frequency chart:Set5 Class 2 (MinoanSchistGroup). frequency Composition chart:Set5 Class3 (MicaceousMinoan). Composition frequency chart:Set5 Class4 (variouswares). Composition frequency chart:Set6 Class 1 (CoarseLocal Group). Composition frequency MattPainted). chart:Set6 Class 2 (Aeginetan Composition frequency

CD-99 CD-100 CD-102 CD-104 CD-106 CD-107 CD-109 CD-i 10 CD-i 12

A3.1

obtainedusingWard'sMethodforthethirty AyiosStephanossherds. Dendrogram

CD-120

A9.1

databy calendarrangesoftheradiocarbon OxCal calibrated showing Multiplot context. stratigraphie

CD-188

A2.1 A2.2 A2.3

CD-94 CD-96 CD-97

Listof Charts 14.1 14.2 14.3

in theBronzeAge chart:AyiosStephanos Chronological seals ofobjectsin lapislacedaemonius, The distribution excluding ofLH IIIC sitesinLaconiabyphase The duration

559 582 602

ListofTables i .i 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1. 1g 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.2g 1.30 1.3 1 1.32 1.33 1.34 1.35 1.36 1.37 1.38 1.3g 1.40 1.41 1.42 1.43 1.44 1.45

Area Epsilon.Walls ofStructureEpsilon I (LH HIC Early). Area Epsilon.Walls of StructureEpsilon II (LH IIIC Early). Area Epsilon. Small findsfromLH IIIC Earlycontexts. Area Epsilon. LH IIIA2 Earlypotteryand smallfinds. Area Epsilon. Walls probablydatable to LH III A 2 Early. Area Zeta. Walls of StructureZeta IV (LH IIIC Early). Area Zeta. Potteryand smallfindsfrommixed LH IIIC Earlyand Medieval contexts. Area Zeta. Walls ofStructure Zeta III (MH II-III?). Area Zeta. Potteryand smallfindsfromMH II-III and latercontexts. Area Zeta. Walls of StructureZeta II (MH I Late, = MH I thirdphase). Area Zeta. Potteryand smallfindsfromthedestruction level of StructureZeta II (MH I Late, = MH I thirdphase). Area Zeta. Potteryfromthedestruction level of StructureZeta I (MH I Late, = MH I thirdphase). Area Zeta. Walls of StructureZeta I (MH I Late, = MH I thirdphase). Area Zeta. Walls of MH I Earlydate (MH I first(?)and second phases). Area Zeta. Walls of EH II Late and/orMH I Early (MH I firstphase) date. Area Eta. Late Middle Helladic or LH I-IIA walls. Area Eta. Potteryand smallfindsfromLate Helladic contexts. Area Eta. Wall of MH II-III date. Area Eta. MH I walls,includingStructureEta I (MH I Late). Area Eta. Potteryand smallfindsfromMH I Late contexts. Area Eta. Wall ofMH I Earlydate. Area Eta. Potteryand smallfindsfromMH I Earlycontexts. Area Eta. Potteryand smallfindsfromEH II Late contexts. Area Eta. Wall ofEH II date. Area Eta. Small findsfromEH I contexts. Area Beta 3/8/g/io,SW and CentralSectors.Potteryand smallfindsfromLH IIIA2IIIC Earlyfill. Area Beta 3/8/g/1o. MH III Late-LH IIA walls delimitingtheSW and SE Courtyards and StreetBeta IV. Area Beta 3/8/g/1o, SW Sector.Potteryand smallfindson theLH HIA 1 Floor 1. Area Beta 3/8/g/10, SW and CentralSectors.Potteryand smallfindsfromLH I- II contexts. Area Beta 3/8/g/1o, SE Sector.Potteryand smallfindsfromLH I-II contexts. Area Beta 3/8/g/1o, SW and CentralSectors.MH HI Earlywalls. Area Beta 3/8/g/1o, NW Sector.MH II walls. Area Beta 3/8/g/1o, NW Sector.Potteryand smallfindsfromMH II-LH IIA contexts. Area Beta 3/8/g/1o, SE Sector.EH II to MH I walls. Area Beta 3/8/g/10, SE Sector.MH I potteryand smallfinds. Area Lambda/Beta 12. Walls of StructureLambda VI (LH IIIC Early). Area Lambda/Beta 12. Potteryand smallfindsfromRoom 2 of StructureLambda VI (LH IIIC Early). Area Lambda/Beta 12. Potteryand smallfindsfromRoom 4 of StructureLambda VI (LH IIIC Early). Area Lambda/Beta 12. Potteryand smallfindsfromothersectors(LH IIIA-HIC Early contexts). Area Lambda/Beta 12. Walls of StructureLambda V (LH IIIAi). Area Lambda/Beta 12. Walls ofStructureLambda III (LH IIA-IHAi). Area Lambda/Beta 12. Potteryand smallfindsfromLate Helladic II-IIIAi contexts. Area Lambda/Beta 12. Walls of StructureLambda II (MH III/LH I-LH I). Area Lambda/Beta 12. Potteryand smallfindsfromStructureLambda II (MH III/ LH I-Late Helladic IIA contexts). Area Lambda/Beta 12. Wall ofMH III or earlier. xvii

CD-3 CD-3 CD-3 CD-4 CD-5 CD-5 CD-5 CD-6 CD-6 CD-7 CD-7 CD-8 CD-8 CD-g CD-g CD- 1o CD- 1o CD- 11 CD-i 1 CD- 12 CD-i 2 CD- 13 CD- 13 CD- 13 CD- 14 CD- 15 CD- 16 CD- 17 CD- 18 CD- 18 CD- 1g CD- 1g CD-20 CD-20 CD-20 CD-2 1 CD-2 2 CD-23 CD-23 CD-24 CD-24 CD-25 CD-26 CD-2 7

xviii

LIST OF TABLES

andsmallfindsfromMiddleHelladiccontexts. AreaLambda/Beta 12.Pottery AreaLambda2. BronzeAgepottery andsmallfinds. AreaLambda2. LateHelladicwalls. AreaLambda3/4.LH II-IIIA wall. contexts. AreaLambda3/4.BronzeAgepottery andsmallfindsfromMedieval/mixed LambdaI (MH III Early-LH HA). AreaLambda3/4.WallsofStructure LambdaI (LH I-IIA contexts). AreaLambda3/4.Pottery andsmallfindsfromStructure LambdaI (MiddleHelladic andsmallfindsfromStructure AreaLambda3/4.Pottery contexts). HelladicperiodsandRutter ofpottery AreaNu/Gamma1. Concordance deposits, Periods. and smallfindsfromMedievalandmixed AreaNu/Gamma1. BronzeAgepottery contexts. AreaNu/Gamma1. LH ILAwalls. andsmallfindsfromLH I-IIA contexts. AreaNu/Gamma1. Pottery Nu II (MH III/LH I toLH I Early). AreaNu/Gamma1. WallsofStructure Nu II (MH III/LH I to andsmallfindsfromStructure AreaNu/Gamma1. Pottery LH I Early). ofwallnf andsmallfindsfromthefoundation trench AreaNu/Gamma1. Pottery (MH III/LH I). andsmallfindsprobablyfromMH III Latecontexts. AreaNu/Gamma1. Pottery AreaNu/Gamma1. MH III Earlywalls. andsmallfindsfromMH III Earlycontexts. AreaNu/Gamma1. Pottery AreaNu/Gamma1. MH II andMH II-III Earlywalls. andsmallfindsfromMH II contexts. AreaNu/Gamma1. Pottery Nu I (MH I Late). AreaNu/Gamma1. WallsofStructure andsmallfinds. AreaNu/Gamma1. MH I Latepottery

CD-27 CD-28 CD-28 CD-29 CD-29 CD-30 CD-30 CD-31

2.1 2.2 2.3

The wallsofthecistofEtaburial15 (LH IIA). oftheshaft ofNu burial13 (LH I/IIA). The wallsofthesurround Reference tableofburials,1973-77.

CD-40 CD-40 CD-41

3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9

ZetaV (Medieval). AreaZeta.Earlierwallsreusedin Structure andsmallfinds. AreaZeta.Medievalpottery BetaVI (Medieval). WallsofStructure AreaBeta3/8/9/10. BetaVII (Medieval). WallsofStructure AreaBeta3/8/9/10. andsmallfinds. AreaBeta3/8/9/10. Medievalandmodernpottery WallsofStructure LambdaVII (Medieval). LambdaVII. andsmallfindsfromStructure Medievalpottery WallsofStructure GammaIV (Medieval). the andsmallfindsfromotherAreas,including Medievalandmodernpottery of1959-63. excavations

CD-45 CD-46 CD-47 CD-47 CD-48 CD-49 CD-49 CD-51 CD-51

7.1

Whitewares. A comparison ofTaffy wareandConstantinopolitan

CD-52

population. AgesatdeathfortheBronzeAgecemetery AgesatdeathfortheEH population. Agesat deathfortheMH andMH III/LH I population. AgesatdeathfortheLH population. comparedwithtwoother population AgebalanceoftheBronzeAge cemetery 'deadpopulations'. Heightsofadults. ofmuseumboxes. witha concordance ofskeletons, Correlation-list abundancebycontext. AnimaltaxonMNI andrelative age databyperiod. Summary ovicaprid data cattle age byperiod. Summary Summary pigage databyperiod. element byperiod. representation Ovicapridskeletal Cattleskeletalelement byperiod. representation byperiod. Pigskeletalelement representation birdsandfish,withbutchery-marks. byperiodoftaxa,including Summary

CD-53 CD-53 CD-54 CD-54 CD-55

1.46 1.47 1.48 1.49 1.50 1.51 1.52 1.53 1.54 1.55 1.56 1.57 1.58 1.59 1.60 1.61 1.62 1.63 1.64 1.65 1.66 1.67

12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 12.8 12.9 12.10 12.11 12.12 12.13 12.14 12.15

CD-31 CD-32 CD-32 CD-33 CD-33 CD-34 CD-35 CD-36 CD-36 CD-37 CD-37 CD-38 CD-38 CD-39

CD-55 CD-56 CD-69 CD-71 CD-72 CD-73 CD-74 CD-75 CD-76 CD-77

LIST OF TABLES

xix

12.16 12.17 12.18 12.19 12.20 12.21

on majordomesticates. Summary byelementofbutchery-marks Burnedbonesbyperiod,including birdsandfish. Burnedbonesbyskeletalelement. Invertebrate speciesofmolluscpresent. distribution ofmarineandfresh-water invertebrates. Chronological concentrations of Donax. Major

CD-77 CD-77 CD-78 CD-79 CD-81 CD-84

Ai .1 Ai .2 Ai .3 Ai .4 Ai.5 Ai .6

OriginsoftheEH basketsinAreaEta. inAreaEta. Statistical analysisofthelowestdepositsofEH Pottery Statistical EH inAreaEta. of the middle of analysis deposits Pottery Statistical of the EH inAreaEta. of highest analysis deposits Pottery Statistical seriation ofEH basketsbyware-analysis, AreaEta. results ofstatistical seriation ofEH sherds, AreaEta. Stratigraphical

CD-85 CD-86 CD-87 CD-87 CD-88 CD-88

A2.1

Concordance ofcataloguenumbers andZerner'sAS samplenumbers, with description. Concordance ofRutter's andRiley'ssamplenumbers, with cataloguenumbers description. A summary ofthepétrographie classification. The chemicalcompositions ofZerner'ssamples,expressedas percentage oxides (AASresults). The chemicalcompositions ofRutter's oxides samples,expressedas percentage (OES results).

CD-90

A2.2 A2.3 A2.4 A2.5

CD-90 CD-94 CD-i 15 CD-i 16

LateBronzeAge sherd-groups fromthemainlandand CreteanalysedbyAsaroand Perlman. ofthesherdsfromAyiosStephanos Groupings bythreeanalysts. Elementconcentrations ofsherdsin GroupA (latematerial) and GroupB (early withthevaluesforSTEP 12,whichprobablyoriginates fromMycenae. material), Perlman/Asaro which match B Samples AyiosStephanosGroup (LH I- II).

CD-i 19

A5.1

The contents oftin,arsenic, lead andothermetalsin MH and LH copper/bronze objects.

CD-127

A6.1 A6.2 A6.3 A6.4 A6.5 A6.6 A6.7 A6.8

Lithicsbymaterial andblanks(earlierandlaterexcavations). (earlierandlaterexcavations). Tool-types bymaterial on blades (laterexcavations). Tool-types Obsidianblades(earlierexcavations). Chertblades(earlierexcavations). Obsidianflakes(earlierexcavations). Chertflakes(earlierexcavations) . Standard Deviationand Coefficient ofVariation forbladesexcavatedatAyios Stephanosand othersites. The distribution ofchippedstoneobjectsbyArea(laterexcavations). The distribution ofchippedstoneobjectsbyperiod(laterexcavations).

CD-130 CD-134 CD-139 CD-140 CD-140 CD-141 CD-141 CD-144

A7.1 A7.2 A7.3 A7.4

Skulldataof9161 and9162. Skeletaldataof9161 and9162. BonemineraldatafromAyiosStephanos. Bonemineral meansand standard deviations forAyiosStephanosand otherLH III sites.

CD-151 CD-152 CD- 153 CD-154

A8.1 A8.2 A8.3 A8.4

foodmammalsatMH-LH IIIB Nichoria. Majordomestic foodmammalsatEH II-LH IIIC Tiryns. Majordomestic foodmammalsatMH-LH Midea (Greek-American Majordomestic excavations). foodmammalsatEH-LH III Eleusis. Majordomestic

CD-161 CD-161 CD-161 CD-161

A9.1

The radiocarbon datesbystratigraphie phase.

CD-187

A3.1 A3.2 A3.3 A3.4

A6.9 A6.10

CD-i 19 CD-i 21 CD-122

CD-146 CD-147

ListofPlates Frontispiece 1

2

3

4

5

6

Lord William Taylour, 3 January 1904 - 2 December 1989. (a) (b) (¿j (a) (b) (¿j (d) (a) (b) (cj (d) (a) (b) (c) (d) (dj (b) (c) (d) (a) (b) (¿j [d]

7

(dj (b) (c) (dj

8

9

(dj (b) (¿j (d) (dj (b) (¿I

10

11

(d) (dj (b) (¿j (d) (dj (b)

Ayios Stephanos seen fromthe Helos plain in 1959, fromse. Area Epsilon. Walls ka, kb and kc, froms. Area Epsilon. Walls kc, kb and ke, froms. Area Epsilon. Walls ka, kb, kc kd, kf and kg, fromne. Area Epsilon. Walls kf,kc, and ka, with burial 1 removed, frome. Area Zeta. Wall id overlying MH I Late pots 1 122-1 123 and 1 140, with if step, fromse. Area Zeta. MH I Late pots 1 108, 1117 and 1 150 among tumble, with walls ib, if step, ig, ih and ii, fromNNE. Area Zeta. Wall ia with MH I Room 3 defined by walls ij, ik, il, ir, im and iq, fromnw. Area Zeta. Top and face of wall io overlying walls is, it and bedrock, frome. Area Zeta. Top of wall io overlying walls is and iu, fromsw. Area Zeta. Top of wall ih overlying walls io, is, iu and bedrock, fromw. Area Zeta. Wall io running over wall is and bedrock, fromese. Area Eta. Medieval pit, walls dj and dk, with walls dg and dh meeting at upper left,fromsse. Area Eta. Walls dj and di, with cist of burial 15, fromne. Area Eta. Junction of walls dg and dh, from s. Area Eta. MH I Late vases 1237, 1247 anc^ 1279 f°und among tumble n of of wall dh, froms. Area Eta. Potteryfragmentson MH I Early floor nw of wall dj, with wall dg, froms. Area Eta. EH wall do, EH II pot 31 and floor,with MH I walls dg and dj, fromese. Area Eta. View with walls dg, dh, di, dj and dk, to show EH wall do, fromne. Area Beta 3/8/9/10, SW Sector. Walls ea, ec, ed and eb, fromsw. Area Beta 3/8/9/10, SW Sector. Paved areas eu and eq with walls ej and ep, fromsw. Area Beta 3/8/9/10, SW Sector. Stones ev and wall ed with bench ew, to show angle where dipper 3310 and kylix 3314 were found, fromne. Area Beta 3/8/9/10, Central and NE Sectors. Walls em, ep, fc behind ej and cist burials 25 and 23, fromsw. Area Beta 3/8/9/10. Walls ed, ef, ej, em, es, ey and fc, fromse. Area Beta 3/8/9/10, SE Sector. Walls em and ey, with LH IIA hearth and drain, and wall fa, fromssw. Area Beta 3/8/9/10, SW Sector. Cist of burials 30 and 32, adjoining wall fd, fromsw. Area Beta 3/8/9/10, SW Sector.Junction of wall fd with wall fb with cist of burials 30 and 32 and wall em, fromw. Area Beta 3/8/9/10, SE Sector. Walls ey, em and fa, showing drain under wall ex, fromsw. Area Beta 3/8/9/10, SE Sector. Walls em, ex and fa, frome. Area Beta 3/8/9/10, SE Sector. View of 1959 sounding, with walls gl over em over gr and bedrock, fromsw. Area Lambda/Beta 12A. Walls lq, hu, ld/ht, hr, with slabs of Floor 4 against lq, fromsw. Area Lambda/Beta 12A. Walls lm and hu, showing their relation to walls Id, ht and hr, with slabs of Floor 4, froms. Trench Beta 12B. View of Room 4 with Floor 5 removed, showing walls lq, ga, hq, hm, hw and hy, fromnne. Area Lambda/Beta 12A. View to show length of walls ld/ht and hr, and their relation to walls le, hx and lq, frome. Area Lambda/Beta 12A. Walls lm and ld/ht, with slabs of Floor 4, from s. Area Lambda i/Beta 12A. Slabs of Floor 4 in Room 2, with skull of dog and saddle-quern 7276 against edge of wall lm, froms. Trench Lambda 1. Floor 1 of 1973 runningover wall le withwall lc and Floor 2 of 1973, fromsse. Area Lambda/Beta 12A. Walls la, lo and lp with Floor 3 of 1974, fromn. Trench Beta 1. Wall lq (n) over wall gc over walls gd and ge, fromsw. Trench Lambda 1. Walls lc, Id and le, with modern terrace-wall,froms. Area Lambda/Beta 12A. Slabs of Floor 4 of 1974 above squared end of wall Id abutted by step hr, froms. xx

LIST OF PLATES

12

13

(c) (d) (dj (b) (c) (d) (dj (b) (c)

14

(a) (b) (c)

15

(d) (a) (b)

16

(c) (d) (dj (b) (c) (d)

17

(a) (b) (c)

18

19

20

21

22

(d) (a) (b) (c) (d) (dj (b) (c) (d) (dj (b) (c) (d) (dj (b) (c) (d) (dj (b) (c) (d)

xxi

Area Lambda 2. Walls 11,lh and lj issuing fromunder wall lg, from ne. Area Lambda 2. Corner of walls 11and lh afterremoval of wall lg, fromn. Area Lambda 2. Walls lg, lh and lj, with Floor 1 and Floor 2, from se. Area Lambda 3/4. Walls ly, me and slab over burial 16, from s. Area Lambda 3/4. Walls mb and mi, from s. Trenches Nu 1-2. Medieval pit, stones ni and tumble of wall nl, overlying walls nf, nd and nc of StructureNu II, with Area Lambda 2 behind, fromnw. Trench Nu 2. Stones ni over junction of walls nk and nm, from s. Trench Nu 2. Terracotta tub R967 on floor next to wall nl, with cist of Burial 1 1 and Medieval pit, fromE. Trenches Nu 1-2. StructureNu II, Room 2, showing wall nm bonding with wall nk, wall nd, hearth and wall ne, with faintoutline of pit of Shaft Grave Burial 13, from s. Trench Nu 1. StructureNu II, hearth in Room 2 with wall nf, end of bench no and walls nd and ne, with face of wall ny in baulk, from e. Area Nu. StructureNu II. View showing Room 2 with wall nf, bench no, hearth and Room 1, with wall ng, from s. Trenches Nu 1-2. StructureNu II, Room 2. Walls nf, nd and nk, with kantharos R297 in situ between bench no and hearth, from ne. Trenches Nu 1-2. StructureNu II, Room 2. Kantharos R297 in situagainst bench no, fromne. Trenches Nu 1-2. StructureNu II, Room 2, with wall nf, bench no, wall nd, hearth and wall nc/nk, showing removal of e part to expose surround of Shaft Grave burial 13, from s. Area Nu/Gamma 1. View showing relation between Room 1 of StructureNu II with earlier wall ng, fromse. Nu/Gamma 1 baulk. Dipper R168 and pounder 6109 in situat base of wall ng, fromse. Trench Gamma 1. Wall dd with wall nf and Minoan drain tiles HS 91, fromnne. Area Nu/Gamma 1. StructureNu II Rooms 1 and 2 with sounding to w of wall nf, exposing wall nh of StructureNu I, fromn. Area Nu / Gamma 1. StructureNu I, showing apsidal wall de/nh, partition-wallnz and burial 14, fromne. Area Nu / Gamma 1. StructureNu I, destruction debris on floor of main room with partition wall nz and apse, from sse. Area Nu / Gamma 1. StructureNu I, showing apsidal wall de/nh, partitionwall nz and burial 14, fromsse. Area Nu / Gamma 1. S part of apse of StructureNu I, with MH I Late jar 1849 and pot-stands in situby partitionwall nz, debris on floor of main room and stringbaulk, fromnw. Area Nu/Gamma 1. Plaster with reed impressions from StructureNu I. Trench Gamma 1. Walls nf and de, with outlines of pithos emerging from MH I surface N of apsidal building, fromsw. MH III Late burial Epsilon 1 on bed of pebbles, with base of wall ka, from s. LH IIIC Early burial Zeta 3, froms. MH burials Eta 1, Eta 2 and Eta 3 lying on socle of wall dj where wall dg runs over it, fromne. M H trussed burial Eta 6 with Medieval pit, from se. LH (?) burial Eta 7, near MH I Latejar 1255 lying against wall dg and over wall dj, with wall dh, fromn. Cist of LH ILA burial Eta 15, with walls di, dm, dn and fallen cover slab, from ssw. LH ILA burial Eta 15 afterremoval of cover-slab, with walls di, dm and dn, fromsw. Skull of displaced LH IIIAi burial Beta 1 lying on cist of LH IIIA2 Early burial 26, fromse. LH IIIAi (?) burial Beta 23 with cist, fromne. LH IIB (?) burial Beta 24 on stones of wall fc, from se. LH IIIAi (?) burial Beta 25 afterremoval of cover slabs, from se. LH IIIA2 burial Beta 26 afterremoval of cover slab, from s. MH III Late-LH I burial Beta 27 against wall ej, fromnw. LH IIB-IIIAi burial Beta 28 with grave goods against wall em, fromese. LH IIB-IIIAi burial Beta 28 afterremoval of grave goods, from ese. LH IIIC Early burial Beta 20, froms. LH IIIA2 Early burial Lambda 1 with grave goods, fromssw. LH II burial Lambda 2 in baulk under wall le, from s. LH IIIA burial Lambda 3 under wall Id, fromnw. LH IIIA2 burial Lambda 14 with Medieval Pier II, fromwsw. LH II burial Lambda 15 with pithos, from se.

LIST OF PLATES

xxii 23

24

25

26

{a) (b) (c) (d) [a) (b) (c) (d) {a) (b) (e) (d) (a) (b) (c) (d)

27

{a)

28

(b) (c) EH

29 30

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44

45 46 47

LH IIIA burial Lambda 16 with cist, fromn. LH IIIA (?) burial Nu 3 with cist removed, fromw. LH IIIAi burial Nu 4 with cist, froms. Slabs of cist of LH IIIAi burial Nu 1 1 projecting froms baulk, with Medieval Pit I, fromn. Cairn nn over LH IIA burial Nu 12, cuttingwall nf and bench no, from s. Stone surround at top of LH I/IIA shaftgrave burial Nu 13, from s. Slabs formingroof of LH I/IIA burial Nu 13, froms. LH I/IIA burial Nu 13 with roofing slabs removed, fromN. MH II burial Nu 14, with walls de/nh and nz, fromne. Area Zeta. Room 1 with circular stone platformagainst wall id and Floor 1, fromnw. Area Zeta. Medieval pots 4012a, 4014 and 4017 in situon Floor 1 against wall ib, fromsw. Trench Beta 10. StructureBeta VI, showing walls eh and ei with wall ec, fromnw. Trench Beta 3. Wall eb withjunction of walls ee, gl and qa, frome. Area Lambda 3/4. StructureLambda VII, showing Pier II with foundation trench and walls ly and lz, fromne. Area Lambda 3/4. Pier VI of StructureLambda VII, covered in white plaster, with wall mf connecting it to Pier I and wall ly. In deeper cuttingat left,walls me and me, frome. Area Lambda 3/4. Pier IV of StructureLambda VII with foundation trench and abutment lv, fromw. Area Lambda 3/4. StructureLambda VII. Destruction debris with stamnos 4066 by wall lz and Pier III, with modern terrace wall along line of wall ma, fromnw. Trench Gamma 2, 1959. Medieval walls pa and pb, fromE (?). Trench Beta 6. Medieval pit withjug HS 125 in situand walls hd and he, frome. II pottery:fine buffplain ware, 17; fine buffcoated ware, 30, 39, 79; fine buffcream-

slipped ware, 124, 130. EH II pottery:fine buffcream-slipped ware, i46-i46a; fine orange plain ware, 160; fine orange cream-slipped ware, 185; semi-coarse ware with red slip, 195; singular fabrics,222-223. Area Zeta, MH I Early pottery: 1066, 1085. MH I Late: 1108, 1117, 1122, 1123 frontand back, 1124-1125.

AreaZeta,MH I Latepottery: 1136, 1140, 1150. AreaZeta,MHII-LH I pottery: 1237,1247,15*55 1163,1166,1173.AreaEta,MH I Latepottery: AreaEta,MH I Latepottery: 1265, 1277,1318.MH II: 1288a. LH IIA (burial15): 1321-1324. LH III(?), 1319-1320.AreaBeta1977,MH I Latepottery: 1327, 1334. AreaBeta1974-77,MH I Latepottery: 1337, 1342.MH II: i343-!344> !346 MH HI: 1351, 1379.MHIII/LHI: 1417.LHI-II: 1427. AreaLambda1973-77,MH I-II pottery: 1475.MH III Early:1487, 1507-1508.MH III Late: IIA: LH 1514. 1484, 1498, 1509, 1513. AreaLambda1973-77,LH I/IIA pottery: 1519,1614,1649.LH HA: 1693,1781.AreaNu 1977, MHILate: 1830-1831,1849,1851. AreaNu 1977,EH III/MH I (?)pottery: 1856.MH I Late: i860, 1889-1890,1901.MH III Early: MH-LH: Asteri 2331. 1959, 1933,2007. Decorated:1015,1077,1081. marks.MH I Lustrous MiddleandLateHelladicsherdswithpotters' MattPainted:1791-1792. MH II-III DarkBurnished: 1162.LH I-IIA Aeginetan AreaEpsilon,LH IIIA2 pottery: 3027, 3040-3041,3048-3050. AreaEpsilon,LH IIIA2 pottery: 3051.AreaBeta,LH I: 3240.LH IIA: 3253,3259.LH IIB: 32893291. AreaBeta,LH IIB pottery: 3292. LH IIIA2: 3338-3339.LH IIIC Early:3357. AreaLambda,LH IIA: 3511, 3522. LH IIIA2: 3572. Beta7, i960, LH AreaLambda,LH IIIA2 pottery: 3573-3575.LH IIIC Early,3593,3597.Trench I: 3658. Fabric2 amphora4017, LH IIIC Earlypottery: Earlierexcavations, 3698,3707. Medievalpottery: ArchaicMajolicajug 4053. females5004-5005, whorls5001-5002.Terracotta Terracotta: figurines: EarlyHelladicsmallfinds. handle animals andbackviews;females5006-5008, front 5021; birds 5010-5016,5018-5019, and barbed stone disc stone: Ground (obsidian): tangedprojectile phyllite 5025.Chipped 5022-5024. point5042. MiddleHelladicsmallfinds.Bone:pins6001, 6003-6008.Copper:punch6010. Bronze:borer andbeadsHS 210-212. Lead: rivet6015. 6011; pin6012a, withearrings whorls6017-6018,6025-6026,6032, 6035-6036; spools Terracotta: MiddleHelladicsmallfinds. 6058-6059. loomweights 6044, 6053-6054; 6047, 6038-6039, crucibles Terracotta: MiddleHelladicsmallfinds. 6061-6064;reusedsherds6072-6073.

LIST OF PLATES

48 49 50 51 52

53 54 55 56

57

58

59

60

A2.1

A2.2

A7.1 A7.2

xxiii

Middle Helladic small finds.Terracotta:(?) potteryanvil 6077; (?) toy boats 6078, 6081; clay nodules 6082-6083. Middle Helladic smallfinds.Personalornaments:stonebead 6084; schistpendant6088. Ground axe 6090; greenstonedrillcores 6100-6101; celts6102, 6104. stone:shaft-hole Middle Helladic smallfinds.Groundstone:pounders6106-6108, 61 10, 61 12; phyllitediscs 61156118. Middle Helladic smallfinds.Chipped stone:chertsickleelement6135, 7136 (LH), denticulateblades blade 6142; obsidianhollow-basedprojectilepoints6145denticulate 6138-6141; lapislacedaemonius 6149, tangedprojectilepoint6150. Carved stone:Linear A inscription6154. Mycenaeansmallfinds.Bone: points7002, 7004-7007. Copper and bronze: rings7011-7012, tweezers7013, pins 7014-7015, knifeblade 7017. Terracotta:whorlsand conuli,Middle Helladic type7026, EarlyMycenaeanbiconical 7032, Late Mycenaean types7046, 7048; (?) tuyère7052a; cruciblefragments 7053; reusedpottery,7055. naturalistic and Proto-Phitypes7061-7066; finds. small Terracottafemalefigurines: Mycenaean laterexamples 7067-7070; stemsand bases 7073-7081. heads 7082-7089; femalefigure7090; spoutor Mycenaeansmallfinds.Terracotta:femalefigurines, bodies femalefigure7091, Minoan figurines7092 (male), 7093 (hator foot).Animalfigurines, horns and heads 7108, 7109-7113. 7105-7106, 7094-7098, 7100-7102, 7104, legs head of stag 7114, antler7115, bird 7116; Mycenaean smallfinds.Terracotta:animalfigurines, head 7117; bovid protomehandle 7118; animalfigureor rhyton,nose 7119; chariot-horse 7120; nose ofhorse (?) 7121; chariot-wheel7122. FigurinesfromAsteri:female7124, animal 7125. Mycenaeansmallfinds.Personalornament:steatiteseal 7126, withimpression;faiencebeads 71357162; carnelianbead 7214. Groundstone:conuli 7234, 7240; pestles7247-7248, whetstone 7279. Chipped stone:chertdenticulateblades 7249, cobble 7273. Raw material:lapislacedaemonius obsidian hollow-based 7325-7331, obsidian barbed and tanged 7317-7318, projectile-points 7333. projectile-point Medieval smallfinds.Bronze: embossedbuckle 8001, (?) harnessor lanternfragment8002, (?) armouror harness8003. Iron: fire-steel 8008; projectile-points 8009-8012; knife8013; donkey shoe 8016. Lead: weight8047, fishingnetweight8048, (?) button8049 (LH). Bone: (?) awl 8057; pins8058-8060. Medievalsmallfinds.Terracotta: loomweights8062 (MH whorl?), 8063 (Hellenistic?); whorls80658066; bead (?) 8068; inscribedsherd8069; astragalus8071; palette8072. Groundstone:(?) palette tournois ofLouis VIII or IX ofFrance8083, 8075. Clay: clothimpression8076. Coins: billon deniers Isabella ofVillehardouin8085, PhilipofTaranto8086, Maud ofHainault8087. The viewshedofAyios Stephanos. towardsStephaniáand Mt Taygetus; (a) North-west South-west towards (b) Cape Matapan; (c) East towardsSkala; (d) WesttowardsVardounia. (a) View south-eastfromPavlopetritowardsVatikaBay and Neapolis. (b) Beads and seals (withimpressions)probablyfromPavlopetri. (c) View southfromEpidaurusLimeratowardsMonemvasia,i.e. Minoa. (d) Southside ofgate in fortifications, Tigani near Mezapo in theMani. Fortifications of from Venetian fort,lookingwest. (e) Tigani Middle Helladic potteryfabrics:photomicrographs ofthinsections. CD-270 Dark Burnished 1 Class (a) 1); 2233 (Set (b) Dark Burnished2206 (Set 2 Class 1); (c) Dark Burnished2217 (Set 2 Class 2); (d) Dark Burnished2234 (Set 2 Class 3); (e) WhiteSlipped GrittyMattPainted2265 (Set 3 Class 1); (f) LustrousDecorated (mediumcoarse) 2282 (Set 4 Class 1). Middle Helladic potteryfabrics:photomicrographs ofthinsections. CD-27 1 Micaceous Minoan Class (a) 1); 2322 (Set 5 (b) Coarse 2311 (Set 5 Class 2). (c) Micaceous Minoan 2305 (Set 5 Class 3); (d) Minoan (?) 2327 (Set 5 Class 4); (ej Coarse Local Group 2319 (Set 6 Class 1); if) AeginetanMattPainted2328 (Set 6 Class 2). Skull9161 (Nu Burial 13, LH I/IIA). Fromfront,side,rearand above. CD-272 Skull9162 (Nu Burial 14, MH II). Fromfront,side,rearand above. CD-273

ListofAbbreviations AAS ad approx. arf AS avg. BA BC BM bp c. cm CV DB df D. d-o-1 DP dp EBA EC ed. EH EM est. ex. F FM FS g GM H. ha HS HS ill. JLA kg km KV L. LBA LC LD LH LM

atomicabsorptionspectroscopy annodomini approximate(ly) argillaceousrockfragment Ayios Stephanos(used in Zerner sample numberin Appendix 2) average BronzeAge beforeChrist Bench Mark (see Introduction§4) beforepresent circa centimetre coefficient ofvariation Dark Burnishedware degreesoffreedom diameter dark-on-light Dull Paintedware deciduouspremolar EarlyBronzeAge EarlyCycladic editor EarlyHelladic EarlyMinoan estimated extant female FurumarkMotif FurumarkShape gram GreyMinyanware height hectare Hagios Stephanos(i.e. Ayios Stephanos) catalogueno. in Taylour1972 illustration (in anotherpublication) Lawrence Angel J. kilogram kilometre kilovolt length Late BronzeAge Late Cycladic LustrousDecorated ware Late Helladic Late Minoan

1-o-d u ug m M ma max. MBA MC mg MH min. MinAU

light-on-dark micron microgram metre male milliampère maximum Middle BronzeAge Middle Cycladic milligram Middle Helladic minimum MinimumNumberofAnatomical Units MM Middle Minoan mm millimetre MNI minimumnumberofindividuals mo. month MP MattPaintedware N totalnumberin population N/A not applicable N/D not determined(notdeterminable) NISP numberofindividualspecimens no. number obv. obverse opp. opposite OES opticalemissionspectroscopy p probability pers.comm. personalcommunication R catalogueno. in Rutterand Rutter 1976 rev. reverse RMDP Mountjoy1999 standarddeviation S.D. SK Skeletonno. (i.e. Burialno. in Chap. 2) Perlmanand Asaro catalogueno. of STEP sherdanalysedin Appendix 3 feature tcf texturalconcentration Th. thickness width W. water-sieved ws Wt. weight crossedpolarisedlight xpl YM Yellow Minyanware year yr # basket(i.e. unitof excavation) + over under

xxiv

A memoirofthelate Lord WilliamTaylour B. H. I. H. Stewart1

tome that,ifI wasplanningtovisitGreecein the Whenmorethanthirty suggested yearsago a friend I seek out an archaeologist LongVacation, might by thenameofLordWilliamTaylourat a Catholic Hall of Residencein Cambridge,I confessto havinghad some undergraduate hesitationabout I a I that a friend so elevated Little did then should be about to make for imagine approaching person. that a similar with him and even less later would be life, making thirty years mydaughter journey finding, justas I andso manyothershad done,newhorizonsopeningin thecompanyofthisdelightful and remarkable man. On paper,BillyTaylourhad a careerofalmostfictional improbability, especiallywhensetagainst sonoftheheadofa greatAnglo-Irish thepattern ofthetime.He wasbornin 1904,theyounger family and of one ofthemostlegendary ladiesoftheEdwardianstage.Thoughhe had developeda deep in Egyptafter in archaeology interest whilestillat Harrowand was enthused by thegreatdiscoveries he was directedmuchagainsthis willto a Wall theFirstWorldWar,insteadof goingto university itgavehimforindulging forhimonlybytheopportunities Street house,a postmadetolerable banking hislove ofmusicat theNewYorkOpera.Returning laterto Londonhe thenranthefinancial sideof an interior than business(a muchmoreadventurous decorating occupationforone ofhisbackground itwouldbe today),untilWarserviceled himto theMediterranean and in due courseto therankof After theWarhe was at lastin a financial Captainin theDerbyshire positionto pursuethe Yeomanry. ofhislife.In 1946 he wentup toTrinity as a freshman attheage of greatinterest College,Cambridge, as Professor to read archaeology undersuchdistinguished GrahameClarkand the figures forty-two lateDr GlynDaniel,bothofwhomhave remarked thattheyweresomewhat daunted(needlessly, of half the latter of his life he course)at theprospectofteachinga pupilolderthanthemselves. During wastobecomeone ofthemostrespected ofhisgeneration, archaeologists joiningthatselectcompany ofthosewhohavemademajordiscoveries at Agamemnon's of city Mycenae. In hisapprentice as Katherine yearshe workedwithsuchrenownedfigures Kenyonin Tripolitania, AlanWaceatMycenaeand CarlBiegenatPylos,wherehe helpedtouncoverthebestpreserved ofall theMycenaeanpalaces.AfterWace'sdeathhe tookoverdirection oftheworkoftheBritish teamat Mycenaeon thelowerslopeswithinthecitadel.Buthis own seasonsat Mycenaein the 1950s and ofanother's work:forin additiontothestructural features 1960sweremuchmorethanthecompletion thatemerged, he notonlyfoundthefirst B Linear tablets to come from the citadel of fragmentary clay itself and frescoes of remarkable and but also a room full of interest, Mycenae quality extraordinary and pottery snakesthathave been a topicoflivelydebateeversinceand have openedup figurines newideas aboutreligionand cultin theMycenaeanage. In recentyearsmostbranchesofresearch, in thehumanities no lessthanthesciences,havebecome and and in academic their specialised increasingly consequence leadingexponents, perhapsinevitably, havebecomemorecompetitive. as a scholarofindependent meansandwithout concern BillyTaylour, fora formal a If to different tradition. he did not feel the same to career,belonged urgency publishas his his disinterested was a critical inobtaining factor professional colleagues, approach undoubtedly permits to continue excavation at a timewhentourism was rapidlydeveloping and theGreekauthorities were concerned to retain direct control of their most sites. His love of increasingly important archaeological his of its his with to on his his his Greece, grasp language, ability get people, humour, courtesy, modesty - theseweresomeofthequalitiesthatgainedhimwelcomefromhisGreekhostsat everylevel. and,in thejudgementof Billywas happiestwhendirectly engagedin thebusinessofexcavation, he was at it. His and the whole to Greeceof excavations, everyone, good exceptionally expeditions 1 Editor's note: the followingaddress was read at the MemorialServiceforLord WilliamTaylourheld on 28 April 1990 in theChapelofTrinity College,Cambridge. XXV

xxvi

B. H. I. H. STEWART

whichtheywerepart,weremeticulously plannedand conductedwitha precisionthatsurelyowed and led his teamof his He to something experience. was a personof greatself-discipline military and his had time to and workmen He colleagues encourage guide younger helpers byexample. always had amazingphysicalstamina,working and was generousin sharingcredit.He himself longhours touse a breakin themiddleof undertheblazingsun,and generally eachday,bare-headed preferring thanfortakinglunch.I wonderwhether thedayfora briefsiestarather anyexcavatorhas evermade at hisdisposal. betteruse ofthetimeand resources was morethatof thepracticalexcavatorthan Although reputation BillyTaylour'sarchaeological His Ph.D. thesison notablepublications. some the criticalprehistorian, he nonetheless produced a standard workofreference. in became from Italy,published 1958,immediately Mycenaeanpottery onehastosay,somewhat A fewyearslaterhe waspersuadedbyGlynDaniel- persuaded, reluctantly - to writea book abouttheMycenaeans, and thoroughly sane accountofa subject a well-balanced This was theworkby whichhe becamemost thathas notalwaysenjoyedsuchreliabletreatment. fromthecult included hisownfamousdiscoveries after the second edition widelyknown,particularly whichhe theMediterranean area at Mycenae.It is good to knowthatthrough Trust, Archaeological on which hisworkin Greece,a moredetailedrecordoftheexcavations setup and fundedto support his isbeingtakenforward BuiltMycenae, inhisfinalyears,underthetitleWell he embarked by colleagues. thattheformalhonours thanfordigging forwriting Perhapsitwas becauseBillyhad lessenthusiasm fieldhe butas an amateurin a highly didnotcomehisway.He neversoughtsuchthings, professional and it is sad thatin thosedaysneitherhis thathis workwas appreciated, did welcomereassurance feltmovedto recognisehisveryunusualachievements. collegenorhisuniversity love of histremendous It is impossible to thinkofBillyformorethana momentwithout recalling outto Greeceor backwithhimis everlikelyto lifeand hissenseofhumour.No one whotravelled AtthewheelofhisLand Roverhe woulddrivelikea maniac,neverapparently theexperience. forget somehowhe neverhadone.On one occasion, dauntedbytheprospect ofa head-oncollision, although hispassengers at greatspeedand stoppedby theItalianpolice,he quicklyreminded whentravelling asked a wordofItalianand,aftera periodofevidentincomprehension, thatnoneofthemunderstood had a time he Another The traffic policemanwiselygave up. everyoneto producetheirpassports. the him tariff double the in Ohridwhocharged marvellous rowwitha Yugoslavhotelier quoted night Butitwasequally fornon-Communists. beforeandmadeitworsebysayingthattherewasa surcharge typicalofBilly,as one ofhis companionshas related,thatone eveningin Italy,whentheyfounda drunken Billybundledbothpeasantand peasantwhohad fallenfromhisscooterandinjuredhimself, and tookhimtohishomemany scooterin thebackoftheLand Roveron thekneesofhispassengers and suchunexpectedincidents, milesawayin a remotevillage.Billy'sjourneyswererarelywithout for itselfwas alwaysmostcarefully theitinerary arrangedso as to includemaximumopportunities Renaissance Ancient and,ofcourse, monasteries, sites,Byzantine palaces,Baroquechurches sightseeing. theamazingrangeofBilly'sknowledge ifpossible- allthesecamewithin visitstoBayreuth forWagner in whichhe wouldinviteus to share. and interest, andseriousside.ManyofBilly'syounger therewasa profound Notfarbeneaththesurface, however, on theirlives.One ofhis influence on thewayhe exerciseda formative travellers have commented hasremarked areperhapsmoresharply wheresuchthings froman Orientalcountry friends, perceived, forcehe posessed.Withoutanyexcessofpiety,he was a holyman and a personof on theinternal NormanStJohn In thewordsof theChairmanof theRoyalFine ArtCommission, deep integrity. Stevas,whoknewhimat St EdmundHouse,he was 'a verygood Catholicin a balancedkindofway ... he wouldattendMass in theChapelnoteveryday,buteveryother day.Somehowthissumshim As oftheUniversity in that the fanatic was of There for me. quizzicalmakeup.' Treasurer nothing up formanyyears,he helpedMgr.AlfredGilbeyto turnFisherHouse intoa place CatholicAssociation alsofounda welcome. andwherenon-Catholics inCambridge flourished wheretheCatholicchaplaincy serviceto theCatholicchurch,he was in due coursemade a Knight Forhis longand self-effacing viewofhischurchand of theGreat.He had a traditionalist oftheOrderofSt Gregory Commander No one could have been more standards. and old-fashioned had he affairs; highprinciples public suitedto have presided,as he did formorethan30 years,overtheStrafford Club,dedicatedin the whomhe Earl of ist Thomas of wordsofitstoast'to theImmortal Strafford', Wentworth, Memory sawas a victimofhissenseofpublicduty.AndI mightadd thatno one butBillycouldhavemanaged on theseoccasionsin a brownvelvetdinnerjacket. to lookso distinguished at St Aubyns,beforea Strafford We all have our specialmemoriesof Billy.Mine is of arriving ofthe decorator roomthatstillpossesseda hintoftheinterior dinnerperhaps,comingintoa drawing a his on Bronze the on a new book in his out stretched armchair, plate Age lap, Aegean 1930s,Billy

A MEMOIR OF THE LATE LORD WILLIAM TAYLOUR

xxvii

ofcucumber sandwiches besidehim,andDas Rheingold pouringoutofthehi-fi bythewindow.Behind can, was an exoticplasticplantof whichhe was immensely him,and withits own littlewatering and all thewhilewatching Martiniofunimaginable ferocity, proudand a cocktailshakercontaining of themotherhe loved so himacrosstheroomthesmilingbeautyof Sir WilliamOrpen'sportrait deathcamethrough, much.One ofhiscolleaguesatMycenaerecallshow,whennewsofherimminent on the he had a Each he leftimmediately forhomewithout thereafter, changing. anniversary, year ofAtreusand Mass saidforhersoulin thetinychapelofthePanagiaon theridgeabovetheTreasury to all presenttheceremonialcake of grain,honeyand spicesthat thenbroughtdownto distribute from have come the straight pagesofHomer. might of an epic As withthewarriors of theIliad and theNibelungsof Wagner,therewas something in at of his last to the himself. He made Greece about 1988 age 84. In the working trip Billy quality and to make his finalplans.He had to or for the first he feel time, begun weary previousyear so, it was no longer the house of his of how he had visited childhood; Headfort, great spokecontentedly in thefamily, buttherewas stilla place on a smallislandwherehe wouldbe laid to restbesidehis Ata Therearenotmanywhohavelookedtowardsdeathwithsuchserenity. parentsand hisbrother. I had in still came as a for think we a the sudden news December and after so full blow; life, greatage he is,and todaywe rejoicethathe liveson in Butso in truth all cometoregardhimas indestructible. And whenthe timecame,trueto form,he left theheartsof his familyand his countlessfriends. for without changing. immediately home,

Fig.i. Map ofLaconiaandKythera.

Introduction R.Janko 1. THE SELECTION

OF THE SITE AND THE EXCAVATIONS OF 1959-63 nàç)ôè Aaxcovíôayaiav àÀiGxécpavov TTTOÀíeBQOv I i^ov town' 'alongtheLaconiancoasttheyreachedthesea-girt HomericHymntoApollo410-11

Alan Wace.In 1909,publishing in Laconiagoes backto thegreatarchaeologist The British interest of antiquity sherdsfromtheinlandsiteof Geraki,theGeronthrae (see fig.i), he wrote:'tillfurther thesesherdsfromGerakiin findsofearlyobjectsare madein Laconiaitis uselessto discussfurther of Helos,whenit comes,willprobablythrow detail,fortheyhave no context.Buttheexploration The onlypreviousworkin theregionwas thatofTsountasat Vapheio.2 morelighton thissubject'.1 In thelightofthefindsfromAyiosStephanos, thesherdsfromGerakican nowbe seentorepresent all the wares and phases of the local MH pottery,includingwhat we call Dark Burnished Minoanwares.The recent Dull Painted,MattPainted,LustrousDecoratedand Polychrome (incised), withburials;thisresemblesAyios Dutchexcavations therehave revealeda multi-period settlement Stephanos,exceptthatoccupationstartedin the Final Neolithicand ceased towardsthe end of theMH period.3A thirdimportant sitein thearea thathas been investigated is Pavlopetri, on the coastto thesouth-east nearNeapolis(see fig.i). Pavlopetri now lies largelyunderthesea, butonce and controlled the isthmusof the formerpromontory Elaphonisos(theOnugnathusof antiquity) modern was the a a British therichagricultural of of plain Neapolis.Pavlopetri object surveyby teamin 1968,4whichrevealedevidenceof occupationand burialsthroughout the BronzeAge, fromEH II to LH IIIB; it has remainedsomething of an 'archaeologicalriddle'.5Because of its stateofpreservation, shedslighton AyiosStephanosalmostas locationand itsdifferent Pavlopetri muchas AyiosStephanosilluminates itin itsturn. In 1959 Laconiawas almosta terra siteshad been excavated,and incognita. Hardlyanyprehistoric nowherehad findsbeen made attesting the Bronze occupationthroughout Age exceptat Amyclae km fig. a few south of Lord William chose to (see i), Sparta. investigate Taylour AyiosStephanos becausethepioneering extensive andRichardHope Simpsonhadrecently survey byHelenWaterhouse in theregion.6 revealedthatit was one of thelargestand mostpromising BronzeAge settlements Sincetheyhad foundsherdsfromall threeofthemainphasesoftheBronzeAge lyingon thesurface, he hopedto establisha stratified forLaconia.Sincethesiteliesnear sequenceofprehistoric pottery themainsea-route fromwesternCreteand Kytherato themainland,and merely6 kmsouth-east of fig. the source of the ornamental stone called which was used i), lapislacedaemonius, Psephi(see only in Crete,he also hopedto establish howMinoaninfluences weretransmitted to theGreekmainland, in decoration and fabric. Last but his not wish to discover thewhereabouts of least, especially pottery 'a mentioned as town in the sea' Homer the of also to his contributed Helos, by by Catalogue Ships,7 decisionto excavateat AyiosStephanos.Aegeanarchaeology wouldbe muchthepoorerwereits thattheirdiscipline devoteeseverto forget in a romantic withtheHomericepics. fascination began It hasbeenproposedthatCarlBiegenfirst foundthesiteofAyiosStephanos. Blegen'sdiaryrecords a visitto Monemvasia:

1 Wace

iQOQ-10,

7K.

2 Banou iqq6, q. 3 Weingarten etal. ìqqq. 4 Hardingetal. 1969.

5 Banou 1996, 127. 6 Taylour1972, 205, citingWaterhouseand Hope Simpson 1060, 07-102. 7 Iliadu 584.

R. JANKO

2

On thewaybackwe stoppedat severalplacesto oxyderk8 forprehistoric sites.We foundone such sitejustw ofthevillageofSkalaon a lowgreenhilltothew oftheroad.On thehillaretheruinsof a smallByzantine church. The hillis surrounded whichrisesat froma greatkephalari bythestreams I collecteda goodnumber thevillageofSkala.The namebywhichthehillis knownis Souroukla. 9 ofsherdson thehill- apparently EarlyHelladic& MiddleHelladic& someMycenaeanas well. MH, late Mycenaean- perhapsLH IIIB - and Geometricsherdsfoundat Sourouklaare now in the AmericanSchool of Classical Studiesat Athens;thereis no EH material.10 However, thissite is not Ayios Stephanos,whichhas no Geometricmaterialand is not surroundedby streamsfromthe springsat Skala. Instead, Souroukla must be identicalwithAyios Nikolaos,11where MH and LH IIIA-B sherds(kylixbases and a stirrup The Medieval chapel ofAyiosNikolaos jar) have been found.12 lies northof the road on 'a knoll c. 6 m high',betweenbranchesof the streamsof the Vasilopotamos riverwhichbubbles up west of Skala in a group of springs.13 Instead,Ayios Stephanosmay perhaps have been the 'low hill seawardsfromStefaniá'where Biegen is reportedto have foundMycenaean sherds.14 But the creditfordiscerningthe importanceof the site properlybelongs to Richard Hope Simpsonand Helen Waterhouse.Taylourdescribesit as follows: AyiosStephanos... is about45 km.SSE. ofSpartaanddistant justundertwokm.fromthesea.At one timeitundoubtedly was a promontory out into the sea ... The siteis a flat-topped hill, jutting It is steepon thenorth thehabitablepartofwhichcoversan areaofroughly 45,000squaremetres. andeast.To thewestitlinksup withthefoothills oftheTaygetus range.In recentyearsthehillhas andtheploughhasdone beenusedforpasturage, butatone timeitwasalmostcertainly cultivated a lotofdamageto theunderlying wallsand burials.15 As we will see in §4, the elevation of the hilltop has not been preciselyascertained,but it rises some 30-40 m above the plain (plate 1 0), whichis itself2-3 m above sea-level.It lies 'at the eastern end of a limestonespur projectingfromthe barren range of hills on the southwestedge of the plain'.16The sole modernvillage nearbyis the hamletof Souli, withStephaniáto the north.For the of Ayios Stephanosand the surrounding regionsee geographicand geo-archaeologicalcharacteristics Chapters13 and 14 §1 below. No detailedsurveyofthe sitewas undertakenbeforeexcavationsbegan in 1959, undertheauspices oftheBritishSchool at Athensand withthepermissionoftheGreekArchaeologicalService.However, the excavationrecordsand Hope Simpson'ssketchmap (fig.ii) reveal thatlow terracewalls divided thehilltopintosmallfields,withan upper and a loweroblong terracerunningalong the southedge of theplateau acrosswhatwas to be Areas Beta and Lambda; a roughlydiamond-shapedfieldoccupied thetop ofthehill.The area had been used forarable cultivation, especiallyofwheat,and forpasturing a few olive trees: a massive The after the harvest until and sowing. hilltop goats supported sheep to the was to provideshade for its with views on south-east north-west, brow, good except specimen the base-camp of the dig, and therewere one or two more near the westernedge where the rock drops down abruptlyto the chapel of St Stephen,afterwhichthe siteis named. The northand north-eastern slopes of thehillwere too steepforcultivation;Waterhouseand Hope ancient detected of wallingin two places along the northernslope.17The remainsof signs Simpson walls thattheyobserved in two locations on the south slope, witha suggestedbastion in between, were probablythe foundationsof a Medieval building,possiblyStructureLambda VII, upon which modernterracewalls had been built.The possible ruinsof a house thattheynoted on the southside of theplateau were probablythose of anotherMedieval building.The southand south-eastern slopes had been cultivated;the flatexpanses at the footof the hill were denselyplantedwithrows of olive trees withroom to sow wheat in the rows between. The drainingof the marshesbelow the site, value, and by 1959 the plateau had long ceased to however,greatlyreduced its relativeagricultural of sage-bushand tall maquis on the plateau be cultivated:it was covered witha dense undergrowth and tall grasseson the slopes, and was used only forgrazing.In 1990 the plateau was ploughed.18It whichmust has sincebeen enclosed withfencesand turnedintoan artificially irrigatedorange-grove, have damaged the siteand will make any futureexcavationmore difficult.19 8 neologismderivedfromancient 'Oxyderk'is a wonderful is an epithet forAthena Greekò^uÔ8Qxr|ç, Oxyderkô 'sharp-eyed'; in Pausaniasn 24.2. 9 21 November1021,quotedby Coulson1992,89 n. 11. 10Coulson 1QQ2,8q-Ql.

11See fig. 13.2 and Banou 1996,54 n. 86. 12 Hope Simpson1981, 106.

13Cf.Chapteria §3 (ii) below. 14Waterhouse 1Q56,170 n. 8. 15Tavlour1072, 2of;. 16Hope Simpsoniq8i, 105. 171060,q8 withfig;.14. 18Banou iqq6, ki n. 83. 19D. Fortenberry, pers.comm.

INTRODUCTION §1

STEPHANOS

HAGiOS

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of 1959.Scale c. 1:1000. theexcavations Fig.ii. SketchplanofAyiosStephanos showing

on the twoseasonsofdigging, forfourweekseach in 1959 and i960, wereconcentrated The first in manypartsof thesite,cleared flattop of thehill (see fig.iii). The excavatorslaid out trenches withpottery and wallsandburials,together considerable areasdowntobedrockand foundnumerous smallfindsfrommostof the periodsrepresented. However,the hilltopturnedout to have been in 1963 for whenexcavationsrecommenced heavilyeroded,and littlesoil remained.Accordingly, and found to the south and south-west of thesummit stratified were weeks, sought deposits eight deep in twoAreas,Beta and Gamma (see fig. iv). Duringthe excavationsof 1959-63 a totalarea of c.696.7 m2was dug.Evenso, as is clearfromthepublication oftheseexcavations,20 thedatingofthe EBA and MBA phases could be understoodonlyin generalterms,the Medievalphase passed and thearchitecture oftenremainedobscure. unrecognised, 20

Taylour 1972.

4

R. JANKO

2. THE EXCAVATIONS OF 1973-77 The excavations describedin thisvolumecoverthreeseasons,1973, 1974 and 1977. The 1973 and sevenweeks,of whichsix were takenup with seasons were fullseasonsof approximately 1977 wasplannedfor1974,butin thatyearexcavationhad tobe suspended excavation. The sameroutine on twooccasionson accountofthecrisisin Cyprus;in total,excavationlastedforonlyfourweeks. in thetypeand numberofplansand sectionsin thisvolumewas causedin partby The unevenness werenevermadeor wereonlysketches. thisdisruption, sincemanyvitaldrawings withdifficulty, as Taylourhimself recorded in 1973wasfraught Eventherenewaloftheexcavations are in a draft annotations ofthisintroduction mine): (the thatthethree as a resultofthestillunanswered Itwasdecidedtoresumetheexcavations questions in 1973 itwas intendedthattheGamma previousseasonshad raised.Atthestartofexcavations wouldbe trenches dugin 1959 and thoseoftheBetaArea,whichwas lastexcavatedin 1963,21 further. Sincethattimethesitehadbecomecompletely overgrown byscrubofa jungleinvestigated Threetesttrenches, wereno longeridentifiable. likenature,and theoutlinesoftheold trenches namedEpsilon,Zetaand Eta,weredugto locatethem.Theseattempts provedtobe unsuccessful, M. J. Goalen,some threeweekslaterthatthe and it was notuntilthe arrivalof the architect, had produced was established. of the old trenches However,thetesttrenches precisely position been had in themeantime and in spiteofthefactthattheold trenches muchinteresting material, to It was not,however, theirexcavation. itwas decidedto continue identified, investigate possible andpayfor,theland torequisition, in subsequent seasonsbecauseoftherequirement themfurther trenches theseexploratory thecostofincluding wherewe wishedto carryoutfuture excavations; within therequisitioned areawouldhavebeenprohibitive. wereonlya fewmetres theyproduced awayfromoneanother, Althoughtwoofthetesttrenches was In Area the different results. LH, withverylittle Epsilon pottery predominantly surprisingly Medieval,and MH levelsonlyappearedat a depthof2 m. In AreaZetatheMedievallevelswere that and aftertheirremovalone was almostimmediately wellrepresented, amongMH structures c. m. distant from Eta was walls that Area of 26 werefoundto reston EH strata, including period. Therewasvery belowthesurface. theothertwo.HereMH stratawerefoundalmostimmediately at and one wallofthatperiodwerediscovered butgoodEH pottery littleMedievalorMycenaean, no greatdepthandjustabovetherock. wasbasedattheHotelAlsosin Skala.Duringall that Duringthesethreeseasonstheexcavation ofMrGeorgeSteinhauer, timewe hadtheable adviceandassistance EphorofLaconia,towhomI as wellas myown. I alsohad thehelpofpeopleofothernationalities owea deepdebtofgratitude. as he thatincludedProfessor In 1973 therewas a strongAmericancontingent JeremyRutter, small finds. Other the of who worked on and his wife becameshortly afterwards, drawing Sally, whojoinedme againin 1974, Mr David Parshall, wereMrJohnYounger, American participants and Mr Bax Barton.Dr IngridStromfromCopenhagenassistedus partof thetime.My own F. Harding, MrsReginaHalden,MissFrancesGleave(nowMrs includedDr Anthony countrymen as and MrWilliamMcGeachen.Mr MartinGoalenofficiated MrEdmundBennett RolfeKentish), with was us bothin 1973 and 1974,whenMrsKarenGoalenjoinedus. MrJohnBintliff architect GeorgeRapp,Professor partofthetime.Towardstheendofthedig,visitsweremadebyProfessor OliverDickinsonand Dr RogerHowell,whogaveus usefuladviceon theMH pottery. The 1973 campaigncoveredthelatterpartofJune,thewholeofJulyand a fewdaysin August. was hot.Thereweretwoheatwaves,ofwhichthefirst The summerthatyearwas exceptionally thetemperature theworst, reaching112oF in theshadeon one day,whenexcavationhad to be suspended.Not more than seven workmenwere employedas a rule; Vassilis temporarily wasthesouthern The areachosenforexcavation wasinchargeofthem.22 Koumandaros partofthe Gamma1, 1959,and ofBeta 1963 (see thearea ofthetrenches crestofthehill,and in particular Lambda1,was openedby Dr Hardingto thew ofBeta6/1;duringeleven fig.iv).A newtrench, further roomsto the w of the complexbuildingfirstlocatedin 1963 in the of digging, days 21Taylour1072,253-61. 22In 1963, experiencedworkmenhad to be broughtfrom In 1973 expertise. Mycenae,becausethelocalshadno particular JohnYoungerbroughtthreeworkmenfromKnossosto help trainthosefromStephaniá:thesewere AntonisZidionakis, AntonisKritsalakisand GeorgiosVassilakis,knownas Barba was VassilisKriezis. Georgo.In 1974 and 1977 thesupervisor

The workmenincluded P. Agraniotis,P. Angelopoulos, A. Athanassakos,P. Diamantakos,Ch. Dimitriou,Vasiliki Ch. andTh. Konstantarakos, Gouvousi,Ph.Karelas,V. Katsianis, I. Kordias,N. and S. Koumandaros,E., Ph., V. G. and V. I. Kriezis, G. Madalas, A. and D. Mylonakos,S. Pavlakos, V. Photakos,S. Sanidasand N. Stamatakos.

INTRODUCTION §2

Fig.iii.AyiosStephanos1959-77.Wanshowing excavation trenches.

5

5

6

R. JANKO

|

CO

i>

'S

I

i ! 'S #¿ Ü

INTRODUCTION §2

7

AreaBeta 12,nowcalledAreaLambda/Beta12, wereuncovered.Anothertrench, neighbouring AreaNu,was started underProfessor Rutter to thes ofGamma1, 1959.Thisrevealedtworooms ofa houseoftheTransitional PeriodMH III/LH I. In 1974 I againhad theefficient ofProfessor assistedbyMr David Parshall, Rutter, cooperation and Dr Hardingas trenchsupervisors, with the of but, exception FrancesGleave, the other membersoftheteamwerenew.Once moreI was glad to have severalAmericansin myparty. oftheCenterforFieldResearch,Massachusetts, I had theservicesofMrs Throughthecourtesy I Dr Stein. was Merle of the American School of ClassicalStudiesand Ms Langdon Kay joinedby DeborahWinceof theUniversity of Cambridgeand Wisconsin.Othernew memberswereMr MrRichard Warwick RahtzandMrGuySanders.MrStamatis Burton, Verendis, Janko,MrSebastian the of some timewithus. We had a visitfromProfessors representing Ministry Culture, spent John Kraftand StanleyAschenbrenner, and at theend oftheseasonfromDr HarrietBlitzerand Dr In spiteofthetroubledinternational VanceWatrous. whichwas responsible forthe background, of than on more one some in excavation was occasion, suspension digging progress possible.Two cistburialswereuncovered intheBetaArea.The clearanceofthetwo-room in house AreaNu was itwas to formthesubjectofDr Rutter's toMycenaean.23 The completed; publicationTheTransition ofthenewlyuncovered roomsintrench Lambda1 tothebuilding of1963wasclarified. relationship An innovation was theintroduction, at thesuggestion ofProfessor ofa water-sieve, which Rutter, wasgenerously loanedto us bytheAmericanSchool.24 The 1977 seasonlastedsix weeks,ofwhichfivewerespentdigging.Once morea largeteam fourmembers ofwhichwereAmerican: theindispensable MissJanMotyka Rutter, participated, Jerry (MrsSandersto be), Mr BruceFollansbeeand Mr RogerUlrich.FrancesGleave,RichardJanko and GuySandersagainjoinedus; Franceswasresponsible forthedrawing ofsmallfinds.The new recruits wereMr PeterWright, who efficiently Area Beta,Mr Charles managedthecomplicated MrAndrewHowe Brown,MissSarahCroney,Mr David Hart,Mr NicholasRichardson Bennett, and MissNadia Charalambidou fromCyprus.Mr RolfeKentishactedas architect, and severalof theplansarehiswork.A newtrench was openedup in AreaLambda,whichexposedthepiersof a vaultedMedievalbuilding, In AreaNu theapse ofa lateMH I building possiblya farmhouse. wasrevealedunderthetworoomsoftheMH/LH Transitional Period.A water-sieve wasinoperation the season as before. during During the later excavationsa furtherarea of c. 251.6 m2 was dug; thus the total area excavated at Ayios Stephanoswas c. 948.2 m2.Of thistotal,899.1 m2or 94.8% lay withinthe 91m contouron fig.iii,withtheremaining49.1 m2lyingbetweenthatcontourand the 82 m contour.The area within the 91m contouris 14,695 m2 in extent,of which 6.1% was excavated. The area withinthe 95 m contouris 7,850 m2,of which768.6 m2or 9.8% was dug. The plateau itself,as definedby the 100 m contour,is 2,190 m2 in area, of which c. 348.0 m2 or 15.9% was excavated. Thus, except on the plateau itself,the site was sampled ratherthan systematicallycleared. Nor were its immediate the object of any further surroundings survey,withthe resultthat,if therewas a separatecemetery, itslocationremainsunidentified. The excavationsdid not prove thatAyios Stephanos was Homeric Helos. Indeed, Bronze Age Helos probablylay on the easternside oftheplain. Taylour'strialexcavationsof 1959 confirmedthat Asteri-Karaouziopposite Ayios Stephanos was occupied until LH IIIC Middle and again in the Protogeometric period.However,thissitewas too denuded by erosionto meritfurther investigation.25 Since a sustantialalluvial delta already existed duringthe Bronze Age, it has been proposed that Bronze Age Helos lies under recentalluviumnear the modernvillage of thatname.26However, any such settlement would have had to have been builton sandyor swampyland near the ancientmouth of the Eurotas,and we do not know whetherthe Mycenaeans would have inhabitedsuch a floodprone location.The theorythatMycenaean Helos lay at Skala,27i.e. at Ayios Nikolaos, restsonly on theattractiveness ofthelocationon a hillbetweentwo rivers.In facttheregionalcapitalwas probably 23Rutterand Rutter1076. 24 The procedure Onlyselectedbasketsofsoilwerewet-sieved. increased the recoveryof lithic fragments,but was very in termsoforganicremains;in thisrespectsimple disappointing flotationis now knownto yield betterresults,since fragile carbonisedmaterialis destroyed whenit is stirredwithstones and earthin thesieve.All otherbasketsofsoil weredry-sieved usinga 1 x 1 cm mesh;thiswas thestandardprocedurein the earlierexcavations also.According tothecataloguecompiledby

E. B. Frenchand Clarissade Waal,theresiduefromflotation is now storedin ApothekeB' ofSpartaMuseumin box 100,with samplesanddryresiduefrom1974inboxes96-7, thesamefrom 1977 in box 98, and soil samplesand residuefrom1959-60 in

box

00.

25 Tavinnr

1 n^*?

9^9-0

26Kraft, Aschenbrenner and Rapp 1077,04.7. 27Banou 1996,93-4.

8

R. JANKO

south-east ofAsteriatAyiosStrategos, whichhad theonlyknowntholostombin SouthLaconia.This below.28 questionis discussedfurther oftheworkatAyiosStephanos, aimofestablishing a setofceramic Despitethelimitations Taylour's for the was of the south-eastern fulfilled sequences prehistoric Péloponnèse splendidly pottery by the in / 1 of results Area Nu and from the excavations Gamma Rutter Rutter 1973-74 publication by In the these results are somewhat modified and the volume, 1976. chronological rangeis present further extended.AreasZeta and Eta,dugdownto bedrockin 1973,yieldeddeep stratified deposits in the fortheEBA and MBA sequence.Despitethedifficulties inevitable ofthehighest importance a renewed excavations and of tell the site, understanding multi-period subsequentstudyhave which revolutionised ourunderstanding ofthesuccessionoftheceramicphasesat AyiosStephanos, ofEH arenowknownto spantheentireBronzeAge,fromEH I toLH IIIC Early,withtheexception evidence, III, whichis hardlyknownin Laconia.A Medievalphase,reliablydatedfromnumismatic has also been recognised. finds,save forthe LinearA Althoughtherewerefewtrulyspectacular in ceramicand architectural ofthesite'sevolution terms, 6154,thisclarification especially inscription withgeo-archaeological studiesofthesurrounding whentakentogether region,shedsmuchlighton theBronzeAge and againin theMedievalera,and fully thehistory ofLaconiathroughout justifies to our thatbegan in 1959. Furtherexcavationat the sitewould add significantly the enterprise of the date of would like clarification clear. One its now seems knowledge, although history very fromEH to MH. ButfortheMycenaeanperiod fortifications on thenorthslope,and ofthetransition at leastit wouldbe morevaluableto see excavationsat sitesthatmightyieldarchivesof textsin or AyiosVasilios. LinearB, suchas theLH IIIA capitalat Palaiopyrgi 3. THE HISTORY OF THIS PUBLICATION so is tothesuccessofanyexcavation; thandigging, areessential Studyseasons,thoughlessglamorous since the days when any singlearchaeologist of a stableteam of collaborators, the formation thecomposition couldhopetopublisha majorsiteunaidedarelonggone.In thiscase,unfortunately, of Cambridgeresidedin In 1976 studentsfromthe University of the teamtendedto fluctuate. thefinds;ourworkcoincidedwitha visitby residuesand tophotograph Spartato sortthewater-sieve of Mrs Strato Dr LarryAngelto studythehumanremains.We enjoyedthememorablehospitality with the help of was undertaken Mérou in Oraias Elenis Street.During1978-83 further study and St Andrews;BillyTaylourhimself of Cambridge,Birmingham students fromthe Universities on thefindsfromtheCitadelHouse at Mycenae.From1979 ourbase was oftenin Naupliaworking in thelovely a kapheneion, at theMenelaion,formerly of was thecharming dig-house theexcavations the with mice from Eurotas across the of ceilingsof canna running along Sparta, village Aphyssou Hector to our I must record the door. above reedand housemartins Catling,then gratitude nesting Directorof the BritishSchool,thatwe were able to live and workthere,and to storematerials there.Liz Huttonand Lilo Picornellbeganand Anna Poelstra-Tragá completedthedrawingof the smallfinds,and David Reese studiedthe shellsand animalbones. OliverDickinsonvisitedus on of theceramicsequence.David Astonled thework our understanding twooccasionsand clarified and and baskets the sherds on classifying finding joinsamongthem.He and I workedon thesections first I the and drafted analyses.29 stratigraphie MrsBlack,alongside to workon theprojectwithhistypist the 1980sBillycontinued Throughout thephotographs, He at the excavations topublishing hiscommitment organised Mycenae. meticulously the on Kentish with Rolfe toiled various with to correspond continued plansand oversaw specialists, He mid the was undertaken which theworkofexpertson thepottery, 1980s. drafted Chapters during notebooksand on thoseof his own on both his as was 1 and 3 on thearchitecture, custom, relying, He beganto writeChapter2 on theburials,and oversawthedrawingof thevarioustrench-masters. thisvolume,helpedhimto contact thesmallfinds.In 1987 Lisa Frenchassistedhimin organising lateTeresaWallaceto helpwith the for and finds who wouldpublishthesmall arranged specialists and itwas her for debt a owesTeresa great thispublication diligenceand accuracy, word-processing; it see live to to was not she who largelycompiledthebibliography. completed.In the Sadly,Billy me thathe had told he in Great his house of of 1989,in thebeautiful summer Shelford, living-room I too had since half-believed I him. for his volume him, notlongto live and askedme to edit only an enormous be would I knew what undertake to but cometo regardhimas indestructible, agreed 28See Chapters13 §3 (vi)and 14 §4 (iii). 29Thosewhotookpartinone ormoreseasonsincludedDavid and Susan Aston,Amaryllis Campbell,Liz Hutton,Humphrey

RachelMontagu,ErinObodiac, James,CatherineMeiklejohn, Lilo Picornell, AngelaSheldonand David Stuttard.

INTRODUCTION §4

9

task(itprovedevenharderthanI imagined).He died a fewmonthslater,and is buriedon an island House in Ireland. in theestateofhisbelovedHeadfort his AfterBilly'spassing,Lisa Frenchand thelateLyleEveillé(1945-2005) sortedand distributed I return to them. whenever could those who were to edit to During1990-94, archaeological papers I to his different the reconcile from excavation California, archive, beginning organised Cambridge I reanalysed the and to fillthemanylacunae.In thelightoftheexpertreportson thepottery, drafts the with later earlier the excavations where reconciling theyoverlapped,compiledthe stratigraphy, it I gave contexts the and to all thecontributors. of on circulated (now CD) repertory stratigraphie instructions fortherevisionoftheplans,sectionsandfigures, fewofwhichwerereadyforpublication, The conditions ofmyacademicpostin England,towhichI returned andI drafted manyfromscratch. in 1994,weresuchthatI was able to workon theprojectonlyspasmodically, butthenextseveral saw the this all the creation of tables and the the revisionof introduction, conclusion, constant years oftheexpertreports thewhole,and theproduction on thesmallfinds.LucindaReeveshelpedme to organisetheplatesand assistedin otherways. retarded and However,theprojectwasgreatly bytheslownesswithwhichthedrawings progressed, aboveall bythelossofthemaster-copies ofmanyessential and the instructions tracings accompanying whiletheywerein thecare ofan assistant. The adventofimage-enhancing enabledthe technology lostinformation tobe reconstructed frompoorphotocopies, once MartinGoalenrejoinedtheproject in 1999 and broughtinto it Diane Fortenberry. She producedthe missingplans,sections,and illustrations ofsmallfinds;he disentangled thelocationsofthetrenches andundertook theverydifficult taskof matching theplansof theearlierexcavationsagainstthoseof thelaterones,usingthecad Nemetsche VectorWorks and Adobe Photoshop.Diane mostefficiently the programme copy-edited invaluableorganisational authors. manuscript, suggested astutely changesand liaisedwithitsfar-flung New refinements to thechronology oftheMH pottery necessitated extensiverevisions in 2003-04. at theUniversity ofMichigan, Hartnett, Myresearchassistants Jeremy JaneRempeland SethButton, werea tremendous readerofChapters1-3, and hersharpeye caughtmany help;Janewas thefirst errorsand obscurities. and edited Finally,ElizabethLombardo,Cat Lyonand EroiAhmeddigitised theillustrations; theirhelptoo was indispensable. One consequenceofthelonghistory ofthisvolumeis thatitsvariouschapterswerewritten over in manyyears.The firstto be finishedwas PenelopeMountjoy'sstudyof the Mycenaeanpottery 1988; othersdid notsendin theirsuntila decade or morelater,eitherforreasonsoftheirown or becausetheirworkwasonlycommissioned after A givenchapter shouldnotbe criticised Billy'sdeath.30 fornotseemingfullyup-to-date. In a volumesuchas this,it is inevitable, albeitunjust,that'thelast shallbe first and thefirst shallbe last',to use a BiblicalphraseofwhichBillywas fond.I beg readers to makethenecessary allowances. 4. THE STRUCTURE AND CONVENTIONS OF THIS VOLUME Billyleftbehindthefollowing planforthispublication: Anaccount ofthe1973-77excavations is givenfirst. Eachsection is devoted toa specific areaof theexcavation, withthetesttrenches ZetaandEta,followed the main Areas starting Epsilon, by in eachAreais self-contained. It Beta,LambdaandNu.The accountoftheBronzeAgestrata includes thearchitectural andlistsofthewholepotsandsmallfinds recovered there. background Thisisfollowed ontheburials, as inprevious which, bya section campaigns, frequently interrupted theroutine excavation ofthesettlement, andbyseparate accounts oftheEH andMedieval strata. After thatcomesa discussion ofthepottery to the ceramic Middle and according periodsEarly, LateHelladic, andMedieval, eachofwhichis contributed the This by appropriate authority. is followed accounts of the Bronze small the finds, by Age including chippedstone,theMedieval smallfinds, thehuman remains. bones,animalbonesandother organic In putting thevolumetogether, I havetriedto preserveas muchas I couldofwhatBillyhad written, his can be. withDiane Fortenberry, I reorganised However,in consultation quirkythough style 1 on a reverse basis rather than tothesequenceinwhichlayerswere Chapter chronological according sincethisis clearer;to reorganise itintoforwards orderwouldhaveentailed excavated, chronological that went far his I transferred intentions. theEH materialbackintotheaccountsof changes beyond theAreaswhereitwas found,becausethisclarifies discussion ofthetransition to MH. I suppressed a 30 Chapter13 was added too late to putit whereit belongs, i.e. withthisIntroduction.

R. JANKO

io

ofPeriods,analogousto thoseat Lerna,thatBillyhad introduced at a latestage,becausethis system LH I- II pottery will wouldhave confusedthereader.Forthesake ofconvenience, undifferentiated continueto be designated 'EarlyMycenaean'. reconsidered Sincetheresults oftheexcavations of1959-63havebeenpublished,31 theyarenormally in in ceramic items and there broad terms. Some the concluding (Chapter14) only only summary in thelightofnewknowledgein Chapters5-6 below,and thefigurines thenfoundare republished timein Chapters8 and 10. On theotherhand,thepottery fromall seasonsarepresented forthefirst fromAreaNu / Gamma1 of 1973-74 is alreadyavailable.32 Onlya fewpiecesfromit,selectedby and in but a revised accountofthestratigraphy therelevant are re-evaluated Chapters5-6, experts, architecture ofthisAreaappearsin Chapter1. as However,wherepartsofthesamestrataweredugin boththeearlierand thelaterexcavations, in of the earlierseasonsis reinterpreted in trenches Beta 1, Beta 3 and Beta 12, the stratigraphy with to be the new them and old excavations 1 . the very proved reconciling Chapter Understanding overthebenchmark(see below).One problemis thatthe as is typified difficult, by thedifficulty in boththe earlierand the later fluctuated personnelin chargeof the variousAreas continually in the 1 . This has resultedin differences / Nu Gamma Area with the excavations, goldenexception varies notebooks and notebooks in the trench detail of and level the pottery recording; accuracy in the lies seasons the earlier records of the to obstacle But the interpreting gravest greatly. was not which most of was that of the the of understandable found, pottery descriptions inadequacy kept.Thustheterm'MattPainted'wasusedto denotebothDull Painted,whichwentoutofuse atthe was end ofMH II, and trueMattPainted,whichreplaceditin MH III. LustrousDecoratedpottery monochrome a few note forMycenaean;whentheexcavators often mistaken 'Mycenaean' nondescript sherds,thelayeris oftenMH and mayevenbe MH I. Finally,thephasesofEH and MH werenot fromLH IIIB. at all,and LH IIIC Earlywas notdistinguished understood achievedat, does notpermitthelevelofquantification The record-keeping duringtheexcavations theamount for atNichoriain Messenia.Thus, instance, excavations thecontemporaneous forinstance, sherdsand feature of spoilper excavationunitwas not recorded.Hence no statistical analysisof forthisvolume,although couldbe undertaken ofrecovered pottery shapesin eachwareperkilogram likethestatistical wouldallowfurther notebooks someofthepottery seriation-analysis quantification, in Appendix1. Small findsincludinglithics,animalbones and shellswere carefully undertaken as one might as systematically has notbeenquantified andfrequency buttheirdistribution recovered, the excavation. undertaken wish.Norwas muchscientific Afterwards, although many during analysis fauna of data modern No and not were others were sets, e.g. examined, analysed. misplaced samples werecompiledforcomparative in thelocality, purposes. and thiscouldnotbe doneaftertheevent. No gridwas imposedon thesiteduringtheexcavation, An Areas. excavated into was divided the site Area, e.g. Area Epsilon,is labelledwitha Instead, witha Greekcapitalletterand at leastone trench, An Areacomprises Greekcapitalletter. designated intosectorslabelled subdivided be a trench in 1 Lambda trench an Arabicnumeral, turn, ; may e.g. was notusedto recordthesite. Balloonphotography Greekletters. withlower-case in bold letters are designated by twolower-case Walls,whichare shownhatchedin thesections, two Where labelled are these in walls show the sections Where wall nc. elevation, 'projected'. face,e.g. that of includes that name a this I have ormorewallscanbe assignedtoan intelligible structure, given to datesuchwalls, Nu IL Mostwallswereneverremoved.It proveddifficult theArea,e.g. Structure thatcan be usedas datingcriteria. ofconstruction in techniques sincethereseemtobe no differences sectionsreferto 'baskets',whichwas thetermfor Numbersshownin circlesin thestratigraphie unitsofexcavatedearthand/orstone;in thecataloguestheseareprecededby a hatchsign,e.g.#26. Anindexofbaskets, variablevolumesofexcavatedmaterial. togreatly Theseunitscorrespond arranged cross-references thiscontains of the CD on is Contexts); (theRepertory Stratigraphie byArea, supplied findsfromeachbasket. to theinventoried ina given amounts in substantial is usedtomeanthelatestceramicperiodpresent The term'context' the indicates term the it was when date the is which rangeof 'potrange' deposited; basket, presumably material that indicate to is reserved 'contamination' The term basket. the from material ceramic datable intheexcavation theexcavation; however, mixedinduring records, unitwasaccidentally a different from reason. whatever for different of material contained unit a that dates, itoftenmeansonly single also assignednumbersfor'Levels'.However, In additionto thebasketnumbers, manyexcavators thatthesenumbers to hard and so was thestratigraphy usually complex rarelycorrespond comprehend 31 Taylour1972.

32Rutterand Rutter1976.

INTRODUCTION

§4

11

and dryness ofthe to reality. Accordingly, theyare ignoredin thisvolume.The extremecompaction unlesswaterforspraying thesectionwas soilmadethecoloursofthestrataveryhardto distinguish theprevalenceofslopinglayerson thesidesofthe hauledtothetopofthehill.Moreover, laboriously hilland ofdepositsofwashmadeinterpretation It wasonly duringtheexcavationevenmoredifficult. that means of the of sections the could be drawing layers reliablyrecognized. Layersdistinguished by in thesectionsarereferred to as 'strata'or 'layers'in thetext. Similarcaveatsapplyto theterms'floor'and 'floordeposit'.Thesetermsare normally usedin the textonlywheretheexistenceofa flooris supported the of by discovery potscompleteenoughto be the of flat a sherds on of slabbedsurfaces, or of several excavation, surface, registered during lying smallfinds. floors of beaten earth were but the soil was so numerous, Cleanlyswept generally compacted thattheexistenceofmanysuchfloorsis impossibleto confirm; someexcavators, or wrongly, rightly numerous others few. Floors are identified their number and floors, date,in distinguished original by theform'Floor25 of 1963'. In thecase oftheburials,theoriginalnumbers havebeen altered:on the sitethesewerenumbered in theform'burial1, 1974',butthereis nowa continuous numeration for eachArea,e.g.BetaBurial28, withthenumberin bold face.Whena givenAreawas first excavated in 1959-63,thenumerical thatofTaylour1972. sequenceofburialscontinues All elevations in thisvolumeare calculatedfromthe'New BenchMark'shownon fig.iii,whichis abbreviatedto 'BM' and is arbitrarily deemed to be 100 m above the presentsea-level;thus '-6.00 m BM' means'6 m belowthebenchmark'.The heightof thebenchmarkwas notexactly determined. Therewas originally a triangulation-point on a rockat the highestpointon the hill, whichis markedon themap oftheHellenicMilitary Serviceof 1992 as 43 m above Geographical this labels hill the and the saddle but omitsthe chapeland sea-level; map adjacent Agrilovoúni, offersa veryinaccurateplan of the contours.It is reproducedin fig. 13.4. However,the plain at thebase ofthehillshouldbe at most3 m above sea-level;33 ifthisis assumedto be theheightof thedrainage-channel on fig.iii,thehilltopis in factc. 38 m above sea-level,and fig.ii showsthe hilltopas onlyslightly higherthan35 m. The triangulation pointbecame the benchmarkforthe 1959-63 seasons;it lay at the highest pointon thehill,betweentrenches Alpha4 andAlpha5 (seefig.ii),anditslocationis markedas 'Old BM' on fig.iii. Unfortunately thisoriginalbenchmarkwas apparently movedbetween1963 and exercises.Its disappearance contributed to theinitialfailureto locatetheold 1973 duringmilitary trenches whenthebrushwas clearedin 1973. Accordingly, a different benchmarkwas used during thelaterexcavations. This laterbenchmarkis just to thenorth-east ofArea Alpha;thisis marked as 'New BM' on fig.iii.It is believedto have lain approximately 0.925 m belowtheearlierone,on thebasis of contradictory measurements whichrevealthatthe difference lay somewherebetween arose because the of werenot 0.70 and 1.17 m. The discrepancies probably points measurement because wallswhose elevationswere establishedusingboth preciselythe same,and in particular couldeasilyhave losta stoneor twofromtheirtopsduringtheintervening systems years.Taylour 1972 usestheearlierbenchmark,butRutterand Rutter1976 and thepresentvolumeuse thelater one,0.925 m belowtheearlier.Thusthenewbenchmarkis nowdeemedto be at 100.000m above based on theearlierbenchmark sea-level,and theold one at 100.925m. In thisvolumeelevations are all expressedas depthsbelowthelaterdatum;usersofTaylour1972 and of thearchiveof the earlierexcavations willneed to adjustall elevations in thosesourcesby 0.925 m. Forexample,ifan elevationis givenin Taylour1972 as 96.50 m, its old depthwas 3.50 m. below 100 (or -3.50); one mustthenadjustitby 0.925 m,so thatthenewdepthis -2.575 m-^ut one mustagainstressthat theexactdifference is onlyknownapproximately. The architecture, and burialsare measuredin metresunlessotherwisestated.The stratigraphy dimensions ofpottery and othersmallfindsare givenin centimetres unlessotherwise noted,fig(s), and refer to in those the whereas and 'table' plate(s) denote table(s) presentvolume, 'fig.','plate' thosein otherworks.Each objectincludedin thisvolumehas been assigneda publication numberin boldtype,ranging from1 to 10113;nota^ numbers areused,sincesuccessiveChaptersfromChapter onwards with the next thousand. Numbers in theformHS 291 referto pottery and small 5 begin findspublishedin Taylour1972; thosesuchas R266 denotepottery in Rutter and Rutter published whichwereused in boththe 1976. Numbersin theform73-314 are originalexcavationnumbers, earlierand thelatercampaignsof digging.The prefixindicatestheyearof the excavation, in the abovecase 1973,andthesuffix theobject,withdifferent seriesofnumbers forpottery and smallfinds foreachArea;thesearekeyedtoentries inthecontrol-books ortothesmallfindcards.A concordance 33 See

Chapter 13 §4 (ii) below.

12

R. JANKO

of excavationnumbersand publication numbersis providedon the CD. The tables,Appendices, willalso be foundon theCD suppliedinside ofStratigraphie Contextsand Concordances Repertory thebackcover. pot retainedfromtheexcavationsis markedwithitsexcavation Everysmallfindand registered this number, 'HS'; precededby prefixstandsfor'Hagios Stephanos',whereasobjectsmarked'AS' are fromAsteri,excavatedin 1959. Sherdsretainedfromthe siteare marked'HS', followedby unit a Greekletterto denotethe Area and a numberwithina circleto denotethe stratigraphie ('basket')in whichitwas found. The materialsretainedfromthe earlierand laterexcavationsare storedin ApothekeB' in the themwiththehelp of Museumin Sparta.Lisa Frenchcataloguedand reorganised Archaeological Schoolat Athens,wherethearchiveof indexis keptat theBritish Clarissade Waal; a computerised willalso be deposited.34 theexcavations 5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS to audiencesat In additionto all thosewho are thankedabove,I wishto expressmyappreciation in Studies Institute of Classical at the I Seminar lectures gaveto theMycenaean London,to thelocal at and the to in ofArchaeology Chapel Hill, AegeanSymposium chapteroftheAmericanInstitute at of Classics the librarians of to the theInstitute of Fine Artsin New York.I am grateful Faculty and in on the to work thearchivein 1989-94 and forspace forstoring project 1992-93, Cambridge of ClassicalStudiesin Londonforsimilarkindnessin 1997-98. I owe thanksfor to theInstitute Nicolas BillCavanagh,CyprianBroodbank, PhilBetancourt, variouskindsofhelpto GaryBeckman, Gallou,GeorgeHuxley,BobbyKoehl, Coldstreamt, Chrysanthi JoostCrouwel,KatieDemakopoulou, DanielPullen,ColinRenfrew, ChrisKraft, Rutter, Root,Jeremy Anthony Margaret Olga Krzyszkowska, and Malcolm Wiener Younger. John Snodgrass, are givenon p. viii;it has not alwaysbeen possibleto establish The creditsfortheillustrations whichmemberoftheteamdrewsomeoftheobjects.EroiAhmeddesignedtheplatesandcontributed muchotherhelp. of fromtheUniversity AtearlierstageswhileBillywasin chargethisprojectwassupported bygrants the Craven of Oxford the Arthur Thomas Fund), (the University Fund), (theHenry University Cambridge Committee SchoolatAthensManagement theBritish ofDurham,theBritish (SeagerFund), Academy, assisted was The and International Educational greatly College,Cambridge. project Trinity Expeditions and Theodoros Steinhauer of of successive kindness the Laconia, Spyropoulos. George Ephors by of totheTrustees I am profoundly forwhichI wasresponsible, Forthestageofitsgestation grateful financial for to Gina in and theMediterranean Clifford-Holmes, Trust, steady particular Archaeological ofMichiganformostgenerously totheUniversity overmanyyears.I am alsograteful funding support andto of Classical of the as Chair service assistant a graduate research Studies, Department duringmy an me which Research theUniversity's undergraduate gave Program, Opportunity Undergraduate theOfficeofthe fortwoyears.In additionI thanktheMediterranean assistant Trust, Archaeological of Scienceand theArtsof theUniversity forResearchand theCollegeof Literature, Vice-Provost to volume this that enabled subventions for appear. Michigan wasmadepossiblebythe forthisfinalpublication ofthismanuscript and compilation The research I am mostgrateful. which to for Leon White Publications, LevyProgram Archaeological Shelby oftheBritish Committee forwhichI am muchindebted,ofthePublications thesupport, Without could volume this this of editor Bill of in and at Series, School Athens, Cavanagh,previous particular and corrections the much been has final version The comments, nothave appeared. improvedby and the Series of and reader an of Editor,Olga Krzyszkowska. Type-setting anonymous critiques and dedication. their for most I am Andrew. was undertaken skill,knowledge grateful byRayna design patienceand ready Finally,I mustthankall the authorsof thisvolumefortheirextraordinary take Most its archaeological publications too longto see the during longpreparation. cooperation betterthannever.An archaeological is later than later so do some but others;however, lightofday, I minds: and hands of work acknowledgehere all those,many gratefully many projectis the volumeto the completionwhich this to who to unknown even unnamedand me, helped bring desired. Billyhad so fervently 34I have includedthisinformation here as follows:forthe locationofsoilsamplesand dryresidue,see n. 24 above;forthe human remains,table 12.7; for the faunal remains,my to Chapter12 §2; fortheflora,n. 24 above;forthe introduction notetoAppendix2; forthekept OES samples,myintroductory

andkeptsherds', contexts ofstratigraphie sherds,the'Repertory and forthe wholepots and smallfinds,the 'Concordanceof andmuseumboxes', numbers topublication numbers excavation whichare on theCD.

Chapteri The BronzeAge architecture and stratigraphy andR.Janko W.D. Taylourf in the orderin the stratigraphy [Editor'snote:W. D. Taylourdraftedmuchof Chapter1, treating whichitwasuncovered. As was explainedin theIntroduction, thishas beenstandardised intoreverse order. substantive editorial additions are set within brackets. These chronological Throughout, square werefinalised in 2004.] 1. AREA EPSILON

1973: MIDDLE

TO LATE HELLADIC

(figs. 1.1-1.8)

(i) Introduction Situatedon these slope ofthehill,thisArea,together withArea Zeta,5 m to itsw, was laid down withthepurposeoflocatingtheBetatrenches of 1963 and,moreparticularly, Beta 3 of 1959. This §2 above.It was onlyaftermany purposewas notrealised,forthereasonstatedin theIntroduction thattheoriginal1963 trenches werediscovered daysofexcavation bychance,over25 m nnwofArea themduringtheintervening Epsilon,in thethickscrubthathad engulfed years(see fig.iv).However, as thesetrialtrenches that time were and valuable itwasdecided information, by producing promising to continueexploration ofthemuntiltheend oftheseason.Bothwereat first calledBeta. AreaEpsilonin thebeginning consisted oftwoparalleltrenches witha n-s axisthatwereultimately combinedintoa 4 x 4 m squareorientated to the according pointsofthecompass.The slopeofthe terrain was downwards fromnwto se. At a laterstagetheAreawas slightly enlargedin itsne corner toretrieve an important that showed there This meant a dog-leg (fig.1.1). pottery deposit up creating extension thatalso servedtouncovermoreofthewallsthathad madetheirappearancein thispartof theArea.The Area was finally20.9 m2in extent.Forthesake ofconvenience, as elsewherein this in thistrench willbe describedin descending with volume,theperiodsrepresented order,to conform thesequencein whichtheywereexcavated,and 'thelastshallbe first'. No recognisable structures oftheMedievalperiodwereuncovered. However,a circular depression about55 cmin diameter, PitA, was sunk1.8 m s ofthen end oftheearlierwallkc againstitsw face and at least 1.3 m deep intotheBronzeAge layers(fig.1.2 and plate ib). This was foundto be a Medievalrubbishpit:see Chapter3 §5 below. The singleburialfromthisAreais describedin Chapter2 § 1 below. (ii) Late Helladic IIIC Early Duringthisperiod,wallska, kb, kc and kd werein use (plates 1 b-2 b).Wallska and kb werein echelonwitha ne-swaxis (fig.1.2).Neartheswend ofwallkb,wallkc branchedoffdue s. Fromthe samepointoppositeto then faceofwallkb, wallkd proceededto thenwand at rightanglesto kb. Bothwallkb and wallkc wereunusually broad,havinga widthof60 cm as againstthemorenormal thickness of45 cm. [Thedetailsofthesewallsare givenin tables 1.1-1.2.Theywereall builtand disusedwithinthis LH IIIC Earlysherds, someofthemworn,andoverlaya stratum period.Wallka contained containing theLH IIIC Earlykylix3143; thislayercan be seenin sectionin figs.1.3, 1.4 and 1.7.Wallska and kd formedthese cornerof a building,Structure ofwhich,markedas sector EpsilonI, theinterior outsidetheArea.Wallskb and kc, each at least3 m long, gammaon fig. 1.1,fellalmostentirely likewiseformedthenw corner,markedas sectorbeta on fig. 1.1, of anotherbuildingof thesame almosttouchedat theircorners.] phase,Structure EpsilonIL The twobuildings As in theotherchronological and add nextto nothing to periods,thesmallfindsarenotinstructive ourknowledge oftheArea.[Thesmallfinds, listedintable 1.3,showthattherewereoncefloorlevels associatedwiththesestructures, butnonesurvived. !3

W. D. TAYLOURt AND R. JANKO

14

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THE BRONZE AGE ARCHITECTURE AND STRATIGRAPHY §1

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THE BRONZE AGE ARCHITECTURE AND STRATIGRAPHY §1

17

Fig. 1.5.AreaEpsilon.Sectionofn baulkofne Extension, lookingnorth(seefigs.1.1,1.2 and 1.8,C-C). Stratum 1 2 3 4 5

dateandinterpretation Description, Mixed topsoil Dark browncompacted;Medievalsurfaceoverwashlayer, withLH IIIC Earlyas latest Lightbuffsandy;upperLH IIIA2 Earlywash (pottery deposit) Buffsandy;lowerLH IIIA2 Earlywash (pottery deposit)with collapsedmudbrick Buffsandy;LH IIA pottery deposit(wash?)withcollapsedmudbrick

Basketnumbers 45 46, 47 47, 48, 51, 53, 56, 58 38, 44, 53, 56, 62, 66, 68 over72, 73 over77, 80 75, 88

in thefillaroundthesewallswas mostlyLH IIIC Early(3135-3197). The [Theplentiful pottery was washed down theslopefromnwto se and musthave accumulated pottery rapidlyto a depthof cm or mixed with wall tumble from ka to the s of the latter the more, wall; 50 slopelinesare clearly visiblein sectionin figs.1.3-1.7.] (iii) Late Helladic IIIA-IIIB Fromthepointofviewofpottery, LH IIIA2 Earlywas themostimportant phasein thisArea.[Wall ke was destroyed at thattime,and wallskf and kg mayhave been (see fig. 1.8). A majorpottery Thiswillbe discussedfirst.] depositis associatedwiththisdestruction. A pottery depositdatabletoLH IIIA2 Earlywasuncoveredin thene sectoroftheoriginal4 x 4 m trench.Wallska and kb at firstseemedto be associatedwithit,butin factare later.1 In thespace enclosedbywallskd,kb and then baulk(fig.1.2),an area ofpackedstoneswas revealedat a depth of c. -5.97 m BM; thiswas interpreted as a floor.It was decidedto extendtheexcavationto pursue thesituation and an L-shapedextension was createdto thene oftheArea.A largegroupof further, LH IIIA2 vases,dispersedin thene and se partsofthisextension, was thendiscoveredat elevations whichrangedfrom-5.82 to-5.88 m BM atitsE end.Thesearevases3040, 3043, 3048-3051, 3091, of3082a, listedintable 1.4.The excavatorsuspecteda flooratthisdepth,which 3108 andfragments to stratum 3 on fig.1.5,andflatschistslabswerenotedat thetopofthelevel.Atc.-5.94 corresponds m BM therewerefoundthevase 3112 and piecesof3043 and 3051. Six morevaseswereuncovered in thene corneroftheextension, at a levelthatbeganat around-6.00 m BM, markedas stratum 4 1 See §1 (ii) above.

i8

W. D. TAYLOURt AND R. JANKO

Fig. 1.6.AreaEpsilon.Sectionofe baulkofTrench11,lookingeast(seefigs.1.1,1.2 and 1.8,D-D'). Stratum 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

dateandinterpretation Description, Mixedtopsoil Dark browncompacted;Medievaloccupation LH IIIC Earlyas latest, washcontaining Yellowbrownsandy/clayey; before Medieval deposited period LH IIIC Earlyand LH IIIA2, deposited Buffsandy;washcontaining aftercollapseofLH IIIC Earlystructures Buffsandy;LH IIIC Earlyoccupation Grey/buff sandy;LH IIIA2 Earlywash Lightbuffsandywithmuchrubbleand ash; LH IIIA2 Earlydestruction Lightbrownsandy;LH IIIA2 Earlyoccupation

Basketnumbers 11, 15 16, 17, 23 18, 23, 26, 34, 35 36 57 59 70 69, 8 1

of 3082a. Two other on fig. 1.5. These are 3027, 3033, 3038, 3067, 3114 and further fragments m vasesappearedstilllowerdown,namely3079 at -6.22 m and 3042 at -6.32 BM. Manypiecesof 3027 and ofthekylix3041 werefoundin widelydispersedlevels(see table 1.4).All thevaseswere foundin ofwhichweremostly withtheexceptionof3041,thefragments in theextension, discovered no fewer were There vessels. consistedofdrinking sectoralpha (see fig. 1.2). Nearlyall thepottery or bowls and five thanninekylikes; othervaseswerea krater(mixing bowl),twoladles platters. cups, and a piriform Closedvesselscomprisean alabastron jar. How does one explainthe factthatall thesepots,withthe exceptionof the kylix3041, were was in a smallareaapproximately discovered 3.0 x 1.5 m square?No evidenceofviolentdestruction in P. A. advancedby R. Jankoand supported Mountjoy Chapter6 by apparent.One explanation, in this nw. in the in as washfromhigherlevels drifted §1 (iii)below,is thatthepottery [Thepottery and manyjoins were homogeneous deposit,publishedas 3027-3121 below,is oftenbadlyworn, recorded theexcavators foundbetweensherdsfromdifferent slopepronounced depths.In addition, descendedabout70 cmfrom linesin thesectionoftheextension (seefig.1.5).The groundevidently butonlyabout The depositwas up to 50 cm thickin theE partofthetrench, thenwto these corner. in It was the of kylix3041. itis attested 10 cmdeepin thew,where,however, brought by a fragment

THE BRONZE AGE ARCHITECTURE AND STRATIGRAPHY §1

19

Fig. 1.7.AreaEpsilon.Sectionofw baulkofTrenchia, lookingwest(seefigs.1.1,1.2 and 1.8,E-E'). Stratum Description, dateandinterpretation 1 Mixedtopsoil Browncompactedwithsmallpebblesand pottery 2 flecks;Medievaloccupation Yellowbrownsandy/clayey; washcontaining LH IIIC Earlyas latest,deposited 3 beforeMedievalperiod Buffsandyclay,compacted;construction, use and collapseofLH IIIC Early 4 Structure EpsilonII, includingwallka withplasterfloor(?) 5 Lightbrownfriable;LH IIIA2 Earlyoccupation(?) 6

withpatchesofpinkclayand charcoal;LH I- II Lightbrownfriable,

7

Dark brownsandyclaywithmuchgravel,morefriablethanstratum 9; pitof MH III Late Burial1 cutintoMH I Late stratum Red-brown friablesandywithmuchgraveland lumpsofclayoverbed of pebbles;filland floorofBurial1, MH III Late Lightbrownsandyclay;MH III overMH I Late or MH II, bothmixedwithLH I- II Darkbrownwithlumpsofclay;MH I Late overMH I Early

8 9 10

Basketnumbers 11 12, 17 19, 28 24, 37 (s ofwallka); 84 (n ofwallka) 31, 32, 33 over43 (s of wallka), 85 (Nofwallka) 50 (s ofwallka), 86 (n of wallka) 79 87 over89 54 over61 71, 74 over76

as washin a shorttimeoverthestumpsofwallske, kfand kg (see fig.1.3 and especiallyfig.1.5).It followsthattheAreawas unoccupiedduringmostofLH IIIA2-IIIB. A fewsmallfinds,including a saddlequern,camefromthelayersofwash;thesetoo are listedin table 1.4.] AttheNWendofthelaterwallkc,againstitsoutersurface, therewas a circular 50 cmin depression PitB, whichwas notexcavatedto anydepth(fig.1.2 and plate 1 b).It was fartoolargefor diameter, a post-hole, anditsfunction remains unknown. sherdsofLH IIIA2 date,andwasprobably [Itcontained hollowedoutby thetorrent thatdepositedthewashofthisperiodfollowing thecollapseoftheLH describedbelow.] IIIA2 buildings Wallske, kfandkg provedhardto date(fig.1.8 and table 1.5).Wallke, in thee baulk,contained a lateMH sherd,butthisis merelya terminus foritsconstruction. [Wallke also containeda postquern

2O

W. D. TAYLOURt

AND R. JANKO

Fig. 1.8.AreaEpsilon.PlanofMiddleHelladicIII andLH I-IIIA2 phases,showing locationofsectors and sections(figs.1.3-1.7).

monochrome sherdthatis eitherEH II or Mycenaean.P. A. Mountjoyrightly notesthatthebottom ofwallke waslevelwiththeLH IIIA2 Earlybasket69, whichseemsto providea terminus antequern. Thisimpliesthatwallke wasbothbuiltand destroyed withinLH IIIA2 Early:see fig.1.6 stratum 8. wall in LH it room s of ke was use until when the of which formed IIIA2 Early, [The building part wasdestroyed fig.1.6,showsthata thinlayerofash (markedas stratum 7) ranup byfire;thesection, to thestumpof wall ke and evidently resultedfromitsdestruction. The kylix3069, datedto LH IIIA2 Early,camefromthisdestruction. Layersofwashthensettledovertheremainsofthebuilding. in thene oftheArea and thatin PitB no doubt BoththewashdepositofLH IIIA2 Earlypottery of anotherbuildingor buildingsnearby, arrivedat thesame time,and came fromthedestruction perhapsin thesamefire.] Wallkfwas in thew partoftheArea.[Thereappearsto havebeen a LH IIIA2 Earlyplasterfloor in sectoralpha,and itis possiblethatthiswas associatedwithwallkf;thisflooris visiblein sectionin withwallke.] fig.1.7,whereitis markedas stratum 5. Ifso,wallkfis contemporary as itwas occupiedby thelaterwall The sectionbetweenwallske and kfcouldnotbe investigated kc (see plates 1 c and 2 b).Thusit appearsthatthereweretwoapproximately parallelwallswitha ofearthfromthedownward thepressure NE-swaxis,thefronts ofwhichfacednwto counteract slope in otherwords,theyservedas terracewalls.Wall kg was exposedat a lowerlevel of theterrain; to the n of the laterwall kb; it runsne-sw and is parallelto wall ke (plate 2 a). immediately in witheach other,thedifference thatwallske and kg werecontemporary [P.A. Mountjoysuggests LH kf and all seem to be walls Thus IIIA2 owed to the ke, Early. kg slope. heightbeing theArea seemsto have been leftlargelyunoccupiedfora while. theLH IIIA2 destruction [After foursherdsaredatedtoTransitional LH IIIB is sparsely represented by sherds3122-3134. Although fromLH LH IIIB 2-LH IIIC Early(3168, 3170, 3193-3194),thisperiodcannotbe distinguished One mighthaveexpectedthattheAreawas reoccupiedat thistime,but IIIC Earlystratigraphically.2 theLH IIIC Earlykylixrim3143 fromunderwallka provesthatthatwallwasbuiltduringLH IIIC Earlyitselfand no earlier.] 2

Mountjoy1999,1 36.

THE BRONZE AGE ARCHITECTURE

AND STRATIGRAPHY §2

21

(iv) Late Helladic I-II [A thinEarlyMycenaeanlevel,20-25 cm deep, was presentin thew partof theArea,whereit 6). The EarlyMycenaeanlevelhad overlaytheMH layerdescribedin §1 (v) below(fig.1.7,stratum notyetbeenreachedin these cornerwhentheexcavationwas concluded.] A depositofEarlyMycenaeanpottery about 12 cm thickwas uncoveredin thene cornerofthe with a shell of Edule Cerastoderma Area, naturally piercedat theumbo (9273). This deposit,which and 88 and includes sherds baskets 75 3001-3010,is shownin sectionin figs.1.3 and 1.5, comprised IIA it is LH whereitis stratum datable to 5; Early.It layunderthelargedepositofLH IIIA2 Early vasesreferred to in §1 (iii)above. [It is notclearwhethereitherof thesedepositsderivesfromthe in LH IIIA2 Early.] buildingdestroyed (v) Middle Helladic I Early to Middle Helladic III As excavationproceeded,afterthe Mycenaeanwalls of variousperiodshad been exposed,a mixedMH III stratum was eventually reachedin the w partof the Area,s of the laterwall ka 1.1 and The obsidian bladelet (figs. 1.7). 7284 and MH III-LH I sherds1019-1034 camefromthis context.Underit lay twopureMH I stratasome 50 cm deep. The upperlayercontainedsherds Lustrous 1006-1018, MH I Late in date,includingthe markedsherd1015 froma polychrome Decoratedjar, together withthe naturally shell Lower still there was a pierced Glycymeris 9255. stratumcontainingthe MH I Early sherds1001-1005 witha fewEH II sherds.However,no architectural features wererecognised. The onlyotherMH findwas a strayspool,6037,in a LH IIIC level. Bedrock was nowhere reached. Early A grave,Epsilonburial1, was cutintothelevelthatcontainedmuchMH I Late pottery (see fig. whether theincumbent, a male,can be datedanyearlierthanMH 1.7,strata7-9), butitis doubtful III. [Thepottery pointsto a datingto MH III Late.3] 2. AREA ZETA 1973: EARLY TO LATE HELLADIC

(figs. 1.9-1.14)

(i) Introduction AreaZetawaslocatedjustn ofa modernterracewallon these slopeofthehilltop, thepartofthesite thatis nearestto thespring.It is c. 20 m ese ofArea Betaand 5 m w ofArea Epsilon,on a slightly different N-s alignment fromnw to se. The first trial (see fig.iv). The terrainslopeddownslightly in thisArea,Trench1,was 3.75 m by 1 m on a N-saxis,3mW ofthew baulkofAreaEpsilon, trench withitss baulk1 m to thes ofthes baulkofthatArea.It was quicklyabandonedwhenitwas found toyieldMedievalpottery. A secondone,Trench2, was started 3 m to thew ofit,withdimensions 4.5 m (n-s) x 1 m. Laterthistrenchwas extendedto thew on twooccasions,and theultimate size of AreaZetawas4.5 m (n-s)x 5.5 m,i.e. 24.75 m2(FIG-1-9)-The Areawasthemostcomplicated one of thewholesite.Thislimitedspaceyieldedno fewerthantwenty different and it has not walls, always beeneasyto establish to whichperiodeach ofthesebelongs. The periodsrepresented are Medieval,LH, MH and EH II Late.Thereare Roman by thepottery and possiblyHellenistic smallfindsas well,apparently theonlyonesfromthissite.Thesecomefrom surface levelsatthew edgeofthisArea.4Byfarthegreatest numberofsherdswas MH I, and as three of that date were found at a level andjustbelowtheMedievalstrata, the completepots fairly high of the walls must be attributed to that or earlier. In an effort to establish a majority period relationship betweenthevariouswallsand theirdates,theyhave been plottedin fig. 1.10, accordingto levels takenon theirpreservedheightsand at theirbases whenthiswas recorded,fig. 1.10 includesa sectionofthewholeArea;fora detailedpottery sectionofthelowestlevelsin sectorbeta(W.), pottery wheregreater were see fig. 1.11. From thisinformation reached, depths plansofthewallsat different have been In most cases it is periods prepared(figs.1.12-1.14). quiteclearthatwallson thesame levelare contemporary, butothers,suchas wallib, couldhavebeen in use in morethanone phase, and manyofthewallswerecertainly reusedin Medievaltimes. The remainsoftheMedievalperiod,includinga hearth,troddenfloor(Floor1) and pitbelowit, are describedin Chapter3 §2 below,withfig.3.1. The six burialsfromthisArea are describedin Chapter2 §2 below. 3 See

Chapter2 §1 below.

4 See

Chapters3 § 1 and 11 § 11 below.

22

W. D. TAYLOURt AND R. JANKO

Fig. 1.9. Area Zeta. Plan showinglocationof walls,sectorsand section(fig. 1.11).

(ii) Late Helladic IIIC Early Wallsic, id andie areeitherlateMycenaeanorMedieval(seefig.1.9 andtable 1.6).Theirelevations are markedin fig.3.1. LH sherdsofall phases,fromEarlyMycenaeanto LH IIIC Early,occurred (see sherds3198-3221). However,it has been assumed thatmost of these quite frequently rainsfromhighergroundto theN,and no wallscoulddefinitely sherdswerewasheddownbywinter be associatedwiththem. in relationto theotherwallsand does not off-axis Wallic is in thenwpartoftheArea.It is slightly fitintoanyplan.The infant or childburials1 and 2 werediscoveredin thissector(see fig. 1.9 and Chapter2 §2 below).[LatersherdsfoundamongtheMH II- III materialfromthesegraves,namely thedatesof LH IIA in thecase ofZetaburial1 and LH IIIA2 in thatofburial2, probablyrepresent theseinterments. Therefore, althoughwallic containedMH II- III sherds,it mustbe LH IIIA2 or later,sinceitoverlayburial2.] Wallsid and ie bothhave ne-swaxes and are parallelto one another.Wallid, whosecourseis markedwithdottedlineson fig. 1.9,containedLH IIIA2 sherds.Itssw end overlaythepots1122wallbuiltoffairly large 1123 and 1140,datingfromMH I Late (plate2 c).Wallie was a one-course ofLH III wallie containedpottery stones;it overlayand cuttheearlierwallif.Whendismantled, date.Thisis notdecisive,and thesewallscouldbe Medieval.TheycannotantedateLH IIIC Early, themcontainsomesherdsofthatdate.An infant sincethelevelsunderneath burial,Zeta burial3, associatedwithit,thoughfragmentary, was uncoverednearthese flankofwall ie, and thepottery wasLH IIIA2 to IIIC Early. [Thesethreewallswereall built,in theeditor'sview,in LH IIIC Early,and havebeen assignedto removed reusedintheMedievalphase.Allweresubsequently ZetaIV. Theywereapparently Structure in orderto excavateearlierlevels. [A smalldepositofLH IIIC Earlypottery overlaytheearlierwallig and rans towallid, covering thecorneroftheroommadeby theearlierwallsig and ih; thisincludedsherds3211, 3213-3214 and 3220. As willbe seenin §2 (iv)below,thesewallsareMH I, and theMH I pots1122-1123and mixedwithmuchMH II material, go 1140 overlaythem.LevelswithLH IIIC Earlydisturbance, downsome35 cmin thes partoftheArea,sectorsbetaand zeta;I suspectthattherewas a LH IIIC Earlypit,perhapsdugto robstonefromthese faceoftheearlierwallip. The pureLH III levelshad The LH IIIC disappearedin the centralpartof theTrench,owingto theMedievalreoccupation. levels. in its turn anyEarlyMycenaean destroyed buildingactivity

THE BRONZE AGE ARCHITECTURE AND STRATIGRAPHY §2

23

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W. D. TAYLOURt AND R. JANKO

24

Fig. lu.

Area Zeta. Potterysectionof sectorbeta w, lookingN (see figs. 1.10 and 1.14, A- A').

are listedin table 1.7. The lid 4003a is [ThefewLH smallfinds,mainlyfoundin latercontexts, The of the probablyMycenaean. presence Mycenaeangravesmentionedabove suggeststhatthis Areawas usedonlyforburialsuntilLH IIIC Early.]

THE BRONZE AGE ARCHITECTURE AND STRATIGRAPHY §2

25

Fig. 1.12.AreaZeta.PlanofMH II- III phase.

(iii) Middle Helladic II-III [Fourwallsareassignedtothisperiod,namelywallsia, ib, ifandii: see fig.1.12 andtable 1.8.Walls ib andif containedMH II-III sherdswhentheywereremoved.Wallsia and ii wereleftinsitu.Wall ia is abuttedby wallib, and thenwpartofwallif abutswallii. Theyare all assignedto a building calledStructure ZetaIII.] Wallifand thesw partofwallib layundertheMedievalfloorand pit.The ne partofwallib had beenusedas thebasisofanotherwallbythelatersettlers, whoprobablyusedthefoundations ofwall ia fora similarpurpose,sincethestyleofconstruction withsmallerstonesis thesame.Anotherwall ofthisperiodwithne-swaxis,wall ii, was foundto underliethene end ofthelaterwall id on the sameaxis,although wallii lay c. 10 cmnwofthelineofwallid and extendedfurther ne thandidwall id. Wallsia, ib, if and ii turnedoutto havebeen builtin MH II-III, and probablyin MH II, butit wasnoteasyto reconstruct theirplan.Tentative are as follows.In these partoftheArea, suggestions these sectionsofwallsifand ia werejoinedby wallib, givinga largeroomwithnw-seaxis.In the central is moreproblematic. Wallii formed a cornerwithwallif,and theswend parta reconstruction ofwallii was alignedwiththeend ofwallif.Withthenwsectionsofwallsifand ia, and withwallib to theE,itappearedto forma smallroom. [Thenwpartofwallif,betweenwallsii and ib, was insubstantial, beingonlyone coursehighwith no ne face.It appearsto have been eithera threshold to a corridor or,moreprobably,a stepat the mouthofan alleythatlaybetweenwallsii and ib. Thispassageranne and thenmadea right-angled turnto thenw.If itwas an alley,wallii in factbelongedto an adjacentbuilding.In eithercase,the as an opencourtyard or street. Confusedtraces spaceswofwallif(sectorbeta)maythenbe identified offloordepositsmaybe represented the seven sherds of which were found nw ofthelineof 1163, by thelaterwall id (sectorsepsilon/gamma), and by pots 1166 and 1173, foundSE of wall ib (sector is publishedas 1154-1190 below;however,thewarescharacteristic of zeta).The MH II-III pottery MH III are absent,and mostofthismaterialseemsto be MH II. The sherdsfromthepureMH II basket78, namely1154, 1164, 1168, 1180-1182 and 1187-1190, are fromjustabove thelevelsw ofthebase ofwallifand maysupplythedateofitsconstruction.] The findsofthisperiodarelistedintable 1.9.Thereis no indication fromthemas towhatactivities wereundertaken in thisAreaat anytimeduringtheMH period.

26

W. D. TAYLOURt AND R. JANKO

(iv) Middle Helladic I, Third Phase (Middle Helladic I Late) Forthewallsand findsofthisperiodsee fig.1.13.A buildingwasfoundin thew oftheArea,though as represented onlyitsE cornerwasuncovered, bywallsig andih,whichbondedwitheachotherand This ZetaII (seetable 1.10).A number LH isStructure under IIIC levels. building layimmediately Early ofnewwallswerealsoexposedinthenepartoftheArea,namelywallsij, ik,il, im,ip, iq andir.These andthetwopottery ZetaI (seetable 1.13).[Bothbuildings, allbelongedtoanother Structure building, the last the three dated C. Zerner to of with are associated their destruction, phasesofMH I by deposits ZetaII willbe takenfirst.] in thisArea.The depositassociatedwithStructure thatshedistinguishes MH I potfragments werefoundbywallih thatwerepartofa largerdepositunderthelaterwallid, torecovertheremaining whichhad tobe dismantled pieces.Thesewerevases 1122-1123,1136 and disturbed where were 1140. [They bywallid lyingoverthem theyhad beenprotected except badly whichranover, of burnt in a red were found 2 mudbrick, stratum, (plate c).They probablyconsisting twojars and a roundedbowl (table 1.11). and on bothsidesof,wallih. Theycomprisea pinch-pot, Zeta IL Verymanyof the level of Structure is clearlyfromthedestruction This depositof pottery The this destruction. sherdshad beenburntafterfiring, depositprovesthatwalls during presumably this I. finds of of MH Other in the last ih and were periodweremade in a phase destroyed ig in table are included these ne of the unburnt stratum 1.11.] building; yellowish-brown ZetaI, anotherpottery In thecentralpartoftheArea,sw ofStructure depositcameto light.It was ata depthsome60 cmlowerthanthatfoundbywallih. Thisseconddepositwas constituted byvases plate in and in situ fig. shown 2 d,comprise 1108,1117 and 1150 (table 1.12). [Thesevessels, 1.13 a jar,a jug and a pithos.Assignedby C. Zernerto thesamedateas thefirst deposit,theyrepresent ZetaI. Theywerefoundin an ashylayerthatsloped ofStructure destruction debrisfromtheburning downfromE tow andwasmetbylayersofstonesfallenfromwallih,slopingdownfromw toE. This in theformof pottery laybetweentheheavytumbleto thew and ash to theE,withtracesofburning at a depthof-5.92 m BM. The ash ranundersomeofthe redmaterial, probablyburntmudbrick, Zeta thesevaseswerefoundcloseto thoseassociatedwithStructure sherdsthatlayto theE. Although II and are ofthesamedate,thereareno joinsto linkthetwodeposits.] Zeta I had thesame axis as thelaterwallsib and if above it,i.e. nw-se,butin other Structure no relationto them.The plan as revealedappearsto showtwolongroomsin line, it bore respects whichwerelabelledRooms3 and 4 (see fig. 1.13,table 1.13 and plate 3 a). Wallil formedthesw boundaryto bothrooms.The depthof itsbase is notrecorded.The nw and sw wallsir and il of and so also was these wallik thatitsharedwithRoom4. The ne wall Room3 wereclearlydefined, im ofRoom3 was rather exceptforitsse end.Mostofwallim wasbuiltoflargestones; nondescript wall? Wasita retaining itstopcourseslopeddowntowardsthene,and itsswfacewas veryirregular. and has been calledwalliq. Two construction different was ofentirely se end,however, Itswell-built It courseswideandbuiltoffieldstonesofmoderatesize,itdoesnotseemtohavebeencontemporary. located been have to seems to Room An entrance structure.5 an earlier from reused have been 3 may in wallir,thoughthisis notcertain.In plate 3 a theroomis shownfilledby a baulkthatdividedoff twosectorsofexcavationat thattime.A troddenfloor,Floor3, was foundin Room3. Room4 hadthreewell-preserved walls,namelywallsij,ik andil,thelastnamedbeingan extension weretheonlywallsto oftheswwallofRoom3. Wallij bondedwithwallik. They,andwallsir/il/ik, to to with nw-se do so in thetworooms.Another axis,appeared belong Room4. Verylittle wall,ip ofwallip couldbe uncoveredbecauseitwas so nearthes baulk.No floorwas observedin Room4; if sucha floorexistedthere,it wouldprobablyhave been at the same level as in Room 3. The to Room4 wouldseemto have lainbetweenthese end ofwallil and wallip. [Thestone entrance to plotted thenwofwallip in fig.1.13 mayhavebeen thebase ofthedoor-post. Zeta I was erectedduringthe [Thepottery, publishedas 1089-1153 below,revealsthatStructure downtheslope with debrisfalling this same within fire thirdphaseofMH I and destroyed phase, by fillincludedtheMH I Late potslistedin table to filltheopen spaceto thesw ofit;thisdestruction in ZetaII, was surelydestroyed 1.12.The adjacentbuildingrepresented bywallsig and ih,Structure thesamefire,sinceitis overlainby theMH I Late potslistedin table 1.11. The factthatthelatter can be explainedifthegroundslopeddownfromnwto depositlay 60 cm abovetheformer pottery at it as does se,just present. the that,to these of wall ih butat a lowerlevel,underneath [It accordswiththisinterpretation the and baskets unburnt section, therewas a red-brown burntstratum, (see 98 pottery 96, 97 layer, 5 See §2 (v) below.

THE BRONZE AGE ARCHITECTURE

AND STRATIGRAPHY §2

27

Fig. 1.13. Area Zeta. Plan of MH I Late (third)phase, showinglocationof sectorsand findsin destruction debris.

fig. 1.11),whichcontainedthebarbotinesherd1124. Onlynearthes baulkand to theE was there in thislayer,and werepresumably coeval anyash at thislevel.Zeta burials4 and 5 wereinterred withit.6Thisstratum was apparently with the and use of I and Structures Zeta contemporary building thesurfaceofa yardsituated betweenthem.It coveredmostofthetop II, and mayhaverepresented oftheearlierwallio.7] (v) Middle Helladic I, Second Phase (Middle Helladic I Early) Wallsin,io andiq areassignedto thisphase(table 1.14).Wallin,running parallelto theMH I Late wallij withNW-SE thewholeinterior ofRoom4 (seefig.1.13).It was at a slightly lower axis,underlay levelthanthesurrounding wallsij, ik and il, and seemsto havebeenpartofan earlieredifice.Itstop wouldhaveactedas partofthefloorofRoom4. [Wallin wasnevercleared.Bothwallin andwalliq, similarin construction to each other,and withtheirtopsat roughly thesameelevationas thatofwall io, probablybelongedto thesecondphaseofMH I, as theexcavator, Wall J. G. Younger, suggested. in was on thesamealignment as wallio and couldhavemetitat rightangles;perhapsbothbelonged tothesamecomplex.All threewallslayat a lowerlevelthan- and walliq was reusedin - wallsij, ik and im ofthelastphaseofMH I (fig.1.13).] After a depthofaboutonemetrehadbeenattained AreaZeta,itwaspossibletoexcavate throughout onlyin thesw centralpartoftheArea,therestofitbeingoccupiedby MH walls.Thissector,called sectorbetaw,was definedbywallio, bythelaterwallil and by a n-s baulk2.7 m fromthew baulk ofArea Zeta; forthesectionsee fig. 1.11 and fortheplan see fig. 1.14. Since sectorbeta w was freeofanystructures, itwas possibleto digdownuninterruptedly c. 1.4 m to the completely through bedrock,whichwas c. 2.3-2.4 m belowgroundsurface. Fromtheverybeginning of thisoperationtherewas evidenceof burning.The firstc. 80 cm of a fillfroma nearbydestruction, datedto the second diggingin thislimitedspace passed through phaseofMH I. [Froma depthof c. -6.07 m BM, levelwiththetopofwallio, theburntlayerfilled thewholesector,slopingdowntowardsthe s. This thickstratum of fineyellowearthwithmuch carbonand ash comprised threedistinct whichareprovedto havebeen contemporaneous sub-strata, h See

Chapter 2 §2 below.

7 See §2 (v) below.

28

W. D. TAYLOURt AND R. JANKO

by theexistenceofnumerous joinsbetweenthesherdsthattheycontained.C. Zernerhas datedthe sherdsfoundinthesestrata, 1054-1088,tothesecondofthethreephasesofMH I whichsherecognised in AreaZeta.The layersoffillcontainedtheMicaceousMinoanflowerpot 1085 at theirtopand the Dull Paintedcup 1066 at theirbottom, as wellas twomarkedLustrousDecoratedsherds,1077 and 1081,and obsidianblade6124.] wallwithne-swaxis,wallio, sooncametolight.It waspreserved The uppercoursesofa powerful fill.Wallio does not stratum ofthedestruction to itsfullheight.Itstopwas levelwiththeuppermost seemto havebeen relatedto theMH I Late wallsdescribedin §2 (iv)above,and,as can be seenin thesectioninfigs.1. 10-1. 11, itstopwasbelowtheknownbase levelsoftheotherwalls.Itsfullheight ofjustunder1 m on itsse facewas revealedwhensectorbetaw was excavatedto thebedrock.Only constructed ofwell-laid thisse facecouldbe cleared(seeplate 3 b).Thisfacewas carefully largefield forthesixuppercourses.The façade stonesforitslowestthreecoursesand smallerones,wellfitted, waspackedwithrubblemadeup ofmuchsmallerstonesup to a depthofc.60 cmwheremeasurable. The thickness of thiswall extendednw as faras theline of thelaterwall ih. The top layerof this of 1 in 7 fromse to nw,so thattherearpartwas some at a downward inclination was raked packing 20 cm lowerthanthefront(plate 3 c-d). The reasonforthisis notclear.[Theexcavatorcalledthe and it was probablymeantto hold back theearthto thenw.The wallhad a 14% wall 'ramp-like', theoriginalslopeoftheterrain.] horizontal inclination to thene,apparently following to finditsnw face.Its widthat itsne end Partof wall io was removedin a successful attempt as 70 cm,butitsnwflankwas buriedin thebaulkunderthelaterwallih. Although was ascertained showsthatit musthave been in use onlyEH II sherdswere foundin wall io, the stratigraphy courseof wall io lay directlyon ne the lowest I. its end MH middle of the [At during phase dated to EH II Late (see fig. 1.11).The which is with basket a red and on bedrock 110, layer,dug start ofthesecondphaseofMH I; at than the later no wall was constructed io sectionprovesthat was filledin withdestruction back the it had formed which the end of thisphase the terraceof was wallio; thelatter in an a debris.The debrismusthavecomefrom fire adjacentbuildinginvolving that in like to the with its entrance an apsidallong-house wall supporting sw, perhapsa terraceI MH the to which wall that of ofwallio resembles AreaEta.8The styleofconstruction nh, belongs Nu I.] apsidalbuildingStructure (vi) Middle Helladic I, First Phase (Middle Helladic I Earliest) withan associateddepositofpottery, appearto belongto a yet [Twowallsin sectorbetaw, together threecoursesofwall with the lowest and walls is MH I. These are earlierphaseof it,together perhaps fig.1.11.] see section its and for fig. this sector see io describedabove.Fortheplanof 1.14 full its almost and for Atitsne end,wallio abuttedat rightangles heightagainstanotherwall,wall of the over is (plates3 c-d,4 a). One courseofwallio passed top wallis, whichwas massiveand to thisheightwhenthe was stillstanding wall is that heavilybuilt.[AsJaneRempelnoted,itfollows a nw-seaxis.It was on stones of uppercoursesofwallio werebuilt.Wallis was constructed large It rested II EH sherds. removedwithbasket112 and was foundto containonly partlyon bedrock II Late or,more EH in either and on pureEH II Late strata:see fig.1.11.Hence itwas constructed that ofwallio. Its below its at least1 m high,with topjust in MH I Early.It was originally plausibly, stoneswere thus the wall io; uppercoursesseemto havebeenrobbedout,exceptwhereitranunder beforeit ofwallio. ItsE endwas completely robbedeitherafteror duringtheconstruction destroyed wall iu, which,ifitwas reachedthepointwhereitwouldhaveabuttedthebouldersofa possiblewall, a wall,was EH in date.] of a single calledwall it, consisting To thesw,wall io restedon whatappearedto be a footing, of Wall it, verycrude courseoflargestoneslooselysetin a hardlayerofreddishearthand rubble. existed restedon bedrock.Wallit mustbe earlierthanwallio. [Wallit onlyto thesw; construction, at rightanglesto wallis.] onlyitsse facewas exposed.It was approximately becamemorehectic.The lowestlayerof thedigging wasapproaching, As theendoftheexcavation thesecondphase of MH I, baskets106 and 107, was followedby c. 10 cm of soil,basket108, in ofthisfirst ofa stillearlierphaseofMH I, sherds1035-1053,was found.[Thepottery whichpottery in fromtheentiresite,as R. Howellrecognised 1973.However, phaseis as earlyas anyMH I material fillthatliesaboveit.Basket muchearlierthanthedestruction is not this C. to Zerner, phase according CreamSlippedsherds. ofEH II pottery, 108 also containedlargequantities J. G. Younger including 8 See

§3 (v) below.

THE BRONZE AGE ARCHITECTURE AND STRATIGRAPHY §2

29

and second)phases. EH II LateandMH I Early(first Fig. 1.14.AreaZeta.Planofsectorbeta(w),showing

of pithos.Apartfromsherds,no assigned354 sherdsto EH and 268 to MH, excludingfragments otherobjectswerefoundin basket108. [Thehardredsurfacewhichformedthetopofbasket108 lay againstthethirdand highestcourse oflargefieldstoneswhichconstitute thelowestpartofwall io. Basket108 was apparently used to excavatetwo different strata.In the N and nw of the sector,a hard,darkred layersloped down towardsthese and lay directly underbasket106; itscolourseemedto indicateburning. Thislayer containedmuchpottery, withsherdsthatcould be made up intolargepieces but not intowhole withthebonesmentioned below.Elsewherein thesectorthesoilofbasket108 was vessels,together darkbrown,hardand stony,withrubbleand carbon.This soil lay at the depthof thelowertwo coursesoflargefieldstonesin wallio.] A pileofbabyboneswasbaggedand a fewskullfragments fromthenwpartofthesectorwerealso were burnt. This is burial Zeta 6. infant collected;they [This badly laywithinthedarkredlayeratthe of In basket 108. the N and nw close to wall this of a large corner, io, top layeryieldedfragments coarsevessel,finerthanthepithos,withfragments ofburnedinfantile these at were depthsof bone; overan area 15 cm across.Immediately belowthebones,fragments -6.84 to -6.94 m BM, scattered ofa largepithoswerefoundnextto wallio running intotheearthbeneathit at a depthof-6.95 m BM. Unfortunately thesherdsofneither vesselwerekept,as eachwas tooincomplete tobe madeup; the excavator, thissituationas an J. G. Younger,deemedtheirfabricsMH. One could interpret thatemployedtwolargepiecesfromdifferent interment withone potsas a makeshift pithos-burial, over and theotherunderthebody;in anycase,theymustbe MH I. However,sincecremation piece is unknown at thisdate,thereasonwhytheseboneswereburntremainsmysterious. G. in basket108 represented as he noted,redsoil, Q. Youngerdeniedthattheredstratum burning; a naturalproductoftheslowleachingofthelocal limestone, is typicalofEH levelsat thesite.He heldthatbasket108 was associatedwiththedestruction and levellingofwallis,whichwouldbe EH, and withthebuildingofwallsit and io in thefirst MH inhabitants would phaseofMH I. The first have demolished wallis in orderto rob stonewhentheybuiltwallit and thenwallio; theywould have dumpeditsred EH fill,mixedwithearlyMH I pottery and bones or burials,overthepredarkbrownsoilderivedfromtheEH II occupationand subsequent abandonment. existing However, thistheorydoes notexplaintheburntbones.

W. D. TAYLOURt AND R. JANKO

3O

is thatboththeredsoil advancedby W. D. Taylourduringtheexcavation, [A rivalinterpretation, ofa buildingby and thecharredbonesrepresent intenseburningthatresultedfromthedestruction fire,whilethedarkbrownsoil wouldhave accumulated duringitsoccupation.The firewouldhave claimedthelifeoftheinfant, whichwas thenburiedin theruinsbetweenthebrokenvases.Thisis a and maytherefore seemless plausible,butit has theadvantagethatit moredramatic interpretation bettermatchestheevidence,as it accountsforthefactthatthebonesofburialZeta 6 wereburned. at wallsis and it wouldhavebeenbuiltin thefirst On thishypothesis, phaseofMH I and destroyed theend ofthatphase;wallio was beddedintotheruinsafterthefire,withwallis beingrobbedin A thirdpossibility is thatburialZeta 6 is EH, butwas orderto supplystonesforitsconstruction. MH the sitewas abandoned;ifthefirst while which had occurred the surface erosion on exposed by themaquis,thiswouldexplainwhytheboneswerecharred.] settlers clearedthesitebyburning (vii) Early Helladic II Late stratum levelsin theswcentralpartoftheArea,sectorbetaw,an unburnt BelowtheMH destruction further some cm which above the reached EH II was sherds bedrock, 35 lay just containing only was dugwithbaskets109 and 110. In downat -7.32 m BM (see thesection,fig.1.11).Thisstratum redwithno stones,butitwaswhitein thee; therewas thew halfofthesectortheearthwasextremely The plan,fig.1.14,showsthree No floorsweredetected. in levels. at all the lowest little pottery very of thereis doubtabouttheexistence wallspossiblyofthisperiod,namelywallsis,it and iu, although thesewallsforma red soil.Together thelastnamed.Theirbases wereembeddedin theextremely cornerofa possibleroom(see table 1.15). thattheywerein factbuiltduringthe [Wallsis anditweredescribedabove,9whereitwas suggested MH of first I.] phase Walliu consistedof threeverylargeblocks,roughlyin line,thatoccupiedthese cornerof this Theyare shapelessand perhapsjustboulderson thesurfaceofthebedrock,like partofthetrench. thelargeand smallerstonenearthefootofwallis (plate3 d). [Theseboulderswerepartlycovered bytheMH I Earlybasket107. The EH II stratum bytheEH II and earliestMH I basket108,partly wouldbe paralleledin Area of bedrockintoEH architecture ran amongthem.The incorporation Eta: see §3(vii)below. of the earliestMH I phase as well,thisstratum [Likebasket108 above,whichyieldedpottery Mottledand CreamSlipped:forthelatter Yellow both II EH of a contained range fabrics, including waresdatesthislayerto EH II Late, these both of The and waresee sherds131 136-137. presence II sherdsfrompurelevelsare 15, 22, EH The into use.10 had come afterCreamSlippedpottery 34-35. 48, 60-62, 67, 71, 75-77. iS1* i^-itf, !48, i54-*55> *% 171^ *76> l89> iQ1"1^ EH II sherds,viz. 199, 200, 202, 204-205, 214 and 220. Basket108 containedmanyfurther no and 166 177-178. Unfortunately, wholepot could 18-20, 72, 78, 80, 83, 94-95, 101, 163, a dumpratherthanan occupationlayer. well be made up fromanyof them.Theymay represent and naturewerenot also yieldedseveralor manyobsidianblades,buttheirquantity This stratum these from layers.An EH II terracotta recorded;a verylargefossilshellis mentionedas coming level. whorl,5001,was foundin a surface withMH sherds, atthetopofbasket108,theloweststratum possiblyderives [Theredsoilreported in noted was §2 (vi) above,thisburning of a buildingby fire.However,as fromthe destruction Area Zeta,and thesitein that probablyoccurredearlyin MH I ratherthanin EH II. It appears was abandonedduringtheEH III phase.11] general, 3. AREA ETA 1973: EARLY TO LATE HELLADIC

(figs. 1.15-1.22)

(i) Introduction tolocatethe ThisArealay c.26 m awayfromAreasEpsilonandZeta.As itwas openedin an attempt c. was Eta Area Gamma. as known first at it was of 1959, old Gammatrenches [Area only 10 m se of forMycenaean little evidence was there Area In fig. AreaAlpha,excavatedin 1959-63 (see iii). Alpha therewere or little with but and EH were walls andmostofthe MH, depth stratigraphy;12 occupation, the Here Eta. in Area similar was situation The EH greater twobuildingphaseswithinthe period. 9 See §2 (vi). 10See Appendixi .

11See Chapter14 §2 (iii)below. 12 Taylour1972, 239-40.

THE BRONZE AGE ARCHITECTURE AND STRATIGRAPHY §3

31

Fig. 1.15.AreaEta.Planshowing locationofwallsand sections.

andtheexemplary oftheexcavation depthofthedeposits recording byj. B. Rutter eventually permitted a muchclearerinterpretation.] The originaltrenchwas 6 m (n-s) x i m and was knownas TestTrenchI. It was roughly divided intoa Nanda s sector.Later,a secondtrench, TestTrenchII, was started totheE withdimensions 6m A 50 cmbaulkwasleftbetweenTrenchI and (n-s)x 2.5 m.Thistoowas dividedinton ands sectors. TrenchII. Finally, I andII measuring TestTrenchIII wasopenedtothen ofTrenches 4 m (e-w)x 1.5 m. A 50 cm baulkseparateditfromI and II. Thusultimately, afterremovalofthebaulks,AreaEta measured8 m (n-s) x 4 m,i.e. 32 m2(seefig.1.15).The terrain had a gradualdownward slopefrom NWto se, and thisseemsto havebeen theslopefromtheearliesttimes. is attested [Medievalactivity by surfacesherdsand a verydeep pitby theE baulkofTrenchII, full ofstonesand mixedpottery dugalmostto bedrock,perhapsin orderto robstonesforconstruction.13 Thispitwasso deepthatitcuttheEH II walldo atitsse end (seefigs.1.15 and 1.22).The micaceous tobe Medievalor jar 1324,fromtheupperfillofthecistgraveEta burial15,was at first conjectured 13See Chapter3 §5 below.

32

W. D. TAYLOURt AND R. JANKO

Fig. li 6. AreaEta.Pottery sectione-w acrossn partofArea,lookingnorth(seefig.1.15,A-A').

sherdwithmultiple butis in factofBronzeAge date.A reportof a possibleGeometric Hellenistic, and findsno parallel zigzags,foundin a mixedsurfacelevelofTrenchII, has notbeen confirmed elsewhere on thesite;thepiecewas probablya MH sherdwithchevrons.] Forthe15 burialsand associatedfindsfromAreaEta see Chapter2 §3 below. (ii) Late Helladic I-IIIC Early to appear(fig.1.15 and plate 4 btheoutlineofwallsstarted Almostimmediately belowthesurface Eta burial15,whichis datedby in N of the the the cist tomb the of from Area, c).Apart walling part theLH ILA pots1321-1324 and by theLH ILA sherds3223 and 3225-3227,therewereno walls oftheperiodwas foundthroughout to a LH date,thoughpottery thatcoulddefinitely be attributed theupperlevels,rangingfromEarlyMycenaeanto LH IIIC Early.[See sherds3222-3233 below. in theNoftheArea,butEtaburial13 in thesame The LH I Vapheiocup 3222 camefromthesurface in LH is IIIC Early date.] locality at then end oftheArea,in thenarrowspace betweenthe Mycenaeansherdswereconcentrated Walldi/drappearedto be linesoftwowalls,wallsdi/drand dk,thedatingofwhichis problematic. a singleterracewallwhichranforc. 3.8 m on a ne-swaxis.Itssw section,walldi, was reusedas the se wall ofthecisttombEta burial15, as is shownin plate 4 c. Its top courseofthreelargestones coursesofsmallerstonesin a doublerow;itsSEfacerestedon earth, overlaythreeto fourirregular calledwalldr,consisted anditslowestcourse,onlyone stonewide,restedon bedrock.The ne section, had at leasttwocourses,as ofa doublerowoflargestoneswitha coreofsmallerstones.It originally stonestothenwandse appeartohavefallenfromthewall.[Walldi layjustunderthemodernsurface see table 1.16. Since the cistwallsdl and dn abuttedit,thesw (plate 5 d). For itsspecifications

THE BRONZE AGE ARCHITECTURE AND STRATIGRAPHY §3

33

sectione-w acrosscentral Fig. 1.17.AreaEta.Pottery partofArea,lookingnorth(seefig.1.15,B-IT).

sectionantedates thecist,whichwas builtin LH IIA Early.This sectioncutnotonlytheMH I wall dh butalso,perhaps,walldk,whichwas probablyMH III, as willbe shownin §3(iii)below.The ne walldr,is probablyofthesamedate,i.e. LH I, butitsbase was at thesamelevelas theMH section, II- III cobbledsurface to itsN.The plan,fig.1.15,showsthatitabuttedwalldi. [TheassortedLH findsare cataloguedin table 1.17. Someprobablyderivefromdisturbed graves. Burials13 and 15 are definitely of LH, and thereis also a littleMycenaeanmaterialin thecontexts burials5 and 7-8, whichmaydatetheseinterments;14 theirlocationsaremarkedin fig.2.2. The two a disturbed LH III infantburial.The presenceof birdaskoi 1319-1320 probablyeach represent thattheAreawas an open spacethroughout thisperiod.] Mycenaeangravessuggests (iii) Middle Helladic II-III [Thereweretwowallsofthisperiod,namelywallsdk and dp.] Walldk,witha ne-swaxis,was builtoverthene end oftheMH I Earlywalldj (see fig.1.15 and plates4 band 5 d). It didnotappeartobe connected withtheMH I Latewallsdg and dh butwas at thesamelevelas theywere.It was only1.5 m long,consistedofa doublerowofmediumto large stonesand was somefourstoneslongon each side.It was onlyone coursehighand was cutat both ends.[Walldk waspossiblycutat thene bywalldi/dr,whichwasLH I in date.15 Itsswendappeared to havebeen dugor erodedaway.As walldk was off-axis in relationto wallsdg and dh, whichare MH I Late,and itoverlaythelineoftheMH I Earlywalldj, it shoulddatefromMH II-III. When 14See

Chapter 2 §3 below.

15See

§3 (ii) above withplate 4 c.

W. D. TAYLOURt AND R. JANKO

34

Fig. li 8. AreaEta.Pottery sectione-w acrosss partofArea,lookingnorth(seefig.1.15,C-C).

removed,it provedto containMH II- III sherds,but thesecould notbe datedmoreprecisely;it was probablyMH III (see table 1.18). It overlaya stratumcontainingMH II materialwitha fewsmallMycenaeanor perhapsLustrousDecoratedpieces; any Mycenaeanmaterialmustbe as theexcavatorsuggested.] intrusive, Walldp in thenwsectorhad a wnwtoese axis;foritsdetailssee table 1. 18. It extendedfor1.65 m fromthew baulkbeforeitwas cutbythecistoftheEarlyMycenaeanburial15. Onlythene facewas offivemedium-to-large stonesin a singlecourse.Severalstonesin a parallel fullycleared;itconsisted lineto thesw mayhaveformedthesw faceofthewall.[Walldp musthavebeen MH II. Thiswall, thatwas MH II- III or more withthepaved area at itsbase, was overlainby a stratum together withthe sherds MH This stratum contained i.e. basket II, 1288-1315,together 55. probablypure find The exact and the smallkantharos the obsidian bladelet 1288a, 6143. 6129 spotsof end-scraper theseitemsareunknown. Belowthebase ofwalldp therebegana MH I layer,basket58, as can be seenfromfig.1.19.] At a higher To theN of wall di and thecistof Eta burial 15 a level containedMH II pottery. was one of this ne of the a the corner cobbled area Area; elevation, manyMH probably occupied and I Eta were not of Street site. cobbles of the the excavation roadsrecognised removed, [The during excavationceasedat thisdepthin thiscorner.] (iv) Middle Helladic I Late fromthecomplexlevelsin this has emergedfroma studyofthepottery [A clearandconsistent picture and final from the second levels date trench. MostoftheMBA occupation phaseofMH I in theArea, to MH II. This to this had dated theexcavator as C. Zernerarguesbelow;16 corresponds pottery phase of this a stratum from charcoal An thefinalphaseofMH I in AreaZeta. undersized sample(P-2571) dateof2075 bc ±725.17In thisMH I Latebuildingphase,wallsdg and periodyieldeda radiocarbon Eta I, whichwas also calledRoom 1.] Structure thecornerofa building, dh formed

16See Chapter5 §5 (iii).

17See Appendixg §3.

THE BRONZE AGE ARCHITECTURE AND STRATIGRAPHY §3

35

Fig. 1.19.AreaEta.Pottery sectionnnw-sseacrossArea,lookingeast(seefig.1.15,D-D').

Wallsdg and dh bond,a singleblockneatlyforming theexteriorcornerstone of each wall: see plate 4 b and ¿withfig. 1.15 and table 1.19. Together form a that corner pointeddue w; the they othersidesofthebuildinghavebeen quarriedor erodedaway.Walldg is thebetterpreserved ofthe two.It passesovertheearlierwall dj, a longwall withthene-sw axis. It consistsof twocourses, exceptforthe last metreof its surviving length,when it is preservedin one courseonly.The lowercourseis madeup oftworowsofroughly stoneswithflattened facestowardsthe rectangular exterior. The interior betweenthetwofacestookup littlespace and was mostlyfilledwithearth. Abovetheseis a layerofsmallerstonesthatmayhavebeenbondedwithmudtoformthefoundation of a mudbrick wall above it. Wall dh is of similarconstruction. It is onlypartlypreservedat its ne end,whichhas been cutby wall di of the cistof theEarlyMycenaeanburial15. It is slightly in relationto walldi. off-axis was hardto determine whichpottery and smallfindswereassociatedwiththeuse ofStructure [It EtaI, becauseseverallaterburialsweremadewithin theangleofitswalls.The findsarelistedintable ascribedto thisphasecomprisessherds1237-1287. Mostofthecompletevessels 1.20.The pottery werefoundoutsideStructure Eta I, in an areasome60 cmtothenwofwalldh and some 1.5 x 1.0 m in extent(figs.1.15-1.16,at left,and plate 5 a). Thesewerethekantharos 1237,theverywornbowl and the This context also the terracotta whorl 1247 cookingpot 1279. yielded 6032 and spool6044, andtheMycenaeanbirdaskos1320. Threepithoior largejars (i287a-c), whichwerenotkept,were

36

W. D. TAYLOURt AND R. JANKO

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THE BRONZE AGE ARCHITECTURE

AND STRATIGRAPHY §3

37

Fig. 1.21. Area Eta. Partialsectionof w baulk,lookingw (see fig. 1.15, F-F). Stratum 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

dateandinterpretation Muriseli colour, Description, Medieval/mixed Brown(10YR 5/3); topsoil Brown(10YR 5/3); LH I-II fillwithMH I Early Eta I (wallsdg debrisfromMH I Late Structure Brown(10YR 5/3); destruction and dh) and M H I wall dq fillover Dark greyish brown(10YR 4/2) withstonesoverlineofwash;destruction Eta I occupationofyardsw ofMH I Late Structure filloveroccupationofyard in colourthan2; destruction Dark greyish brown,lighter Eta I NWofMH I Late Structure Eta I Finewhiteclay(10YR 8/1)withline ofwash;surfaceofyardNWofMH I Late Structure withMH I Late fillforconstruction ofStructure cutting Greyishbrown(10YR 4/2); presumably Eta I Pale brown(10YR 6/3); occupationand destruction ofMH I Earlybuildingassociatedwithwall dj Finelightgreyclay (10YR 7/2);floorofMH I Earlybuildingassociatedwithwall dj Finedarkgreyish brown(10YR 4/2); EH II Late occupation Greyishbrownwithlittlebone or shell(10YR 5/2); EH II Earlyoccupation

Basketnumbers 2 4 3, 7 5 ? no sherds ? no sherds ? no sherds 23, 63 2 1,63 30, 32, 65 65, 66

foundN ofwalldg; theseare probablyto be associatedwithEta burials1-3, and presumably came fromone or otherofthesethreegraves. [The LustrousDecoratedjug 1265, largepartsof whichwererecoveredfromthe same sector, Eta I, sinceseveralsherdsof thisvesselwere providesa linkwiththefindsfrominsideStructure also foundin the cornerof wallsdg and dh. The floorhere survivedin an area extending some ofthiscorner;it also yieldedthecookingpot 1318, thebodyofa large 2.25 m E fromtheinterior closedvase (1251a),whichcouldnotbe reconstructed andwas notkept,thebonepin-head6002 and theunworkedpig'stusk9164. to [A washline was visiblein thesectionslopingfromthetopsof wallsdg and dh downwards thes, as is seenin fig. 1.20. Thiswashlineconsistedofmanysmallstonesand pithosfragments on level (stratum theerosionofthedebrisfromthecollapseof 4), and represents topofthedestruction thebuilding.Southofwall dg it was overlainby a further 3, of the depositof finerearth,stratum samecolour. Eta I and thatnwofwalldh werefoundin a dark [Boththepottery depositfromwithinStructure level about cm in seen fig. 1.20 atleftand centre(stratum 14 greyish-brown 4), andin fig.1.21 deep, thedestruction ofthebuilding.In additionto thepottery it (stratum 2). Thislayerclearlyrepresents containedfallenstones,someof themburnt,and at itsbase slabsofreddish-yellow smoothedmud on theoppositesidemeasuring 1.2 5); thesehad reedimpressions 'plaster'or daub (fig.1.20,stratum and 0.6-0.7 cm wide.This was probablyroofingmaterial, canes from the canna reed using giant Arundo nowcalledkalámia. The ceilingorroofcouldhavebeenmadeofsmoothed mudresting donax, on canes,whichin turnrestedon beams.Fora contemporary from Area Nu plate 17 b. see example

38

W. D. TAYLOURt AND R. JANKO

in LH II Nichoria,18 and caneswereprobablyemployed on caneswas used forroofing Clay resting in as in 19thcentury forpitchedroofsin theDarkAgethere.19 Theyarestillused Laconiaforceilings, thebuildingmusthaveburneddown. housesatAphyssoú nearSparta.Forthedaubtohavesurvived, stratum some24 cm thick(fig.1.20,stratum Thisdestruction levellayovera lightbrownish-grey 6), whichis datedto MH I Earlyand itselfoverlieswalldj ofthatphase. butnotburned.The presence foundnwofwalldh seemstohavebeenbadlyshattered [Thepottery thatthe ofsherdsoftheLustrousDecoratedjug 1265 bothinsideand outsidethebuildingconfirms areaseithersideofwalldh werein use at thesametime.A thinlayeroffinewhiteclayin thewestern sectionofTrenchI, n ofthecornerformed 6), mayrepresent by wallsdg and dh (fig.1.21,stratum thecontemporary floorsurface here.] Anotherclosedvessel,theDull Paintedjar 1255,was foundin a rathermorecompletestatethan Itsneckand upperbodywerefoundinside tothemis perplexing. thosementioned above;itsrelation towardsthecorner(plate with itsneckpointing ne wall the face of Eta I, resting Structure dg, against with bonein thevicinity. that burnt 18 d). Somepieceswerefoundin a vertical wall, positionagainst 1 and 7 (see fig. burials the later to theE, disturbed further Sherdsfromitsbellywerescattered by thelayerofflat above destruction-level within the dark was found vessel 2.2). [This greyish-brown I Eta Structure were observed daub which tan-coloured of 1.20, stratum (fig. 4 throughout pieces Eta burial with of the one at first associated The excavator abovestratum burials, pithos 5). jar 1255 Eta burial7, withanotherinterment, 1, whichwerelatermade withinthisroom,and subsequently infant. either contained it to have narrow for too seemed of the the mouth However, although jar in is fact interment this latter with burial C. Zernerdoubtswhether 7; Mycenaean.20 jar 1255 belonged Eta I,21and thefactthatthejar is burntsupports Zernerproposesratherthatthejar datesStructure it is puzzlingthatdaub thisview.Butifthisjar belongswiththepottery depositfromthisbuilding, The thisstratum. below vase closed and the the under fromitsfallensuperstructure 1251a lay jar, lay into and fell Structure the when was on the roof that is caughtfire, building explanation surely jar 1255 Decoratedjug 1265 fromboth ofsherdsoftheLustrous EtaI whenitsceilingcollapsed.The recovery thereis no recordthatthese Eta I andtothenwmighthavethesamecause,although insideStructure se partofthe in theextreme was found of charcoal sherdswereburnt.The carbonP-2571 14 sample this in a stratum of Area phase.22] stonesthatlay i. 25 cm above thedividingline Walldq was a singlerowoffivemedium-to-large withtheMH I Earlywall dj. [Walldq runs associated was the floor which betweenEH and MH, to be cut it m until fromwswto ene forc. 1.6 part by thelaterwalldi wherethelatterforms appears fromthatofwalldi. Itsdatemustbe MH differs its I ofthecistoftheLH burial15; alignment slightly butis at a higherlevel theMH I Latedestruction, basket3, whichrepresents I Late,sinceitunderlies is wall of thantheMH I Earlywalldj. The function dq unknown.] In thenarrowspace betweenwall dh and the earlierwall dj no fewerthanfiveinfantor child viz.burials4, 7 and 9-11 (seefig.2.2).Another burialswereuncovered, four,viz.burials1-3 and 8, same the to werefoundclosebyon topoftheearlierwalldj andbelong group.Thereseemtobe two Burials and or childburialsin thisareanearwallsdh 4 and 9-11 wereat a lower dg. phasesofinfant ofwallsdh and dg and the bases setofburialswerewellbelow levelthan1-3, 7 and 8. [Theformer these with below thefloorassociated interments intramural walls,as J. B. Rutter werepresumably Thesewereall belowthelayerofdaubwithreedimpressions, probablyfromthecollapsed suggested. Eta I, whereasthelatterburialswereabove thislevel.Hence theformer roofofStructure groupof was buried wasstillinuse.However,thelatter afterwards, whilethebuilding wasinterred infants group someofthemduringMycenaeantimes.23] (v) Middle Helladic I Early [TheMH I Earlyphasein AreaEta involvedwalldj withan associatedsurfaceto itsnwthatrested of thisphaseis sherds on EH II strata.For detailsof thewall see table 1.21. The pottery directly 1191-1236.] forc. 5 m acrosstheAreafromsw to wallin thisArea,stretched Walldj, theprincipal diagonally wall later the of ne section abouta metreshortofthe di/dr,whichcutacrossitspath(see ne,finishing in thisArea.In itscentralsw section, walls MH the of earliest fig.1.15 and plate 4 b-c).It was the 18 Rapp 1978, 227. 19Coulson 1983, 31. 20 See Chapter 2 §3 below.

21 See Chapter 5 §5 (iii) below. 22 See Appendix 9 §3. 23 See §3 (ii) above.

THE BRONZE AGE ARCHITECTURE

AND STRATIGRAPHY §3

39

walldj was crossedbythelaterwalldg (plate4 ¿); walldg madea cornerwithwalldh at itsnwend at a slightangletowalldj. A thirdwallin thissector, (plate4 d)yso thatthelatterranin a ne direction withit either,and is walldo, whichwas at rightanglesto walldj on itsse flank,had no connection evenearlier;it is, in fact,EH II.24Walldj appearsto have been builtalongthes edge ofa sudden 10-15 cm above bedrock,whereasthese facewas dropin thebedrock;thenwfacelay consistently wall of morethantwo coursesand was largelybuiltof it. The nowhere consisted cm above 50 smallstonesin tworowswithevensmalleronesin thecore.In general,largerstoneswereused rather on thenwfaceand againon these faceat thesw end.The base ofitsnwfaceslopeddownsomewhat made by walldj, thelaterwalldg and to thesw.The floorassociatedwithdj occupiedthetriangle the w baulk.This floor,like wall dj itself,resteddirectlyon EH material.The mostinteresting faunalevidencerecoveredfromanyoftheearliestlevelson thesitewas thedeerbonesfoundin this Areain bothEH and MH I layers.25 thatitwas either obvious.Itsgreatlengthsuggests ofwalldj is notimmediately [Theinterpretation thatexisted wall the houses side of one of a or else of the terrace wall, verylargeapsidal part simply in Area Nu I26and Structure found at AyiosStephanosduringMH I, likeStructure Alpha AlphaIII, Ifitwas thewall whichis knownto havebeen some 11-14 m long.27 duringtheearlierexcavations, theinterior of sucha building, probablylay to thenw,sinceon thisside ofthewall theexcavator a division between thelightbrownish-grey clear earth,datedto MH I Early,and a dark recognised II EH Late beneath dated to stratum it, (fig.1.20,strata6 and 8). A lightgreylevelof greyish-brown sectionofTrenchI N ofwalldj, maybe theassociatedfloorlevel(fig. fineclay,visiblein thewestern 1.21,stratum 7). In thesw partof thissectortheexcavatorsuspecteda floorbecauseconsiderable I vessels,neitherof whichhad a completeprofile,seemedto reston a surface MH of two parts associatedwithwall dj (see plate 5 b). To these of wall dj, on theotherhand,he foundno clear in thickness from50 cmne oftheEH transition betweenEH II and MH I, onlymixedlevelsvarying if or by thefeet walldo to at least30 cm sw ofit,as thegroundhad been churnedup by cultivation the ofanimalspennedup in an enclosure.However,theonlylargefragment ofMH I Earlypottery, rimof thecoarseroundedbowl 1277, comesfromthelowestexcavatedlevel SE of wall dj in the extremesw oftheArea,shownat theleftin figs.1.18 and 1.20. Thereare fewfindsthatdefinitely EH II. The paucityofthesefinds,listedin table belongto thisphaseratherthanto theunderlying eitherthatwalldj was a terracewallafterall,or thatthebuildingto whichitbelonged 1.22,suggests was carefully cleanedoutbeforethesucceeding phaseofconstruction. fromEH II LatetoMH I Early,withno intervening [AsinAreaZeta,therewasa transition directly EH III phase.Exceptin theextreme s oftheArea,thistransition was exploredall theways fromthe laterwalldi to wellbeyondtheMH I walldj. North-west ofwalldj thetransition was clearlyvisible as a changein soilcolour,wheretheexcavatorsuspectedthepresenceofa MH I Earlyfloor,as was notedabove.Butin thesectorsne and sw oftheEH II walldo and se oftheMH I Earlywalldj, the transitional ofabout5 cm ofreddish-brown of earth,baskets25 and 29, witha mixture layerconsists EH II Lateand MH I Earlysherds,together withmaterial fromtheMedievalpit.The reddish-brown earthwas presumably therewas also stonetumble,no doubtfromwalldo. The decayedmudbrick; of which it was was abandoned;therewas no signof burning.Fromthis building part apparently seemspossiblethatAyiosStephanoswas evidence,limitedand tenuousas itadmittedly is,itcertainly a for and for several transition fromtheEBA time, centuries, unoccupied perhaps duringthetroubled to MBA. An undersizedsampleof charcoalfromthistransitional stratum sw oftheline ofthelater walldg (sampleP-2570)yieldeda calibrated radiocarbon dateof2375 bc ±525, whichmaycorrespond to EH II Early.28] (vi) Early Helladic II Late Wherepenetration was made to thebedrock,EH II sherdswereusuallyfoundat AyiosStephanos, butin onlytwoAreas,Zeta and Eta,wereactualarchitectural remainsoftheperioduncovered. Area Eta was a comparatively shallowtrench,and pure EH levelswere reachedat 0.80 m below the bedrockappearedat a depthof 1.3 m. An EH II occupationlayercameto lightin theeastsurface; centralpartoftheArea (fig.1.15).A possiblefloorofthisperiodwas recognised in thesouth-central partoftheAreain thespaceenclosedby thelaterwallsdj and dg to thesw ofwalldo, whichis EH 24 See §§3 (vi)-(vii) below. 25 See Chapter 12 §2 and Appendix 8 (d) below. 26 See §8 (x) below.

27 Taylour 1972, 240-1 with 210 fie. 3. 28 See Appendix 9 §2.

4O

W. D. TAYLOURt AND R. JANKO

II. On thisfloorlaythegood partoftheUrfirnis saucer31 (plate5 c).Anotherfloorwas recognised sideofwalldj and to thene ofwalldo (plate5 d). Moreoftheselevelsextendednwon thefurther passedunderthelaterwalldh. that therealisation oftheexcavator, has confirmed [Statistical J. B. Rutter, analysisofthepottery29 theEH levelswerenotall ofthesamedate.In fact,theycomprisetwophasesofEH II in additionto EH I.30The laterphaseofEH II is characterised wareas wellas by thepresenceofCream-Slipped thatofYellowMottledware,whichwasusedin bothphasesofEH II butnotduringEH I. The EH II sections(figs.1.16-1.17and 1.19), layersare associatedwithwalldo. Theyappearin theschematic walldo continued in use to theend ofthisperiod,itwas and in sectionin figs.1.20-1.22.Although describedin §3(vii)below. builtduringEH II Early,and is therefore apparently EH the extreme s of the levels had not been reachedwhenexcavationceased (see Area, [In pure in themixedbaskets38 and 54, a layeratleast30 fig.1.18).However,EH II Latesherdsarepresent cmthick.To theN,in thevicinity ofEta burial15 (see fig.2.2 below),anylevelofthisdatehasbeen in LH I cist;butin theextremeN oftheArea,sherdsofthisdate the construction of the destroyed wererecordedin themixedbasket58, althoughpureEH levelswerenotreached.NW ofthelater walldj,however, an areasome5 x 1 m in extentyieldedsherdsand perhapsa fewsmallobjects,but wastheT-rimshallowbowl217. Almostall thesmall no wholeEH pots;theonlyone tobe registered findsthatmightderivefromthisphasecamefromstratamixedwithMH I material; onlythefloorsw and small finds werediscovered A considerable number offragmentary ofwalldo wasundisturbed. pots of the sector that with the the sectors were cleared, lyingne ofwalldo, possibleexception throughout whereonlysherdswerefound.Theirabundanceshowsthatwe are dealingwithoccupationdebris bothinsidethebuildingsw ofwalldo and on thebedrockto itsw and nw.The objectsdatingfrom thesecondphaseofEH II arelistedin table 1.23.The EH depositsalso yieldedthebonesofsheep marksin somecases.31] or goat,pigand ox, thelasttwowithbutchery (vii) Early Helladic II Early [TheearlierphaseofEH II, characterised bythepresenceofYellowMottledwarebuttheabsenceof all is over the sectorsthatwerecleareddownto bedrock,exceptsw of attested ware, Cream-Slipped mixedwithit.EH II and is apparently wall do, whereEH II Late materialoverliesEH I directly in in fig. in a direction if clockwise are we sherds found, (see 1.15), (a) thewholetriangular go Early sectorbetweenthelaterwallsdi and dj, i.e. nwofthesuddenrisein thebedrockmentioned above; on bedrockundertheLH IIA cist,Eta burial15; and (c) thecornertothene of (b) theloweststratum walldo and to these ofthelaterwalldj, i.e. thearea belowand to these oftherisein thebedrock, figs.1.16-1.17 overtheEH I depositin basket68. The layersofthisdatearevisiblein thesections, x x m and 1 and 1.19-1.21.The areaclearedwas approximately m,(b) 1.5 0.75 (c) 1.5 x 1.5 m, (a) 5 a total area of 8.375 m2-] giving as EH II was oflaterwallsin theArea,theonlyone thatcouldbe identified Amongtheprofusion it the was cut the where from walldo, whichrannw-seforsome1.15m,starting se, by deepMedieval MH I Earlywall dj. nw under the at the it to thepointwhere disappeared above,32 pitmentioned rather rose the bedrock Walldo did notreappearnw ofwall dj, probablybecause suddenlyat that wall mayhave that the was oftheopinion J. B. Rutter, point(figs.1.15 and 1.19).The excavator, wallhad one The in to theline ofthesharpfall thebedrock. been builtperpendicularly purposely ofthewall width ofa doublerowofstoneswitha coreofsmallstones.The courseonly.It consisted wall do was at table 1.24.Sincethebase of was50-55 cm.[Forwalldo see fig.1.15,plate 5 ¿-¿/and should thesamelevel as thebottomof basket67, whichis datedto EH II Early,itsconstruction EH II at the in use untiltheend of site.] belongto thisperiod.However,walldo continued thelaterwalldh,betweenthelater ofEH II date,218, was recoveredfromunderneath A strainer wallsdi and dj. [SeveralotherEH II EarlyvaseswerefoundbothtobothNand s: thesauceboat190 lay underthecistofEta burial15,justabove thebedrock,and thelargebowl 216 and EM import or to thes of thelaterwall dg. Also,the 222 wereon thebedrockat a similardepth,underneath 'wishbone'handlefragment pan',was foundin theMedievalpit (fig. 219, froman EH I- II 'frying theEH levelsne ofwalldo, andwhichcontainedEH 1.22)whichwas cutalmosttobedrockthrough withintheselevels.] I and EH II sherds;thehandleundoubtedly originated of obsidian bladelets, 5042 and5043-5045,werefound 5038-5039, 5030-5033, namely Quantities disc5025. as wellas thesmallpiercedphyllite withthisEH II pottery, 29 See Appendix i . 30 See §§3 (vii)-(viii) below.

31 See Chapter 12 §2 and Appendix 8 below. 32 See §3 (i).

THE BRONZE AGE ARCHITECTURE

AND STRATIGRAPHY §3

41

Fig. 1.22. Area Eta. Partialsectionof e baulk,lookingeast (see fig. 1.15, G-G). Muriseli dateand interpretation Stratum Description, colour, 1 topsoiloverLH/mixedpre-Medievalsurface Greyishbrown(10YR 5/2); Medieval/mixed overMH I Late fill 2 by surfacelevel Ashygrey(10YR 5/1.5);Medievalpitcontaminated 3 Ashygreywithmuchbone ( 1oYR 5/1) ; Medievalpit brown(10YR 5.5/3);MH I Late filloverMH I EarlywithEH II Late 4 Brown/pale brown(10YR 6/4); EH I occupation 5 Lightyellowish

Basketnumbers 6 over 11,13 over *5> 17, 19 6, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19 50 20 over24, 25, 29 68

(viii) Early Helladic I was thefirstto suggestthattherewereEH I levelsin thisArea. He [The excavator, J. B. Rutter, and theburnished observedofbasket28 that'theincisedfragments mayindicatean earlyphaseof EH II orevenEH I ... Sherdsin a heavyburnished and in colour- thislookslike red brown fabric, EH F. He notedofbasket31 that'burnished a verylargepercentage warecomprises ofthetotaland in EH F.33A. MacGillivray EH I material in thisis eitherearlyEH II or somewhere also recognised seriationstudy34 confirms thisconclusion, thesetwobaskets(sherdsib, 3-11 and 13). A statistical sinceit showsthatYellowMottledwarehad notyetcomeintouse duringEH I. Baskets28 and 31 containEH I, althoughin thesecases it is mixedwithEH II Late. However,basket68, whichhas neither YellowMottlednorCream-Slipped pieces,shoulddatefromEH I as well,and has no later admixture. had alreadycommented: On itRutter 'remarkable are (i) thecompleteabsenceofYellow Mottled[ware]and(ii)thehighpercentage ofcoarseburnished pieces;itis hardtoescapetheconclusion thatthisis an earlierphase of EH . . . thanthatofbaskets65 and 66.' This smallcorpusof EH I constitutes theearliestknownoccupationat thesite. pottery EH I wasspreadovera smallerareathanthatofEH II Early.The EH I assemblage [The occupation is notassociatedwithanystructure, sinceitwas foundat a depthbelowthatofthebase ofwalldo, whichwas c.-2.2 m BM (see figs.1.16-1.17,1.19, 1.22).Walldo musttherefore be EH II in date. The EH I surface is nestledagainstthatsteeprisein thebedrockfromse to nwalongwhichtheMH I walldj wouldlaterbe built(fig.1.15).The extentoftheEH I deposittothene ofwalldo wasabout 1.5 x 1.5 m,i.e. 2.25 m2,witha depthoflightyellowish-brown deposit,basket68, some 14 cmthick. To theswofwalldo as faras thelaterwalldg,theareaclearedwas a littlelarger,some 1.5 x 2.0 m in i.e. 3 m2.The strataoverbedrock,baskets28 and 31, were40-60 cm deep; thesecontaineda extent, mixture ofsherdsofEH I and EH II Late,witha floorofthelatterdateon top,as was shownbythe presenceofthecompleteEH II vessel31. In thesw corneroftheArea,in thecornerformed by the laterwallsdg and dj, the requisitedepthwas not attained,but the presenceof severalsherdsof 33 B. Rutter, notebook. J. pottery

34See Appendixi .

42

W. D. TAYLOURt AND R. JANKO

burnished warein baskets38, 54 and 70 mayimplythattheEH I occupationextendedfurther tothe sw.Meanwhile, se ofthesuddenrisein thebedrock, theEH I layerslopedgently downfromne tosw, whichexplainsitsgreater depthto thes. Up thehillnwoftherisein thebedrock,beyondthelineof thelaterwall dj, EH I depositswerenotencountered; an EH II Earlylayerresteddirectly on the bedrock. wareintheloweststratum excavatedinTrench However,thepresenceofsherdsofburnished MH I pottery, III, basket58 containing suggeststhatan EH I level lay below thepointat which ceasedin theextreme N oftheArea. excavation ofobsidianobjects, [ThefindsfromtheEH I surfaceare listedin table 1.25; theyconsistentirely and that werenotretained. the cortical flake for two flakes of white red chert 5041, except including A numberoflumpsofobsidianand a flakewithpartofthestone'sweathered cortexwerealso found of obsidiantoolswas takingplace on thissurface.The butnotkept.It is clearthattheproduction of theEH levelshereis theverysmallamountof excavatorobservedthat'a featurecharacteristic MH strata'.The phalanxofa harewas boneand skullcomparedto whatcomesoutoftheoverlying recovered frombasket68, provingthatthisspecieswas thenhunted.35] 4. AREA BETA 3, 8, 9 AND 10, 1974-77: EARLY TO LATE HELLADIC (figs. 1.23-1.33) (i) Introduction Beta3, 8, 9 and is calledAreaBeta 1974-77,combinesTrenches [ThisArea,whichforconvenience to thene ofAreaBetaof 1959-63, AreaBeta 1974-77 laydirectly distinct. 10,whichwereoriginally trenches Beta1 and 2 were Beta1-2 and4-7. In thelatterAreatheoriginal whichcomprises trenches 11 and 12 to and Beta and 6 to the to its Beta its Beta with trenches Beta to w, s, N, 4 5 7 expanded Atitse edge,AreaBeta1959-63 is separatedfromAreaBeta1974-77bya baulkof thesw (fig.iv).36 Beta 1 withAreaLambdaof 1973-74.Sincepartsoftrench only0.5 m; at itsw edge,itis contiguous with and architecture Beta 12A and 12B of 1963 sharemuchstratigraphy of 1959 and oftrenches are discussedin theaccountof Area Lambda/Beta12.37The restof Area Lambda,thesetrenches in thisvolume,exceptthatin Chapter14 belowa fewminor AreaBetaof1959-63is notrepublished theevidencepermits. where have been ventured reinterpretations fromne to sw. For a plan ofit,showingthetrenches, downwards was tilted Beta [Area 1974-77 fig. see IIA-IIIAi walls and LH sections, sectors, 1.23,and forthemainsectionssee figs.1.24-1.26. to be excavated,sincean E-w trenchof 5 x 1.5 m was originally Its se cornerwas thefirst dug as One burialwas trench Beta3 in 1959,5 m to thee oftrenchBeta2; forthelocationsee figs,ii-iv.38 seemed published,39but there were so many walls that the architectureand stratigraphy the ceramic of an and The renewal of excavation sequence understanding improved incomprehensible.40 themhere.] thefindsfromtrenchBeta3 and to republish haveallowedus to interpret in trench zone betweenBeta 3 and theold Area Betawas investigated In 1974 theunexcavated Beta8, whichwas 50 cmw ofBeta3 and 4 x 4 m in extent.It was separatedfromtheold Beta2 to Beta9, whichwas Beta3 was exploredin trench thew bya 50 cmbaulk.The zone to then oftrench Beta 8 andw ofBeta x N trench the of 10 to Beta m in size. Trench and was N Beta cm of lay 3 5 5 50 x In 1977 the in m extent. m it was a cm of these from each baulk; 4 (e-w) 2.5 9, separated by 50 Areawas thebaulksbetweenthem;theresultant was combinedbyremoving wholeofBeta3/8/9/10 the1974 in since was x work m2. of the Most i.e. m in m extent, 66.5 accomplished 1977, 7 (n-s) 9.5 was curtailed.41 season There were fourburialsfromArea Beta 3/8/9/10in 1974 and ten in 1977, if we count robbedcists,as wellas one in 1959.Fora fullaccountoftheseand thefindsassociatedwiththemsee Chapter2 §4 below. (ii) Late Helladic IIIA2-IIIC Early of the Medievalwalls:comparethe The removalof the Medievallevelsinvolvedthe destruction LH IIA-IIIAi plan (fig.1.23) withthatoftheMedievalperiod(fig.3.2). [A lateMycenaeanlevel 35See Chapter12 §2 withAppendix8 (e) below. 36ThisAreais shownin Taylour1972,231 fig.15. 37See §5 below. 38The plan drawnby the excavator,R. Hope Simpson, appearsin Taylour1972,206 fig.2.

39 Tavlour 1072, 2^2. 40 Tavlour 10,72,2^%.

41FortheextensiveMedievallevelsthroughout theArea see Chapter3 §3 below,withfig.3.2.

THE BRONZE AGE ARCHITECTURE AND STRATIGRAPHY §4

43

Planshowing Fig. 1.23.AreaBeta3/8/9/10. sections(figs.1.24-1.26),elevations sectors, (figs.1.27,1.29-1.30)and LH IIA-IIIAi walls,withLH IIIAi pottery andfinds.

was presentse oftheMedievalwall ee in these corner(fig.1.25 stratum 5), whichyieldedmany ofdeep bowls,thebone awl 7001 and thegreenstone fragments polisher7254. The presenceofsuch a layerin theSW and Southifsuchlevelsonce CentralSectorswillbe discussedshortly. Elsewhere, erodedor terracedaway,sincetheMedievalbuildings in thenwand existed,theywerepresumably ne directly overlayLH I- II levels:see fig. 1.26 at right,and theleftedge of fig. 1.25,wherethe continues leftward without fora further 3 m all thewayto thene changeor anyfeatures stratigraphy corneroftheArea.The excavatorin 1974,M. K. Langdon,was surelyrightto suspectthatthelater removed.] Mycenaeanlayersweredeliberately The principalevidenceforoccupationin LH IIIC Earlywas in thesouth-central partoftheArea. However,it is notclearwhethertherewereanywallsof thisdate.A monochrome kylixbase (not in thefoundation kept),probablyofLH IIIC Early,was thelatestsherdfoundwithearlierpottery trenchdug forwall eb, and mightseemto date thatwall.The nw end of wall eb made use of an earlierstructure: thisstretch ofwallturnedoutto be a step(StepI) at theend ofan alleylaid outin LH IIA, as is explainedbelow.42 in use in theMedievalperiod,along However,walleb was certainly withwallsea and ec, whichwereentirely Medievalconstructions. 42 See

§4 (iii) (a) below.

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confirms thatwalleb toowasbuiltin theMedievalperiod.In the [Further studyofthestratigraphy SW Sector,belowthewash-line thatmarkedtheMedievalabandonment, therewas a triangular area ofbrownsoiland rubble,calledthe'rubblefloor'(fig.1.24 stratum 7); thisoverlayanotherpossible floorlevel('thelightbrownfloor')witha supposedpitbeneath(fig.1.24 stratum 9). The Medieval wall ea cutthrough bothlayersintotheLH IIIAi fillbelow (fig.1.24 stratum 12). In theSouthCentralSectora reddishbrownlayer(fig. 1.24 stratum 4) overlaylightbrownearth(fig. 1.24 stratum and LH IIIC 8). All fourlayersproduceda greatdeal ofLH IIIA2, LH IIIB, Transitional LH IIIC sherds were but Early pottery(33i6-338oa). Early presentthroughout, LH IIIA2 were at at all fourstrata.The findsincluded common both the and the base of too, pieces top LH IIA vessels of various dates: the beaked substantially complete jug 3253 and cup 3287a, theLH IIIA2 coarsebasin3326, theLH IIIB hydria3342, theLH IIIC Earlycollar-necked jar 3357 and and the 'souvlaki A dish' of wheat also survived This sector 3380a. grain (9285). kylix3380 produced listedin table 1.26. manyotherfinds, findsand thewholepotscamefroma LH IIIC Earlyfloor [Onemightdeducethatthesenumerous associatedwithwalleb, sinceall thesefindsweremadetothew ofit.Indeed,thereddishbrownlayer 8 runsunderthat (fig.1.24 stratum 4) appearsto runup to walleb, whereasthelightbrownstratum wall.On thisinterpretation stratum been the stratum 8 wouldhavebeen would have whereas floor, 4 filldumpedtoleveloffthegroundfortheconstruction ofwalleb. However,thepresenceofMedieval in bothstrataweakensthishypothesis. as wellas LH IIIA2 material The flooroftheroomdelimited Further walls ea and eb must have been disturbed the Medieval w,however, occupation. badly by by froma therewas no suchdisturbance. Thusit seemsbestto regardbothstrataas materialresulting a that was first of of mixed earth and rubble from the demolition building singleepisode dumping wouldhavetakenplaceduringLH usedin LH IIIA2 and abandonedin LH IIIC Early;thisdumping ofthisfillsuffered Medievaldisturbance. theconfines ofStructure BetaVI, bothstrata IIIC Early.Within Ifthisinterpretation is correct, itfollowsthatwalleb is Medieval,exceptforitsreuseoftheLH IIA liketheMedievalwallsinboththisAreaand trench, stepatitsNend.The factthatithad a foundation thisdating.] AreaLambda3/4,supports to havebeen a curvedwall,to which Belowtheselayersthereappearedwhatwas initially thought of belongingto a collapsed thetitleofwall ev was given.These stonescouldgivetheimpression fig. not well and to defined, 1.24, thesectionof thes judge by building.However,itswallswere A butno completevases lot of foundations. baulk,it does notseemto have had impressive pottery Whenitsstoneswereremoved,thelatest werefoundin thetriangular space formedby thisfeature. thatitdatesfromthattimeorlater. foundin them,sherd3323,wasLH IIIA2, whichsuggests pottery was a buildingputup in LH IIIA2 and [Theexcavatorin 1977,P. Wright, proposedthatthisfeature aboveoverlaiditsruins.However, described LH IIIC Early,whenthelowerstratum demolished during intothebottomofa dip it as a triangular to interpret theeditorprefers dumpofloose stonethrown intowhichmoreearthand stoneswerethentipped.This materialmayevenhave comefromlater in thenorthoftheArea thatwereterracedawayat thestartoftheMedieval Mycenaeanbuildings BetaV and VI.43] of Structures the builders phaseby The NE Sector(see fig.3.2 and plate 6 d) was boundedto theswbywallef,to thenwbywalleg associatedwith wallwas removedand no occupation-levels andbytheN and e baulks.[Sinceneither W.D. Taylour thedatingofthesewallsandtheassociatedbenchfhis uncertain. themwereidentified, times. in Medieval but reused LH IIIAi or later in walls built as them Bronze However, Age regarded constructions.44 Medieval as that are now so well the Medieval match interpretedentirely they plan they removedin thissector,so thatthesewalls, Ifso,thelaterBronzeAge levelsmusthavebeen entirely whichwould,liketheotherByzantine trenches, walls,have had foundation appearedto be adjacent to MH III and EarlyMycenaeanstrata.] whichmayimplythattherestofthisAreawas OnlystrayLH IIIA2 sherdswerefoundelsewhere, to wash.[The ostrich of thisperiodare attributable thendeserted.It is likelythatotherpotsherds that weredisturbed II-IIIA strata LH from came in NW Sector the found by probably eggshell9214 there thattherewas Medievalterracing One cannotexcludethepossibility Medievalconstruction. also,or thattheeggshellwas a Medievalimport.] datefromLH IIIA2 or later,namelyBetaburials22 and 26.45 Twointerments

43See Chanters §* below. 44See Chapter3 §3 withfig.3.2 below.

45See Chapter2 §4 below.

THE BRONZE AGE ARCHITECTURE AND STRATIGRAPHY §4

49

(iii) Middle Helladic III Late to Late Helladic IIIAi At thistimethe Area sloped down fromne to sw, whereaslaterit sloped fromnw to se. [This periodfallsintotwophases.The lateris LH IIA to LH IIIAi (fig. 1.23),witha detailedplan of LH IIA forgein theSE Sector(fig.1.28); thisis precededby MH III Late to LH I theremarkable Since therewas a considerable (fig.1.31). overlapbetweenthemin thearchitecture, theyare taken sector together, by sector.] (a) THE SW AND CENTRALSECTORS

has revealedthat had been suggested, severalotherinterpretations [After studyof the stratigraphy this time. The thesesectorswerebothoccupiedby a largecourtyard throughout edgesofthisyard x x its area was over its to the at least and total measured 5.6 5.6 5.2 m, certainly 30 m2; boundaries It as the baulks. went three architectural s andswareunknown, as theylie beyond through stages, will LH I. LH IIA a It in MH III Late or be shownbelow. waspossiblylaid out During steppedandgated was constructed, and the courtyard itselfwas alley,StreetBeta IV, leadingdownto thecourtyard In LH IIB one cornerofit,herecalledtheCentral pavedwithslabs,overwhichearthaccumulated. and stillwithin afterwards, Sector,wentout of use. In LH IIIAi a benchwas added; but shortly LH IIIAi, theentireterracefellintodisuse.Forthedetailsofthesewallssee table 1.27.] In theSW Sectorthenw end oftheMedievalwall eb (fig.3.2) made use of an earlierstructure. was ofdifferent construction fromtherestofitto these. It was Thisstretch ofwall,1.4 m in length, betterbuiltand had twoextracoursesforitsfoundation. Also,as is seenin plate 6 a, it appearedto It was seen bondwithanother was clarified. wall,walled. Duringtheremovalofwalleb thesituation thatthelowestcourseofthenwendofthatwall- thebetter-built referred to above constituted part a broadstep,StepI, ontoa smallterraceroughly1.2 m square,boundedby twowalls,wallsed and es, on thenwand anotherwall,walleo, on these (see fig. 1.23).At thenwend ofthisstepa short waller againstwalled mayhave actedas an antasupporting one sideofa gateway. Atthene end of thissmallterracewas a secondstep,StepII, up to a road,StreetBetaIV, which,flankedbywallseo and es, led gently direction. ThesestepsyieldedtheLH IIA sherds3246 upwardsin a north-easterly and 3282, whichdatetheirconstruction and therefore also datethatofwalled, sincethelowerstep, BetaIV variedbetween0.6 and 1.1 m in width.Sincewalled liesat an StepI, bondswithit.[Street elevationabovetwosuccessiveLH IIA floors(see fig. 1.27),itmusthavebeen builtlaterin LH IIA or evenat thestartofLH IIB.] Walleo formed these flanking walloftheroadway.Thiswallwas calledwallfe Nofthelineofthe earlierwallfc,and ek whereitpassedovertwoearlierwalls,ej and fc.The nwflankoftheroadway wasformed Indeed wall,walles. [Walled ranto thesw ofwalles on a similaralignment. byanother walled continued fora further m to the sw into trench Beta of it where was wall called 2 3.35 1959, At its it end formed a with wall which had a nw-se axis and ran 1 m se into trench ha, gh. rightangle Beta5 ofi960. SinceStepsI and II andwalled areall datedto LH IIA or soonafter, wallseo andes werebuiltat thissame time,together withthe anta er (fig. 1.23). Thus majorconstruction was undertaken LH which entailed the of the and during II, building steps,alley-walls gateway.] walled cannotantedateLH IIA, theshortwallew thatabuttedagainstitmusthavebeen Although a littlelater,sinceithad onlytwocourses,whereaswalled continued in depthbelowthese.[Wallew contained LH II and possiblyLH IIIAi sherds,and was overlaidby a LH IIIAi level.It was a stone benchfacingse, presumably witha view of the sea towardsKythera.Two LH IIIAi vessels,the and the dipper3306 kylix3313, werefoundin thene angleformedby thebenchew and wall ed which it had been built,as if lefttheresomeonewho had been sitting on thebenchand against wine 6 as the was found with the drinking (plate c),just dipper3305 goblet3314 by StepI. Together witha krater, thedipperand kylixor gobletevidently formeda standarddrinking-set, and thesefour vesselswereperhapsall abandonedon thesameoccasion.] The CentralSector,at first called'Room A, was a rectangular space definedon twosidesby the doublewallsep/eyand ej/fc.The combination ofwallsis unusual:a doublewall,ej/fcwithroughly nw-seaxis in then part,made a cornerwithanotherpairofwalls,ep/eywithapproximate ne-sw sw and disappearedintothes baulk. axis,as is seenin plate ja-b. The latterpairofwallscontinued The lowercoursesofwallsfcand ej [Allthesewallswerein existencebeforetheLH II remodeling. under wall i.e. the of the fig. eo, passed boundary 1.31). The uppercourseof wall ej alley (see bondedwithwall ep, and thatofwall ey bondedwithwallfc.However,theremaining coursesof wall ej wentmuchdeeperthanthebase of wall ep, whichmightseemto suggestthatit was built beforewallep. Notenoughofwallfc was exposedto establishwhether it wentas deep as walley.

W. D. TAYLOURt AND R. JANKO

5O

Fig. 1.27. Area Beta 3/8/9/10,SW sector.Elevationofbaulk underwall ed, lookingnorth-west (see figs. 1.23, 1.31 and 1.32, D-D').

Walley ranjustunderthene faceofthewallex, and seemsnotto haveextendedbeyondit;instead, itturnedto thenwto becomewallfc.It followsthatwallex is laterthanwalley.] Wallsej/fccertainly seemto havebeenterracewallsbuiltagainstthetiltoftheArea,whichsloped fromne to sw; thedoublethickness was intendedto supporttheterracesbehind.As none ofthese wallswasremoved, theirdatingis notclear.Wallep overlaywallsem andfb,whicharebothMH III Early.Walley overlaywallem, butwas overlaidby theLH IIB floorin theSE Sector.46 withcertainty. The doublewallcomprising ofthesewallsis hardto establish [Thehistory ej andfc axis. was builtat a different timefromtheMH III Earlyterracewallem, sincethisis on a different II wall a MH so the double wall sw cut back into as em was built on the terrace to the stratum, Just was erectedin orderto enlargethissameterrace.This musthave happenedafterwall em fellinto disuse.The base ofwallej mayjusthavebeenreachedwhenexcavationceasedat -3.08 BM; thistoo At a dateafterMH III was in a MH II stratum, butwallsej/fctoo mayhavebeenbuiltin a cutting. at built than LH II A walls and were but no later ep ey rightanglestowallsej andfc,in Early, Early thesewallsand to demarcateanotherterraceto these. We can be surethat orderbothto strengthen becausetheLH IIA forgediscussed whenthislatterterracewas created, earlierlevelsweredestroyed debris(see fig.1.24 strata14-15 and 19). Thiswillalso explain below47 is cutintoMH I destruction whyMH III levelswerefoundat a higherelevationin theNE Sectorbehindwallex. As partofthese works,wallsej and fc wereeach strengthened by theadditionofan uppercoursethatwas bonded withthenew wallsep and ey. The use of thisbuildingtechniquedoes notindicatethatthelower itmakesitlikelythatthe coursesofwallsej andfcwerebuiltduringan earlierphase;on thecontrary, wallsej, ep, ey andfcwereall builtat at thesametime.In short, wasundertaken entireconstruction em. thesame timein orderto doublethe size of theterraceformedby thepreviousterrace-wall LH MH III Late to within the it was was when this it is clear not I.] done; However, period exactly ofstonescalledev, severallinesofslabswere In thesw partofthisArea,underthelatertriangle walled on itsse flankand cameup fromthesw,whiletheother uncovered(fig.1.23).One skirted line ofschistslabs,calledwalleq, rannw-sealongthelineofthese Another from the se. approached ofrobbedburials,called slabs turned Several gave theappearanceinitially perpendicular approach. or grinder Burials3-4 of 1977. An animal'sjawboneand thegreenhammer-stone 7273 lay on this date No humanremainswerefoundupontheremovaloftheseslabs,whichfromthepottery surface. to LH IIIAi. Mentionshouldbe made ofanotherlineofslabscalledwall eu parallelto thelineof fromitto thene. Liketheslabseq, thelinecalledeu consisted slabseq and only70 cm distant only 46 See

§4 (iii) (c) below.

47 See

§4 (iii) (c).

THE BRONZE AGE ARCHITECTURE AND STRATIGRAPHY §4

51

a lengthof i .7 m itturneddue s, disappearing into ofone courseandwasofone stone'sbreadth. After thes baulk(plate6 b).[Further slabswerefoundin theCentralSector.Yetmoreslabs,extending eq to in thew end ofBeta 3 in 1959. TheirremovalyieldedLH I and LH IIIAi these, werediscovered sherds.The variouslinesofslabsrepresent theremnants ofpavingthatcoveredmostofthecourtyard.] in the slabs were embedded hard or stonysurfacesoverlaidwithlightEverywhere mud-packed Thisfloorappearsas Floor1 in planin fig.1.23 and in sectionin fig.1.24 colouredearthor plaster. (stratum 12). Whenthesw terracewas abandonedfiveLH IIIAi potslay on its surface:thetwo dippers3305-3306,thekylix3313, thegoblet3314 and thebasin3315. Pots3305 and 3314 were discovered swofStepI. Itis difficult toexplaintheirposition thereunlessFloor1 wasfinally abandoned in LH IIIAi. OtherLH IIIAi objectswerefoundbothfurther swand tothene oftheStepatroughly findsfromStepI and fromthissurface, thesamelevel.[Thenumerous thebronzetweezers including in table are listed their are shown on fig. 1.28; 7013, 1.23.The se cornerof approximate find-spots theterraceyieldedthesteatite conulus7232,unlessthisis LH IIIC Earlyin date,thepossiblesaddlequern7277 and thecircularstonepolisheror pommelofwhitemarbleHS 316.48 [Floor1 was at an elevationof c.-2.67 to -2.73 BM, i.e. at thesamedepthas thebase ofwalled, and someslabswerebeddedunderthatwall (fig.1.27). This suggests thattheslabswerelaid at an advancedstageofLH II A or slightly laterand continuedin use untilsomepointduringLH IIIAi. The LH IIA fillimmediately belowFloor1 at thelevelofthebase ofwalled containeda numberof finds:theseincludedtheLH I Vapheiocup 3240, thebone point7004, thewhorl7042, whichwas in these cornerofthesector,thefemalefigurine discovered head 7086, thelapislacedaemonius cobble and the obsidian barbed and in These included table finds, 7279 1.29, tangedprojectile point7333. mustbe fromtheearliestuse ofthecourtyard.] Fromthepottery foundwithinit,theSW Sectorappearsto havebeen continuously occupiedfrom MH III onwards:see figs.1.24,strata16-17,fig.1.26 at leftand fig.1.27.The occupationdeposits, whichregularly mixedMH III LatewithLH IIA sherds,accumulated to a depthofover50 cm. [The below the elevation of the wall base of ed best in fig. are seen deposits 1.27.Justbelowthiselevation therewas a floorofpinkand whiteplasterat a depthof -2.84 BM (thebase of stratum 16 in fig. 1.24);thisfloorextendedc. 1.5 m e and 1.3 m n fromthepointwherewalled enteredthew baulk; datedto LH IIA, ityieldedseveralfinds.TheseweretheMinoanvessel1468, thewhorl6016, the chertsickleelement6137 and thelapislacedaemonius denticulate blade 6142. Itss edgewas cutby an oblongpit (notshown)whichmeasured85 cm E-w x 46 cm n-s and 15 cm deep, and whichlay undertheLH IIIAi benchew; itsbottomwas at -3.05 BM. Thiswas called'Cist4', butitwas partly not a grave.Foundempty,it may have servedforstorageor perhapsformetallurgical purposes, is notrecorded;theMH I metallurgical thoughburning pitsin AreaV at Nichoriaare ofsimilarsize and shape.49 To theN (fig.1.27),thisplasterfloorstoppedexactlyabove theN faceofa possibleslab wall at a lowerelevation;was thelattera step?Belowtheplasterfloor,at a depthof -3.01 BM, a thesector(fig.1.24,base of stratum hard-packed stonyfloorextendedthroughout 17, = fig. 1.26, stratum in theswcorneroftheArea.The 10); therewas a hearthwithwhiteash,stonesandmudbrick floor have LH I to (sherds stony may belonged 3235, 3237). [Belowthestonyfloortherewas anotherfloor,thistimemadeofyellowclayin thesw corner(see fig. 1.26,base ofstratum 13),butofwhiteplasterto theN.Here it slopedup to whatappearsfrom the sectionto have been a stepped thresholdor perhaps a wall made of slabs, whichwere intothestonyfloor(fig.1.27).Theseslabsarereported to havecontinued subsequently incorporated intothetrench, butno planofthemwasmade.Iftheydidforma wall,theuse ofslabsis similartothe construction ofthecontemporary wallsht and le in Area Lambda/Beta12.50The findsfromthese levelsarelistedintable 1.29.] WithintheCentralSectortherangeofpottery was MH III Earlyto LH IIB. [Thefindsfromthe in levels this also in listed table sector, Mycenaean 1.29,includedtheLH I Vapheiocup 3239 and LH IIB roundedalabastron3292, whichwas associatedwithotherLH I-IIB sherds.Five pierced shells(9265-9267,9272,9278) represent theremainsofa necklace.The cornerformed bythissector was thensimplyan extensionof thecourtyard thatlay to thesw. The absenceof LH IIIAi finds, whichwereso plentiful elsewherein thisterrace, thatthiscornerwentoutofuse in LH IIB suggests rather thanin LH IIIAi liketherestofthecourtyard. Perhapsthiscornerofithadbecomeovergrown withdensevegetation suchas a figtree.] 48 Taylour 1072, 260 withpl. 42f.i. 49 Cooke and Nielsen 1978, 211.

50 See

§5 (v) below.

52

W. D. TAYLOURt AND R. JANKO

Severalinfant burialswerefoundto thes and sw oftheslabseq; therewerealso burialsto then of them.The CentralSectorcontainedthreeburialswithout viz.Beta gravegoods,thoseoftwoinfants, burials31 and 34, and of a childaged aboutsevenyears,burial27. Theyare unlikelyto be any earlierthanLH IIA orLH IIIAi. [Thecourtyard wasobviously a convenient burials.51 localeforinfant A fourth that Betaburial28, a cistbuiltintothetopoftheMH III Earlywallem,confirms interment, thelatterwallhad longsincegoneoutofuse. Thistombcontainedthreevessels,LH IIB or possibly LH IIIAi in date,publishedas 3289-3291 below.] (b) THE NE SECTOR

The NE Sector(see fig. 1.31 and plate 6 d), to thene ofwallsej and fc,was boundedto these by in the wall ex. Wallsfc and ej wereprobablyMH III Late to LH I. Therewereno otherfeatures whichmayhavebeenleftempty. The fillwas mostlyLH I- II, and in mostofthesector entiresector, ceasedat thislevel.FromthisperiodcomestheLH IIA cup 3259; theonlyotherfindwas excavation a bone point7003. Thissectorcontained threecistgraves:a largeone foran adult,Betaburial25, a smallerone foran a thirdfora smallchildagainstthene flankofwall ex, Betaburial29. Beta burial and infant, 23, are to be anyearlierthanLH IIA-IIIA1.52 They unlikely (c) THE SE SECTOR

The SE Sectorwas definedby theparallelwallsep/eyto thenw,by wallex to thene,and by thee a largeroomorterrace, 'RoomB', these and swwalls ands baulks(fig.1.28).Thissectorconstituted had minimum interior dimensions This terrace iftheyexisted, the excavated area. ofwhich, outside lay was cutintoearlierlevelswhenthattothe of3.5 x 3.3 m and an areaofatleast11.9 m2.[Thisterrace in LH IIA. The dateofwallex, whichwasnotremoved,presents swwasremodelled greatdifficulties walley is datablebetweenMH III Late and LH I; As we saw above,53 and willbe discussedshortly. fordetailssee table 1.27.] ByLH IIB walley wouldnothavebeenvisible,as itwashiddenbya plasterflooratthebase ofthe over se faceofwallep (seefig.1.24,stratum 13); thisfloor,whichwas c. 10 cmthick, passeddirectly walley and occupiedtheentiresector.Associatedwiththefloorwerethemonochrome goblet3268 handle3281. The dateofthesevesselsis LH IIA, butthe and theunpainted gobletwithhigh-swung ring-handled cups3295-3296, depositwas in factLH IIB: forpartsofthetwoLH IIB monochrome also came fromthisambience.[Sincethevaseswere are preserved, ofwhichthecompleteprofiles The flooralso yieldedtheMH I Dark are undetermined. recoveredin piecestheirexactfind-spots level below.Since thisfloorwas at flask1327, whichis a cast-upfromthe destruction Burnished an elevationjust above the base of wall ex, the wall itselfwould appear to have been in use duringLH IIB: see fig. 1.25. However,otherargumentssuggestthatwall ex was Medieval, and that,as elsewherein thissector,MedievalwallswerecutintoBronzeAge levelswithoutany detectable foundation trench.] downand Aftertheremovalof theLH IIB floorin thissector,at a depthsome 25 cm further c. 5-10 cm ofpureash was encountered oflargequantities withinLH IIA levels,a layerconsisting thick;thiswasmostcopiousin theareamarked'hearth'on theplan,fig.1.28,withplate 7 b.The ash 10 in fig. 1.25; it is also markedon figs. is also shownbelowstratum 14 in fig. 1.24 and stratum crucible the of In ash was found the 6063, witha fewpiecesof arsenicaltin clay 1.29-1.30. part that establishes This known. is not it. Its exact to bronzestilladhering discovery important find-spot was to both time the terrace at this that follows in this sector. out was carried [It open bronze-working The layerofashyielded breezesidealformetallurgy. theskyandthesea,whichsuppliedtheon-shore buttonHS 303.54 thebiconicalterracotta LH IIB plasterfloorranoverthetop ofwall ey showsthatduringLH IIA ey that the [Thefact floorrightalongthe nw side of the some as a bench functioned 40 cm above the contemporary that the observation P. Thiswas confirmed terrace. spacebetweenthetopofwalley and by Wright's ofthelayerofash,whichwas removal The stones. in with small filled had been these faceofwallep features a had several the terrace that showed overhardbrownearth, (seetheplan,fig. extraordinary and between em wall terrace III MH the thestumpof 15 cmabovethe 5 projected 1.28).First, Early the of bench to at floor;itstopwas at an part ey,forming groundsurface rightangles contemporary 51 See Chapter 2 §4 below withfig. 2.4. 52 See Chapter 2 §4.

53 See §4 (iii) (a). 54 Taylour 1972, 260 withpls. 42c!, 42e top.

THE BRONZE AGE ARCHITECTURE AND STRATIGRAPHY §4

53

PlanofLH IIA forge. Fig. 1.28.AreaBeta3/8/9/10, SE sector.

withits of mudbrick elevationof -2.96. At thebase of theash nearthenw cornerwas a platform a line burned at an BM. from near this vertical of surface elevation of -3.01 Starting platform, upper an thewholeN partoftheterrace, mudbrick or mud-plaster c. 7 cm in thickness traversed following If that this fig. we can assume the terrace was bounded curved line: is shown on 1.28. irregular by wallex or a predecessor ofthatwall on thesame axis,perhapsbuiltofmudbrick (whichwouldbe fig.1.30),thisfeature enclosedan areaapproximately 1.6 m long whyno wallis visiblein thesection, its was it was its cm wide. Before existence removed down to base, whichlay recognized by 70 MH I the mudbrick of the destruction Its of upon underlying layer. height c. 15 cm was directly determined becauseitwas visiblein sectionwhereitenteredtheE baulk:see fig.1.26.Itstopwas at about-2.97 to -3.01 and itsbottomat -3.12 BM or below.Hence itsvolumewas c. 0.17 m3.It was burnedorangeon itsinneredge,i.e. towardsthene, blackin themiddleand darkred on itsouter is bestinterpreted as thefront edge.Thisinstallation edgeofa largebutshallowbasinor pool. It was in thelayerofash,sinceitslipwouldhaverestricted nota grateforthefiresthatresulted thesupplyof airforcombustion and in anycase theash was concentrated outsideitto thes. Instead,itmusthave beenusedto containliquid,presumably waterforcoolingand quenching. stone structure was withthisbasin.The top of thisstructure connected was at an [A apparently elevationof-2.91 BM and itsbase at -3.16. Visiblein elevationin thebaulkleftunderwallex (see fig.1.30andplate 8 ¿z),itconsisted ofthreecoursesofstonesdownandthreestonesacrosswitha gap

54

W. D. TAYLOURt AND R. JANKO

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THE BRONZE AGE ARCHITECTURE AND STRATIGRAPHY §4

55

Fig. 1.31.AreaBeta3/8/9/10. PlanofMH III LateandLH I phases,showing locationofsections(figs.1.24-1.26) andelevations and (figs.1.27,1.29 1.30).

filledwithearthin themiddle.The stonesofitsbase projectedintotheterrace.Unfortunately this structure was notinvestigated further. The simplest is that it was a built with the drain, interpretation base ofthechannelthrough whichtheliquidflowedlocatedat an elevationof-3.00. This elevation almostexactlyto thatof thelip of thebasin describedabove,whichwas at -2.97 to corresponds Hence the drainwas not employedto emptythebasin,but eitherto serveas an overflow -3.01. or to fill it withrainwater, or perhapsforbothpurposes.We saw above thattheLH IIB floor pipe mentioned above appearsto haverunup to thefaceofwallex. The factthatthefaceofthisdrainis exactlyalignedwiththatofwallex aboveitwouldseemto suggestthatwallex was itself partofthis installation. However,thebase ofthewallis above thelevelofthetopofthebasin,and to thew of thedrainit restedon earth(thesituation to theE ofthedrainis unclear).Hence thedrainseemsto have been buriedin earthratherthanbuiltundera wall.Sucha drainis paralleledat Nichoria.55 If thisargument is correct, wallex was builtin theMedievalperiod.It is saidto havebondedwithwall ef,whichis also assignedto thelatterperiod. [In additionto thepool and thedrain,a stonehearthwas locatedto thesw ofthebasin(fig.1.28). Thiswas builtat an elevationof-3.1 1 BM againstthestumpofwallem. ItsN sidewas delimited by a flatstoneat -3.01 BM, at approximately thelevelofthelip ofthebasin;likethestumpofwallem 55McDonald,Dickinsonand Howell 1992, 765.

56

W. D. TAYLOURt AND R. JANKO

thiswouldhavefunctioned as a working carriedon at thehearth.The surfacefortheactivities itself, was a ofthecrucible6063 in thelayerofash above showsthatthiselaborateinstallation discovery themetal, forgewherearsenicaltinbronzewas meltedand worked.The hearthwas usedformelting and charcoalthatwasfannedbytheon-shore breezesandbyblowpipesofcannareed usingcrucibles of the same date were or bellowsof leatherand wood. Terracotta nozzlesfromthese,i.e. tuyères, a convenient foundelsewhere on thesite(7052a and HS 311). The basinoffered supplyofwaterfor made of the canna reed Arundo the of the metal and for anealing perhaps cooling tips blowpipes formelting whichcouldalsohavebeenusedin ordertoachievethei3oo°C necessary donax, copper.56 The stonebenchesand surfaces wereusedforworkofvariouskinds.Untilthefirewhichlefttheash, theworkshop was kepttidy,and almostnoneofthevaluablemetalwas leftbehind.Table 1.30 lists thewholepotsand otherfindsfromthissector.The MH I destruction levels,whichare discussed the remains of the under below,57 smithy.] layimmediately (d) THE NW SECTOR

wallen and an associatedfloor,witha roadto thes ofitboundedbywallet, had [A houseinvolving floorlevels existedin thenwcorneroftheAreafromMH II onwards.The househad twosuccessive with were covered road and the house 1 Both the MH III LH I strata Lateto 1-12). (fig.1.26 during derelict. time were at which ILA strata fillthatcontained LH sherds(fig.1.26 7a-b, 8), they obviously wallet,whichformed thes sideoftheroad,wentoutofuse atthesametime.This The contemporary was connectedwiththebuildingofthealley,StreetBetaIV, justto thee. The house abandonment coveredwithLH IIB fill(fig.1.26 stratum was subsequently 6).] (iv) Middle Helladic II to Middle Helladic III Early to MH II and MH III Early.Forthe in AreaBetacan be attributed architectural features Important see fig. 1.32. planofthesephases (a) THE SW AND CENTRALSECTORS

BetaIII, whichappearsto Structure In theSW Sectortherewas foundthene cornerofa building, havebeenfoundedby MH III Earlyat thelatestand wentoutofuse duringthatperiod.It consisted ofwallfd,whichhad a nneto sswaxis and madea rightangleat itsnne end withwallfb; thelatter and disappearedunderwallep (seetable 1.31 and plates7 ¿and wallproceededin an ese direction offband a 'smoothed 8 a). Mentionis madebytheexcavatorofa possiblebenchagainsttheinterior werein the floorsurface'at -2.96 BM insidethe house,i.e. to the sw of wall fb. These features bondedcornermadeby wallsfdand fb. belowtheLH I clayfloorin theSW Sectortherewas anotherslabfloorat an [Almost immediately elevationofc.-3.20 BM, againwitha hearthbythew baulk:see figs.1.24 (baseofstratum 18), 1.26 it II MH contained this floor slabs of the and sherds, appearsto have (stratum 14) 1.27. Although E ofthe thefillaboveitalso containedsomeLH I material. beenusedfromMH III Early,although hearthwerefoundthewhorl6034, thebase ofa pithosand twostonegrinders (thesewerenotkept). fromtheMH III Earlywallfdbythelater A further grinder laytotheN.As thispavingwas separated tothatwallremainsobscure.The terracotta cistofburial32, itsrelation 6077 wasfound pottery-anvil undertheslabs.Excavationceasedat thisdepth.] between theboundary A well-constructed wall,em,threecourseshighandwitha nw-seaxis,formed underthesurfaceoftheLH I courtyard theSW and CentralSectors.Its presumednw continuation wasnotcleared.Wallem was foundto continueintotheSE Sector,whereit was calledwallez; this excavatedin Beta3, 1959.The topofwallem laynextto theLH samewallwas calledgq whenfirst IIA hearthassociatedwiththebronze-working (see fig. 1.28),butthewall did notextend industry forthefulllengthofthearea. southeastwards oftheLH IIA forge.The [These end ofwallem was probablyrobbedoutduringtheconstruction wallwasbuiltin MH III Early,becauseitwas associatedwitha thinblacklayerofthisdateat c.-3. 12 untilitreachedthe started BM. Thisstratum justabovethebase ofwallem and slopeddownslightly blade denticulate chert the it thecontemporary nwfaceofwallfb. This represents surface; yielded III MH another of level the above wall em of stratum, the foundations In Early lay 6141. addition, withan elevationof-3.08 BM, layto whorl6035 was found.A MH II stratum, wheretheterracotta 56 Cooke and Nielsen 1978, 210-11.

57 See

§4 (iv) (d).

THE BRONZE AGE ARCHITECTURE AND STRATIGRAPHY §4

57

Fig. 1.32.AreaBeta3/8/9/10. PlanofMH II andMH III Earlyphases,showing locationofsections(figs.1.24-1.26)and elevations (figs.1.27,1.29and 1.30).

theN ofthewalland above thelevelofitsbase. Thissuggests thatwallem was a terracewall.Since wallsem and fb wereparalleland theybothran undertheprobablyLH IIA wall ep, theywere probablybuiltand disusedat thesametime.The base ofwall em was at a higherlevelthanthatof wallfb,butthiscan be explainedbytheslopeofthehill.Together, thesewallsmaywellhaveformed thene andswsidesofan alleyrunning nw-seintothes baulk,calledStreetBetaIII. Thisalley,1.25m withtheroad in theNW SectornamedStreetBetaII, which wide,wouldhave been contemporary was ofsimilar width.58 After StreetBetaIII and thebuildings adjacentto itwentoutofuse in MH III the entire Area was the thatwas to endure Early, reshapedby profoundly layingoutofthecourtyard untilLH IIIAi. Belowtheblacklayerwas a surface ofsmallpackedstonesat -3.24 BM, stillwithMH III Earlysherds.Excavationceasedat thislevelto thes ofwallem, and at -3.08 BM to itsn.] In theSW Sectortherewas a largerconcentration ofburialsthanelsewhere in theArea,viz.burials and cist built wall fd a LH I-IIA bichrome Matt Paintedsherd,which [A 30, 32 34. against produced was probablyassociatedwithburial32, and theMH I Late eggcup 1334, whichwas presumably a All three interments this cast-up. postdate phase.] 58 See

§4 (iv) (c) below.

W. D. TAYLOURt AND R. JANKO

58 (b) THE NE SECTOR

In theNE Sector(see fig. 1.32 and plate 6 ¿), MH III sherdswerefoundto the n of the later wall ex. No MH walls were uncoveredin thissector.Duringexcavation,tracesof ash deposits in the NE Sectore of the LH IIA wall eo. thatappearto be MH III Earlywere encountered It ash with basket of was [Thislayer 131. yieldedthecompleteLustrousDecoratedjug 1379. dug above this of the could be dated,and diggingceased at or slightly However,hardlyany pottery the depththroughout sector.] (c) THE NW SECTOR

In theNW Sector,at an obliqueangleto,and on thenwsideof,thewallsed and es thatflanked the LH IIA-IIIAi roadway(Street BetaIV), therewas a road,StreetBetaII, leadingto highergroundin theene (see theplans,figs.1.31-1.32,and thesection,fig.1.26).It was boundedby twowalls,wall en on thenwand wallet on these. It was,in fact,a continuation ofa roaduncoveredin theearlier in theNendofBeta excavations andreferred to as a cobbledarea.59 StreetBetaII wasfirst recognised 12A, whenceit mayhave linkedup at rightangleswiththe'PebbledRoad', StreetNu I, thatran then ends of Beta 11 and Beta 7/2/5, N-s in Area Nu. StreetBeta II continuedeastwardthrough area werethe excavatedin 1959-63. It is fairlycertainthatwallsgg and hg in thelast-mentioned foundwithit,was MH II, and the continuation ofwallet. Wallet to thes, accordingto thepottery roadmayconceivably havebeenusedat thesamedate.As itproceededup theincline,theroadmay north-eastwards. On itsse flankitwas cutbywalles, whichis haveturnedand changeditsdirection to es as thenwwallofthe therefore later,and thisagreeswiththedateofLH IIA thatwas attributed steppedroadway. LH I-IIA (see fig. foundin StreetBetaII is, as one mightexpect,mixed,including [Thepottery LH IIA goblet3284 was foundin itsfillofgraveland 1.26,strata7a~7b and 15). The fragmentary stones,and thefineYellowMinyanstrainer 1427, datedto LH I- II, probablycame fromthesame itwentoutofuse in LH IIA whenthestepped The roadand boththewallsthatdelimited context. was built.] alley Beta II, of whichno Wall en, witha wswto ene axis, was partof a MH building,Structure otherwalls were found.If thesestillexist,theylie in the baulks.There was a thresholdbuilt theentrancefromtheroadwayat thatpoint(see fig. 1.32 againstthes side ofwall en, indicating thewall.Just ofanimalboneswas foundon thepartoftheroadflanking and table 1.32).A quantity wall of en. side werenoticedon theinterior E ofthethreshold, tracesofmudbrick (n) Beyondthis, againstthewall,on a floorofhardbrownearth,lay a depositofthreepots,viz. thetwobowls1343 and 1346 andthecup 1344.Table 1.33liststhefindsfromthissector.[Thethreevesselsaredatedto thatwallsen and et were MH II; theMH III sherd1345 is fromthesame context.This confirms builtin MH II; theycontinuedin use, withthestreetbetweenthem,untilLH I or LH IIA Early. Excavationceasedat theselevels.] (v) Early Helladic II to Middle Helladic I [TheperiodsbeforeMH II are represented onlyin SE Sector:see theplan,fig. 1.33,thesections, figs.1.24-1.25and 1.29-1.30,and plate 8 a-c.The earliestlevelshereprovedhardto comprehend. ina rapidexcavation recovered information hasbeenclarified thestratigraphy However, bycombining SectorofBeta3, whichwas of 1977 withthatderivedfroma deepersoundingin theSouth-Central figs.1.24-1.25,with ablyexcavatedand recordedby R. Hope Simpsonin 1959 (see thesections, x was dugs m c. walls and later an arearestricted plate 8 c).Thissounding, only 0.7 1.5 in extent, by ofthelaterwallem and e ofthelaterwallsep/ey.] mudbrick BelowtheLH IIA levelsofpureash and burnedmudthatindicatedbronze-working,60 associated was the mudbrick wall was called a the of the encountered; fa, wall, widely top overlying Wallfa,ofrathercrudeconstruction, withburning. layin these corneroftheArea (fig.1.33).It was axis fromthatoftheMH III Earlywallem. At itsw end thiswallhad large different on a slightly thatofwalldj in AreaEta,which resembles and a rubblecore.[Thisstyleofconstuction stonefacings a wasbuiltin MH I Early.Wallfa had a nw-seaxis.Atfirst only pieceofit 1.3 m longwas exposed seemedto have been robbedoutfora depthofat least40 cm, neartheE baulk;itsw continuation 59

Taylour 1972, 256 with 231 fig. 15.

60 See

§4 (iii) (c) above.

THE BRONZE AGE ARCHITECTURE AND STRATIGRAPHY §4

59

Fig. 1.33.AreaBeta3/8/9/10, SE sector. PlanofEH II to MH I Latephases,showing locationofsections(figs.1.25) andelevations (figs.1.29 and 1.30).

i .4 m in length, stillexistedby thew perhapswhenwallem was built.Butin factanothersegment, of the sector under the later wall Hence the wall ran a for total distanceof 2.7 m. Atitsnw edge ey. enditsbase had notbeenreachedwhen,at an elevationof-3.49 BM, theexcavationceased;forthis reasononlysometumbleoverlying itsw endcouldbe drawn.Whenitsse portionwasfirst discovered in trench Beta3 of 1959 itwas calledwallgp, and whenitsw endwas foundthiswas namedwallfg. Forthespecifications ofthisand theotherMH I wallssee table 1.34. fa was buried undera destruction levelwithcarbonisedtimbers, tumbleand mudbrick. This [Wall is shownas stratum 12 in fig. 1.25,and also appearsin figs.1.29-1.30 and in plate 8 a. Thislevel consisted of10-20 cmofdecomposedmudbrick overa thinburntlayerwithtracesofwhiteashon its surface. The burntlayerwas mostlyc. 2 cmin depthbutwas as deep as 8 cm in thenwcornerofthe sector.At thenw end ofwallfa thethinburntlayercame to a halt3 cm above itsne face(see fig. thatitderivedfrom 1.29).Fromthispointthethinburntlayerslopeddownto theN,whichconfirms thedestruction ofthebuildingto whichwallfa belonged,Structure BetaI. Two carbonisedpostsor beams,markedA and B on fig.1.33,werefound.The charcoalfrompostA, sampleP-2961,yielded

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levelwas found radiocarbon dateof 2675 ±450 bc.61Sincethedestruction theveryearlycalibrated Outside thewallto wall as its sw must have had fa nw wall this to the of fa, boundary. building only as a road,StreetBetaI: thislayerappearsin thes therewasa layerofbrownpebblyearth,interpreted fig.1.24 as stratum 19.] N ofwallfa camethesmallhandmadepot 1337,and fromlowerdownin Fromtheburntstratum datedto MH I fromthisdestruction, thesmall'thimble'pot 1342. [The pottery thesame stratum in this sectorin a later flask found Dark Burnished below. The as is Late, published 1325-1342 1327, from thislayer.The also came blade The obsidian a these levels. must be from context, 6130 cast-up table see For details s of wall fa. 1.35.] greenstone polisher6114 was found [Thedeepestlevelsin thisAreawereattainedin thesoundingof 1959 s ofthelaterwallem. The topofanotherwall,wallgr,appearedat an elevationa 60 cm belowthatofthetopofwallfa (fig. underthes flankofwallem. Likewallfa,wallgr had a roughly off-axis 1.33). Wallgr ranslightly thantheotherwalls construction axis.However,itwasmadeofsmallstonesandwasofrougher NW-SE earth about hard reddish in a of 25 cmdeep,were (seeplate8 c).The sherdsadjacenttoit, layer very was MH I was above that the MH. Given Late,thispottery layer regarded by theexcavatoras early EH II. it was that it is also wall but the date of possible gr, surelyMH I Early.Suchmayhavebeen was that there EH II of ofsmallquantities The presenceinthesamestratum occupation proves pottery Fromthelowest25 cmofveryhardbrownearthno sherdsatall wererecovered. in ornearthissector. no doubtat or verycloseto bedrock.] Excavationceasedat a depthof2.35 m belowthesurface, 61See Appendixg §3.

THE BRONZE AGE ARCHITECTURE

AND STRATIGRAPHY §5

61

5. AREA LAMBDA 1 / BETA 12, 1973-74, WITH BETA 1, 1959, AND BETA 12, 1963: MIDDLE TO LATE HELLADIC (figs. 1.35-1.45) (i) Introduction This Area was chosenin 1973 in orderto exploretheterritory to thew of theBeta immediately trenches A modernterrace walllayacrossthemiddleoftrench Lambda dugintheearlierexcavations.62 1 andtheNpartoftheadjacentBetatrenches 12 and 11. VerylittleMedievalpottery wasfoundin the surfacelevels,no doubtbecauseit had been washedlowerdowntheslope,whichwas tiltedsteeply downwards fromn to s. Anothermodernterracewalllay acrosstheN partofArea Lambda2. Fora schematic betweenthesetrenches see figs,iv and 1.34. planoftherelationships The first trench was trench Lambda 1 of This was a trenchwithN-saxis6 x 3 m in 1973. opened extentto thew oftrenches Beta 1 and Beta 12A, whichwereexcavatedin 1959 and 1963,whenthe baulkbetweenthemwasalsoremoved(seetheplan,fig.1.35,andforsectionssee figs.1.38-1.39and trenchLambda 1 fromtheold trenches Beta 12A 1.44-1.45).In 1974 the1.5 m widebaulkdividing (n) of 1963 and Beta 1 of 1959-63 was takendown.Fortheplan see fig. 1.35,and forsectionssee figs.1.39and 1.41.63Thiswas calledtheLambda1 / Beta 12 baulk;together, Lambda1 and Lambda 1 / Beta 12 baulkwere27.45 m2in area-Removalofthetopsoiland theearthbeneathitrevealeda numberofwalls,theoutlineofwhichwas at first difficult to tracebecausestonesfromtheir confusing n covered or surrounded them. The of the baulk between the 1963 trenches Beta 12A collapse part andBeta12B,withtheBeta 1/12baulklyingdirectly tothen ofiton bothsides,was also dug;forthe thetopofthebaulkbetweentrenches Beta12B plansee fig.1.35andforthesectionfig.1.40.Finally, and Beta 11 to theE ofitwas partlycleared(see fig.1.35; forthesectionsee fig.1.42). renderedthestratigraphy and [Thesteepslopefromne to sw,evidentbothnow and in antiquity, architecture hard to Walls had been eroded with extremely interpret. awaycompletely, slopinglayers ofwashvisiblein all theN-ssections, to use therelativeelevations ofthesurviving makingitdifficult wallbasesas a criterion fordatingthem.No cuttings wereeverdetected, several must haveexisted. yet It turnedoutthatthen-s baulkshad been locatedexactlyabove themostimportant N-swalls,walls untilthe hm, Im, lq and lr; thisaccidentof excavationhad renderedtheplan incomprehensible baulksweredugin 1974. Theirremoval,thoughlimitedin extent, clarified the architectural greatly ourunderstanding evenofrelatively distant phasesin theupperlevelsovera widerarea,transforming of 1 trenches Beta and Beta 11.] parts At thisstagein theexcavationit was possibleto distinguish theplan ofwhatappearedto be two successivecomplexesofrooms.Theseweregivennumbers:Rooms 1-4 forthelatersetand Rooms 5-12 fortheearlier(seefigs.1.36 and 1.43 respectively). However,itwas also clearfromthecontext ofthepottery foundin excavating thewallsthatnottwobutseveralLH phaseswererepresented. [The earlierwalls,whichformedRooms5-12, belongedto MH III Late and wentout ofuse in LH ILA Early.However,someofthelaterwalls,whichformedRooms 1, 2 and 4, weredatableto LH IIIC inuse Early,whereaswallsmj,la, lp andgc thatdefinedRoom3 belongedtoLH IIA and continued untilLH IIIAi. DuringLH IIIAi theywerereplacedby wallslb and lo and thenby thesetofwalls werein use in LH IIIC Early.Room3 was reusedin thisfinalphase. crisisof 1974, the excavationof thisArea was abruptly concluded [Becauseof theinternational whentheuppermost MH layershad onlyjustbeen reached;no earlyMH layerswereattained, let alonethebedrock.Severalwallswerenotproperly drawn,somesectionshavehad tobe reconstructed fromsketches, and diggingceased at arbitrary levels.However,theexcavationsof 1963 had shown thatthereis a greatdepthofstratigraphy in thisArea,almost2.5 m fromthemodernsurface;some ofthesedeeperlevelsis attempted buttheresultsare farfromcertain.It is below,64 reinterpretation not clearwhytheirexcavationwas not resumedin 1977. A further Area Lambda 2, was trench, and stratigraphy have fewlinks openedin 1974 to theN oftrenchLambda 1. Sinceitsarchitecture withthoseofthisArea,thistrenchis describedseparately.65] Foran accountoftheburialsfromthisArea see below.66 In trenchLambda 1, threeburialswere uncoveredwithinRoom 10: Lambdaburials2 and 3 wereMH III, and burial1 was LH IIIA2. In burialswereuncovered, or 11 ifwe counttheinfant remainsthatwereleftinsituat 1974, 10 further theN end ofwallgc at theend of 1963 season,i.e. burialBeta 21.67The latterexcepted,nearlyall 62 Taylour 1972, 253-61. 63The latteradapts Taylour 1072, 2^ a fie. 27. 64 See §5 (vi).

65 See §6 below. 66 Chapter 2 §5. 67 This is included in

Chapter 2 §5 (i).

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within sherds Room i , sunkintotheLH I- II strata. Fromthesurrounding theseburialsareintramural and burial Lambda all LH the earlier ones are burial Beta are almost datable to 21 IIIAi; 4. they Nonehad anygravegoods.[BurialBeta20 is nowdatedto LH IIIC Early.] (ii) Late Helladic IIIC Early The latestbuildingphasein thisAreais datedto LH IIIC Early.Fordetailsofthewallsofthisphase, LambdaVI, see table 1.36. The roomsassignedto thisperiodare numbered whichformStructure and but 1, 2, 3 4, onlyin thecase ofRoom4 did all fourwallssurvive(see fig.1.36).In theLambda 1 / Beta 12 baulk,betweentheearlierwallslo in thecentreand Id in thes oftheArea,a wallwith betweenRoom 1, in trench Lambda1, and N-saxis,walllm,wasrevealed.Thisformed theboundary on thealignment ofwalllo butdidnottouchit.On the Room2 to theE. Walllm was approximately Nflankofwalllm laywallhu,withE-waxis.The e endofwallhu,foundin 1963,canbe seeninfigs. nowcame 1.35-1.36andplate 8 d.Itsmiddlesectionwastakendownin 1963 anditsw continuation to lightin thebaulk.[Wallhu, whichwas abuttedby walllm, once formedthen wallofRoom 1 to withtheremainder of Room 1, presumably thew of wall lm; itsw end has disappearedtogether erosion(see fig. 1.36 and plate 9 a). SinceLH IIIAi sherdswerefoundamongitsstones through whenwallhu was removed,Rooms1 and 2 mustbe LH IIIAi or later.Floor18 of 1963,associated LH II-IIIAi pottery, ranunderwallhu.] withwallgc and containing fromnnwto sse, wall lq, was uncoveredin theBeta 12A / Beta 12B Anothernewwallrunning in relation off-axis towalllm.Thesetwowallswereconnected baulk.Thiswallwas somewhat bywall withtherest,butabutteditandranfora short hu (plate9 a). The n endofwalllq wasnotcontinuous distanceuntilitmadea bondedcornerwithwallga. Hereitwas preserved to a heightofsixcourses. Walllq formed theE wallofRoom2 andthew wallofRoom4 totheE ofit.[Whenwalllq wastaken downitturnedoutto containsherdsoftheLH IIIC Earlyamphoriskos 3593, therestofwhichwas foundin piecesin themake-upofFloor5 ofRoom4. It followsthatitwasbuiltin LH IIIC Earlyand notbefore- notevenin theTransitional phase thatpreceded.Sincewalllq bondedwithwallhu and thelatteris abuttedby walllm, itfollowsthatall threewereconstructed duringLH IIIC Early.] Wallga, uncoveredin 1959 and 1963,is then wallofRoom4 (fig.1.36).Wallhq abuttedwalllq nearthes endofthelatterwall,on itsE flank.Wallhq formed thes wallofRoom4; itwasuncovered butnotcompletely drawn.Finally,then-s wallhm closedRoom4 to thee. The Beta 11/12Bbaulk was partlyclearedto revealthefullextentofwallhm (plate 9 b).The w faceofwallhm had been uncoveredin 1963: its elevationappearsin fig. 1.42.68Therewas an obviousdoorwayin its se to corner,wherewall hm came to a stopbeforeit reachedwall hq. The positionof theentrances theotherroomswas notclear. Detailsofthearchitecture indicatethattherewereat leasttwostagesofconstruction. The abutment within theNendofwalllq referred to aboveshowsthatthelatterandwallga formed a lateraddition; thejoin takesplacejustN ofthepointwherewallhu makesa rightanglewithwalllq. Thisimplies thatRoom 2 was builtbeforeRoom 4 and thatwallsga and hm wereadded later.[Sincewallga thatis overlaythe1963 basket135,whichis statedto havecontained'LH IIIB' sherds,a description to mean 'LH IIIC it is that walls hm and were also constructed within LH likely Early', probable ga IIIC Early.Henceitfollowsthatthisentirecomplexwas builtat thattime;thelackofLH IIIA2 and LH IIIB occupationlayersconfirms thatthiswas indeedthecase. No construction datingfromLH IIIA2 or LH IIIB can be distinguished. a problem.The excavatorof 1974,A. F. Harding,heldthatthes [Thes wallofRoom2 constitutes wallofbothRoom 1 and Room 2 was formedby a reuseoftheearlierwallId and itscontinuation wallht,foundjustbelowthesurfaceat thes end oftheArea.However,walllm stoppedshortofwall Id, as appearsin fig. 1.35 and plate 9 a. Moreover,theLH IIIC EarlyslabbedFloor 10 of 1963, whichwas identicalwithFloor4 of 1974, as willbe shownbelow,ran overthetop ofwallht,the slabbedsurfaceofwhichwas incorporated intotheLH IIIC Earlyfloor(see fig. 1.41).As is seenin fig. 1.37,piecesofpithosand otherfindslyingon thatfloorwerefoundoverwallhtjustunderthe modernsurfacebothin 1963 and in 1974. Moreover,walllq appearedto runoverwallht and lay abovewalllr (see plate 9 b).It followsthatthes partofFloor4 and thes wallofRoom 2 haveboth been erodedawaycompletely, exposingtheLH I-IIA levelsbeneath.] BothRoom2 andRoom4 had extensive floorsofbeatenearthmadeup withstoneslabs.Theseare Floor4 of 1974 in Room2 tothew (plates8 d,9 0,9 ¿/and10 a), and Floor5 of 1974 in Room4 to 68This adaptsTaylour1972, 256 fig.29.

W. D. TAYLOURt AND R. JANKO

66

Lambda1,lookingnorth(seefigs.1.35-1.36and 1.43,A-A'). Fig.1.38.AreaLambda/Beta 12.SectionofNbaulkoftrench Stratum 1 2 3 4 5 6

dateandinterpretation Description, Medieval/mixed Loose greyoverhardgrey-brown; topsoil LH IIIA2-LH IIIB fill Hard grey-brown; ofFloor3 Hard stonybrown;LH IIIAi use and abandonment Yellowclay;LH IIIAi Floor3 ofFloor 1 Whitish;LH II-IIIAi use and abandonment I-IIA fill LH Grey;

Basketnumbers 1, 2, 3 4, 8 13 19 21 25

as itbeganhigherup theslope.[Bothfloors theE. The latterwas at a higherlevelthantheformer, ofthe followedthedownward and of Rooms the 2 gradient 4. Theyevidently represent occupation withmanyoftheirslabsat crazy hillfromne to sw.However,theywerebothextremely disordered, angles.This explainswhyneitherwas recognisedas suchin 1963, whentheN and s partsof the as twoseparate andwereinterpreted Floors9 and 10 respectively slopingFloor4 of1974weretermed was LH IIIC the other.69 one above floorsrunning Earlypottery foundto date Enough horizontally both floorsto thatperiod.They were abandonedat the same time,withinLH IIIC Early,as Bothfloorswererichin finds.The findsfrom has revealed.70 P. A. Mountjoy's studyofthepottery Room2 tothew arelistedintable 1.37,andthosefromRoom4 tothee arelistedintable 1.38.The in fig.1.37.] floorsand thefindsfromthemareplannedtogether was in of sherds the form onlya fewcompletevasescouldbe registered. plentiful, Although pottery undecorated the the to Room finds from the 2 w, cup 3596 is LH IIIC Early,buttheladle Among foundin 1963 derivefromthecentreof vessels LH IIIC LH to is datable IIIA2. [Other Early 3562 alabastron Floor4 in Room 2 to thew. Thesearetheamphoriskos 3704; 3701 and thestraight-sided thelatterwas foundwherethisfloorran over the earlierwall ht. Fromthe same floorcame the datedto LH I- II.71But sinceits shapeis unpaintedshallowbowl HS 106, whichwas tentatively 69 1972,254-5witn%• 27-Becauseoftheslabs,partsof Taylour thisfloorwerealso dugin 1963 as 'walls'hs, q andu; thus1963 tothisfloor. baskets 84,87,88, 109,114,127and 137alsopertain

70See Chapter6 §5 (ii) (h) below. 71 Taylour1972,258 withfig.33.

THE BRONZE AGE ARCHITECTURE AND STRATIGRAPHY §5

67

The mugHS in is LH IIIA-IIIC Early.73 FS 295,thisvase toomustbe LH IIIC Early.72 However, was also LH I-IIA in date, 1774 withlight-on-dark a micaceousjar thatis definitely decoration, to abundantLH foundin Room 2. The presenceofthisearliervesseloverFloor4 mustbe attributed bothFloor4 and Floor5 afterRooms2 and 4 had I- II washthatcamedownontotheruins,covering been abandonedand theirN and E wallshad collapsed.Thiswashwas notdistinguished duringthe as its be doubt to but there can no excavations, presence.] FromRoom4 cametwovesselsdatedtoLH IIIC Early,theplaindeepbowl3597,whichwashalfand the amphoriskos 3593. [Otherpots fromthisroomwerefoundduringthe earlier preserved, basket excavations, 3 and 1963 baskets110, 115-117, 119, 140, 142 and 145.These dugusing1959 camefromthecentreand ne cornerofFloor5, in theangleformed by wallsga and hm,thestumps of whichhad no doubtprotectedit fromerosion.They werethe amphoriskos 3700, theglobular all LH and the lid datable to IIIC the bowl HS 122,74 3738 Early,and theLH stirrup deep jar 3707, IIIB amphora3694. Two othervesselsfromRoom 4, theLH IIA monochrome goblets3667 and LH III wash must be attributed to the which came down over both Room and Room4 after 2 3670, LH I in the micaceous Room mentioned above. To theN of theirabandonment; 2 compare jar 1774 Room4, in theBeta6/1baulk,was foundtheLH IIIC Earlycollar-necked jar 3703.] In Room2, a grainofwheat(9286) survived, Theseroomsappeartohavebeenworkshops. together withvariousspinning and weavingimplements and stonetools,as listedin table 1.37. The saddleofa dog,as is shownin fig.1.37 and plate ioû, andthere quern7276 wasfoundnexttotheskeleton werea numberofotherstonesreadyto be fashioned intotools,whichwerenotkept. In Room 4 to theE therewerealso a varietyofstonetools(see table 1.38).Twopoundersand a ofsheetbronze(7016polisher(7250-7252)werefoundon or overtheslabsofFloor5. Fragments thatmetal-working residue(7053a) and charcoalsuggest tookplacenearwalllq. 7017),metallurgical thishypothesis. The terracotta nozzleHS 311, probablya [Thepresenceofcrucible7053 confirms came fromthe erodeds partof tuyèreonce attachedto a reed-caneblowpipeformetal-working, Floor5*,75 thisresemblesthepossiblyLH I item7052a fromArea Lambda3, and couldhave come froma levelofthatdate.The stonetools,including thepestleHS 315 and perhapsthe'incised'stone HS 326,76mayalso havebeen usedforthispurpose.] In Room 1 in trench Lambda1, tothew ofRooms2 and4, theupperlevelsproduceda quantity of sherdsofLH I- II andLH IIIA butalso someLH IIIC Early.Thispattern seemedto conform towhat had been foundin 1963 in Area Beta 12A to theE. [Nothing survivedof theLH IIIC Earlyfloor levelsthatone mighthaveexpectedtofindin thissector.In fact,thereis no solidevidencethatRoom 1 was occupiedduringthisphase,exceptforthefactthatthestumpofwallhu createsa presumption thattheareatoitss and to thew ofwalllm was enclosedbywalls.The mostsubstantial stratum over theEarlyMycenaeanwallsconsisted ofa fill,containing wornLH I-IIA material withsomefreshLH whichwas also seentotheNin AreaLambda2 (seefig.1.47).The LH IIIC Early IIIA2-IIIB sherds, must have been erodedaway,sincebothtrenches areattheextreme swedgeofthehilltop.The layers in walls the s 1 of trench Lambda almost underthesurface, EarlyMycenaean part lay immediately whichshowsthaterosionwas stilltakingplace whenexcavations commenced. [TwoLH IIIC Earlyfloorsin trenchBeta 1, Floors13 and 14 of 1963,ranoverthetopoftheLH II-IIIAi wallgc withinRoom 3 (see fig. 1.40 strata4 and 6). Bothfloorsranup to thebase ofthe LH IIIC Earlywallhu andwerecontemporary withitsuse (seefig.1.41 strata4 and 5). The LH IIA Floor3 of 1974,whichlay at an elevation30 cm above thatof Floor 13 of 1963 in thew halfof Room3, musthavebeenpartlycutawaybylaterterracing. theeasternmost stoneofwalllp Although w from the baulk of the trench Beta the wall at that 1, projected stoppedabruptly point,whichaccords withthishypothesis. In thestrataofLH IIIC Earlymaterial mixedwithLH I- II washthatlayabove Floor13 of 1963 (fig.1.40 strata2 and 4) werefoundtheLH IIIA-B phi-type 7071, twelve figurine the lacedaemonius and HS the poundersincluding lapis 31377 pounder greenstone example7253, an obsidianblade and someanimalbones. findsof thisdate made in othercontextsor in mixedsurfacelevelsare listedin [The remaining TABLE I.39.78]

72 Mountioy iq86, 153, table 3. 73Tavlour 10.72. 2rq. dI. soa. 74 Taylour 1072, 2 50, pl. 47c!. 75 Taylour iQ72, 260, pl. Rib. 76 Taylour 1972, 260-1, pl. 42Ì.3.

77

260.

1972, 78Taylour Thoseknownto be fromthes sectorsoftrenches Beta 12A and Beta 12B,i.e. sectorsbetaand gammaof 1963,outsidethe area ofStructure LambdaVI, are omitted.

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(iii) Late Helladic IIIAi LH IIIAi phaseofconstruction can be distinguished.] [A distinct it appearedthattheuppermost Fromthepottery stratain theN sectoroftrenchLambda 1 were earlierthanthosein thes discussedabove.79This partof theArea was at a higherlevelthanthes sectorbecauseofthesteepslope oftheground.In thisN sectora seriesofwallsemerged,in some cases perhapsassociatedwithstampedfloors.These walls could not in 1973 be integrated with thosein trenchBeta 12A of 1963. Two walls appearedjust below the surfaceat rightanglesto In thene partoftrenchLambda 1, walllb withE-waxisappearedto cutan earlierwall one another. la at its s end and ran roughlyparallelto the laterwall hu further s. Wall lb continueda short distanceintotheLambda 1 / Beta 12 baulkbeforemakinga shortreturn to thes; thereturn is called walllo (seefig.1.36). This [Walllb containeda sherdfroma LH IIIAi kylix,3557; thisseemsto dateitsconstruction. LH IIIAi phaseis represented walls lb and called Structure Lambda V. These walls are lo, onlyby in table 1.40.Terracing described or severeerosion,or evenboth,wasprevalent here.Thustheother twosidesofStructure LambdaV to thew and s totally and itsnwcornertoo.J. Rempel disappeared, that LH the II-IIIAi Floor 1 of have been associatedwithit.To thes ofwalllb, suggested 1973 may amongtumbledstoneswhichlayoverFloor1 andwerewith1973 basket14 (fig.1.45),wasthestone socket7277a containing remnants of a doorpostwhichhad been destroyed by fire;thiswas not in it since was found bowl 3569 was foundin Room 1, w ofthe situ, upsidedown.The monochrome laterwalllm; thisis datedtoLH IIIA2 Earlyorbefore, butis probablytobe associatedwithLambda burial7. The presencehereofnumerous LH IIIAi burials80 thatmostofthissectorremained suggests an open spaceduringthistime. thatthisphase and theprecedingone are represented in each case onlyby the [Itis remarkable innerwallofa structure builtintothehill.The outerwalls,facingthesea,havevanished.Thiscannot be a resultofrecenterosion,sincea subsequent LH III phasewas builtupon theremains.It would seemthatthewallsofeachphasewereterraced awayor sliddownthehillbeforethenextphasewas built,stillwithintheLH III period.] (iv) Late Helladic IIA-IIIAi Early wallsand floorsare assignedto thisphase:wallsmj, la, lp and gc withFloors18 and [Thefollowing of 19 1963,Floors1 and 3 of 1973 and Floor3 of 1974.] In trenchLambda 1 wall la, withn-s axis,occupiedthen end of the E baulk.In then of the Lambdai/Beta12 baulkwalllp, withe-w axisand builtoflarge,roughblocks,abuttedontowallla (fig.1.36). [Thee end ofwalllp onlyprojecteda stoneor twointotrenchBeta 1 of 1959; as in the underthesurface. Itscontinuation further e had disappeared; thishadpresumably baulk,itlaydirectly beenremovedby stone-robbing erosion. Walls la and lp are seen or,moreprobably, sweptawayby in plate 10 c. Anotherwallwithn-s axis,wallmj, appearedin thew baulkoftrenchLambda 1 at thesamedepthas wallla. Tojudgebyitselevation(fig.1.38),itmayhaveformed the approximately w sideofa roomboundedto theE by wallla, withtheLH IIIAi Floor3 of 1973 in between.] In trenchBeta6 of 1963,underlying thew flankofthelaterwallga at a lowerlevel,at thepoint whereitjoinstheNend ofwalllq ofthesamedate,was theshortwallgc (plate 10 d). Wallgc ranNs fora distanceof 1.25 m,butpeteredoutto thes beforeitreachedBeta 12A; at itsN end itstopped at theN baulkoftrenchBeta 1. [Whenremoved,ityieldedsherdsthatweredoubtfully identified as LH IIIAi; however,it seemsto theeditormorelikelyto belongto LH IL W. D. Tayloursuggested thatat itsN end wallgc wouldhave turnedto thew andjoinedup withthemissingcontinuation of wall lp. Wallgc passed overwallsgd and ge, whichhave been assignedto the LH I-IIA phase. Hencewallgc is LH II-IIIAi . [Wallsmj, la, lp and gc date fromLH II-IIIAi; wall mj probablywentout of use withinLH IIIAi, butwallsla and lp seemto have been reusedin thefollowing phase of construction. They werebuiltafter thecollapseoftheearlierwallIf.Thesewallsareall assignedto Structure LambdaIII; fortheirparticulars see table 1.41. Wallsla and lp, withwallgc to thee, delimited Room 3. The s of Room was terraced for the construction of Rooms 1 and in LH 2 IIIC part 3 away Early,when wallhu formed itss wall;forthesamereasonno tracesremainedofthes walloftheroomformed by wallsmj and la. The n wallofthisroomwas notfound,and presumably liesunderthebaulk. 79 See

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Fig. 1.42. Area Lambda/Beta12. Sectionofe baulk ofBeta 1 (s), Beta 1/12B baulk and Beta 12B (n),throughE side ofRoom 4 overw side ofRoom 9, withwall hm in elevation,lookingeast (see figs. 1.35-1.36 and 1.43, E-E', and fig. 1.40, C). Stratum 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Basketnumbers dateandinterpretation Description, Loose grey;Medieval/mixed X959# *» *963 #57, 60, 93 topsoil over Hard greywithstonesoversofter brown;Medievaldestruction *959 # 2; 1963 #58, 67, 95 layer over70 Medievaloccupation Hard whitish pre-Medieval 1963 #97, 99, 104 presumably greywithsomesmallstonesand mudbrick; with ofLH II IC Earlydestruction groundsurface(washline?)consisting LH I-IIIA2 wash brownsandywithyellowclay;LH I-IIIA2 washoverslabsof !959 #5»6; 1963 # 73 over Fairlyhardwhitish 110, 115, 116, 117, 119; LH IIIC EarlyFloor5, 1974 1974#31>43 over45, 52 Softbrownwithstones;LH IIIA2-LH IIIC Earlymake-upofLH IIIC Earlyslab 1959 #8, 9; 1963 #74, 121, Floor5, 1974,downto Floor 15, 1963 135 l(è^2)$ l3& over*42 Stickyyellowclayoversoftbrown;LH IIB Floor 19, 1963, overLH II fillwitha littleLH IIIA2-LH IIIC Earlycontamination Softbrown;LH I-IIA filloverMH III/LH I Floor22, 1963 1963 # 142, 143 Softdarkbrownburntoverrichbrownwithburning;MH III/LH I floor(Floor22, 1963 # 146, 150 to Floor with and down hearth 24, 1963 1963) make-up

[Wallgc shouldprobablybe associatedwitha thinspreadofblackash and charcoalthatranup to itsw face.Thiswas calledFloor18 of 1963; italso noticedin trenchBeta 1 (see figs.1.40 stratum 9 ityieldedno finds. and 1.41 stratum 7). Itsdatewas LH II-IIIAi. Unfortunately, floor,Floor19 of 1963,was associatedwithwallgc. Thisfloorlay in theBeta 1 / Beta [Another 12B baulkE ofwallgc and ranunder,and E of,thelaterwallga (see figs.1.35 and 1.42 stratum 6). It wasmadeofsticky yellowclayverylikethatoftheLH II-IIIAi Floor1 of 1973. On itlayLH IIB in was foundin layersofwashthatoriginated thecup 3672. OtherLH II pottery including pottery, erodedfloorsofthisperiodin theNpartoftheArea.The LH IIA goblets3667 and 3670, foundon towashwhichcamedownoverRoom theLH IIIC Earlyslabbedfloorin Room4, mustbe attributed in Room found I 2 on theLH IIIC Earlyslabbed LH micaceous The its after jar 1774, 4 collapse. to such also be ascribed must wash.] floor,

THE BRONZE AGE ARCHITECTURE AND STRATIGRAPHY §5

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A thirdfloorofthisphasewas foundin then halfoftrenchLambda i . Thiswas Floori of 1973,a It passedovertheearlierwallle (shownin plate layerofyellowclaythatwas onlypartlypreserved. 10 ¿,inplaninfig.1.36,andin sectionin fig.1.45).It had no wholepotsorfindson it.It wasLH IIIIIAi in date.[Sinceitwasmadeofsticky yellowclaylikethatoftheLH IIB Floor19 of 1963,itwas at that laid time.] perhaps Anotherfloorassociatedwiththisphaseis Floor3 of 1974,whichlay in theLambda i/Beta12 baulk,e ofwallla and s ofwalllp in Room 3. Thiswas takenup withbaskets30 and 32 of 1974.It was pavedwithslabs,on whichlaythepestle7244 and greenstone drill-core 6101, residuefromthe manufacture of a stoneaxe-head.This flooris thoughtto date to LH IIA. It lies at a veryhigh whichis markedin fig. 1.41 at upperright. elevation, Another floor,Floor3 of 1973,was notedin theN sectoroftrenchLambda 1. Thisappearedtobe associatedwithwallla and belongsto LH IIIAi. [Itranfromwallla acrossto thebase ofwallmj in thew baulk,as can be seenin sectionin fig. 1.38. It is presumably to be associatedwithboththese N-swalls.It lay overtheearlierwallIf;it was dugwithbaskets13, 19 and 21 of 1973. On it were foundthehole-mouthed jar 3497, whichis datedto LH IIA, and theLH IIIAi unpaintedgoblet It also the other 3558. yielded objectslistedin table 1.42.] (v) Middle Helladic III Late to Late Helladic IIA The laterwallswereremovedin ordertorevealtheplanoftheearlierperiod.The wallsofthisperiod areshownin theplanofthisphase,fig.1.43.Theyconstituted a setofroomsnumbered Rooms5-12 on theplan and knownas Structure LambdaII (see table 1.43). It was suggested thattherewas a secondphase of construction, whichinvolvedthe buildingof wall lc and the use of thinslabs at in walls le and ht. in thes partoftheAreaproved [Theearlierstrata doorways justunderthesurface easierto understand thanthedeeperlayersin itsN part.] In the N partof trenchLambda 1, wall la, describedabove,81was foundto reston an earlier, broaderwall in the same N-s axis,wall If. Wall If was builtof largishrubbleblocks,up to three courses,and was 60 cm wide. It was not removed.Wall If was assignedto the EarlyMycenaean Room6 fromRoom7 on theplanofthatperiod(fig.1.43).It is uncertain whether period,delimiting Room6 was roofedor an open courtyard. WallIfwas preserved to a greater than other height Early Mycenaeanwallsin thissector. [Tothee ofwallIf in trenchBeta 1, a wallwithese-wnwaxis,wallgd, was abuttedby a N-swall, ge (plate 10 d). To judgebythesection(fig.1.40),wallge is probablytobe associatedwiththeMH III/LH I or LH I layerthatrunsup to itsbase (Floor20 of 1963),and wallgd wouldtherefore be of a similardate.SincewallIfwas alignedon approximately thesamecoordinates as wallgd, theyare to havejoinedat rightangleswithintheLambda 1 / Beta 12A baulkand to have formeda thought room(Room7 on fig.1.43).The E sideofRoom7 was formed bywallge and thes sidebywallhx, whichis describedbelow.] WiththeremovaloftheN-sbaulksand revelation ofthen-s wallsthattheycontained, it proved 'rooms'to then and E,whichhad alreadybeen exposedduringtheearlier possibleto definefurther excavations (Rooms5, 8 and9 on fig.1.43).Room5 in Beta6 /Beta1 wasboundedbywallhd tothe the line of wallgd tothes andwallhe totheE.Room8 laywithin trench Beta 1,totheE ofRoom7 N, ands ofRoom5; itwasboundedtothen bywallgd,totheE bywallhy,thes continuation ofwallhe, tothew bywallge andtothes bya probableeastward continuation ofwallhx. Room9, whichlayin trenches Beta12B,Beta1 andBeta6, hadwallhd as itsn boundary, wallhe/hytoitsw,andwallhw to itss. [ItsE boundary laytothee in Beta4 andBeta 11,andmayhaveincludedwallgu.] To turnto the centraland s partof theArea,at the end of the 1973 seasonit was possibleto theese-wnwwall le as a continuation of wall hx in trenchBeta 12A of 1963, and the interpret moreor less parallelto it in thes, as an extensionofwall ht solidlybuiltterracewall Id, running in thattrench(see figs.1.35 and 1.43 and plate 11 a). In 1974,as was expected,wallId was found justbelowthesurfaceat thes end of theLambda i/Beta 12 baulk,and did indeedconnectwith wallht to theE. The restoftheshortwallhr adjoiningiton thes was also uncovered(figs.1.35 and ofwallle was reachedand sketched, but 1.43 and plates 9 a and '' b). [Theeastwardcontinuation itsstoneswerenotplanned.] In thew partoftrenchLambda 1, anotherwall,wall lc withnne-sswaxis,lay approximately at rightanglesbetweenwallsle and Id. [Walllc abutswallle. The recordedelevationofthetopofwall 81 See

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lc, whenplottedontothe elevationof wall le in fig. 1.45, provesthatthe twowallswerein use sincethelayerofslabson thetop ofwallle ranonlyas faras theE faceofwalllc, simultaneously, at thepointwhereitsfacebegins.The datingofbothwallsproveddifficult. The removalof stopping walllc yieldedtwoyellow-glazed MedievalsherdsandtheLH IIIAi rim3554. Henceitwassuggested thatwalllc once made a cornerwiththeLH IIIAi walllb, thereby thew side ofRoom 1, forming whichwouldhavebeenclosedbytheearlierwallId tothes; wallId toowouldhavecontinued in use downtoLH IIIAi. However,thepresenceofMedievalsherdsinwalllc showsthatall thelatersherds in it can be ascribedto a Medievalintrusion, probablyto rob stone.Moreover,thelayerofyellow 1 called Floor of LH which is II-IIIAi in date,overlieswallle (figs.1.44-1.45and plate 1973, clay 10 b).Indeed,theLH I-IIA Floor2 of 1973 stopsat thebases ofbothwalls,whichreston a burnt leveldatedto MH III/LH I, basket20 of 1973,as is describedbelow(see figs.1.44-1.45).It follows thatbothwallsmustbe datedto LH I-IIA, and probablyto LH L] The spacebetweenthee-w wallsle and Id formeda longroom(Room 10 in fig. 1.43).An early wallwithN-saxis,wallIt,whichstarted to appearat theendofthe1974 seasonbetweenwallsId and le immediately to thew ofthelineofwalllm,wouldalongwithwalllc have conveniently divided Room 10 intothreeparts,Rooms10A and 10B to thew ofwallIt and Room 10C to theE ofit.[Wall It was notcleared;itappearsin outlinein fig.1.43.The e sideofRoom 10C was formed bywalllr, a wallthatcametolightin thes partoftheBeta 12A / Beta 12B baulkwhenthes endofthelaterwall lq was takendownin thelastdaysoftheseasonof 1974. Walllr was neverplanned.In these ofthe formed Area,thecorner bywallshw andlr,whichwasalsoclearedbutnotdrawn, probably represented a further 1 1, sincewalllr appearstohavecontinued Room s ofthelineofwallht.The areas of room, wallht,probablya courtyard or street, is calledRoom 12.] The construction ofthewallsforming Rooms6-12 showedsomevariation. Theirdetailsaregiven in table 1.43. Mostof themwerebuiltof irregular two to a thickness of a wall,givingit a blocks, widthof50-60 cm.Wallgd, 48 cmwide,had tworubblecoursessurmounted byrowsofflatslabs.It is suggested thattheseformedthebase fora mudbrick whichwouldnothavebeen a superstructure, in digging.Not all ofthesewerenecessarily uniquecase. Numerousslabswerefoundhelter-skelter in being partofbeatenfloors;somecouldequallywellhavefallenfromwalls.WallId was exceptional oflargerstones.To judgeby the 70 cm broad;ithad threeto fourcoursesand was also constructed results oftheexcavations of 1963,82 theterritory to thes ofwallsld/htand hq was without habitation and was used as a cemetery(see fig. 1.43). Wall ld/httherefore was perhapsa terracewall. [Its thickness is explicableifit was an exterioror terracewall in whichat leastwall Id was of earlier construction thantherest.] The positionoftheentrances to thevariousroomsis sometimes discernible fromtheuse ofthin slabsfortheirthresholds; see theplan,fig.1.43.Wallgd endedabruptly in theE,thusallowingample communication betweenRoom5 and Room8. It was suggested thatan openingat thes end ofwallIf wouldhave allowedaccessbetweenRooms6 and 7. Therewas a possiblethreshold on walllr,not markedon theplan,thatwouldhave allowedcommunication betweenRoom 10C and Room 11. Therewas also a doorin wallle towardsitsw end,justshortofthelineofwalllc. Throughthisdoor one couldpass fromRoom 10B to Room 6. The threshold was made up withthinslabs.[Theslabs abuttedthee faceofwalllc, whichprovesthatwallslc and le werein use at thesametime;see the elevationin figs.1.44-1.45.] The approachto Room 10C fromthes was through a doorwayin ld/htwhichwas likewisemade ofand to thes ofthe up withthinslabs(seeplate 11 band fig.1.45).The shortwallhr,builtin front doorwayin wall ld/ht,seemsto have servedno otherpurposethanto act as a kindof rampto approachtheentrance.[ItsE end was robbedout,as is shownby thecutline of Floor7 of 1963, whichabuttedontoitat thes. Wallhr thusseemsto have continued E beyondthedoorway, forming a longstepto eitherside oftheopening.83 Wallhr wentoutofuse duringLH I, perhapsbecauseit was gradually buriedunderoccupationdebris.] The floorsofthisbuilding werebarelyreached,as investigation ofthelowerlevelswasnotpossible, ofall excavation in Greecein 1974.Information therefore is ofnecessity owingtothefinalsuspension The findsfromthesefloorsare listedin table 1.44,and thepottery is publishedbelow.84 incomplete. In trench Lambda1,justn ofwallle and undertheLH IIIAi Floor3 of 1973 (see fig.1.36),were foundtherimfragments ofthebichrome semiglobular cup 1595 ofLH I-IIA date.[Thiswasprobably froma surface in Room6 associatedwithwallIf.] 82 Taylour 1072, 2^0-6,

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[InRoom íoC, delimited bywallIt to thew,wallht to thes, walllr to thee and wallhx to then, in 1963,whentrenchBeta 12A was dug.ThesewereFloor21 and, twofloorlevelswererecognized to MH III/LH I, These surfaces, datedby pottery overit,Floor21A (see fig. 1.41,at centre-left). wereassociatedwithwallsht and hx. No findsweremadeon them.] To thew ofwallIt bute ofwalllc, Room 10B had a much-damaged floor,calledFloor2 of 1973. slabsand somesmallpatchesofclay.The pottery had one ortwohorizontal Thishard-packed surface wasLH I-IIA. [Thisfloorwas associatedwithwallslc andle, i.e. theuse ofRoom 10B,as appearsin viz.threestone figs.1.44-1.45.It yieldedno completepotsand onlya fewsmallfinds, thesections, toolsand a spool.Theseareincludedin table 1.44.] thatconsisted Floor2 of 1973,Room 10Bwas filledwithburntandreddenedmaterial Underneath ofveryhard,cakedmudbrick debris,charcoal,whiteash and stones.Thiswas theonlyevidencefor figs.1.44-1.45;see also plates 10 b in theentireArea.[Theburning appearsin thesections, burning and 11 a. Thisfire,datedto MH III/LH I, happenedbeforewallslc and le werebuilt.It followsthat theywerea lateradditionto wallId, probablyduringLH I. WallId, whichis verysolidlybuilt,goes demonstrates backto MH III Late or MH III/LH I, as thestratigraphy (fig.1.44).] Matt In Room 10A, to thew ofwall lc, twocompletepotswererecovered.The LH ILA Gritty Paintedhydria1693 andcup3511 werefoundinbasket12 of1973.[Thiswasata levelapproximately thattherewas a floorassociatedwithwall at thebase of wall le. However,althoughthissuggests le=hx and probablywithwallId, nonewas observed(see fig.1.45).] overwall A pottery depositofLH I/IIA datewas foundlowerdownthehilljustunderthesurface, Matt Painted the and rounded Yellow of the this consisted hr; Gritty goblet1614 Minyan Gritty the s find from surface An uncommon stone with the f°un(i partof pounder7263. goblet1649, unusual withtwoLinearA characters. Lambda1 wasthetabletofblackstone6154,inscribed [Another HS 249,85together seal ofsteatite findthatmaybe fromtheselevelsis a MM II- III cushion-shaped hr showsthatthedoorstep The pottery levels.86 withconulusHS 302 andwhorlHS 306 fromsurface hr and associated wall over a floor from have come LH and within use wentoutof I, running theymay itfromerosion;see fig.1.39,at right. withwallsht and lr,thesoclesofwhichprotected debrisin Floor20 of 1963,was uncoveredunderLH I- II destruction [A MH III/LH I surface, itran where Beta within trench s 12 to the 1 in and Beta trench Room7, bothin 1959 within A, 1963 fig. and section for the figs. hx and walls s tothese corneroftheroomagainst 1.43 (see 1.40-1.41 ge withwhitepowdery mudbrick madeofcrumbled fortheplan).Thisfloorwas a hard,reddishsurface It was exposedovera totalareaofc. 1.9 earth;itsNpartseemedtohavebeenre-laidaftersubsidence. x 0.5 m. Therewereno completepotsor smallfinds. floorbelongingto thiscomplexwas foundin Room 9 withintrenchBeta 12B in 1963 [A further in thesw witha hearth, (fig.1.43).Thiswas Floor22, some 2.3 x 1.0 m in extent.It had survived, This floor fig. cornerofwallshw and hy (see theE-w sectionfig. 1.40 and then-s section 1.42). the and polychrome yieldedthebasin2322 andtwojarsdatedtoMH III orearlyLH, thepithoid2288 HS 32.87Othersherdsfromhereare publishedas 2270 and 2294-2295; thelargegobletHS 100 However,thejug-rim2328 is an Aeginetan importdatableto no maybe fromthesame context.88 LH II fill, earlierthanLH I, butmoreprobablyto LH II-IIIA; thismayderivefromtheoverlying sincea join in 2288 withLambda/Beta12, 1974 #43, whichconsistsofMH III/LH I washmixed erodeddownthe slope to the sw. The withLH IIIA material,showsthatthisfloorwas partially constructed thatwallshw and hywereoriginally foundon Floor22 suggests duringMH III/ pottery underwallslc and LH I, andthismaybe thedateofmuchofthecomplex.However,thestratigraphy le provesthatthelatterwallswereaddedafterMH III/LH I, probablyduringLH I: see fig.1.45. [Twoburialsfoundin Area Lambda/Beta12, Beta burial21 and Lambda burial13, date from thisperiod.89] (vi) Middle Helladic I-III Early reachedpureMH LambdaII, smallsoundings [BelowtheMH III Lateto LH IIA levelsofStructure stratain onlythreeplaces. s oftrenchLambda 1. In thenarrowstripbetweentheMH was in theextreme [Thefirst sounding wallon a quitedifferent well-built III LateorMH III/LH I wallId andthes baulk,another alignment, 85 Taylour1972, 236, pls. 42)1.5,42J;CMS V Suppl. lB no. on 7126 and Chapter14 §3 (vi)(e) below. See commentary 346. 86 Taylour 10,72,260. 87 Taylour1972,234,pls.45C-d,wherethelatteris mistakenly

associatedwithBetaBurial11. 88Taylour1972,258, pl. 49h. 89See Chapter2 §5.

THE BRONZE AGE ARCHITECTURE

AND STRATIGRAPHY §5

81

It appearedin the wallmk,wasfound(fig.1.35).Thislayundertumbleand a MH III/LH I stratum. sw cornerofthetrenchand ranfor1.65 m on a wsw-eneaxisuntilitdisappearedunderwallId; for since itcontinued detailsofthewall,see table 1.45.Whether beyondthelineofwallId is unknown, excavationceased in thatsectorjust above the depthwherethe top of thewall wouldhave been it and alignment expectedto lie. Wallmk was not cleared,but to judge by its depth,overburden couldnotbe laterthanMH III Early.No layersconnectedwithitweredug. whichwasmadeNofwallId, in the werereachedin thesecondsounding, [PureMH III Earlystrata insidetheconfines Lambda 1; itcoveredan area some3.2 x 1.7 m in extent, centralsectoroftrench LambdaII, including thebaulkunderwalllc,whichwasremoved ofRooms10Aand 10BofStructure (seefig1.43;thesounding appearsin sectioninfigs.1.44-1.45).The MH III Earlystrata layon either sideofwalllc, wellbelowthelevelofitsbase and thatoftheotherwallsoftheroom.] In Room 10A,theMH III EarlyLustrous Decoratedjar 1498 and coarsecookingbowl 1509 were foundin thestonyleveldugwithbasket22 of 1973. [Thesevesselsmusthave comefroma MH III theconstruction ofwalllc. Thisprobablefloorto thew ofwalllc, and an ashy Earlyfloorantedating MH III Late sherds,bothlay overa hard,whitish-grey stratum to itsE containing layersome20 cm MH III into burials which were cut Lambda 2-3, datingfromMH III deep,containing Earlysherds, Late.Excavationceasedat thislevel.The fewfindsfromthislayerareincludedin table 1.46. Among viz.thefragments themwas an important oftheclaycrucible6061,whichpreserved traces discovery, oftinbronze.90 Thiscruciblewasfoundunderwalllc andbelowthelevelsofthebasesofwallsle and Id. It attests to metal-working hereduringMH III Early.Thisartwas also practised n ofherein Area Nu fromas earlyas MH I, in LH IIA in these sectorofAreaBeta,andjustE ofhere,in Room 2, in LH IIIC Early.Therewas a longtradition ofmetallurgy at thesite,exploiting themaritime breezes thatbuffet thes sideofthepromontory on hotsummerafternoons. was through theE sideofRoom 7. Thissounding wasboundedto [Thethirdand deepestsounding theNbywallgd, totheE bywallge, to thes bywallhx,and to thew bythebaulk(see fig.1.43).Its N partwas dugin 1959 withintrenchBeta 1, and itss partin 1963 in theBeta 1 / Beta 12 baulk;it was some 1.9 x 0.5 m in totalextent.Thus it clearedboththene and se quadrantsof Room 7. It thisshowsthes baulkoftrench Beta 1 as drawnin 1959, appearsin theE-wsectionfig.1.40 at right; modified to takeaccountoftheexcavations to in the s 1963.The soundingalso appears immediately intheN-ssectionfig.1.41.The surface associatedwiththeMH III/LH I wallsge andhx,Floor20 of Thisfloorlayovera stratum c. 15-25 cmdeep ofbrown,crumbly earth. 1963,wasdiscussedabove.91 The pottery includedDark Burnished, YellowMinyanand 'MattPainted'sherds;as alwaysin the recordsoftheearlierexcavations, itis notclearwhether Dull PaintedortrueMattPaintedis meant.It alsoincluded'Mycenaean', Decoratedis probablymeant,and sherdswithlight-onbywhichLustrous darkdecoration. Thisprobably pointstoa dateofMH III Late,whendarkgrounddecoration prevailed. The excavatorsof 1963 identified a floor(Floor23) withinthisstratum, butthisis doubtful, as no findsweremadeand no suchfloorwas recognised significant by R. Hope Simpsonin 1959. in trenchBeta 1 was a veryhardorangelayerc. 12 cm deep withsmall [Atthebase ofthisstratum stones,witha smallarea of whiteash some 30 x 40 cm in extent,perhapsa hearth,and other smallerpatcheselsewhere.This was certainly a floor,Floor 25 of 1963. It did not extends ofthe uprightslab thatappearsin the N-s section,fig. 1.41. Floor 25 yieldedthe bone awl HS 330,92 thecarinatedDark Burnished bowl or gobletHS 94,93and sherd2285 froma LustrousDecorated thatthefloordatedfromMH III Early,whenthedark-on-light light-ground jar. This suggests style The earthbeneathit,some 15 cm thick,was softerand brownto orangewithwhite predominated. ash. The potteryincludedDark Burnished,'Matt Painted'(whichmay mean Dull Painted)and rimwitha rowofobliqueincisionsbelowit.BurialBeta21 was sherds,and a thickened polychrome cutintothislayerbutwas notremoved.94 [Underthiswas 30-40 cm ofdarkerbrownearthwithsmallstones.In theN it came downontoa possiblewall,ofwhichonlytwostoneswereexposed,perhapswitha wsw-eneaxis,underthelater wallgd. To thes layan area ofcobblescalledFloor27 in 1963. The pottery was stillMH, including 'MattPainted'and polychrome sherdsand a tripodcookingpot; in 1963 thesole sherdrecovered, fromnearthebase ofthelayer,was theDarkBurnished bowlrim2219,withthesimpleMH I rather thanthecomplexMH II profile.R. Hope Simpsonbelievedthatthislayerwas formedby debris 90 See 4. 91 See Appendix §5 (v). 92 Taylour 1972, 261, pl. 42Ì.1.

93 Taylour 1072, 2f;7. 94 See Chapter 2 §5 (ii) below.

82

W. D. TAYLOURt AND R. JANKO

froma building. Itsexactdateis undetermined, butjudgingbycomparabledestructions elsewhere on I in that it in MH Late. Excavation thesite,notablythose AreasEta and Nu, one suspects occurred of bedrockhad notbeen reached,noreventhered soil characteristic ceasedat thisdepth,although EH occupationat thesite.The fewfindsmadein thissmallsoundingareincludedin table 1.46.] 6. AREA LAMBDA 2, 1974: LATE HELLADIC

(figs. 1.46-1.47)

(i) Introduction were5 m dimensions In 1974 a newtrenchwas openedto theN oftrenchLambda 1. Its ultimate x tothen from n to s. down m2 The (n-s) 4 m,i.e. 20 (fig.1.46). Immediately groundslopedsteeply the to establish that Lambda would / 1 it was trench ofitwas Area Nu Gamma , and 2 help hoped iv fig. betweenArea Nu / Gamma1 and theBetatrenches above). [However,the (see relationship finds were and excavationceasedbeforeinteresting results made.] proveddisappointing, (ii) Late Helladic IIIA2-IIIC Early ExcavationundertheMedievalwalls Sectoralphain thenwcorneryieldedmainlyMedievallevels.95 to light.Instead,a thinlayerdated wall came but no earlier a of and Ik to proceeded depth 70 cm, lg to LH IIIC Earlywas found.Underit orangeearthand blackpebbleswererevealed.The scattered in sectoralpha wall.[Excavation smallfindsin thetrenchcouldnotbe associatedwithanyparticular do not but sherds The fig. ceasedat thisdepth(see theschematic section, 1.47). prove,that suggest, than rather mudbrick whichmayrepresent theorangestratum, belongedto theLH burning, decayed was protected which in sector this trench. of IIIA2-B fillthatoccupiedtheremainder beta, Except wallswas the Medieval from the down fromerosionby theearlywalllj, therestofthetrench slope unworn as some as well I-IIA sherds LH fill,whichcontainedmanyworn occupiedby thisuniform to date and serve below The latterare publishedas 3576-3582 LH IIIA2 and LH IIIB fragments. maximum at a ceased itsbottomhadbeenreachedwhenexcavation thislayer.It wasunclearwhether depthof c,80 cm in thes partof thetrench.This same fillmayhave reappearedin theN halfof lowerin elevationthan Lambda 1, whichlay downtheslopeto thes, in strataonlya slightly trench thosein thes partofArea Lambda 2 itself.A similarlayeroffillwas observedE ofwalllm in the Lambda 1 / Beta 12A baulk(see fig. 1.39,underthesurfacelevel),whichwas locatedto these of Lambda2. It was also observedunderthesurfacelevelin Lambda3/4 of 1977 (see fig. 1.50 strata arelistedin 6, fig.1.52 stratum 10-11,fig.1.51 stratum 5). All theBronzeAgefindsfromthistrench or fromtheMedievallevelsabove it.The three table 1.47; nearlyall cameeitherfromthisstratum a shells (9268-9269,9274) represent simplenecklace.] pierced (iii) Late Helladic II-IIIAi BronzeAgewall,lh,was seentoissuefromundertheMedievalwalllg nearitsswendin an Another it stoppedafter1.25 m (plate 11 c and fig.1.46).It had twocourses.Lateritwas direction; easterly foundto makean angleat itsw endwithwall11,ofsimilarconstruction (plate 11 d). Atthisjunction intothes baulk.The wall11consistedof fivecourses.It continueds downtheslope,disappearing ofthesetwowallscouldrelatethemto thosein Lambda 1 oftheLH IIIA-LH IIIC Early orientation thattheybelongedto LH II. [The tumblefromwall 11 suggests phases(fig.1.36),butthepottery was nottakendownand thefactthatlatersherdswerenot LH II sherds,butthewallitself contained LambdaIV, the thesewallsformStructure foundamongthestonescouldbe accidental.Together thatthesewallsbelongto LH II-IIIAi.] detailsofwhicharegivenin table 1.48.I suggest ofa massofsmallstonesand chips Floor2 wentwiththesewalls(plate 12 a). Thisfloorconsisted ofanimalbones.No otherfindscamefromit. beatendownhard;amongthestoneswerefragments (iv) Late Helladic I To thene ofwalllh anotherwall,walllj, was foundto issuefromundertheMedievalwalllg at a was roughlynw-se.Its exposed lowerlevel thanwall lh. It had threecourses,and its orientation Floor1, hard A m. intothee baulkwas 1.85 stonylayer,designated very lengthbeforedisappearing 95See Chapter3 §4 below.

THE BRONZE AGE ARCHITECTURE AND STRATIGRAPHY §6

83

Fig. 1.46.AreaLambda2. Planshowing locationofwallsand section(fig.1.47).

was associatedwithit (plate 12 a). LikeFloor2, Floor1 yieldedno wholepotsor smallfinds.Walllj appearedtobe earlierthanwallslh and 11;itsbase was notreached,unlikethatofwall11.It probably belongedto LH I. Atpresentwalllj cannotbe tiedup withanyotherwallsofthesameperiod.In the fromerosionbehindwalllj (i.e. sectorbetain fig. 1.46),LH IIA levelssurvived to a spacesheltered of cm and seemedto overliethetopofthewall (see fig. 1.47).At thes end ofthetrench, 20 depth twolinesofstoneswithN-saxisand othersrunning E-wsuggested thatnewwallswereappearing, but therewas notthetimeto investigate. MH sherds were found in thefill,and levelsofthisdate [Many seemedlikelytolie beneath.However,becauseoftheinternational crisis,excavationceasedhereat a maximumdepthof c. 0.7 m belowthesurface.It is unknownwhythetrenchwas notreopenedin 1977.No burialsofanyperiodwereuncovered.]

84

W. D. TAYLOURt AND R. JANKO

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THE BRONZE AGE ARCHITECTURE AND STRATIGRAPHY §7

7. AREA LAMBDA 3/4, 1977: EARLY TO LATE HELLADIC

85

(figs. 1.48-1.52)

(i) Introduction in Area Nu / Gamma 1,96a trenchcalled In viewofwhatpromisedto be important developments Lambda3 was laid outto thee ofit,witha baulkofup to 1 m betweenthetwo(see fig.iv above). The terrain slopeddownfromN to s. A modernterracewallranne-swalongwhatturnedoutto be the line of the Medieval wall lx/ma; much of its wallingwas probablythe originalMedieval construction. The trenchwas at first5 x 5 m in extent(fig. 1.48). A quiteconsiderabledepthof Medievaldepositswas dugthrough beforeanyBronzeAge levelswerereached,and whentheywere, itwasnecessary to extendthetrench was calledLambda4. The by 1.5 m at theNend;thisextension wholeAreaamountedto 32.5 m2inextent.The greaterpartoftheMedievalbuildingwas laid bare. is Structure LambdaVIL 97Sinceitssubstantial walls,exceptPierIV, werenotremoved, [Thisbuilding theBronzeAge levelsbeneaththemwerenot exposed.This is whythe areas excavatedhad the and discontinuous irregular shapeseenin figs.1.48-1.49. a smallsectorin thesw [BronzeAge levelswerereachedin onlythreepartsof theArea: first, Room A, Floor6 on fig. 1.49; second,an evensmallersectorin these, corner,whichis designated withFloors4a and 4b; and third,a largersectorin thecentreand ne oftheArea,labelledRoomB, Floor7 and RoomC, Floor8. The designations ofRoomsand Floorsreferto Structure LambdaI.98] (ii) Late Helladic IIA-IIIA a littleLH IIIC Earlypottery wasfound,anylayersofthatdateseemtohavebeenterraced [Although or erodedaway.If therewas anylaterMycenaeanwalling,it did notsurvivethemassiveMedieval wornLH I-IIA buildingworksin the Area. The Medievalbuildingrestedon a layercontaining sherdswithsomeLH IIIA2 material;a similarlayerwas foundin trenches Lambda2 and Lambda1 tothes." Thislayerappearsas stratum 10 in fig.1.50 and stratum 5 in fig.1.52; thefindsfromitare listedin table 1.50.ThislayeroverlaytheMycenaeanwallme] featureof the BronzeAge to appear was a Apartfromsporadicsherds,the firstarchitectural cistgrave,Lambdaburial14,neartheswwalloftheMedievalbuilding. The cistcontainedthesmall which dates the burial LH to In the narrow IIIA2. between the earlierwallsme jug 3572, space and me anothercistgrave,Lambdaburial16, coveredby a singleslab,was revealed.Thisinterment also maybe LH IIIA2. On theseburialssee below.100 [TheirpresencesuggeststhattheArea was at this time.] unoccupied A pithosburial,Lambdaburial15,appearedin these cornerofthetrench, outsidetheprecincts of theMedievalstructure; itrestedon theearlierwallmb (fig.1.48). [Sincewallmb probablywentout ofuse earlyin LH IIA, buttheburialwas undertheLH III strata,it mustdate to LH II. This is supported by thefactthatthejar 1781, whichcontainedtheburial,is LH I-IIA in date. On this interment see below.101] The latestBronzeAge wallin thistrenchis wallme. It is shownin planin figs.1.48-1.49and in sectionin fig.1.50;foritsdetailssee table 1.51.Thiswall,thoughin proximity totheearlierwallme, is notrelatedto themegaron, Structure LambdaI,102 sinceitwas on a slightly different (see alignment plate 12 ^).It wasbarelya metrein length.No doubtstoneswererobbedfromitfortheconstruction of the Medievalbuilding.Near the sw end of the wall is a singlestonethatmay indicatea wall offfromitat rightanglesin a westerly direction. The variousbasketssurrounding thiswall branching containedEarlyMycenaeanpottery, butone also includeda sherdpossiblyofLH IIIA2. [Thisis the LambdaI. It clearlypost-dates onlyBronzeAge wallfoundin theAreaapartfromthoseofStructure theabandonment ofthatStructure earlyin LH IIA, butitsdateis uncertain.] (iii) Middle Helladic II to Late Helladic IIA fromthepreviousphaseofconstruction. Thisbeganwiththeerection ofStructure [Muchmoresurvives LambdaI at a dateno laterthanMH III Early.Sinceitswallsare on thesamealignment as wallsng and nx in the adjacentArea Nu, whichwere certainly builtin MH III Early,103 it was probably 96 See 97 See 98 See 99 See

§8 below. Chanter <*§4 withfig. <*.<*. §7 (iii) below. §6 (i) above.

100Chapter 2 §6. 101 Chapter 2 §6. 102See §7 (iii) below. 103See §8 (vii) below.

86

W. D. TAYLOURt AND R. JANKO

Fig. 1.48.AreaLambda3/4.Planshowing andsections locationofMH III-LH IIIA walls,burials, (figs.1.50-1.52); Medievalwalls(shaded)notremoved.

withsuccessive atthattime.Thisbuilding severalstagesofremodelling, constructed underwent floors, untilit was abandonedearlyin LH 11A. Its wallssurvivedless well thandid thefloors,no doubt becausetheMedievalbuildersraidedthemforstone;theywillbe discussedfirst.] Wallmb,withnne-sswaxis,nowmadeitsappearancein these corneroftheArea (see fig.1.48); itlayunderthethickfillwithwornLH I-IIA pottery and someLH IIIA2 sherds,as is seenin section in fig. 1.51. Approximately at rightanglesto wall mb on itsnw flankwas a doublerowof small as a wall,theseseemto stones,someofthemthesize ofa potato.Although insignificant apparently wall mi. The sectorto thesw of wall mi is have servedsomepurposeand have been designated RoomA on fig.1.48,whilethatto itsne is calledRoomB. Wallmb was roughly parallel designated and was about3.5 m distantfromit.Wallme to anotherwall,wallme in thecentreofthetrench, intotrench Lambda4, whereitis calledwallmg.Wallme, seenin sectionin fig.1.50,lay continued underthesameLH IIIA2 fill.Atrightanglesto it,on itsse side,anotherwall,calledmh,proceeded in itscourseby a veryshortwallon forabout1 m,butwas interrupted in a south-easterly direction as a threshold. wallmd,whichhas beeninterpreted thesamealignment, Whencombined,all thesewallsformtheincomplete plan ofa megaron.The wallsand roomsof LambdaI, are shownon fig. 1.48,withdottedlinesto indicatereconstructed thishouse,Structure offfromwall mb, couldbe one of a pairof opposingwalls walls.The possiblewallmi, branching ThusRoomB is delimited of the off the by thelinesof megaronfromthevestibule. porch separating wallmi to thesw,wallme to thenw,wallmd/mhto thene, and wallmb to these. Twosidesofa further room,RoomC, wereformed by wallmd/mhto these and wallme/mgto thenw.Itsother ofmb on the tolie underthebaulks;theywouldbe suppliedbya continuation twosideswerethought to wallme/mg.Fordetailsofall thatwouldjoin thiscontinuation ne cross-wall se and a hypothetical to theMedieval thesewallssee table 1.51.Thatso littleremainsofthemegaronmustbe attributed

THE BRONZE AGE ARCHITECTURE AND STRATIGRAPHY §7

87

Fig. 1.49.AreaLambda3/4.Planshowing MH III-LH I wallsandLH I floorsandfinds; Medievalwalls(shaded)notremoved.

thatinvolvedmakingdeep foundation trenches fortheconstruction ofthemassive buildingactivities These caused soil disturbance the and were few thatwerenot there baskets trench, throughout piers. mixedin someway.Wallmb in these cornerwas overlaidbyan EarlyMycenaeanstratum and,as LH I is also represented the sherds the it that on floors of the is certain the among megaron, buildingwas usedat thattime.Itsdisusemustbe datedby thelatestmaterial foundon thefloors. LambdaI, represented [Therewereseveralphasesof occupationin Structure by successivewellstratified floorlevels.The latestwereFloors4a, 4b, and 6, probablyall laid in LH I/IIA. The makebutthatofFloor6 was LH I/IIA. The findsfromthese up ofFloors4a and 4b was notinvestigated, floorsare plottedon fig. 1.49 and listedin tables 1.52-1.53; some of theBronzeAge findsfrom Medievallevelslistedin table 1.50 maycomefromthemalso. The plentiful is publishedas pottery 3381-3461 below.] Floors4a, 4b, and 6 go together. Floor4a was in these sectorto thenw ofwall mb and to the ne of thepossiblewall,wall mi, thatmade a rightanglewithit on itsnw flank(see fig. 1.48 and plate 12 c).Floor4b was in thesamesectorto thesw ofwallmi. Floor6 was a continuation ofFloor in the sw Room sw of the wall mi. continuation of like wall sector,designated A, 4 [Wallmi, putative LH I under sherds and was buried before Floor 6 came into use. the On surface of mh, lay Early Floor6 lay LH I Earlysherds,including1710, but also one wholevase,theLH ILA goblet3522. Partsofa LH ILAhole-mouthed jar,3495, werefoundat a higherleveloverFloors6 and 7. Perhaps it was standing on a flatroofwhichcollapsedontothefloor.Moreover,P. A. Mountjoytentatively datessherd3457, fromthematrixof Floor6, to LH IIA Early,whileC. Zernerassignsit to the transition LH I/IIA, whichamountsto the same date.Althoughnearlyall thepottery fromthese floorsis LH I, itis clearthatthesefloorswerelaid latein thatperiodand thebuildingquicklywent outofuse afterthestartofLH HA.]

88

W. D. TAYLOURt AND R. JANKO

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91

Floor7 in thecentreoftheAreawasswofwallmd/mhbutne ofthelineofwallmi; thisis marked Room B in fig. 1.48. Floor7 wentup to wall me, whichwas uncoveredduringtheclearingofthe floor.On it werefounda stonequern,whichwas notkept,and the fourstrangeboat-likeobjects 6078-6081. [Theseare surelymodelboatsused as toys.The datingof Floor7 dependson thatof in use duringLH I Early,and thefindson itare probablyofthatdate.] Floor8; itwas certainly Floor8 was in Room C, nw ofwallmd/mhin trenchLambda4 in theN butat a slightly higher elevationthanFloor7. Floor8 had twoperiodsofuse. The pottery fromtheupperlevels fragments YellowMinyan overFloor8 have LH I Earlyas thelatestmaterial.Such is the date of thegritty in the carinatedcup 3401 foundon theFloor.[As thereseemsto have been no Mycenaeanpottery matrixofFloor8 (see thesections, figs.1.50-1.51),it was probablylaid in MH III/LH I, whichis also thedateoftheunusualcup 3391 foundin thislayer.It was remadein LH I Early.The dateofits calledwallmd containedtwoLustrousPainted, renewalis confirmed by thefactthatthethreshold waslaidwhenthefloorlevelhad risen,no doubtwhenFloor8 i.e. Mycenaean, sherds.Thisthreshold was renewed,in orderto providea stepup fromFloor7 to Floor8. Thisfactsuggests thatthetwo floorswerecontemporary. [Theremayalso havebeen a flooron these flankofwallmb in theextremese cornerofLambda thissectorwas verylimitedin extent, thelayerhas been datedto MH III/LH I. It was 3; although overlaidbythesameLH I-IIA fill.Excavationceasedat thelevelsoffloors4, 6 and 7, butcontinued deeperin RoomC] Two earlierfloors,Floors9 and 10, were excavatedbeneathFloor 8 in the ne sector(see the figs.1.50-1.51).The wholepotsfromthemare listedin table 1.53. Floor9 is in thene sections, corneroftrenchLambda4, immediately underFloor8. On Floor9 lay thegoblet1484,thepithos and thestonedrill-core 6100. The twocompletejars 1507-1508 werefoundin thematrixof 1513, thefloor.[C. Zernerassignsall fourvasesto MH III Late. It followsthatthisfloorwas madeup in MH III Late and used duringthatphase.An undersizedsamplefromtheuse ofFloor9 yieldedthe radiocarbon dateof2450 ±650 bc.104] excessively earlycalibrated Floor10 was in thesamelocation,some 18 cm lowerthanFloor9. Remainsofthecup 1487 and jars 1501 and 1508-1509 wereuncoveredon it. A greatdeal of ash and carbonwas foundwhile thisfloor;thisprobablyindicatesa destruction ofthebuildingin thatperiod.[C. Zerner excavating datesthepottery on thisfloorto MH II or MH III Early;perhapsit is fromtheMH II/III Early transition. Carbonand soil foundon Floor 10 yieldeda calibratedradiocarbondate of 1975 ±150 Thisdatemaywellbe derivedfroman old roof-beam bc.105 burnedin thedestruction. The building was repairedafterthisdestruction and itsfloorwas remadeas is describedabove.] Thusthisbuildingappearsfromthepottery associatedwithitslowestfloor,Floor10,to havebeen constructed no laterthanMH III Earlyand possiblyin MH II. [Excavationceased at thelevelof Floor10. Whether Structure LambdaI antedates thistimeis unknown, as thebasesofthewallswere notreached;itmaywellgo backto thestartofMH II. However,itmustpost-date in thedestruction MH I lateofStructure Nu I, thee partofwhichmusthave extendedbeneathit.] (iv) Early Helladic II to Middle Helladic I suggestthat,had itbeen possibleto continue [StraysherdsoftheEH and MH I- II periodsstrongly theexcavation, thelateMH I apsidalhousethatlayin AreaNu/Gamma1 tothew,viz.Structure Nu I, wouldhavebeen foundto extendunderthisArea,withEH II occupationbeneathit.] 8. AREA NU / GAMMA 1, 1959 AND 1973-77: MIDDLE (figs. 1.53-1.66)

TO LATE HELLADIC

(i) Introduction [Thefirst partofthisAreato be excavatedwas trenchGamma1 in 1959,whichwas originally 5m x m x A NE wide. Extension was so that it was m 6.2 added, (e-w) 1.5 long eventually long(e-w) 1.5 m wide,but2.8 m wideinitsNE Extension The NE Extension uncoveredonlyMedieval (fig.1.53).106 whichwerethought tobe modern, whereastheBronzeAgewallsthatappearedin thew part remains, ofthetrench werenotunderstood. Excavationwas onlyresumedin theAreain 1973.] 104See Appendix o §5. 105See Appendix 9 §5.

106jror pians anci sections see Taylour 1972, 230 fig. 14.

92

W. D. TAYLOURf AND R. JANKO

a trench waslaidouton levelground1.5 m tothes ofGamma1. The newtrench, First, designated trench Nu 1,had thesamelengthas Gamma1 of 1959,viz. 5 m (e-w),butwas 3 m wide.Following the discoveryin trenchNu 1 of the MH III/LH I house, Structure Nu II, it was decided in trenches Gamma1 and Nu 1, calledthe 1974 to takedownthe5 m (e-w) x 1.5 m baulkseparating Nu / Gamma 1 baulk.Exceptforthe surfacelevel,all earthfromdiggingthisbaulkwas passed a water-sieve through speciallysetup forthispurposec. 200 m fromthesite.Beforeexcavationwas resumedin trenchNu 1 in 1974,a newtrench, Nu 2, 4 m (e-w) x 2.50 m in extentand designated was started to thes ofit.The s limitofNu 2 stopped1 m shortofArea Lambda2 (fig.iv). During in the1977 seasontheAreawas dugas a singleunit,47.2 m2in extent.Fora diagramofthetrenches thisAreasee fig.1.53. The upperlevelsoftheAreacontainedthedebrisfroma Medievalbuildingand courtyard.107 The Lambda was to the E in Lambda of Structure located almost Area VII, 3/4 1977, building, entirely butthewholeofAreaNu layunderthecourtyard thatwas attachedto it. ofthisArea,J. B. and S. H. Rutter, havepublisheda detailedand thorough [Theexcavators study ofmuchoftheMH and LH pottery is foundherein 1973 and 1974.108 Forthemostpart,thispottery in thisvolume.Althoughthe architecture not republished and stratigraphy fromtheseseasonsis in theceramicsequencein thisArea willcontinueto find here,thereaderinterested reinterpreted in thischapter, theirpioneering essential. When mentioned sherdspublishedthereareindicated study withtheprefixR, e.g.R968, and areincludedin theconcordance; thegroupsofbasketsfromwhich with a called the are Rutters, designated 'Deposits'by capitalletterin bold face,e.g. theycome, D. The Period five ceramic latest, IV, was LH ILA.Nextcamesome Deposit Theyrecognised phases. materialdatedto betweenPeriodIV and PeriodIII; Dickinsonassignedthisto LH I.109Underthis was stratified thepottery ofPeriodIII, whichtheRutters regardedas whollywithinMH III.110Below thiswasthepottery andthenthatofPeriod ofPeriodII, whichwasatthetimedatedtoMH II Late,111 which was MH II. considered I, of1977andsubsequent whichis reaching [Theexcavations studyseasonshavechangedthispicture, a degreeofprecision thatcouldnothavebeenimaginedwithout theearlierpublication. Twophasesof LH I are distinguished, LH I Earlyand thetransition LH I/IIA. PeriodIII is now regardedas the Transitional PeriodMH III/LH I; C. Zernersuggests thatthreeoftheconstituent Deposits(H, K andL) areLH I Early.TherearetwophasesofMH III, EarlyandLate,betweenPeriodsII andIII. PeriodII is nowdeemedto represent MH II Late/MHIII Early.PeriodII is nowconsidered to be thetransition MH II, andPeriodI tobe MH I Late.A fewDepositshavebeenreassigned, andsomebasketshavebeen re-dated. The original andrevisedchronologies oftheDepositsandbasketsallottedto eachPeriodare intable 1.54;fora moreextensive tabulation ofchronological datasee chart 14.1.] presented All are MH to LH in date. FortheburialsfromAreaNu see below.112 (ii) Late Helladic III Even [AnyLH IIIB or LH IIIC Earlylevelsin Area Nu had been removedby Medievalactivity. fromLH IIIA no architectural remainssurvive; henceitis possiblethattheAreawasthenunoccupied and usedonlyforburials.] In theNu/Gamma1 baulkand in Nu 1 theMedievallevelswerec.40 cmin depthandwerefilled witha lotofdebris.Theselevelsyieldeda fewunstratified mainlyLH III; thefinds Mycenaeanfinds, madein themareincludedin table 1.55.In theNu / Gamma1 baulk,thetopstonesoftheMH III/ This wall dividedthetrenchinto LH I wallnfappearedimmediately belowtheMedievalstrata.113 in theE nfbutwas interrupted wall started on either side of twounequalportions. was then Digging of four child burials the burials, (fig. 7-10 1.53). by discovery Thesegraves,represented by infantskullsand someassociatedbones,lay in theSE cornerofthe Nu / Gamma1 baulk,justabovetheMH wallng andtothene ofit(fig.1.53 andfig.1.55atleft).In in colourfromthatin theE. The dividing thissectoritwas noticedthatthesoilin thew partdiffered caused wall.The changein colourprobablymarkedthedisturbance linewas umwof thee trench viz. were and of minute disc beads these burials. Thirteen bone, carnelian, 7219-7231, paste by residueand came fromthisarea. [Theseare to be associatedwithone or foundin thewater-sieve 107See Chapter % §4 below. 108Rutterand Rutter1076. 109Dickinson 1Q7Q.

110Rutterand Rutter 1976,45.

111Rutterand Rutter1976,32. 1)2Chapter2 §7113See §8 (v) below.

THE BRONZE AGE ARCHITECTURE AND STRATIGRAPHY §8

93

1. PlanofLH II-IIIA andMedievalphases,showing locationofsections(figs.1.55-1.59)and Fig. 1.53.AreaNu/Gamma burials(fordetailsofBurial13 see figs.1.60 and 2.10).

moreof burials7-10, whichprobablydate to LH IIIA2.114The sevenMycenaeansherds,one of themlinear,notedin theMH III Late DepositE115wereprobablyintroduced withtheseburials.] includedburials6 and 11. Burial6 was a cistgravepartlyundertheE [The LH III interments baulkofNu / Gamma1. It wasnotopened.ItwasprobablyLH IIIA.116 Burial11,showninfigs.1.53 and 1.56, was by the s baulkof trenchNu 2. Slabs projectedfromthe baulkat different angles, 114See Chapter2 §7 below. 115Rutterand Rutter 1976,27-8.

116See Chapter2 §7 below.

94

W. D. TAYLOURt AND R. JANKO

Fig. 1.54.TrenchNu 2. PlanofLH II-IIIA phases,showing locationofburials, findsandsections(figs.1.51and 1.59).

thattherewas oncea child'scistburialin thisarea (plate23 c).No boneswererecovered, suggesting buttwowholepotsofa laterperiodwerefoundin a layerwithmuchLH IIA pottery, publishedas DepositO, thedepthofwhichis markedin figs.1.55-1.56.Thesevesselsare thegobletwithlinear decoration 3647, now datedto LH IIB, and thekraterwithcomplexspiraliform 3648, now pattern consideredLH IIIA1.117Hence theeditorhas attributed withthetoychariot thesevases,together wheel7122,to thisgrave.] (iii) Late Helladic IIA (Period IV Rutter) Wallsofthisphasewerefoundonlyin thes oftheArea.AftermostofitsMedievallevelshad been trench Nu 2 was dividedintoa w and an E halfofroughly Twonewwalls removed, equal dimensions. startedto appear,wallsnl and ni (figs.1.53-1.54).118Theyare bothEarlyMycenaeanbutdo not makea coherent plan.ForthedetailsoftheLH IIA wallssee table 1.56. Wallnl in thew ofNu 2 was an ill-constructed wall,theaxisofwhichturnedouttobe wnwbyese. a distance of 1.85 m and came to an abruptstopwitha w from the it for baulk, Starting proceeded B. thatthiswas a doorjamb.Wallnl passed end. The Rutter, excavator, suggested squared J. roughly and largestones(plate overtheMH III/LH I wall nf.Wallnl was crudelybuiltofmedium-sized two or at most threecourseswere or vertical. to 12 d). Neitherfacewas particularly straight Up e wall. to the of that Its in w wall but one course the sector of nf, averagewidthwas60 only preserved cm.Whenremoved,wallnl containedLH IIA sherds. tubR967, theend ofwhichmeasures22 cm in length halfofthesmallterracotta The surviving and 16 cm in width,was uncoveredupside down at the se end of wall ni on a floorthatcan be associatedwiththiswall(seeplate 13 b).The findspotofthistubis markedon fig.1.54. probably 117Dickinson 1979, 200.

118Cf.Rutterand Rutter1976,4, ill. 2.

THE BRONZE AGE ARCHITECTURE AND STRATIGRAPHY§8

95

1. Sectionofe baulk,lookingeast(seefigs.1.53,1.61-1.63anc^i-66,A-A'). Fig. 1.55.AreaNu/Gamma

Stratum 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Muriseli dateandinterpretation number, Description, Loose grey(10YR 5/1);Medieval/mixed topsoil debris and limeplaster(10YR 4-5/2); Medievaldestruction brownwithmanystonesand patchesofmudbrick Loose greyish Grey(10YR 5-6/1); Medievaluse ofyardsurface ofLH I-IIA and LH III fill lightbrownishgrey(10YR 6/3)withpebbles(washline);Medievalyardsurfaceconsisting Brown(10YR 5/3);pitdugforLH IIIAi burial4 Hard pale brown(10YR 6/3); LHI/IIA fill Hard lightyellowishbrown(10YR 6/4); LH HA filloverLH I Earlyfloor and muchcharcoal;LH I/IIA fill Hard pale brown(10YR 6/3)withmudbrick

1

lightyellowishbrown(10YR 6/4); MH III/LH I fill Loose sandyyellowishbrownwithcharcoal(10YR 6/4);MH III EarlyfloorwithMH II fillintroduced by MH III/LH I cutting Pale brownwithflecksofreddishyellowmudbrick (10YR 6-7/3); MH III Late filldownto floor,withsomeLH sherds fromLH burials7-10 Veryhardyellowishbrownwithflecksofreddishyellowmudbrick(10YR 6-7/3); MH HI Earlyfloorwithwallng Veryhardyellowishbrownwithflecksofreddishyellowmudbrick(10YR 6/3); MH II fill surfaces withpebbles;MH II filloverMH II Loose sandyyellowishbrownwithcharcoal(10YR 6/4) overhard-packed floorsand make-up debrisofapsidalbuilding, Softdarkergreywithyellowand red (forMunsellnumberssee Fig. 8.13); MH I Late destruction probablyremainsofroof debrisofapsidalbuilding, Softgreycarbon(10YR 7/2);MH I Late destruction probablyburnedroof-beams debrisincludingmudbrick ofapsidalbuilding Pale to verypale brown(10YR 6-7/3); MH I Late destruction debrisincludingdecayedmudbrick amongoccupation light redor reddishyellowwithcarbon(3.75YR 6/8); destruction depositon floorofmainroomofMH I Late apsidalbuilding ofwall ofMH I Late apsidalbuilding Red (Munsellnumbernotrecorded);streaksofmudplasterfrominterior

1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

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8

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1973 # 1, 1974 #2, 17 Medievaldestruction debris 1973 # 1, 1974 #3, 4, 19, 22 J.-5/2); 1973 # 1, 1974 #4, 26,30 1973 # 1, 1974 #4, 25, 32 igofLH I-IIA and LH III fill 1973 #12 *973 * 5>6> 7> 8>9» *974 * 4° 1974 #32, 33, 35 over38, 41, 44, 46, 1977 #9 1973 # 20, 1974 #48, 1977 # 2; radiocarbon sampleP-2568 !977#9> 11»14 1977 #4, 19 fillintroduced by MH III/LH I to floor,withsomeLH sherds

1973 # 20, 22, 25, 1974 #5

I Earlyfloorwithwallng 1 ebbles;MH II filloverMH II

1973 #20, 22, 23, 25, 34, 1974 #8, 9 1973 # 25, 33, 1974 # 12, 13, 14, 15 1977 # 27, 28 over35, 40, 46, 47

truction debrisofapsidalbuilding,

1973 # 25, 33, 1977 #38, 41, 59

burnedroof-beams ofapsidalbuilding ed mudbrick amongoccupation

i977#4i,53; radiocarbonsampleP-2967 1973 # 25, 33, 1977 #38, 41, 50, 53, 59 *977 * 5°> 53» 59>61

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The floor,whichseemsto have slopeddownslightly fromne to sw,has been datedto LH IIA. The it from is as the location ofthisDepositappearsin sectionin figs.1.55O; pottery published Deposit Matt vases found on the same floorwerethe Gritty from the other tub, 1.56. Apart fragmentary PaintedbowlR655 and thebeakedjug 3644. [The goblet3647 and thekrater3648 wereat first to associatedwiththisfloor.However,sincethesevasesarelaterin date,theyhavebeenreattributed theLH IIIAi Nu burial11,whichmusthavebeen cutintothislevel.119] it N-s.Originally Wallni in thee ofNu 2 was a shortwallofjustunder1 m running approximately ni Wall fig. a Medieval was longer,butitss end had probablybeen destroyed 1.53).120 pit (see by borderedtheMH III/LH I wallnk on itsw sideand partlyoverlayit (plates12 d and 13 a). It was facesand it couldnotbe said to be stones.It had no well-defined builtof smallor medium-sized ranalmostto thes coursed.Atmostitwas twostoneshigh.[Theexcavatorbelievedthatitoriginally s to the the stones the Medieval it out was robbed before baulk, mayhavebelonged pit.However, by itwas a ofwallni is so poorthatone maydoubtwhether tothecistofNu burial11. The construction burial13 beneath.When wallratherthanmerelya dumpofloose stoneor perhapsa cairnmarking itcontainedLH IIA sherds.] removed, foundwas To the e of wall ni anotherEarlyMycenaeandepositwas dug. Amongthe pottery with as of is also IIA theVapheiocup 3645. This LH published part Deposit O, together pottery finds are and small IIA vases LH The mentioned. foundw ofwall ni, i.e. e ofwall nl as was just includedintable 1.57. to started In AreaNu 1 itwas notuntila depthof40 cm was reachedthatBronzeAge buildings of theremains disintegrated appear.Justabove thatlevel therewereseveralclumpsof mudbrick, stonewallto emergewaswallna, witha n-s axis(fig.1.53).This The first wallsbuiltofthatmaterial. ofone courseoffacingstonesand a rubblecore;thebase was about10 cmhigherthan wallconsisted thatoftheMH III/LH I wallnf.Wallna appearedto have turnedto thew at itsn end.Whenthe fromitshowedthatitwas datableto theLH period.[Thesherdsfrom wallwas removed,thepottery totheE ofwallna and associatedwiththatwallwerepublishedas DepositN; thelocation thestratum figs.1.55 and 1.59,and theelevationofthewall,projected, ofthisDepositis shownon thesections, but LH IIA, is assignedto LH I byDickinson121 first considered at This in fig. material, 1.58. appears itwouldfollowthatthewall to LH I/IIA by C. Zerner.SinceDepositN is associatedwithwallna,122 Nu 2 in thenarrowstripto theE oftheMH III/LH I wallnk and is ofthesamedate.In trench itself in a MH I layer(seefig. cametolight, Nofwallnm (seefig.1.61),charcoalandmudbrick apparently of at a was found The stratum charcoal,sampleP-2568, depth -1.515 BM, wellbelowthe 12). 1.59, radiocarbon 1 in fig. 8 stratum of base at the N and of .55.Ityieldeda calibrated probably depth Deposit to LH I/IIA; the This date,fartoo recentforMH I, is moreappropriate dateof 1450 BC±15O.123 whichlayimmediately charcoalseemsto havecomefromorbeencontaminated bythelaterstratum, the surface fill under I/IIA LH be then can 8 Stratum it in the to by represented cutting. adjacent also entailsthatwallna is LH I/IIA or LH IIA.] DepositN. Thischronology theNu / Gamma1 baulk.The sectortothew ofthemassiveMH No LH IIA wallsappearedwithin trenchin two,producedunmixedLH IIA sherds,and included the divided which I wall III/LH nf, from The LH IIA pottery coarse ofthemedium jug R966, whichcouldbe partlyrestored. fragments The at fig. see as is published DepositP; thisthinstratum 1.57, right. layerbelow,DepositK, produced a littleLH IIA amongearliermaterial(figs. 1.57-1.58). The smallpiercedschistpendant6088 residueand camefromthissector.Thesefindsimply and otherobjectswerefoundin thewater-sieve of whichwas retainedby that wall nf,thepottery w of the LH I Earlyto LH IIA occupationto from Gamma 1, thecups3660 and finds came it on thee. [FourEarlyMycenaean wall,confining HS 298.124] burnisher HS 89-90and theterracotta burialwerefoundin 1974,butthiswasnotthenrecognised. In thes oftheArea,tracesofa further at thetime ofmanystones,thought In thesw sectorofNu 2 thepositionwas confused bythefinding nn with wall a be to what seemed of wall, to derivefromthecollapseofwalls.The outlinesappeared of a face nw the be to discovered was nn wall in NNE-ssw axis,issuingfromthes baulk.But 1977 its Under plate and figs. 24 d).U5 1.53-1.54 squarecisttombofa smallchild,calledNu burial12 (see are coarse the of and ofthelargejug R835 stoneswereuncovered cookingpotR968. They fragments The twovesselsshouldbe fig. the see as sherds other with a few section, 1.56. Q. Deposit published 119See §8 iiiiabove. 120See further Chapter3 §4 below. 121Dickinson1979. 122Rutterand Rutter1976,22.

123See further Appendix9 §6. 124Taylour1072,252-3 withpl. 42^3. 125See further Chapter2 §7 below.

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associatedwiththeinterment, thes end oftheMH III/ datingitto LH IIA. The tombhad destroyed LH I wall nf (see figs. 1.54 and 1.61 withplate 23 ¿), and some of the stonesof wall nf were intothestructure ofthecist. incorporated (iv) Late Helladic I fromthephasethatfollowed architecture [ApartfromtheLH I/IIA wallna, therewas no settlement has been publishedas fromLH I contexts Nu II in LH I Early.Pottery ofStructure thedestruction two and baskets from This came 41, representing thinlayersunderthe 38 1974 R973-1012. mainly Nu II and toitss and e (seefig.1.55 LH IIA fillthatlayoverRoom 2 oftheMH III/LH I Structure oftheMH III/LH I wallnf.The the removal from it as comes is stratum 7); R975, however, earlier, in table are included small finds LH I wholepotsand 1.57. in Area Nu was theshaftgrave,Nu burial13. The existenceofthis [TheonlyLH I construction onlyafteritsshafthad almostbeenclearedand theMH III/LH I levelshad begun grave,recognised of and led to thecontamination oftheArea hardto interpret to be takenup, made thestratigraphy fill. The its from I/IIA LH I and someofitsearlierlevelswitha smallamountofLH upper pottery belowthatoftheMH III/LH I floor ata depththatwasactually ofthisgravewasdiscovered surround andyielded Nu IL Thisfloorwasforthemostpartcuriously in Room2 ofStructure roughand stony, discoloration no But whereitwasundisturbed atallexceptnearthehearth, no finds (seefigs.1.60-1.61). at thetime,and thereseemedno reasonto suspectthatit had been cut oftheearthwas recognised fora burial.Onlylaterwas thelineofa cutting alongthen edgeofthetombobserved;thisis through shownin sectionon fig.1.59 and in planin figs.1.60 and 2.10 a. builtwithone stone'swidthofsmallor ofwallscallednp,nq, ns andnt,veryroughly A quadrangle 1 largestonesand ofone courseonly,was foundto havemarkedtheareaoftheshaftgrave(figs. .60, had werec. 2.1 x 1.6 m. Itsconstruction destroyed 2.10: a and 2.11 withplate 24 b).Itsdimensions ranE-wbetweenthes endsofthecontemporary thatpartoftheMH III/LH I wallnmthatoriginally is markedby dottedlinesin fig.1.61. wallsnfand nk; thelineofwherewallnm was destroyed ofthe is sealed shaft 'the that in wrote excavator by andpredatestheconstruction grave 1977 [The MH III/LH I building'.However,it mustcome fromthephase afterLH I Early,fortworeasons. thetopofthe Basket40 of 1977 fromwithin LH I/IIA sherdswerefoundin thefilloftheshaft. First, shaftyieldedtherimofa fineMattPaintedbichromegoblet(2045) whichC. Zernerdatesto LH 1/ Decorated containedsherdsoffineLustrous IIA. Basket47 of 1977,also contaminated by theshaft, of the the I/IIA LH also are which Also, decoration length 2086). with (2081, dark-on-light cups ofthe surround the of width the matched wall Nu Structure wall of s the of nm, II, portion destroyed nm wall of the Hence 1.60. fig. in illustrated fit is the of The exactitude missingportion shaftgrave. the was obliterated nf wall of continuation s the as was tomb by the was removedwhen built,just because undetected shaft The afterwards.126 soon ofNu burial12 construction passed graveinitially oftheshaftdownwithit to a depthbelow theearthofitsshafthad sunk,takingthestonesurround thestonesofthequadrangular thatoftheMH III/LH I floorof Room 2 (plate 150). Presumably sunk have must which the of settledintothetop by at leastseveralcentimetres shaft, gravesurround become and out dried had filled been compacted.The fillincluded once thesoilwithwhichit had has which muchof theLustrousPaintedjar 2125, large,loopyspiralsdatedto MH III Late and crucible withMM IIIB, and the 6064; otherpiecesofbothwerebuiltintothewallsof contemporary residuewere found working thegrave.Anothercrucible, 6062, was onlyin itsshaft.Piecesofmetalcontexts III MH in and nf wall I III/LH (see tables 1.60 trenchoftheMH foundin thefoundation in it is on was carried hereabouts; also attested thatthisindustry confirms and 1.63).Theirdiscovery metalfrom artefacts the that follows it I.127 Nu Structure theMH I apsidalbuilding, Unfortunately fromthelatterperiod,and cannotin any be cast-ups all I could MH than later contexts from working thegravesee below.128] of account case be datedwithaccuracy.Fora moredetailed (v) Middle Helladic III/Late Helladic I to Late Helladic I Early (Period III Rutter) of the whichensuedshortly afterwards, [Thisperiodwas markedby thebuildingand destruction, forits in cleared preparation Nu IL The terraceon whichitstoodwasthoroughly verysolidStructure were nx and walls III MH the ng erection.In MH III/LH I mostof the levelsassociatedwith 126See §8 (iii) above. 127See §8 (x) below.

128 Chapter 2 §7.

THE BRONZE AGE ARCHITECTURE

AND STRATIGRAPHY §8

103

Fig. 1.59. Area Nu/Gamma 1. Partialsectionof s baulk of trenchNu 1 throughRoom 2 of StructureNu II, lookingsouth (see figs. 1.53, 1.61-1.63 and 1.66, E-E').

Stratum 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Muriseli dateandinterpretation number, Description, Loose grey(10YR 5/1);Medieval/mixed topsoil Loose greyish brownwithmanystonesto w (10YR 4-5/2); Medievaldestruction debris Greyishbrown(10YR 5.5/2);Medievaluse ofyardsurface Lightbrownishgrey( 1oYR 6/3) withsmallstones(washline); Medievalyardsurface formedby LH IIA fill Verypale brown(10YR 7/3);LH I/IIA fill Verypale brown(10YR 7/3);LH I EarlywashoverLH I Earlyfloorin Structure Nu II, Room 2 Blackwithabundantcharcoal;LH I Earlyhearthin Structure Nu II, Room 2 Lightreddishbrownburntearth(5YR 6.5/4);LH I Earlyfloornearhearthin Structure Nu II, Room 2 Lightyellowishbrown(10YR 6/3-4); MH m Late-LH I Earlyfill Pale brownwithflecksofreddishyellowmudbrick(10YR 6-7/3); MH III Late fill Hard lightbrown(Munsellnumbernotrecorded,presumably10YR 6/4); MH III Earlyfloor Blackwithcharcoal;MH I Late destruction debrisofapsidalbuilding,probably burnedroof-beams, cutby MH III/LH I terracewithLH I/IIA fill Hard yellowishbrownwithmuchschist(10YR 5/4-6); MH I Late destruction debris ofmudbrick ofapsidalbuilding consisting debrisincluding Lightredor reddishyellowwithcarbon(3.75YR 6/8); destruction decayedmudbrick amongoccupationdepositon floorofmainroomofMH I Late apsidalbuilding

Basketnumbers *973 $ l 1973 # 1 X973# l 1973 # 1 1973 #5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 20 *973 # 20, 22 over24 (w ofwallnc) X973#35? *977 #5 1973 #35 1977 # 3 (e halfofRoom 2), 24 (w half) 1973 # 20 X977* 31 at base of 1973 # 20; radiocarbonsample P-2568 1973 # 25 (e ofwallnc); 1977#41>53 *977 #53?61

1O4

W. D. TAYLOURt

AND R. JANKO

Fig. i .60. Area Nu/Gamma 1. Plan of trenchesNu 1 and 2 to show relationof StructureNu II (MH III/LH I) to LH I/IIA ShaftGrave,burial 13.

terracedaway,and thetopsoftheMH I wallnh and theMH II wallnv werealso removed.The Nu 1 and over40 cm deep,is seenin theE baulkexactlyat theboundarybetweentrenches cutting, withsomedegreeofconjecture Nu 2, as is seenin fig.1.55,at right. Itsescarpment is also indicated, exceptat theE baulk,in sectionin figs.1.58-1.59and in plan on figs.1.61-1.62.The dateofthis intowhichtheterracewas cutwas the is provedbythesection,fig.1.55.The lateststratum terracing MH III Late destruction levelabove thisfloor(stratum 11). Moreover,a slopingMH III/LH I fill a LH I mixedwithMH I- II sherds(stratum 10) formedthelowestlevelin thecutting, underlying I Nu MH III/LH Structure of the was the builders Thus this created floor. terrace II, in by Early its construction.129 for preparation createdduringthe surface [Theflooris datedto MH III/LH I, and itmusthavebeen a temporary III wallsdd, nu, MH time the IL At the same Nu of Structure the terrace for the of building cutting nw and nx, and perhapstoo partsofwall ng and thew end oftheMH II wallnv, wererobbedto providestoneforthebuilders.In addition,whatappearedto be a robbertrenchforwall nx cuta bone and shell, withplentiful thatlayto theE ofit:see fig.1.56,at left.Thissurface, surface pottery, floors(fig. nv and its associated MH II wall the over N s. It from to downwards passed slopedgently at 1.55, right).] In AreaNu 1, a solidlybuiltwallnf,witha n-s axis,appearedto thew ofthelaterwallna and down(fig.1.61).Wallnfrann-s forthewholelengthof adjacentto it,butat a level 15 cm further ofwallda, whichhad beenfoundin 1959 in Gamma1 Nu 1; itappearedtobe a continuation trench to theN and was at aboutthesamelevel.Whenin 1974 theNu / Gamma1 baulkwas takendown, and itbecameclearthat belowtheMedievalstrata, thetopstonesofwallnfappearedimmediately levelthanitscontinuation wallnfwasindeedthesameas wallda. In Gamma1 thewallstoodata higher fromN to s, wallnf in thes. It was laterverified that,becauseoftheslopeofthegrounddownwards coursesofwallnfwereremoved, Nu 1 thetwouppermost Whenintrench wasbuilton a lowerterrace. PeriodMH III/LH I. was databletotheTransitional itwasfoundtohaveno rubblecore.The pottery 129So Rutterand Rutter1976,20.

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105

MH I wallnh; therewas overtheunderlying notedthatwallnf steppeddownwards Q. B. Rutter in thelevelsofthepreserved somedifference of wall nf at its N and s ends figs. (see thesections, top This wall Nu continued southwards across courses of its the 2, 1.58-1.59). impressive although upper s endwererobbedoutwhenburial12 was interred.130 thewallcontinued onwardsand Nevertheless, is seenin sectionin theextremes oftheArea in fig. 1.56; perhapsit formedtheE boundaryof a street. Thiscontinuation is markedwithdottedlineson fig.1.61.] s of NW the corner ofNu 1 thesquaredend ofan impressive wall,wallny,was revealed,flush Just withthew baulk(figs.1.57 and 1.61 withplate 14 a). It was preserved to a heightoffivecourses.Its and elevation that it was w the of a or position suggests jamb doorway a gatewaythatlay between itselfand thew faceofwallnf.[Thewidthoftheopeningwas 1 m.] Otherwallsin trenchNu 1 emerging at slightly lowerlevelswerecalledwallsnc, nd and ne. Wall nc rann-s in thee partofthetrenchand parallelto wallnf.It beganat then end ofNu 1 and was laterfoundto continuefurther s, whereit was called nk. Wall nd had an e-w axis. Wall ne ran to wall nd to the n. Both wallsabuttedwallnfin thew; wallnd abuttedwallnc/nkin thee. parallel Fromtheinterrelationship ofthesewallstheplan ofa housetookshape.Pottery associatedwiththe houseplacesitsconstruction in theTransitional PeriodMH III/LH I. The house consistedof two roomsdividedfromone anotherby wallnd. Copiousevidenceofmudbrick was foundin thelevels abovebothrooms.Room 1 is totheNandRoom2 tothes. [Thisbuildingis Structure Nu II (fig.1.61 andplates 13 c,14 a-d). Erectedin MH III/LH I, itwentoutofuse in LH I Early.Detailsofitswalls aregivenin table 1.58.] The restof Structure Nu II was uncoveredin 1974 in excavatingtrenchNu 2, and itscomplete was thus revealed. Wallnd was notuniform in construction. The w and E portionsofthewall plan wereon slightly different Wallnd (e) made a good rightanglewithwall nc, and both alignments. werewell built.At itsw end wall nd (e) appearedto rununderwall nd (w). The latterwall was to wallnfand lay at a distinctly perpendicular c. 60 cm E of higherlevel;itsE end finished wallnf.Bothwallnfand wallnd (w)werelesswellbuiltthanwallsnc and nd abruptly The existence ofa (e). mudbricksuperstructure to the walls was demonstrated mudbrick in the soil by patches during excavation. The s extension ofwallnc intotrench Nu 2 was calledwallnk,as atfirst itwasthought to be a different wall. Its neat construction and well-defined outlinewere farsuperiorto the rough wallingofwallnc,butwhathadbeenuncoveredofthelattercouldbe regarded as thesoclesupporting themainwallproper.It shouldbe mentioned, thattherewas earthbetweenwallsne (s) and however, nk,thatthetwowallsdid notlineup exactly,and thatwallnk leantoverto thew. [Perhapsthiswas causedby subsidenceafterthecutting oftheshaftgraveburial13.] Wallsnc and nk werebuiltin a narrowpreparedtrenchbelowthefloorlevelto eitherside.The s end ofwallnk wasjoined at rightanglesby anotherwell-built wall,wallnm,thatissuedfromtheE baulkoftrench Nu 2 and bondedwithwallnk (see plate 13 a, c).In theaxisofwallnm therewas a stumpofa wallon thew flankofwallnk,makinga rightanglewithit.Moreover, thes endofwallnf turnedto thee, endingin a shortwall.It appearedthatbetweenthesetwoshortwallstherewas once a wallforming thes limitofthehouse,whichhad beenremoved.The outlineofits missing portionis shownwithdottedlineson fig.1.61.Itsformer existencewas confirmed thediscovery in 1977 of by theshaftgrave,Nu burial13,thewidthofwhoseshaftcorresponds to thatthemissinglengthofwall fortheburialmusthave destroyed nm; thecutting thispiece ofthewall.131 In Room2,justs ofwallnd,a roughrectangular foundation ofsmallstones,on a levelcorresponding towallsnc andnd (e),wasinterpreted as a hearth(fig.1.61 andplates 13 c,14 a-c.Someofitsstones showedmarkedsignsofburning, and charcoalpatcheswerenotedat a levelslightly abovethehearth buttothee ofitextending as faras wallnc. Duringdigging in thecentreofNu 2, a stonebench,wall no,wasrevealed.The benchwasbuiltagainstthee faceofwallnf(fig.1.61 and plate 14 a-d). It was 1.65 m longand 35 to 40 cm wide.Itss end coincidedwiththereturn to theE ofwallnf,i.e. thew end ofwallnm. [Thusitwas constructed in thesw cornerofRoom 2 whilethisroomwas closedto thes by wallnm,beforemostofthelatterwallwas fortheshaftgrave,Nu destroyed by thecutting burial13. SinceitcontainedsomeLH I sherds,itwas an additionto theoriginalplan.] Atthene cornerofthebench,justs ofthehearth, thepaintedkantharos R297 wasuncovered(fig. 1.61 and plate 14 c-d).The vase layupside-down on a layerofcharcoal,partsofwhichwerefound insidethecup,whichwasbadlyburnt.Itspositionestablished thelevelofthefloorofRoom 2, where itwas notcutbythelatershaftgraveburial13. The smallhandmadekantharos R514 was foundjust e ofthehearth.The burning and charcoal,first notedin 1973 to theE ofthehearth, was widespread 130See §8 (iii) above.

131On the shaft gravesee §8 (iv) above and Chapter2 §7 below.

lo6

W. D. TAYLOURt AND R. JANKO

Fig.1.6i. AreaNu/Gamma 1.PlanofStructure NuII (MH III/LH I), showing locationofsections (figs.1.55-1.59)andfinds.

Fig. 1.59 radiocarbon datesobtainedfromitsee below.132 up to c.60 cmtothes also;fortheaberrant in from this floor Room a s the hearth. The section Room of 2 and 2 through pottery provides just Nu to thes limits of trench to the surface s of the fromthecontemporary 2 building, extending living andse,wasregardedas MH III/LH I in date,butC. ZernerdatesittoLH I Early,on thebasisofthe LH I piecesR428 and R461-462; piecesR249 andR284 maybe LH I/IIA,butthesewereprobably LH I/IIA shaftgraveburial13. Thismaterialis publishedas DepositL introduced by theintrusive e halfofRoom 2, seenin plate 15 a, and laterthewholeofit,was dug The (figs.1.55-1.56,1.59). Nu IL Structure MH III/LH I building, the removal of the entire to prior and charcoal a in in Room charcoal had been found 2, only verylittleburning Although quantity was remarkedin Room 1. The MH III/LH I beak-spoutedjug R319 and conical cup R488 132 Appendix 9 §5.

THE BRONZE AGE ARCHITECTURE AND STRATIGRAPHY §8

107

werefoundin the earthjust underthe laterwall na. [Thesewerefoundamongthe sherdsfrom betweenc. -1.0 and -1.2 BM. Theirapproximate findspotsare markedon fig. 1.61. The remains ofthesepotswereperhapsprotected under theLH I/IIA wall na. The flooritselfseems by being to have been at a lowerlevel,viz. c. -1.47 BM. Sincethesevesselslay above thelevel ofthefloor at the timeof the destruction of Structure Nu II, theymay have been on the roofwhen the there is no of The MH III/LH I pottery foundunderwall na is buildingcollapsed; sign burning. as M. The sherds could have been used as one published Deposit plentiful beddingforthewall;133 the of from the foundation trench for wall nf. The obsidian core maycompare largequantity pottery 6122 was foundwiththesesherds,indicating themanufacture of stonetools.For a sectionthrough Room 1, showingwallne in elevation, see fig.1.58.] In theNu / Gamma1 baulk,w ofwallnf,belowthethinLH IIA levelwhosepottery waspublished as DepositP, was a stratum K The sherds were held to containing Deposit (fig.1.57). comprisesome LH IIA piecesbutmostly MH III/LH I; however, C. ZernernowbelievesthattheyareLH I Earlyto LH IIA. Underthisfilllay a LH I Earlyfloor(see fig. 1.61) on whichwereuncoveredthebase and lowerbodyofthecoarsevessel2309a, lyingupsidedown.Thisfloorwas contemporary withtheuse ofStructure Nu II toitsE,butitlayat thesamelevelas theMH III Latefloorassociatedwithwallng (see fig.1.61).Itslevelwas thesameas thatoftheMH III Late floorbecauseStructure Nu II rested on a terracethathad been cutdownby 50 cm intothedestruction levelsofthebuildinginvolving wallng (seethesections, figs.1.55 and 1.58,theplan,fig.1.61,andplates 14 band 15 b).[Thesame LH I Earlysurfacewas foundat a slightly from deeperlocationin trenchNu 1 to thes; thepottery thereis publishedas DepositH. DepositsH and K are indicatedin sectionin fig. 1.57. The same floorwas uncoveredin trenchNu 2 w ofwallnf,at almostthesamelevelas theone in Room 2 (see fig. 1.56,at right, betweenstrata7 and 10). Two or possiblyfourshallowstakeholeshad been cut intoit;theirexactlocationsare notrecorded.] The base of thecrudepot 2313a was uncoveredE of theMH III/LH I building.The potsand smallfindsfromthisphaseofoccupationare shownon fig.1.61 and listedin table 1.59. Othervases came to lightduringtheexcavationof Nu 1 in 1973 thatwerestratified underthe levelsofthehouse.Fourvesselswereuncoveredto thew ofwallnffromthefoundationoccupation trenchforthatwall: R243, R246-247 and R412. These compriseajar, twokantharoi and a lughandledbowl.In 1974 morepottery was excavatedfromthecontinuation ofthistrenchin theNu/ Gamma1 baulk.Upon theremovalofwallnfin 1977,itbecamepossibleto clearthe fill remaining ofthetrench. was c.60 cmwideto then in theNu/Gamma1 baulk,broadening [Thistrench to c. 1.2 m in trenchNu 1 butthennarrowing It containeda againto c. 30 cm in trenchNu 2 to thes.134 numberoffinds, whichare listedin table 1.60.It was sealedby thesurfaceofLH I Early surprising date,and it cuttheMH III Late UpperPebbledRoad (fig.1.58,at left).135 Rutterrightly datedthe materialfromthisfillto MH III/LH I. The pottery excavatedin 1973 is publishedas DepositG; however,somepiecesthatbelongedwithDepositG weredug as partof the DepositH,' whichis LH I Early.The sherdsrecoveredin 1974 are publishedas Deposit overlying J, whilethosefoundin 1977 (baskets13 and 22) are publishedbelowamong2001-2204 and 3598-3637. These Deposits areshownin thesections, figs.1.57-1.58.] Thereseemto be no burialsofthisperiod. (vi) Middle Helladic III Late Underneath Structure Nu II wallsofthepreviousperiodscametolight, butitwasnoteasytomakeany intelligible planoutofthem.[Wallsdd, ng,nu,nw,nx andoa belongtoMH III, as wellas twostreets, theUpperand LowerPebbledRoads,whichlay underneath theUpperPebbledRoad foritswhole In studying thepottery fromthisArea,C. Zernerhasbeenabletodistinguish length. twophasesofMH to MM IIIA and thelaterto MM IIIB. Therewerethreephasesof III, withtheearliercorresponding MH III Late,MH III Earlyand an earliestphase,whichseemsto have construction, belongedto the transition betweenMH II andMH III Early.The MH III Latephasewillbe discussed first. [Theonlywallsknowntohavebeenin use duringthisphasearetheMH III Earlywallsng andnx. as pureMH III Latein ceramicterms:thesearetheUpper However,twostratahavebeenrecognized PebbledRoad and a surfaceto thee at a higherlevel.] The layerof pebblescalledtheUpperPebbledRoad ran n-s acrossthew edge of thes halfof the Area. It variedconsiderably in width.In the centreof the Area it was as muchas 1.20 m 133Rutterand Rutter 1076, 21. 134Rutterand Rutter 1976, 20-1.

135See §8 (vi) below.

io8

W. D. TAYLOURf AND R. JANKO

theuncoveredpartofitwas 42 to 68 cmwide,and wide;further s, wheretheslopewas pronounced, at thes end it was c. 85 cm wide.At thes it couldverywellhave linkedup withtheE-w cobbled was uncoveredin 1977,namely stretch roadthatskirted then flankofAreaBeta,ofwhicha further StreetBetaII (see figs.1.31-1.32).136 trenchof wall nf had cut away the E partof the road: see the [In trenchNu 1 thefoundation was also tracedin theNu / Gamma1 baulk,as therequisite road fig. The section, 1.58. depthwasjust it at a of Here 1 of Gamma N in trench the to and reached, reappeared 1959. depth c.-1.1 to 1.2 lay in trench trenchofthatwall.The stratum BM to thew ofwallnf,whereitwas cutby thefoundation in MH III Late. Accordingto Gamma 1 containedsherdsof YellowMinyan,a ware introduced thatseemedidenticalwas foundat thesamedepthto theE ofwallnf; R. Hope Simpson,a stratum overtheMH I apsidalwallde (seefig. thissoftorangelayerofsmallstonesc.20 cmdeeplaydirectly n andwasjoined E at this the to turned Road either Pebbled If the pointor continued 1.63). so, Upper w and N sides the have overlaid to seems road the in either the from roadcoming case, e; byanother a mound formed have must which I Nu Structure of theruinsof the apsidalbuilding (fig. 1.63), with Bronze remove to difficult been have would that of veryhardearth Age tools,as consisting MM to dated male Minoan III, wasfoundc. noted.The unusual 7092,tentatively figurine J.B. Rutter this with a sherd that contained fill hard ripplepattern; orange 5 cmbelowthebase oftheroad,in a fig. on 1.62. is shown Itsfindspot toodatesfromMH III Late.137 fromtheUpperPebbledRoad (1977 basket30) is datedto MH III Late (fig. [Thesherdmaterial walls,the MH III Earlywallsng and nx, seem to have 12). Only twopre-existing 1.56 stratum remainedin use duringMH III Late.138 Any otherwallsthatexistedwouldhave been destroyed level Nu II. However,a pale browndestruction oftheMH III/LH I Structure theconstruction during in Late floor III MH a over survived ofmudbrick, ofthisdate,fleckedwithreddishyellowfragments thene partoftheArea.ThisfillyieldedDepositE ofpottery.] wasfoundagainstthe DepositE producedseveralfinds.The coarsedipperR168, all butcomplete, withthedipperwas thegreenstone sw faceofwallng. Together pounder6109. [Fortheirlocations incorporating see fig.1.62andplate 15 c.TheseMH III Latefindswereon thefloorwhenthebuilding 10). The as thesectionshows(fig.1.55 stratum 11, also in fig.1.59 stratum wallng was destroyed, cut was it until southwards bytheMH destruction layerranoverthestumpofwallng and continued II Nu fortheerectionof Structure (see fig. 1.55 thatwas done as preparation III/LH I terracing theLH I/IIA under fromthisfillis alsopublishedwithin stratum DepositF. It lay 11).Somematerial also associatedwithwallng. DepositN, and overan earlierfloor,datedto MH III Early,whichwas s butstilltotheE oftheUpperPebbledRoad a layerofsimilarappearancewasfound(fig. [Further 9). This layerprobablyonce containedtheMH III Latejar 2125, crucible-fragments 1.59 stratum disc6118. However,theseobjectswerebuiltintothewallsand chamber 6062 and6064,andphyllite in the oftheLH I/IIA shaftgraveburial13. Iftheylayon a floorofthisdate,itperishedcompletely was workedhereabouts.The showthattin-bronze forthisgrave.The crucible-fragments cutting trenchfortheMH III/ residue(6067-6068)fromthefoundation ofpiecesofmetallurgical recovery and other fromthissamedestruction thatothermaterial pottery layer,including LH I wallnfsuggests ofa pieceofmelted ofthelatterwall.However,therecovery was dumpedintothefoundations finds, mightbelong bronzefromtheLowerPebbledRoad (6069) meansthattheevidenceformetallurgy foundin the were vase III MH the of that fact the 1933 Early to MH III Early;indeed, parts trenchas wellas in theMH III EarlyfillundertheUpperPebbledRoad showsthatthis foundation trenchalso containedat leastsomeMH III Earlymaterial.Hence theobjectsfromit rangein date fromMH III Earlyto MH III/LH I. Theyarelistedin table 1.60. Otherfindsprobablyor certainly arelistedin table 1.61.] fromMH III Latecontexts (vii) Middle Helladic III Early (Period II Rutter) UpperPebbledRoad but [Wallsdd and nu werebuiltduringMH III Early,sincetheylaybelowthe plan,theymay abovetheLowerPebbledRoad.As thesewallsarepoorlybuiltandmakeno coherent a delimited nx and walls the In animals. for probably been addition, ng have parallel pens perhaps wall bounded but buildingor yardofwhichthese wallhas notbeen found, shown by rectangular roughly presently. musthave been builtduringthe same phase,as willbe three all the to nw w; thatthesewalls indicates wall with associated also floor Late III MH a of ng survival the However, 136The cobbledstreetat theS endofBeta 12A (Taylour1972, sincethiswasLH 256 with231 fig.15 andpl. 46h) is unrelated, IIIC Earlyor evenMedieval.

137Forthisdatinecriterion see Chapter5 §2 (iv) (a) below. 138These are describedin §8 (vii)below.

THE BRONZE AGE ARCHITECTURE AND STRATIGRAPHY §8

109

inuse intoMH III Late.139 The wallsandfloorsofthisphaseareshownin planin fig.1.62, continued and theirdetailsaregivenin table 1.62.] In theNendoftheArea,walldd rannne-sswin trenchGamma1,dugin 1959,for1.5 mjustw of thelineoftheMH III/LH I wallnf,slightly off-axis in relationtoitandjustunderitsbase at theN.It N below the continuation of MH III the Late lay UpperPebbledRoad; thebase ofa jar,whichwas notkept,layon topofit.The wallemergedamongfallenstonesand hardreddishdebris,whichwas no doubtdecayedmudbrick. It seemedto peteroutexactlyat thes baulkofGamma1: see fig.1.62 and plate 15 d. Tumbledstonesfromitss end wereexcavatedin 1977 in thenw corneroftheNu/ Gamma1 baulk;thesecontainedtheMH III-LH I sherd2087. The wallwas irregularly constructed oflargestones,andvariedfrom40 to 60 cmin width.It wasnotremoved.[Itwasprobablyrobbedto buildtheMH III/LH I wallnf. terracotta drain-tiles HS 91 of Minoantypewerefoundwiththe channel-side [The remarkable in the fill under the Pebbled Road just to thew of wall dd and an elevationof uppermost Upper c. 1.25 m belowthesurface(plate 15 d).uoAftersome30 cm ofthissoftorangefill,containing Dark Burnished and Dull Paintedsherds,a stonefloorwas reachedw ofwalldd, whichpresumably went withthewall.Sincetheflooryieldeda piece withripple-pattern, in LustrousDecorated presumably 10 cm belowthisfloor,underearththatyieldedanother ware,thislevelwas MH III Late.A further sherdwithripple-pattern, a cobbled a continuation oftheMH II/III EarlyLowerPebbled surface, lay Road to thes; thiswas notremoved.Hence thetwolevelsoftheUpperand LowerPebbledRoads, whichare seenin sectionin theextremes oftheArea in fig. 1.56 and further n in fig. 1.57,were bothpresentin trenchGamma 1 in itsfarn, withwall dd stratified betweenthem.In thiscase,the wallwasbothbuiltanddemolished Excavationceased duringtheMH III Earlyphaseofconstruction. at c. -1.56 BM. This was almostlevel withthe base of wall dd; however,as the wall was never takendown,thedepthofitsbase is notentirely certain.The top ofwalldd was some 25 cm above thatof the MH I wall de, the n wall of the apsidalbuilding,141 and its lowestvisiblecoursewas some30 cm abovetheMH I floorlevel] To thes, wallnu, foundin 1977 in thesw corneroftrenchNu 1, consistedofone coursewitha NNW-SSE axis,whichissuedfromthew baulkfora distanceofc. 1.5 m and thenpeteredout.It was as muchas 80 cmwide.Itssse end consisted ofa fewstonesand indicatedthatithad beenrobbed,as is shownwithdottedlinesin fig. 1.62. Sincetherobbertrenchofwallnu containedtheMH III/LH I sherd2107, itmusthavebeenplunderedfortheconstruction ofwall nf.Wallnu layunderthelayer ofpebbles,i.e. theremainsoftheUpperPebbledRoad running n-s,and wallnu itselfwas laid on a pebblelayer,i.e. theLowerPebbledRoad withthesameaxis.The twolayersofpebbleswereonly separated by c.5-10 cmoffillatthispoint.[Seefig.1.57.Whenwallnu wasremoved, itwasfoundto containtheMH III Earlysherd2108.] Wallnu had a verydifferent axis and widthfromwalldd, and thetwoseemnotto be relatedin ittoolayovertheLowerPebbledRoad andundertheUpperPebbledRoad, plan.[However, although bythew baulkpartofitsstumpprojectedc. 20 cmabovethesurface oftheupperroad(seefig.1.57). It followsthatbothwallswerebuiltand demolished duringMH III Early,whentheoriginalroadwas backintouse.] brought In theNu / Gamma1 baulkto thee ofthelineoftheMH III/LH I wallnf,another wall,wallng witha WNW-ESE totakeshape(seetheplan,fig.1.62,and sections, axis,started figs.1.55 and 1.58).It wasofpoorconstruction, oftheMH perhapsbecausesomeofitsstoneswereusedin theconstruction III/LH I buildingdirectly tothes, Structure Nu II, anditwas oftwocoursesat themost.Wallng had no relation to Structure Nu II. Notonlywas wallng illbuilt,butitwas also on a different completely Whenwallng was removed,thesherdsin it wereapparently alignment. foundto be ofMH II/III on thefloorassociatedwithitwas MH III Early. Earlydate,and thepottery fromthefloorn ofwallng,stratified [TheMH III Earlypottery belowtheMH III LateDepositE, waspublishedas DepositD; thisDepositis indicatedin thesection,fig. 1.55,at left.A grainofbarley and a grapepip,9282 and 9287, werealso recoveredfrom D.] Deposit To thes ofwallng,threevaseswerefoundin 1973 in trench Nu 1 tothee oftheMH III/LH I wall nc (see fig.1.61) on whatappearedto have been a floorlevelin thatsector;theseare thetwoDark Burnished gobletsR62-63 and themediumcoarseLustrousDecorated 2280. [Thesevases couldbe eitherMH II or MH III Early,buttheyprobablycamefroma amphora surface visiblein theE baulk (fig.1.55,stratum 12) thatcan be assignedto thelatterdate.Unfortunately theirexactfindspotsare 139See §8 (vi) above. 140 Taylour 1972, 230, 252 with 230 fig. 14 and pl. 47I1-Ì.

141See §8 (x) below.

110

W. D. TAYLOURt AND R. JANKO

Fig. 1.62.AreaNu/Gamma 1. PlanofMH II- III Earlywalls,floorsandroad,showing locationofsections (figs.1.55-1.59)andfinds.

as each was foundin fragments. unknown, They came fromDepositF, the elevationof whichis markedin thesection, fig.1.55,at centreright. However,DepositF includessherdsfromtheMH II fillbeneaththeMH III Earlyfloor,sherdsfromtheflooritself, someMH III Latematerial and some MH III/LH I and LH I material thatthisfloor fromtheoverlying levels.The excavatorhypothesised in a narrowstripalongtheE baulk.142 survived The findsfromitareincludedin table 1.63. s of wall with itis bestseenin thesection, fig.1.55 stratum surface and associated 12.This [The ng nm wall all s a below the base of the later surface the to (see fig. probablyslopedgently point way MH will The wall which be described below. and continued on to meet the nx, 1.55) contemporary 142Rutterand Rutter1976, 20.

THE

BRONZE

AGE ARCHITECTURE

AND

STRATIGRAPHY

§8

ill

III Earlykantharos underthelowestcourseoftheMH III/LH I wall 2007 was foundimmediately nm NWof theMH II wall nv (fig. 1.61). The findspotof thiskantharos is markedon fig. 1.62. B. Rutter that this in survived this location wall nm was builtdirectly because suggested J. pottery overit (see thesection, fig.1.55,stratum thevesselmustbe a remnant ofa MH III Early 9, at right); floorassociatedwithwall nx thatwas disturbed whenthe cutting forStructure Nu II was made. Otherwise thisstratum contained MH III/LH I it since was disturbed for sherds, mostly bythecutting Structure Nu IL Anotherpartof the MH III Earlysurfacesurvivedin the centreof theArea; it was represented by DepositC, excavatedat an elevationof-1.5 to -1.65 BM withinthearea ofthe MH III/LH I Room 1,andby 1977basket31, excavatedata depthofc.-1.70 to-1.75 BM underthe hearthin theMH III/LH I Room 2 (see fig. 1.59 stratum 11). Thissurface layto theE ofwallnf,w andNWoftheLH I shaftgrave,and abovethehardyellowMH II fillon whichwallng wasbuilt(fig. 1.62).The elevationoftheselayers,whichwere 10-20 cm lowerthanthatofthefloors ofwallng, showsthatthesurfaceslopeddownmoresteeplyto thew thanit did to thes. The MH III/LH I andthecutting oftheLH I/IIA shaftgrave,Nu burial13, removedtherestofthissurface in terracing trenches Nu 1 and Nu 2, as is shownin fig. 1.62; it sparedonlythosesmallpartsof it thatlay sw ofwallng and due s ofit alongtheE baulk.Pottery of MH III Earlyis published immediately among1908-2000 below.] Wallnx was builtofmedium-sized calcareousfieldstones on an ese-wswaxis.It issuedfromthes baulkfora distanceof c. 1.5 m beforeit cameto a haltat thesw cornerofthesurround to theshaft buthad a good Nface.The w end ofthewallseems grave,Nu burial13. It was onlyone stonethick, to havebeen cutby theconstruction oftheMH III/LH I wallnf.[Thisend ofthewallranoverthe MH II/III Earlylowerterracewalloa seenin fig.1.56 at centre, wherethreeto fourroughshallow coursesofitsurvived. Wallnx bondedwiththes end oftheupperterracewallnw, althoughthisdid notlie at a rightangleto it;thetwowallswereevidently Wallnx ranparallelto wall contemporary. formedpartofthesame structure, builtin MH III Earlyand destroyed ng and presumably during MH III Late.Bothwallsareon thesamealignment as Structure LambdaI inAreaLambda3/4tothe also MH III Early.143 E,whichis presumably Wallnx was notremoved. Wallnw,withapproximately n-s axis,laytothew ofthecutting forthelatershaftgrave,Nu burial 13,andsharedsomestoneswiththew wallofthestonesurround overit,wallns. The wallwaspoorly becauseithad largelybeen dismantled whenwallnfwas builtin MH III/LH I. [Wallnw, preserved called wallnw(II), ranslightly to theE ofthelineofwallnf.It issuedfromthes baulkof originally trench Nu 2, whereitwas c. 50 cm wide.It thenrannnwforc. 1.4 m,whereithad widenedto c. 70 cm (seefig.1.62).Itsuppermost courselayat -1.65 BM at thes and at -1.85 BM at thene; surviving it apparently endedagainstthesharprisein thegroundformedby theruinsof theMH I apsidal Its base fromn to s. The wallwas largelyrobbedoutin MH III/LH building. slopeddownmarkedly I exceptfora numberofmedium-to-large stones.It had a good e face,butitsw facewas demolished ofwallnf.Itse sidewasfurther duringtheconstruction oftheLH I/IIA damagedbytheconstruction shaft grave;towardstheN,thew wallofthegrave,wallns, penetrated thefilloftherobbingtrench of thelatter. The e edgeofthisrobbingtrench ranalongtheE faceofwallnw atthes baulkbutsome15 cmtothee ofitnearitsn end,whereitcuttheMH I wallnh; here therobbingtrenchsurvived. Wallnw containedonlysherdsdatedto MH I- II, buttwofacts only that itis MH III Early.Firstit prove overlaywall oa, whichborderedtheMH II/III EarlyLowerPebbledRoad. Moreover,it bonded withwall nx. It functioned as a retaining wall thatheld back thehigherstratato theE. The steep in thes oftheArea requiredthebuildingofthiswall,whereas gradient thegentlerinclinein theN meantthatno retaining wallwas neededin thatsector.The pottery and smallfindsfromtheMH III Earlylevelsarelistedin table 1.63.No burialsofthisperiodwerefound.] (viii) Middle Helladic II/III Early (Period II Rutter) [Weshallnowturntothearchitectural betweenMH II properand MH III Early.The phasestratified terracewall oa and theLowerPebbledRoad associatedwithit belongto thisphase.] A walloa rann-s,passingintothes baulkoftrench Nu 2, whereitis visiblein sectionin fig 1 56 [Walloa lay undertheMH III Earlywallsnx and nw. As it was notcleared,onlyitsw facewas Thiswallappearsto have servedto separatethehigherlevelsto exposedand itslengthis unknown. theE fromthelowergroundtothew,wheretheLowerPebbledRoad was laidsome20 cmbelowthe wall,m accordwiththenaturale-w slopeoftheground,as can be seenin fig.1.56.Ifthisis correct, 143See §7 (iii) above.

112

W. D. TAYLOURt

AND R. JANKO

theconstruction ofthewallwas associatedwiththelayingoftheroadin MH II/III Earlyand would ofitsw face,i .04 m fromthes baulkandwith withit.Justin front havebeencontemporary therefore and at least25 cm deep, itstopat an elevationof-2.3 BM, therewas a post-hole13 cm in diameter wall was the installed after for a or fence built.] gate perhaps The LowerPebbledRoad,shownin planin fig.1.62 and in sectionin figs.1.56-1.58,ransteeply uphill,likeitssuccessortheUpperPebbledRoad,fromthes baulkon a N-saxisalongthew edgeof havebeen delimited to theexcavator, theArea;italso slopedup fromw to E. It would,according by thepossibleterracewalldescribedabove.A numberofobjectswerediscardedor lostin thesurfaces ofthisroad;theseare includedin table 1.63. [Thesherdsin thefillundertheUpperPebbledRoad witha littleLH I, thepresence are MH III Early,together (1977 basket34) and overitspredecessor i.e. oftheLowerPebbledRoad itself, The sherdsfoundin theupperstratum ofwhichis unexplained. inbasket43 of1977,arepublishedamongitems1908-2000below;theyareMH III Early.However, of thisroad shouldhave been slightly the construction earlier,i.e. in MH II/III Early.A similar overtheMH I wall 1 Nu of in trench in the was found stratum 1974,whereitlay directly sounding than Road rather Pebbled Lower the this stratum that it in found suggests nh.The pottery represented the date above: centimetres a few lain have would which itsMH III Late successor, dependson only Painted Matt or Yellow no were there and decoration thefactthatdark-on-light Minyan predominated, road earlier the but 1 / Gamma Nu in the baulk, reappearedin sherds.Onlythelaterroadwastraced the in mentioned surface the cobbled is this previoussection. trenchGamma1 to thew ofwalldd; caused a surmount to by theruinofthe hump GoingfromN to s, theroadmusthave risenslightly a metrelowerwhen almost was it that so down Nu I and thensloped MH I apsidalbuildingStructure branchedoff have to seems surface this earlier itreachedthes baulk.LiketheUpperPebbledRoad, II/III MH from finds small and Gamma1. The pottery Earlylevelsare totheE in then partoftrench that shows bronze melted metal-working (6069) includedin table 1.63. The presenceof a piece of wenton duringthisperiodtoo.Thereseemto be no burialsofthisphase.] (ix) Middle Helladic II (Period I Rutter) phase,whichis datedto MH II, aremeagre.] [Theremainsofthepreceding Nu 2 withan E-w In these corneroftheArea,wallnv was seentoissuefromtheE baulkoftrench theconstruction for sunk the end w its at axisfora distanceofc. 80 cmbeforebeingcut greatpit by the of side in the visible was base pitat -2.20 BM. oftheshaftgrave,Nu burial13. Atthispointits and s ofwallnv n both found were levels floor [Forthedetailsofthiswallsee table 1.64.Associated MH was N the to that on II, whereas pure 15). The pottery 14 and 1.56 stratum (figs.1.55 stratum is floors these from II The MH pottery publishedbelowas thattothes wasmixedwithlatermaterial. and 1909-1911,1917, 1924, 1931, 1938. X944,1950, 1962, 1&9-19I0, !975> !979> i^-^1 reached. been had 1996-1999.Excavationceasedwhenthesesurfaces 1 had been occupiedby a largeapsidal / Gamma Nu Area of n the I MH Late, part [During levelsof thisbuildinglay undera relatively Nu I (fig. 1.63). The destruction building,Structure of brownish-yellow hardstratum fill,whichin turnlay below theMH III Early sterile, extremely the burnedmudbrickof its buildingthatincludedwall ng. This fillpresumablyderivedfrom PebbledRoadsskirted the and MH III Lower itwas so hardthatthesuccessive Upper superstructure; 1 is Nu/Gamma trench in foundin thisstratum The pottery building,as was suggestedabove.144 at fig. the in section, 1.55 left, TheseDepositsaremarked publishedas DepositsB and A underit.145 betweenthoseof MH I Late and theapsidalbuilding.Stratified whichshowsthattheypost-dated and smallfindsfromMH II contexts thoseofMH III Early,theyare datableto MH II. The pottery arelistedin table 1.65.] In theNWcornerofthemainroomoftheapsidalbuildinga cisttomb,Nu burial14,cameto light ofthe thistombappearto have been awareof thearchitecture (fig.1.63). Those who constructed II. [It MH is its date afteritsdestruction; and theinhumation mayhavetakenplace shortly building, containedtheMH II vase 1888. On thisburialsee below.146] (x) Middle Helladic I Late In 1Q74a soundingwas madeto testforearlierlevelsin trenchNu 1 to thew oftheMH III/LH I Nu II, and due s of the Nu/Gamma1 baulk.The breadthof the soundingwas house,Structure 144See §8 (vi). 145Rutterand Rutter1976, 16, 19.

146 Chapter 2 §7.

THE BRONZE AGE ARCHITECTURE AND STRATIGRAPHY §8

113

debrisabovefloor,MH II burial14 and Nu I (MH I Late),showing 1. PlanofStructure Fig. 1.63.AreaNu/Gamma locationofsections(figs.1.55-1.59and 1.64).

determined by thew baulkof thetrenchand thew faceof wall nf:it measuredc. 1 m wide.The of the soundingwas c. 1.5 m. A newwallwas revealed,wallnh withN-saxis,witha floorto length undertheMH II/III EarlyLowerPebbled theE (plates 16 a-b, d and 17 c).The wall lay directly Road (see fig. 1.62). [Thiswallturnedoutto be thew end oftheapsidalbuildingdescribedbelow. wallhad alreadybeen revealedin trenchGamma1 PartoftheN sideofthissamehorseshoe-shaped of 1959,whenitwas calledde.] in 1977. AftertheMH III/LH I wallshad The fullexcavationoftheMH I levelswas undertaken withtheMH III Earlywallng havingalreadybeen removedin 1974,theplanof been demolished, theendofthelargeapsidalbuilding, Structure Nu I, waslaidbarein then partoftheArea;fora plan whichshowsitsdestruction debrissee fig. 1.63. Fromthecompletepotsfoundin it,thisbuildingis datedto MH I Late. [Thisbuildingalso yieldeda numberofradiocarbondates,mostofwhichare

114

w- D- TAYLOURt AND R. JANKO

foritserection.147 Itsse cornerlay postquern veryearlybutone ofwhichprovidesa plausibleterminus MH III/LH under dated to because the levels had been terraced I, intervening directly layers away.148 The intermediate intactovertherestofthebuilding, butoutsideittheyremainedonly layerssurvived attheE,s andw edgesoftheArea.Moreover, oftheLH I/IIA shaft theinsertion grave,Nu burial13, Nu I faceofthes wallofStructure thatranalongtheinterior notonlycutthelineofredmud-plaster The thatranoutsideitsexterior. trench at a depthof-1.77 to -1.90 BM, butalso thenarrowfooting the wall and reached of its s exterior face socle of the the stone the 80 cm of removed gravepit upper fig. and the at bottom fig. see the that formed the foundations: stones centre, section, 1.59 plan, large ofwallandthatoftheremainder ofthisstretch betweentheconstruction difference 1.63.The apparent invisible. whichrevealedthe lowestcoursesthatwereotherwise is owed merelyto thisintrusion, destruction undisturbed sealed was the interior of the debris, except However, by building entirely wheretheMH II burial14 was cutintoit.] seenin plates 16 c and evidenceofdestruction, On thefloorofthemainroomtherewas plentiful toit,burntunidentifiable someofwhichhadscrapsofthinplasterattached 17 a: fallenburntmudbrick, withreedimpressions chunksofcolouredpiserasmuchas 11 cmthick, mud-plaster patchesofmaterial, Muchof fallen of of a number and the of thatwereobviously piaster. pieces (plate 17 a), roofing part the nature this of evidence was other there and of showed thepottery throughout signs burning, in and in fig. in section and fig. in in is shown room main in the The debris 1.58 1.63 plan building. was the debris of feature A fig. in fig. F-F on marked moredetail,alongtheline 1.64. peculiar 1.63, thepresenceofthreenarrowellipticalpits,PitsA-C, withroughlyN-s axis thatcontainednothing in thecentralpartofthe Theseweresituated as ofanysignificance. thatcouldbe recognised roughly the from cross-beams of the decay roof,whichhad not been room.[Theyprobablyrepresented at further A the consumedbythefirethatdestroyed building. pit a higherlevel,PitD, was completely one but to containsomenondescript sherds, at thesametimethought suspectsthatthesewerein fact covered was material.The floorof soft,whiteearth by blackburntmaterial, usually clayroofing wasoverlaidbyatleast debris this room main debris.In thes partofthe coveredin turnbymudbrick These sides(fig.1.63). patcheswerecolouredpale eightcolouredpatcheswithtwoor morestraight lower Theirtopswereatprogressively levelsas onewenteastwards orwhitish. brown, greytogrey-black, wallnz,lyingat-1.77, -1.72, -1.73 and-1.72 m BM tothew,andat-1.87, -1.92, fromthepartition pebbleswhichwereprobably -1.90 and -1.97 to thee. NonelayN ofPitD. Theyyieldednumerous usedto holdthatchin place.] turnedout to have been a Wallde, partofwhichhad been uncoveredin Gamma 1 of 1959,149 been recognisedin the had wall nh, southwards, portionof theapsidalwall itself.Its continuation and 65 cm. Its exposed soundingof 1974. In thissectorthewidthof thewall variedbetween55 and earthin the stones surfaceshowedtworowsofsmallstonesalongthefaces,witha fillofsmall be thattheaxis of thebuildingwould N-s,butfurther middle.The soundinggave theimpression and thatthiswas in 1977 showedthatwallnh curvedroundintoan ese to wnwdirection excavation its widthwas c.4.5 m and exposedlength thetrueaxisofthebuilding(see plate 16 ¿, d). Itsinternal thewall averaged50 cm in widthand stood c. 5 m. Alongthes side,whereit was bestpreserved, abouta metrehigh.In thissectorthetop surfaceconsistedof a doublerow of smallstones,with ofmuchlargerstones, smallerstonesused as a fillin thecentre.The lowercourseswereconstructed forNu as is visiblein thes wallin fig. 1.63,wherethelowercourseswereexposedby thecutting a borne have burial13. The rubblesocle appearedto have survivedto itsoriginalheight.It would of floor overthe tojudgeby theamountofdebrisofthatnaturescattered mudbrick superstructure, ofthepartition case the in done was as been have however, In used, thebuilding. placespisémay been have to seemed it above of amount small a wall preserved. outer the of stretch in one pisé wall; n. the in de wall on not but However, nh wall of stretch s the on was found cm thick, 5 Mud-plaster, wallde, and itis s of cm to floor the over debris destruction the in it 40 like 25 appeared something plastered. quitelikelythatthewallsofbothroomsweresimilarly A partition wall,wallnz, dividedthebuildingintotwounequalparts(figs.1.65-1.66).Thiswall sidesofthebuildingmergedintothecurveoftheapse. at thepointswherethestraight was situated widthwas 4.5 thegreatest depthin theapse was barely1.3 m,whereasitsmaximumdisturbed Consequently, and m.Wallnz wasnotfullyexposedin excavationon thew side,and then endhad been in fig.1.63.Butitwouldappearto partlydamagedby theadultcistgrave,Nu burial14, as is shownofsmall and mediumstonesat the madeup havehad a low stonesocleof c. 25 to 35 cm in height, 147See Appendix g §3. 148See §8 (v) above.

149 Taylour 1972, 230 fig. 14.

THE BRONZE AGE ARCHITECTURE

AND STRATIGRAPHY §8

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Fig. 1.65.AreaNu/Gamma 1. Axonometrie ofwallnu ofStructure Nu I (MH I Late),fromsouth-east. drawing

a narrower walloí pisé,theexact base andmuchsmalleronesforthetopcourse.Thissoclesupported widthofwhichcouldnotbe measuredexceptat thedoorway,whereit was 40 cm wide.The wall, itssocle,was bestpreservedat theN end. Here itstopwas 3 1 cm above thefloorofthe including to a much s thewallwas preserved but as muchas 70 cm abovethatofthemainroom.Further apse, N than thes. nearer the end at its but A doorwaywaslocatedroughly mid-point, slightly lowerheight. to a of charcoal It was60 cmwideand 50 cmdeep.The threshold wasmarkedby largepatch 2 3 cm ran N-s. This solid which ofthewood (sampleP-2969), thickthatin partpreserved thegraining plank had a thincoat of date of 1838 bc ±i38.150Its ne and w surfaces radiocarbon yieldeda calibrated tracesof the N verticalface of the threshold, whiteplaster;thiswas also notedon the surviving to a heightof 15 cm.On thes doorjambthe theN doorjamb, whichwas onlypreserved representing thecorner, afterrounding whiteplasterwas barely5 cm high.The lineofitwas foundto continue, ontotheE faceofthepiséwall,whichis setback 5 to 10 cm fromtheedge ofthestonesocle.This thatthesoclewas c. 50 cmwide.Thereare tracesin severalplacesofwhiteplastercovering suggests theexposeduppersurfaceofthesocleand itsE flankdownto thefloor.One mustsupposethatthe whichlay was coveredby thisthin'stucco'veneerlessthan1 cm thick, entireE faceofthepartition ofsmallstonesin itsupperportion.However, thatin turncovereda revetment overredmud-plaster in theapse itself.The threshold thereis no evidenceforplastering lay 16 to 20 cm above theapse to meetit.On theE sidethestep-upfromthemainroomwas muchhigher: floor,whichroseslightly 33 cm.Fordetailsofthewallssee table 1.66. wallnz wasimpededbythefactthata numberofpots, ofthew faceofthepartition Fullexcavation werefoundcloseto thewall(see plate 17 a and fora planfig.1.66).The severalofthemcomplete, overthe ofvasesscattered ofthemtookup muchtime.A numberoffragments carefuldisengaging towardsitsedges,couldbe madeup intocompletepots,amongthemthe flooroftheapse,especially fineincisedflask1851.Eightvaseswerefoundinthisconfined space,whichwasobviously exceptionally ofseveralofthemwerefound10 to 20 cm abovethefloor,as if The fragments usedas a storeroom. fromshelvesor pegs.Severalisolated theyhad fallenfromabove,perhaps,asJ. B. Ruttersuggested, as potstandson which coarsepotbasesabovefloorlevelcouldbe interpreted flatstonesandinverted 150This date accordswell witha late chronology forMH I Late:see Appendix9 §3.

THE BRONZE AGE ARCHITECTURE AND STRATIGRAPHY §8

117

locationofsections Fig. 1.66.AreaNu/Gamma1. PlanofStructure Nu I (MH I Late),showing (figs.1.55-1.59and 1.64)andfindson floors.

threecups,a jug,and twojars.Thejar stood.[Thereweretwoflasks, someofthesevesselsoriginally Therewerealso 1849 containedthebonesofthreeor moreeels (9218),whichare verynutritious. theremainsofa necklace.Fora listofthe (9256-9362,9271), evidently eightpiercedcockle-shells findssee table 1.67.] Fouror fivewater-worn amongthe debrisin the apse. One was of grey pebbleswerescattered marble.Theyweresmoothand unworked,and itis possiblethattheywererawmaterial intended for themanufacture ofstonetools.[Alternatively, someor all ofthesestonescouldhave servedto hold downthethatchoftheroof,as in thecase ofUnitIV-1 at Dark Age Nichoria.151 Nu I is Structure whichhad a pitchedroofwiththatchovera ceilingofcanna likelyto have resembledthatbuilding, reedsand no upperstorey.] 151Coulson 1983,31.

ii8

W. D. TAYLOURt AND R. JANKO

Of themainroom,onlythew parthad been uncoveredbeforetheexcavationended.Twovases camefromthissector.These werethespoutedbowl i860 and thecookingpot 1901; muchofthe carriedoutin the latterwas foundin theapse. Otherfindsprovidesomeevidenceoftheactivities The sherdsfound at one crucible. of least a and include whorl, fragments building;they pins, spools in thebuildingin 1977 are publishedamongitems1828-1907 below,and thosefromthesounding of 1974 arepublishedas DepositA; thisdeposit,shownin sectionin fig.1.55 at left,is provedbyits layer. depthto havecomefromthetopofthedestruction [A deepersoundingwas madein 1959 by R. Hope Simpsonin trenchGamma1, N oftheapsidal of Nu I, lay beneaththehardyellowstratum wall de. Nearlyall of theapsidalbuilding,Structure the of a branch was different. n it of the to MH II date. However,the stratigraphy Here, just MH III LateUpperPebbledRoad ranE-wjustabovetheelevationofthetopofwallde and almost to its n. Underthis,the first25 cm below thatelevationconsistedof a softorange immediately Nextthere containedMH III Late sherdsand finds.152 withdebrisfroma wall;thisstratum stratum was a hardstonylayerc. 10 cm thick;thismayhave been a branchof theLowerPebbledRoad ofa fillofsoftorangeearthc. 20 cmdeep. excavatedconsisted The loweststratum eastwards. running as wellas DarkBurnished decoration with sherds this contained above Likethelayer it, light-on-dark The I Late. MH II or MH it was andDull Paintedpieces; bodyofa largepithosover1 m presumably 1.66 and plate 17 c.The MH I in fig. is shown as the of floor the in diameter trench, projectedfrom with the n ofand contemporary Latesurface apsidalbuildingprobablylayjustbeneaththisfill,since oftheapse and onlyf. 15 cm abovethatofthefloor floor the as ceasedat thesamedepth excavation nh wentdownc. 15 cmbelowthetopofthewall wall w of ofthemainroom.The soundingof 1974 thatno sherdswererecovered.The fillwas narrow was so by thew baulk,butthearea excavated similarto thaton thefloorinsidethebuilding. to testforearlierlevelsweremadein 1977 at theoppositesideofStructure soundings [Twofurther also The soundings thebuildingwasuncovered. Nu I, to thes ofwallnh. A MH I surfaceantedating constructed was itself the that and II building showthatthisareawascoveredina deeplayerofMH fill, withinthesamephase. no earlierthanMH I Late,onlyto be destroyed forNu burial13, a [Alongthew sideoftrenchNu 2, in thearea s ofwallnh and w ofthecutting II/III MH the thatslopeddownfromNto s layunder stratum EarlyLowerPebbled lightgrey-brown fig. twosections, and fig. ofwallsnfand nw (see theplan, 1.66, trenches Road and thefoundation with basket was fill This 57, dug 10). 16, and fig. 1.57,stratum 1.56,whereitis markedas stratum whichwas also used in thesw corneroftrenchNu 1. Excavationin thesesectorsceased at depths burnished lugbetween-2.19 BM in then and -2.53 BM to thes. The fillyieldedthered-brown thisunusual a floor. thepresenceof However, ofwhichsuggested handledbowl1856,thecompleteness perhapsfroma finalphaseof vase and thesherd1857 areregardedby C. Zerneras earliercast-ups, EH III (a possibleparallel,1925,is froma stilllatercontext).She notesthattherestofthepottery Nu I: otherpiecesfrombasket57 are foundin Structure fromtheMH I Late material hardlydiffers 1887, 1891, 1897 and publishedas 1834, 1842, 1846, 1854, 1858, 1874-1875, 1877, 1883, 1885,i.e. Decorated, notedthattherewas more'minoanising', Lustrous J. B. Rutter 1906 below.However, thatsomeofthispottery Nu I. Hence he suggested belongsto warethanwas foundinsideStructure is this that C. Zerneragrees possible. MH II, likeDepositsA-B fromthefillovertheapsidalbuilding. burial Nu shaft the for the of sector the in 13, basket with grave, excavated area the of pit 57, [East 1.66.The n endofthe fig. the and fig. the see attained: was section, plan, a muchgreater 1.59, depth trenchalongitss narrowfoundation pithad exposeda heightof c. 90 cm ofwallnh, whichhad a in orderto a whitelayer investigate face.Excavationbeganat a depthof-2.79 BM, usingbasket58, be merelya patch.The base ofthepit exposedin thew baulkofthegravepit,whichturnedoutto trenchof a compactstonyreddish-brown fill,whichwas also cutby thefoundation had penetrated fill contained oftheapsidalbuilding.The wallnh. It followsthatthisfillantedatedtheconstruction a depthofc. 10 cmofithadbeen After shell. but and bone of sherds, hardlyany plentiful largepieces a beatenearthfloorwithflecksofcarbonwas exposedat depthsbetween-2.83 BM in the removed, Nand-2.95 BM in thes. Sincethisfloorwas at thesamelevelas thebase ofwallnh,one mighthave trenchofwallnh Nu I, butthefactthatthefoundation thatitwas associatedwithStructure thought Nu I was had been cutintothefillat a higherlevelprovesthatthisfloorexistedbeforeStructure as on it,whichincludedsherds1836, 1840 and 1871 wellas a erected.However,theMH I pottery fewEH II, seemedto be of muchthesame date as thebuilding.Fromthesamebasketcame the 152See §8 (vi) above.

THE BRONZE AGE ARCHITECTURE

AND STRATIGRAPHY §8

119

Minoanroundedcups 1878-1879 of MM IB/II style,showingthatthe end of MH I Late was withMM IB/II. The floorat itsbase was the earlieststratum reachedin theentire contemporary Area;excavationceasedat thisdepth.] (xi) Early Helladic I-II Early [EarlyHelladicstratawerealmostreachedin 1977 in trenchNu 2 s oftheMH I apsidalbuilding, Structure Nu I, wherebaskets57 and 58 yieldeda smallamountofEH I-II materialamongstlater sherds.Charcoalon thefloorexposedbybasket58 (sampleP-2968)yieldeda calibrated radiocarbon date of 2250 BC± 650. If thisfloor,theearliestlevel reachedin thewholeArea,represented the withthefirst MH occupation, groundsurface contemporary perhapsdatingfromtheveryend ofEH thatoccurredduringEH II Early.153 EH pottery was also III, thecharcoalcouldderivefromburning foundto theN in 1959 in trenchGamma 1. The cast-upsherdsfromthesesectorsbelongto EH II Early,sincetheyincludedsome 'slippedand burnished' piecesas well as YellowMottledwarebut EH II Late.154] hardlyanysherdswithWhiteor YellowSlip,whichis thewarethatcharacterises

153See Appendix 9 §2.

154See Appendix 1.

Chapter2 The BronzeAge burials andR.Janko W.D. Taylourt [Editor'snote:W. D. Taylourdraftedhalfof thisChapter.My additions,finalisedin 2004, are in As in thepublication oftheearlierexcavations,1 each separateburialis assigneda squarebrackets. and Area its each has own series of which run on acrosstheseveralseasons:these number, numbers, the numbers used replace duringtheexcavation.Forexample,whatwas calledLambdaburial1 of the 1974 seasonhas been renumbered Lambda burial5 (withthenumberin bold type),because fourburialshad alreadybeen foundin Area Lambdain 1973. In Area Beta,thenumberscontinue theseriesfromtheearlierexcavations.2 The originalnumbersare statedin thetextand in table 2.3. Thissameseriesofnumbers is prefixed 'SK' on thefigures inTaylour1972 andin theanthropological analysisbelow,3whereeach individualis assigneda separatecataloguenumber,e.g. 9137.] 1. AREA EPSILON, 1973: MIDDLE HELLADIC III LATE ForthelocationofAreaEpsilonsee fig.iv; foritsarchitecture and stratigraphy see above.4 1. Therewas onlyone burialin thisArea,thatofa verytalladultmalein a good stateofpreservation (9100).It is seenin planin fig.1.8 and plate 17 d and in sectionin figs.1.3-1.4 and 1.7.According to theexcavator, a shortshaftwas detectedin thesection,filledwithdarkerearth(fig. J. G. Younger, stratum The skeleton on 1.7 7). lay itsrightside,thelegsdrawnup tothesquatpositionandthearms, bentat theelbow,extendedforward. It was orientated sw-ne,withtheskullat thene end,whichwas tiltedforward so thatit facedw. It restedon a bed ofpebbles,attractively colouredpink,greenand blue.5No gravegoodswerefoundwithEpsilonburial1, so it cannotbe datedwithaccuracy.The datedto MH I Late.Although thelatestpottery in thatarea gravehad been excavatedin a stratum was LH IIIA2, theburialis morelikelyto be earlier.[Sincethe fillcontainedthe MH III Dark Burnished rim1021 withYellowMinyanand Gritty MattPaintedsherds,and thebed ofthegrave containeda light-on-dark LustrousDecoratedpiece,thepottery associatedwiththeburialis MH III the of a sherd from the LH vase is IIIA2 Late; presence 3051 accidental.] 2. AREA ZETA, 1973: MIDDLE HELLADIC I-LATE HELLADIC IIIC EARLY Forthearchitecture and stratigraphy ofAreaZetasee above.6Six burialswereuncoveredin thisArea, all ofinfants or verysmallchildren;fortheirlocationsand elevationssee figs. 1.10-1.11 and 2.1. Noneofthemhad anygravegoods. 1. Verylittleinformation is recordedaboutthisskeleton(9101). It was foundagainstthene face of wall ig, whichis dated to MH I Late. A piece of red substancewas attachedto the skull. thisnewbornbaby is MH II- III withsome LH IIA, whichprobably [The potterysurrounding datesthisinterment.] 2. Thiswas thepoorly-preserved skeletonof an infant(9102),lyingon stoneson itsrightside and facingw. It was closetoburial1 nearthew flankofwallic and underit.The axisofthebodywasNs, withtheskullto theN.The upperlimbswerein disorder. Whatsurvivedofthelegbonesindicated thatthelegswerebentat theknee.[Wallic was LH IIIC Earlyor Medieval.Mostofthe surrounding is MH II-III, butwithsomeLH IIIA2; thelatterprobablydatesthisgrave.] pottery 1 Taylour1072. 2 208-30. 3 Taylour1972, Chapter12 §1.

4 Chanter1 §1. 5 Forparallelssee §8 fiiiibelow. 6 Chapter1 §2. 121

122

W. D. TAYLOURt AND R. JANKO

Fig. 2.1. Area Zeta. Plan showinglocationofburials.

3. Thiswas theburialof a newbornbaby (9103, plate 18 a). It lay againstthese flankofwall ie, whichwas apparently ofLH IIIC Earlydatebutreusedin theMedievalperiod,in themiddleofthe areaboundedby wallia at thene,wallib on thenwand wallifat thesw,all ofwhichwereMH II. The skeletonwas parallelto thelast-mentioned wall,withtheskullto thenw.Fromtheassociated thanLH IIIA2, and thelatestsherdswereLH be the interment would not to earlier appear pottery, IIIC Early.[Thesesherdssurelydatethisburial.] skeletons babies(9104-9105).Theirdisordered ornewborn wereoffoetuses 4 and5. [Theseinterments werefoundin thearea definedby theMH I wallsil, io and ip, i.e. theSW-CentralSector(see fig. 2.1). Since theyweredeep in MH I levels,i.e. the thirdphase of MH I in thisArea,below the datefromMH I Late or not destruction levelof Structures Zeta III and Zeta IV, theypresumably werein use,in what mentioned the structures interred while and well have been just longafter, may was apparently an openarea to theirs and E.] remainsofa veryyoungbaby (9106). Locatedin then partofthesame 6. [Thiswas thedisordered i.e. basket108. It was area as were4 and 5, butmuchdeeper,it was in theearliestMH I stratum, ofa largepithosthatranintothebaulkbelowwallio, whichprobablybelongs foundoverfragments ofa largecoarsevessel,finerthanthepithos.This tothemiddlephaseofMH I, andunderfragments thatemployedtwolargepiecesfromdifferent as an interment can be interpreted potsas a makeshift for were themselves the bones reasons,andwerealso However, badlyburnt, mysterious pithos-burial. mustbe Thisburning coveredby a layerofdarkredearththatappearedto indicateintenseburning. MH first of to the I.7] assigned phase 3. AREA ETA, 1973: MIDDLE HELLADIC I-LATE HELLADIC IIIC EARLY see above.8ThisArea, and stratigraphy ForthelocationofAreaEta see fig.iv,andforitsarchitecture x than no fewer of 8 4 m, produced whichattaineddimensions 15 burials,includingthreepithos an eloquent infants or smallchildren, of are those bodies burialsoftheMH period.In everycase the 7 See further Chapteri §2 (vi) above.

8

Chapter1 §3.

THE BRONZE AGE BURIALS §3

123

locationofburials. Fig. 2.2.AreaEta.Planshowing

ofyounglifein theMBA andlater.The bonesofsuchinfants were on thehighmortality commentary seldomarticulated, and it was difficult to distinguish thoseof one interment fromthoseof another. of The Areawas criss-crossed bywalls;thespacesbetweenthemwerelaterutilisedforthedeposition interments. Insofaras anyplan emergedfromtheburialsin thisArea (fig.2.2), eightof themare at thecrossing concentrated oftheMH I wallsdg and dj, namely1-3 and 7-11. Burials1 to 6 were laid on or abovetheruinsofwallsdg and dj. Of the 15 interments discovered, onlytwo,13 and 15, aredefinitely in MH the rest were found strata. A smallamountof difficult. LH; [Theirdatingproved LH material in thecontexts of5 and 7-8 makesone suspectthatsomeoftheseinfants toomayhave beeninterred that LH The worn bird askos which to be III, camefrom 1319, during period. appears a mixedsurface levelin thes oftheArea.Another birdaskos,1320 frombasket3, is also likelytobe was MH I Late,butwitha slightMycenaeanadmixture. Thesefindsprobably Mycenaean;itscontext two disturbed LH III infant burials. On the of the represent gravesto thetwoMH I relationship which enable several interments to be with to MH I, see above.9] buildingphases, assigned certainty 9

Chapter i §3 (iv).

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w* D- TAYLOURt AND R. JANKO

i. Thiswas a pithosburial,piecesoftheskullof a verysmallchild(9107) beingfoundamongthe overthecornermadeby theMH I Late walls werescattered sherdsofpithos.The pithosfragments where wall well as the and dh as over dg passesovertheMH I Earlywalldj (seeplate 18 ã). point dg of stilllieswithintheconfines as preserved, that 'the B. recorded The excavator, skeleton, Rutter, J. rim and the the with the head of N-s theoutlineofthepithos.The burialis orientated body roughly In ofthepithosat thes. The bodyappearsto be flexedwiththelegspulledup underthebuttocks.' ofwhichweighedover7 kg. thereweretherimsofthreepithoi,ii?87a-c,thefragments thevicinity (91082-3. [Studyofthebonesofburial1 byj. L. Angelrevealedthattwomoreveryyounginfants three the each of infant for one was there here. interred were i287a-c. pithoi Presumably 9109) showsthattheyall post-datethe These gravesare of a similardate to burial1. The stratigraphy Eta I, i.e. thebuildingthatincludedwallsdg and dh. Therewas a little of Structure destruction but Mycenaeanmaterial, thisdoes not make one doubtthattheseburialsbelongwithinthe MH ofburials7 and 8 closeby.The Dull maybe ascribedto theinterment period;thelaterdisturbance have been associatedwithone or other to Paintedjar 1255,datedto MH I Late,was at first thought figs.1.19-1.20.] see thesections, oftheseinterments: calledEta burial2, wereuncoveredagainst smallinfant (9110),at first 4. The bonesofan extremely ofthe to a nwextension theNWflankoftheMH I Earlywalldj in a positionand at an axisequivalent on these flankofwalldj. The skeletonappearsto havebeenlaid on EH II walldo, whichis situated itsrightside,withthelegsat thene end.The skullwas notfound.A piercedschistdisc,6117, seems [Thisburialfollowsthe to be associated.This was found25 cm nw of the edge of theinterment. are EH II witha little which The it. antedate must which wall sherds, of orientation surrounding dj, in use: see fig.1.19.] still was I Eta Structure while I MH to dates Late, MH, showthatthegrave to theE oftheend oftheMH III wall calledEta burial3, lay immediately 5. Thisburial,originally and twopiecesofbone (9111). infant or a child of skull of dk. Therewereonlya number fragments withtheuse ofthe a into cut is MH. it is that The surrounding [It layercontemporary suggests pottery thepresenceof that of levels destruction the However, below Eta I and MH I LateStructure building. is of and these down cut it was that LH HA material EarlyMycenaean a little through layers mayindicate date.Thesesherds, however, mayhavederivedfromtheadjacentMedievalpit,sinceslightMedieval was also suspected.] contamination calledEta burial4, was 6. Thiswaslocatedjusts ofburial5, neartheE baulk.Thiscistburial,at first in itss partby disturbed been had that surround ofunusualinterest badly (plate 18 c)Athad a stone the cistsurviveto of surround the from slabs Two ofa Medievalpitin itsvicinity. upright thedigging a of that was The skeleton(9112) thew oftheinterment. youthaged 13 yearsold, accordingto S. a crouchedpositionfacingw, yetwiththe in buried butit had been Bisel;it was in somedisorder, thattheyhad been drawnup tight bones the of skulllookings. It was quiteclearfromthelayout leg burial.The treatment a trussed was it in other words, so thatthekneeswerebrought up underthechin; a in burial for thatit was intended largejar ofthekindfoundin ofthecorpsein thiswaysuggests a vesselin theimmediate such of buttherewas no evidenceof anyfragments western Messenia,10 space withinthecisttomb,the area.The corpsemusthave been trussedto fitit in a circumscribed be as earlyas MH I Late,but could the date dateofwhichis MH. [SinceEH I layersarejustbelow, thevicinity in material probablycomes itcouldequallywellbe MH II- III. The LH III andMedieval fromtheByzantine pitthatcutthisgraveto theSE.] was uncoveredin thecornermadeby theMH I Latewallsdh and dg. The bones 7. Thisinterment werethoseofa toddler(9113, plate 18 dj. The skeletonlay on itsleftside,withitshead to thenw. This large,handsomeand Piecesof theDull Paintedstoragejar 15555werefoundin thevicinity. in it. [Thebodycould, laid been have to jar has too narrowa mouthfortheinfant partlyrestored at noted However, a broken, practice Mycenae.11 havebeen buriedin itifthejar was first however, destruction the to depositof thisjar, at firstassociatedwithEta burial1, seemsto have belonged the in material later Some vicinity Eta I and to have been disturbed Structure by theseinterments. the from dates burial called first at was which period.] burial Mycenaean that 5, 7, suggests 10 Biegen,Rawson,Taylourand Donovan 1973, i44"5 wit^ figs.215, 233-5.

11Alden2001, 21.

THE BRONZE AGE BURIALS §3

125

8. Thisburiallaydue s ofburial7, up againstthene flankoftheMH I Latewalldg and overtheMH I Earlywall dj. Againthebodywas thatof an infant(9114), of whichonlytheskulland fiveribs survived. calledEta burial6. Although N-s,withtheskullto theN.It was originally [Itwas orientated L. found traces of anaemia in the bones of both and are different individuals: 8, 7 J. Angel they definitely he assignedthemdifferent and at different locations on the as can be seenin ages, theyappear plan, fig.2.2. Theymaywellrepresent died when it was about than8. months older 28 7 having siblings, The dateis apparently thesameas thatofburial7, i.e. Mycenaean.] calledEtaburial7, againlayfurther se andalmosttouching burial11. It consisted 9. Thisburial,atfirst ofanotherinfant skullwitha coupleofribs(9115). It partlyoverlayan animalbone. [Itwas located closeto theinnerfaceoftheMH I Late wall dg. The stratigraphy showsthatthisis an intramural burialmadeduringtheuse ofStructure Eta I, whichincludesthatwall.] 10. This burial,at firstcalled Eta burial8, was the skulland ribsof a newborninfant(9116). It occupiedthecornermadeby theMH I Latewallsdh and dg. [Thedateis thesameas thatofburial 9, i.e. MH I Late.] 11. Thiswas anotherinfant skull(9117),at first calledEta burial9. It lay closeby to these, together withthreescattered bonesto then. [Foundin theangleoftheMH I Latewallsdg and dh,i.e. within Structure Eta I, thisinterment lay 6 cm lowerthanburials9 and 10. As it is in the MH I Early with an admixture of EH II sherds,itcannotbe datedprecisely stratum, withinMH I.] 12. Thisconsisted ofa pileofbabybones(9118) againstthes baulkofAreaEta and about70 cmw of these corner. Itwasatfirst calledEtaburial10.A layerofstonesagainstthes baulkwasremovedbefore thisburialwasuncovered. A smallquantity ofsea shells(Donax)wasfoundinthevicinity, as wellas the brokenshaft-hole axe 6090,butitis doubtful whether thesearetobe associated withtheinterment. The was MH I. [Thisburialofa neonateinfant was incompletely surrounding as it pottery dug, laypartly underthebaulk.Itsdepthsuggests a datein MH I Late,duringtheuse ofStructure Eta I.] interment ofan infant(9119),at first 13. This was thedisturbed calledEta burial11. Thisinterment in the nw corner of the Area the ne flank of the MH walldp. Immediately lay to theN ofit, against from the n was a of and it is baulk, projecting theremainsof pile stones, possiblethatthisrepresents anothercistgrave.Amongtheboneswas foundthelentoidseal 7126, dated to LH IIIA2 stylistically or later.Thisgivesa terminus fortheburial.Thiswouldtherefore be thelatestofthegraves postquern in Area Eta. [The faiencebead 7163 was also amongthebones,and suggeststhatthe seal was a Itsabradedcondition and thefactthatitwas buriedwithan infant personalornament. thatit suggests was an heirloom.Althoughthisburialwas cutintoa MH II context,LH IIIC sherds were Early foundaroundit:see fig.1.19. Itsdatemustbe LH IIIC Early.] 14. [The humérusof a newbornbaby (9120) was foundamong,and confusedwith,thebones of burial13. It couldbe LH IIIC Early,but seemsmorelikelybe an earlierinterment disturbed by burial13, witha datebetweenMH II and LH IL] ofall theburialsin AreaEta,was a wellpreserved 15. This,themostimpressive cist-grave justto the s ofburial13,in theNorth-Central Sector(figs.2.2-2.3 andplates4 c,19 a). It was at first calledEta burial12. Its axiswas approximately sw-ne.Its exterior dimensions werec. 2.05 x 1.65 m,butthe chamber itself wasonly1.35x 0.8 m.The tombhadoriginally beenroofedwithcoverslabs,presumably ofschist, butonlyone suchslab,thesouth-westernmost was foundin thesw cornerofthegrave, one, intowhichit had collapsed.One brokenend of it rested againstthenw wall dm. The preserved lengthoftheslabwas0.8 m andthewidth0.68 m. Ifallowanceis madeforthemissing centimetres at itsbrokenend,theslabwouldhavebeensufficient to coverthewidthofthechamber.[Theexcavator, observedthatit musthave been brokenwhilethetombwas still J. B. Rutter, offill,and that theremustoriginally havebeentwoor threemoresuchslabscoveringthecist.empty No traceofthemwas thatthetombwas openedin antiquity. found,whichsuggests Forothersuchevidencesee below.] The se walldi,whichappearstohavebeena terrace wallandhad a topcourseofverylargestones wastiltedtowards these,no doubtbecauseofearthpressure accentuated in bytheslopeoftheterrain thatdirection. On theotherhand,fallenstoneswithinthetomb,whichcould have comefrom only thatwall,werefoundon itsnw flank.The wallsofthecist,dl, dm and dn, werebuilton bedrock

!26

W. D. TAYLOURt AND R. JANKO

Fig.2.3. PlanofLH IIA burialEta 15.

ofsoilwherethebedrockslopesawayto thene. The nw savethatwalldn restson a fewcentimetres whereaswallsdl anddn wereonlyone stonethick;however, wall,walldm,wasoftwo-stone thickness, of walldm also servedas a retaining wallagainstthethrust ofearthfromthenw.The wallsconsisted threeto fourcoursesand didnotappearto bond.The topcourseofthesewallsseemedto be double thatthebroadertopsto in thickness, buttheextrastonesrestedon earth.[Theexcavatorsuggested forthelargeandheavycover thebearingsurface to strengthen thecistwallsmayhavebeenintended slabs.The detailsof thewallsare givenin table 2.1. To thesw thefloorof thetombconsistedof bedrock;at itsne endtheskulland thevase 1322 restedon slabs,sincethereweresome5-10 cm of figs.1.19-1.20.] soilabovethebedrock.See thesections, one ofwhich, threecompletevasesthatoccupiedtheNcorner, The tombcontained jar 1322 in the extremecorner,restedon a smallschistslab. Two animalbones werealso foundin the fill.The It lay on itsleftside wellpreserved. ofthetomb(9121) was moderately skeletonoftheincumbent waslocatedabout The the tomb the SE side of smashed, skull, (plate 19 a). badly facingse,occupying and therib was The the close to ne wall di and the crushed, completely jaw pots. along half-way Therewas no traceofthephalangesofthehandsor feet.The skeletonwas boneswerein disorder. datedtoMH III/LH I,12butthevases thatofa juvenileaboutfiveyearsold.Thistombwas originally IIA in date.The fillalso contained LH a are and a it that contained jug 1321-1323 goblet,ajar theLM I jar 1324 and fourLH IIA sherds,publishedas 3223 and 3225-3227 below,as wellas the the datethetomb.J. B. Rutterthought blade 7335. [Theseobjectspresumably obsidianretouched was burntMicaceousMinoanjar 1324,found10 cm downin thene sectorofthefillofthechamber, froma pitcutintothesoil overthechamber.Butcouldthisjar deriveeitherfrom a laterintrusion ritesconductedupontheclosingofthegraveor fromitsbeingrobbedsoonafterwards?] funeral

12 Catling1974,figs.23, 24.

THE BRONZE AGE BURIALS §4

127

4. AREA BETA 1959, 1963 AND 1974-77: MIDDLE HELLADIC III-LATE HELLADIC IIIC EARLY For thelocationof Area Beta see fig.iv and forits architecture and stratigraphy see above.13The locationsandelevations oftheburialsfoundthereareshownin fig.2.4. Thisdiscussion excludesBeta burials20-21, whichwerefirstdug withinBeta 12A of 1963, as theirexcavationwas completed withintheambitof Area Lambda/Beta12 in 1974. The architecture and stratigraphy of thelatter Areais publishedabove,14 and theburialsin §5 (ii)below. 1. [Thisburialwasexcavatedin 1959 in trench Beta3, whichlaterbecamethese cornerofAreaBeta. The skullof an infant(9081) aged sevento eightmonthswas found,witha fewdisorderedribs 7073 foundwithit can be no laterthanLH IIIAi, and theburialwas nearby.The femalefigurine of that date. Other findspossiblyfromthisburialincludea segmented bead offaience(HS originally a flattened bead ofglass(HS 234)15and a piercedConusshell(9276).The skullrested 232), spherical on thecoverslabofthecistoftheLH IIIA2 burial26 (plate19 c),whichlaybeneathit.The interment was evidently disturbed by the diggingof the lattergrave,and the bones and gravegoods were reverently replacedon topofthecistthathad displacedthem.] 2-19. Beta burials2-19, excavatedin Area Beta in 1959-63, were publishedwiththe earlier excavations.16 The bead HS 244, [Burial6 is nowdatablefrompots2273 and 2281 to MH I Late.17 whichaccompaniedLH IIIC Earlyinfant burial7 or 8, is a holedcowrie-shell andnota glassbead as was thought.18 Burial19 mustbe associatedwithneither theLH IIIA2 dipper3680 northeseal HS 249, whichis now re-datedto MM II-III.19The base of thepithosthatcontainedthedipperwas foundinsitu,displacing theskull;thebeliefthatthecistcuttheLH IIIC Earlyyellowclayfloor20 is owedto thefactthatthelatterhad erodedawaylowerdowntheslope.The contextcontained LH IIIA sherds,whichprobablygivethedateofthisburial.] 20-21. ForBetaburials20-21, excavatedin trenchBeta 12A in 1963 and 1974,see below.21 22. Thisinterment, Betaburial1 of 1974,was withinthespace boundedby theMedieval formerly wallsea, eb and ec, i.e. Structure BetaVI, Room 2 (fig.2.4). It was an infant skeleton(9122) in a cist gravemade ofthinschistslabs,builtagainstthese faceoftheMedievalwalleb in then halfofthe room.Itsposturewas supine,withthehandslaidpalmsdown.It was orientated nw-se,withthehead to theNW.It overlaytheLH IIIAi floor.It was laid in a pitofsoft,darkearthcovered a Medieval by wasMedievalas wellas Mycenaean. tile,andthesurrounding Therefore theburialwasprobably pottery Butifso,whywas itnotin a cemetery? It is possiblethattheburialis LH IIIC Earlyand Byzantine. thatthepositionof the Medievaltileoverit was fortuitous. [However,cistgraveswereknownin times,as in thecase ofDelta burial25-22Giventhehighelevationofthisgravein relation Byzantine to thebase ofwall eb, a Medievaldate seemslikely.A holed Naticashell (unpublished) mayhave been associatedwithit.] knownas Betaburial2, 1974,was an infant's 23. [Thisinterment, skeleton(9123) in a cist formerly gravecoveredwithschistslabsintheNE Sector(seeplates6 d,19 d).Itsinternal dimensions were65 x wasplacedonitssidefacing sw.Itsskullwastothenw,itsfeettothese. Itsupperarms 30 cm.Theinfant werebythesideofthebody,itslowerarmsatrightanglestothe weresemi-flexed.] upper,andits The pottery in the area was not laterthanLH IIIAi. As no gravegoodslegs werefoundwiththis itcouldnotbe dated,butis unlikely interment, to be anyearlierthanLH IIIAi. knownas Beta burial3, 1974, was foundin a make-shift 24. [Thisburial,formerly cistup against stones in the se partofAreaBeta,in thespaceformed alreadyexisting theMedievalwallsef and by el and theearlierwallsej and eo, i.e. in Structure BetaVI, Room4 (see plate 20 a); itlayoverwall fc,whichwas probablybuiltin MH III Late.23Thisfoetus(9124) lay supinein an extendedposture 13 Chapteri §4. 14Chapter 1 §k. 15Taylour1072,232 withni. A2Î.2. Tavlonr 10*79 9Q9-fi

17Taylour1072,233 withfie.16.1 and ols. /ixa-h. 18 Taylour1972,234 withpl. 42h.4, top.

19See commentaryon 7126. 20 Taylour 1072, 2^. 21 §5 (Ü).

22See Chapter2 §6 below. 23See Chapter1 §4 (iii) (a) above.

!28

W. D. TAYLOURt AND R. JANKO

Fig.2.4.AreaBeta3/8/9/10. Planshowing locationofburials.

withitsarmsby its sides.The head restedon a flatstone,therestof thebody on earth,withits at a higherlevelthanitsmid-parts. extremities It was orientated nw-se,withthehead to thenw.The cistwas coveredwith44 brokenfragments ofpithos,butitwas nota pithosburial.Sinceitscontext contained no sherdslaterthanEarlyMycenaeanand somelateMH, itmaybe LH IL] 25. This grave,at firstcalled Beta burial4, 1974, was in the NE Sector(plates 6 d, 20 b). The it containednothinglaterthanLH I- II. Althoughtherewereno gravegoods surrounding pottery withtheinterment and it could not be dated,it is probablyno earlierthanLH IIIAi. [The cist stonesin thefirst measured1.6 x 0.5 m internally andwasmadeoflarge,flat-topped course,overlain between theseslabs in three cover slabs. The similar stones the to bear the of nw, large gaps weight by werepluggedwithsmallstones;comparethecoveringoftheLH I/IIA shaftgraveNu burial13 (fig. it was rectangular; 2.10: b). The cistwas builtof largeblocksat thehead end,wheretheinterior 1 m. It was orientated Its was c. a at it was built of small stones. to the where feet, .4 depth tapered point nw-se,withthehead to thenw.The occupantwas an adultmale (9125),aged about38 years.The The legswerebowed on thethighs. bodywas supine,withthearmsextendedand thehandsresting so thatthesolesofthefeettouchedfaceto face;thereareparallelsin gravesGamma,Mu and Nu in and fellinto this the legs had been flexedvertically Grave CircleB at Mycenae.24 Presumably in brownearth the loose was found and charcoal A small of shell as patch position theydecayed. 24 Mylonas1966,99-100, figs.90-91.

THE BRONZE AGE BURIALS §4

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and some whiteash outsidethe cistto thenw. This graveproducedthe only above theskeleton, Turritella shellknownfromthesite.] knownas Betaburial1, 1977,was a cistgravein these cornerofAreaBeta 26. Thisburial,formerly with a well-cut andwell-smoothed coverslab.It hadbeendiscovered 20 butleftunexcavated (plate c), in the 1959 seasonunderneath anotherinterment, burial1, in trenchBeta 3; plate 19 c showsthe skullofburial1 lyingon thecover-slab ofthisgrave.Sincepartsofburial26 lay underthes and E it is in shown the figs. was thatof a child(9126) about baulks, sections, 1.24-1.25.The interment twelvemonths old.Itsorientation was se-nwwiththeskullat thenw.It laysupine;thelegsbelowthe kneeswereunderthebaulk.The skeletonwas badlydisturbed. One bone ofeach armsurvived, half thepelvis,fourvertebraeand abouttenribs.The lefthand appearsto have restedjust above the and someteethoftheupperjaw layoverit.The front pelvis.The lowerjaw was quitewellpreserved, oftheskullwas crushed, butsomefacialbonessurvived. A jug and an askos,whichare publishedas were laid on of this burial near the skulland dateitto LH IIIA2. 3338-3339 below, top knownas Betaburial2, 1977,wasa cistgravebuiltagainstwallej, which 27. Thisinterment, formerly was probablyconstructed in MH III Late and continued in use untilLH IIIAi. The buildersofthe cistused thewall as itsnw boundary, close to theLH IIA wall eo (see plate 20 d). Smallerstones wereused fortheotherthreesides.The slabswerebadlydisturbed. Variousanimaljaws and bones werenotedoverlying thisregion,butitwasnotthought thattheyhad anyconnection withtheburial, suchas an animalsacrifice. The internal dimensions ofthecistwere1.1 x 0.54 m. The coverslabsof no greatsize,thinand small,had fallenin on theburialfromthepelvisto theankles.The skeleton (9127),in a crouchedpositionlyingon theleftside,was thatofa childagedaboutsevenyears.It was in a fairstateofpreservation. It had been laid on a stonysurfacewiththeskullat then end looking towardsthese. The stonepounder6111, oflapislacedaemonius, was probablynotassociatedwiththis interment. The surrounding whether theburial pottery rangedfromMH III toLH I, butitis doubtful is anyearlierthanLH I. [TheMH III sherd1442 is fromthisburial] 28. This interment, Beta burial5, 1977, had escapedspoliationand contained formerly an askosofmostunusualform(fig.2.5 and plate 21 a-b).It was a cist important finds, including gravewitha NNW-SSE axis.The nnewallofthetombwas builtintotheMH III wallem. The skeletonofan infant withitsarmsalongsidethebody.The skullwas locatedat the (9128) laysupinein an e-w orientation, w. A braceletofglassbeads encircledeitherwrist, sixon theleftwrist(7164-7165 and 7207-7210), and eighton theright(7200-7206); a further stonebead (7218) was also found.Threevaseswere uncovered withthisburial:a jug (3290) and a goblet(3291) on theleftsideofthe upperbody,and an askos(3289)bytheright toP. A. Mountjoy, leg.The potsfromthetombare,according databletoLH IIB or evenperhapsearlyLH IIIAi, and thiswouldalso be thedateoftheinterment as a whole. called Beta burial6, 1977, was a cistgrave65 cm long by 35 cm wide 29. This grave,formerly locatedin theangleformed bythene sideofwallex and thenwsideofwallff.Itsaxiswas sw-ne.It containeda smallchild(9129) lyingon itsback,withthehead at thene end. It was well preserved exceptfortheskull.No gravegoodswerefoundwithit.The latestpottery roundaboutis notlater thanLH IIA, whichis possiblythedateofthisburial,thoughit mightperhapsbe LH IIIAi. [Wallsex and ffwereprobablyMedieval.Hence thisinterment is likelyto havebeen Medieval.] calledBetaburial7, 1977,was locatedin thesw partoftheArea.It was a 30. Thistomb,formerly smallcistin theupperfillofthecircularcistgraveburial32, whichis described below.Withinitwas a newborninfant(9130),perhapsonlya fewdaysold. The of a presence chippedblade ofobsidian, notkept,seemsto be fortuitous and unconnected. Anothercistwas uncoveredimmediately below thisinterment, burial32. [TheuppercistwasbuiltagainsttheMH III containing wall fd,which Early was cutbyit (fig.1.24 and plate 7 c-d).The surrounding was MH III. But the pottery presenceofa bichrome MattPaintedsherdin burial32 suggests a datein LH I or moreprobablyLH IIA. ] skullofan infant(9131),formerly 31. A poorly-preserved calledBetaburial8, 1977,was excavated m thenarrowspace betweentheprobablyMedieval wallef and theprobablyMH III Late wallej and overtheprobablyMH III Late wallfc,in theNE SectoroftheArea.These wallscreatedthe effect ofa cist.No bodywasfoundwithit.The skeleton ofthisburial,haditexisted, wouldpresumably have been laid undera smallslab witha w-e orientation in thisconfinedspace. As so oftenno

1S°

W. D. TAYLOURt AND R. JANKO

Fig.2.5. PlanofLH IIB-IIIAi burialBeta 28.

sherdswereprobablyMH III. [Burial9 of datablematerial was foundwithit.The latestsurrounding 1977 turnedoutto be thesameskullas 31.] burialthatwas laid againstthew calledBetaburial10, 1977,was an infant 32. Thisgrave,formerly thatoccupiedthesouth-central sideofa circular stoneconstruction partoftheArea,builtagainstthe MH III Earlywallfd(seefig.2.4 andplate 7 c-d).Thislargecistwas 1.6-1.8m in exterior diameter, andabout20 cmdeep.Itswallsvariedbetween40-70 cminthickness. diameter, 0.9-1.1 m ininterior oftheskeleton(9132) was nTheywerewellbuiltoflargestonesin severalcourses.The orientation s, withthelegsat theN.No skullwas found.[Thisveryyounginfant lay at a deeperelevationthan in thefill,whichincludedtheMM II burial30 describedabove.The wallsofthecist,and thepottery butthisprobablycamefrom Decoratedegg-cup1334,yieldedMH III Earlypottery, FineLustrous whichthecistwascut.However,C. Zernernotesthatthepresenceofa bichrome thefloorlevelthrough MattPaintedsherdin the lowerfillsuggestsa date in LH I or moreprobablyLH IIA forboth ofthecisttoo.] and thisis probablythedateoftheconstruction interments, Betaburial11, 1977,was represented by an infantskullonly(9133). Its 33. Thisgrave,previously oftheArea,closeto wallej. As in the central III walls and em MH the was between part ej position wasfoundwithit.It is probablyofthesamedateas burial32, i.e. LH Ino datablematerial so often, sucha date.] IIA. [Itselevationsuggests Beta burial12, 1977, was an infant(9134) uncoveredin thecorner 34. This interment, originally LH IIA walled and thefirst the under the baulk formed ed, thatled stepoftheroadway,skirting by to an upperterrace.[Tojudgebyitsdepth,itsprobabledateis MH III/LH I.]

THE BRONZE AGE BURIALS §5

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locationofburials. Fig.2.6. AreaLambda/Beta 12. Planshowing

5. AREA LAMBDA AND LAMBDA/BETA 12, 1963-74: MIDDLE HELLADIC IIILATE HELLADIC IIIC EARLY and ForthelocationofAreaLambda/Beta12,dugin 1963 and 1974,see fig.iv; foritsarchitecture all The locations and elevations of the burials from this Area are see above.25 plottedin stratigraphy fig.2.6,including thoseofBetaburials20 and 21. No burialswerefoundin AreaLambda2.

(i) Area Lambda 1, 1973 and Lambda 1 / Beta 12 Baulk, 1974

1. Thisis thefirst ofthreeburialsfoundin closeproximity in trench Lambda1 in 1973 (seefigs.1.39, attributed to LH I-II,26sincethepitforthisburialwas cutinto 2.6-2.7 and plate 21 d). It was at first theflooroftheroomformed bytheMH III/LH I wallslc, Id and le, i.e. Room 10C (w)ofStructure LambdaII, and it wouldtherefore have been an intramural had Room 10 thenbeen in interment, use. The pit,some 36 cm deep and filledwithverysoftearthundertumbledstones,contrasted withthe compactedMH III/LH I layerintowhichit was cut,and was some 65 cm in strongly diameter. The shaft, filledup withthestones,was presumably some50 cm deep in total.The burial wasthatofan infant orientation nne (9135) in a flexedpositionlyingon itsleftsidewithapproximate 25

Chapter i §5.

26

Catling 1974, 16.

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W. D. TAYLOURt AND R. JANKO

Fig. 2.7. Plan ofLH IIIA2 EarlyburialLambda 1.

tossw.The bonesweredisturbed. The twocups3573-3574 wereuncoveredlyingoverthefeet,with 3573 resting upside-down upon 3574; theseare datableto LH IIIA2, withLM IIIA2 parallels.A LH IIIA2 vessel,theflask3575,foundduringtheexcavationin 1974 ofBetaburial7, almost further [Thisvase was foundat thesame depthas theothers,almost belongswiththisinterment. certainly intactamidthestonesat theE edge ofthepit.Theydatetheburialto LH IIIA2 Early.Stonetools thatthebowl 3569, ofthesame 7310a, 7319 and 7326 mayalso be associated.Forthepossibility see on burial7 below.] dateor earlier,also belongswiththisinterment, 2. Thisburial,a childagedthreeyears(9136),wasfoundclosetoandtothen ofburial1 (fig.2.8 and plate 22 a). Mostofitwasunexcavated, as itlayunderthebaulkbeneaththeMH III/LH I wallle. It and ribslayto thew oftheskull,an armbone to thes, and was muchdisturbed. Thejaw, vertebrae tothee. The orientation moreribsandvertebrae mayhavebeennw-se.Onlytheskulland thesmall e ofit couldbe retrieved. the to kantharos DarkBurnished vase, [Thisminiature 1482 immediately vessels thepracticebegunin theShaftGraveera ofmakingminiature datedto MH III Late,reflects forchildburials,as C. Zernerobserves.Itspresencedatestheburial,and thisis confirmed bythefact above (1973 basket26) and cutintoa MH III thatthegravewas sealedbytheMH III Late stratum fromthalassaemia, Thischildsuffered (1973 basket31); see figs.1.39and 1.45,atright. Earlystratum a rarecondition at AyiosStephanos.27] flexedlongbonesand pelviscouldbe 3. Thisburialwas thatofan adult(9137),butonlythetightly was neverexcavated(see plate 22 b).The skeletonwas ofa recoveredin 1973,and theremainder womanaged about52. Likeburial1, thiswas foundwithintheroomformedby theMH III/LH I 27 See

Chapter 12 §1 (iii) (c) (i) below.

THE BRONZE AGE BURIALS §5

133

Fig. 2.8. PlanofMH III LateburialLambda2.

wallslc, Id andle, i.e. Room 10C ofStructure LambdaII. It cametolightwhenthebaulkunderwall at thes. lc was removed.The mainpartoftheskeletonlayunderwallId, withtheskullpresumably No gravegoodswereuncovered, buttheburialis likelyto be lateMH. [Thestratum in whichitwas viz.thelowestlevelof 1973 basket33, whichmustbe ofthesamedateas 1973 basket28,is interred, MH III Early(see fig.1.45,at centre), butthedateofthisinterment MH III Late.] is presumably 4. Thisburialwas foundin 1973 in these cornerofLambda 1,s oftheMH III/LH I wallId. It was leftundug.No further detailsare available.[Itlies underMH III/LH I strataand shouldbe ofthat or date, possiblylater.] discoveredin 1974 wereconcentrated in thesamearea as thosefoundin 5. Mostoftheinterments in i.e. the South-Central Sector. This called Lambdaburial1, 1974,wasnot interment, 1973, formerly farfromburial1 describedabove,viz.in thecornermadebythew faceoftheLH IIIC Earlywalllm andthen faceoftheearlierwallId. It layin a pitofverysoftearthcutintoa layerofharderearth.Its dimensions were45 by 35 cm.Thiswas a burialofan infant(9138). The skullwas locatedin these; thebodylay crouchedon itsrightside withitsfeetto thenw.It was perhapsan intramural burial, it is beingsunkintotheearlierstrataof LH I- II date: see fig. 1.39. Fromthesurrounding pottery datableto LH, probablyLH IIIAi. [Forthepossibility thatthecup 3560 and bowl3569, LH IIIA2 Earlyin date,are to be associatedwithit,see on burial7 below.] 6. The infantbones and skullsweremostlyin totaldisorder,and it was not easy to separateone fromanother. was foundalongwithburial5, butwas onlydistinguished fromitduring [Thisskeleton thesame J.L. Angel'sstudyofthebones.It is thatofa newborninfant (9139).The dateis presumably as burial5.] burialofa newbornbaby(9140),at first calledLambdaburial2, 1974,was a little 7. Thisdisordered further to theN ofburial5, w ofwalllm and s ofwallle. The skullwas apparently to thes. A nearby sherdofthebowl3555 givesita dateofLH IIIAi. In thecourseofclearing burial7 theLH IIIA2 flask 3575 ofwell-known broken,20 cmbelowtheburial,butwas typewasrevealed.Itlaycomplete, though notconnected withit.It almostcertainly belonged,withthetwocups3573-3574,toLambdaburial1. [The pit for this intermentwas cut down throughthe layers above, as the provenance of bowl3555 demonstrates: sherdsofitwerefoundin baskets37 and 66 as wellas in basket70. Since P. A. Mountjoyobservesthat3555 has features characteristic ofbothLH IIIAi and LH IIIA2, itis transitional. Thisobservation leadsme toconnectitwitha vasefoundin theuppermost probably layer cutby thepit,themonochrome bowl3569. Mountjoydatesthisunusualbowlto LH IIIA2 Earlyor before.It couldbe associatedwithburial1, whichwas foundjustto thew and is also datedLH IIIA2 Early,orwithburial5 justtothes,whichis LH IIIAi, orwithburial10,whichwasfoundjusttotheN andhasthesamedateas thisgrave.However,itseemsbesttoassignittothetopoftheshaft ofburial7.]

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w- D- TAYLOURt AND R. JANKO

infantskeleton(9141) was foundmixedwiththatfromburial7 duringstudyof the 8. [Another bones;itis no doubtofsimilardate.] 9. [Anadult'sjawbone(9142) was also recognisedduringstudyof thebones ofburial7. Thiswas whenburials7 and 8 tookplace.] whichwas disturbed surelya cast-upfroman earlierinterment, called Lambda burial3, 1974, was of an infant(9143), formerly 10. This disorderedinterment about7 cmNofwallId Nofburial7 andis ofthesamedateas burial7. [Itwas apparently discovered thatthebowl3569 is associatedsee on burial7 above.] and 28 cm n ofburial7. Forthepossibility sets of bones,belongingto an abortedfoetus(9144) and an infant(9145) 11-12. [Twofurther of were duringstudyofthephysicalremainsof 10; theyare presumably respectively, distinguished thesamedate.] N,in the calledLambdaburial4, 1974,was foundfurther skull(9146),originally 13. Thisinfant's of number a Lambda Structure of in Room and If walls I II, III/LH MH the of corner among 7 gd ILH was The a cist. in II, interred been have and in slabslying disarray, may surrounding pottery wasnotexcavated,sinceitlay andthedateoftheskullis possiblyLH IIA. [Therestofthisinterment underthebaulk.ForLambdaburials14-16 see §6 below.] (ii) Trench Beta 12A, 1963 wascompleted ofBetaburials20 and 21, whichbeganattheendofthe1963 season,28 [Theexcavation fig. see 2.6. elevations and locations their For / Beta 12. Lambda Duringthe Area of as in 1974 part to keep better it seemed and burials Lambda However, called were 6, laterexcavationthey 1974. 5 theiroriginalnumeration.] 20. The remainsofthisinfant(9147, plate 21c)had been leftinsituin trenchBeta 12A, to theN of foundunderan theMH III/LH I wallht,attheendofthe1963 season.It wastheburialofa toddler, aroundthe stones some were There hs. wall called slabs of area the of floorat theE end occupation thehead with was axis Its the burial. of N-s, were that butone couldnotbe certain they part skeleton, The the to drawn were the at right body. up to theN.It was probablya crouchedburial; least, legs the all since its on laid was flank, chest. the across theleftflexed right armwas extended, [Thebody been have burial the contained that A skeleton. dug the may werefoundat thatsideof vertebrae pit with1963 basket88; thiscontainedtheLH IIIC Earlyalabastron3704. The stonesaroundit may as partoftheLH IIIC havecomefromtheslabfloorthatoverlayit,sincewallhs is nowrecognised was The VI. Lambda of Structure surrounding pottery EarlyslabFloor4, in thesw sectorofRoom 2 IIIC LH is burial Early.] LH I-IIA witha fewLH IIIAi sherds,butthe probably Beta 1,undertheLH III wallhu andtothen 21. A child'sskullonly(9148)wasuncoveredin trench of layundertheLambda1 / Beta ofandwellbelowtheMH III/LH I wallhx. The rest theskeleton underseveraloccupation found was It it. reveal 12A baulk,butthiswasnotdugtoa sufficient depthto to thes, werefound them of one upright floorsat a depthof c. 2.5 m fromthesurface.Two slabs, the in found was burial deep soundingin thiswas a cistgrave.29 [This neartheskull.Presumably fig. fill III 14).30 LambdaII, in a MH 1.41 stratum Early (see these cornerofRoom 7 ofStructure Itsdateis MH III.] 6. AREA LAMBDA 3/4, 1977: LATE HELLADIC II-IIIA2 andstratigraphy ForthelocationofAreaLambda3/4,excavatedin 1977,see fig.iv;foritsarchitecture are recordedin Area this in The findspotsand elevationsoftheLambdaburialsfound see above.31 from§5 (i) above. continues fig.1.48.The numeration calledLambdaburial1, 1977,was a cistgravefoundbytheswfaceofPier 14 Thisburial,originally LambdaVII (seefig.1.48 andplate 22 ¿j.The graveconsisted Structure II oftheMedievalbuilding, ofsix verticalslabs,one at eitherend oftheskeletonand twoin line on each side; thereweretwo 28Taylour1972,236 with231 fig.15. 29 Taylour1972,236 with231 fig.15 and 254 tig.27.

30See Chapter1 §5 (vi) above. 31 Chapter1 §7.

THE BRONZE AGE BURIALS §7

135

coverslabs.Fromthepitcutfortheslabscametheconicalcup 1501a and theobsidianblade 7345. The cistcontainedtheskeletonofan infant(9149),thirty-eight beads (7166-7199, 7211-7213 and toLH IIIA2. Whentheskeleton wasremoved, 7215) andthesmalljug 3572, whichdatestheskeleton itwas seenthatthesidesofthelowerpartofthegravewerelinedwithsmall-to medium-sized stones thatactedas a foundation fortheslabs.The tombwas cutintoEarlyMycenaeanlevels.[Theconical cup and obsidianblade areprobablytobe associatedwiththeLH IIA levelintowhichthetombwas cutratherthanwiththeburialitself:see thesection,fig. 1.52.] calledLambdaburial2, 1977,appearedin the 15. Thispithosburialofa newborn(9150),formerly se cornerofthetrench, outside the walls of Structure LambdaVII (see plate 22 d). Onlythe again lowerpartoftheknob-based was which was orientated pithos1781 nw-se, preserved, approximately withitsbase to thenw.It containedonlyfiveinfant bones.No otherpottery was foundwithit. [The button-based jar resteduponwallmb,builtin MH III Earlyand disusedat thestartofLH IIA Early. To judgeby itsposition, theburialmustbelongto LH II, sinceitwas cutintotheruinsofStructure LambdaI, whichwas out ofuse earlyin LH IIA, and theburialunderlaytheLH III levelsin the to be anylaterthanthis.32] Area,as P. A. Mountjoynoted.A pithosburialis unlikely 16.Thisburial,atfirst knownas Lambdaburial3, 1977,wasa cistgravecoveredbya singleslab(seen in plate 12 b).It restedon topofthestonesocleoftheMH III wallmh.The gravehad a roughstone lining,and thesideslabs,whereextant,restedon thesidesofthepit(plate 23 a). Withinitwas the skeleton ofa newborninfant on a layerofstonesand withtheskullraisedon a 'pillow' (9151),resting stone.It layon itsleftsidewithitslegsdrawnup. Itsaxiswasne-swwiththehead tothesw.Its depth a datein LH III. Therewereno gravegoodsto datethisburial,butit supports mayhave been LH is LH IIIB. [Stone'pillows'are paralleledin theMH periodat IIIA2; thelatestsurrounding pottery in Gamma Grave and at Mycenae atAyiosKosmas.33] Asine,as wellas in theMycenaeancemetery 15 7. AREA NU / GAMMA 1, 1959 AND 1973-77: MIDDLE HELLADIC II-LATE HELLADIC IIIA ForthelocationofthisAreasee fig.iv; foritsarchitecture and stratigraphy see above.34 The locations andelevations oftheinterments foundin itareplottedin figs.1.53-1.54unlessotherwise indicated.35 1. [Thisis thefirst oftwointerments foundin theNE ExtensionoftrenchGamma 1, excavatedin little information was givenin theirfirst 1959; oftheskeletonof an infant publication.36 Fragments (9079),including partoftheskull,werefoundjuston thelineofthes baulkwheretrenchGamma1 meetsitsNE Extension, in a MH levelwitha littleLH III material. Therewereno gravegoods.No further detailsare recorded, butthedateis presumably LH III, and probablyLH IIIA, to judgeby theadjacentburialsin AreaNu.] 2. [Moreinfant bones(9080) cameto lightat a depthsome 10 cm belowthatofNu burial1 in thes oftrenchGamma1. The remainsofthisinfant partoftheNE Extension werelaid in a pitsome50 x whichwas cutintoa leveldatedby sherdsto LH ML Therewereno accompanying 34 cmin extent, butthedateis moreprobablyLH IIIA thanLH II.] finds, 3. Thisextendedburialofa newborninfant knownas Nu burial1, 1973,waslaidin (9152), a cistof schistslabsagainsttheE flankofwall na originally in trenchNu 1 (plate 23 b). Interredat a depth similar tothatofthepreviousinterments, thisskeleton was orientated wswtoene,withtheskullin the sw,facingN.It wasenclosedbyfourupright slabswitha singlecoverslabbrokenintotwopieces.The earth.It had no gravegoods.Thisburialcouldnotbe bodyrestedon hard-packed closelydated,but itis laterthanLH ML [Although itwas cutintoa LH I/IIA stratum, itis probablyLH IIIA. Ifthe LH IIIAi figurine 7063 does notbelongto Nu burial4, it maybe associatedwithburial3, as was whenhe excavatedthisArea.] proposedbyJ. B. Rutter interment of a veryyounginfant(9153) on itsrightside withitsarmsextended 4 This contracted alongitssideswasm a cistmadeofslabsagainsttheE trench wallofNu 1 (seefig.2.9 andplate 23 ¿j. 32 See §8 (iv) below. 33 Alden 2001. 26.

34 Chapter1 §8.

35These do notshowburial8 because it was identified only

on anthronolneviraiD-rnnnrl« 36 Taylour 1972, 230.

!36

W. D. TAYLOURt AND R. JANKO

Fig.2.9. PlanofLH IIIAi burialNu 4.

The skullwasin theN,facingw. Sevenfaiencebeads,7128-7134,werefoundwithitin theareaofits chest.The dateappearsto be thesameas burial3. [Thepitofthisgraveappearsas stratum 5 in fig. fill from the or surface of the The figurine which is derived 1.55,atcentre. 7063, pitforthis apparently theperformance offunerary ritesat thegrave,which cist,datesitto LH IIIAi. Itspresencesuggests whorl7024.] wasatfirst knownas Nu burial2, 1973.Alsofoundin thefillofthepitwastheterracotta 5. Sincethelowerbodyofthisbaby(9154) layunderthew baulkofNu 1, thisburialcouldnotbe calledNu burial3, 1973,it lay on a N-s axis withtheskullto theN.A fullyexcavated.Originally necklacemadeof28 faience'melon'beads (7135-7162)was foundstillinsituaroundtheneckofthe infant. The datingis thesame as thatofburials3 and 4, namelyLH IIIAi. [The excavatordated burial5 to LH IIA.37It was indeedat a greaterdepththanburials3 and 4: see fig.1.57,at left.The MH III/LH I potR412 camefromthesurrounding stratum.] knownas Nu burial1, 1974,was thecistgraveof an newborninfant(9155) 6. Thisburial,at first underthee faceofthetrench. foundin theexcavationoftheNu / Gamma1 baulk;itlaypartly Only forstudy.No gravegoods theskulland a fewbonesfromthew end ofthetombcouldbe retrieved abovetheburialis Medieval, excavated.The pottery werefoundwiththisburial,butitwasonlypartly theslabsthatcoveredthiscistprojectabove the stratum is LH IIA. [Although butthesurrounding markedby a washline(see fig.1.55 stratum Medievalyardsurface 4), theAreaslopeddownfromn to s and thecistmayhavebeen exposedby erosionbeforeitwas reburiedby Medievaldeposition; thatitis LH IIIA.38] henceitneednotbe Medieval.The elevationofthisinterment suggests (9156, 9158) and twobabies (9157, 9159), 7-10. These weretheburialsof twonewborninfants oftheNu / Gamma1 baulkand to theN in the se sector close in located together very probably pits, and it was notpossibleto sayto oftheMH III Earlywallng. Theywereall verymuchdisturbed, As in thecase ofthemturnedup in thewater-sieve. whichskullthebonesbelonged;somefragments 37Rutterand Rutter 1976,3.

38Cf.Rutterand Rutter1976,3, 22.

THE BRONZE AGE BURIALS §7

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in thene partoftheArea.Theyareprobablyof wereconcentrated ofburials3 and 4, theinterments thesameperiod,i.e. LH IIIAi. [Theseburialswereat a higherelevationthanthetopofwallng,and burial9 appearsto havebeen directly overit.Cutintothedestruction levelsassociatedwithwallng, MH III/LH I LH date to or at but the same elevationas burials3 and 4, I,39 theylay theymight whicharecertainly and there was a LH IIA sherd. Burials and 10 wereformerly calledNu later, 7, 9 burials2, 3 and 4, 1974, whileburial8 was distinguished onlyduringanthropological study.The fourteen beads fromthissector(7216, 7219-7231), manyof whichwerefoundin thewater-sieve residue,mustderivefromone or moreofthesegraves.] 11. [A roughrectangle of smallstonesrepresenting theE and s sidesof a well-built cisttomb,with interior dimensions of 65 x 35 cm,was uncoveredin thes baulkofArea Nu 2; see fig. 1.56 with plates 13 band 23 d.It waspartially cutbytheMedievalpitshownin fig.3.4. The tombhadbeenso disturbed that no trace was found ofitsoccupant'sbones,and itsexistence was onlytentatively badly at the time of when itwas calledburial5, 1974; indeed,onlythesw cornerof excavation, accepted thecistwas recognised as suchby theexcavator,40 whoregardedtheremaining stonesas thes end of theLH IIA feature orwallni,therestofwhichhad beencutbythepit.However,nothing otherthan itspresencecan explainthreeimportant laterfindsin theotherwise pureLH IIA layerintowhichit was cut.These are theLH IIB goblet3647, theLH IIIAi krater3648 and theunusualand very battered terracotta wheel7122, whichcomesfroma chariot-group and is datedto LH IIIA. figurine The findspotofthislastitemis plottedon fig.1.54.The depthat whichthistombwas uncoveredis tothatoftheotherLH IIIA cistsin thisArea.Hencetheinterment, comparable thatofa presumably toddlerburiedwithhisfavourite musthave datedfromLH IIIAi.] toychariot, 12. Thisgrave,formerly calledNu burial1 of1977,wascutintotheswcornerofRoom2 ofStructure Nu II (plate24 a). Itsconstruction cutawaythes extension oftheMH III/LH I wallnf,as is seenin thesection,fig.1.56.It was a squarecisttombenclosingtheskulland bonesofa smallchild (9160). Partoftheskullwas underthes baulk;theskeletonrestedon a thinbed of It lay supineon pebbles. a NW-SE axis,withthehead to these. The tombhad a 'roof of largestonesin place of slabs;this surround ofstonesapparently a cairnovertheburial.Thesestoneswereremovedin 1974, supported whentheyweremistaken fortumble.Underthestones,whichwereatfirst calledwallnn,theamphora R835 and thecookingjug R968 wererevealed;theseshouldprobablybe associatedwiththeburial andwoulddateitto LH IIA. The ceramicmaterial fromthiscairnwas first publishedas DepositQ.41 No datablevasewasfoundwiththeburialitself, butthesherdsfoundaroundand aboutitarealso LH IIA. [Thesearepublishedas 3638-3643 below.Alsofoundwas thecobble 7256. The twovaseswere ceremonies.The terracotta tub R967, foundon a LH IIA presumably depositedduringfunerary surface atthene endofwallni,can hardlybe associated, especiallyas itseemsan unlikely gravegift.] Nu burial2, 1977,wasa shaft 13. Thistomb,originally grave(seefigs1.60 and 2.10-2.11,withplate a stonesurround 24 b-d).The first ofthetopofitsshaft, signofit,a pitcontaining wasnotrecognised as suchwhenitwas first uncovered(see plate 15 a). Thisstonesurround was revealedin Room 2 of theMH III/LH I Structure Nu II just underthelevel of thefloor,althoughone stone,at thene, wellabovethefloorlevel.Thisquadrangleofwalls,whichare projected callednp, ns andnt,was builtoflargestonesandofone courseonly(seefig.2.10 a andplate nq, veryroughly Itsdimensions b). 24 werec. 2.1 x 1.6 m. Foritswallssee table 2.2. The shaft itself measuredc. 2.2 m (n-s)by 1.5 m at theNand 1.26 m at thes end.The w wallofthe tombwasthereusedE sectionoftheearlierwallnw,whileitsE wallcuttheend ofwall bothwalls wereMH II-III. The n wall of thetombcutintoand damagedthes faceofwall nhnv; of theMH I Nu I. [Thefindsfromthefilland wallsofthistombincludedtheMH III apsidalbuildingStructure Late medium-coarse LustrousDecoratedjar 2125, foundin widelyscattered thephyllite fragments, disc6118, and at leastone claycrucible,represented 6062 and 6064. These and the by fragments otherobjectsfoundin itwerenotgravegoods,butmusthave in a MH III Late floorthat originated was destroyed by thebuildersof thetomb.The shaftwas even cutintoEH II levelsbelow' since manysherdsofthatdatewerefoundin it.] 39So Rutterand Rutter1076, <*,10. 40Itis marked'cisttomb?'inRutter andRutter1976,4-5 with ill. 2.

41Rutterand Rutter 1976,46-60.

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W. D. TAYLOURt AND R. JANKO

Fig. 2. io. Plans of LH I/IIA shaftgraveburialNu 13: (a) upper stonesurroundwithstoneplatform;(b) gravewithcover slabs; (c) gravewithcover slabs removed.

The roofofthetomb,whichwas revealedsome30-40 cm belowthelevelofthestonesurround, consisted offourlargeslabswithE-w axis.Threerowsofsmallstonesin thesameaxis coveredthe interstices betweentheslabs(see fig.2.10 b and plate 24 c).The tombwas linedon threesideswith of in thickness wallsofone stone'swidth,varying from15 to 36 cm (fig.2.10 c).The wallsconsisted stonesto providea beddingfor twocourses,38 to 45 cm in height, and werecappedwithflat-faced witha course ofa singlelargeslabsetas an orthostate, slabs.The n wallconsisted themassiveroofing slab.A singlethinschistslab,also an offlatstonesresting on itthathelpedto supporttheN roofing orthostate, occupiedthes end ofthetombbuthad no stonesaboveit. a supineadultskeleton stoneswereremoved, Whenalltheoverlying woman, (9161),thatofan elderly withtheskullto thes, was foundundera fineloose fillofwater-washed earth,thetoplevelofwhich

THE BRONZE AGE BURIALS §7

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started£.25 cm belowtheslabs(see plate 24 ¿withfigs.2.10 t and 2.11). The lowerlimbsofthe dimensions ofthegraveitself skeleton socleoftheMH I wallnh. The internal overlaytheprojecting ofthewallsatthe initsarchitecture wastheflaring were1.74 m N-sby40 to46 cmE-w.A refinement reddishfloor. s endtoaccommodate thebroaderupperbodyofthedeceased,whichlayon a stony, No gravegoodsaccompaniedtheburial.[Itsdatehas been disputed.The excavator, J. B. Rutter, Nu II of theTransitional was surethatthetop of itsshaftwas sealedunderthefloorof Structure seemsthattheN edgeoftheshaftwas notclearlydelimited PeriodMH III/LH I, and itcertainly by tellagainsta theredearthjusts ofthehearthand associatedwithit.However,severalconsiderations lengthofwallnm,thes exactlyto themissing datingto MH III. The widthofthetombcorresponds Nu II, whichwas at somedaterobbedout.Wallnmwas cutawayforc. 1.56 m ofits wallofStructure ofthefit ofthetomb,whichis herec. 1.60 m across:theexactitude lengthexactlyoverthesurround thislengthofnm was removedat a dateafterthetombhad in fig. 1.60.Thatprecisely is illustrated thatwallnm was seemsan unlikely been constructed coincidence;economyofhypotheses suggests was robbedat E wall nc the of ofthetomb,thatthelower-lying cutduringtheconstruction portion thesametime,and thattheoutlineoftherestofthepitin theMH III/LH I floorwas missedduring In fact,theexcavatorrecorded, theexcavation. duringtheremovalofbasket10,thelineofa 'cutting at fig. on is 2.10 which forwallnq', ¿z, top,and mayalso be visiblein plate 13 r,thiswas plotted shows The shaft. the that,at leastat theN,thegravepitwas considerably cutting surelytheN edgeof at first Ifthestonesofthesurround is of This fact capitalimportance. largerthanitsstonesurround. have could them most of how would this soft restedon earththatwasvery indeed, eventually explain shaft. the of the sunkto a depthwellbelowthatof top supportthisconclusion.The spreadof charcoalnearthehearthon the [Fourfurther arguments floorofRoom 2 was notobservedat eitherthesame or at anyotherdepthwithinthearea of the thatit had whichsuggests grave;instead,manyflecksofcharcoalwerefoundin thefillofitsshaft, on made was find one hearth the near thefloor.Secondly,except anywhere been dugthrough only stone the of most BM. m at the floor,a pot base just w of wall nm (e) -1.57 Thirdly,although itsne m BM, thestonethatformed at c. I floor III/LH MH the of level the below surround -1.59 lay with littered was the the s to BM. m pit cornerprojected8 cm abovethislevel,beingat -1.51 Lastly, these was nm wall which thetypefrom constructed; surely stonesofprecisely small-tomedium-sized was refilled. it as the into thrown was which that from debris wall, pit represent ofthegravewas surelyfoundbelowtheleveloftheMH III/LH I floor [Thusthestonesurround after on whichitrested, considerably. becausethefilloftheshaft beingveryloose,hadsettled originally wallnp. The w wallofthe The base ofwallnm laywellbelowthetopoftheE wallofthesurround, wallns, partially surround, underlaythebenchno and whollyunderlaywallnm (w),butconsisted in theotherwallsof the onlyof a singlerowof largestones,withnone of thesmallstonesfound fortheconstruction. If undercut Hence it seemsthatthebenchand wallnm wereslightly surround. it after soon that into cut Nu II, itmusthavebeen Structure building thetombdoes indeedpost-date of Basket shaft. in the 40 1977 had goneoutofuse.As C. Zernernoted,LH I/IIA sherdswerefound ityieldedtherimofa fineMattPaintedbichrome within goblet(2045) whichis LH I/IIA. Basket47, containedsherdsoffineLustrousDecoratedcupswith fromtheshaft, whichalso containedmaterial ofthesamedate (2081, 2086). These piecessupplythedateoftheburial. decoration dark-on-light later, theadjacentburial12, whichwas equallyelaborateand onlyslightly One wonderswhether the same to group.] family belonged butstoneseemsto knownas Nu burial3, 1977,was a cisttypeofinterment, 14. Thisgrave,at first coveredtheadult slabs havebeenusedfortwosidesofitonly,to theN and w, and stonesinsteadof laid againsttheE slabs skeleton(see theplan,fig.1.63,and plate 25 a). The w wallwas madeup of Nu faceoftheNendofthepartition wall,wallnz,oftheMH I apsidalhouseStructure I. The s faceof theNwallofthehouse,wallde, had beencutintotoprovidetheNwallofthetomb,andthee sideof orpisé.A lineofsmallstonesmarkeditss limit.Fourlargestonesand itwas delimited by mudbrick they had been laid overthelowerpartof thebody;originally one ofmediumsize (notillustrated) a but few contained fill The sherds, the wooden grave. wereprobablysupported covering planks by is it the of skull; 1888,was foundin theneighbourhood object,thepinch-pot verycrudeminiature oftheMH awareofthearchitecture been have to seem cist this of builders The a thimble. like shaped afteritsdestruction. [Itsdateis and theinhumation I apsidalbuilding, mayhave takenplace shortly was orientated plate woman butalmosttoothless A7.2, MH II. The skeleton (9161),thatofa 39 year-old The forward. bent pierced N-s withthe skullat thes, and lay on itsleftside withneckand legs with found was for used it.] adornment, shell Glycymeris 9263, probably

THE BRONZE AGE BURIALS §8

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burialcouldnotbe excavated.Fragments ofa tinyskull(9163) werevisiblein theE 15. [Thisinfant baulkofNu 2, cutintoa LH I stratum. The buriallayjustovertheMH III/LH I wallnm andjust undertheMedievalgroundsurfacemarkedby a washline;see fig. 1.55,at right.It is therefore LH IIA or later;giventhenumberofLH IIIA burialsfurther n in theArea,itmaywellbe ofthatdate.] 8. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE BURIALS R.Janko (i) Introduction interments werediscovered theearlierexcavations of1959-63.42Thistotalexcludes Eighty-eight during fivethathavebeenrestudied in thepresentpublication: Betaburials1, 20 and 21 and Nu burials12. The excavations of 1973-77 yieldeda further 69 burials;theseare listedin table 2.3. The total numberofburialsis thusabout157; theimprecision is causedbycaseswheretombstructures survive without humanremains. The resultsobtainedfromthe twophasesof excavationdiffer in threeways.Firstly, numerous interments foundin 1959-63 could notbe preciselydated,especiallywithintheMH period.The and architecture wereoftenso complex,hardtounderstand or erodedthatone couldnot stratigraphy tellwhether of those without were MH or even many EH, gravegoods EarlyMycenaean.Moreover, in ! 973-77 theareasdug wereconcentrated on thesw slope ratherthan,as before,on thehilltop itself. butyieldedmanymore Lastly,thelaterseasonsprobablydid notyieldevenone EH skeleton, ofLH date,whereastheearliercampaigns laidbarea numberofEH gravesbutfewoftheLBA. Thus itappearsthattheEH cemetery was restricted toAreaAlpha,whichwas usedforburialsin the MH period;thetombsin Area Delta and TrialTrenchVII rangedfromagain MH to LH I, sincenoneof thethreepossiblyEH gravesin Area Delta is certain, and thosein Area BetarangedfromMH I to LH III,43althoughhere EH levelswere not reached.This corresponds closelyto the patternof occupationofthesite,namelythedisuseofthetop of thehillforhabitation fromLH I onwards.44 Thisabandonment ofthehilltopis matchedby theuse ofthatarea as a cemetery. Evidently graves wereinterspersed withhouseswithina smallarea throughout thewholeoftheBronzeAge here;itis thatinLH II-III atleastsomeoftheadultswereburiedinan as undiscovered conceivable, however, yet the boundaries ofthesettlement. It is uncertain cemetery howmanyoftheburialsweremade beyond insidehousesthenoccupied,sincethestratigraphy and thearchitecture intramurally ofthesitewere so complex,anditis oftenhardto determine whether burialsweremadeduringtheuse ofa structure orafter itsabandonment. oftheintramural However,thereareproveninstances burialofinfants from as earlyas MH I in thecase ofEta burial9 to as lateas LH II in thatofLambdaburial 15. The resultof thesedifferences betweenthe earlierand thelaterexcavationsis thatlittlecan be addedto thepictureofEH burialpracticesat thesite,butmorecan be said aboutlater periods.It is clear,atleast,thatat all periodsoftheBronzeAge theorientation oftheskeletons, i.e. thedirection in whichthehead was pointing, was random.In addition,thereis no signofcremation at anyperiod. Fora studyofthepathology and demographic ofall thehumanremains, see below.45 implications Statistical to thedatafrom1959-63,sincemanyof analysiscannotbe appliedwithanyconfidence the88 interments thenexcavatedare of uncertain date.Restudyof thepottery has broughtsome clarifications. Alphaburial1 is MH I, becausetheribbedDark Burnishedbowl HS 12 is of that date.46 Alphaburial8 is MH, becauseitcontainedthepinch-pot 2313.47Alphaburial23 is MH III/ LH I.48To judge by the accompanying vessels,Alpha burial31 is probablyMH III, because it contained a MattPaintedcup (HS 22).49Deltaburial7 is datableto MM IIB-IIIA, i.e. MH III Early on thebasisofvases 2290 and 2296.50SinceDelta burial11 thelatter,51 it mustitselfbe displaced laterperhapsLH I. Betaburial6 is MH I, andburial19 be LH I-IIA.52 Severalfurther interments may maybe Medieval.53 42These are tabulatedin Taylour 1972, 237-9, witnan analysisat 2s 7-8. 43 1072, 236. 44Taylour See Chapteria §a fi). 45Chapter12 §1. 46Taylour1072,208 withpl. «ob. 47 Taylour1972,211.

48See §8 (iii)below;Taylour1972,214-17 with214 fig.5 and pl.494od. Taylour 1072. 210-20 with ni Ana 50 Taylour1972, 222-4; cf.Betancourt 108*. fte.^oa. 51 Taylour 1072. 221 with 229 fio- 10 52See §4 above. 53See Chapter3 §6 below.

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(ii) Early Helladic or possiblyEH, ifwe count foundat thesitec. 17,or 11%,are certainly Amongthe157 interments MH I). All are from thoselistedas 'EH or MH' (theinfant burialZeta burial6 is almostcertainly thanEH I, and 17 mustbe EH II rather AreaAlpha.BurialsAlpha3, 5, 16-17 and 20 aredefinitely datedbetweenthesecondand thirdbuildingphasesthere.The burials,even of adults,seemto be In termsofposture, intramural.54 Alphaburial9, an adultpossiblyEH in date,was onlyone skeleton, wereinterred ninewhoseposturecouldbe determined laid in an extendedposition;theremaining This seemsto have been a culturaltrait,unlessat thisearlydate it eithercrouchedor contracted. to interthedead at fulllength.In termsofthetypeofgrave,eight simplyconsumedtoo mucheffort werepits;onlytwointerments three,whosedating possiblyofthisperiodwerein cists,and a further are surrounds and stone cists Both surrounds. with stone in were EH secure as is not either, graves to trouble least take the which Thus the site. at I LH M H and forthe attested pits, periods securely or a cist of case confirmed is no there and of form the standard seemto havebeen tomb, construct, interments thebonesofprevious ofdiscarding Thereis no evidenceofthelaterpractice stonesurround. markers. of or cult to makeroomfornewbodies,offunerary grave and five i.e. 47%. Two outof 11 infants Gravegoodswerefoundin eightofthese17 interments, in almost ofone or twopots, outofeightadultsreceiveofferings exclusively open shapes;whether A miniature EH is uncertain. are thegraveswithstonetoolsand a pairofbronzetweezers cup was of a in were higherproportion givento the childin tombAlpha burial5. Thus offerings placed burialsthanwas laterthecase. (iii) Middle Helladic arethemostnumerous The MH interments If,amongthe88 burialsfoundin 1959-63,we category. countthoseof the MH III/LH I transitional phase and thosedated to 'MH?', thereare 49, to whichcan nowbe added a further 25, fora totalof74, i.e. 47% ofthe 157 burialsfoundat thesite. fromthecustomin theEBA: of the 37 bodies differs The positionin whichpeople wereinterred whiletwoburials, sixbodiesarecrouchedand 16 arecontracted, whoseposturecouldbe determined, EH or LH dead; the on never a posturethatwas apparently one certainly imposed MH, aretrussed, its cist.55 into was used to fitthebody Moreover,14 bodies,i.e. in thecase ofEta burial6, trussing Of these,12 are excavations. 39%, are laid supineor in an extendedposition,all fromthe older burials The increaseinextended orinfants. maybe explained i.e.86%,andonlytwoarechildren adults, nowbe dug;for could tombs ofthetopofthehill,wheremorespacious bythegradualabandonment in MH III/ there made was burialat theentiresite,theextendedadultAlphaburial23, therichest ofvery burials usedforburials.56 weresometimes Multiple LH I, andderelict partsofMH settlements of reuse the and infants burialof or foetusesare now observed,as is theintramural smallinfants the on or theskullrespectfully placed graves,withthebones of thepreviousoccupantdisordered 8 had been burial Delta of head the whether I doubt coverslab ofthegravebelow.57 Incidentally, was cranium the that sincethepositionofthemandiblesuggests as has been suggested,58 mutilated, onlyafterdecomposition. dislodgedfromtheremainder pitgravescontinuein use, The typesofgravealso changefromthoseused in theEBA. Although for23 interments (31%),six infantburialsare made in jars or pithoi(8%); thistypeof accounting MH. The use ofstoneto protectthebodyalso increases:itis foundin 43% ofall burialis typically acrosstheentiremainland.59 cemeteries are averageforintramural MH burials.These proportions but since(ifwe includetheearlierexcavations foradultsand pitsforchildren, Cistswerepreferred to is similar excludepithos-burials) 54% ofcistburialswereforadultsbutonly40% ofpitburials:this of in themainlandas a whole,where66% ofcistswereforadultsbutonly34% pits.60 theproportions withcoverslabs,25 arein cists,and sixarein all doubtfully Threeentombments, MH, arein trenches This typeofgravewas to developin LH I-IIA intoa fullshaftgrave graveswithstonesurrounds. ofLH IIA, Two slabs.61 withstonecover corpses,Epsilonburial1 ofMH III Late and Nu burial12 and in gravesofthis reston beds ofpebbles;theseare paralleledin a MH graveat theMenelaion62 make ofexcavation theconditions wereobserved, No MH gravemarkers although dateatMycenae.63 54Forsén1992,106-7. 55For parallelssee Cavanaghand Mee 1998,30 n. 97. 56Cavanaghand Mee 1998, 24. 57Taylour1972,237. 58 Taylour1972,224.

59Cavanaghand Mee 1998, 26. 60Cavanaghand Mee 1998,27. 61See §8 iv) belowon Eta burialik and JNu burial13. 62Catling1981, 16. 63Alden2001, 19-20.

THE BRONZE AGE BURIALS §8

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it possiblethatsomeweremissed;theyare knownat Lerna.64 Nor was thereany signofthegrave the same caveat circlesknownin theArgolidand elsewhere, although applies. Gravegoods are includedin 16 of theMH burials,or 22%, whichis less oftenthanin theEH i.e. 29%,theyseemtobe no commoner burials, period;sincetheyoccurinonlyfourofthe14 extended in thesethanin othertypes.Of the 16 burialswithgravegoods,seven,i.e. 41%, are of infants or children. Thustherewas,perhaps,a greaterreadinessto interchildrenwithgravegoodsthanthere had beenin theEBA; thistrendseemsto continuein theMycenaeanperiod.The gravegoodsin the MH interments oftencompriseone or twopots,including someclosedas wellas openshapes,in this EH from the where vessels were found.Miniature differing graves, onlyopen cupswereburiedwith adultsinAlphaburial8 andNu burial14,as ifthesehad acquireda symbolic value.Terracotta whorls and phyllite discsalso occurwithsomefrequency. The wealthiest burial,Alphaburial23, is datableto MH III Late-MH III/LH I fromtheincised Dark Burnished pyxis2222 foundwithit; thisvase imitatesMM III-LM IA vases in serpentine, ratherthanthe Cycladicpyxideswhichhave been adduced.65 The womanburiedin thiscistwas as if to the claim that the amount of effort richlyequipped, prove expendedon thedead corresponds to theirsocial status.66 She had the pyxis2222, the goblet2221, a one-handledcup, a biconical jar or jug, a terracottaspool, a bone needle and muchjewellery:a necklace of 14 precious carnelianbeads,a bronzedresspin,bronzeearrings, a bronzearmleton herupperleftarmand a bronzeringon herlefthand.67 The adultand childin Alphaburial28, notprecisely datedforlackof butpossiblyLH I, had a bronzedaggerandtweezers, a bonepinandbonetoggle,35 obsidian pottery bladesand a chertflake.68 The plentiful withthelackofgoodsin the objectsin thesegravescontrast LH I/IIA shaftgraveNu burial13.69 (iv) Late Helladic The LateBronzeAgeinterments numberapproximately and 43 in thenew, 19 in theold excavations i.e. 62 in total,representing of the burials found at the site.The numberof adultsand 39% 157 children declinesmarkedly, ofinfants and amongtheinterments especiallyafterLH I; theproportion neonatesrisesstrikingly in LH IIIAi, and thereare fewburialsofanykindafterthat.Evenso, there werethreeentombments of childrenor adults:Beta burial25, whichis LH IIIA, probablyIIIAi; Betaburial19,whichis apparently cutthrough a 'LH IIIB' floor;70 and,a gruesome find,a pitcontaining a massgraveoffouradultskullsand otherbones,Betaburials12-15,whicharelikewisedated to 'LH IIIB'. In boththelattercasestheseare probablyLH IIIC Early;ithas been proposedthattheskulls had been 'discarded',71 buttheycouldofcoursehave resultedfroma massacre,especiallyifsuchan eventcausedtheabandonment ofthesitein LH IIIC Early. Withouta completeexplorationof the surrounding area, one cannotbe certainwhetherthis laterdearthof adultsis caused by a demographic shift, e.g. in theincidenceof fataloutbreaksof or by a culturalpractice,i.e. the segregation malaria,72 of adultburialsin a cemetery outsidethe settlement.73 Thereis an outcropofrocksuitedto themakingofchamberor rock-cut tombssw ofthe sitenear the ancientshoreline;some figtreesgrowingin possibletombswere apparentduringa in 1974. Even so, I inclineto linktherarityof adultburialswiththeapparent cursory exploration declinein theextentof theinhabitedarea,i.e. theabandonment of thehilltopuntilitsshort-lived in theLH IIIC Earlyphase. reoccupation of veryyoungbabies or foetusescontinue,as does intramural Multipleinterments infantburial andthere-useofgraves,withthebonesofthepreviousoccupant scattered or,instead,the chaotically skullneatlyplacedon thecoverslab ofthegravebelow.74 The new excavationsshowthatthiswas also trueof Beta burial1, datedto LH IIIAi. To turnto posture,extendedburialsbecomeeven moreusual thanduringtheMBA: amongthe 22 cases wherethepostureis known,thereare 15 extendedburials, i.e. 68%,as againstonlytwocrouchedandfourcontracted witha further interments, case wherethebodyof an adultwas supinebutthelegswerebent Moreover,11 ofthe vertically. extendedburials,or 73%, are of infantsand children, as againstonlyfouradultsinterred in this theMH custom. manner;thisreverses 64 Dickinson 1004, 222. 65 Tavlour 1072. 216 and n. fi: Rnttpr1n^n

66Tainter 1078. 67 Taylour1972,214-17 withfigs.5-10. Her metalgoodsare analysedin Appendixr. 68 Taylour1972,217-18 withfig.11; see Appendices5 and 6 §5 (iii),whereitis shownthatthebladesweredeliberately broken

('killed'),perhapsas a funeraloffering. 69See §8 (iv) below. 70 Taylour 1072, 2°,f;.

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72Thisis in Chapter12 §1 (iii) (c) (iii). suggested 73Cavanagh and Mee iqq8, 111. 74 Taylour1972,237.

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As forthe typesof grave,thereis no difference in stylebetweenthelatestMH and the Early or a cist,and maybe LH I. The Mycenaeanburials.One tomb,Delta burial11, was eitherrock-cut LH II pithosburial,Lambda15,is thelastdefinite instanceofthisMH typeofinterment, unlessBeta burial24 is ofthesamedate.Cistsbecamelesspopularthanin thatperiod,accounting for14 tombs, Thistypeofgraveevolvedin two or 23%,witha further threeinterments havingstonerevetments. casesintoa fullshaftgravewithstonecoverslabs:one,Eta burial15,is datedfromitsgravegoodsto LH IIA, whilethemostimpressive shaftgrave,Nu burial13,is LH I/IIA. Thereis no evidenceat all forcistsafterLH IIIA2, butthismaysimplyaccordwiththegeneraldearthofburialsin LH IIIBthosedatedto LH IIIC at least32 burials,i.e. 52%, werein pits,including IIIC Early.Conversely, with filled stones. was that Lambda burial One of 1, Early. pit, rites.A burntjar was in thefilloftheLH IIA Othergravesyieldedpossibleevidenceoffunerary cistEta burial15, a vesselwas perhapsin thetopoftheLH IIIA pitgraveLambdaburial7, and a figurine mayhavebeenplacedin thefillor on thesurfaceabovetheLH IIIAi cistNu burial4. But theclearestcase is theLH IIA cistNu burial 12, wherevases wereput at thetop of thepit and coveredwitha cairnofstones,whichservedto markthetombofthislittlechild;comparethecairns thecairnsoverGravesXi and Sigmain GraveCircleB andpotsovertheMH grave4 at Prosymna,75 The LH I/IIA shaftgraveNu at Mycenae,thegravesin CircleA thereand Grave1971-3 at Asine.76 The topofitsshaftwas markedby an oblongofstoneslaidwithin burial13 also had a gravemarker. at these cornernearthehead oftheburial;thestone witha stoneplatform theedgesoftheshaft, fill. soft into the sank surround Againthisis paralleledat Mycenaein GammaGrave15. subsequently oar thatOdysseusputson thegraveofElpenor,77 the wooden like of Markers perishablematerials, cases. in other mayhaveexisted increaseon the of theMycenaeanburialshave gravegoods,i.e. 39%, a substantial Twenty-four in more are such MH with in contrast MBA. Moreover,and again frequent notably goods practice, an conceals This have or burials extendedburials:of 14 such interesting figure gravegifts. 9, 64%, in theEarlyMycenaeanperiod,gravegoodsare commonin thegravesofadultsbut development: not of children,but fromLH IIIAi such giftsbecome standardin the burialsof infantsand of There are, however,onlyeightinterments whereasnot one adultreceivesanything. children, these had which three of 'LH to dated were which adultsduringtheentireLBA,sixof I?', gravegifts; LH I is Delta burial4, mightof coursebe MH III/LH I. The onlysuchburialthatis definitely and Of 13 infants wherean elderlyman was entombedwitha Vapheiocup and a bronzeknife.78 shaft the in child the thus with childrendated to LH I- II, onlythreeare buried gravegoods: a scraper.Subsequently, and a however,the closed two receives Eta burial vessels, goblet 15 grave child and infant III LH burials,16, or 52%, of suchgifts:of 35 youngbecomethesole recipients a one and an askos two havegravegoods.Tenaregivenbeads,foura figurine, pendant;tworeceive seemsinsufficiently children the of one an askosand beads. The sexing bothbeads and a figurine, or feeding-bottle askos an of The thatonlythegirlsworebeads. reliableto testthehypothesis gift was verycommonin Mycenaeantimes.79 Medievaladult burialsare probablyMedieval,Betaburials22 and 29. One definitely Twoinfant there and may be others.80 burial,Delta burial 25, was foundduringthe earlierexcavations, a in found Delta burial23, thereis no datefortheadultskeleton, pitwithitshands Unfortunately, to havebeen the seems 'this that tiedbehinditsbackand itsfeetfastened Tayloursuggests together; or tribe the whohadbeenexecutedforsomecrimeagainst againstsociety'.81 burialofsomeunfortunate has been excludedfromthe statistical is obscure,thisinterment analyses.It Since its chronology to fitskeleton9065 intothegrave,as C. Duhigsuggests.82 trussing mightmerelyrepresent

75 Biegen 1937, 37. 76Alden 2001, 25. 77 Homer, Odyssey 12.15. 78 Taylour 1972, 222.

79Cavanaghand Mee 1998,36. 80See Chapter3 §6 below. 81Taylour1972,226 withpl. 44b. 82See Chapter12 §1 (v) below;forparallelssee §8 (iii)above.

Chapter3 and burials The Medieval architecture, stratigraphy andR.Janko W.D. Taylourt in 2004, are enclosedin squarebrackets.] finalised note:myadditions, [Editor's 1. INTRODUCTION: AYIOS STEPHANOS AFTER THE BRONZE AGE at thesiteduringthetwomillennia [Onlya fewfindsfromsurfacelevelssuggestanyhumanactivity betweenLH IIIC Earlyand the Medievalperiod.These are a wornbronzecoin of FaustinaII at leastone ofwhichmaybe Hellenistic (8082),struckin ad 161-75, twopyramidal loomweights, and the terracotta if (8063-8064), perhaps astragalus8071, thisis notMedieval.TrenchGamma1 and Area Lambda 2 yielded8064 yielded8071. Both 8063 and 80825were discoveredin Area Zeta (see fig.3.1). Withthelatterobjectsthreesherdswerefoundthattheexcavator, J. G. Younger, deemedHellenistic. He describedthemas a roof-tile withlustrous darkpainton one side(thiscannot be Medieval,sincethetilesofthatperiodare unpainted), a goblet-foot or lid withtriplegroovesand darklustrouspaint,and a sherdof Local WestSlope Ware withincisedwavy lines cut into a monochrome are unconfirmed. The factthat ground,minusits whitepaint.These identifications theseobjectswere foundonlyin partsof the site withMedieval occupationsuggeststhatthey of thattimefroma humbleRomanand possibly mayhave been broughthereby theinhabitants Hellenistic sitethathad existednearby.1] in Althoughevidenceof Medievaloccupationwas foundwhereverexcavationwas undertaken, remainsofthatperiodsurvive, onlythreeAreasdid architectural namelyin Zeta,Betaand Lambda, all on thes sideofthehill(see fig.iv). BronzeAge wallsofinferior werereusedin the workmanship in Area Beta.The mostsubstantial wallswere upperlevelsofZeta.TherewereMedievalstructures uncoveredin 1977 in Area Lambda ^Z^.2Elsewhereonlythedetritus of buildingssurvivedin the formoffallenstones,mudbrick, tilesand theoccasionalvase or smallobjectfromrubbishpitslike thosein AreasEpsilonand Eta.3 when [ThisMedievaloccupationhad been almostentirely ignoredduringtheearlierexcavations, thetrench referred to Turkish','Frankish' and 'Byzantine' material. Sincethe supervisors indifferently sitewasgenerally freeofremainsdatingfromafter theBronzeAge,andtheexcavation wasundertaken withthatperiodinview,whenlatermaterial cametolightittendedtobe regarded as an encumbrance. Also, althoughtherewas some dated Medievalpotteryfromelsewherein the Péloponnèse,most withwhichit could be compared,fewarchaeologists had seen it,whilethe notablyfromCorinth, material fromtheearlyBritish excavations at Spartawas ofa somewhat earlierperiod.4Accordingly, whatwas presumably MedievalpotteryfromTrialTrenchVI of 1963 was describedas 'modern whiletheMedievaldrainin trenchGamma1 was dated'tothenineteenth fragments',5 pottery century or perhapsearlier',6 and itsexcavatortentatively assignedthebuildingin Gamma2 to the'Turkish oneexcavator didascertain thecorrect date.In i960 R. Oakleycompared occupation period'.However, theveryfinesilverdenier8083, whoseobverselegendhe rightly read as LVDOVICVS REX, to a coin he had seen in CorinthMuseumwiththe same obverseand reversedesigns;thelattercoin, struck by a Duke ofAthens,datedfromad 1280-87. This corresponds exactlyto thedateforthe Medievalphase thatwas eventually established. However,when 8083 was firstpublishedit was describedas illegibleand possiblyByzantine.7 The denierof Isabella de Villehardouin 8085 was transcribed as 'ISABELLA and tentatively to the Frankish but not dated more assigned period,8

1 See furtherChanter 'a §k (i) below. 2 See §4 below. 3 See §5 below. 4 Dawkins and Droop 19 1 1b.

5 Taylour 1072, 240. 6 Tavlour 10*72.290. 7 Taylour 1072, 242. 8 Taylour 1972, 260.

H5

M6

W. D. TAYLOURt AND R. JANKO

Fig. 3.1. Area Zeta. Plan of Medieval and re-usedwalls,showingMedieval potteryand smallfinds.

in theSpartaMuseum.Theireventual TwootherFrankish coins,8086-8087, layforgotten precisely. with that of the further denier identification, 8084, suppliedthe vitalevidencethatthe Medieval constituted a of shortduration.9 occupation singlephase relatively in in was WhentheEphor,G. Steinhauer, visited interest taken the Medieval [Only 1973 pottery. In R. ad. the Ho well thesite,he assignedthestamnos to the 4013 7thcentury following suggested year a dateinthe12thcentury, thathadjustbeenfoundatNichoria.10 theslightly earlierpottery comparing thecorrectdatingon thebasis of materialfromCorinthand FinallyG. D. R. Sandersestablished withtheMedievalsmallfinds otherparallels.The pottery ofthisphaseis publishedbelow,11 together Therewerealso atleasttwo andtiles,including someimportant objectsfromtheearlierexcavations.12 and perhapsas manyas nineMedievalburials.13] 2. AREA ZETA (fig. 3.1) Fig.3.1 showsthelayoutofwallsthatwereall Medievalin theiruppercourses,butprobablyofMH uncovered towhichtheybelonged, andLH III origin;theyappearin sectioninfig.1.10.The building Zeta V; fortheirdetailssee table 3.1. These wallswereofrubbleand in 1973,is calledStructure showsa complicated The planas preserved inconstruction tothoseinAreaBeta.14 similar arrangement ofwallswithNE-swaxes enclosingbothlargeand smallspaces.The largestofthese,thatin thesw, appearstohavebeenopento theairand was boundedbywallid on thenwand wallie on these. It gave access to two smallrooms,Room 1 in the N and Room 2 in the e. These roomsshareda commonwall,wall ia withnw-seaxis,and weredividedofffromone anotherby wall ib. Both as withanotherroomadjacentto themto thenwand se respectively, Rooms1 and 2 communicated wall ic. as is shown the to was continued wellas withone another;thislabyrinthine nw, Very by plan materialmusthave been fewtileswerefound,and as thesize oftheroomsis small,somedifferent ifindeedtheseroomswereroofedat all. usedfortheroofing, 9 Janko 19820. On the coins see Chapter 1 1 §1 1 below, and forthe historicalcontextsee Chapter 14 §x (ii). 10McDonald, Coulson and Rosser 1083, 378-97. 11 Chapter 7.

12Chapter 11. 13See §6 below. 14See §3 below.

THE MEDIEVAL ARCHITECTURE, STRATIGRAPHYAND BURIALS §3

147

A hardbeatenfloor,Floor1,wasuncoveredin Rooms1 and 2, whichextendedintothelargeopen spacein thesw.Itselevationwas about-5.33 m BM. Ifa linebe drawnat eitheroftheselevelsin fig. 1.10,itwillbe seenthatall thewallsshownabove thelineexistedduringthisphase.The remainsof halfa hearthwerepreserved in thecentreoftheArea,neartheentranceto Room 1. The trodden floormustbe associatedwithit.The hearthhad a broadraisedrimthatwas flaton theE sidebuthad a convexcurveon thew. The diameter was c.40 cm.In thevicinity ofthehearthwerefragments of animalbones,snailsand seashells;it also yieldedchickenbones(9205) and theclawofa mudbrick, goldeneagle (9197). [The presenceof thisclaw mightsuggestthatfalconry usingeagles,whichin MedievalEuropewereparticularly associatedwithroyalhunts,15 was practised fromthesite.] ne the corner of wall id a was circular stone Up against (plate 25 ¿). Thismayhavebeen platform used as a kindofworking in its form it a veryroughsurface.It had a has table,although existing diameter ofabout70 cm.The saddle-quern close to the and thestonepestle8074 8073 lay platform tothes. The bonepins8058 and 8059 werealso associatedwiththefloor.The head oftheformer of weretheremainsofseven these,foundnearwallid, was decoratedwithgrooves.Butmoreimportant vesselsseen in plate 25 c, some of whichcould be partlyrestored. These werethejug 4014, the which was almost and found with the amphora4017, complete pin 8059, thehydria4001a, three and the stamnos and thebakingdish or lekane4001, cookingpots (4002a, 4002b 4003), 4012a the base of this could be of an thoughonly puttogether. Fragments eighthvessel,thejug 4002, were foundin thesorting ofthepottery fromthisArea;itis theonlyone thathas a painteddesign.Fiveof thesepotswerefoundin Rooms1 and 2, as indicatedon theplan,butfragments ofthelekane4001, thejug 4002, thestewpot4002b and thestamnos4012a wererecoveredfromthecourtin thesw. The lid 4003a, possiblyMycenaeanin date,and theMH whorl6025 also camefromRoom 2. The terracotta 8062 camefromunderthefloorin Room 1. The pottery and smallfindsfrom loomweight thisAreaarelistedin table 3.2; theirfindspotsare plottedon fig.3.1. Whenthefloorwas removed,some 10 cm further down,a surfacewas revealedon which concentrations of shellsin threegroupsjust to thenw of wall ib. At thislevel the outlineof a lay pit was observed,whichskirtedthe bases of walls ia, ib and id; in otherwords,its extentcovered almostthewholeofRoom 1 as faras thestoneplatform. The depthofthepitwasjustunder50 cm thoseofdomesticfowl,moreshellsand fragments (seefig.1.9).It containedanimalbones,including of pottery, includingpieces of 4012a, as well as the bowl 4004, the casseroles4019-4020, the stamnoi4013 and 4013a and the stamnoslid 4012, whichhas a pierced knob. Other finds includedtwo terracotta objects,the spindle-whorl 8065 and the bead 8068 (see table 3.2). This rubbishpit,belowfloorlevel,occupiesmostoftheroom.It wouldhave been filledin and levelled up beforethe walls were built.[Since all thispotterywas broken,thesevesselswere probably discardedbythebuildersoftheMedievalwalls,whodugthepitat thattime.The also contained a pit Mactrashellholedfromtheinside.] The Medievalroomsappearto have functioned forthebakingof bread,cooking,weaving,the use ofstoneimplements and otherproductive efforts in whichthestoneplatform mayhaveplayeda and part.The remainsof fish,includingspams,turtle, crab were found on thefloorand in oysters the pit. Chickenbones occur,but the onlyevidenceof a carnivorewas a tooth, of a apparently dog.The faunalevidencefromotherAreasshowsthatthedietconsistedofthemeatofoxen,deer, sheep and swine.This was supplemented by numerousoysters,fish,of whichone varietywas turtle and hare.16 spams,chicken, [Therewas onlyone periodofoccupation. Numismatic evidencefromotherpartsofthesiteshows thatthisspannedthe 13thand early14thcenturies.17 The unstratified findin thisArea offouriron arrowheads evidenceinindicating (8009-8012)accordswithhistorical thatthesettlement meta violent end.18 Medievalsherdsand objects,including 8046,werealso foundjustunderthesurface3 m tothe E,in theabortiveTrench1.19] 3. AREA BETA, 1974-77 (fig. 3.2) A verydifferent picturewaspresented fromAreaZeta. bythisArea,whichwaslessthan20 m distant Itsse cornerwas first excavatedas trench Beta3 in 1959.20AreaBetaslopeddownfromnwto se. [In thenw corneroftheArea,theMedievallevelswere above thoseofEarlyMycenaeandate directly 15Newton loio, 701; Radcliffe1026. 'a'. 16See Chapter 12 §§2-^ below.

17See §§3-4 below.

18See further Chapter14 §* fiii. 19See Chapter1 §2 fi)above. 20 Taylour1972, 253 with206 fig.2.

148

W. D. TAYLOURt AND R. JANKO

M. K. Langdon,proposedthatanylaterMycenaeanoccupationlevels (see fig.1.26).The excavator, also musthave been terracedaway hereto makeway forthe Medievalbuildings.Such terracing can be affected thene sector,as is suggested below.Twoarchitectural recognised.] phases Room as Medieval(fig.3.2); theybelongedto twodistinct Four'Rooms'wereidentified buildings. fromthatoftheotherbuilding; 1 formed BetaVI, on an axisdifferent a separatebuilding, Structure Medievalwallseh and ei conformed theArea.Itswell-constructed onlyitsse cornerappearedwithin and almostidentical whichin turnfollowedthesameorientation toitsEarlyMycenaeanpredecessor, table see its walls II For MH date.21 it of below an earlier of 3.3 and plate 25 d. No building layout BetaVI was found,butverylittleofitwas uncovered.AnotherMedievalwall, to Structure entrance wallec, extendedintothearea to thes ofthisbuilding.It mayat one timehave been a moresolid As found,itwas missingmanystoneson thanwhenitwas revealedduringexcavation. construction BetaVI. In that ofStructure itsNWflank,and it is possiblethatthesewereused in theconstruction in thisArea. case thelatterwouldbe themorerecentoftheMedievalbuildings withtheopenyardsin BetaV (see table 3.4), together roomsbelongto Structure The remaining thesw and ne cornersoftheArea.Room 2, withwallsea, eb22(calledwallgk in Beta3, 1959) and dimensionsof 1.7 m by at least6.1 m. No ec, was a verylong and narrowroom,withinterior at these end,whichlayunderthebaulk.Wall have existed one it was to entrance found,though may ofit,1.4 m in on fig.1.23; in thisstretch shown nw I at its IIA LH eb abuttedagainstthe end, Step c. 45 cm.A to diminished its thereafter but of itreachedan exceptional depth depth 75 cm, length, It contained wall eb. the of se corner the room,by manyshells.The pit 25 cm deep was cutinto surface IIIAi LH the above cm was some beneath,butit 20 depthofwallea was shallow.Itsbase nw wall of the Wall room. the into cm ec, or socle projecting alone of thewallshad a footing 15 a distance for also but has been as it was noted, robbed, Room2, extendednotonlyto thene where Beta Area of excavation earlier in the wall 7/2/5PIt may ofover4 m tothesw,whereitwascalled gf thesewalls wall to ran havebeen a terracewall.[Another gf;together, wall,wallgg, exactlyparallel an alley1.25 m wide. mayhavedelimited Room of 2 lefta distinct mound,visiblein thesectionofthes baulk:see fig. 1.24 [Thecollapse ofRoom 2, whereassucha line is recordedwithintheconfines stratum 2. The factthatno wash-line strata ofthes and E baulks(see fig.1.24 3 and 5 withfig.1.25 stratum ranrightalongtheremainder the thatRoom 2 was roofed,whereas spacesin thesw,se and ne corners theassumption 2), supports oftheAreawereopento thesky.] Forthe Room3 wasformed bywallsgl, el, ex and ee; thelastwas calledwallgm in Beta3, 1959. fig. see that of half and dimensions inside, wallsofthissmallsquareroom,only2.6 m in itsexterior the of terrace se the to delimit seemed which period,24 table Mycenaean and Early ex, 3.4. [Wall 3.2 continued and and figs. 1.28 fc and walls earlier the formed 1.31) the corner (see ran over ey by just but the excavator,R construction; to thew as wall ef, whichwas muchthinnerand of different was in factbuiltin wall ex that was certainthattheirlowercoursesbonded,whichsuggests Wright, E cornerformed the 11 cm thickwas foundinsituover by theMedievalperiod.A layerofmudbrick the of remnant a was it but a been have to floor, surely wallsee and ex. Thiswas at first pisé thought narrowentrance, The roomprobablyhad an extremely 30 cm wide,in its Medievalsuperstructure. stones wide;thiswas swcorneratthese endofwallgl,wherethewallappearstohavebeenonlytwo thebase of a tallstructure, builtroomwas evidently probablya This stoutly probablya threshold. of summit the nearer sincethemainbuildingwas or dovecoteratherthana watch-tower, bell-tower have would thehill.The rooffromwhicha bellcouldhavebeenhungor thedoves'nichesharvested been accessiblefromtheinterior by usinga ladder.Dovecotes,squarein plan and oftenwithledges arecommonintheislands.However, ornamented roofs, forthedovestoperchon andwithelaborately at thesite.25] no bonesofpigeonshavebeen recognised intothe e baulk; thisextensionof it is called wall ff(see Wall ee continuednorth-eastwards bonded wallqa, ofequallymassivethickness, theplan,fig.3.2,andfig.1.25forthesection).Another was no there But withthe sw cornerof wall ee and continuedintothe s baulk (see fig. 1.24). on the room in eitherdirection.[Wallqa was eitherthe cornerof another further investigation base the as served whichmighthave stoneplatform, or simplya rectangular samenw-seorientation ofwoodensteps.] ofa flight

21See Chapteri §4 (iv) (c) above. 22Forevidencethatwalleb is MedievalratherthanLH 111in datesee Chapter1 §4 (ii) above.

23Tavlour1072, 256 with231 fig.15e. 24See Chapter1 §4 (iii) (c) above. 25See Chapter12 §3 below.

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Room4 layse ofwallefand nwofwalleb (seefig.3.2). [Itwas delimited to thenwbywallec, to thene bywallef,tothese bywallel, and to theswbywalleb, witha passageway70 cmwidein the se corner.The interior dimensions ofRoom4 were3 x 1.6 m. It seemslikelythatwallec, theendof whichhadbeenrobbedoutor erodedaway,onceformed a corneror doorwaywitha nwextension of wallef,nowrobbedout.In anycase,thesharedalignment thatRoom 4 was in use at the suggests sametimeas Room 2.] The NE SectoroftheArea (see fig.3.2 and plate 6 d) was boundedto thesw by wallsef and ex, tothenwbywalleg, andbytheNand E baulks.Walleflaytothene oftheEarlyMycenaeanwallsej and fc,parallelto themand onlydividedfromthemby a narrowgap. Wallef continued to thewnw thelineofwallex andbondedwithit.Atitsnwenditwas abuttedbywalleg, witha hollowstructure fhbuiltin theangleagainstitsne face.Bothwallef and fhoverlaytheMycenaeanwallfe. [Whenthestonesoffhwereremovedtheywerefoundto containLH IIA sherds,butthesesupply foritsconstruction. This'hollowstructure' was nota robbedcistgrave,since postquern onlya terminus no boneswerefoundin it;henceitseemslikelytohavebeena bench.Sincewallsef and eg werenot removedand no occupationlevelsassociatedwitheitherwererecognised, theirdatingis uncertain. BothwallslayovertheLH IIA alleyStreetBetaIV,26anditsse flank, walleo. Sincethealley,walleo and thepavedcourtyard to whichitled wentoutofuse in LH IIIAi, itfollowsthatthesewallswere builtno earlierthanthen.AlthoughW. D. TaylourdeemedthemLH III wallsreusedin Medieval 26 See Chanter i $a (''') (a) *Krwo

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W. D. TAYLOURt AND R. JANKO

as entirely Medieval times,theymatchtheMedievalplan so well thattheyshouldbe interpreted Ifthisinterpretation so constructions. is correct, theLH III levelsin thissectorwereentirely removed, thatthesewallsappearedto be adjacentto EarlyMycenaeanstrata.Theyare mosteasilyunderstood as havingformeda rectangular walledgardenwitha benchin thecorner.As thebenchfacedne,it this levelswereobservedwithin wouldhavebeenwellshadedfromthesun.No Medievaloccupation continuation north-eastern a built Wall this a that fact ff, enclosure, solidly maysupport interpretation. these boundaryoftheenclosure.] ofwallee, formed was made to identify No floorscouldbe recognisedin any of theRooms,althougheveryeffort wasa cleardistinction there the Area in show section. did neither them; throughout Everywhere up they in soilbetweentheMedievaland Mycenaeanlevels,thelattershowingup as lightbrownagainstthe darkersoilabove (seefigs.1.24-1.26).The breakoccurredat 30 to 35 cmbelowthetopofthewalls, belowit at thepointwherethefloorsoftheroomsshouldhavebeen found,forthepottery roughly if is surface defined a lack of was almostinvariably explicable thearea clearly pureMycenaean.[This or animals domestic was churnedup by sheep,oxen,horses,asses,mules,pigs chickens which werekeptthere.Theseboneswereverycommonamongthefaunalremains.27 Comparethelackofan Lambda in observablefloor Structure VII.28] about30 cm in length.Stonesof The Medievalwallswereofrubble,thelargeststonesaveraging BetaVI werethebest of Structure ei and eh Walls foundations. the sizewereoftenused for greater runtomorethantwo not did walls the a As so. least the V Beta wallel ofStructure rule, constructed, were cut intothe them for trenches foundation that courses.The excavator,P. Wright, reported tobe traces seemed there was walls ofthe probablymudbrick; Mycenaeanlevels.The superstructure ofthese The levels. the in in thesoil.Tileswereveryplentiful ofdissolvedmudbrick majority upper on structures from come have butothersmay highergroundto probablybelongedto thebuildings, stand the kind of into theN.NoneoftheMedievalwarecouldbe madeup pot,except plain-ware any and iron of were there lead, onlyscraps bronze, 4042, whichwas builtintowallea. Of smallobjects andan occasionalpieceofworkedbone,including perhapstheawl7001. Wehavelittlecluetherefore and smallfindsfromheresee table 3.5. thattookplacein thisArea.Forthepottery as totheactivities in of burials,Betaburials22 and 29, are probably Medievaldate:thesewereinterred [Twoinfant stonecists.29] is to coinsfoundin thisvicinity The periodofoccupation, duringtheearlierexcavations, according of of 8086 billon ad. [Twounworn deniers, Philip to thelater13thand early14thcenturies confined who of Maud successor his of Hainault, and ad reigned in Achaia of Prince 8087 1307-13, Taranto, of ofBeta3 in 1959,i.e. these corneroftheArea,in thevicinity untilad 1321,camefromthesurface found sherds Glazed ofthesettlement. Room3; theseprobablydatefromjustbeforethedestruction to thenw.] thatoccupationextendedfurther withtheironknife8012a in Beta7 in i960 confirm 4. AREAS NU / GAMMA 1, GAMMA 2, LAMBDA 2 AND LAMBDA (figs. 3-3-3-4) Lambda VII, were of a buildingof the Medievalperiod,Structure foundations The substantial in figs.1.50in section and fig. in in This in Lambda Area in 3.3 uncovered appears plan 3/4 1977. a spacious with associated was It a church.30 as was VII Lambda interpreted initially 1.52. Structure in Lambda 2 Area in excavated were sw the 1974.For two ofwhich walls,forming corner, courtyard, first. discussed be will The fig. see a planofthewholecomplex courtyard 3.4. wall,lg, withroughly In 1974 theremovalofthetopsoilin Area Lambda2 revealeda well-built northWall date. Medieval of was it that it showed in lg continued sw-NEaxis.Tilesand glassfound delimited wall This ma. wall called was it where Lambda trench long and reappearedin eastwards 3, At itsw end walllg made a rightanglewithanotherwall,wallIk, of these side ofthecourtyard. The wallsare seenin planin fig. direction. whichproceededin a north-westerly similarconstruction, table in are details their 3.6. Againinthatyear,a minutesection given 1.46andin sectioninfig.1.47; as the / Gamma1 andwasrecognised Nu Area of corner sw the in ofwall,herecallednj,wasrevealed which Medieval the of enceinte the of all were walls courtyard, ofwallIk. These nwextension part thenwcornerofAreaLambda2, as wellas thew part and 1 / Gamma Nu Area of whole the occupied wallsin theswcorneroftheyard,wallslg andIk, two the of ofLambda3 (fig.3.4). Withintheangle axisas lg. Itswidthwas 60 cm as against80 cm same the with appearedanothershortwall,calledli, oftheformer wall,butit been a reinforcement have to first at forwallslg andIk. Wallli was thought it for R. as a it; as lay against its own in Jankointerpreted is morelikelyto haveexisted right bench, 27 See Chapter 12 §§2-3 below. 28 See §4 below.

29 See §6 below. 30 Catling 1978, 32, followedby Wagstaff1982, 58.

THE MEDIEVAL ARCHITECTURE,

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151

fromthe the se wall of the courtyard and, indeed,in thatpositionoffered reposeand protection in fh in of the Area of the bench the corner sun. the orientation Beta.31] courtyard [Compare midday in AreaNu / Gammai werec.40 cmin depthandwerefilled The upperlevelsoverthecourtyard witha lotofMedievaldebris:mediumand smallfallenstones,a good numberoftiles,and scattered These mudbrick. disintegrated patchesofwhiteplasterand lightbrownearth,thelatterrepresenting figs.1.50werefoundat thesamelevelas thefallenstones,butlowerdownalso (see thesections, ofglazedpottery, fromwhichitwas possibleto make 2). Therewereseveralfragments 1.52,stratum a the lower of closed The line ofwhatwas takento be decayed vessel, 4093. up part brown-glazed mudbrick E w in from to the N section of the face of trench Nu 1 (see fig.1.58),and slopedup slightly thismayreflect theslopinggroundsurfacein Medievaltimes. The courtyard had a roughfloorofpebbles.It was at a levelsome 30 cm lowerthanthatofthe floorinsidetheassociatedbuilding, i.e. Structure LambdaVII to theE. In thecentreofthecourtyard, in the se corner of / Area Nu Gamma 1,was a pit,PitI (figs.1.53 and 3.4). In itwerefound actually severalsherdsbelonging to thebrown-glazed vase 4093 whichhad beenuncoveredfurther n in Area Nu / Gamma1. [Thispitwas dugto robstonefromtheBronzeAge wallsforconstructing thebench li notfarawayin thesw corneroftheyard,sinceLambda 1974 basket24 fromthebenchand Nu 1974 basket28 fromPitI containedsherdsfromthesameMycenaeanvessel.] A drainin thene corneroftrenchGamma1 is associatedwiththecourtyard. [Thisdrain,formed bywallsdb and dc, was some1.25 m wideand builtofa singlecourseoflargestonesin threerows.32 It was linedwithtiles.It ranwswto ene for1.6 m intothee baulkoftheNE Extension.The drain channelled rainwater intoa wellor cistern at itsw end,witha stonesurround to thesw and a curved stoneslab forming thelip of these side of thewell-head.This structure was onlyexcavatedfora of depthof 25 cm; excavationceased beforeitsbase was reached.The well underlaythe stratum whitelime,tilesand yellowmortarderivedfromthedestruction ofStructure LambdaVII.33 [The well containedtheunusualobjectHS 299. The latteris incisedon top withthreecircles as a triangle and underneath witha crosswitha dotin each angle,and is in facta terracotta arranged for bread. When it The similar stamp holy published wasdated'Byzantine (?)'.34 stampHS 261,bearing thesamedesignunderneath, wasfoundin i960 totheNin a surface levelin trench Alpha8. Thiswas termed'probablyMedieval';35 it has sincebeen republished as a BronzeAge seal.36However,it is probablynotofBronzeAge date.The presenceofthesefindsmayindicatethattherewas already, somewhere on thesite,a buildingwithan ecclesiastical function in theOrthodoxChurch,perhapsa to precursor thechapelofSt StephenafterwhichAyiosStephanosis named.The terracotta burnisher (?) HS 298,founds ofthedrainin a mainlyBronzeAge level,couldbe Medieval;so couldthewhorl HS 297. 37A shallowcircularpit,PitII, lay to thesw ofthewell.This pitcontainedthe delicately workedbone spindle-whorl or button8061.] The yardwas perhapsintendedfortheherdingof animalsbrought in at theend oftheday.The havebeenfencedin on thatside.Its compound, although apparently opento thenw,couldcertainly fullextentcouldnotbe ascertained. One mustsupposethatitsplanwas rectangular to conform with thesw-NEaxisofthebuilding, buttherewas no traceofa wallparallelto these wallwhenAreaNu / Gamma1 wasexcavated.[Presumably itlaytothenwofthedrainandsoakawayintheNE Extension, buthowfarbeyondis unknown. The cistgravecontaining an infant foundwithinthecourtyard, Nu burial6, mightperhapsbe Medieval,butas itwas notexcavateditsdatecan be inferred from only evidence,and itis morelikelyto be LH IIIA.38] stratigraphie The foundations ofthehousetowhichthecourtyard LambdaVII, wererevealed belonged,Structure in Lambda3. Theyconsisted ofsixsolidlyconstructed of stones cementedwithwhitelime piers large trenches and symmetrically laid outin tworowsofthree.Fortheplansee plastersunkin foundation fig.3.3 withplate 26 b' thedetailsofthewallsare includedin table 3.6. theaxis ofthese Although wallswasnw-se,therelationship ofthewalled-in to the house a sw-ne axisforthe courtyard suggests wholecomplex.Fiveofthepierswerelinkedwithone anotherby walls of of low-standing dry-stone, whichonlytwocoursessurvived. Thesewerebuilton thegroundsurface andabuttedagainstthepiers. PiersI andVI tothenw,wallmf,was [Thewallconnecting sinceitconsisted insubstantial, ofa singlerowoflargestones(plate26 cand fig.3.3). Iftheparticularly floor was intended forhumanuse, ground 31See above. §3

32 Taylour 1072, 230 fis:.'a. 33 See the section in Tavlnnr în^o 000 fio-1 a 34Taylour 1072, 2F.3.

35 Davidson1952, Taylour 1972,243withpls.5ie-f,comparing nos.2850,2859-2860),forsimilar 331withpl.135(especially bread-

from MedievalCorinth. Twoothersuchstamps stamps excavated at thechurchofAyiosPetrosat Spatain Atticaare displayed in the MuseumatAthens Airport (personal observation). 36 CMSVSuddI. .Bnn.5^. 37 Tavlour 1072. 2f;a.

38See Chapter2 §7 above.

W. D. TAYLOURt AND R. JANKO

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wallmfcannothave been an external to thenw. wall,and thebuildingmusthave extendedfurther canbe drawn.] However,sinceitservedtohouseanimals,as willbe arguedbelow,no suchconclusion walls.Thustwogapswereleftforaccessto the The twonorth-easternmost piershad no connecting ne. an on thefloorsurface floor of the from the Pier IV had abutment against ground building resting on itsnw side.In thismannerthespace itsse flank(plate 26 d). PierV had a similarconstruction fora werethefoundations betweenthetwowas narrowed to 72 cm.It maybe thattheseabutments D. remark that the R. and G. Sanders Sanders, excavators, rightly J. Motyka doorway(fig.3.3). [The in a and 16 cm the cm ofa dooris confirmed of existence diameter, deep by presence posthole,40 to PierIV.] againstthese corneroftheabutment The superstructure borneby thepiers,whichmusthave been muchhigherthantheyare now, on whichwouldhave been laid the a flatceilingofrafters consisted of archessupporting probably insideand out,andtheceilingwas coatedalso; flooroftheroomabove.[Thewallswerewhitewashed fallenfromit was at firstmistakenfora floorand called Floor 1 (see the thelayerof whitewash fig. stratum section, 1.51 2). In theyardthewhiteplasterwas mixedwithtumblefromthewalls.Pier IV collapsedneatlyto thene,and therooffellin on topofit (see thesection,fig.1.50 stratum 3).] The housewas roofedwithtiles.A vastmassofthesefilledtheupperlevelsoftheexcavation(see theearthoverthefloor notonlythroughout figs.1.50-1.52).The tilesweredistributed thesections, this extentovertheyardtothesw.As theexcavators buttoan evengreater ofthebuilding, suggested, indicatesthatthehousehad a pitchedrooffromwhichfallingtilesslidintotheyard.[One sideofit slopeddownto thesw;fewertilesfellwithinthebuildingitself.] presumably oftheArea.Floors2 and 3, whichwereMedieval, A numberoffloorswerenotedduringexcavation earth. witheachother.The floorofthebuildingwas ofhard-trodden werefoundtobe contemporary Therewas a postholeatleast11 cm deepin thecentreoftheroom(fig.3.3); itspurposeis unknown. wasfoundinit.[Somepatchesofwhiteplasterlayundertheoccupation level;see thesection, Nothing

THE MEDIEVAL ARCHITECTURE, STRATIGRAPHYAND BURIALS §4

153

Fig.3.4. AreasNu/Gamma1, Gamma2, Lambda2 andLambda3/4.PlanofMedievalStructure LambdaVII andcourtyard.

fig.1.50,stratum thatthefloorwas originally butthattheplaster 5. Theirpresencesuggests plastered, had wornawayovermuchofthesurfaceby thetimewhenthebuildingwas destroyed. Joinsamong thesherdsprovethatthefloorslopeddownfromtheN.] No completepotswerefoundinsitu,butfromthewidelyscattered itwas possibletoput fragments five the most one of which is the together partially pots, complete amphora4073, ofthesametypeas one foundin Area Zeta,4017. Two vases are decorated.One, thecylindrical vesselwithpanelled turns out an to be Archaic Maiolica from central or northern design4053, jug imported Italy.The otheris thebase ofa closedvesselcoveredwitha brownglaze,publishedas 4093 below;thisvase camefromArea Nu / Gamma1. The othertwopotsare thecookingbasin4077 and thebase ofa warestamnos 4066. [ThelatterwasfoundagainstthenwcornerofPierIII (seeplate 27 a). The Taffyin thes partoftheyard,and nonewas recordedto theN.However,retention were concentrated pots waslesscomplete in 1959,whenitsNsectorwasdug.The vesselsweremostly forcookingandstorage.] of the a revealed certain number of between Study pottery joins widelydispersedsherds.Those thatenabled'whole'potstobe registered camefromtheupperlevels,and itwasnoticeablethat,with twoexceptions, thesevesselsall camefromthecourtyard. The decoratedvase4053 musthavefallen froma storeyabove; sherdsofit werefoundinsidethebuilding,eventhoughtherestofthemwas discovered outside.Othersimilar theinterpretation thatthisvasewasin an upperstorey joinssupport whentheceilingcollapsed,as thebuildingburneddown.Therewereno registered potsfromArea Lambda 2, i.e. thesw cornerof theyard,butlargefragments of twocookingpots(notkept)came fromthere.It mustbe assumedthatall thisbrokenpottery was householdware thrownintothis corneroftheyard.

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w* D- TAYLOURt AND R. JANKO

A variety ofsmallobjectswas recovered.Fromthedestruction levelsoverthebuildingcame the bonepinwitha groovedhead 8060 and thehorseshoe8017; fromtheyardcamethemetalclothes button8007, theironhinge8044, thebase ofa metalbox 8045, thestamnoshandlewithFrankish of ironnailsof 8069, theironknife8014, and bitsof glass,lead and copper.A quantity graffito in table 3.7. The small finds are listed The and different was found scattered. pots shapes widely and and rodents boar with some and diet was the meat of hare, venison, swine, oxen, sheep staple bones are recorded chicken in Several a the house.39 to have been amongthe fauna pest appear collectedin theseAreas (9202-9204). As in theothertwosectorsof thesitediscussedabove,fish by crab,Donax partin thediet.Thereis againmentionofspamssupplemented playedan important have been and Glycymeris Murextrunculus Ornamentalshellswere popular: Tonna, and cockles.40 An olivepip (9283) was recoveredfromtheyardin AreaNu / Gamma1. [Burnedequid identified.41 ofdeerantlerswerealso foundthere.42] bonesand sawnfragments thatprecededthebuildingof As wasmentioned above,amongthelowerlevelsofMedievalpottery was foundthebillondenier8084 ofCharlesI ofAnjou,PrinceofAchaia, thehouseand courtyard betweenPiersII in themake-upofthecourtyard betweenad 1278 and 1285. Itwasdiscovered struck Frankish three other far so not Beta deniers,8085In the III. and distant, neighbouring trenches, betweenad date These excavations. and the levels in surface 1963 during 1959 8087, cameto light forthe terminus that the was found which at postquern 8084 suggests 1297 and 1321. [The depth the of surface the into was this coin 1 unless ad is ofthebuilding construction courtyard trampled 278, thebuildinghad beenerected.The denier8085,datedad 1297-1301,was foundon thesurface after It couldhavecomedowntheslopefrom 8 m s ofthisbuilding. oftheBeta12 n baulk,approximately Beta 6.43Coins 8086-8087 are from in trench hand at closer thissector,buttherewas occupation Beta3, whichlayfurther trench e.] werebuiltduringa periodthat Fromthesecoinsone can deducethatthehouse and courtyard had a longlife.Muchofthe have to not It does coveredthelate 13thand early14thcentury. appear therewas with unburnt has and is badlyburntafterfracture Medievalpottery pieces.Moreover, joins in Area in the mudbrick burnt and evidenceofash,meltedlead (8050-8051) definite yard,especially Zeta Areas in the whereas LambdaVII was destroyed buildings Nu / Gamma1. [Structure by fire, formed or VII Lambda thatStructure constituted, andBetaweresimplyabandoned.Thismaysuggest On less significant. were the other whereas the at most the buildings site, building of, important part see below.44] contextofthisdestruction thelikelyhistorical oftheMani,exceptthatthe LambdaVII recallthetower-houses The plan and styleofStructure the As in theMani, groundfloorwouldhavebeen forhumanoccupancy. had onlyone storey building reservedforthesmalleranimalssuchas poultry, petsand so on. Room could also be made fora fromthesoil. donkeyorotherbeastofburden;as wasnotedabove,a horseshoe,8017,wasrecovered still those like toW. D. Taylourthatitwas a farmhouse in a letter widelyfound [IanHarveysuggested on an upperstorey, in Laconia.A seriesofpierswouldhave supported perhaps arches,witha flat hadwhitewashed structure andtheentire wasofmudbrick, laidacross.Theupperstorey ceilingofrafters in wallsbetweenthepierswereusedto confineanimals thelowerstorey. wallsand ceilings. Blocking on thenwsidethere wallscouldhavebeenleftopenforlightandventilation; The topsoftheblocking wall mfto confinetheanimals.The people wouldhave lived was onlytheinsubstantial dry-stone The stabling wouldalsohavebeenstored. andimplements above,theanimalsbelow,whereprovisions and ofitss cornerby meansofthepierabutments postholes. ofanimalswillexplainthepartitioning underPierIV pureEarly This willalso accountforthe erosionof itsfloorbeforeits destruction: toan elevation25 cmhigherthaninthesurrounding spaces(seethesection, levelssurvive Mycenaean fig.1.50),and wallmfhas itsbase 15 cm abovetheMedievalfloor.Therewas probablyan external builtovenforcooking.The walledyardwouldhavebeenusedat nightfortheanimals.The reservoir months. foruse duringthesummer in it,servedbythedrain,collectedrainwater duringthewinter orupper, the led itslifeon first, a goodanalogy.There'thefamily housesat Mistraoffer [Byzantine vaulted the of whilethelower,orgroundfloorwasusedas a storeroomor stable. . . Oftenpart floor, ofone spaciousroom, The upperfloorconsisted was usedfortransients. groundfloor,thediavatikón, The houses as served which niches and round all windows cupboards. with thetriklinon, large many by an arched oftenhad balconieswhichprojected... All theopeningsarearched,or are surrounded was always roof The theprincipalelementin thehousesofMystras. lintel.Thusthearchconstitutes 39 See Chapter 12 §2 and Appendix 8. 40 See Chapter 12 §§4-5 below. 41 See Chapter 12 §5 (ii) and table 12.20.

42 See Chapter 12 §2 and Appendix 8 (d), (k). 43 See §f,below. 44 Chapter 14 §5 (ii).

THE MEDIEVAL ARCHITECTURE, STRATIGRAPHYAND BURIALS §4

155

A different laterdateat Mouchliin Arcadia.46 Therearebuildings ofsimilaror onlyslightly gabled'.45 for the of D. R. G. is the construction, Sanders, parallel suggested largeoblongbuilding, style by datedto thesecondquarterofthe 12thcentury, in thesw corneroftheforumat Corinth.47 Thistoo consisted oflargepiers,hereat 2 m intervals, withblocking wallsbetween, laidinfoundation trenches. Its totaldimensions werec 22.5 m by f. 10 m. This was thelargestsecularbuildingin Byzantine Corinth. Structure LambdaVII was notsimilarin formto theFrankish towersofcentralGreece,but like have been the a centre of subordinate them, fiefdom.48] may, The fullextentof thebuildingis notknown.It mayhave extendednorth-eastwards intotrench Gamma2, whichwas excavatedin 1959. [Thistrench, 1.0 m N of Lambda and 4 5.0 x 1.5 m in only containeda building, Structure GammaI, whichwas considered'fairly and was in extent, recent',49 factMedieval(see fig.3.4 and plate 27 b).According to a sketchmadeat thetimeby theexcavator, R. Hope Simpson(noplansor sectionsweredrawn),itcontaineda rectangular corneroftwomassive walls,some90 cm thick,whichlayjustunderthesurface.One, nowcalledwallpa, rannw-sefrom thes baulk,whiletheother,wallpb, ranat rightanglessw-neintothen baulk.Althoughno such detailswererecordedat thetime,plate 27 b showsthattheyweremade of at leastfivecoursesof massivesquaredblocks(thebestmasonry foundanywhere on thesiteatanyperiod),andwerepreserved to a heightofabout1.25 m. To theE ofthesewalls,thesketchdepictsa T-junction oflesssubstantial thetrench: wall ran se-nw walls,whichdo notjoin theotherswithin into n baulkandwas the one, pc, c.32 cmthick, whereastheother,wallpd, ransw-neandwas c.40 cmthick.The latterwallextended intothes and e baulks.All thewallscontainedwhitelimemortar(see table 3.8). Plate 27 b even showsthata builtdrainran through the foundation of one wall close to whereitjoins the other. However,thedetailsare unclear,becausetherecordsare confused:plate 27 b is said to have been fromthew, butdoes notmatchtheplan,and I believethatit mayhave been taken photographed fromtheE afteran (unrecorded) removalofwallspc and pd. Thereis no recordthatanyofthese walls was and thatno further ofthemwasundertaken. removed, itisunfortunate impressive investigation the walls of Structure Gamma I were on thesamealignment as thoseofStructure [Although roughly LambdaVII andwerealmostcertainly withthem,theyweresketched as beingslightly contemporary off-axis in relationto thelatterbuilding.It is notcertainthatthisis correct. Ifthereis an errorin the ofthedrawing, itis possiblethatwalllx continued north-eastwards alignment beyondPierV toform theouterwallofthebuilding.An upper'whitecementfloor',some30 cm belowthesurface, should be interpreted as whitewash fromthecollapsedceilingand walls,as in Structure LambdaVII. Tiles wereplentiful in thedestruction ofcarbonisedbeams;thetilesimplya levels,as weretheremnants roof. The lower'cementfloor',some 70 cm belowtheupperone, probablyrepresents pitched the actualMedievalfloor,as canbe seenin sectionin trench Lambda3, fig.1.50 stratum as in that 5.Just thefoundations restedon EarlyMycenaeanlevels,withsomesherdsdatedto LH IIIC trench, Early. No wholepotsor smallfindsare recordedfromtrenchGamma2. formed a singleoblongbuildingwithitslongaxisrunning [Itis possiblethatthetwoStructures nesw,witha timber upperstoreyand tiledroof.Whenthelineofthedrainthatdirectedwaterintothe cistern orwellis projectedto these,itmeetsthecentreofwhatcouldbe reconstructed as an entrance or gateway,c. 3 m. wide,betweenPierV and a missingpier fig. opposite(see 3.4). If therewas a thana solidwallformed, likewalllx, bypierswithblocking, gatewayhere,rather itwouldhavebeen wideenoughforhorse-drawn vehiclesto be brought intotheyardand wouldhavebeen closedby a withiron(cf.perhapstheironhingeand fitting pairofheavywoodendoorsfitted 8044-8045).Ifthe gatewaywas opento thesky,thedraincan be supposedto haveturnedso thatitransouth-eastwards A drainin thislocationcouldhave caughtrainthatflowedoff alongthemiddleoftheentrance-way. roofson eithersidewiththeirridgesalignedon a nwtose axis;as we sawabove, theroofofStructure LambdaVII certainly had one pitchthatfacedsw.In thiscase thetwoadjacentbuildings couldhave been a pairofgatehouses withlivingquarters above. itsse wall couldhave been completedby a widerarch [If,however,therewas a singlebuilding, on piers.Thisarchcouldhavepresented a solidfront supported totheexterior, sincethearchescould havebeen walledup almostto theirfullheight;otherwise it couldhave incorporated a largedouble stout beams gate.An upperstorey, on the would have supported by arches, resting provideda suitably spaciouslivingarea,atleastc.5.3 m wideby 10.5m long.Thisstorey wasprobablybuiltofmudbrick, wattlesand plaster.It is likelyto have had windowsfitted withsolidwoodenshutters; it conceivably 45 Chatzidakis 108 1. 11n-ç»Q 46 Moutsopoulou iq8r. 47 Robinson 1962, 98-102 withfig.3.

48 Lock 1986. 49 Taylour 1972, 230, 252.

156

W. D. TAYLOURt AND R. JANKO

had one or morewoodenbalconiesor overhangs withwoodensupports, likethehousesat Mistra ofstonestepsat the describedabove.The upperfloorcouldhavebeen reachedby an exterior flight fordefence.The tiledroof additionalpossibilities wouldhave afforded rear;suchan arrangement twoon itslongersidestothenwand wouldhavehad a longridgeon a swtone axisandfourpitches, thatfellon thenwpitchoftheroofcould se and twoon itsshorter sidesto thesw and ne. Rainwater havebeenchannelled by thedrainintothecistern. GammaI couldperhaps LambdaVII andGammaI wereseparatebuildings, Structure however, [If, which as thebase of a towerwitha groinedvaultand a masonrysuperstructure, be reconstructed wouldhaveoffered greatsolidity.50] 5. OTHER AREAS betweenArea Lambda/Beta12 and Area Beta of 1974-77 to thene ofit [In theold Betatrenches is thene-swwallIs, thepresence wallsmaybe ofMedievaldate.The first two at least (seefig.1.34), 11 baulk; the end of thiswall Beta in the i2B/Beta erosion in was revealed of which 1974 by weredisusedin LH IIIC walls these hm and walls III LH the where overliesthepoint join; ga trenchBeta6, excavated of nw corner the into that hd e-w wall protrudes Early.The secondis the in i960 (seefig.1.35). jug, HS 125,51and a [TrenchBeta 6 yieldedmanyfinds.These includeda completeunpainted in a pit,whichwas was found The characteristic jug ridges,4081a. amphorabase withconcentric nearthe n baulk burnt contain to mudbrick, as possiblyan oven becauseit appeared interpreted and thestrip a from hook theringand harness, 8004, perhaps (plate27^).Bronzeobjectscomprised of were There roof. 8006. Twoironnails(8oi9a-b) mayattesta nearby manysigns fire,including Giventheapparentabsenceof whitelimeplaster. butnot,apparently, burntstone,ashandmudbrick, tile,thiswas probablyan open space.] Beta 12B The Medievalcookingpot4081b wasfoundin thesoilthathad beenwashedintotrench denier The 6. Beta trench from 8085 of between1963 and 1973. [Itprobablycamedowntheslope the down lower From A baulk. 1/1 cameto lightjustto thes in theBeta 2 Isabellade Villehardouin elaborate an with designof slopein trenchBeta 11 therecamethebuckle8001, whichis embossed delys,and thefire-steel 8008,whichmaylikewisebe a WestEuropeanartefact.] fleurs hillis attested the of the of by thesilverdenier8083, mintedforLouisVIII or IX top Occupation levelin trenchAlpha 10 duringthe at Toursbetweenad 1223 and 1266; thiswas foundin a surface totheswin trench stampfor Alpha8 wasfoundtheterracotta (seefig.14.12).[Just i960 excavations and matter burnt with bones, holybreadHS 261.52To theE, trenchAlpha 3 had tworubbish-pits m EarlyHelladic whichyieldedthelid or lamp4102. Anotherdeep pitwas cutdown 1.3 through levelsall thewaytobedrockin theE-central partofAreaEta,about10 m se ofAreaAlpha.Thispit, shownin planin fig.1.15 and in sectionin fig.1.22,yieldedno smallfindsat all. Medievalpottery wasfoundintheupperlevelsofAreaDeltaandinTrialTrenchVII, whereseveralburialsareprobably whetherthebuiltdrainsin trenchesBeta 11 and Delta 12, of thisphase.However,it is doubtful wallsbp and bq in thelatter,couldhave belongedto thisperiod withthecontemporary together was foundin Medievalpottery amountofpresumably ratherthanto LH IIIC Early.A 'remarkable' with ofthesite, possible extremity TrialTrenchVI, whichwas dugin 1963 in thenorth-easternmost were there from recorded sherds and the wheel-ridged tracesofa fortification wall;53 'soapy' heavily have could butdebatedquestion, ofthesite,an important ware.Thusthefortification probablyTaffy takenplacein theMedievalperiodratherthanduringtheLH IIIC Earlyphase.] rubbishpitexistedin AreaEpsilon,PitA. Containing piecesofglassand manyshells,it A further theLH IIIC Earlywallkc toa depthofatleast1.3 m (seetheplan,fig.1.2).Its wascutdownthrough whorl8066. bottomwas notreached.Thispitcontainedtheironknifeblade 8013 and theterracotta thependant In itwas also foundthepottery pendant7059,whichappearsto be Mycenaean.In plan was probably has theshapeof an axe and is piercedwitha hole at thenarrowend. [AreaEpsilon from finds The Zeta. Area the of the with associated waste adjacent or cultivated occupation ground all theaboveAreasarelistedin table 3.9.]

50On thefunction ofthiscomplexsee further Chapter14 §5 (ii) below. 51 Taylour1972,260 withpl. 50e.

52See §4 above;Taylour1972, 243 withpl. 5ie-f. 53 Taylour1972, 249-50.

THE MEDIEVAL ARCHITECTURE, STRATIGRAPHYAND BURIALS §6

157

6. THE BURIALS wereofBronzeAge foundin theearlierexcavations [W.D. Taylourbelievedthatall theinterments thatare definite and sevenmorethatare probable date.Thereare,however,at leasttwoexceptions or possible.See theperiodplan,fig. 14.12.] Thisnarrowcistgravewas covered skeletonofan adult.54 Deltaburial25 was thewell-preserved offourflat withlargeslabs.Onlyaroundtheskullwas thegravesupported consisting by masonry, thatthe It was the skull two on each side. on the stones stonesresting on upright slabs, protecting discardedskullDelta burial17 was found.The gravecontaineda male adultlyingon hisbackwith headtotheswandfeettothene. The armswerefoldedon thechest,theleftone abovetheright. The skeleton was in good condition. burial.The interment had no grave [ThreefactorssuggestthatDelta burial25 was a Christian the feet were orientated to the this man and was laid to with rest his arms crossed on his ene, goods, there are similar at burials Medieval Nichoria.55 The N wall of the cist ran overtheMiddle chest; Helladicjar-burial 18. The latestpottery in itswallswas LH IIIC Early,butthismaybe residual.The use ofslabsshowsthatno coffin was used. lack of in in AreaDeltais notable;56 cist-burials theupper [The gravegoods mostofthefull-length stratatherecontainedMedievalpottery in somequantity. In additionto Deltaburial25 threeothers, theadults12 and 24 and thechild27, lay supinewiththeirfeetorientated eastwards approximately and theirarmsfoldedovertheirchests.57 Burial27 overlaywallbo, whichwas certainly Mycenaean and probablyLH IIIC Early.Burial12 was possiblyassociatedwitha bronzeobjectdescribedas a miniature two-ended chisel(HS 226);58analysisofthemetalsuggests thatthisitemis ofLH I date.59 TrialTrenchVII nearbyyieldedMedievalas wellas MH pottery. Threeburialsthere,twoofthemin cists(burials2, 3 and 5), weresupine,orientated in thissame direction and lackinggrave-goods.60 Burial3 had itsarmsfoldedacrossitsstomachand containeda foldedlead strip(HS 229);61burial5 likewisehad itsarmsfolded.Ifa Medievalburying-ground was locatedon thenwslopeofthehilltop, theprevailing windswouldhavekeptanyodourawayfromthesettlement. burialsin cistsfoundduringthelaterexcavations arealmostcertainly [Twoinfant Medieval,namely Betaburials22 and 29: thesewereinterred the and in theyard.62 Thus there among outbuildings wereprobablyat leastnineMedievalburialsin all.]

54 Taylour 1Q72, 2 27 withol. aac. 55 Wade 108s, 308-0. 56 Taylour 1972, 227. 57 Taylour 1072, 22^-7 with 223 fier.1«. * laylour 1972, 225.

59 Appendix 5 withtable A5.1. 60 Taylour 1072, 228-q with 206 fier.2. 61 Taylour 1072, 228-Q withdI. AAe. 62 See Chapter 2 §4 above.

Chapter4 The EarlyHelladic Pottery J. A. MacGillivray fromthe1959and i960 excavations, an amalgamoftheEH I- II pottery Thisreport describes sampled made and thatrecoveredduringthe 1963 and 1973 excavations, and describedby D. H. French,1 availableforstudyin thesummerof 1981. in 1989.2In orderto roundoutthepicturewithmaterial towhichthe [Thischapterwas completed authordidnothaveaccess,theeditorhas addeditems1, ia and 217. See also 1404 and 5021. Fora waresee 2205 in Chapter5 below.Twootheritems,1856possiblepieceofEH III pattern-painted EH III or the transition toMH I. Ifso,however, 1857,mayrepresent theycomefroma verydifferent ceramictradition that EH from of I-IL] 1. EARLY HELLADIC I (1-13, fig. 4.1) The lowestlevels(baskets28 and 31) in the1973 TrialTrenchII B (S) in AreaEta3produceda small fromthestandardEH II waresand formsofthesiteand may groupofsherdsthatare quitedistinct the earliest of represent occupation AyiosStephanos. anotherdepositfromArea Eta belongingto thisphase,basket68, [Theeditorhas sinceidentified on thebasisofrecordsunavailabletoJ. A. MacGillivray whenhe preparedthisstudy, by meansofa statistical seriation Pieces and come from this basket. Two 2 and 12 burnished bowlanalysis.4 slipped deemedNeolithic or Aeginetan, butare rims,1 and ia, werefoundin AreaAlpha;thesewereat first almostcertainly ofthisperiod.Sinceslippedand burnished warepersisted intotheearlierphaseof EH II,5thesepiecesmaypossiblybe EH II Early.Item3 mightalternatively be interpreted theother as the base of a 'fruit-stand'. These are as in the from wayup usuallyholed, examples AyiosDhimitrios,6 andarefoundin Red Slippedand Burnished orfrom Ware,as in theexamplesfromStenoon Lefkas7 Asea.8ExamplesarenowknownfromtheLaconiaSurvey9 and Geraki.10 A 'fruit-stand' waspublished fromAreaDelta as HS 49, butthis,in a gritty was pinkfabricwitha creamslipand no perforation, datedto LH I-IL11One rim,11,has a rowofslashesincisedbelowit; similarpiecesare nowknown fromtheLaconiaSurvey12 and Kouphovouno.13] Bowl. Single rimfragment. D. (rim)30. Fabric [1. 'similar toNorthSlopeware'.Slippedandburnished brown to black.Describedand publishedas Neolithicby D. H. Frenchin Taylour1972, 268, withfig.3g. Alpha 1959 (probablytrenchAlpha 1), basketnotreported.Context notknown.] D. unknown. Fabricnot [ia. Bowl.Singlerimfragment. recorded. red.Originally identified Slippedandburnished as MH Aeginetan ware.Alpha7/8,1963,# 29. Context EH II.] EH, including ib. Bowl. Singlerimfragment. D. (rim)30. Coarse, reddish-brown fabricwithmanyinclusionsand tracesof

silver mica. Slipped and burnished reddish-brown throughout. Cavanaghand Crouwel19960,9, no. 10a,fig. 11.2,7. Eta 1973,#28. 2. ofrimand side. Largebowl.Fivejoinedfragments D. (rim)c. 33. Semi-coarse row orangefabric.Horizontal of diagonalovoidimpressions belowrimon exterior. Eta 1973,#68. Closedjar. Twojoined fragments of rim.D. (rim) 3. 12. Semi-coarse reddish-brownfabric; slipped and burnishedreddish-brown. Singlehole, D. 0.5, drilledin side. Eta 1973, # 28. [Or 'fruit-stand'? See introductory noteabove.]

1 Taylour1972,263-5. 2A fewpieceswerefirst inTaylour1972,andothers published in Cavanaghand Crouwel10060. 3 Fora oftheArea see Chapter1 §q above. description 4 Annendix i. 5 See Appendix1. 6 Zachos 1087,fier. ^4. 7 Zachos 1987,271.

8 Holmbere10.44.60. 63. 1a withfies.61. 12. 9 Cf. Cavanaghand Crouwel19960,12,no. 21 withfig.11.4 no. 13. 10Crouwel2002, 22 withfie.7. 11 Taylour1972, 245 withfig.23; its precisecontextis not established. 12Cavanaghand Crouwel10060,o no. 10b. 13Renard 1989,pl. 37. 1-2.

!59

i6o

J. A. MACGILLIVRAY

* 8

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variousfabrics Fig.4.1. EH I pottery: 1-5, 7-8, 10-13. Scale 1:3.

4. Open form,sauceboat(P). Rim fragment.D. uncertain. Finebufffabric, plainsurface.Shallowgroove on topofrim.Eta 1973,# 28. D. (rim)7.5. Fine buff Closedjar. Rim fragment. 5. coatedblackof neckand wholeexterior fabric.Interior brown.Eta 1973,#31« L. 4.5. Fine bufffabric. 6. Strainer. Singlefragment; has thinblackcoat;tracesofthree Interior plain;exterior Eta 1973,#31. Notillustrated. holespiercedthrough. ofrimand bodywithhandle. 7. Openjar.Fragments fabricwithmany D. (rim)c. 23. Coarse reddish-brown Eta 1973,#28. inclusions, plainsurface. D. (rim)c.33. Semi-coarse 8. Openjar.Rimfragment. fabricwithwhiteinclusions; reddish-brown plainsurface. Eta 1973,# 28.

D. (rim)c.40. Semi-coarse 9. Openjar.Rimfragment. Eta 1973,# withwhiteinclusions; buff fabric plainsurface. 28. Notillustrated. D. (rim)26. Semi-coarse 10. Open jar. Rimfragment. bufffabricwith white inclusions;plain surface.Eta 1973,# 28. D. (rim)c.20. Semi-coarse 11. Openjar.Rimfragment. bufffabric;plainsurfacewithsmallincisedslashesbelow rim.Eta 1973,# 28. D. (rim) c. 13. Semi12. Open jar. Rim fragment. interior coarsebufffabric;exterior burnished, plain.Eta 1973,#68. D. (base)7.5. Fine base.Base fragment. 13. Pedestalled of footcoatedblack; and exterior orangefabric;interior Eta 1973,#28. ofpotcoatedreddish-brown. interior

wareverysimilarto thatoftheFinalNeolithic Bowlib andjar 3 arein a redslippedand burnished and to and Euboea15 Attica14 of southern Blegen'sclassesAI and All, whicharefoundin EH I stages andwhichoccurat a number and Korakou levelsatZygouries,16 Eutresis,17 Perachora-Vouliagmeni,18 centralGreeceand thenorth-east ofsitesthroughout Péloponnèse.19 14 Spitaels1982,37-8. 15Keller 1082, *4-6. 16 Biegen1928,76-7.

17Caskeyiq6o¿, 130-40. 18Fossey1969,55, 60, 66. 19French 1972, 18-19.

THE EARLY HELLADIC POTTERY §2

161

[Bowl1 also belongsto thisware,and ia seemscloselyrelatedto it. It is also foundat Ayios in Triphylia, PeriodIla (= EH I/II).20] Dhimitrios The present is smallto allowforfirmconclusions, butas itis froma levelstratified below too group EH II levelsand doesnotcontainobviousFinalNeolithic itseemsbesttoregard theearliest elements itas belonging to a phaseofEH I. The EH I periodis notwelldocumented in Laconiaand western existedin Arcadia,despiteHolmberg'scontrary Greece,but it certainly view,althoughit is not stratigraphically proven.21 2. EARLY HELLADIC II EH II levelsandburialswereencountered at a numberoflocationsthroughout thesite.22 The material fromthe 1959 and i960 excavations was selectedduringearlierstudyseasons,and onlydiagnostic sherdswerekept.The remaining materialwas consideredinsufficient by theauthorforuse as the basisfora seriation of the at Instead,thematerialis study typesuccessfully employed Phylakopl.23 treatedhereas a wholeand studiedin orderofitsfabric, surfacetreatment, and form. of therecordskeptby theexcavator, for [Owingto theexcellenceand consistency J. B. Rutter, AreaEta,theeditorproduceda statistical seriation theserecordswereunavailabletoJ. A. analysis;24 whenhe preparedthisstudy.The analysissuggests thattwodifferent MacGillivray phasesofEH II can be distinguished. Those piecesfrombasketsdefinitely belongingto theearlierphase ofEH II, herecalledEH II Early,aremarkedwithan asterisk: theseare 21, 46, 117-118, 129, 132, 134, 156, fromthe 159, 161, 164, 168, 175, 190, 193-194,207-209, 211, 216, 218 and 222. Thosecertainly laterphaseofEH II, calledEH II Late,are markedwitha dagger:theseare 16, 23-26, 31, 37, 43, 86, 110, 112, 126, 135, 145, 149-151, 165, 174, 184, 203, 206 and 217. The remainder are undifferentiated EH IL] (i) Fabrics and Catalogue Therearetwomain,or common,ceramicfabrics, fourminor,oruncommon, fabrics and a fewpieces in singular fabrics. The twomainfabrics, buffand orange,aretreatedfirst and subdivided intogroups to the of the and the nature of the surface treatment. The has notbeen according quality clay clay identification is based on observation. analysed; macroscopic BUFF CLAY

The mostcommonclayusedto makeEH II pottery is a light-coloured soilthatcloselyresembles the buffclaysof theArgolidin appearance.The fineexamplesare well siftedand,in mostcases,well fired.The biscuitvariesin shadesfrompinkto brick-red. Fine buff fabricwithplain surface (14-27; fig. 4.2)

A smallnumberofbowls,saucersand sauceboatsare made offinebuffclaywiththesurfaceeither leftplainandunfinished or self-slipped, thepiecewitha moistsponge probablytheresultoffinishing or cloth. D. (rim)15. Taylour 14. Shallowbowl.Rimfragment. 1972,264 fig.36.14.Alpha1 1959,#6. D. (rim) 16. Zeta 15. Shallowbowl. Rim fragment. 1973,# 109. D. (rim)c. 16. Eta ti6. Shallowbowl. Rim fragment. *973>* 32. H. 5.5. D. (rim)8.8, 17. Saucer.Mendedbutcomplete. (base)1.9.Taylour1972,209,HS 8. AlphaBurial5, 1959, #2. 59-004.Notdrawn;shownin plate 28. 18. Saucer.Rimfragment. D. (rim)c.9. Zeta1973,#108. D. (rim)c. 10. Zeta 1973, 19. Saucer.Rim fragment.

# 108.

20.

# 108.

Saucer.Rim fragment. D. (rim)c. 10. Zeta 1973,

20 Zachos 1987, especially 169-70, 260-79. For surveysof EH I in thePéloponnèsecf.Howell iq7q, 108 and Zachos 108*7.2^72. 21 Holmberg 1944, 61-4.

*2i. Saucer.Rimfragment. D. (rim)14. Eta 1973,#65. 22. Sauceboat.Rim fragment. Zeta 1973, # 110. Not illustrated. of handle.Eta 1*23. Sauceboat.Two joined fragments !973>#27. withboss. Eta 1973, t?4- Sauceboat(?).Bodyfragment #30. of one-third of base. D. 4.5. Eta 1*25. Base. Fragment !973>#32. ofhalfofbase.D. 4.7.Eta 1973,#32. t*6. Base.Fragment D. (rim)c.20.Taylour 27. Openjar.Rimfragment. 1972, 264 fig.36.15.Alpha1, 1959,# 10.

22 See Chapter 1 §2 (vii) and §*k (vii-(vii) ' / x / ' - / above. *j ' 24

Davis and Cherrvio8zi.

Appendix 1.

i62

J. A. MACGILLIVRAY

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7 20

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29

Fig.4.2. EH II pottery: buffclaywithplainsurface14-16, 18-21, 23-27; buffclaywithpartially coatedsurface 28-29. Scale 1:3.

Fine buff (28-29; fig. 4.2) fabricwithpartiallycoatedsurface

Two open piecesare plainwithrimbandsin brownpaintsimilarto thatused on themonochrome coatedwaresbelow. D. (rim)11. Wide exterior 28. Saucer.Rim fragment. bandsof thinbrownpainton plain and narrowinterior surface. Alpha10, i960, #13.

D. (rim)c. 13. Wideexterior 29. Bowl.Rimfragment. bandsin dark-brown andnarrowinterior paint.Zeta 1973, #107.

coatedsurface Finebuff (30-88, figs.4.3-4.4) fabricwithmonochrome

dark-brown is in finebuffclaycoatedwithreddish-brown, oftheEH pottery The greatest percentage fromdulland crackedto one havinga whichwhenfiredgivesa surfacevarying or blackpigment, ofthecoat. metallicsheen,dependingon thequalityand consistency inplaster. H. 9. D. (rim)11.8-12.2, 30. Saucer.Restored (base)4.5. Thinblackcoat.Taylouri960, pl. 83c; Taylour 1972, 212, HS 11. Alphaburial16, i960, # 8. 60-004.

PLATE 28.

missing,thoughprofile tsi. Saucer.Many fragments complete;H. 8-9. D. (rim)12, (base)5. Thickblackcoat. Eta 1973, # 28. 73-710. [This was foundon a floor a mixture ofEH II Late and EH I sherds(see containing itis surelyEH II Late,sinceall above);as itis so complete, is fragmentary.] theEH I pottery 32. Saucer.Restoredin plaster;H. 8.8. D. (rim)14, (base)5.3. Blackcoatthroughout. Taylour1972,209, 264 fig.36.1, HS 5. Alphaburial3, 1959, # 3 (foundwith 160). 59-002. D. (rim)9.5. Reddish-brown 33. Saucer.Rimfragment. coatthroughout. Alpha8, i960, #3. D. (rim)c.9. Finegreycoat. 34. Saucer.Rimfragment. Zeta 1973,# 109. D. (rim)c. 11. Darkbrown 35. Saucer.Rimfragment. Zeta 1973,# 109. to blackcoatthroughout. D. (rim)12. Reddish-brown 36. Saucer.Rimfragment. coatthroughout. Alpha1, 1959,#6. D. (rim)12. Finegreycoat t37- Saucer.Rimfragment. Eta 1973,#32. throughout.

D. (rim)c. 12. Thinbrown 38. Saucer.Rimfragment. coatthroughout. Alpha8, i960, #18. D. (rim)13. 39. Saucer.Threejoined rimfragments. Thick,metallicblackcoat throughout. Alpha 7, i960, # 19, # 22. PLATE28.

D. (rim)13. Tracesofdark Saucer.Rimfragment. 40. coat,worn.Alpha1, 1959,#3. D. (rim)14. ThickbrownSaucer.Rim fragment. 41. blackcoatthroughout. Alpha7, i960, #4. D. (rim)16. Blackcoat on Saucer.Rim fragment. 42. interior worn.Alpha2, 1959,#3. exterior; D. (rim)16.Worndarkgrey. t43- Saucer.Rimfragment. Eta 1973,#30. D. (rim)17.Thinblackcoat. Saucer.Rimfragment. 44. # Alpha7, i960, 4. D. (rim)c. 17. Coatedbrown Saucer.Rimfragment. 45. 10, i960, #13. throughout. Alpha D. (rim)c. 12. Coateddark ♦46. Saucer.Rimfragment. Eta 1973,#65. brownthroughout. D. (rim)12. Coated dark Saucer.Rim fragment. 47. brownto blackthroughout. Alpha1, 1959,#10. D. (rim)c. 12. Thinbrown Saucer.Rimfragment. 48. Zeta 1973,# 109. coatthroughout. D. (rim)12. Coatedbrown Saucer.Rimfragment. 49.

THE EARLY HELLADIC POTTERY §2

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coatedsurface Fig.4.3. EH II pottery: buffclaywithmonochrome 30-54. Scale 1:3. Delta 1, 1959,#3. to blackthroughout. D. (rim)13. Coatedbrown 50. Saucer.Rimfragment. to blackthroughout. Alpha1, 1959,#6. D. (rim)14. Coated black 51. Saucer.Rim fragment. worn.Alpha1, 1959,#9a. throughout; D. (rim)15.Coated 52. Saucer.Twojoinedrimfragments. thinbrowntoblackthroughout. Alpha7, i960, #7. D. (rim)16. Coatedbrown 53. Saucer.Rimfragment. to blackthroughout. Tracesofpossibleinciseddecoration

on exterior. Alpha8, i960, #3. Rimfragment. D. (rim)16. Coatedbrown Saucer. 54. to blackthroughout. Alpha 1, 1959,#3. withhandlestubs. 55. Sauceboat.Largerimfragment Coatedblackthroughout. Shallowgroovebelowlowerstub of strap (?)-handle.Taylour1972, 264 fig.36.4. Alpha 1, 1959,# 2. withlowerhalfofdouble 56. Sauceboat.Bodyfragment handle.Coatedblackthroughout. Alpha 1, 1959,#9a.

J. A. MACGILLIVRAY

164

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Fig. 4.4. EH II pottery:buffclay withmonochromecoated surface55-57, 62-88. Scale 1:3. Sauceboat. Five fragments(threejoined) of foot, 57. lower side and rim.D. (base) 5.2. Coated brown to black on exteriorand reddish-brown on interior.Alpha 7, 1960, # 15.

Sauceboat. Rim fragment.Burnishedand possibly 58. slippedgreenish-brown. Alpha 3, 1959, #4. Not illustrated. Sauceboat.Fragmentsofbellyand rim.Coated black 59. on exteriorand brownon interior.Taylour1972, 240, HS 35- 59-°°9- Alpha 4, 1959, # 3. Not illustrated. Sauceboat. Rim fragment.Coated black; interior 60. worn.Zeta 1973, #110. Not illustrated. Coated black on exterior 61. Sauceboat. Rim fragment. and dark brown on interior. Zeta 1973, # 110. Not illustrated. Base. Fragmentoflowerbody and foot.Coated dark 62 . brownthroughout. Zeta 1973, # 109. Base. Fragment of one-third of base. D. 4.5. 63. Interiorof footplain, otherwisecoated darkbrown.Alpha 1, 1959, * 3of base withrim Base. Fragmentof three-quarters 64. # 4. D. c. Worn 7, i960, 4.5. grey. Alpha chipped.

Base. Fragmentofhalfofbase. D. 4.5. Interioroffoot 65. plain,otherwisecoated darkbrown.Alpha 2, 1959, # 2. 66. Base. Fragmentof one-thirdofbase. D. 4.5. Interior of footplain, otherwisecoated thickdark brown.Alpha 7, i960, #14. Base. Almostcompletebase. D. 4.5. Interioroffoot 67. interiorofpot coated plain; exteriorcoated reddish-brown, thickbrownto black. Zeta 1973, # 112. Base. Fragmentof half of base. D. 4.5. Interiorof 68. footplain,otherwisecoated thickblack. Zeta 1973, # 106. Base. Complete foot.D. (base) 4.9. Coated brown 69. to black throughout.Alpha 7, i960, #15. of completefoot.D. Base. Three joining fragments 70. (base) 5. Coated thickbrown throughout.Alpha 7, i960, #15-. Base. Base fragment.D. 5. Coated thick black 71. throughout.Zeta 1973, # 109. D. 5.5. Interiorplain; exterior Base. Base fragment. 72. coated black. Zeta 1973, # 108. Base. Fragment of one-quarter of base. D. 5.5. 73. Coated brownto black throughout.Alpha 10, i960, # 3.

THE EARLY HELLADIC POTTERY §2 74. Base.Completefoot.D. (base)6. Coatedthindarkbrownthroughout. Alpha7, i960, #19. D. 6. Coated black 75. Base. Small base fragment. # worn. Zeta 1973, 109. throughout, D. 6. Tracesofblackcoat 76. Base.Smallbasefragment. Zeta 1973,# no. throughout. ofone-quarter ofbase.D. 6.5 Coated 77. Base.Fragment blackthroughout. Zeta 1973,# 109. D. 7. Coatedthickblack 78. Base.Smallbasefragment. Zeta 1973,# 108. throughout. 79. Deep bowlor cup. Halfof rimand side withone handle mended.D. (rim) 17.Coated thindark brown throughout. Taylour1972,240, pl. 45e, HS 37. Alpha7, i960, # 3. 6O-OO2. PLATE28.

80. Basin. Rim fragment. D. (rim)38. Coated dark brownthroughout. Zeta 1973,# 108. 81. Basin.Rimfragment. D. (rim)uncertain. Coateddark brownthroughout. Alpha8, i960, #3.

165

D. (rim)20. Coateddark 82. Openjar. Rimfragment. brownthroughout. 264 fig.36.7. Alpha2, 1972, Taylour i959> * 3. D. (rim)24. Coatedthin 83. Open jar. Rimfragment. brownthroughout. Zeta 1973,# 108. 84. Spoon. Fragmentof one end withhandle stub. Coatedthinbrownthroughout. Alpha7, i960, #9. 85. Lid. Halfoflid and handle,rimchipped.D. (max.)4. Interior coatedbrown.Alpha 1, 1959,#6. plain,exterior D. (rim) t86. Smallclosedjar.Twojoinedrimfragments. Eta 1973,#32. 7.5. Wornsilver-grey. D. (rim)c. 13.Coated 87. Smallopenjar.Rimfragment. reddish-brown throughout. Taylour1972, 264 fig.36.6. Alpha8, i960, # 28. 88. Largeclosedjar. Twojoinedfragments ofrimand neck.D. (rim)11.5. Interiorof neckand exterior coated dark brown.Neck made separatelythen attachedto shoulder. Alpha8, i960, # 16.

Fine buff monochrome andyellowmottled fabricwithcombined (89) surfaces

A singlefragment ofan outsplayed combines theabovemonochrome base,mostlikelyfroma sauceboat, coaton theinterior ofthevase andthetechnique ofcoatingthesurface witha yellowslipandburnish on theexterior ofthefoot. ofthree-quarters ofbase.D. 4.5.Foot 89. Base.Fragment has yellowmottledsurface;interior of vase coatedblack andburnished. Mostsimilarto 64 in profile. Alpha1, 1959,#3. Notillustrated.

Fine buff fabricwithyellowmottled (90-106; fig. 4.5) surface

Fivecertainand tenprobablefragments ofsauceboatsand one rimfragment ofa possibleaskosare in a veryfinebuffclay,oftenfiredpink-grey, coatedwitha fineyellowslipand burnished (described below as Yellow MottledWare). Examples are oftenmottledand worn surfacesvary from greyto pink. ofspout.Alpha1, 1959,# 1. 90. Sauceboat.Fragment of spout.Taylour1972, 264 91. Sauceboat.Fragment fig.36.3. Alpha1, 1959,# 2. 92. Sauceboat.Fragmentof back withhandle stub. Alpha1, 1959,#2. of back with 93. Sauceboat. Two joined fragments handle.Alpha1, 1959,#9. ofbackwithupperhandlestub. 94. Sauceboat. Fragment

Zeta 1973,# 108. Couldbelongto94. Zeta 95. Sauceboat.Rimfragment. X973»# 1Q8-Notillustrated. withupperhandlestub.Alpha 96. Askos.Rimfragment 1, 1959,#6. 97. Base. Fragmentof completefoot.D. (base) 3.6. Alpha1, 1959,#7.

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Fig.4.5. EH II pottery: buffclaywith'yellowmottled' surface 90-94, 96-106. Scale 1:3.

J. A. MACGILLIVRAY

i66

Base. Fragmentof complete foot. D. (base) 3.9. 98. Uneven flangeat base. Alpha 1, 1959, # 3. Base. Fragmentof completefoot.D. (base) 4. Alpha 99. 1, 1959, #6. 100. Base. Fragmentof base and lower body of vessel. D. (base) 4.5. Alpha 1, 1959, # 6. ofbase. D. 4.5. Zeta 1973,# 108. 101. Base. Smallfragment 102. Base. Complete fragmentof foot. D. (base) 4.9.

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Fig. 4.6. EH II Late pottery:buffclay withcream slippedsurface107-123, 125-129, 132-139. Scale 1:3.

THE EARLY HELLADIC POTTERY §2

1140

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167

/-|42 143

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buffclaywithcreamslippedsurface140-144,i46-i46a. Scale 1:3. Fig.4.7. EH II Latepottery:

Fine buff (io7-i46a; figs. 4.6-4.7) fabricwithcreamslippedsurface

The secondmostcommoncategory ofEH II fabric, afterthefinebuffclaywithmonochrome coated surfacediscussedabove (30-88), is made of finebuffclay coatedwitha pinkishwhiteto creamwithoccasionalmottling thatwearsto silver-grey colouredpigment and black.The slipis oftenthick and adheresmuchmoresuccessfully to thesurfacethanin thepreviousMonochromecoatedware, butless so thanin theYellowMottledWarethatit seemsto imitate, albeitwithout burnishing. Only twopieces,sauceboat130 andjar 146,haveinciseddecoration. to theseriationanalysisbased onJ. B. Rutter's records,whathe calls CreamSlipped [According of EH II Late,shouldnotappearin basketsdatedto theearlierphase,yeta few Ware,diagnostic pieces,the saucers117-118, sauceboat129 and bases 13? and 134 are publishedfromthe two a slightoverlaphere.] largestbasketsofthatphase,baskets65 and 66.25Therewas apparently ofrim,sideandbase;H. 4.6,D. (rim) 107. Bowl.Fragment 11.6,(base)5. Taylour1972,241,pl.45Ì,HS 44. Alpha10, 1963,#23. 63-035. 108. Bowl.Fragment ofrim,sideandbase;H. 4.8,D. (rim) 15,(base)4.Taylour 1972,264fig.36.11.Alpha1,1959,#10. D. (rim)15. Alpha1, 109. Bowl.Rimandsidefragment. 1959,* 9a. D. (rim)18.Eta 1973,#32. tuo. Bowl.Rimfragment. 111. Bowl.Rimfragment withhandlestub.D. (rim)c.20. Alpha7, i960, #4. ofrimand foot. fu«. Saucer.Twonon-joining fragments D. (rim)15,(base)4. Eta 1973,#30. 113. Saucer.Rimfragment. D. (rim)14.Alpha1,1959,#3. D. (rim)12. Alpha 1, 1959, 114. Saucer.Rimfragment. #9a. D. (rim)13.Alpha1, 1959,#7. 115. Saucer.Rimfragment. 116. Saucer.Rimfragment. D. (rim)13.Alpha7, 1960,#7. D. (rim)15.Eta 1973,#65. *ii7- Saucer.Rimfragment. *n8. Saucer.Rimfragment. D. (rim)11.Eta 1973,#66. 119. Saucer.Rimfragment. D. (rim)12.Alpha1,1959,#7. D. (rim)13.Alpha1, 1959,#6. 120. Saucer.Rimfragment. 1« 1. Saucer.Rimfragment. D. (rim)15.Alpha1, 1959,#6. 122. Sauceboat.Twojoinedfragments ofspout.Alpha1, *959>* 3>925

ofspout.Alpha7, i960, #3. 123. Sauceboat.Fragment 124. Sauceboat. three back Eightfragments: joinedtoform withstubsforarchedhandle,andfivenon-joining fragments ofspout, rimandbody.Alpha7, i960,#7. Notdrawn; shown in plate 28. withhalfofarchedhandle. 125. Sauceboat.Rimfragment Alpha1, 1959,#2. withtopofvertical fi26. Sauceboat.Rimfragment straphandle.Eta 1973,#32. withtopofvertical 127. Sauceboat.Rimfragment straphandle.Alpha7, i960, #14. withtopofvertical 128. Sauceboat.Rimfragment straphandle.Alpha1, 1959,#6. withtopofvertical *i29- Sauceboat.Rimfragment straphandle.Eta 1973,#65. ofspout.Groupofthinly incised 130. Sauceboat. Fragment chevrons belowrimon exterior. Alpha7, i960, # 3. Not drawn;showninplate 28. Zeta 1973, # 110. Not 131. Sauceboat.Rim fragment. illustrated. ofhalfoffoot.D. (base)4. Eta 1973, ♦132. Base.Fragment #65. ofcomplete foot.D. (base)4.4.Alpha 133. Base.Fragment 7, i960, #7.

Appendix 1, table A 1.3.

J. A. MACGILLIVRAY

i68

♦134. Base. Fragmentofbase. D. 4.5. Eta 1973, # 66. ti35- Base. Fragmentof one-thirdof foot.D. (base) 5. Eta 1973»* 27. offoot.D. (base) 6. Zeta 1973, 136. Base. Small fragment # 109.

137. Base. Small fragmentof footwithchipped rim. D. (base) c. 4.5. Zeta 1973, # 109. 138. Base. Completefoot.D. (base) 4. Alpha 8, i960, #5. 139. Base. Complete foot.D. (base) 4.4. Alpha 7, i960, #7. withlowerstrap-handle 140. Askos.Small body fragment stub.Alpha 1, 1959, # 3. D. (rim) 14. Cavanagh 141. Jar or askos. Rim fragment. and Crouwel 19960, 12, no. 22b. Alpha 1, 1959, # 6. 142. Jar(?).Body fragmentwithcompleteverticalstraphandle.Alpha 8, i960, # 5.

143. Spoon. Large fragmentof bowl, handle missing. Taylour1972, 264 fig.36.13. Alpha 4, 1959, # 9. ofbowl.Alpha 4, 1959, 144. Spoon. Twojoined fragments #9. 1*145. Spoon. Tip of bowl. Same type as 143-144. Eta 1973, # 27. Not illustrated. ofrim,one 146 . Bridge-spouted jar. Twojoined fragments of spout and one of body withpart of double diagonal(?) handle. D. (rim)c. 25. Thinlyincised diagonal lines below rimcontinueon spout.Alpha 8, i960, # 3, 5. plate 29. 146a. Base of i46(?). Fragmentof one-quarterof foot.D. (base) c. 15. Very similar to 146 in fabric and surface to understandhow it mayjoin; but it is difficult treatment, to guess what otherformit may be from. it is also difficult Alpha 8, i960, # 3. plate 29.

Semi-coarse (147-151; fig. 4.8) buff fabricwithplain surface

are made of whatappearsto be the same buffclay as already Smallgroupsof utilitarian pottery well less refined, examplesandangular havinggritsinthecase ofthesemi-coarse although catalogued, blackened have the of Most in thecoarsepieces. surfaces, inclusions theywere suggesting openjars usedforcooking. ofrimwithcomplete 147. Open jar. Twojoined fragments handle. D. (rim) 16. Raised band of incised diagonal lines at rim.Alpha 7, i960, # 15. 148. Open jar. Rim fragment.D. (rim) c. 20. Interior blackened.Zeta 1973, # 109.

ti49- Open jar. Rim fragment.D. (rim) c. 20. Eta 1973, #27. fiso. Open jar. Rim fragment.D. (rim) c. 50. Eta 1973, #27. D. (rim)14. Eta 1973,#27 fisi. Closedjar. Rimfragment.

treatment Semi-coarse (152, fig. 4.8) buff fabricwithsurface of rim.D. (rim)33. 152. Open jar. Twojoined fragments Horizontalgroove to black throughout. Coated dark-brown below rimon exterior.Alpha 1, 1959, #10.

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THE EARLY HELLADIC POTTERY §2

169

Coarsebuff (153-156; fig. 4.8) fabricwithplain surface 155. Open jar. Rim fragment.D. (rim) uncertain. on raisedband Horizontal zone ofdeep ovoidimpressions on exterior ofrim.Zeta 1973,# 109. D. (rim)uncertain. Eta ♦156. Open jar. Rim fragment. 1973»* 69,-

D. (rim)c. 30. Exterior 153. Open jar. Rim fragment. Zeta 1973,#113. blackened.Rimlugat exterior. 154. Open jar. Rim fragment.D. (rim) uncertain. Horizontal zone ofdeep ovoidimpressions belowrimon exterior. Zeta 1973,# 109.

Coarsebuff treatment (157-159; fig. 4.8) fabricwithsurface D. (rim)35. Slippedwith 157. Openjar. Rimfragment. cream-coloured coatthroughout. Horizontal lugsatexterior ofrim.Alpha1, 1959,# 2. D. (rim)c. 22. Coated 158. Open jar. Rim fragment. brownto dark brownthroughout. Horizontalzone of

belowrimon exterior. deep ovoid impressions Alpha 1, 1959,#6. D. (rim)uncertain. Exterior ♦159. Openjar.Rimfragment. coatedbrown.Horizontalraisedband on exterior below rimwithdeep ovoidimpressions. Eta 1973,#69.

ORANGE CLAY

The secondmostcommonclay is orange-coloured withoccasionaltracesof silvermica. It fires to a limitedrangeoforangeshades. consistently Fine orange fabricwithplain surface (160-167; fig. 4.9)

Thissmallgroupofsaucersand baseshas plainor self-slipped surfaces. 160. Saucer.Complete,foundinside32; H. 5.5, diam. (rim)c. 7.5, (base) 2.5. Taylour1972,209, 264 fig.36.16, HS 6. AlphaBurial3, 1959,#3. 59-003.plate 29. *i6i. Saucer.Rimfragment. D. (rim)10. Eta 1973,#65. 162. Saucer.Rimfragment. D. (rim)8. Zeta 1973,# 113. D. (rim)c. 9. Zeta 1973, 163. Saucer.Rim fragment. # 108.

D. (rim)c. 19. ♦164. Saucer.Twojoined rimfragments.

Eta 1973,#66. Notillustrated. 1-165.Base. Completefoot.D. (base)3.8. Eta 1973,#27. 166. Base. Fragment oftwo-thirds ofbase. D. (base)3.3. Potter'smarkof hastilyincisedstrokeon underside. Zeta 1973,# 108. offoot.D. (base)5.5.Alpha8, i960, 167. Base.Fragment #5.

Fine orange fabricwithpartiallycoatedorpattern-painted surface (168-169; FIG-4-9) *i68. Saucer.Rimfragment. D. (rim)10.Brownhorizontal bandsin and out.Eta 1973,#65. Reddish169. Smallclosedform.Shoulder(?)fragment.

brownpainteddecoration in uncertain on exterior. pattern Zeta 1973,# 109.

Fine orange coatedsurface fabricwithmonochrome (170-178; fig. 4.9)

This smallgroupof saucersare monochrome-coated witha paintthatfiresfromreddish-brown to black. makecomplete 170. Saucer.Numerous joinedfragments profile;H. 5.9, D. (rim)10, (base) 4.5. Coated reddishbrownthroughout. Taylour1972, 240, 264 fig.36.8, HS 36. Alpha4, 1959,# 10. 59-010. ofrimandside. 171. Saucer.Threenon-joining fragments D. (rim)11.5.Coatedreddish-brown Zeta1973, throughout. # 109.

D. (rim)12.5.Coatedreddish172. Saucer.Rimfragment. brownthroughout; interior worn.Alpha4, 1959,#3. D. (rim)19. Coated thick 173. Saucer.Rim fragment. reddish-brown to blackthroughout. Alpha8, i960, #5.

D. (rim)19. Coatedblack ti74. Saucer.Rim fragment. worn.Eta 1973,#27. throughout; D. (rim)12. Surfaceworn ♦175. Saucer.Rim fragment. darkgreythroughout. Eta 1973,#66. of foot.D. (base) uncertain. 176. Base. Smallfragment Coatedreddish-brown Zeta 1973,# 109. Not throughout. illustrated. offoot.D. (base)5.5. Coated 177. Base. Smallfragment redthroughout. Zeta 1973,# 108. ofhalfoffoot.D. (base)8.5. Coated 178. Base.Fragment blackthroughout. Zeta 1973,# 108.

Fine orange fabricwithcreamslippedsurface (179-188; fig. 4.9)

Similarto finebufffabricwithcreamslip,butin thiscase theslipdoes notadhereas well. ofrim,sideandbase;H. 3.6,diam. 179. Bowl.Fragment (rim)15, (base)4.2. Alpha1, 1959,#3. 180. Saucer.Rimfragment. D. (rim)16. Alpha 1, 1959, #6.

181. Sauceboat.Fragment ofspout.Alpha1, 1959,#9. 182. Sauceboat.Fragment ofspout.Alpha7, i960, #3. Zeta 1973, # 106. Not 183. Sauceboat.Rim fragment. illustrated.

17°

J. A. MACGILLIVRAY

Fig.4.9. EH II pottery: fineorangeclay160-163, 165-175, 177-182,184-188.Scale 1:3.

offoot.D. (base)4. Eta 1973,#27. ti84- Base.Fragment ofrimandcomplete doublehandle. 185. Askos.Fragment Alpha7, i960, #3. plate 29. 186. Askos.Fragmentof shoulderwithlowerhalfof doublestrap-handle. Alpha1, 1959,#9a.

D. (rim)c. 27. 187. Askosor closedjar. Rimfragment. Alpha1, 1959,#9a. 188. Lid. Complete; H. 2, D. 4.3. Taylour 1972, 245 fig.22.1, pl. 47d left,HS 48A. Alpha 10, 1963, # 23. 63-019.

Semi-coarse (189-194; fig. 4.10) orange fabricwithplain surface

silvermicainclusions. Orangefabricsimilarto thefineorangeclay,butwithgritsand frequent D. (rim)14.Zeta 1973,# 109. 189. Bowl.Rimfragment. of ♦190. Sauceboat. Numerousnon-joiningfragments rimand body,halfofbase. D. (base) 5. Eta 1973,# 69. 73-7*5 Zeta D. (rim)uncertain. 191. Largebowl.Rimfragment. # 110. 1973,

Zeta D. (rim)uncertain. 192. Largebowl.Rimfragment. 1973,# 112. D. (rim)c.38. Eta 1973, ♦193. Largebowl.Rimfragment. #66. Eta D. (rim)uncertain. ♦194. Open jar. Rim fragment. 1973,#66.

THE EARLY HELLADIC POTTERY §2

,

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192

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Semi-coarse orange fabricwithredslip(195-196; fig. 4.10) 195. Sauceboat. Fragmentof spout. Thinly incised on exterior downspout.Alpha4, 1959, decoration running #10. plate 29.

D. (rim)24. Inciseddiagonal 196. Bowl.Rimfragment. slashesand verticallug belowrimon exterior. Alpha 8, i960, #3.

Coarseorange (197-205; fig. 4.10) fabricwithplain surface D. (rim)17.Roughly 197. Bowl.Rimfragment. impressed dotsbelowrimon exterior. CavanaghandCrouwel19960, 10,no. 12b (dated'EH I-IF). Alpha 10, i960, #3. D. (rim)34. Roughdiagonal 198. Bowl(?).Rimfragment. incisions belowrimon exterior. Alpha10, i960, #3. D. (rim)uncertain. Zeta 1973, 199. Bowl.Rimfragment. # 109.

D. (rim)c.20.Zeta 1973, 200. Largebowl.Rimfragment.

# 109.

D. (rim)31. Deep,ovoid 201. Largebowl.Rimfragment.

BROWN

CLAY

(206-210;

FIG.

on topofrim.Alpha 10, i960, #4. impressions D. (rim)c. 50. Zeta 1973, 202. Openjar. Rimfragment. # 109.

D. (rim)c. 55. Horizontal t2<>3. Openjar. Rimfragment. zoneofinciseddiagonalslashesbelowrimon exterior. Eta 1973»#27. D. (rim)uncertain. Zeta 204. Smallpithos.Rimfragment. 1973,# 109. of foot(ofopenjar?). D. (base) c. 205. Base. Fragment 15. Zeta 1973,# 109.

4.I1)

D. (rim)16. Semi-fine f2o6. Closedjar. Rim fragment. fabric.Interior smoothed. Eta 1973, plain,exterior lightly #32. rimfragments withhalf ♦207. Openjar.Twonon-joining of verticalhandle.D. (rim)uncertain. Semi-coarse fabric withplainsurface. Horizontal rowofthindiagonalslashes belowrimon exterior. Eta 1973,#69. D. (rim)uncertain. *2o8. Openjar.Rimfragment. Coarse

fabricwithplain surface.Horizontalrow of deep ovoid belowrimon exterior. Burnt.Eta 1973,#66. impressions D. (rim)38. Semi-coarse ♦209. Largebowl.Rimfragment. fabricwithplainsurface. Eta 1973,#66. 210. Largebowlor openjar. Twojoinedrimfragments. D. (rim)c.45. Coarsefabricwithburnished surface. Raised horizontal band withinciseddiagonalslashesbelowrim. Alpha 10, i960, #10.

REDDISH-BROWN CLAY (2II-215; FIG. 4.I1) D. (rim)17. Semi-fine *2ii. Saucer.Rimfragment. fabric withself-slipped surfaceand roughfinishing markson the exterior. Eta 1973,#69. D. (rim)c. 10. Semi212. Open jar(?). Rim fragment. coarsefabricwithburnished surfacethroughout. Alpha8,

i960, #5. D. (rim)uncertain. Semi213. Open jar. Rimfragment. coarsefabric withplainsurface. inciseddecoration Roughly on exterior. Alpha7, i960, #7. D. (rim)uncertain. Semi214. Largebowl.Rimfragment.

J. A. MACGILLIVRAY

172

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Fig.4.11. EH II pottery: uncommon fabrics 206-221.Scale 1:3.

coarsefabricwithplainsurface. Zeta 1973,#110. ofrimandside 215. Largeopenjar.Numerous fragments withheavystrap-handle. D. (rim)50. Coarsefabricwith LIGHT BROWN CLAY (216219,

FIG. 4.I1)

ofrimand body *2i6. Largebowl.Numerous fragments withone horizontal handle.D. (rim)39. Semicoarse gritty fabric.Eta 1973,#66. 73-726. H. 4, wholeprofile. One sherd,preserving [t2i7- Platter. withlargeamountoffine diam.(rim,est.)40. Coarsefabric andsomemediumgrits.Thickened slopingrim,spreading base.Fracture andflattened 2.5YR5/8(red);interior profile surface10YR 6/3 surface 2.5YR 5.5/6(lightred);exterior GREY-GREEN CLAY (22O~22i;

andburnished surface. numerous Alpha angularinclusions 7, i960, #15; Alpha8, i960, #18.

(pale brown). Interiorvery finelysmoothed(lightly smoothed. DescribedbyJ.B. Exterior burnished). roughly Rutter. Eta 1973,#53. 73-719.] of edge withone verticalhole *2i8. Strainer. Fragment fabricwithtracesof D. 10. Semi-coarse piercedthrough. Eta 1973,#65. 73-723. redcoat,blackenedon underside. fabric ofhandle.Semi-coarse 219. Frying pan.Fragment withtracesofredcoat.Eta 1973,#50. 73-715.

FIG. 4.I1)

coloured clay verysimilarto thatof Corinth,and Two sherdsare in a fine,slightlyporous grey-green it seems mostlikelythatthe two vases originatefromthatquarter.

THE EARLY HELLADIC POTTERY §2

173

fabrics Fig.4.12. EH II pottery: 222-223.Scale 1:2. singular

offoot.Finefabric, worn.Zeta 220. Base.Smallfragment 1973,# 109. of base and lowerside of closed 221. Base. Fragment

form.D. (base) c. 5.5. Finefabric.Plaininterior, exterior coatedin thindarkbrown.Potter'smarkof singlestroke acrosscentreofunderside. Alpha8, i960, #3.

SINGULAR FABRICS (222~223; FIG. 4.12) *222. Closed form.Threejoined shoulder(?)fragments. fabric.Interior Veryfinepink-orange plain.Exteriorselfand decorated with fine reddish-brown slipped paint.EM ILAEarly.Eta 1973,#66. 73-724.plate 29. ofbody;handle 223. Frying pan. Twojoinedfragments and one side missing.H. 1.7, D. (rim)10. Semi-coarse

reddish-brown fabricwithnumerousinclusions and plain surface. Underside decorated withdoublelinesofimpressed aroundedge and acrossbase ofhandle.Taylour triangles 1972,240-1 fig.18,pl. 45f,HS 40. Alpha8/1and 10/7 baulks1963,# 29. 63-023.plate 29. 224-1000. Numbersnotused.

(ii) Commentaryon Fine Wares in buffclaymakesup 66% of thetotaland is mostprobablylocallymade. YellowMottled Pottery Wareis includedwiththebuff fabrics becauseitcannotbe distinguished one suspects however, visually; thatit was imported, from the because of the limited of forms and thevery perhaps Argolid, range closetechnical to Argivepieces.The orangefabricmakesup 21% ofthetotaland couldbe similarity The otherfabrics are so rarethattheyareprobablynotproduced regardedas a secondlocalproduct. not be from far fabriccouldbe locally,althoughtheymay very away;forexample,thegrey-green fromtheCorinthia. PLAIN WARE

The fineplainwaresin thebuffand orangeclaysareproducedsimilarly by eitherleavingthesurface of thevase untreated or finishing it witha damp clothor sponge,givinga thin,fine,self-slipped surface.This class corresponds at Zygouriesto Blegen'sClass D, 'UnpaintedWare'.26 It seemsto towardtheend oftheperiod.27 belongto a maturephaseofEH II and at Lernais mostplentiful PARTIALLYCOATED AND PATTERN-PAINTEDWARES

Fourvases in finebuffand orangefabricsrepresentthisclass,whichstandsbetweenplain and monochrome coatedwares.Threeare shallowbowlsor saucerswithroughlypaintedbandsat the rim.Thesecorrespond to Blegen'sClass BI, 'Partially CoatedWare',in whichthesaucerseemsto be themostcommonform.28 The fourth Warewith piece,169,belongsto Blegen'sClass CI, 'Patterned 26 Biegen 1028, 106-11. 27 Caskey 1960Û, 289.

28

Biegen 1928, 83-6.

J- A- MACGILLIVRAY

174

in darkcolouron a lightground'.29 EH II pattern-painted at Lerna30 decoration is notplentiful pottery and forms a minorcategory itoccurs.31 wherever COATED WARES

MONOCHROME

Greeksites,is coatedwitha as at mostcontemporary at AyiosStephanos, The mostpopularpottery and and thinto lustrous in from dull and in red to black colour from of quality layer paintvarying and cracksor peelsawayfrom¿hesurfaceeasily.Mostexamplesare thick.It is veryrarelyburnished toBlegen's basesareleftplain.ItCorresponds ofpedestalled butoftentheinteriors coatedthroughout, 'Varnished' or is also known as 'Urfirnis' and ClassBII, 'GlazedWare- completely coated',32 pottery.33 fromhigh oftheEH II period,andwhilea reverseprogression Glazedwareis thetypicalfinepottery atAyiosStephanosdoesnotpermit thestratigraphy tolowqualityhasbeenobservedin theArgolid,34 oftheware. aboutthelocal development observations YELLOW

WARE

MOTTLED

at AyiosStephanosis in YellowMottledWarein finebuffclay.The distinctive The finestpottery withareasofintentional surfaces wearingto zonesofgreyand silverymottling slippedandburnished The techniques closelyto Blegen'sClass All, 'PolishedWare YellowMottled'.35 pinkcorrespond areso similarthatitseemsmostprobablethattheAyiosStephanosexamplesareimported andforms central as maybe mostofthehighqualityexamplesofthiswarefoundthroughout fromtheArgolid, the end towards Greece.The wareis notfoundintheearlystagesofEH II anddecreases andsouthern II.36 EH of withthedevelopedstages a periodofmanufacture oftheperiod,suggesting corresponding CREAM-SLIPPED

WARE

CoatedWareis coatedwitha whiteor afterMonochrome The secondmostcommongroupofpottery on the to almost and thin from cream-coloured depending transparentthickand lustrous, slipvarying it resembles Coated Monochrome resembles It Ware; the of and visually slip. technically quality quantity Thisclassdoes notseemto havebeen YellowMottledWareand couldbe takenas a poorimitation. and maybe linkedto Class treatedby Biegen,butis similarto the'WhiteSlippedWare'ofAsine37 DD at Berbati.38 (iii) Forms SHALLOW BOWL

indentedbasesoccurin Plainand Cream-Slipped roundedbowlswithflator lightly Shallow,slightly are between fabrics. and buff in fine wares Heightsvaryfrom4.3 to 4.6, and rimdiameters orange II formalso EH a standard at IIA of bowls to similar are Tiryns,39 Type very 15.0 and 18.0. They Messenia.43 and Boeotia42 knownfromLerna,40 Corinth,41 SAUCER

stemmed tothemas 'miniature refers knownas saucers(Taylour cups' Smallfootedbowls,commonly at form EH ofthesite),are themostcommon in earlierpublications AyiosStephanos.The relative however,twogeneral typology; paucityof completeexamplesdoes notallowfora comprehensive has a simplerim first The on the basis of manufacturing techniques. typesmaybe distinguished Completeexamplessit endingin a bluntpoint(18-91, 30-45, 112-117, 160-164, 168, 170-174). withflatsurface(46rim shaved or bases.The secondtypehas a tooled on bothringandpedestalled Wareand displays Mottled Yellow 54, 118-121,175, 180).TypeI occursin all thefinewaresexcept and occurs less II is in profileas saucersofTypeII fromTiryns.44 frequent thesamevariation Type Coatedand CreamSlippedwares. onlyin Monochrome 29 Biegen 1928, 103-4. 30 Caskey 10600, 202. 31 E.g. Waage 1Q49, 420. 32 Bleeen 1028, 87-101. 33 Waacre

io/io.

AIQ-20.

34 Caskey 1960a, 289. 35 Bleeen 1028, 70-81. 36 Biegen 1928, 78-9; Caskey 1960Û, 289.

37 Frödin and Persson io*8, 210. 38 Säflund 1965, 142. 39 Weisshaar 1981, 227 fig.72. 40 Caskey 19600, 291 fig. 'c. 41 Waage iqaq, pl. 61 right. 42 Caskey io6oô, fig. 11, VIII. 1, 21. 43 Korres 1079, 146 fig.27. 44 Weisshaar 1981, 223 fig.68.

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Saucers17 and 160, fromburials,are verycrudelymade,withthefootbeingno morethanthe ofa finger insidethebase.The EH II osteotheke at Perachoraalso containedroughly made impression and finished whichsuggests thatEH pottersmayhave been producinga rangeofhastily ceramics, madepiecesexclusively forfunerary use.45 SAUCEBOAT

The distinctive oftheEH II period,occursin all the spoutedbowlknownas thesauceboat,hallmark finewaresexceptPartially withCaskey'stypology46 CoatedWare.Comparison is difficult, as thereare no completeexamples.However,theverticalstrapand doublehandleson fragments 23, 55-56, 9394 and 126-129 look as thoughtheymayhave belongedto examplesofTypeIII. Two fragments, archedhorizontal handleslikethosefoundon TypesI and II. Noneofthe 124-125,havehigh-swung characteristics ofTypeIV couldbe identified. BASES OF SAUCERS OR SAUCEBOATS

A largenumberoffragments ofbasesin all thefineclassesexceptPartially CoatedWarecouldbelong eitherto saucersor sauceboats.Theyrangefromhavinga low ringfoot(25-26, 97-105, 132-137 and 165-166) to a highpedestalledfoot(63-78, 106, 138-139 and 167). The ringfootis typicalof The pedestalled footis rarein theArgolido-Corinthia,48 butcommon Argivesaucersand sauceboats.47 in centralGreeceand Atticaand perhapsalso in Laconia.49 ASKOS

Therearesixfragments thatprobablybelongto askoidjugsin YellowMottledWare(96) and CreamWare ofthis (140-141 and 185-187).Theyhavestrapor doublehandles,a commonfeature Slipped formin EH II,50and similarto thoseon sauceboatsofTypeIII, e.g. 56, and largecup 79. [A duckaskoswithsimplelinearpatterns in blackon a light-brown sliphas been foundat Geraki.51] SPOON

Thereare fourfragments of thecharacteristic EH II clay spoonin MonochromeCoated (84) and wares(143-145). The formconsistsof an elongatedbowl roughly8 to 9 cm. long Cream-Slipped witha shortrectangular handle.Although notin greatquantity, spoonsarefoundat mostEH II sites in centraland southern Greece. LID

Thereare twoexamplesof smalllids withpiercedhandleson top,85 and 188, but no evidence forthejars theywouldhave closed.Similarlids are foundat EH II sitesthroughout centraland southern Greece.52 LARGE CUP

itmayhavehad two.It is nota 79 is a largecupwithone verticaldoublehandlepreserved, although commonEH form,as sauceboatsprobablyservedas drinking cups,butcertainly belongsto EH II becauseofitsfabricand thesimilarity ofthedoublehandleto thoseon sauceboatsand askoi. LARGE HANDLED BOWL

111 is therimfragment ofbowlthatis uniquein havinga handleseton theside belowtherim.It ofthepedestalledbowlwithtwohandlesknownfromAsea in Arcadia.53 maybe a localvariation BRIDGE-SPOUTED

JAR

146146a is a problematic and apparentsingularity. piece becauseofitspoor stateofpreservation The upperpart,146, comprises of the rim and of a fragments bridgedspout largeopenjar. 146a is a 45Hatzipouliou-Kalliri 108«, 370-7k. 46 1960a, Caskey 290. 47Caskey10600,200 fig.ib, d, e). 48Fahy1062, 104. 49 E.g. Harding,Cadoganand Howell 1969, 133 figs.10-11; Coldstream and Huxley1972,fig.35:74-6, 87-9.

50 Korres1070 pl. n*Ô. 51E.g. Crouwel2001, 2* withpl. xm. 52 Biegen1928,88 fig.76:101; Holmberg1944,70 fig.73c, 7953 fig.81c. Holmberg1944,64 fig.67, 69 fig.72.

J. A. MACGILLIVRAY

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it base in thesamefabricand classand foundtogether withtheupperpart,although highpedestalled is difficult EH form.There to see howtheyjoin.The bridge-spouted nota well-known jar is certainly is a spoutfromAsea thatmaybe froma similar vaseand also appearstobelongtotheEH II period.54 FRYING PAN

fabrics and areprobablyimported. Twofragments ofEH frying 219 is part pansoccurin uncommon I II EH and of the ofa barredhandleofthetypemostcommonon mainlandfrying periods.55 pans ofthetypefoundin a mixedNeolithic-EHlayer 223 hasa rectangular piercedhandleanddecoration at Asea.56Bothpiecesareprobablyofmainlandmanufacture, 223 mostlikelyfromAsea. SCHEMATISED

WARE

andTombII atLebena(Lenda).58 vaseverylikeEM ILAexamplesfromKoumasa57 222 is a schematised in Dark-on-Light The fabric, hatchedpattern ware,and paintedspotsare verymuchat homein EM fromcentralCreteandprovidesa useful In all likelihood222 wasimported HA EarlyCentralCrete.59 linkbetweenEH II Earlyand EM IIA Early. chronological thefullrangeofwaresand forms fromAyiosStephanoscomprises oftheEH pottery The majority localvariations; commontomostsitesoftheEH II periodin mainlandGreece.Thereareno striking insteadwe mayassumeclosecontactwiththecentresofEH society. AyiosStephanosmayhavebeen untila maturestageoftheEH II period,afterwhich in EH I and thencontinuously occupiedfirst thisapparentgap maybe misleading thereis no evidenceuntiltheMH I period,although giventhe smallareatestedby excavation.

54 Holmberg 1944, 72-3 fig.74g. 55 Coleman 108*, 108-201. 56 Holmberg 1944, 87 fig.88b.

57 Xanthoudides 1924, pl. XXVIII 4123-4124, 4142. 58 Alexiou and Warren 2004, 114 pl. 107 no. 509. 59 Wilson 1985, 323-4 P218; Wilson 2007, 61.

Chapter5 withtheMiddleHelladicwares The MiddleHelladicpottery, marks fromLateHelladicdepositsand thepotters5 C. Zerner

hercataloguein 1990,butrevisedtherestofthisChapterextensively note:C. Zernerfinalised [Editor's in 2003 in thelightofhercontinuing researchat Lerna.Sinceitwas impossibleto alterheroriginal I haveindicatedthedatesof numeration totakeaccountofthesubsequent refinements, chronological thoseitemswhichdiffer fromthemajority of thosein each sectionof thecatalogue.In addition,I have inserteda fewitemsof stratigraphie thesehave not been studiedby C. Zerner. importance; brackets indicate Square myadditions.] 1. ABBREVIATIONS AND DEFINITIONS OF TERMS In additionto theusualabbreviations at thefront ofthisvolume),the (see the'ListofAbbreviations' technicalceramicvocabularyused hereis derivedprimarily fromShepard1956, and Gibsonand Woods1990. Burnish: ofthesurfacearea ofa vesselwitha hard-edged toolthatleavesvisiblemarks, manipulation in orderto producea compactedlayerwithlustre(opp.polish). Central Area:theCentral Areaencompasses thenorth-east and central Corinthia) Péloponnèse(Argolid, Greece(Attica, Boeotia,Euboea,Phocis).1 CeramicGroup:see below, §3.

(bothclayin itsnaturalstateand clayas preparedbythe Clay:unfired claywithitsmineralinclusions withtempering sometimes materials). potter, theadjectiveis usedto referto theislandsoftheCyclades,homeofone ofthethreedistinct Cycladic. in theMBA, alongwithMinoanand Helladic cultures DB: DarkBurnished ware. D-o-l:dark-on-light, decoration ofdarkpainton a lightground. DP: Dull Paintedware. GM:GreyMinyanware. Fabric, thefiredclay,bestvisibleon a freshfracture ofa sherd. Handmade or madebyhand:no visiblesignsof turning on thewheelor of throwing withcentrifugal force(opp. turned, wheel-thrown).

Helladic:threetraditions, considered to have cultural ratherthanexclusively geographic significance, arerecognised here:Helladic,Minoanand Cycladic.Unliketheislandareas,themainlandis very largeand characterised, especiallyin thelateEBA and MBA, by regionalvariationand diversity. Whenused here (otherthanin chronological such as EH, MH and LH), Helladic designations refers to thematerialcultureas represented at sitesin the Central Area. executed with a utensil or material of somekindintothesurface when Impressed: designs by pressing thevesselwas stillmoistenoughto receiveit. Whenthedesignsare individualmarksmade by in ratherdeeplythepointedend ofa tool,theyare termedpunctate. repeatedly pressing Incised: drawn witha hard-edged tool (withpointedor squaredend). designs Lamination: termused to describethesurfacesofvesselsthathave flakedoffin a multitude ofthin or layers plates(laminae). LD: LustrousDecoratedware. L-o-d:Light-on-dark, decoration ofwhitepainton a groundofdarkpaint. 1 In thisI followDickinson 1977, 17. 177

178

C. ZERNER

MattPaint thecapitalisedwordsMattPaintdesignate of the paintthatcontainsa largepercentage mineralmanganese, whichcausesthecolourtoremaindarkbrown,greyorblackin bothoxidising andreducing conditions2 andproducesa dullormattappearance.The termMattdistinguishes firing it frompaintcomposedprimarily of ironoxides,whichfiresto a lightcolourin an oxidising in a dark a reducingone. This iron-oxide or to colour paintcan be lustrousor can atmosphere in thin after use anddeposition, it a or because was dull or either because, matt, layer applied appear itslustrehas wornoff. Minoan:theadjectiveis used to describea personor objectfromtheislandof Creteor to referin thatoriginated on thesameisland(i.e.Minoanpotting techniques). generalto a tradition used to this has been term designatea class of potteryor a styleof decorationthat Minoanising. The pot in questionmayhave been manufactured derivesfromMinoanstyles.3 except anywhere on theislandofCrete.Thereis roomforconfusion here,forexamplewhenone wishesto referto ofKytherain EB II/III who are presumedto havebeen Minoans.In ofthesettlers thetraditions as Minoan. and theirstyleor tradition to as Kytherans thistext,thesepeopleare referred MP: MattPaintedware. betweenthe two proceduresof slipping,the coatingof Paint(see also slip):thereis a distinction thedecorating withwater(i.e.a slip)and painting, ofvesselswitha fineclayin suspension surfaces a when This becomes or witha colourant ofsurfaces slipis coloured confusing (i.e.paint pigment). witha pigmentand is used bothto slip and to decorateor paint.In thistext,the termpaint designatesa colouredpigmentused to drawpatternsand sometimesto coat largeareas. Slip fromthatofthefabricor itscolouris indistinguishable whether a coatingofthesurface, designates is but to draw used is not which alwaysappliedas a solidor semi-solid patterns totallydifferent, termsdescribetheappearanceof these In other and words, Burnished). coating(e.g.Red Slipped used. materials of the notthecomposition thesurfaces, witha softmaterial(e.g.cloth,leather, ofthesurfacearea ofa vesselby rubbing Polish:manipulation a to in order thatleavesfewvisiblemarks, produce compactedlayerwithlustre(see also fingers) burnish). on thesurfaceof a vesselbeforeit was fired.The or impressed marka markor sign,incised Potter's itis notknownwhoactuallymadethese word'potter'is usedforthesakeofconvenience, although marksor whytheyweremade. see impressed. Punctate-,

Slip(see alsopaini):a coatingoffineclayoverall or mostofthesurfaceofa vessel.Thiscoatmaybe finer added to give the surfacea smoother, of a colourclose to thatof thefabric,intentionally fabric the from different withpaint,or ofa colourvery appearanceor to prepareitfordecoration Burnished and Red ware). Slipped (e.g. ofvessels,causedbyraisingthetemperature ofthesurface orflaking Spallingtermusedforthepitting after or othercarbonates oflimestone or by theblowingoutofinclusions too quicklyduringfiring theyhad absorbedwaterand expanded. or tournette, withthehelp of a turn-table thistermis used to describea pot manufactured Turned: throwthe and force to producecentrifugal whichwas rotatedbut notwiththe speed sufficient or turnedbutnotwheel-thrown. vessel.Potsmadein thiswaymaybe termedwheel-made or surface of or treatment, Ware(also'DecorativeClass'4):a decorative e.g.DarkBurnished style type MP ware. thatit a termusedwhenthereare definite Wheel-thrown: signson thewallsofa vesseldemonstrating forcenecessaryforthrowing. thecentrifugal was made on a potter'swheelcapableof providing waswheeltobe oflocalmanufacture fromAyiosStephanosthatis considered Noneofthepottery in theMBA: evidenceforitexistsonlyon was notwidespread The use ofthistechnology thrown. and in centralGreece(e.g.trueGM). traditions Crete(andin Minoanpotting elsewhere) YM:YellowMinyanware. 2. CHRONOLOGY used hereforthephasingof theMBA on themainlandof Greecederivefroma The designations In manywaysitis a difficult fromLernaand AyiosStephanos. periodto the detailedstudyof pottery a is and standardise to perplexing the and sequences terminology chronological understand, attempt 2 Farnsworthand Simmons 1063. 3 Rutterand Rutter1976, 10-12.

4 Zerner

1993.

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POTTERY §2

179

is thelackofexcavatedsitesthathavea long, andfrustrating One reasonforthisdifficulty enterprise.5 istheregional well-stratified seriesofdeposits; another ofwares,fabrics andshapescharacteristic diversity oftheperiod.At one particular site,suchas AyiosStephanosor Lerna,theremaybe a numberof in thesamechronological different traditions assemblage.One cannotbase thesequence represented ononefeature alone,forexample,a vesselshape(suchas thecarinated cup)ora manufacturing technique in becausepotters different traditions andindifferent (suchas wheel-throwing), working regions produced thesameshapesandemployedthesametechniques atdifferent times.A solution adoptedfortheLerna materialand thenappliedto theceramicsofAyiosStephanosis a sequenceforeach ceramicgroup in generalMH terms. (defined below),whichis thensetintoa largerframework I havedividedtheMH periodatAyiosStephanosintothreephasescorresponding to early(MH I), middle(MH II) and late(MH III). A tripartite that refers to the mainland a as wholeis more system difficult to establish, forthesame reasonsconcerning thatare outlinedabove. ceramicchronology itmaynowbe bestto discardthatsystem forthemainland,sinceitis notgenerally Although agreed I it find the most convenient to refer to the on, upon, way phasesofthetwositesI havebeenworking Lernaand AyiosStephanos. Sincethefirst for attempt byWaceand Biegen6tolinktheirmainlandsequenceto thoseestablished CreteandtheCyclades,scholars havetriedtorefine therelative on the basis of Minoan and chronology and theirinfluence on trendsin ceramicproduction on themainland.7 Thishas not Cycladicimports been successful: confusion about the divisions and the in manner which the correlations abounds, always aremadeis partly toblame(primarily, ourpracticeofbasingchronology on stylistic influences andon as but examined or confirmed as such scientific Even potsdesignated imports rarely so, I means). by to continue link to the Helladic of the Central Area and the southern prefer sequence Péloponnèseto theCretanone,becauseI am basingthecorrelation neitheron a smallnumberofCretanimports at mainlandsites,noron instances ofstylistic influences ofMinoanon mainlandceramics, buton imports andthesequenceofLD waresintheceramicgroupMudstoneandChert.The development ofwaresin thisgroupcanbe comparedtothatoflustrous fromKythera, towhich paintedMiddleMinoanpottery itsfabric, itsmanufacturing anditsstylistic characteristics are(macroscopically) closelyrelated. Although thesiteorsiteswhereLD wasproducedcannotbe identified atthisstagein ourresearch,8 Laconiaand arethemostlikelycandidates.9 Whether itspotters wereworking inoneoftheseareasexclusively Kythera or at different sitesand in different in contactwithone another, areas,theywereconstantly usingthe sametechnologies and styles.Minoanin inspiration, LD is bestdescribedas a provincial warewhich mirrored theMinoansequencein generalbuthad a restricted repertory, utilising onlya fewofthe and decorative shapes patterns popularon Crete. Usingas a modelthesiteofLerna,whereall ofthemajorHelladic,Cycladicand Minoanwares in stratified contexts theMH period,one can incorporate theotherwares appeartogether throughout intotheLD (i.e.Kytheran andMinoan)sequence.Thusthemainlandchronological sequencepresented in thistextis linked,through to theMinoan.The majordivisionsand correlations are EM Kythera, III/MM IA = MH I, MM IB-II = MH II, and MM III = MH III. Becauseoftherestricted natureof theMinoanelements in theLD repertory, onlya generaloutlinemaybe applied. At AyiosStephanos, LD was one of a numberof different ceramicwaresin use throughout MH and earlyLH: changesin one ofthemthatsignified a separatechronological were not stage always hereis accompaniedby noticeablechangesin anotherware.The chronological sequencepresented based on indicators, someclear,othersuncertain, in thestratigraphical record. (i) Middle Helladic I (= Early Minoan III/Middle Minoan IA) Thisphaseis equivalent to Kythera DepositGamma,witha possibleimportfromAyiosStephanosat It corresponds to EH III/MH I through Kastri,a base thatmaybe DP ware.10 MH I at Lerna. MH I is wellrepresented at AyiosStephanos.Althoughthestratigraphical recordis notclearor consistent fromArea to Area,thereweretwomainsubphases,MH I Earlyand MH I Late.Three MH levelsin AreaZeta mayprovideevidenceforoccupationofthesitefromTransitional EH early III/MH I, whichwouldrepresent a thirdsubphase.The twoupperlevelsdateto MH I Earlyand Late;in thelowestlevel,thereweresherdsofceramictypessimilarto thosefoundin Transitional EH 5 Zerner 1993, 39-40. 6 Wace and Biegen 1017-18. 7 For recent discussions of tripartiteschemes and relative chronologysee Rutter19930, 776 withn. 132; Dickinson 1994, 9-17.

8 See Rutter and Rutter 1976, 64; Rutterand Jones 1977; Tones 1086. a2 1-a. 9 See Tones and Whitbread in Annendix 2. 10 Coldstream and Huxley 1972, 94, no. 39.

C. ZERNER

i8o

III/MH I deposits at Lerna. A few other examples of these early types were also found in later basketsin Area Zeta and elsewhereon the site. Almostall thepottery, bothlocal and imported,was handmade.The ceramicassemblage,although in theArgolidand elsewhere,differed fromcontemporary some wares found assemblagesin containing theCentralArea. The ceramicfeaturescharacteristic ofeach subphaseare describedin §§(a)-(c) below. (a) TRANSITIONAL

EH Ill/MH l(?)

All ofthewaresmostcharacteristic ofMH I AyiosStephanosappear in thisearliestphase: DB, DP, LD and Coarse. Typicalof thistransitionalstage are DB cups and bowls withevertedrims,eitherwith roundedprofileand pronouncedswellingoftheshoulder(1037, and 2214 fromtheearlierexcavations) or withconvex angularprofile(1036). A GM bowl (1064), probablyan importfromthe north-east Péloponnèse,can be dated to late EH III or veryearlyMH by itswide,nearlyverticalrim. (b) MH I EARLY

DB cups and bowls of MH I Earlyhave two characteristic profiles:angular,withshoulderstendingto the concave (1054, 1057, 1191); and carinated,characterisedby deeply concave shoulders(10551056, 1058). The DB carinatedcup was handmade and preceded the appearance of the same shape in LD and Minoan wares, which is dated to MM IB/II and was wheel-thrown.Anothervessel representedin thesedepositsis a smalljar withwide mouthand evertedrim(1060-1061). Decorative plasticribbing(1197-1198) and incised (1057) and impressed(1062) patternsmay belong to MH I Earlybut were more typicalof the nextphase, MH I Late. In DP, the most common shape is a bowl within-turnedrim,in small (1066) and large (1069) sizes.Althoughd-o-1was theusual styleof decoration,in thisphase thereis also bichrome(1069) and 1-o-d(1074). Simple,linearpatterns,horizontal,diagonal and verticallines and bands (1073, 1204) and diagonallyhatchedtriangles(1073) are most common althoughgarlands(1071), crosses (1074) and arcs (1206) are also found. LD was produced in fineand mediumcoarse fabrics,in the shapes of roundedcups (1075-1076), jars withflaringrims (1079). All were decoratedwithsimple,linear jugs (1078) and narrow-necked in DP, in 1-o-d(1078), d-o-1(1080), and polychrome(1076) styles. those found similar to patterns, Potters'markswere incisedon jugs (1077) and jars (1081). Coarse ware vesselsforuse in the kitchen,withburnishedor unburnishedsurfaces,were produced in two basic shapes thatchangedlittleover the course of MH: a roundedbowl withevertedrimand handles (1004), sometimesdecoratedwithincision(1086-1087); and a wide-mouthed jar high-swung withevertedrim (1046), oftenwithknobs on the shoulder(1049) or inciseddecorationon the top of the rim (1088). The firstimportsfromCrete appear in contextsof MH I Early (1082-1084, 1218-1221). All were to determine.Goblet handmade and date to MM I; however,the precisesubphase of MM is difficult MM IA;11roundedbowl 1084 maybe MM IB.12However,itis clearfromcorrelations 1082 is certainly withmaterialfromMH I Lerna and froma MH I Earlymainlandimportto Knossos in MM IA (the DB roundedbowl withevertedrim and swollen,grooved shouldersimilarto 1196 fromthe Royal thatcontactbetweenCreteand themainlandbegan in theprepalatialperiod. Road Southfilldeposit)13 into the earlypalatial period whichmay overlap in timewith continued This contact uninterrupted a MH I Late, well-documentedphase at Ayios Stephanos. (c) MH I LATE

In DB, the carinatedcup (1237) and bowl or basin with ribbed or ridged shoulder (1009-1010) continuedfromthe earlierphase. New shapes were introduced:a jar withhorizontalbelly handles (1849) and a flask(1851-1855). New decorativepatternswereincisedor impressed:especiallycommon is the garland (1102-1103), a motifthatwas popular throughoutMH and into LH. The decorative but more complex decorativesystemsappear on patternson DB are usuallysimple and rectilinear, flasks(1851-1852). This phase was theheydayofDP ware,whichwas producedin a varietyof shapes: cups and bowls rims(i860), jugs withroundedprofilesand evertedrims(1858-1859), bowls or basins within-turned 11Momigliano1991,fig-1:3. 12No shape of this kind appears in prepalatialcontexts

publishedin Momiglianoìqqi and 2000 orMacGillivray 1998. 13See Momigliano2000, 102-3 wit^nn-64"5-

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rims(1122-1123).Decorativepatterns withbeakedspouts(1117),andnarrow-necked jarswithflaring continued fromtheearlierperiod,withtheadditionofcross-hatched doublegarland(1122),firtree and (1123) lozenge(1330). AllLD pottery washandmadeinbothfinefabric, in theshapeofa cupwithangular(1124-1126)or rounded(1127)profile, nevercoatedon theinterior; andinmedium-coarse intheshapeofa jug fabric, a and narrow-necked with rim The one of the most characteristic vessel last, (1265) flaring (1130). jar forms inLD, wasusuallydecorated ind-o-1 with horizontal zones of the style patterns, including diagonally hatchedtriangle schemearealso foundin contemporary DP (1255). (1270).The shapeand decorative The otherLD shapesweredecorated in 1-o-d but in also d-o-1 and Patterns predominantly polychrome. are mainlyrectilinear, and bands and lines horizontal, vertical, oblique comprising (1265-1270)and hatched but there are a few such as and small filled circles others, (1270); triangles drips (1873).Decorative bandsofclaywereaddedto shoulders and small dots to inbarbotine surfaces (1872) clay applied style Potters continued to mark their (1124-1125). (1015). products Minoanimports, sherdsoftwoMM IB/II cupsor bowlswithroundedprofilesand evertedrims were in MH I Late basketsin AreaNu,indicating found thatthisphaseextendedinto (1878-1879), theearlypalatialperiodon Crete. (ii) Middle Helladic II (= Middle Minoan IB-II) Thisphaseis equivalent to Kythera a DB DepositDeltawitha possibleimportfromAyiosStephanos, handle.14 MH II at like MM IB/II at Kastri on is not well strap AyiosStephanos, Kythera, represented.15 In theArgolid,itcorresponds to DietzPhaseMH II Late and final.16 MH II is a well-defined phaseatsitesintheCentralAreawhereitis characterised bytheappearance of the carinatedcup shape in GM, MP and LD wares,a chronological indicatorthatcannotbe appliedat AyiosStephanos.The carinatedcup was first producedin DB warein MH I and theMP carinated is not in attested at the site. The sameshapein LD, whichwas notproduced cup anyphase beforeMH II, continued in laterphases.17 at AyiosStephanos,thereis some Althoughthisis a difficult phase to identify stratigraphically evidenceforitin thefollowing sequencesin AreasNu,Zeta and Eta: OvertheMH I Late apsidalbuildingNu I lay RutterDepositsA and B,18bothwithLD carinated ofMH II in the cups,and DepositB witha LD roundedcup withevertedrim,shapescharacteristic CentralArea.Although therewas nota largeamountofmaterial in thesedeposits, neither contained thatcouldbe datedto MH III. TwoLD carinated anything cups(notcataloguedhere)camefromNu 1977 baskets45 and 27 thatlay above MH I Late and belowMH III Early.In AreaZeta,basket78 withLD carinated debrisofMH I Latedate(whichcontained handmade cup 1168 overlaydestruction LD cup 1124).In AreaEta,basket55 whichoverlaybasket58 ofMH I Late date,was contaminated by latermaterialbut also containedmaterialthatmay be describedas MH II in character. The ceramiccharacteristics ofthisphaseare describednext. A new shape in DB was the hole-mouthed jar withthickenedrim (1295-1296). Othershapes continued butexhibited newfeatures: forexample,shoulder-handled bowlswerefashioned withmore shorter and slightly moreupright complexrimprofiles shoulderwas givento (1294),and a thicker, thecarinatedcup (1911),a progression towardthegobletshapecharacteristic ofMH III. The flask andjar shapesofMH I wereno longerproducedand thereseemsto have been a concentration on ofdrinking and mixingvessels(cup/goblet and bowlor basinwithridgedshoulder). production DP ware,so prevalentin MH I, continuedbut thereis no indicationof changesin shape or decorative patterns. In thisphase,thepotters ofLD first begantouse thewheelfornewshapesin finefabric:a carinated cup (1168, R27-28, R36) and a roundedcup withevertedrim,also knownas a semi-globular cup (1938). Bothwereof Minoan originas was anothernew shape in medium-coarse fabric:a holemouthed bothinterior jar (1950).On cupspaintedin1-o-dandpolychrome andexterior surfaces styles, werecoatedwithdarkpaintforthefirst time(1168). A fewnewcurvilinear and spiraliform patterns relatedtothosepopularon Kamareswarewereaddedtothedecorative (thesearerepresented repertory at Lernabutnotas clearlyat AyiosStephanos).The spiral stratigraphically was drawnexclusively in 1-o-d(R22); thed-o-1dottedfilledcircle(1345) maybelongto MH III Early.Also in thisphaseor in 14Coldstream and Huxlev 1072. q>7.no. a^. 15Coldstreamand Huxlev iQ72, 278. 16Dietz 1 99 1, 44-57.

17See Coldstream and Huxlev 1072, 27Q. 18Rutterand Rutter 1976, 16-19.

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on thejar withnarrowneckand thenext,thehatchedtriangle, one of themostcommonpatterns semicircle was the hatched or cross-hatched rim, (cf.1391).The plasticdecoration flaring replacedby usedin MH I no longerappears. Coarsewarevesselforcooking rimcontinued tobe thepreferred Thewide-mouthed jar witheverted withno apparentchanges(1989-1997). Micaceous Minoan ware, typicalof latestMH and early LH, may have firstappeared in MH II (1308).19 (iii) Middle Helladic III Early (= Middle Minoan IIIA-IIIB) LikeMH II, thisphaseoverlapswithKytheraDepositDelta.20 MH II at AyiosStephanosand at Lernathereis evidencefortwophasesofMH III. The first After is heretermedMH III Early;thesecondhas twopossiblesubphases,MH III Late and Transitional thatsignalthe MH III/LH I. At bothsites,thereweresignificant changesin theceramicrepertory MM II Late to related and decorative new in which a MH of III, phase patterns shapes beginning ofseparatephaseswithin and MM III wereadded to theLD repertory. However,theidentification MM III has been a problemforscholarssinceEvansdividedtheperiodintoMM IHA and IIIB.21 it is Becauseof thisand because of theunclearnatureof MM II and earlyMM III on Kythera, of characteristic to datethisphaseon themainlandin Minoanterms.The ceramicfeatures difficult thisphaseare describedbelow. Newin thisphaseis a ring-stemmed gobletwithT-rim(1364, 1485).The usualDB cupsandbowls in buttherearenewvariations to be usedfordrinking, in varioussizescontinued eatingand mixing, shoulder bowl or basin,now termeda goblet,has a straighter The shoulder-handled theirprofiles. evertedor nonexistent and small,slightly rim,and handlesthatwerelaid up morecloselyto the rim(2007). moreupright also The carinated shoulder(1920,R4). developeda shorter, cup its took soon a new and was no DP ware ware,MP, place. In MH II Late or longerproduced fabric(1930, 1978, with MP of an have been MH III Early,theremay gritty stage experimental III Early (1368, MH in introduced first was an not is if intrusion, 1980-1981), which, 1929 is III MH to dates that basket in a anothersherdofMP gritty Early, clearlyan intrusion). primarily III Late to Transitional MH next the until all common at was not phase, However,MP gritty later. MH III/LH I. MP fineappearedeven in finefabric,the In thisphase,new shapesof Minoanoriginwereadded to theLD repertory: carinated The hole-mouthed and cup (1399) and jar (1373). Vapheiocupin darkgroundstyle(1370) an undecorated the with indarkgroundstyle, exceptions: following cup(1939)continued semi-globular it came fromthe as later be which carinatedcup (1932) and one in lightgroundstyle(1935, may unitNu 1977 basket34), and an undecorated contaminated cup (1936).Newshapesin semi-globular and fabricwerea largebasin(1376-1377,3627) medium-coarse jug (i947"1949)- A^0* decorative new motifs:the quirk(i960), schemesbecame somewhatmorecomplex(as 1388), incorporating The narrowwavyline (1389, 1391),and cross-hatched spiral,stillonlyin 1-o-d(1498), loop (1393). The thanbefore. and joined arcs (1965) were drawnmorethickly diagonallyhatchedand crosscommonin MH I and II, was now completely hatchedtriangle, replacedby thehatchedand crossin MH II butwere whichmayhave been used first hatchedsemi-circle (1388, 1391). Othermotifs, oftinydots,both in thisphase,werethed-o-1dotrow,consisting morelikelytohavebeenintroduced a like thick filledcircles(R127),and thecircle, (1953). doughnut horizontal (1954) and encircling rimsof typicalLD narrowthe interior ratherthanstylistic: Otherchangesweretechnological hollowed(1388) or ridged(1384). withmorecomplexprofiles: neckedjarswerefashioned Coarsevesselsin MicaceousMinoanwareappearforthefirsttimeon Kytherain MM IB-IIIA thiswarein its Jar 1977 probablybelongsto MH III Early,butmostexamplesof DepositDelta.22 coarseformfromAyiosStephanosdateto theShaftGraveera. (iv) The Shaft Grave Era: MH III Late through LH IIA coversthreechronological fortheendoftheprepalatial Thisgeneraldesignation periodon themainland of forthedevelopment crucial of importance phases,MH III Late,LH I and LH IIA.23Although 19Fordiscussionsee § (iii)below. 20Coldstream and Huxley 1972, 94-8. I here is no phasein Dietz 199 1. corresponding

21Warrenand Hankeyiq8q, 54. 22Coldstream and Huxley1972,279. 23Rutter19930,785-7.

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in termsof terminology and the palatialMycenaeanculture,it is a difficult periodto understand of ceramic The at while not sequencing stratigraphical sequence AyiosStephanos, types. completely unambiguous, providesvaluableevidenceforsome of the questionsthathave been raisedin the numerous studiesofthisperiod.24 In theearlyphases(MH III Late andTransitional MH III/LH I) MP and YM, bothin gritty fabric and in late MH forms, to be at Before this ceramic time, began produced AyiosStephanos. styles similarto thosecommonat AyiosStephanos(i.e.DB and LD wares)did appearin otherareasofthe mainlandnorthofLaconiabuttherewasno corresponding of exchangeofpotsor stylescharacteristic theCentralArea(e.g.GM and MP) in a N-sdirection. Thischangein theceramicassemblagein late MH mayindicatea closerrelationship withotherareas of themainland.The local elitemayhave desiredYM and MP wares,especiallyin theformofcupsand bowlsfordrinking and feasting, which weresimilarto thoseusedbytheirpeersin otherareasofthemainland.25 Thiswouldhelpto explain theceramicchangesand,perhaps,otherinnovations as well,suchas a new way of layingout the dead in an extendedpositionforburial(perhapsdatingto thisperiod,cf.theskeletonofAlphaburial ofminiature vasesforuse as burialofferings forchildren(Lambdaburial2), 23)26and theproduction a practicebegunin lateMH in thenorth-east Péloponnèse. Otherchangesdatesomewhat ofLH IIA, including the later,to theend ofLH I and thebeginning introduction of the shaftgraveformitselfand the importation of Aeginetanvessels.By thattime in thecontemporary eithermade manyofthewarescurrent Argolidwerein use at AyiosStephanos, on or nearthesiteor,likeMinoanand Aeginetan, fromelsewhere. These,alongwithother imported materialremains,maybe signsat thesiteof thegrowingpowerof an elitegroup,now morefully culturaland politicalentity knownas Mycenaean. engagedin theemerging Of thethreesubphasesin thisperiod(MH III Late,Transitional MH III/LH I, and LH I Early), thefirst twoare takentogether below. (a) MH III LATE AND TRANSITIONAL

MH III/LH I (=MM

IIIB-MM

mH/LM Ia)

Thisis equivalentto KytheraDepositEpsilondatedto MM IIIB,27as well as to some sherdsfrom ofTsoungizain theCorinthia29 DepositZeta datedto MM IIIB-LM IA.28The MH resettlement and ofothersitesin theCentralArea also datesto thisphase.30 In theArgolid,it corresponds to Dietz' PhasesMH IIIA, MH IIIB and LH IA,31whichincludetheearliestgravesin CircleB at Mycenae. The catalogued vasesmaybe dividedintotwogroupsbasedon stratigraphical distinctions foundin the1977 excavations ofAreasNu and Lambda,withsomecorroboration in AreaBeta:MH III Late and Transitional MH III/LH I. In AreaNu,Structure Nu II containedpottery thatis clearlyLH I butprobablya veryearlystage oftheperiod(Rutter H and Below L). this,RutterDepositG and basket13 containgood Deposits between the latest MH and theearliestLH I (although examplesofa transitional basket13 has stage one fragment ofLH I, 3634). Underlying basket13 was basket30 and belowthat34. Becausethese twodepositsprecedebasket13 stratigraphically and becausetheycontaindifferent ceramicmaterial, earlierin date,i.e. basket30 datingto MH III Late,and basket34 to theearliest theymaybe slightly stageofMH III.32 In AreaLambda 1977,baskets68 and 88 containedthefirst LH LD; belowthem,basket97 dates to theTransitional MH III/LH I phase; underlying were MH III Late baskets98 and 99, and 97 belowthesewas basket104 ofMH II or III Early. In AreaBeta 1977,basket96 (abovebasket101,whichcannotbe datedbutwhich overlayMH III MH III Late (although contaminated Earlybaskets130 and 134)is primarily laterLH). Itunderlies by basket90 which,although LH I was also foundin it,has good Transitional MH III/LH I. Becausethetwogroupshave similarceramiccharacteristics, hereand theyare treatedtogether theirdifferences noted. In DB, thegoblet(1484) and smallercup/kantharos butothershapes (2001)werestillpredominant, and decorative someimitating Minoanprototypes, wereadded to therepertory: patterns, a straightsidedcup (2009),a conicalcup (2010),a cup on pedestalfoot(2012),a hole-mouthed and («0558), jar miniature roundedcup withverticalhandle(3391). All have Minoanprototypes withtheexception 24 For bibliographyand discussion see Rutterìqqso, 78^-07. 25 For discussion of the emergingelite and forbibliographysee Rutterîqqqa, 78r-q6. 26 See Tavlour 10*72.21/1-1*7. 27 Coldstreamand Huxley 1972, 98-104.

28 Coldstream and Huxley 1072, 104-14. 29 Rutter lqqoß, 4*2-*. 30 Rutterîqqqa, 781. 31 Dietz lQQi. r8-iof;. 32 See § (iii) above.

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of theroundedcup,whichis similarto late MH and earlyLH kantharoi fromtheArgolid.33 The incisedfoliateband (3391,R88) was a newmotifaddedin thisphase. in miniature Forthefirst in gravesofchildren weremanufactured timevesselsintendedas offerings size (1482).Thisis also a feature ofgravegoodsfromtheShaftGraveera in theArgolid.34 in a burialwiththe Alsopossiblyofthisphase,orLH I Early,aretheDB vesselsplacedas offerings unusual.A DB in this are All rich in in the vessels burial extended 23.a5 grave position Alpha body underside of in MH manner but the with the with was incised rounded (2221) garlands goblet profile A verysmallpyxis linesofno apparentpattern. Sie base was also incisedwithparalleland crossing of shapes.Anothervessel is uniquein theDB repertory (2222),incisedwithtypicalMH patterns, MH but thatwerenottypically fromthegrave,thebiconicaljar HS 20,36was incisedwithpatterns Thisunusual on MP vesselsfromtheShaftGravesofCircleB, Mycenae.37 elaboratepatterns resemble to thesite.The vesselas wellas thefourth pot fromthegrave,HS 18,38mayhave been imported era. Grave to the Shaft dates itself grave certainly MH III Late Nu 1977 basket30, thatmaybe vesselfromsecurestratigraphical The first contexts, fabric(2047),in a shape a is burnished termedYM (withlight-coloured, surface) deep basinin gritty handleon therim,whichwas unusualin thisware.It is probable like2046 withlugsand an upright in shapesthatresemblethosepopularin theCentralAreabeganin the ofYM gritty thatproduction MH III/LH I phase,e.g.a flat-based Transitional cuporbowl(3401) and a cup orgobletwithslightly ofYM finealso beganin the theproduction raisedbase (3402).IfR242 andR243 arenotintrusions, I LH to dated it is most but I III/LH MH Transitional Early. securely phase, decoratedin d-o-1style,was producedin shapesthatresemblethoseofCentral MP in gritty fabric, and gobletswithangular(R246-247) or roundedprofiles(2054),jugs andjars AreaMP: kantharoi thickandthinbands(2057) andpendentrowormultiple arealternating (1685,2067).Typicalpatterns intoa latterwereoftendrawnin haste,degenerating The rowsofloopsor semicircles (2050, 2052). III Late MH of indicators are motifs These chronological important pendentsquigglyline (R247). MH III/LH I.39 and Transitional Gobletor globularjar 2059, ifnotan intrusive sherd,is an earlyexampleofthebichromestyle bichrome I/IIA. In theCentralArea,however, LH in whichbecamepopularatAyiosStephanosonly and vessels local was typicaloflateMH, on both MP decoration Cycladicimports. Thisis a trulytransitional Deposit by Kythera paintedware,represented phasein Minoanlustrous in were vases more 1-o-d and in continued, being painted which, styles although polychrome Epsilon, or strokes vertical of bars, includefoliatebands,oftenwithpointedends;groups Patterns d-o-1style.40 ofCretanripple;wavylines;arcs;filledcircles;quirksand a singlerunning spiral.41 somein imitation surface. on a reserved Addedpurpleorredwasmainlyusedforlinesandbands,somepainteddirectly found were medium-coarse LD in stratified thefirst AtAyiosStephanos, examplesofthenewstyle a with MH in characteristic in MH III Late Nu 1977 basket30. Jar 2119 was decorated style a new also is there but on a burnished and d-o-1decoration of1-o-d, combination ground, polychrome a Bowl leaves. with band foliate the cup?),withdeep semi-globular 2091 (possibly motif, pointed a thick above and exterior wavyline.In bandon interior rim,is decoratedwitha singlerowofleaves to horizontal bands,oftenon a thisphase,red was no longerused fordesignsbut was restricted new d-o-1designs these vesselswith reservedsurface(3431). Examplesof otherLD medium-coarse loop (2125). arejarswithimitation spiral,also calleda running ripple(1445) and singlerunning In MH schemeon vesselsin finefabric. ofa newdecorative tonotetheintroduction It is important in dark carinatedand Vapheiocupsweredecorated ground MH III early,semi-globular, II through Transitional the with dark coated were that surfaces exterior and By interior paint. on completely style, MH III/LH I phase,thecarinatedcup was no longerproducedand othershapeswerepaintedin usuallywithaddedwhiteand/or lightgroundstylewithdesignsin darkpainton a reservedsurface, cups (2140). As in the red:on semi-globular (1443-1444,3602), Vapheio(2083) and straight-sided on the linesand bands,some painteddirectly red was used forhorizontal medium-coarse variety, band foliate vases: are thesameas thosefoundon medium-coarse reserved ground(R414). Patterns in and withpointedleaves(1444); foliatebandwithroundedleaves(3606,R414); d-o-1 polychrome fine these of number ofa (R412). One feature combination (1443, 2083); and d-o-1rippleimitation coatedlikethoseoftheirMH II and werenotcompletely surfaces warevasesis thattheirinterior 33 Dietz 1QQ1.fig.47: AA-i. 34 Zerner 1990, 24. 35Tavlour iQ72. 214-17. 36Tavlour 1072. 216 fig.8. 37 Cf. no. 15 fromGrave Beta (Dietz 1991, fig. 56: AG- 1.4)

and no. 44 fromGrave Gamma (ibid., fig.60: AK-6.1). 38 Tavlour 1972, 216 fig.8. 39 Cf. late MH Tsoungiza, Rutter1990Û, fig.7: 8. 40 Coldstream and Huxley 1072, 0,8-104. 41 Coldstream and Huxley 1972, 282-3.

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MH III Earlycounterparts. Therewas usuallya band at therim(2083),as foundon fineLD cupsin MH I, a feature ofMM IIIB cupsfromKythera.42 Evidenceforan intermediary stagebetweenMH III and theearliestLH LD wareis an important at AyiosStephanos.At Lerna,forexample,thereare fewsignsofit: contribution oftheexcavations thismaybe explainedby thefactthatAyiosStephanos,in additionto beingcloserto theislandof was also closerthanLernato theproduction area ofLD itself. It is also important becauseit Kythera, is the same stagerepresented which LM IA in the earliest by KytheraDepositEpsilon predates and Zeta confirms the distinction between these two made Coldstream.43 Deposit deposits by The first Minoanimports withd-o-1rippledecoration maybelongtoMH III Late (an uncatalogued cup in fineware fromNu 1977 basket30), as does the use of red painton a lightground(an ofMM IIIB orMM IIIB-LM IA transitional uncatalogued jar fromNu 1977basket30). Otherimports are finecups (2135-2136, 2140 and 2142, whichhas a band on thelowerinterior) and mediumcoarsejars (1464 withfoliateband withpointedleaves,3441 withred band and d-o-1foliateband withroundedleaves,1763-1764 withd-o-1rippleand purpleon a lightground,and uncatalogued fromNu 1977 baskets13 and 30 withd-o-1ripple).Jar3631 fromNu 1977 basket13 fragments decoratedwitha rosettemaybe LM IA. A newwarethatappearsforthefirst timein thesedepositsis OatmealCoarsein theformofdeep but often decorated with basins,unpainted appliedimpressedcoils (1765-1766, 2157). In fabric, and are similar to MM IIIB vesselsfromKastri,Kythera,44 whichsuggests that decoration, shape they are from or Crete. they imports Kythera In localCoarseware,thewide-mouthed jar withevertedrimremainedthepreferred potforcooking Its base had become smaller and like a toe, eitherflaton the underside(2192) or (2177-2179). concave(2193). slightly The coarsebasinin MicaceousMinoanwaresurelybeganto appearat thesitein latestMH and coils (R519 and uncatalogued earlyLH I. Many examplesweredecoratedwiththumb-impressed fromLambda 1977 basket98). The earliesttripodbasesin thesamewaremayalso belong fragment to thisphase.45 ofGM warewererareat AyiosStephanos;almostall appearedin latestMH and earlyLH Imports ofa bowlfromLambda 1977 basket98). deposits(spouted jar 2039 and an uncatalogued fragment (b) LH I EARLY

Thisis equivalent in partto KytheraDepositZeta.46In theArgolid,thereis no corresponding phase in Dietz 1991. (Twobasketsthatarenotstratigraphically secure,Lambda1977 baskets83 and 85, are includedherebecausethecataloguedmaterialfromthemdatesto LH I Early:1710 frombasket85 and 34i4-34i5> 3424-3426,3440, 3443, 345<>-345i>3458 frombasket 83.) The ceramiccharacteristics thatdistinguish thisphase fromtheprecedingtransitional phase are describedbelow. BothYM and MP warescontinued in gritty fabricand thefirst cupsand bowlsin finefabricwere manufactured in and and an fromLambda1977 YM, (3381,R240 R289-291 uncatalogued fragment basket68 in MP). In thesedepositsare a fewsherdsthatare eitherintrusive or thefirst examplesof typesthatare moreusualat a laterdate:twobichromeMP fine(R293 and one uncatalogued from Lambda 1977 basket68) and a largegobletwithroundedprofilein MP gritty (R249). Thisis thefirst timethatfineLD wasproducedin recognisably LH I form.47 Likecontemporary LM IA pottery fromKythera, LD warewas bettermadethanbefore,theclaywas welllevigated and fired toa harderconsistency andthesurfaces wereoftenburnished. Thisburnishing ofthesurface, a feature ofLM IA,48has been citedas thecriterion fordistinguishing LD, fine,fromMycenaean.49 However, somecupsofthisphasehaveunburnished surfaces (3423),likesimilarLM IA cupsfromKythera.50 Whendiscussing warescharacteristic ofLH I, I use thetermLH LD forLD wareproducedin this andEarlyMycenaean andRutter.52 phase;itiscalledLH I byMountjoy51 Thedistinction made byRutter betweenLD and LH I or Mycenaeanis purelyone ofnomenclature and chronology: thefabricand 42Cf.Coldstream and Huxley1972,99: 9-10; 106-7:19-20, 24-7. 43Coldstream and Huxley1972, 280,paceWarren1991; see § (d) below. 44In and Huxley1972,fig. DepositEpsilon:see Coldstream 38: 100. 45 R592 maybe micaceous;see belowfordiscussion.

46Coldstream and Huxlev iQ72. ior-iu. 47Fordiscussionsee Rutterand Rutter10*76.'<x-'a. k*. 48Coldstream and Huxlev iQ72. 284. 49Rutterand Rutter 1076, rq. 50Coldstream and Huxlev 1072, 106. 51Mountiov1086. q and Chanter6 below. 52Rutterand Rutter 1976, 13-14.

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overallcharacter ofbothis thesame,but,as canbe seenin thedevelopment ofthewarethroughout its as whichbeganinearlyMH, shapesanddecorative as well methods of manufacture longhistory patterns In thesameway,LH LD isequivalent withchangesinMinoanpottery. toLM IA. changedinaccordance ThusI do notcallthewareMycenaeanbecauseitis LD ware,thesamewareproducedin MH, and I withotherwaresofLH I. nottocallitLH I becauseitwouldbe confused prefer and Rutter1976)fromMH LD waresin Rutter of of ware (called Minoanizing Stages development who to LM I wereputforth to itsLH formcorresponding Rutter, arguedthatwhathe callsthe by The in thanin theArgolid.53 Laconia rather LH I have of earliest developed may Mycenaeanpottery to this in lend this volume and scientific additional argument. strong support analysespresented stylistic cups (3458, R428) and Vapheio Examplesof LH LD fromthesedepositsincludesemi-globular in d-o-1stylewithadditional a midrib.Decorativepatterns, primarily cups(3455-3456,R462) without with fine leaves band a foliate in include added white, (R483),ripple(3423) andwhatappears patterns tonotethatveryfewshapesand decorative toa spiral(3428,3458). It is important belongto patterns known well the to include thisearlyphase;it was notuntilLH I/IIA thattherepertory expanded illustrated by Mountjoy.54 types ofthejar withnarrowneck and production Fewershapeswereproducedin medium-coarse fabric, in in rimwhichhad sucha longhistory, andflaring beginning earlyMH, mayhaveceasedaltogether imitation to be continued transitional in the LH. Patterns used,including ripple phase popular early spiral(R382). (3432, 3442) and singlerunning (c) LATE HELLADIC i/lIA (LATE HELLADIC HELLADIC IIA (=LATE LM IA)

I LATE WITH EARLY LATE HELLADIC

HA) TO LATE

TwoMP imports on Kythera. andtoDepositsEta andTheta56 tolaterDepositZeta55 Thisis equivalent LH I/IIA.57A I Late or LH fromthemainlandin DepositEta,bothdecoratedwithspirals,dateto 58 toLH IIA similar is MP cupfromDepositOmega,saidtobe froma LM IA context, very bichrome IIA has LH with early cups fromAyios Stephanos.The overlap of late or matureLM IA been discussedrecently by Warren.59 fromAyiosStephanosbeganto closelyresemble It is in thisphasethattheassemblageofpottery and in theArgolid at Korakou,60 in theCentralArea,e.g.in theCorinthia assemblages contemporary Dietz'PhaseLH IB, whichincludestheLernaShaftGravesand thelatestgravesin GraveCircleB at Delicatecupsin YM and bichromeMP fine,YM and MP gritty gobletswithrounded Mycenae.61 schemes decorative and new various in LD LH MP on decoration vases, shapes spiraliform profiles, time.However, waresare all foundforthefirst and MainlandPolychrome ofAeginetan and imports all ofthebasketsincludedin thissectioncontainedpiecesofLH IIA decoratedpottery.62 Although nonemaybe said to be purelyLH I Late (DietzLH IB), thefewbasketsthatare stratigraphically lowerthantheothersare datedhereto LH I/IIA, a phase at AyiosStephanosthatresemblesthe The restofthematerialis by Rutterat Tsoungizain theCorinthia.63 earlyLH IIA phaserecognised betweenthe two,bothphasesare discussed datedLH IIA. Becausethereis verylittledifference this thatdistinguish betweenthemarenoted.The ceramicfeatures and themaindistinctions together below. described are the from preceding phase notas commonas YM, DB was stillmade bothin gobletformand in new shapesor Although ofolderones:semi-globular variants cup withverticalhandle cup (1418, 1514-1516),straight-sided base on carinated (1519). cup tripod (1518) and thoseofLH I and earlyIIA in theArgolid:semiYM shapesmirror In bothfineandgritty fabrics, 64 or with rounded and angularprofileand low feet(3382-3383,3404). goblets globularcups(1424) The semi-globular cup and roundedgobletwithshoulderhandles(e.g. 1614) are themostcommon thestandardformfordrinking become gobletsin lustrouspaintedwarein LH II and shapesand feetof thesegobletsare low and concave The usual. not are handles later.65 (1321) High-swung stem a low on or underneath (1321). In laterLH I and earlyLH IIA stemsare (3404, 3406-3407)66 ofthisphaseare concaveor hollowed features characteristic Other interior the hollowedon (3387). 53 Rutterand Rutter1076, 63-4. 54 Mountjoy 1986, 10-16. 55 Coldstreamand Huxley 1972, 104-14. 56 Coldstreamand Huxley 1972, 115-123. 57 Coldstreamand Huxley iQ72, pl. 30: 72 and 73. 58 Coldstreamand Huxley 1972, 179, withpl. 54: 19. 59 Warren 1999, 894-5.

60 Davis 1079. 61 Dietz lQQi. 103-Pv 62 See discussion and catalogued itemsin Chapter 6. 63 Rutter 1993^, 24-5. 64 Cf. Dietz 1991, fig.47: AA-6 rounded, AA-4 angular. 65 Cf. formsin Mountjoy 1986, fig.35, FS 254. 66 For descriptionsee Rutter1993^, 20.

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rims(3383-3384),appliedplasticdotsor 'rivets'to thejoin of handleand rim(3385), multipleor ribbedhandles(1559-1560),all features ofLH I Late to IIA in theCentralArea.67Othershapesin YM are a jar or basinwithevertedrimand eitherhorizontal handle(3390, 3409) or verticalhandle (3389)5and a jug withroundmouth(1322). MP in finefabricis commononlyin LH IIA and appearsprimarily in theformofa semi-globular in decorated d-o-1 or with bichrome lines or (1579) cup zig-zagpatterns, (many wavy especially characteristic ofLH IIA, e.g. 1588, 1594, 1596, 1598, 1600). Othershapesare rareand includea singleexampleof an eggcup(1593), veryclose to the MainlandPanelledcup of LH I,68and two ofa squatjug (1605-1606,notwellstratified). fragments New in MP gritty is a cup or gobletwithroundedprofileand evertedrim,low footconcave andvertical handlesthatattachto rimand shoulder(1649).Anothershapecharacteristic underneath, of LH IIA is a largegobletwithevertedrim,roundedprofile,oftenswollenon theshoulder,and decoratedin d-o-1(1652).Jugs(beak-spouted 1323) andjars (1681) werealso produced.The patterns used in lateMH and earlyLH continued butnew motifs wereadded to therepertory: thedotrow and cross-hatched not well The most new is the (1681-1682) stratified). (1690, triangles striking motif which embellishes the shoulders of and in Also spiral goblets(1653, 1656) jugs (1323). appearing this is the imitation of features of circles drawn around the bases ofhandlesof phase Aeginetan pottery: and and a new bichrome basin jugs jars (1691) (1695). spouted MostofthesebasketscontainLH LD and LH IIA finedecoratedpottery, discussedbyMountjoy in 6 and 5 (ii). Chapter §§3 (ii) MicaceousMinoanwarecontinued fromMH II or III. The cookingpotwithtripodbase mayhave first at in MH III/LH I phase (R592, R594) but,as at appeared AyiosStephanos theTransitional it is more in LH I common II and The Lerna, (R593). tripodis a typicalfeatureofMinoanvessels back to EM II but for the first time on dating appeared Kytherain MM IB-IIIA in thenew red micaceousfabric.69 fromtheislandofAeginawerean important elementin theceramicassemblages ofsitesin Imports theCentralAreathroughout MH and wellintoearlyLH, i.e. theShaftGraveerain theArgolid.70 At is in LH IIA AyiosStephanos,however,thefirstsecurelydatedappearanceof Aeginetanpottery thatmightdateto LH I/IIA,R723 and an uncatalogued sherd (withtheexceptionoftwofragments fromLambda/Beta12 1974, basket40, and one possiblesherd1404 in Beta 1977 basket134). Althoughfewexampleswere found,the fullrangeof Aeginetanproductsof the earlyLBA was at AyiosStephanos:Red Slippedand Burnished represented gobletsand kraters(1782); Bichrome MP kraters (R723);MP jars and/orhydrias(1783-1784) and coarsewarecooking-pots (1794).A few marks(1792),an important feature ofAeginetan potters' wares,werealso found. It is notknownhowthesepotscameto AyiosStephanos, whether directly by meansofAeginetan If theformer shipssailingto Laconia or as a resultof tradingby mainlanders amongthemselves. was the case, it would indicatea significant alterationof tradingpatternsin the Aegean: for of Aeginetanpotteryhad been centuries, beginningin the earlyyearsof MH, the distribution confined to theCentralArea. ofimported MainlandPolychrome ware(R717) has been recognised at Ayios Onlyone fragment Stephanos. Jarsin thiswarewereespeciallycommonin theShaftGravesof Mycenaeand Lerna.71 Otherwarescharacteristic ofthesegraveshavenotbeenidentified, namelyTheranandMelianimports.72 (d) excursus: on the date of deposits at knossos and kea In 1991,Warren publisheda newpottery depositfromKnossos,whichhe datedto theMM IIIB-LM IA transition and to whichhe linkeddepositsfroma numberof sites,includingRutterPeriodIII, and KytheraDepositsEpsilon,Zeta and Eta.73AtAyios especiallyDepositL, fromAyiosStephanos, the Transitional MH III/LH I and LH I Earlyphasespresentedherecorrespond to the Stephanos Knossiandeposit;at Kastri,DepositEpsilonis also Transitional and was sealedby a LM IA floor.74 DepositsZetaand Eta,however,aremorecloselycomparableto laterLH I or DietzLH IB (withthe exceptionofearliermaterialin DepositZeta75).

67 Cf. Dietz 68 Dietz

ioni:

1991, fig.48: AB- 14. fier aR- AR- ir

69 Coldstreamand Huxlev iq72. 27q. 70 Cf. the fillof the Lerna Shaft Graves, Caskey 1955, pl. 15: c-f; Korakou, Davis 1979, 241, 246, 252; Dietz 1991, 224-7.

71 Dietz iqqi, 2 17-2 3. 72 For descriptionssee Dietz iqqi. 228-3*. 73 Warren iqqi. 74 Coldstream and Huxley 1Q72, 72. 75 Coldstream and Huxley 1972, 104-5.

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I also do not agree with Warren76on the dating of Period VI (Ceramic Phase G) on Kea77 to his MM IIIB-LM IA transition.I thinkthe Keian material fromRoom 18 of House A,78like KytheraDeposits Zeta and Eta, is closest to the LH I/IIA phase at Ayios Stephanos and to Dietz LH shapes and Phase LH IB in the Argolid.It was in thislaterphase thatmany of the characteristic motifswere added to the LD repertory.79 Among the new motifsare solid centre spirals,either linked or tangent,with large blobs in the field found in the Keian deposit,80in the Lerna Shaft Graves81and at Ayios Stephanosin LH I/IIA.82Otherfeaturesof PeriodVI correspondto LH I/IIA, and Aeginetanwares in laterLH I to LH IIA includingthe importationof Mainland Polychrome83 The fineMP semi-globularcup and the GM semi-globularcup on a low stem85both date to form.84 the LH I/IIA phase as definedhere. 3. THE FABRICS:

CLASSIFICATION

AND TERMINOLOGY

A studyof MH potteryhas revealed thattrade or exchange among various areas was widespread of a numberof fromthe earliestyearsofthe period.86This conclusionresultedfromthe identification different ceramic wares thatwere distributedextensivelyon the mainland. Two of these,LD and incisedor impressedwithpotters'marks,indicatethatceramic bothapparentlysystematically Aeginetan, had become highlyspecialised,at least in the areas in whichthesewares were produced. production a because Therefore, studyof the potterycan lead to a more informedview of MH society,it is the ceramicgroupsaccurately,and thento attemptto locate the regionsin to define first, important, were whichthey produced and to whichtheywere exported. based on the most define the ceramicgroupsaccuratelyI use a systemof classification In orderto how the raw on of the choice in on fundamentalactivitiesengaged by potters: clay is prepared, clay, materialfrom to the ceramic this the vessels. and on the techniquesused to form system Applying to be that wares of Lerna and Ayios Stephanoshas enabled thegrouping productsofthe same appear and the LustrousdarkFine centreof production:forexample, Oatmeal Minoanizing, Minoanizing of as to can now be referred products the LD ceramic on-lightwares definedin Rutterand Rutter87 a as traditionor centreof production.A centreof productionis defined workshopor workshopsin Differentcentresof manufacture. which pottersmade use of similarclays and similarmethodsof in the same located have been production,using clay of like composition,may quite possibly are different, theyare geographicalarea, but ifthe methodsof preparingthe clay and producingpots ceramictraditions. separatedand describedas different The term'ceramicgroup' as used here is technological,since it includesthe variousfactorspresent in ceramic production- the type of clay, its rock and mineral inclusions and the methods of manufacture.The work ofJones and Whitbread88has helped to definethese. The term'ware', a subdivisionof a ceramic group,is used to referto the externalappearance of vessels,i.e. how the divisionis based on thetextureof surfacewas treatedand decorated,forexample MP ware. A further the fabricitselfand the numberand size of inclusions:fine,medium-coarseand coarse. thewaresare placed in ceramicgroupsthatare arrangedgeographically In thefollowingdescriptions are which in area the thoughtto have been produced,such as Aegina (Aeginetan)or Crete they by and discussions,wares are referredto eitherby thename ofthe In the below) (Minoan). catalogue(§5 ware along withthe geographiclocation,if it is known (e.g. AeginetanMP), or by the name of the ware alone when the area of productionhas not yetbeen determined(e.g. LD). Thus thereexistsa whichreflectsour presentstate and terminologicalinconsistency, considerabledegree of uncertainty ofknowledgeof MBA ceramicproductionand theveryearlystages(infancywould not be too strong a term)at whichour researchespresentlystand. uses most of the descriptivetermsforthe ceramic classes fromAyios My systemof classification in the publicationofthe excavationofArea Nu in 1973 and 1974.89A fewhave Stephanosemployed establishedforthe same classes represented been replaced wheretheydeviatefromthe terminology of ceramicgroupsand wares The classification at the siteof Lerna, e.g. LD insteadof Minoanizing.90 can be outlinedas follows:91 76Warreniqqi, si$8-q. 77Cummerand Schofield1984. 78Cummerand Schofield1084,82-7, pls. 61-5. 79See examplesin Mountioy1986, 10-16. 80Cummerand Schofield1084.,pl. 62: k-q. 81Caskey1955,pl. 16: e. 82R861,R866 in Rutterand Rutter1976,fig.17. 83Cummerand Schofield1984,pl. 63: 835.

84Cummerand Schofield1984,pl. 61: 825, pl. 64: a. 85Cummerand Schofield1984,pl. 64: 837-8. 86Zerner1993,50-1. 87Rutterand Rutter1976, 10-12. 88Appendix2, withplates 61-2. 89Rutterand Rutter1976,6-15. 90Zerner1003,45-6. 91See Zerner1993,42, forgroupsidentified at Lerna.

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Southern Péloponnèse:quartzand mica I: Dark Burnished ware Group II: Dull ware Painted Group GroupIII: MattPaintedand YellowMinyanwares,fineand gritty Southern (ii) igneousrock Péloponnèse:weathered IV: Coarse wares Group mudstoneand chert (iii) Southern Péloponnèse(Kythera?): V: Lustrous Decorated and coarse ware,fine,medium-coarse Group Southern Red Silver Micaceous (iv) (whitemica) Péloponnèse(Kythera?): GroupVI: MicaceousMinoanPaintedand Coarse(cookingpot)wares (v) Crete:variousfabrics and coarse GroupVII: Paintedand Plainwares,fine,medium-coarse Southern or micaseries (vi) Péloponnèse(Kythera) Crete(?):schist, phyllite, or not determined Group groups and Red coarse (vii) Aegina,volcanic:Green/ Yellow,fineand medium-coarse, VIII: fine and medium-coarse Green/Yellow, Group GroupIX: Red coarse(kitchenware) (viii) Othermainland:variousfabrics GroupX: GreyMinyanand MattPaintedwares (i)

(i) Southern Péloponnèse: Quartz and Mica Prominent characteristics includenumerous on thesurface and in thefabric, often tinysilverparticles notobviousto thenakedeye,particularly whenthesurfacehas a heavyburnish. (a) GROUPI: DARKBURNISHEDWARE

Thisis termedDarkMinyanin Rutterand Rutter1976,6. Samples1831, 2206, 2217-2218, 2224, 2233-2234 (= Set 1 Class 1 and Set 2 Classes1, 2 and 3 in Appendix2, withplate 61 a-d). Fabric Reddishbrown(5YR 4/3) to darkgrey(10YR 4/1) to black,oftenwithsandwich-like effect ofgrey coreand vari-coloured it layers- redor darkorange- on thefracture; roughand grainy-looking, can feelrathersoftbutis alwaysfirm;veryfineto fairly coarse,dependingon thesize ofvesseland numberofinclusions, ofwhichthemostobvioustothenakedeyearequartzandwhitemicaappearing as tinysilverparticles scattered overthesurfaceand in thebody;otherdarkred,orange,blackand white limestone occursmorerarelyand oftenin largechunksup to 2 mm. greyinclusions; Surface Black(5YR 4/1)or darkgrey(10YR 4/1) to (lessfrequently) ofall brown,buffor red.The exterior oftento a veryhighdegreeoflustre;burnishing on theinterior ofopenshapes shapeswasburnished, was oftenincomplete or sloppilyexecutedor,in somecases (e.g.2214),nonexistent; some generally areason theexterior, suchas underneath theshoulderhandles,werenotburnished. Lamination and spallingare common. Manufacturing techniques AUDB vesselsappearto havebeen madeby hand.Handleswereattachedby pressing themagainst theexteriorof thebodywall; wheretheyhave brokenoff,thereis a distinctive wavyrimof clay eitheron thelowerendofthehandleor on thesurface ofthevesselat thepointofattachment (2026). Decoration Decorationis bytheapplication ofribsorridgesofclay,usuallyon theshoulderofbasins(e.g.1325); or One by incising impressing. typeofdecoration withothers. mayappearalone or in combination Incisedpatterns: mostcommonare straight toolor one lines,incisedwitheithera sharp-pointed witha bluntend thatformedgrooves((linesare bothhorizontal - single(1057) or double(1191, in a series(1109)); curvedlinesdrapedas widelylooped festoons(1247) or 15*37)- and vertical, concentric semicircles or arcs(1519, 1911, 2232); doublecurvedlinesor bands,whichare hatched, and obliquely(1007),vertically placedhorizontally (1327) and drapedas garlands(1161) or dotted

C. ZERNER

îgo

(2220); hatchedtriangles,withpointeitherdownwards(1327) or upwards (2211); multipletriangles (1349, 1417, 1830); shortlines or dashes (horizontal1350, vertical1416) and dotsin horizontalrows (1417, 1474, 2206-2207); chevrons(2222, 2231); spirals (flask1475), herringbone(1484, 1851); concentricovals(?) or eye-likepatterns(2035); cross-hatching (2213). Incised concentriccircles(1851, rare. are 1852) Impressedpatterns:concentriccircles,withtwo (2213), three(2220) and four(1854), sometimes arrangedin rows (1062, 1851, 1854); lozenges (1851). The concentriccirclesare so regularin form thattheyappear to have been made withthe same tool, the end of a hollow cylinder,perhaps of a bone or a reed,whichhad been cut down and smoothed. Other:theincisedV on theundersideofthebase of 1162 was probablynot intendedas decoration but was rathera potter'smark.Whetherthe multipleincisions(whichdo not appear to formany pattern)on the undersideof the base of 2221 were meantto be decorativeis unclear. Shapes Most prevalentwere open shapes, small cups or bowls and largerbowls or basins,all probablyused fordrinking,eatingand mixing.Both the shapes and the burnishedsurfacesindicatethattheymay have been used primarilyforliquids. Details of the profilesvary,and in some cases thesedifferences can be used as chronologicalindicators.The earliesttypehas a roundedor angularbody and everted rim.Carinatedprofilesappear somewhatlaterin MH I (in otherwaresofothertraditions, e.g. in GM, the carinatedcup does not appear untilMH II). The gobletwas the mostpopular shape in laterMH. Othertypesof cup or bowl occur rarely,e.g. the bowl within-turnedrimand the straight-sided cup. Closed shapes such as flasksand smalljars, perhapsused forstorage,were also made in DB. A few shapes - the pyxis,forexample are rare or unique. rim.This generaltermcoversa varietyof shapes thatcan be categorisedby size witheverted Cup/bowl = bowl, large = basin), by the positionof theirhandle(s) (shoulderhandle, = medium (small cup, or by the profilesof theirbodies (rounded,angular or carinated).They were high-swunghandle) at table and, as theirsurfaceshad been burnishedand were thusrendered use for intended probably forholdingliquids; the smallersizes may have been used fordrinking suitable impermeable,were formixing.Cups and bowls in thiscategoryhad eitherone or two ones and eating,and the larger handles (1831, cup/bowlwithtwohigh-swung handles,= kantharos,and 1237, cup/bowl high-swung Most examples,however,are sherdsthat handleless. been have withone high-swung handle),or may attachment. handle of do not retainevidence forthe type MH rim.Cups and bowls withroundedprofilesappear throughout witheverted 1) Roundedcup/bowl in Area MH first the from at Ayios Stephanos,beginningin the earliestdeposits.1037-1039, deposit Zeta, may representan earlyvarietywhichhas a sharplyoffsetrim and globularbody; late in MH and in the TransitionalMH/LH phase, the rimsare longerand more upright,the body less globular (e.g. 1418, 1514, 2008, 2015). Among the earliestDB vessels,bowl 2214 has a high-swungstrap handle (onlyone handle is preserved),flatin section,attachedto the exteriorof the rimand withthe at vestigeof a tab-likeattachmenton the interior.This methodof attachinghandles to rimsseems, are Few vessels. DB to least at Lerna, to date to the very beginningof MH and to be confined underneath. preservedwiththeirbases: 1094 is a plain, flatbase; 1343 is flatand slightlyconcave laterMH and and Incised decorationappears on some examples,both in early (2206, 2207 2209) as a to semi-globular (1514). By the end of MH the shape is usuallysmall in size and is also referred rare in DB and MP and Plain and in Fine LH in LD, It is common although I, Gritty usually cup.92 rounded cups of MM (e.g. 1516). 1154 has an unusualprofile,almostan S-curvelike thatof Minoan II date,93and may date to MH II. rim.The termangularis used to designatea profilewithan everted witheverted 2) Angularcup/bowl rimand an angle or carinationapproximately midwayon thebody.The profile,fromlip to carination, has flatplanes formingangles,not a continuouscurve like the carinatedcup. In the earlyphases of above the rim (2208); the onlybase thatwas MH the shoulderwas long and the handles high-swung was shorterand the cups surelyfroma cup ofthisshape is flat(2210). In the late phases the shoulder a few,usually on the on generallysmallerand squatter(1517, 2211). Incised decorationappears shoulderzone: horizontallines on 1191; lines and multipletriangleson 2209; lines and diagonally hatchedtriangleson 2211. On one example, 2210, the decorationof horizontallines and rows of 92

Mountjoy 1986, fig.7.

93

MacGillivray 1998, fig. 2.14, type 2 rounded cup.

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dotscoversthebodyfromshoulderto base (2210 is classified as an open shapebecauseof punctate theburnished interior surface). The termcarinatedis used to describea profilethatformsa continuous Carinated concave cup/bowl. curvefromthelip to a pointon thebodywherethereis an angleor carination; unlikevesselswith evertedrims,thereis no pointthatcan be identified as a rimseparatefromtherestoftheupperbody. Carinatedcupsmayhavebeenhandleless, or mayhavehad one high-swung handle.Manyhavetwo handles and are termed kantharoi. the similar Unlike manufactured on CreteinMM high-swung shape to have been made hand. Bases are either flat or offset and IB/II,DB carinated cupsappear by slightly concaveunderneath, or werefashioned as tallerfeet.One tripodbase (1519) was preserved and may reflect Minoantraditions: thetripodbase is notin therepertory ofshapestypicalofMH and,whenit at MH to vessels from whether fromKythera, sites,belongs appears imported elsewhere, Aegina,Crete ortheCycladicislands,wheretripodbasesarecommon,especially in coarsecookingware. Thisshapefirst (2212); in thelater appearsin MH I and is characterised by a long,deep concavity MH of the shoulder is often shorter and more vertical and the carination much lesspronounced phases MH thin handles were and flat in section in later the (1912). Early (e.g. 1831); periodsomewere thickened andtroughed downthecentre(e.g.1484,1520).A fewexampleswereincisedwithdecorative horizontal linesjust above the carination(1237, 1831); two horizontallines above and patterns: belowa zone oftripletriangles and garlandsbelow(1484, 1519); rows (1830); linesabove carination ofpunctatedots,lines,and groupsofdoubletriangles or zigzags(1417); rowsofdashes(1416); and widecross-hatching and impressed concentric circles(2213). Bowl orbasinwitheverted rimand shoulder handles(also,shoulder-handled bowl).This shape appears only

in largersizesand mayhave been used forthemixingofliquids.The earliestexample,1196,has a plain,evertedrimand a swollenshoulder(themaximumdiameteris highon the shoulderof the oftheearliestMH vesselsat Lerna)and is bowl,whichappearsverywideand swollen- a feature decoratedwithincisedlines. This shapehas a longhistory, in EH III withtheBass Bowlsof LernaIV.94All types beginning have an evertedrimand straphandles,probablytwoin mostcases,usuallyflatin section,placed on theshoulder. The baseswereflator slightly eitherplainor concaveunderneath. offset, vertically In theearlyphasesofMH bothendsoftheshoulderhandleswereattachedto thebody,belowand separatefromtherim;by lateMH thehandleswereattachedto therimitselfand theshoulder;they werealso squeezedup closeto thebody-wall and do notformas widea curveas theearliertype.In earlierexamplesof thisshapetherimsare sharplyevertedand pronounced, oftenwitha seriesof of a pronounced planesor facets(1095-1101). One smallfragment (1196) preservesthebeginning swellingofthebodyjustbelowtherimand resemblestheearliestMH typefoundat Lerna(there consideredto be Transitional EH/MH). In thelaterphasesof MH, rimsare less pronouncedand andtheprofile ofrimand shoulderis in generalstraighter. everted, EarlyMH bowlshaveroundedor bodies(1036);theshoulder is plainordecorated withlow,roundedridges.MH I Lateexamples angular haveridgeswithsharperedges(1325). Low,roundedridgeswereusualin thelaterphases. Decorativepatterns werepreservedon some of the bowls:in the mostusual scheme,pendent garlands(ingroupsofdouble,tripleor quadrupleswags)wereincisedon thelowerbody. GobletThis shapeis a laterversionofthecarinatedcup: theprofilehas a shorter, less pronounced and moreupright twoshoulderhandles(i.e. handles curve;a spreadingfoot,concaveunderneath; whichdo notriseabovetherimand areattachedto therimandbody).Someexamplesaredecorated withincisedpatterns: horizontal linesand festoons (1351, 1484, 1911,2008). A fewhavelowribson theshoulder(e.g. 1522-1524).The shapefirst appearsin laterMH deposits. Straight-sided cup.This typeappearsin an LH I deposit:1518 has a straphandleand is the only in DB fromAyiosStephanos. example Rounded theexample3391 is MH III/LH I. Thisis incised cup.Thisshapebelongsto LH I; however, withhorizontal linesaboveandbelowa zonewithfoliateband,had a vertical handlethatroseslightly abovetherim. 94 Rutter

1995, Form XII.

ig2

C. ZERNER

Bowlwithin-turned rim.There are onlytworimsthatbelongto thisshape in DB fromAyiosStephanos: 1059 and 2035, whichis incisedwithdouble eye-likepattern.It is commonin otherwares,e.g. Dull Paintedas well as Aeginetan(possible example fromAyios Stephanos,2328) and Cycladic wares,95 but was not regularlyproduced in mainlandDB and GM. Pyxis.2222, with a flatbase and holes pierced in the rim forthe attachmentof a lid, is the only exampleofthisshape fromAyiosStephanos.The decorationconsistsofbothinciseddesigns(horizontal lines separatinga zone of chevronsand a zone of multipletriangles)and impresseddesigns(row of concentriccircles). Althoughthe shape is unusual in the ceramic repertoryof the mainland,the decorativepatternsof 2222 are typicalDB motifs. Pyxides,plain and decorated,withor withoutholes in the rim and withtripodbases, have been Eleusis and Aegina.97The flatbase of an foundin MH contextsat other sites,namely Eutresis,96 incisedpyxiswas foundin MH levels at Lerna. This shape is typicalof Early Cycladic,98and similar incisionswere examples in Dark-facedIncised ware withplain rims,tripodbases and white-filled foundat Knossos." Like the flask,the pyxisis connectedwithCrete and the Cycladic islands.100 This shape, representedby two rim sherds(2228-2229), is also Small wide-mouthed jar or kantharos. foundin DB ware in earlyMH levels at Lerna. It is possiblethattheybelonged to a typeofkantharos rimfoundin earlyMH contextsin Messenia.101 witha tall,fairlystraight ofpossibly13 different Flask.No completeexamplesremainfromAyiosStephanos,althoughfragments flaskshave been identified:1110, 1252, 1327, 1475, 1851-1855, 2223-2226, and 2227(?). Two (1851), the otherwith typesare represented:one witha thick,projectingrimpiercedwithstring-holes a plain, flaringrim and pierced neck (2223). One example was undecorated(1855), but the restof were decoratedwithincised and impressedpatterns.Motifsinclude rows of punctate the fragments horizontal lines, diagonallyhatchedtriangles,herringbone,concentriccircles,verticalrows of dots, impressedlozenges,concentricsemicircles,and zigzags. flaskshave been This shape is knownfromMH depositsat Lerna,where 2 1 whole or fragmentary and one froman Kirrha106 at found have been others Voïdokoilia,104 identified;102 Aegina,105 Argos,103 of in details and in fabric similar all are unidentifiedsite, possibly Mycenae.107They shape and and the form Like the tradition. same ceramic to the decorationand thusmay be said to belong pyxis from a similar and a Crete,109 shape patternsincisedon DB pots,the flaskresembles Cycladic type108 both datingto the EBA. The projectingrimof many examples is verylike thatof the Cycladic duck of fabricand stylelead vase and unlikeany otherrimtypeof mainlandceramics.The characteristics where to theconclusionthattheseflaskswereproducedin thesouthernPéloponnèse, pottingtraditions containingisland elementsexisted.110 Two-handled jar. This smalljar has a wide neck withevertedrim,two up-tiltedhorizontalhandles and a flatbase. One complete example, 1849, was undecorated;anotherfragmentary one, 1108, was decoratedwithincisedhorizontallines. Barreljar. This is a deep, open-mouthedjar with slightlyin-curvingwalls. Like its Cycladic and of the shape, 1022, thereis a flangejust below the rim.Only one fragment Aeginetancounterparts,111 was foundat Ayios Stephanos. an unusual one in the DB repertory, Hole-mouthed jar. There are a fewexamples of thisshape fromlate MH to earlyLH deposits(1021, and thicknessof the rimsvary,but the shape resemblesone made in LD The 2028). configuration ware112 which,like 1021, has ribson the shoulder.

95 Cf. Zerner iq88, figs. 1-2, 5. 96 Goldman 10*1, pl. II. 1. 97 Àbenr îcm, figs.q*-6. 98 E.g. withflatbase; see Atkinsonet al 1904, pl. IV: 1. 99 Evans 1921-36, vol. IV, 88-91; MacGillivray, Day and Jones 1988, 91-4. 100See §¿ (i) below. 101At Voïdokoilia (Korres 1979, fig. 2a: ß) and at Nichoria (Howell 1992*, figs.3-6> 31O> 311)102Zerner 1978, 180-1.

103Protonotariou-Deilaki1080, figs. 1-*. 104Korres 1Q7Q,fig.S105In the Museum of Aegina. 106Dor and Tannorayi960, pl. XLIV. 107Korres 1993, pl. 29c; Athens National Museum no. 2584. 108Doumas iq8s, nos. 37, 60, 86, 90, 114, 169. 109E.g. Watrous 1004, fi«. ^ 110See §4 (i) below. 111E.g. Siedentopf 1991, pl. 16. 112Zerner 1988,11^33:37.

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of a bowl or basinwithcleathandle.Its fabricappearsto be DB type Other. 1163 is a fragment than somewhat finer Itis,however, usual),butthehandletypeis unusualatAyiosStephanos. (although a typicalfeature ofMP wareat Lernain MH II. 1485 is a fragment ofa ring-stemmed goblet,a shape characteristic ofthelaterMH periodin theArgolidand centralGreecein bothGM and DB wares113 butrareat AyiosStephanos. Comment DB warefromAyiosStephanosis similarin manywaysto burnished, dark-faced waresfromother siteson themainland.The manufacture ofthesamebasic shapesand thedarksurfaces and fabrics make identification of different waresand traditions difficult. a there are numberof Fortunately, features ofDB thatarenotcharacteristic ofotherdark-faced waresin othertraditions: a red,micaceous ofunusualshapes,suchas theflask,pyxisand tripodbase; andincisedandimpressed fabric;a variety These DB as theproductofa different features tradition. designs. identify The termDB was chosenforthewarefromAyiosStephanosin orderto distinguish it fromGM. The surfaces ofDB vesselswereburnished witha hardtoolthatleftvisiblestreaks; oftentheburnishing wasincomplete or nonexistent on theinterior ofopenshapes.In contrast, thesurfaces ofGM vessels have few visible traces of the and both interior and exterior surfaces used, usually finishing techniques ofopen shapesweretreatedin thesameway. The problemsinvolvedin the propercharacterisation of thisgroupwere firstpointedout in theanalysisbyJonesand Rutter.114 On thebasisof archaeological theDB pottery ofAyios criteria, had been identified as until chemical revealed thatthe local, Stephanos unhesitatingly analysis was different from other varieties of that were also considered local. work claytype clay Petrological has confirmed thatthe clay of DB ware standsapart,mineralogically, fromthatof otherceramic waresfromthesite.115 theclay could have come froma Laconiansource.Therefore, Geologically, ratherthansuggesta different I considerit to be a local (i.e. Laconianor regionof manufacture, southern but one a to different tradition fromthatof otherwares ware, Peloponnesian) belonging foundat thesite.SimilarvesselsfromLernahave also been analyzedbyJonesand Whitbread and fromthissamearea. maybe imports atAyiosStephanos werecommonthroughout themainland Although manyoftheshapesrepresented in GM and DB wares(suchas thekantharos and shoulder-handled bowl),others,forexamplethe bowlwithin-turned rim,pyxis,flask,barreland hole-mouthed jars,reflect Cycladicand/orMinoan influence. Parallelsforotherfeatures can also be foundin theislands,suchas thetripodbase of1519 andthedecorative incisedand impressed on manyvessels,e.g.hatchedtriangles, patterns spiralsand concentric circles that do not seem to havebeenusedby potters ofwaresin othergroups. impressed These islandconnections, withCrete,are foundin otherceramicgroupsfromAyios particularly when viewed are quitestriking.116 Stephanosand, together, (b) GROUP II: DULL PAINTED WARE

Thisis termed Dull Paintedin Rutter andRutter.117 SamplesR40,R45 (= Set 1 Class 1 inAppendix2). The clay used in thisgroupis similarto thatof groupsI and III; however,the manufacturing aredifferent andjustify theidentification ofthreedifferent techniques groupswithinthesamegeneral classification fabric. Unlike DB which was ware, by MH, DP was produced producedthroughout onlyin theearlyand middlephasesofMH. Vesselsin thiswareweredecoratedwithan iron-oxidebased paint(designated Dull Paint).Anotherpaintedware,MP, appearsto have replacedDP at the end ofMH. Thesetwowares,chronologically werealso stylistically AyiosStephanosby separate, distinct: decorationof theearlier,DP, was executedin an iron-oxide-based paintin a mannerthat resembles Minoantechniques, whilethelaterwarewas decoratedwithMattPaintand appearscloser to mainlandor Helladictraditions. Fabric White(10YR 8/2),lightgrey(10YR 7/2)to lightred (2.5YR 4/6) or yellowish red (5YR 5/6);very some tinywhiteinclusions, fine,porous-looking, red roundish soft-feeling; bits,and darkgrey light chipsbuton thewholenotmanygrits;somesilverflecksvisibleon thefracture. 113E.er.Dietz iqqi. fier.16. oo-ioo. 114Tonesand Rutter 1077, 213. 115See Sets 1 and 2 in Appendix 2.

116See %a fflbelow. 117Rutterand Rutter 1976, 13.

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Surface Pink (7.5YR 7/4),white(10YR 8/2),verypale brown (10YR 8/3) or red (5YR 6/6); veryfine,even of finesilverbits. wipingmarkson the interior;a generoussprinkling Manufacturing techniques All DP vessels appear to have been made by hand. Handles were attachedto the body by cuttinga hole in the wall intowhichthe ends of the handle were pushed. Unlike the practiceof pottersof LD, the makersof DP ware did not push the handle ends all the way intothe interiorof the pot,nor did theyfashionthe ends intoplugs.The end of thehandle of 1117 was carelesslypushed down,perhaps in orderto seal the hole. Decoration Thin, dull-lookingpaint,red (2.5YR 5/6), reddish-brown(2.5YR and 5YR 5/4) on a pink surface, grey(7.5YR 3/0 to 4/0; verydarkgrey)to darkbrown(7.5YR 4/2 to 3/2). Othercolourswere rarely added to produce a bichromeor polychromestyle:whiteon 1074, red on 1069. Patterns:horizontaland verticalbands or stripesare the most common and were used both to divide areas of the surfaceintozones (e.g. 1066, 1117, 1255) and in rows or groupsof eithervertical or diagonalstripes,in rows (1255) or in groups,both in a limited,banded zone (e.g. 1255, 1301) and bothdiagonallyhatched(1255) coveringlargeareas (e.g. 1117). Othercommonpatternsare triangles, cross are the dotted less common and cross-hatched(1864); (1074), drips (1262, 2041), garlands (1071), cross-hatchedracquet (2238), lozenge (1329), cross-hatcheddouble garland (1123), firtree (1123) and ladder (1002). Some of thesepatternsare not foundin the repertoryof decoratedpottery (i.e. MP) in the CentralArea but are found on Minoan pottery:drips,cross-hatchedracquet and dottedcross,forexample.118 Shapes The mostcommonwere deep bowls within-turnedrimsand narrowneckedjars withflaringrims. of a rim.Two rims belong to this type (1859 and 2040). The reconstruction witheverted Cup/bowl a rounded from came One is uncertain. cup body sherd,1858, probably completeprofile,however, or bowl withevertedrim,a shape typicalof DB. were foundat Ayios Stephanos:connectingstems,1065 Doublecup/bowl Only two certainfragments and 1111. Neithergives any evidence of the profileof the cups or bowls thatitjoined. Althoughnot in a commonshape in the MBA, completeexamples of the double bowl come fromKoryphasion,119 wares MP and GM in this of vessels in Plain ware. Incomplete MP ware, and fromMalthi,120 type were also foundat Lerna. rim.This shape is themostcommonin DP ware.Rim profilesvaryconsiderably: within-turned Cup/bowl fromplain and tapering(1068), to plain and slightlythickened(e.g. 1067, 1070), to thickenedin Tformor on one side only (1245, 1254)- A numberhave spoutspreserved. onrim.The rimofthiscup, 1066, was pulled out to rimand handleupright (a) Spoutedcupwithin-turned forma simplespout.This practiceofpullingout a rimbeforethe clay was dryand hard was common on Crete and in the LD workshops.121 rim.Rim 1067 is the only example of thistype.The shape of the (b) Bridge-spouted cupwithin-turned spoutis typicallyMinoan.122 fromthe handles.Each example of thistypevariesslightly rimand twohorizontal (c) Bowl within-turned of rimand curvatureof the body walls. 1070 has straightsides; 1204 and othersin the configuration almostflaringwalls and a rim withconcave or i860 are more sharplyincurved;2236 has straight, grooved upper surface.All probablyhad flatbases (e.g. 1069, 1071, i860). One fragment,i860, 118Betancourt 1985, fig.56h. 119 Biegen 1954, pl. 37:5. 120Valmin 1938, fig.68.

121Cf., at Knossos, Wilson 1985, fig. 13: 96-7. 122 E.g. bridge-spoutedjar, Betancourt1985, hg. 05.

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a spout.The numberofsuchbowlsis hardto estimate, becausetheinterior surfaces ofboth preserves in similarfashion, and one cannoteasilydistinguish bowlsandjarswerefinished betweenthem.The schemesare reminiscent ofEarlyMinoanbowlsfromMyrtosand Knossos.123 shapeand decorative Plate.Therearetwoexamplesofthisshape:1166 witha slightly offset base and thickened walls,and with walls. The surface of the first is but worn to have had 12235 flaring plain,slightly very appears o-ddecoration; thesecondhas d-o-1decoration thatextendsto theundersideofthebase. Thisshape is foundinLD atAyiosStephanos(2274),Lerna124 andKastrion Kythera.125 It is commonon Crete;126 see further underthesameshapein LD ware. Jugwithbeaked spoutThe onlycompleteexampleofthisshape,1117,has a wideneckand low spout, and round-sectioned handle.The bodyis decoratedwithgroupsofdiagonallinesthat globularbody runfromneckto base. The shapeand thedecorative schemeresembleEM II jugs fromMyrtos.127 handle is with marked incised lines at the totherim.Potters' 2237 Jug upperendoftheattachment marksare a characteristic featureof LD and Aeginetanworkshops; thisis theonlymarkon a DP vesselthusfarknownto me,and itmayhavebeen merelydecorative.128 Wide-mouthed neckshavebeen jar. The rimsoftwojars withwidemouthsand short,slightly flaring has a with a the rim 1208 the of is on the recognised. plainlip groovealong topedge; 1209 thickened exterior. Bothexampleshavea pairofloopspaintedon theinterior rim.A restoration ofthecomplete is notpossible,but 1210 is probablythebase of 1208. profile Globular on jar. Thejar,represented 1263,has a wideneckand shortrim,flattened by rimfragment that toward the A exterior. trace of on thebody. top, projects paintis preserved neckandflaring rim.The body of thisjar is globular:itsshoulderslopesin a gentle Jarwithnarrow curveup tothepointfromwhichtherimflaresout;thereareno definite transitions shoulder, defining neckand rim.The shape,whichis verydistinctive, is characteristic of waresin threeothergroups aboutwhichI am certain(I havenotactuallyhandledall examples,suchas thejar ofthesameshape fromKoryphasion,129 whichmay be of a different fabricgroup,one local to Messenia):theseare MP.130 GroupV, LD (e.g.2281), GroupVI, MicaceousMinoan(2303),and GroupVIII, Aeginetan The DP shapeand decorativeschemesare closelyrelatedto thoseof LD; theAeginetan, although fromboth,stylistically and technologically. This shapewas not similar,can be easilydistinguished madein potting traditions thatI considerto be typically Helladic. Comment The name of thiswarerefersto thedull appearanceof thepigmentused in thedecoration, which is notMattPaint.The shapesand decorativepatterns, as well as otherfeatures suchas theuse of added red and whitepaintand the incisedmarkon one of the handles,have Minoanparallels. however,date to EM II, unlikethoseforLD, which,at the Manyof theseparallelsor similarities, timeofitsfirst to styles appearancein theearliestphasesofMH, dateto MM IA. Thisresemblance froman earlierperiodin anotherarea (a phenomenon thatalso seemsto occurin DB ware,which has stylistic is striking and mayhelpto elucidate parallelsin theEM and EC II ceramicrepertories) thevexedproblemofchronology.131 (c) GROUP III: MATT PAINTED WARE AND YELLOW MINYAN WARE, FINE AND GRITTY

Bytheend ofMH twostylesthatwerepopularin otherareasofthemainlandbeganto be produced in the southernPéloponnèse:YM and MP, in bothfineand gritty fabrics.MattPainthad been oftheperiod;thelight-coloured burnished orpolished popularintheCentralAreafromthebeginning surfaces thatcharacterise YM wereproducedthroughout theperiod,buttheyonlybeganto replace in popularity thedarker-coloured surfaces ofGM latein MH. The appearanceofthesetwowaresat 123Betancourtiq8k, fig. 26a and b. 124Zerner 10.88,fig.20: 13-16. 125Coldstreamand Huxley 1072, fig.37: 32. 126From EM II Myrtossee Warren 1072. fig.ao: P *6-8. 127For the decoration see, forexample, Warren1972, fig.69p: 443-4; forthe shape see, forexample, Betancourt1985, fig.39^

128For furtherdetailsof the incisionson thishandle see §6 (iv) below. 129 Biegen 1954,01.38:6. 130Zerner iq88. fig. 1«. 131See §4 (i) below.

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AyiosStephanoscoincidedwiththe appearanceof otherceramicsthathad been commonin the CentralAreaofthemainlandthroughout and GM ware. MH, mostnotablyAeginetan imports MattPainted, fine,and YellowMinyan, fine

theseare twodifferent herebecausetheysharethesame wares,theyare treatedtogether Although and Fine'YellowMinyan'in Rutter basicdescriptions and shapes.TheyaretermedFineMatt-painted and Rutter.132 Fabric witha greycore(one Yellowish red(5YR 5/6),lightred(2.5YR 5/6)tored(2.5YR 5/8),occasionally with inclusions: YR fine but hasa buff core,7.5 7/4pink);usuallyvery occasionally noticeable fragment bits white. and of somedarkred visiblein thebiscuit), tiny tinybitsofsilver(rarely Surface Reddishyellow(5YR 6/6)tobrown(7.5YR5/4)orbuff (7.5YR7/4pink)orred(2.5YR5/6);sometimes or withwhiteslipthatlooksivory-coloured (10YR 8/3,verypale brown);almostalwaysburnished and exterior. on the interior polished Manufacturing techniques visibleon finevesselsin thisgroupthatindicatehowtheyweremanufactured. Thereareno features arelackingand lead one to assumethat and othersignsofwheel-throwing On theotherhand,rilling a turntable. with the of made were help by hand,possibly they Decoration burnishedsurfaces;MP ware has added painteddecoration. Both wares have light-coloured, rimsor bases,mayhavebelongedto vesselsthatwereeither from Undecorated especially fragments, Paint with Matt Decoration or However, (darkbrowntoblack)wasusuallyin d-o-1 plain painted. style. or 10R to red also in or three colours two 4/6) yellowish using (10R 5/8 appear:bichrome, designs witheitherdarkbrownor blackmanganese-based red (5YR 5/6) iron-oxide-based painttogether whitepaintis combinedwiththe a thickish buton somefragments paint,is theusualcombination, redand blackin a polychrome style(1606). band (e.g. 1597) and zigzag(e.g. 1428, 1588); less The mostcommonmotifsare thehorizontal semicircles commonarethependentloop (2246),wavyline(2247),pendentconcentric (1592, 2245) band. a darkhorizontal on white dots has One and cross-hatched example(1606) triangle(1590). ofrimswereoftendecoratedwithgroupsofverticallinesor stripes(e.g. 1595). The interiors Shapes Mostshapesin fineYM and MP areopendrinking vessels,primarily cupsand goblets. semi-globular couldnotbe sherds natureofthematerial, It shouldbe notedthatbecauseofthefragmentary many I the LH are of another. or as fromone particular classified following: Typical shape fromrimto base. Manyother cup.Onlyone profileofthistype,1367,can be restored Semi-globular withrounded B at Mycenae,133 Circle from Grave the to rimsanda fewhandlefragments belong type sometimes the above rim and to handle and rim, everted slightly rim, loop (attached body)rising profile, to therim(1540, 1553).Pelletsofclayappliedto vessels witha claypelletat thepointofattachment ofrivetson metalvasesand datetoLH I.134 tobe imitations areconsidered atthispointofattachment ofthisshape Thistypeofcup fromMycenaehas a low foot,concavebeneath,butno basescertainly oftherimvaries:itmaybe plain,flaring The configuration at AyiosStephanos. havebeenpreserved 135 on theexterior (1541). (1540) or thickened (1543),hollowedon theinterior and itmayhavebelongedto a kantharos cup.Onlyone example,1535,has beenrecognised, Angular one-handled or cup.136 132Rutter and Rutter 1976, 9-10. 133 Mylonas 1973, pl. 231: T 24 and M 148. 134For this date at Tzouneiza see Rutter 1080, 11.

135For the shape see Davis 1979, fig.9: 163-73; Mylonas

1073,pl. 231: F 24 and M 148. 136Forthe shapesee Dietz 1991,fig.47: AA-7; Davis 1979, %• 9: ^õ'» Mylonas1973,pl. 232: S 187.

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a continuation Kantharos. 1321 fromEtaburial15 is a completeexampleofthistype,whichrepresents ofthepopularDB shapeintoLH I, whenthelight-coloured surface ofYM waspreferred. Therearetwo of carinated and rounded the handles risehigh (as (1554-1555) semi-globular cup).Strap types profile: abovetherimandareeitherfairly thinandtroughed, orthick, almostsquarein section, andtroughed; a fewexamplesoftripartite handleswerefound(e.g.1559).Feetareconcaveunderneath (1321).137 GobletThe distinction is madeherebetweena kantharos, a cupwithtwohandlesthatrisehighabove therim,and a goblet,a cup on a footwithone or twohandlesthateitherdo notriseabove therim or rise veryslightlyabove, e.g. 1566. Most fragments fromAyios Stephanosdo not preserve evidenceofthehandletypeand therefore cannotbe classified as one or theother.The gobletin Fine YM or Fine MP does not appearuntilLH I. The profileis rounded,the rimslightly everted,at timeshollowed;the handles are troughedstraps,and sometimesa clay pelletis added at the withtherim(e.g.3385).138 attachment Squatjug orjar. Twofragments, 1605 witha band ofwhiteon thelowerbody,and 1606 decorated in polychrome to style,belong thisLH I shape.Two others,1572 and 1573, maybelongto the sametype.139 Comment Fine YM and MP are characteristic of the latestphase of MH, transitional to LH, and earlyLH in the Central Area. At to LH to I, and theirshapes phases AyiosStephanostheyappear belong those DB. of replace YellowMinyan,gritty, andMattPainted,gritty

ThesearetermedGritty MP and Gritty YM in Rutter and Rutter1976.140 Samples2265, 2321 (= Set 3 Class 1 in Appendix2, withplate 61 è). Fabric Pinkishgrey(7.5YR 6/2),lightgrey(10YR 7/2),pale brown(10YR 6/3) to orange,sometimes a dirtybrowncolour; oftenlayeredwitha greycore, orange towardthe interiorsurface,and browntowardtheexterior; firmand hard,slightly inclusions grainy-looking; rangefrommicroscopic to large:white(limestone), and other some round ones thatlook like black, colours, tiny grey raisinspressedintothebiscuit,also silverbits. Surface Reddishyellow(7.5YR 7/6-6/6)to lightgrey(10YR 7/2) or pink(7.5YR 7/4);oftenpitted;either wellburnished or partially burnished(e.g.theinterior ofgoblets);a finescatterof silverbits,some largerpiecesofquartzvisible. Manufacturing techniques As inDP ware,themostdistinctive feature ofthesewaresis themannerofattachment ofhandles:holes werecutin thewallsofvessels,intowhichtheendsofthehandleswereinserted; theydo notprotrude intotheinterior ofthevase.Thistechnique wasnotpractised intheCentralArea(I havenot bypotters theassignment ofthisgrouptothesouthern yetfoundevidenceforit)and supports Péloponnèse. Decoration Same as describedaboveunderfineYM and fineMP. Onlytwopiecesare decoratedin a bichrome style;therestare d-o-1. Shapes The mostcommonaregoblets,kantharoi andjars,butthefragments, likethoseoffineMP and YM, oftencannotbe assignedto one particular shape. 137For the shape see Dietz 1991, fig.47: AA-6, AA-4 (3); Davis 1979,fig.9: 190; Mylonas1973,pls. 234: A 7 and 235: E 182. 138Forthe shapesee Davis 1979,fig.9:187-9.

139Forthe shapesee Dietz 1991,figs.53: AF-14 and 54: AFa: u; Mvlonasio'?*, ol. 221;:A8. 13a; Davis 1Q7Q,fiff. 140Rutterand Rutter 1976, 6-9.

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Vapheio cuporstraight-sided cup.Onlyone fragment belongsto thisshape(1633). See Dietz 1991,fig. 48: AB-10-13. Semi-globular cup(see above,fineYM and fineMP). The profileofthisshapeis verylikethatofthe roundedgobletand can be distinguished fromitby itssmallersize. Onlyrimsare preserved(1607, l41 1635-1637) convexupperbody Carinated flaring cup.3401 istheonlycomplete exampleofthistype:ithasa slightly and,belowan angle,a concavelowerbody.The typeis relatedtotheearlierMH one in DB ware. ofa doublevessel,probablytwojoiningcupsorbowls,decorated Doublecup/bowl. 2267 is a fragment in bichromestyle.Likethesameshapein DP (1065 and 1111),it appearsto be a mainlandtypeof lateMH and earlyLH. werefoundin AreaNu,bothwithcarinated and/or kantharos. Goblet Completeexamplesofkantharoi because mostof the examplespresentedhereare and rounded (R246) profiles(R297). However, as goblets,withbothangular(e.g. sherdsand cannotbe assignedto one shape,theyare classified and rounded 1638-1648) profiles(e.g. 1649-1672). They may have one (e.g. 1649) or two (eSthe 1614) handles, positionofwhichvariesin relationto therim:levelwiththerim(e.g. 1649) or The and may also be a kantharos. above it (e.g. 1669). Only 1672 is high-swung risingslightly with a or and rim also of the groovealong (e.g.1614) squared, tapering vary:plain configuration may thetop(e.g. 1619).The basesare all low feet,concavebeneath(e.g. 1620-1623). ExamplesdecoratedwithMattPaintare common:d-o-1is usual;onlyone is bichrome(2059).The ofthelip,decoratedon theexterior and exterior ofa bandaroundtheinterior typicalschemeconsists with rim on theexterior, base of the the a band around withpendentloops (1654); plainor trimmed hatched with decorated or either (1658), triangle triangle(s) plain pendentdashes(1652); a shoulder, (1651) or spiral(1656); andband(s),plainorwithpendentloops,aroundthepointofwidestdiameter (e.g. 1649). The handlesare barred(e.g. 1669); some also have pendentloops (1672) and cross (1649).The undersideof 1649 *spaintedwitha cross.142 bowlBichromerim1695 is theonlyexampleofthisshape,describedas a 'deep bowlwith Spouted Unliketheseexamples,1695 has an openingfora or 'krater'.144 wideopeningand heavyflatrim'143 spoutjustbelowtherim.145 Deepbowlorbasin.A fewrimsare cataloguedhereas deep bowlsor basins.Theirrimsand profiles on the thickened 2046 and 2047 have wide mouthsand rimsthatare slightly varyconsiderably. towardthe exterior,1432 is thickenedon both sides,2257 has a Rim 2250 protrudes exterior. handle,slightly T-shape,and 2251 is hollowedon theupperedge. 2046 has a crescent pronounced is relatedto The in DB ware. bowl as on a is also there rim where the on shape R217 lug, uptilted, one in LD146thatalso has smalllugson therim.147 wideneckwithflaring Globular rim,globularbody,troughed straphandleand jug. 1322 has a fairly and manyother B at Circle Grave from known are flat base. Similar convex Mycenae jugs slightly in thedetailsofthisshape.148 butthereis quitea bitofvariation sitesin theArgolid, fromburialsoftheShaftGraveperiod.The angular Beak-spouted jug. 1323 is anothershapefamiliar of and decorative spiralsdateitto LH I.149 pattern running profile Globular jar. Examplesofthisshape(1436, 1673-1674,2259) have a widemouthwithevertedrim on theinterior. rimthatis hollowedslightly and globularbody.2260 has an almoststraight

141For the shape see Dietz 1991, fig.48: AB- 17. 142For the shape see Davis iQ7Q, fig-q: 184-q. 143Bleeen 1021, ^o, no. *. 144Davis 1Q7Q, fiff.*: ^2-^.

145For the shape see Mylonas 1972, pl. 230: O 189; Davis 1979» 243» 247.

146Zerner 1988, fig.30: 20-2. 147For discussion see Rutterand Rutter1976, 37 n. 26. 148See Mylonas 1973, pl. 66: A y; Dietz 1991, 173,Jug with Horizontal Spout, figs.53: AF-15 (1) and 54: AF-15 (2). 149For the shape see Dietz 1991, 172, BeakedJug,fig.54: AF-4.

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Hole-mouthed as a bridge-spouted hole-mouthed jar. Rim 1677 has thesame configuration jar from AreaNu,DepositN (R690); bothdateto LH I/IIA. oftherims,necksand flatbases ofjars orjugs werefoundin early Jugs/jars/hydriai. Manyfragments LH deposits.The rimthickness varies,fromthin(e.g. 1024) to fairlythick(e.g. 1929). One cannot withcertainty, reconstruct wholeprofiles buttheybelongto typesofjugs,jars and hydriaifoundin theArgolid.150 Someofthefragments havedecorative in MattPaint:horizontal patterns banding(e.g. or semicircles 1688),somebandshavinga pendentfringe (1684) pendentconcentric (2266); groups oflines,placedobliquely(e.g.1681,2066); rowsofdots(1681); doublezigzagfilledwithdots(2259); hatched(1686), cross-hatched (1690) or solid (2263) triangles; runningspiral(1689); cross(1693); anddoubleconcentric circleswitha circular massofdotsin thecentre(1025).A similarcircular mass of dotsappearson 2264. One fragment, has a vertical decorated with 1930, panel oblique and with a similar to this ware and lines; crisscrossing 2074 pattern maybelong group.2073 also has an unusualpattern, within vertical which is closest to the bands, herringbone AeginetanMP styleof LH.151 Circles drawn were around the base of round-sectioned vertical handles early (e.g. 2065); on horizontal handlesone circlewas drawnaroundeach base (e.g. 1691-1692) and was notdrawnas a likethattypicaloftheAeginetan figure-of-eight style.152 Comment MH/LH or theShaftGraveperiod,YM and MP had completely By Transitional replacedDP and had almostreplacedDB in popularity. Unlikethetwoearlierwares,whichhad theirownparticular shapes,thesameshapeswereusedforbothYM and MP. (ii) Southern Péloponnèse: Weathered Igneous Rock The mostprominent characteristic are theplatesofdullcopper-and silver-coloured materialon the surface. GROUP IV: COARSE WARES

Sample2319 (= Set 6 Class 1 in Appendix2, withplate 62*).The waresare all coarse,and either burnished or unburnished, herebecausetheysharethe plainor incised.Theyare treatedtogether sameshapes,as wellas thesamefabricand surfacedescriptions. Fabric Orange(2.5YR 5/6),red(2.5YR 4/8)toreddishbrown(5YR 5/4)withgreycore,butveryoftendark fromlarge-sized coarse,gritty-looking; greythroughout; manyvisibleinclusions, chipsofdarkcolour to smallerdarkred,whitish-grey, blackand orangegrits. Surface Red (2.5YR 5/6),yellowish red (5YR 5/6),reddishbrown(5YR 5/4),darkgrey(5YR 4/1) to dark reddishgrey(5YR 4/2),veryrarelylight-coloured burnished. (buff);sometimes Manufacturing techniques All vesselsweremadebyhand.One handle,brokenoffat thepointofattachment, had beenpressed as handlesin DB ware. up againstthewallin thesamemannerofattachment Decoration Smallknobsweresometimes attached totheshoulders ofjarsandperhapscups/bowls; designs, usually of horizontal and Thereis one exampleofan groups obliquelines,wereincisedon somecups/bowls. incisedor pie-crust rim,a featureof MH I. A fewpithoihave inciseddecorationon theshoulder zone.Painteddecoration is rare:onejar (1005) has a band aroundtheneck.

150Dietz 151Cf. 1991, 189-94,fìgs.58-Q. Mountjoy1981,fig.321-.

152Cf. Mountjoy1981,fig.11: 102.

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Shapes The most common were cups or bowls and wide-mouthedjars withrounded profilesand everted rims,whichwere used in cookingand probablyforotherpurposesin the kitchen.Othervesselswere surfaces. used forstorage,i.e. the pithos,and have lighter-coloured walls (although Cup.There are a numberofexamplesofa small,roughly-made cup withfairlystraight the profilevaries and the walls eitherflareout or turnin), with one handle (1337) or no handles (1136, 1887-1888, 2312-2313). Roundedcup.1507 is the onlyexample ofthisshape, a cup withroundedprofileand high-swung strap handle. It probablydates to LH I. rim.This shape appears to have been the most popular small vessel in witheverted Roundedcup/bowl the kitchen,forcooking and perhaps otheruses as well, throughoutMH. It has a rounded body, evertedrim,flatbase and one straphandle (thereis no evidence fortwo-handledcookingpots) that swingshighabove therim.As in thesimilarshape in DB, earlyexampleshave a swellingshoulder,e.g. 1177, 1277. In earlyMH thebase was flatand therimsharplyeverted(e.g. 1140); in late MH, ithad a less evertedrim and smallerbase (2314). Some were decoratedwithincised shorterand straighter, patterns(e.g. 1177-1179) usually drawn all over the exteriorsurface.In the earlierphases of MH, patternswere more carefullydrawn(e.g. 1086-1087), whereasin laterMH theywere more sloppily executed(e.g. 1986). Such vessels bowlwitheverted Rounded rim, 2315, mayhave belongedto a strainer. piercedOne fragment, no the holes but is the in MH Lerna in EH III at similar, Lerna;153 early longerpenetrate shape appear thebody wall and are merelydecorative.This fragment may date to TransitionalEH III/MH I. bowl.Rim-fragment 1224 may belong to a deep bowl withstraightsides. The exterior Straight-sided surfaceis decoratedwithincised,crossedlines. Bowl within-turned rim,orbasin.A numberof fragments belong to a shape thatmay be describedas a and basin. Profiles or bowl 2157 are deep and roundedwitha rimflat varyconsiderably:1017 deep on top and protrudingtowardthe exterioror interior;1797 and 2158 are deep and straight-sided walls and a plain rim; and 1800 is a witha T-shapedrim; 1798 and 2159 are deep within-turning wide-mouthedbowl witha rimbevelled on the interior. walls. Plate(?). A fewfragments, 1234, 1801 and 2000, maybelongto a shallowbowl orplatewithflaring Shallowbowlorplate(?). 2199 is the plain rimof a shallowbowl or plate withstraightsides.154 Jug.A fewsherdsare designatedas jugs, eitherbecause theyhave verticalhandles or because of the of theirrims,e.g. 1890 and 1891. formation Hole-mouthed jar. Only one example of thisshape, 1804, was identified:its date is earlyLH. Two-handled jar. 2316 has an uprightrim,globularbody and two verticalhandles attachedto the top of the rimand shoulder. rim.This shape was commonat MH sitesall overthemainlandthroughout Wide-mouthed jar witheverted the period and continuedto be made in LH. It was certainlyused for cooking (tracesof burning remainon mostexamples) and surelyforotherpurposesin the kitchen.The rimsare usuallyeverted (e.g. 1046), but some are almoststraight(e.g. 1047, 1814). The body has a roundedshouldertapering to a flatbase, usually small. Sizes varied fromsmall, witha rim diameterof 13, to very large, 41 profile,e.g. 1049. (1901). Some shoulderslook almost swollen,e.g. 1033; othershave a straighter Most are handleless:onlyone fragment, 1229, has evidence of a verticalhandle,attachedto rimand shoulder;and one smalljar, 2317, has two horizontalup-tiltedhandles. Bases are small,and either 153Rutter 1995, 43, Form VII.

154For the shape see Dietz 1991, fig. 16: 109-10 (MH IIIA).

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flat(e.g. 1283, 1508) or quitesmalland knoblike(1284, 1411-1412). Knobbedprojections were addedtotheshoulders ofsome;in theearlierphasesofMH thesewerelongand projectedquitea bit (e.g. 1049); by thelaterphasestheyweresmallerand less conspicuous.One exampleofa pie-crust rim,a veryearlyMH type,was found(1088). One fragment (1005) witha paintedband aroundthe neckmaybelongto thisshape. handles. A fewbody-sherds withtheremainsofhorizontal Jarwithhorizontal handles,e.g. 1048, belly from 1182, 1226,belongto somekindofjar. The shapeis notcertainbutmayhave been different thetypicalwide-mouthed with everted which does not have handles. rim, jar usually ofthe 1802 has an undulating JarwithT-rim. profileand a T-shapedrim.It is unusualbutreminiscent rimsofpithoi(e.g. 1150). Pithos.Like the othercoarse-ware rim, shapes,profilesvary:one has a highneck and out-turned flat on and thickened on theexterior rim usually top (e.g.1018, 1315); anotherhas a shortout-turned a third a has neck that at narrows the mouth and a vertical handle attached to (e.g. 1409); straight neckand shoulder(e.g.1150, 1235).Thereis evidenceon a fewsherdsforhorizontal handlesplaced neartherim(e.g.1034).A fewfragments weredecorated:spiralsincisedon the highon theshoulder, neckof2203, a zone ofherringbone on 1034 and 2204, a horizontal rowofoval impressions made a on A few a have horizontal band of at the of base the by finger-tip 1341. fragments clayapplied neck(1152,plain),on theshoulder(1409, decoratedwithfinger or lower on the impressions) body and 2202, decoratedwithincisedverticallines). (e.g. 1410,decoratedwithfinger impressions, Other. witha holecutbeforefiring; 2201 is a thickfragment itmayhavebelongedto a piercedstand. (iii) Southern Péloponnèse (Kythera?): Mudstone and Chert Prominent characteristics are theMinoannatureoftheshapesand decoration, themultitude ofwhite and vari-coloured inclusionsidentified as sand155 in the biscuitof the medium-coarse and coarse and theincisedand impressed marks.The onlyceramicwareis LustrousDecorated, fabrics, potters' whichappearsin fine,medium-coarse and coarsefabrics.The name is thatgivenbyJ. L. Caskey, whowas thefirst to identify itas a MH ware;156 itrefers to thetypeofpaintused to decoratevessels in thegroup(veryfewundecorated oneshavebeen recognised). GROUP V: LUSTROUS DECORATED

WARE, FINE, MEDIUM-COARSE

AND COARSE

Fabric The finevariety is veryfine,and itis oftendifficult to tellitapartfromtrueMinoan.Eventhecoarser varieties resemblecertainMinoanfabrics, the'Northeast CreteTemperGroup'.157 1 cannot particularly be certainthatall thesherdscataloguedhereas LD arein factthat,butI havetriedto singleoutthose ofwhichI am unsureand markthemwitha query:LD(?) or Minoan(?).158 Manufacturing techniques A numberoftechnical detailssetthiswareapart.On onejug rim,1870,a fine,untempered claywas chosenforthelip and added to thegritty or sand-tempered clayoftheneck.Similarrimshavebeen identified amongLD vesselsfromLerna. The potters thebody-walls ofvesselsso thattheendsprotruded regularly pushedhandlesthrough intotheinterior. On jugs,thepointedendthatcamethrough thewallwas leftas itwas;thismayhave been becausethehandle,whichwas attachedvertically to theneckand body,couldnotbe affixed untiltheneckand rimhad beenjoinedto therestofthebody,at whichpointin theforming process thepotterwouldhavebeenunableeasilyto reachinsidethepotto smoothovertheprotruding point. In thecase ofjars,sincethepottercouldattachthesebellyhandlesbeforejoiningtheneck,thetwo ends of each horizontalhandlewere smoothedover to formroundedbumpson the interior. In contrast to thetriangular handles wedgehandleson similarjars in Aeginetanware,LD horizontal werecoils,thetwoendsofwhichwerethrust thebodywallofthevessel. through 155See Appendix 2 §2 (ii) (f). 156 Caskey 1954, 29-30; 1955, 35 n. 19.

157Zerner,Betancourtand Myer 1086, 6o. 158See §4 (i) below forfurtherdiscussion.

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whichbearthemarksor Another characteristic feature ofjarsandjugsis visibleon interior surfaces, ofthefingertips ofthepotter. striations leftby a hard-edged tooland,often, By scraping impressions to continued MM IB, thepotter's wheelwasusedtothrowsmallvesselsin thisware.Although potters tomakelargershapesbyhand. throwsmallforms oftheperiod,theycontinued duringtheremainder Decoration Almostall vesselsin thiswareweredecoratedwitha paintof ironoxide thatsometimes appears variesfromblack lustrous and,as a resultoffiring, (mostsherdsareverywornbyuse and deposition) (verydarkgrey,7.5YR 3/0)to darkbrown(7.5YR 3/2),and darkreddishbrown(5YR 3/2)to red wereadded in thinwhiteand red or purple(10R 3/4, (2.5YR 5/6-5YR 6/6); oftenotherpatterns ribs. or horizontal withclay,eitherdots(barbotine) was decoration Other red) applied paints. dusky of the was and few on their LD current followed limited, Crete, repertoire Although potters styles wereprimarily morecomplexMinoanschemeswereadopted.In theearlierphasesofMH, patterns did notbecomeusualuntilthemiddleoftheperiod. linear,and polychromy LustrousDecorated,Fine

in Rutterand Rutter.159 Thisis termedFineMinoanizing Fabric Pinkish buff(7.5YR 8/4)to lightred (2.5YR 6/6),oftenwitha lightgreycore.Smooth,compactand dark-coloured andrarely mainlysmallbitsofwhite(limestone), firm-feeling; veryfewvisibleinclusions, silver of a noticeable have a particles(quartz). quantity particles; fewfragments Surface was Lightbrown(7.5YR 6/4),pinkishbuff(5YR 8/4-7/6to 7.5YR 8/4);in somecases,theexterior burnished. lightly Decoration Vesselsweredecoratedwithlustrous paintand addeddesignsin dullwhiteand redor purple,orwith in d-o-1and l-oPainted decoration: decoration. earlyMH cupsare decoratedon theexterior applied oftherim(on theexceptions1334 and andusuallywitha bandofdarkpainton theinterior d styles, oftheundersideofthebase. ByMH II, boththeinterior 1476 see below)and aroundtheperimeter is decoratedwithadded are solidlycoatedwithlustrous surfaces and theexterior paint;theexterior vesselsandis limitedto a few on is found in Plastic decoration and red. in white appliedclay patterns attachedto thesurfacein thebarbotine rowofsmalldotsofclay(alsocalledbosses)160 style. Shapes Theseare thesameas thosepopularon Cretein theMiddleMinoanperiod. The shapeis oreggcup.One cup decoratedin thebarbotinestyle,1334,was preserved. Footed goblet IA. MM is the date Minoan;161 cup.This MH I type,hand-madeand lackingtheconcaveprofileof theMM IB-II wheelAngular an anglein theprofile thrown rim,at timesin-turned, cup),has a straight cup (herecalleda carinated L-o-dfragment and mayperhapsbe a Minoanimport). and a lowfoot(1476 is coatedon theinterior with decorated are and rim. the out formed a has 1126 2269 1124, 1125 pulling by slightly spout thedateis MM IA. dots.The shapeis Minoan;162 barbotine Rounded plain rimand roundedprofilefromrimto flatbase: cup.This shape has an incurving, d-o-11075, l-o-d 1170 and 2268, and polychrome1076 and 1477. Some may have had one handleoriginally a handlealtogether. 2268 has a bitofthevertical handleor mayhavebeenwithout markon thebodyunderthehandle.The onlyothermarkknown on thecup and partofa potter's 159Rutterand Rutter1076, 12. 160Cf. Betancourt1085, fie. 58e. 161Betancourt 1985, fig.48; Momigliano 1991, fig.1: 1; cf.at

Lerna, Zerner 1088, fig.24: 1-2. 162Betancourt 1985, fig. 48 ('carinated cup'); cf. at Lerna, Zerner 1988, fig.24: 3-11.

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on a fineLD cup (mostmarksappearon LD, MediumCoarse)comesfromLerna.163 The shapeis thedateis MM IA. Minoan;164 Carinated on thepotter's wheeland was usuallydecoratedbya coat cup.The MH II typewas thrown ofpaintall overtheinterior and exterior. Whitepaintis discernible on somefragments; mostsherds are too wornand do notretainadded decoration, A bit of a vertical e.g. 1344, 1933, 2076-2077. handleis preserved on 1932. The shapeis Minoan;165 thedateis MM IB- III. Conicalcup.1931, decoratedwithcross-hatching in whiteon a darkground,is theonlyrimof this in the material studied. The thedateis MM I- III. shaperecognised shapeis Minoan;166 on thepotter'swheel,has an evertedrim,roundedor globular Semi-globular cup.Thisshape,thrown flat and base. It to be body begins producedin late MH, in both1-o-d(e.g. 1937) and polychrome a combination of d-o-1 and polychrome (e.g.1441) styles, (e.g.2270) and,by LH I, in d-o-1stylethat followsLM IA (e.g. 3458). The shape is Minoan;167 the date is MM III. Althoughthe shapewas producedin earlierphasesofMM, theexamplesfromAyiosStephanosmostcloselyresemblethose ofMM IIIB fromKastrion Kythera. or Vapheio at theend ofMH Straight-sided cup.Thiswheel-thrown shapewas producedby LD potters andinearlyLH. 1697-1705areexamplesin d-o-1and1-o-dstylesfromthelatestMH andTransitional thedateis MM III-LH I. depositson thesite.The shapeis Minoan;168 Hole-mouthed (bridge-spouted?) jar. 1373 is theonlyexampleofajar ofthisshapeinfinefabricexamined here.The shapeis Minoan.169 LustrousDecorated,Medium-coarse

Thisis termedOatmealMinoanizing in Rutterand Rutter1976, 10-11,and LustrousDarkon Light in Rutter and Rutter1976, 12. Samples2282, 2288-2289,2326 (= Set4 Class 1 in Appendix2, with PLATE6l/).

Fabric Light-coloured, lightbrown(7.5YR 6/4) and reddishyellow(5YR 7/6),to darkerorangeand red and (2.5YR5/8 2.5YR 6/6);veryoftenwitha greycore(7.5YR6/0);usuallyfiredtoa brittle hardness, in the Whitbread as sand)170 of especially earlyand middlephasesof MH; inclusions(identified by colours- red,black,darkgreyand white- areplentiful and oftenofapproximately manydifferent thesamesize; in thelaterphasesofMH theinclusions becomefewerand are frequently onlydark redor blackand angular. Surface buff(5YR 9/4-7/6to7.5YR 8/4)tobright Lightbrown(7.5YR6/4),pinkish orangeorred(2.5YR6/6); incisions froma scraping tool(ona fewexamplesfingerprints interior, arevisiblewhere deephaphazard thepotter hadpressedagainstthewalls);exterior, attimeslightly burnished. slippedlightbrownorbuff, Decoration Same as thefinevariety. Shapes Rounded cup.The shapeis thesame as thatin LD, fine,fabric.1374 is decoratedin d-o-1,2090 in 1-o-d.The shapeis Minoan;171 thedateis MH III. 163Zerner iq88, fig.24: 12. 164Betancourt 1985, fig.48, withhandle risinghigherthanrim; Momigliano199 1, fig.1: 17-1 8 'footlessgoblettype',and fig.30, type 4 'one-handledcup'; cf.at Lerna,Zerner10,88,fiers. 24-*: 12-20. 165Betancourt 1985, fig.65; forparallels at Lerna see Zerner 1088, fig.2*: 21-3. 166Betancourtiq8r, fie:.48. 167Betancourt 1985, fig. 77; cf. on Kythera,Coldstream and

Huxley 1972, Deposit Zeta rounded cups, nos. 17-23, and at Lerna, Zerner 1088, fie:.2f>:24-*. 168Betancourt 1985, fig.93; Coldstreamand Huxley 1972, fig. 39: i> 3> 15169Betancourt 1985, fig. 48; for parallels on Kythera, see Coldstream and Huxley 1072, 07, Deposit Delta, nos. 42-3. 170See Appendix 2 §2 fii)(a). 171Betancourt 1985, fig.48; cf.at Lerna Zerner1988, fig.27: 2.

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Semi-globular cup.Two examples of thisshape in medium-coarsefabric,1714 and 1943, decoratedin 1-o-dstyle,have verticalloop-handles;thatof 1714 rises above the rim. The shape is Minoan, the same as LD, fine(see above). Bowl or basin.A numberof fragments of thislarge open shape, withroundedbody and evertedrim, were recognised.The contourof the rimvariesconsiderably,fromeverted(e.g. 2095), facetedon the interior(e.g. 2094) and thickenedon theinterior(e.g. 1376), to T-shaped(e.g. 1378) and hooked (e.g. 1448). All have either1-o-dor polychromedecorationon the exterior,unlikethe Kytheranin-and-out bowls and basins,whichare of similarshape but patternedon theinterior.172 Only one, 1716, is plain and has a small lug on the rim.They date to MH III. The shape is Minoan, MM III.173 Plate.Only one fragment, 2274, ofthisMH I shape in LD ware is knownfromAyios Stephanos.The exteriorsurface,includingtheundersideof thebase, is decoratedin 1-o-dstyle.The shape is Minoan; the date is MM I.174 Jug. Although many fragmentsof jugs were found, few were rims, and the spouts cannot be It is likely,however,thatthe shapes resembledthose in LD ware, both beaked and reconstructed. round-mouthedjugs, fromKythera and Lerna, decorated in d-o-1,1-o-dand polychromestyles. Fragments1872 and 2275 belong to the MH I typeofjug withbeaked spout and ribbed shoulder. Other complete or almost complete An intactexample of thisearly type was foundon Kythera.175 in a that with a handle ends but same of the pointat itsupper end have been found shape examples and Papoulia in Messenia.177 at Lerna176 The verticalhandleswere roundin sectionin earlyMH (e.g. 1870), or flattenedovals (e.g. 1948) in laterMH. In MH I and II theywere pushed throughthe body-wall,and the pointsprotrudeon the interior(e.g. 1871); by late MH thispracticebegan to disappear (1717). Like the jar withnarrow neck and flaringrim,LD jugs were oftenmarkedby the potters.Two such potter'smarkshave been identifiedat Ayios Stephanos: 1077, on the neck below the handle; and 2276, on the upper side of the handle. The shapes are Minoan, MM I- III.178 Hole-mouthed jar. Six rimsbelong to thiswell-knownMinoan shape; only one, however,preservesa (1722) and thestubofa basket-handle.2109 and 2277 have simplerims;1950 is slightly bridge-spout evertedat thelip; 2110 is flattenedon the exterior;2108 curvesinwardabove a ridgeon the exterior body-wall.They appear in depositsof MH I- III date. The Minoan shape dates to MM I-MM HI.179 Jar withnarrowneckandflaringrim.This storagevessel has a flaringmouth,narrowneck, globular body,twohorizontalhandlesthattiltupwardon thebelly,and a flatbase. The handleswere roundor oval in section;theirtwo ends were pushed throughthebody-walland theroughends thensmoothed featureis a shoulderthatslopes gentlyup to a pointfromwhichthe rim over.Its mostcharacteristic or mouthflaresout; theneck is not set offfromthe shoulder.This shape is one ofthemostpopularin LD throughout MH, and in contrastto mostof the othershapes in the ware,theredoes not seem to have been a similarMinoan shape. In addition to LD it was produced in Group II, DP ware,180 The shape was produced and GroupVIII, AeginetanMP ware.182 GroupVI, Micaceous Minoan ware181 was rim the In earlier hand. made was MH and plain and oftenlong phases by always throughout were groovesor there interior its on sometimes and it became later in the shorter, phases (e.g. 1079); ridges(e.g. 1384 and 1388). This shape can be decoratedin d-o-1,1-o-dand polychromestyles.Many jars, especiallyin MH I and II, were decorated in d-o-1style,usually in the followingpattern:a narrowband around the

172Coldstreamand Huxley 1972, pl. 23: 29-34. 173Betancourt 1985, fig. 77; cf. at Kythera,Coldstream and Huxley 1972, Deposit Epsilon nos. 29-34, fig.38; and at Lerna, Zerner 1988, figs.27-8: 6-12. 174Cf. at Knossos, Momigliano 2000, 95, fig. 18 no. 78; at Kythera,Coldstreamand Huxley 1972, Deposits Gamma no. 32, fig.37, and Delta no. 28, fig.38; and also foundat Lerna, Zerner 1988, fig.29: 13-15. 175Coldstreamand Huxley 1972, 258, L Chance Finds no. 2, of similarjugs withribbed shouldersin MM pl. 82; forfragments IA see ibid. 92, Deposit Gamma, nos. 8-9, 11.

176Zerner 1088, fie. «1: 2*. 177Korres 1080, fig. 27178Betancourt 1985, figs.39, 65, 77; Coldstreamand Huxley 1072, pls. 72-3, nos. 60-68, pl. 82, nos. 1-2. 179Betancourt 1985, figs. 48, 65, 77; cf. at Kythera, Coldstreamand Huxley 1972, Deposit Delta nos. 23 and 27, pl. 22; at Lerna, Zerner 1088, figs.33-4. 180See §s (i) (b) above. 181See §3 (iv) (a) below. 182See §3 (vii) (a) below; Zerner 1988, fig. 13.

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rimdownto thepoint interior oftherim;a coataroundtheexterior rim,coveringtheentireflaring wheretheshoulder the divided into zones horizontal eachzonedecorated bands, begins; upperbody by withpatterns; thelowerbodyleftundecorated from below level of handles whichthelowest (over just bandpassed)tothebase.EarlyMH motifs thindiagonal horizontal includediagonally hatchedtriangles, linesin groupsofthree,fouror five,and widediagonallines.MH II motifs includethickwavylines (i960), drips(1262),rosettes (1951),quirks(2115),fatcircles(1953) and filledcircles(1955). Certain MH: to late the hatchedor cross-hatched semicircle belong patterns (e.g. 1388),replacingtheearlier hatchedtriangle; rowofdotsin a horizontal line(1397) or aroundtheperimeter ofcircles(1345);row 183 ofdashes(1456);andthickorthinwavylines,drawnas deeploopingsor scribbles (1389 and 2289). EarliestLH motifs arefoliatebands(2119) and bigloopingspirals(2288).In Transitional MH/LH or earliest there are foliate bands and Some details in white were added LH, (2119) ripples(1728-1729). dark on the decoration: narrow horizontal bands or lines a filled in the circle paint (1388, 1452), centreofa darkfilledcircle(1388),loops (1388) and rowsofdots(1388). In the1-o-dand polychrome stylestheexteriorsurface(eitherthewholesurfaceor thetop half, downtojustbelowthehandlezone) was coatedwithpaint,and decorativepatterns wereadded in whiteand red or purplepaint(in 1-o-donlywhitewas used,whereasin polychrome bothcolours wereused).The interior oftherimwas also coatedand at timesdecorated.The patterns arethesame as thosein thed-o-1style.Manyjars ofthisshapebearmarksincisedbythepotters on thehandlesor on thebodywalljust below thehandles.Threehave been identified at AyiosStephanos:1081, a slashon theuppersideofthehandle;1015,a horizontal rowofsixgougeson thewallofthevessel justbelowthehandle;and 2283, a verticalrowoffourgougeson thewallbelowthehandle. The shapeis Kytheran(?), datedto MM IA-III.184 Jar,unidentified shape,1213 is a closed shape,a jar of some sortwitha verticalstraphandle.No decoration is preserved on thefragment. LustrousDecorated,coarse

Fabric Same as thatforLD medium-coarse, butinclusions in largersizesand moreabundant. Decoration Same as LD medium-coarse. Shape Pithos. One fragment ofa rimofa pithos,1272, and a bodyfragment fromanotherwitha plasticrib, 2128, werefoundat AyiosStephanos.1172,also witha plasticrib,mayhave comefromanotheror froma coarsejar.The shapedatesfromMH I through MH III and is Minoan.185 Comment Themostinteresting questionthatarisesfroma studyofthisgroupiswhereLD wasproduced.Analyses oftheshapesanddecorative as wellas theclaytype186 ofLD vesselsdatingfromearliest MH patterns, LH have shown that the centre of was not on Crete but I, in somewhere the through production or on where can be found. Péloponnèse Kythera, geologically compatible claydeposits Unfortunately, we cannotbe morepreciseat thispoint.For archaeological reasonsI shouldliketo locateit in the southern eitherin Laconiaor on Kythera. LD wasone ofthemosttypicalwaresatAyios Péloponnèse, it other wares thathavepeculiar,thatis to say,regional MH; appearsalongside Stephanos throughout suchas DP andDB wares.NoneoftheusualMH products oftheCentralArea,suchas characteristics, GM and MP, norAeginetan were found at the site until the end of wares, period.On thecontrary, to came from the from Crete and and Red imports AyiosStephanos south, Kythera(Minoanimports SilverMicaceousGroupVI) bywayofthesea-route thatlinkedwestern CretetoKythera andthecoast 183Cf. Coldstream and Huxley 1972, pl. 23 = Epsilon 2%-a. 184Coldstreamand Huxley 1972, fig.37:Gamma 33; fig.40: Zeta 138; horizontalhandles of same shape, pl. 21: Gamma 2729; cf. at Aegina, a complete example in polychrome style, Welter 1938, fig. 17; at Lerna, Zerner 1988, figs.35-40.

185Betancourt 1985, fig.77; parallels at Kythera,Coldstream and Huxley 1972, Epsilon 105 (MM IIIB), fig.38, and Zeta 148 (MM IIIB-LM IA), fig.40, pl. 28; at Lerna, Zerner 1988, fig. 41 (MH I-III). 186See Appendix 2 §§2 (iii), 3.

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ofLaconia.LD pots,alongwithDB and Minoanimports, wouldalso havebeentransported by sea to sitesfurther tothenorth, suchas Lerna,fromthesouth,theareainwhichtheywereprobably produced. LD wareis Minoannot onlyin inspiration Pottersworkingin Minoan but also in technology. in but becausetheclaytypeofall traditions worked different areas outside have Crete, potting may LD vesselsanalysedthusfaris essentially thesame,it seemsreasonableto considerthiswareas the It is important ofone generalarea,i.e. thesouthern alwaysto keepin mind Péloponnèse. production on Theremayhavebeenpotters thepresenceofMinoanson Kythera. working thatislandandpotters wouldhavebeenclose This tradition in Minoan tradition. mainland both the on the working nearby, ofitsown.Thus LD potsare notto be on Cretebutwouldhave had a character to itscounterpart The but as productsof workshopsworkingin Minoantraditions. regardedas Minoanimitations MBA and the makersofLD keptin contactwithCretanceramicstylesand technology throughout their own LD had and was LBA. this contact continuous close, stylesand potters Although early LBA. into the maintain until well which continued to traditions, they (iv) Southern Péloponnèse (Kythera?): Red Silver Micaceous (white mica) as white identified characteristics includemassiveamountsof silver-coloured Prominent particles, Minoan as well as the and make them surfaces of vessels coverthe mica,thatthickly appearance sparkle, was practicedby pottersof thisgroup,another of the shapes and decoration.Wheel-throwing thatsetsitapartfrommostothergroupsdescribedhere. characteristic GROUP VI: MICACEOUS

MINOAN PAINTED AND COARSE (COOKING

POT) WARES

in Rutterand Rutter.187 Thisis termedMicaceousMinoanizing Samples23O2a-23<>3,2305 (= Set 5 Class 3 in Appendix2, withplate 62 ¿). Fabric Usuallyfrombrightorange(2.5YR 4/8 red),oftenwithgreycore,to darkgrey(7.5YR 4/0-4/3); and a massive whiteand darkredinclusions bright Veryhardand rough-feeling; rarelypinkish-buff. amountofsilvermica,especiallyvisibleon surfaces. Surface withbothcolours. mottled Reddishbrownto darkgrey(7.5YR 4/0-4/3or 2.5YR 4/0),sometimes techniques Manufacturing observations on thewheel,a fewothertechnological evidenceforthrowing In addition totheimportant was scored surface the of bands of attachment the for surface the To canbe made. prepare (2308 clay, theappliedbandhavingbrokenoff).Thereis verylittleevidenceforthe thescoredsurface, preserves andthehandlesinserted butitappearsthatholeswerecutinthebody-wall ofhandleattachment, method thoseofLD ware. like interior into the not did The ends intothemin themannerofDR protrude Decoration Eitherplainor decoratedin a dark-ground stylewitha coat of darkgreyor blackpaintand added were and red white in thick (7.5R 3/4).A numberoftheplaincooking-pots (7.5YR 7/4pink) designs a with tool cut or the with rims the on with adorned (1174) or (1776) finger impressed edging or cut also that were of withappliedbands clay (1777). impressed MicaceousMinoan Painted

Shapes rim 1175 and low foot1176, come fromthe same cup with Two fragments, Cup or kantharos(?). roundedbodyand short,evertedrim.The cup is plainand datesto lateMH. 1769 comesfromtheshapetypicalof MH II- III (see §3 (iii) cup.L-o-drimfragment Semi-globular above,LD). 187Rutter and Rutter 1976, 11.

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1770 mayhave been 1-o-dand froma shapelikethatoftheLD angularcup Spouted cup.Fragment (see §3 (iii)above). Bowlorbasin.Therearea numberofexamplesofa deepbowlorbasin,usuallywitha globularprofile and sharplyevertedrim,wide and flaton top,and decoratedin 1-o-dand polychrome (e.g. 1028At had a least on the shoulder. Unlike the other one, 2301, 1029,23°°)2302 has a fragments, spout rim. out-curved The is a decoration band around theneck. plain,markedly plastic: finger-impressed Bowl(?).Fragment sides,but the shape to whichit belonged 1771 is an open shape withstraight cannotbe identified. neckandflaring rim.The shapeof 1772, 2303 and 3435 is thesameas thatdescribed Jarwithnarrow forDP and LD wares.188 The one handlepreserved fromAyiosStephanosis a flattened oval (1772) and was notpushedthrough thebody-wall. Hole-mouthed on top,projecting on theexterior, and a horizontal handle, jar. 1031 has a rimflattened a flattened tilted oval, upward. ofthelowerbodyand base ofjars,1324 (low,flaring Jar.Twolargefragments foot)and 1781 (offset concave to that cannot be more identified. base, underneath) belong shapes precisely MicaceousMinoan Coarse (Cookingpot) ware

Shapes Jug.1402 and 1403 belongtojugswithplainsurfaces. Kitchenware oftheseutilitarian vesselsvaried,particularly in the basin, pot.The profiles jar andcooking formation of therim- eitherplain,tapering(1775, 1778, 1779, 2306), thin,T-shaped(2307), or flaton top (1174, 1776, 1777) - and typeofhandle- eitherhorizontal, thickened, (1174, up-tilted or flattened oval (2309). Someofthecookingpotsmusthavehad tripodfeetliketheir 2306), vertical, fromKythera, butveryfewwerefound(R972). Rimsoftenhave an edgingof fingercounterparts or incised slashes: Fromthesame two,1051 and 1052,mayactuallydateto theEBA.189 impressions is a basin with everted on the outside with slashes. rim,edged deposit,1053 1468 is an odd oblique that have to a similar as the is a basin, fragment may belonged preservedportion spoutformedby out the rim. MH III and later have horizontal handlesthatare pulling examples,e.g. 1174, up-tilted flattened ovalsin section.1174 also has a decorative the of rim. One earlyLH edgingalong top the example,3434, has a potter'smark,an X incisedon the body walljust above the handle.Some whichappears examplesofthisshapearesimilartobasinsorjarsin CoarseMicaceousfromKythera, to be thesamefabricas theRed SilverMicaceousdescribedhere.190 Jar(?).1085 is eithera base witha holein itor a rimwitha verynarrowopening.It is eitherEBA in date and belongswiththe otherfragments in earlyMH baskets(1050-1053), or it is a flowerpot to the MBA. dating Comment The excavators ofKastrion Kytheradescribea newredmicaceousfabricthatappearedin MM IBIIIA and becamemorecommonforcookingvesselsthanOatmealfabricby MM IIIB.191I thinkthis is the same as Red SilverMicaceous describedhere,even thoughthe vesselsfromKastriare undecorated and mainlycooking-pots, whilea numberfromAyiosStephanosare decoratedand not intendedforor used overa cookingfire. MicaceousMinoanvesselsappearat AyiosStephanosmostcommonly in MH III and later(but mayperhapshave appearedin MH I) in shapesthatresemblethosefromKastri.Many of those mentioned in theKytheravolume(forexample,hole-mouthed jar,jars,jugs,basins)seemto be the same as thosedescribedhere fromAyiosStephanos,but because profilesare not illustrated one 188See §3 (i) (b) and (iii) above fordescriptionand discussion. 189Cf. Coldstreamand Huxley 1072, pl. 16: 3^-4.0. 190See Coldstreamand Huxley 1972, fig.38: Deposit Epsilon

no. 94 and 100; fig.40: Deposit Zeta nos. 134-*. 191Coldstream and Huxley 1972, 279.

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cannot be certain.Other shapes found at Kastri,such as baking-trays, lamps and censers,are not attestedat Ayios Stephanos,a phenomenoncharacteristic of mainland sitesin the MBA in general, where specialisedvessels are noticeablyabsent. Special vessels intendedforactivitiesrelatedto fire (baking,roasting,lightingetc.) are not found,and the few thatwere used forthese activitieswere The question of the existenceof domesticvessels with specialised functionsin the multi-purpose. MH household is vexing,since one rarelyfindsthemin mainlandfabrics.For instance,where typical are the tripodcooking-pots,baking-dishes,lamps, braziersand otherimplementsthatwould have been of such practicaluse in the kitchen?When such shapes do appear at mainlandsites- and this occurs rarely- theyare importsfromCrete or the Cyclades. Obviously the domesticpracticesof to and contactwith,forexample, culturesin different partsoftheAegean varied;and despiteproximity Minoans,the mainlandersimportedtheirpotterybut not theirways of life. to Micaceous Minoan because the The name has been changed fromMicaceous Minoanizing192 term'Minoanizing'implies an imitationof Minoan styles,and it is not yet possible to say thatthis ware was not actuallymade by Minoans (in thiscase, Kytherans).The sourceof the clay and the area of productionof thisware, however,are not yet known: outcroppingsof micaceous schistexist on Crete and Kytheraand in the southernPéloponnèse. (v) Crete: Various

Fabrics

group vu: painted and plain wares, fine, medium-coarse and coarse areas or clay sourceson These fallintoseveralfabricgroups,whichderivefroma numberof different is describedin Crete.Thus, since a generaldescriptioncannotbe given,the fabricof each fragment betweena piece of LD, fineware and an import to distinguish the catalogueentry.It is oftendifficult withfinefabric;therefore problematicpieces are placed in a separatecategory. MM IA imports(hand-madefootedgoblet and angular cup) appear at Ayios Stephanos in the the period and into the earliestMH deposits(thosein Area Zeta); such importscontinuethroughout LBA. RelationswithCrete were close and contactfrequent,eitherdirectlyor via Minoans livingon the island of Kythera.The Minoan and/orlocal potteryof Kastriis identicalto thatof Minoan or MinoanisingclassesfromAyiosStephanos:LD, Micaceous Minoan and Minoan Imports.It is possible thatMinoans came to the coast ofLaconia as earlyas theyhad come to Kythera,i.e. in EM II, butwe discussion. have no evidencefromthisperiod ofimportsto the mainland.See §4 (i) below forfurther Fine fabrics

Shapes Footedgobletor eggcup.The MM IA piece 1082 is the earliestMinoan importidentifiedat Ayios Stephanos.In contrastto the same shape in LD, the entireinteriorsurfaceof thiscup is coated with darkpaint.(For discussionand parallels,see same shape in §3 (iii) above, LD). Angularcup.The MM IA sherd 1083 was hand-madeand decoratedin 1-o-d.I have adopted the term it fromthewheel-thrown 'angular'forthisshape in LD ware (see §3 (iii) above) in orderto distinguish carinatedcup (see below). The lattertermis used by Minoan specialistsforboth shapes.193 to isolate in Carinatedcup.This wheel-thrownshape dates to MM IB/II, a period thatis difficult III levels MH in are the of Most at stratified (e.g. 1399).194 examples sequence Ayios Stephanos. or Vapheiocup.A few examples of thiswheel-thrown shape date to MM IIB-IIIA (e.g. Straight-sided decoration and rim band with One and (3438) belongs to LM IA.195 ripple deep 2290). cup 1971 cup.The firstexamples of a rounded cup or bowl withevertedrim appear in deposits Semi-globular of MH I (1878-1879). They may be antecedentsof the well-knownlater semi-globularcup of MM III foundin MH III to LH I depositsat Ayios Stephanos.Decorationis in 1-o-d(e.g. 1461) and polychrome(e.g. 2136). 192Rutterand Rutter1076, 11. 193Betancourt1085, figs.48 and 65. 194For discussion and parallels see the same shape in §3 (iii) above, LD.

195For discussion and parallels see the same shape in §3 (iii) above, LD (cf.Catling,Catlingand Smyth1979, fig.18: 96, MM III 1-o-d).

THE MIDDLE

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POTTERY §3

209

as deep cups,e.g. 2143; cf.theMM are fromcupsthatmaybe characterised Cup.Otherfragments III 1-o-dcup fromKnossos.196 Conical cup.Threeplainconicalcups,2130-2132, dateto MM III or LM IA. The rimof2132 has an internal bevellikea MM III cup fromKnossos.197 Bowl.MM I(?) fragment 1084 is therimof a hand-madeshape thatwas foundin an earlyMH I deposit. Medium-coarseto coarse,painted

Shapes In-and-out bowlorbasin.Thisschemeofdecoration, used on bowlsand basinsofvarying first profile, on Minoan to Kastri on in MM IIIB198 and continued into LM. At appeared imports Kythera Ayios StephanossuchMinoanbowlsandbasinsappearin depositsofthesamedate,e.g. 1462, 1747, 1752, thatmaybelongto thesametypeare 2144 and 2146.199 2145. Otherfragments Basin.In MH III thisshapewas verypopularin LD; two1-o-drimsofMinoanimports in thisshape werealso identified. is with a rim flat on and thickened on the exterior. shallow, 1753 top 1447 has a its is similar to that of in-and-out basins rim; T-shaped (see above). shape very Other Jug.One wholeMinoanbeak-spouted jug, 2296,was publishedfromtheearlierexcavations.200 be the of closed that are as jugsmay represented among manybody-sherds shapes catalogued jugs/jars. Jar.A numberofrimsmaybe assignedto importedMinoanjars,herealso calledneckedjars (e.g. bothbody-sherds and bases,may also belongto 1756-1758, 2147-2148); manyotherfragments, suchjarsbutare notdiagnostic and are categorised as jugs/jars. ofMinoanjugsorjarswerefoundin depositsfromMH I, e.g. 1306Jug/jar. Bodyandbase fragments and MH 1307 1885, through III, e.g. 1763-1764 (rippledecoration). Medium-coarseto coarse,unpainted

Shape Basin.Thisshapehas wallsthateithersplayout,e.g. 1765,or turnin,e.g. 1767. Rimsare thickened eitheron one side,e.g. 1467, or on bothsides,e.g. 1765. On a few,finger-impressed bandswere surface below rim the as These of appliedto theexterior decoration, just e.g. 1766-1767. fragments, MM III to LM IA date,come fromlate MH and earlyLH depositsat AyiosStephanos(withthe exceptionof 1016,whichmaybe MH I).201 (vi) Southern Péloponnèse (Kythera) or Crete(?): Schist, Phyllite, Mica Series Some fragments cataloguedas possiblyMinoan or Micaceous Minoan have a fabricand other characteristics thatmakeit difficult to assignthemto eitherclass.It is hoped thatfuture analytical workwillmakeidentification possible.Samples2310-2311 and 2327 (= Set 5 Classes 2 and 4 in Appendix2, withplate 62 b and d). (vii) Aegina, Volcanic: Green/Yellow, Fine and Medium-Coarse, and Red Coarse of thisfabric,the mostobvious is gold mica, the biotite Amongthe prominentcharacteristics characteristic ofvolcanicclays.These shinygold or blackflakesoftenappearon thesurfacebutare 196Catling, Catling and Smvth iq^o. fier.18: 04. 197 Catling,Catlingand Smyth1979, fig.23: 168. For a variety ofprofiles,cf.Catling,Catlingand Smyth1979, fig.21 (MM III); fie. *6: 241, 248 (LM IA). 198Coldstreamand Huxlev 1072. 281. 199For the bowl cf. Coldstream and Huxley 1972, pl. 23: Deposit Epsilon nos. 20-28 (MM IIIB); fig.39, pl. 26: Deposit

Zeta nos. 41-47 (MM IIIB-LM IA). For the basin cf.Coldstream and Huxley 1972, fig. 38, pl. 23: Deposit Epsilon nos. 29-34; fifí.3Q, pi- 26: Deposit Zeta nos. 4.8-rq. 200HS 2K in Taylour 1072, 224. dI. akc left. 201Cf. Coldstream and Huxley 1972, fig.38, pl. 25: Deposit Epsilon nos. 100-102 (MM IIIB); pl. 28: Deposit Zeta no. 140 (MM IIIB-LM IA).

21O

C. ZERNER

thatthe clay is volcanic,and sparseand are not visibleon everysherd.It has been determined its sourcehas been located by chemicaland petrologicalanalyseson the island of Aegina.202 Area fromearlyMH, continuing ImportsfromAeginawereverycommonat sitesin the Centred fromAyiosStephanosof LH. are no definite and well into There the fragments throughout period EH As the remainingimports be MH to the I). (1404 period may Aeginetanimportsdating fromAeginabelongto LH I and LH IIA, thatmustbe consideredto be the timewhencontact betweenthetwoareasbegan.203 Manufacturing techniques ceramicproducts. detailscharacterise As withLD wares,a numberoftechnical However, Aeginetan fromtheislandfoundat AyiosStephanos, natureofimports becauseofthepaucityand fragmentary All of the vesselsappearto have been here.204 cannotbe illustrated manyof thesecharacteristics theMBA and intothe or wheel with of the tournette, hand-built, throughout turning help probably thebody wall in the mannerdescribedforLD LBA. In the MBA, handleswerepushedthrough of One specialfeature medium-coarse wares;bytheend oftheperiodthispracticewas discontinued. of pots thatwas also practisedby theLD potterswas theregularmarking theAeginetanindustry beforetheywerefired.205 (a) group vin: green/yellow, fine and medium-coarse Red Slippedand Burnished

Fabric butsometimes (5YR quiteorangeor reddish,fromwhite(5Y 8/1)to reddish-yellow Light-coloured fineto powderyfeeling;porous-looking; 6/6) to verypale brown(10YR 7/3); sandy,sometimes blackandred),mostnotably withmanyinclusions medium-coarse platelets gold-coloured (white, shiny, scattered. visibleon surface, sparsely (biotite) very although usually Surface Oftendescribedas green(2.5Y 7/2lightgrey)to lightbrown(7.5YR 6/4). Decoration Coveredwitha colouredslipinsideand out,eitherred (on theaverage,lightreddish-brown 5YR 6/ sometimes or well burnished or brown platesor black); cursorily; (darkgrey, 3) or dark-coloured flakesofbiotiteare visible. Shapes Goblet1782 is therimof a LH I gobletwithroundedprofile.1404, ifit is in factAeginetan, may belongto a gobletwithangularprofile.206 One exampleof thisshape was foundin a LH I deposit(1469 withevertedrim, Basinor krater. flattened alongitsoutsideedge).It is usuallydecoratedin d-o-1or bichromeMattPaintedstyles.207 MattPainted/Plain

Sample2328 (= Set6 Class 2 in Appendix2, withplate 62 /). Decoration lines,rows in MattPaint(darkgrey,brownor black)on an unburnished Patterns ground:horizontal band foliate and ofdots,garlands, (1032). pendenttriangles 202See Appendix 2 §§2 (iii), 3; also Zerner, Betancourtand Myer 1986, 64; Zerner 1993, 48-50. 203See §4 (i) below forfurtherdiscussion. 204For a complete bibliography for Aeginetan wares see Lindblom 2001. 205See §6 below.

206Cf. Davis 1979, fig. 3:20 (called 'Lustrous Painted: Darkcoated'); Zerner 1088, fig.3: 18-20. 207Cf. Zerner 1988, 2, fig.8: 22-3; Dietz 1991, fig. 29: 292 'Aeginetanred slip'; Davis 1979, fig.5, 30-47 (these decorated in Bichrome MP, 'Aigina: PolychromeMatt-Painted').

THE MIDDLE

HELLADIC

POTTERY §4

211

Shapes MP shapesand decorative It Bowl(?)1032 is unusualamonglateMH/earlyLH Aeginetan patterns. with be a bowl or decorated with a it LH II. to foliate should date to band; goblet globularbody appears orstamnos). with Jar(amphora, Flaringrims- bothplain,tapering(1786-1787) and T-shaped, hydria in flat interior bases and with and marks), (1784) (1790, 1791-1792 groove potters' bodyfragments 1788-1789 comefromone oftheseshapes.1785 witha verticalhandleattachedto therimbelongs to a jug or hydria. therearetwothatappearto be fromdifferent Jar.In additionto thefragments justdescribed, shapes: has a short neck and be from a 2329 1783 also has a globularbodybutits globularjar;208 very may rimflaresoutfromtheshoulder. (b) GROUP IX: RED COARSE (KITCHENWARE)

Fabric sameinclusions as (5YR 5/4and 7.5YR 5/4);coarseandrough-feeling; Usuallydarkorreddish-brown VIII but more and notas visibleto thenakedeyeowingto thedarkcolourof above, Group frequent thefabric. Surface Samecoloursas thefabric, withpatchesorlargeareasofgreytoblackwhereburnedin cookingfires. the fabric is werewell-finished and smoothed. coarse,thesurfaces Although Shape Wide-mouthed rim.Thisis themostusualshapeforcooking-pots on theGreekmainland, jar witheverted in EH III and MH and well into it LH; appearsin manydifferent beginning continuing throughout fabricsand in different from small to The at Ayios sizes, large. Aeginetanvariationrepresented is of LH I as is shown its which is concave on the interior date, Stephanos by rim, (1794, 2330). or plain,tapering rimsare also foundon lateMH and earlyLH jars,e.g. 1793. Base 2331 Straight fromAsteribearsa potter's mark(threesmallincisions in a T-pattern), a commonfeature ofAeginetan Red coarse MH. In the of the wares,including kitchenware, throughout earlypart period,markswere on the of the in the Shaft Grave and vessel; placed upperbody period earlyLH, thearea nearthe base wasusuallymarked, eitherthebody-wall above the on the of base, just edgeor on theunderside thebase itself. The latejarshapemayhaveverticalhandles,roundor oval in section(2329).209 (viii) Other Mainland: Various Fabrics GROUP X: GREY MINYAN AND MATT PAINTED WARES

CeramicstylestypicaloftheMBA in theCentralArea- GM and MP - werenotfoundat Ayios Stephanosuntillatein theperiod,whenMP, at least,was madelocally.GM, however, appearsnever to havebeenproducedin Laconia.A fewsherdsfrompotsperhapsimported fromtheCentralArea, bothMP and GM, werefoundon thesite;one, 1064,was fr°mtheveryearliestyearsoftheMBA. 4. CONCLUSIONS Thegeneralconclusions herearebasedon an analysisofceramicdataandon theassumption presented thattheexistence ofdistinct ceramictraditions has cultural How farthiskindofevidence, significance. i.e.pottery decoration and and can be pressedinan evaluation (surface styles form) technology, actually ofprehistoric societiesdependsa greatdeal on thequalityand quantity oftheavailabledata.Atthis intotheMBA on themainland, is limited pointin ourresearches anyevaluation bya lackofpublished bodiesofceramicmaterial thatinvestigate all theparameters ofproduction and design,fromfabricto to stylesof decoration.These mustbe consideredtogether withall the manufacturing technology otherevidencefroma siteand comparedto other,similarly researchedsites.This cannotbe done 208Cf.Zerner 1988,fig.16: 46-8; Davis 1979,fig.7: 97-1 10,'MattPainted:LightGrayUnburnishecT; Dietz 1991, fig.71: KB- 1-3.

209Cf. Zerner 1988, fig.23: 17-20; Dietz 1991, figs.29: 29496 and 71: KC-i; Davis 1979, fig. 11: 242-50.

212

C. ZERNER

withthe data we now have. Thus, the followingobservationsare recommendationsforthe course of futurestudyin the cultureof mainlandGreece in the MBA. (i) Early Helladic III and Middle Helladic, Early to Middle Althoughcertainfeaturesof Lerna and Ayios Stephanos can be compared (i.e. the existenceof a theceramicsfromthetwositesare verydifferent. completesequenceofLD alongwithMinoan imports), in significant In fact,MBA potteryfromAyios Stephanosdiffers waysfrommostotherpublishedMH is the almosttotalabsence at the Laconian site, siteson the mainland.The most strikingdifference duringmost of the period, of the Aeginetanand Cycladic importsso common at MH sitesin the CentralArea. Cycladicimportshave notbeen recognisedamongtheexcavatedmaterial,and Aeginetan potterydoes not appear untiltheveryend ofthe MBA or thebeginningoftheLBA. TrueGM ware is extremelyrare,and the techniqueof decoratingvessels withMatt Paint,one of the hallmarksof the MH period fromitsverybeginningat othersites,was not regularlyemployeduntilMH III/LH I. i.e. in the area Most of the groupspresentedhere are consideredto be eitherof local manufacture, of Laconia itself(Groups I-IV), or importedfromnearby,i.e. fromthe island of Kythera(possibly Group V, LD ware,and theotherMinoan or Minoan-likeGroupswithred micaceousfabrics).Unlike the ceramicfindsfromthe site of Lerna, a large numberof whichwere fromotherareas of Greece and theislands,thereare fewimportsfromfurther away thanKythera.These fewimportswere from Crete and may themselveshave come via Kythera;importsfromotherareas did not begin to appear at the siteuntillaterin the MBA, and even thenwere not numerous.In otherwords,althoughAyios non-Helladic,or Stephanoswas a mainlandsitewithtypicalHelladic features,therewas a distinctly industries. to the ceramic Minoan, component in the ceramicsof the different areas, both on the mainland and in the islands, Many differences that took events of historical been the result have place at theend ofEB II. The EH II settlement may on the mainland; however,the of Ayios Stephanos correspondsto othercontemporarysettlements where themostcompleteEH III at known well of the artefactual Lerna, followingperiod, assemblage has not yet been found and at is has been found, missing Ayios Stephanos sequence (Lerna IV)210 is representedin elsewherein Laconia.211This phase, althoughperhaps only its latestsubphase,212 otherareas ofthePéloponnèse,forexample in thewest,at Nichoriain Messenia,whence examplesof typicalEH HI wares have recentlybeen published.213 In theareas ofexcavationat AyiosStephanoswhereEH II levelswerereached,theseappear to have theseareas were veryfewand been followedimmediatelyby levels datingto earlyMH. Admittedly, found IV were Lerna those of smallin extent,but no sherdsresembling anywhereon or near the site not canonical,may belong to Lerna IV types,i.e. a (withthe exceptionof a fewvesselsthat,although and 2214, and a Coarse incised strainer,2315). paintedbowl, ««05, early DB profiles1036-1040 also be These, along withthe GM bowl rim 1064, could categorisedas TransitionalEH III/MH I. untilthebeginningofMH? II and notre-inhabited Was AyiosStephanosabandonedat theend ofEH to theend ofthisperiodin Or did theend ofEH II at AyiosStephanosnotcorrespondchronologically EH HI styleswerebeing as time theArgolid,so thatEH II stylescontinuedto be producedat thesame would correspondto that producedat Lerna? Or weretheceramicremainsin Laconia, fromtheperiod to earlyMH wares similar EH III in thenorth-east Péloponnèseand elsewherein theCentralArea, so II and EB III on the EB thattheyhave notyetbeen recognised?Many questionsconcerningtheend of The sequence at Ayios answered.214 mainland,Crete and the Cyclades have not been satisfactorily Stephanosdoes notprovidethe answers,but it does add a fewmorepieces to thepuzzle. in common The ceramicsfromtheearliestdepositsoftheMBA fromthesitehave manycharacteristics Minoan and of Kastrion Kythera,e.g. LD, Micaceous Minoan, withthose of the Minoan settlement than Minoan of imports;theyalso have featuresnotpresentat Kastri,but whichare more reminiscent Helladic ceramics,e.g. DP. Even DB ware,while exhibitingtypicalmainlandcharacteristics, displays thatfindtheirclosestparallelsin Cycladicand Minoan potteryoftheEBA. These characteristics features but i.e. detailsofformand/ordecorationthatcould be theresultofborrowings, are notmerelystylistic, to the potter'scraft;theyare not featuresthatcould have been easilyborrowed,but are fundamental would have morereasonablyresultedfromthetravellingofpottersthemselves,who mayhave worked areas and may have trainedpottersfromthesesame areas in theirown traditions. in different 210See Rutteriqqr. 211Cavanaeh and Crouwel iqq6, 16. 212Rutter 1995, 773.

213Howell 1QQ2 bffig.3.2: P 2047-8. 214 Manning 1995, 51-72.

THE MIDDLE

HELLADIC

POTTERY §4

213

In fact,it wouldappearthatthesouthern at leastfromtheend ofEH II, had some Péloponnèse, that one be characteristics ofa separatecultural zone, sphere, may definedas thatofan intermediary and features on the one island cultures one betweendifferent cultures, with, hand, (Minoan sharing At the at sites to the north of Laconia. on Helladic culture and, other, represented typical Cycladic) leastin its ceramicassemblage,the sitehad morein commonwiththatof theislandof Kythera, at thesiteofKastrakiwas abandonedand thatat Kastrisettledin wherethetypicalEH II settlement EM II- III, fromwhichtimeMinoancultureprevailedon theisland. Problems arisewhenattempts aremadetolinkupthethreesitesofKastraki, KastriandAyiosStephanos. Kastraki wasinhabited untilsometimeinEH II andthenabandoned.Kastriwassettled somewhat later, in EM II as the excavators state. excavation has revealed remains fromthe However, perhaps scanty ofthesite:a fewpotsandsherdsfromEM II andEM III, rather morefrom earlyperiodsofoccupation MM IA, IB and II. AyiosStephanoswas occupiedin EH II. Thereis no evidenceforan intervening toEM II orIII orEH III: thephasefollowing EH II is datedtowhatwe nowcall phasecorresponding Transitional EH/MH orearlyMH. Theseproblems relatetothoseevidenton CreteandintheCyclades inthesameperiod.215 ThedatafromKythera andAyiosStephanos tothisdiscussion. mayaddsomething It shouldbe notedthat,althoughtheevidenceis problematic, thesettlement at Pavlopetri, withits and shares of the of a in an features site zone connections,216 many Cycladic Kytheran intermediary and mustbe takenintoaccountin a reconstruction ofthisimportant phase. If,as I assume,whatis calledLD on themainland(foundat manysites,in Laconia,Arcadia,the is thesamewareas thepottery thatwasconsidered Attica, Euboea,BoeotiaandtheCyclades)217 Argolid, Coldstream and to be local and was in that same by Huxley Kytheran produced place,i.e. Kythera, thensomeoftheproblemsmaybe resolved.IftheEM II and EM III vesselswerebrought to Kastri as imports fromCreteand thenewinhabitants themselves and LD, thena beganpotting producing longgap in occupationat AyiosStephanosbecomesless ofa possibility. The DP tradition raisesmorequestions:theexistenceofanotherworkshop MM trends following at the same time as one thatfollowedearlierMinoantrends(DP) maysimplyreflect thefactthat (LD) itwas moreopento contemporary influences fromCrete,whiletheDP tradition was notaffected by thatkindofinfluence. Forexample,one mightimaginea LD workshop on Kythera, whereMinoans wereliving,and a DP workshop on themainland. A numberofceramicfeatures sharedby theworkshops ofAeginaand southern Laconiawerenot characteristic of groupsand waresin the Helladictradition, and can be tracedback to stylesand traditions ofan earlierperiod,bothEM II and EC II: e.g. thesystematic ofvesselsby the marking handles,certainformssuchas thenarrowpotters, manufacturing techniquessuchas push-through neckedjar withflaring rim(thusfarrecognised MP, DP and LD), theflaskand the onlyin Aeginetan anddecorative ofDB ware.Allthesecharacteristics pyxis,andotherforms patterns pointtoa situation ofchangeand movement in thesouthern and the but not to a totalreplacement islands, Péloponnèse oftheculture one.Thisobservation us to another and bya different brings largerquestion:whowere thepeoplewhobuiltthehousesat AyiosStephanosin theearlyyearsoftheMBA, and whowerethe potters?Many questionsmustbe answeredbeforewe can even begin to understandthe most fundamental and aspectsof thismainlandculture.The periodis a tangledweb of correlations andinordertountangle itwe muststudynotonlythepottery butall theotherevidence contradictions, fromthepointofviewofmaterials and technology. Some of theseproblemswillcertainly be resolvedwiththeuse of scientific analyses.Jonesand Whitbread have shownthatLD sherdsfromat leastthreesites,Lerna,AyiosStephanosand Kastri, are verysimilarand couldhave been producedin thesame area.218 Butquestionsremain.Can we the exact of manufacture of LD? Are the EM II and III vesselsfoundat Kastri pinpoint place(s) to the site Minoan who somewhat later set imports brought by immigrants, up theirownworkshops and producedLD wares? A studyofthepottery fromAyiosStephanosis a studyoftheparticular betweenthe relationship of the mainland and those of Crete at the earliest the islands. Fromthe peoples and, stage, Cycladic the end of EB a movement of or of the II, earlyperiod, peoples shifting populations among peoples ofthemainland, theCycladesand Cretemaybe postulated. Thesemovements causedgreatchanges, and theresulting culturaltransformations have causedus greatdifficulties as we tryto linkup the varioussequencesat different sitesin different A similar regions. phenomenon mayalso be observed in theceramicsoftheMBA at thesiteofKolonna,on theislandofAegina,wheremanystylesand 215For a detailed discussion see Marinino-iook. 216 Harding, Cadogan and Howell 1969.

217See Zerner logs, 4^-7. 218See Appendix 2 §§2 (iii), 3.

C. ZERNER

214

manufacturingprocesses are non-Helladic and close to Cycladic and Minoan, while other and burial,are in the Helladic tradition.Both areas,Aegina in the Saronic practices,e.g. architectural zones on Gulfand Ayios Stephanoson the southernborderof mainlandGreece, are in intermediary cultures. the borderbetweendifferent (ii) Late Middle Helladic and Early Late Helladic In the early and middle phases of the MBA, potteryfromAyios Stephanos displaysmany features thatsetit apartfromthatof sitesin the CentralArea. By the end of the period,however,the rangeof wares and forms,both locally produced and imported,is similarto thatof the restof the mainland. By then,MP and YM have become usual in the households,and even Aeginetanpots were being used. This change in the ceramic assemblage is consistentwitha change in tradingpatternsin the in ceramics Aegean and may reflectthe alteredstateof societyon themainland.Varietyand diversity of the existence from have resulted mainland and MH all the over the characterise may period not controlled with another but in one contact in social groups separategeographicalareas, different in any way by any one group. By the end of MH, theremay have been a more cohesive social thatencompassedall the geographic/social structure groups.Or it could be thatthe cohesion evident the in ceramicsmay simplyindicatethe stateof potter'scraft:in early and middle MH the potters MH and early LH they were in closer contactand were isolated fromone another,but, by late workingin a commontradition.Whateverthereason,thestateofceramicproductionand distribution indicatesthattherewas a definitechange at the end of the MBA, at a timewhen otherchangeswere evidenced by the wealthof the ShaftGraves in the Argolid. takingplace in MH society,particularly 5. CATALOGUE (i) Area Epsilon 1973 Few MH levels,encounteredbelow a deep depositof the Mycenaean period,were excavated in this Area. Althoughthe ceramicremainsare scanty,theyare presentedhere in chronologicalsequence.219 (a) MH 1 early(?)

(1001-1005)

Basket76 at thebottomofthe excavatedarea containedearlyMH. The sherdswere veryfewbut are of the earliestMH on the site:Dull Paintedand LustrousDecorated. ofwaresthatwere characteristic Because therewas nothingdiagnosticamong the sherdsin thisbasket,it could equallywell be MH II. Dull Painted (fig. 5.1)

Coarse,local group(fig. 5.1)

1001. Bowl/jar. Two non-joining fragments. Wide horizontalband. # 76. 1002. Bowl/jar.Ladder. # 76.

1004. Rounded bowl withevertedrim.Burnished.Highswungtroughedhandle. # 76.

LustrousDecorated,medium-coarse (fig. 5.1)

1005. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim.Orange with large silverplates, softdark red chunks(same description as 1041); horizontalband of darkpaint.D. (rim)26. # 76.

1003. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim(lightground). Wide band, obliquelyhatchedtriangle.# 76.

Coarse,painted (fig. 5.1)

(b) MH I LATE (1OO6-IO18)

Basket74 and basket71 above basket76 may be MH I Late in date. Basket61 was also of thisdate or perhapsMH II but was contaminatedin the Early Mycenaean period. Dark Burnished (fig.5.1) (burnishedinteriorand exteriorunless otherwisenoted)

1006. Carinatedcup. D. (rim)uncertain.#71. 1007. Bowl. Burnished exterioronly. Incised band of verticallines,oblique band of verticallines. #71. 1008. Rounded bowl withevertedrim.D. (rim)13. # 74. 1009. Shoulder-handledbowl. Rim flaton top, one rib on shoulder.D. (rim)20. # 71. 1010. Shoulder-handled bowl. Two ribs on shoulder.

D. (rim)28. # 74.

GreyMinyan(fig. 5.1)

1011.

Bowl withevertedrim.# 74.

Dull Painted (fig. 5.1)

1012, 1013, 1014. Jarwithnarrowneck and flaringrim. Neck,body,and handle ofsamejar. Oblique bands,narrow horizontalband. #61.

219See further Chapter 1 §1 (v) above.

THE MIDDLE HELLADIC POTTERY §5 (i)

215

S-V ñ Aft» Cfc-t J

'

'

I

/'

'

C/floil

1014

1013

1012

P^3

1 1015

I

/l004

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I

V^^^^

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'l008

11009

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/ L3

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^p 1016

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Fig.5.1.AreaEpsilon1973,MH I Early(?) pottery: Dull Painted1001-1002;Lustrous mediumcoarse1003; Decorated, Coarse,localgroup1004;Coarse,painted1005.MH I Late:DarkBurnished 1006-1010;GreyMinyan1011; DullPainted1012-1014;Lustrous mediumcoarse1015;Minoan,mediumcoarse1016;Coarse,local Decorated, group1017;pithos1018.Scale 1:3.

LustrousDecorated,medium-coarse {fig. 5.1) rim(darkground) neckandflaring . 1015. Jarwithnarrow Whiteobliqueband,redband.Potter's mark.Horizontal row ofsixgouges- lastoneonright thanrest- onbody higher # below handle. wall,just 74. 73-127.plate38. ledge Minoan, medium-coarse (fig. 5.1) 1016. Deepbasinwithincurving walls.Orange,inclusions

of different colours.Coil withfinger-impressions below rim.#74. Coarse,local group(fig. 5.1) walls.Burntat lip. D. 1017. Deep basinwithincurving (rim)28. #61. 1018. Pithos.D. (rim)34. #71.

2i6

C. ZERNER

Fig. 5.2. Area Epsilon 1973, MH III-LH IIA pottery:Dark Burnished1019-1022; MattPainted 1023, 1025; Lustrous Decorated,mediumcoarse 1026; Minoan, mediumcoarse 1027; Micaceous Minoanizing1028-1029, 1031. Scale 1:3. (c) MH III TO LH IIA IN MIXED BASKETS (1OI9-IO34)

Basket54, above basket61, was mixed withlatermaterialbut containedMH III. Basket79, thefillof Epsilonburial 1, whichhad been cutdown intoan earlierMH level,had one MH III Dark Burnished rimin itsfill(1021). LH baskets2, 20, 26, 35, 49, 51, 62, 73, 75, 84, and 88 containedsome MH III to LH IIA of interest. Dark Burnished(burnishedinteriorand exterior unlessotherwisenoted)(fig. 5.2) 1019. Shoulder-handledbowl. One ridge on shoulder, interiorrimwiththreefacets.# 54.

1020. Shoulder-handled bowl. Interior rim with two concave facets;uppermostappears to be a ledge. D. (rim) 32. # 55. 1021. Hole-mouthedjar. Two ribs on shoulder,rim flat on top, thickenedon exterior.D. (rim)27. MHIII. #79.

THE MIDDLE

HELLADIC

POTTERY §5 (ii)

217

Fig. 5.3. Area Epsilon 1973, MH III-LH I pottery:AeginetanMattPainted 1032; Coarse, local group 1033; pithos1034. Scale 1:3.

1022.

Barreljar. Flangejust below rim.# 26.

MattPainted,gritty (fig. 5.2)

1023. Semi-globularcup. Pairs of horizontalbands, one withpendentfringe.# 49. 1024. Jar-Bands interiorrim,exteriorrim and base of neck. D. (rim)21. # 26. 1025. JUSor jar-Two bands, two concentriccircleswith group of dots at centre.# 54.

Lustrous medium-coarse Decorated, (fig. 5.2)

1026. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim(darkground). Wide wavy and horizontal bands, purple horizontal band. # 62.

Minoan(fig. 5.2) Micaceous

1028. Deep basin. D. (rim)24. # 51. 1029. Deep basin. Concave planes on top of rimand on interior.D. (rim)31. # 49. 1030. Deep basin. Rim thickenedon exterior.D. (rim) 34. #51. Not illustrated. 1031. Hole-mouthedjar. Orange; orange surface.Flat oval projectingrim,uprighthorizontalhandle withflattened section.D. (rim)34. # 62.

MattPainted(fig. 5.3) Aeginetan

1032. Bowl or goblet with everted rim. Light porous, white;darkgreypaint.Band interiorrim;exteriorrimband, foliateband. #20.

Coarse,localgroup(fig.5.3)

Minoan,medium-coarse (fig. 5.2)

1027. Shallow basin withT-rim.Orange withthickgrey core,verycoarse;blackpaint.Added whitehorizontalband, lines. D. (rim)20. # 84. criss-crossing

1033. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim. D. (rim) 15. #88. 1034. Pithos.Dark grey;exteriorappearscoatedwithslip. Low rib and incised herringboneon shoulder.#75.

(ii) Area Zeta 1973 In partofthisArea thestratigraphical MH appearsto be continuous sequencefromEH II through and couldprovideevidenceforthenatureofthetransition oftheone to theother.Unfortunately, the excavatedsectionis too smallto allowone to drawmorethanverygeneralconclusions. (a) TRANSITIONAL

EH Ill/MH l(?)

OR MH I EARLIEST

(1O35-IO53)

Therearetwowallsbeddedintothebedrockin sectorbeta(wallsis andiu) possiblyassociated withthe EH II baskets109, 110 and 112.Basket113,theremovalofwallio, is also EH II.220 AbovetheEH II stratum ofwallio) and laya hardlayerofreddishearthand rubbleassociatedwithwallit (thefooting thesubsequent of wall io. The is MH in date. Because the stratum followsone building pottery early 220For this pottery see Chapter 4 above, and for the EH stratigraphy Chapter 1 §2 (vii).

C. ZERNER

2i8

datingto EH II Late,arewe to assumethatthesitewas abandonedduringtheEH III phase,or that wasnotmadeinthesouthern Péloponnèse(i.e.southoftheborder pottery typicalofEH III elsewhere tobe madeat sitessuchas AyiosStephanosuntilthenew ofArcadia)and thatEH II typescontinued south? culture had penetrated further The earliestMH pottery appearsin basket108 fromsectorbeta (W),a hardlayerofdarkreddish earth,carbonand rubbleassociatedwithwallsit and io. ThiscontainsEH and earlyMH, probably bowls/ examplesoftheearliestMH on thesite,to be datedto MH I by thelackofDarkBurnished with a knob on basinswithridgedshoulderand by thepresenceofa CoarseBurnished pointed jar theshoulder(1049).221 DarkBurnished (fig. 5.4)

blackandsomereddish-brown sherdsnotillustrated, (7.5YR 6/4-6/6);flatstraphandles.Unless Forty interior. and exterior; closedshapesnotburnished interior stated:open shapesburnished otherwise 1035. Cup. Low foot,slightlyconcave underneath.D. (base) 3. # 108. 1036. Angularbowl. # 108. 1037. Bowl withevertedrim.D. (rim) 16. # 108.

1038. Bowl withevertedrim.#108. 1039. Bowl withevertedrim.# 108. 1040. Bowl with everted rim. Very fine, light purple fabric.#108.

Dull Painted(fig.5.4)

1047. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim.Straightrim, grooved on top; exteriorburnished.D. (rim)21. # 108. 1048. Jar. Horizontal belly handle; burnishedexterior surface.#108. 1049. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim.Pointedknob on shoulder.# 108. 1050. Pithos. Projecting rim, thickened on exterior. # 108.

1041. Jug/jar. Orange; white surface, black paint. one diagonallyhatched,one horizontally hatched; Triangles, band and arcs(?). #108.

medium-coarse Lustrous Decorated, (fig. 5.4)

rim(darkground). 1042 . Jarwithnarrowneckand flaring #108. band. horizontal lines, Oblique

Coarse,localgroup(fig.5.4)

1043. Rounded bowl with everted rim. Incised: horizontallines,oblique lines. #108. 1044. Wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim.Fairlyfinefabric. # 108. 1045. Wide-mouthedjar with everted rim. Low foot, concave underneath.D. (base) 3.6. # 108. 1046. Wide-mouthed jar with everted rim. Exterior lightlyburnished.D. (rim)40. # 108.

EarlyHelladic,orMiddleHelladicMicaceous Minoanf?)(fig.5.4)

1051. Basin. T-rimthickenedon exteriorand interior, # 108. roundedon top.Coil withfinger-impressions. slightly on thickened rim flat on walls Basin. ; top, Incurving 1052. rim.# 108. exterior. Oblique slashescutalongedgeofexterior 1053. Basin. Rim thickenedon exteriorand flattened vertically.Oblique slashes along edge of exteriorrim. D. (rim)24.5. # 108.

(b) MH I EARLY (1054-1088)

SE portionofwallis, In sectorbeta,againsttheSE faceofwallio and overwalliu and thedestroyed andash)directly with carbon earth and fill destruction of three levels were there clay (yellowish-brown in wallio, whereas stones of third course with the ends stratum lowest the basket108; large overlying fillis notvery in this N. The to the and wall io of with the ends thetopstratum pottery slopesup top and the both that I assume and basket fromthatof different 108, represent building destruction they MH period.The sherdsare stillMM the of in the earliest and ofa house(withwallsin,io phase iq) basket108: a ridgedDarkBurnished than later a from material IA andMH I Early,butinclude phase LustrousDecoratedand onlyone no carinated body sherdwithincisedgarlands(notillustrated); IA broad MM a and or Decorated Minoan; Lustrous gobletrim.The GreyMinyanbowl polychrome can the north-east from Péloponnèse, be datedto late EH III or MH I 1064,probablyan import are 100, 101 (upper);101-103 (middle);104, 106Baskets rim. vertical Earliestby itswide,nearly thatwerenotlabelledbeforetheyweremixed the sherds for is 107 (lower).No basketnumber given to forma studycollection.222 together DarkBurnished (fig.5.4) 1054. 1055. 1056.

Carinatedcup. Slightlyangularprofile. Carinatedcup. Veryglossysurface.# 102. Carinatedcup. Veryfine.

221For this phase see Chapter i §2 (vi) above.

1057. Carinated cup. Groove incised just above carination. 1058. Carinatedcup. D. (rim) 17.75. 1059. Bowl within-turnedrim. No burnishinterior.D. (rim) 16.

222For this phase see Chapter 1 §2 (v) above.

THE MIDDLE HELLADIC POTTERY §5 (ii)

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Fig.5.4. AreaZeta 1973,MH I Earliestpottery: DarkBurnished Decorated, 1035-1040;Dull Painted1041; Lustrous mediumcoarse1042; Coarse,localgroup1043-1050;EH or MicaceousMinoan1051-1053.MH I Early:Dark Burnished 1054-1063;GreyMinyan1064.Scale 1:3.

1060. Two-handled jar.D. (rim)10. 1061. Two-handled jar.Lightgrey.D. (rim)10. circles. 1062. Two-handled jar.Rowofimpressed 1063. Two-handled jar. Horizontalhandle,square in section.

(fig. 5.4) GreyMinyan, fine,imported

1064. Bowl.Fine.LateEH III or MH I Earliest.

Dull Painted(fig. 5.5)

1065. Doublecup.White;darkgreypaint.Stem,ovalin sectionjoiningtwocups.Stripeson topofhandle. 1066. Spoutedcup.Beginning ofbaskethandlerising from rim,spoutpulledoutfrom lip.Cross-hatched triangle, quad#107.73-329.plate30. rupletriangle, pointsoverlapping. of 1067. Bridge-spouted cup. Rimthickened, beginning Paintedexterior has disappeared, bridgespoutpreserved.

22O

C. ZERNER

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Fig.5.5. AreaZeta 1973,MH I Earlypottery: Dull Painted1065-1074.Scale 1:3. rim.Threefragments, on interior twojoined. obliquestripes D. (rim)14. rim.Slightly 1068. Bowlwithin-turned in-turned plain, rimband,cross-hatching. thickrim.Bandtoprim;exterior D. (rim)19. rim (bichrome).Two non1069. Bowl within-turned rimwithhorizontal handleand base. joiningfragments: on shoulder, Stripeson topofrim,exterior tripletriangle on uppersideofhandle,doublegarland;redstripe stripes alongedgeofhandle.D. (rim)26.

rim.Bandinterior andexterior 1070. Bowlwithin-turned andhorizontal band.D. (rim)33. doubletriangle rim,exterior rim.Garland, horizontal bands. 1071. Bowlwithin-turned rim.Bandsinterior neckandflaring 1072. Jarwithnarrow rimand neck.D. (rim)14. rim,exterior rim.Obliqueand 1073. Jarwithnarrowneckandflaring horizontal bands,hatchedtriangle. rim.Darkbrown 1074. Jarwithnarrowneckandflaring whitepaint.Horizontal white andaddedthick band,crosses, dotson crossesandlowerband.

THE MIDDLE HELLADIC POTTERY §5 (ii)

221

Fig.5.6. AreaZeta 1973,MH I Earlypottery: Lustrous Decorated, fine,1075-1076;mediumcoarse1077-1081;Minoan MH I Late:DarkBurnished Micaceous Minoan local 1086-1088. Coarse, 1082-1084; 1085; 1089-1094.Scale 1:3. group

Lustrous Decorated, fine(fig.5.6)

1075. Roundedcup (lightground).Exteriorpolished. Plainor d-o-1. D. (base)4. 1076. Roundedcup (darkground).Lumpsofclayunder surface. Bandinterior verticalbandsin rim,coatexterior, whiteandred7.5R 2.5/2(veryduskyred).

Lustrous medium-coarse Decorated, (fig.5.6)

1077. Jug (darkground).Potter'smark.Only partof whitedesignpreserved. On neckunderneath handle,part ofmarkpreserved: twoslashesincised.#104.plate 38.

1078. Jug(darkground). Largeamountofquartz.Mottled red to black paint,thickbrightwhite.Fournon-joining of neck,body,push-through handle(roundin fragments section,tipend on interior broken)and flatbase. Exterior coated,and thinband aroundedge ofundersideofbase; whitenarrowandwidehorizontal bands,obliquelinesand partofwiderelement.Handlefrom#102. neckandflaring rim(light . 1079. Jarwithnarrow ground) Burnishedinteriorneck (to dottedline on drawing). rimband,exterior Interior coatedneck,groupofoblique lines.D. (rim)13.9.

222

C. ZERNER

rim(light neckandflaring 1080. Jarwithnarrow ground). lines and hatched wide triangles, obliquelines. Oblique . rim(light 1081. Jarwithnarrow neckandflaring ground) line inmark: narrow exterior. Potter's long polished Lightly handle.#104.plate38. cisedonuppersideofhorizontal

EarlyHelladic,orMiddleHelladicMicaceous Minoan(?)(fig.5.6)

Minoan(fig.5.6)

rim.Incisedhorizontal 1086. Roundedbowlwitheverted hatchedtriangles. linesaroundneckand shoulder, #107. rim.Incisedhorizontal 1087. Roundedbowlwitheverted lines aroundneck and shoulder,alternating groupsof linesandhatchedtriangles. vertical #107. 1088. Wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim.Red; red, Incisedrimin piecrust burnished. designofdeep slashes. D. (rim)30.

1082. Egg cup. Fine.Orange,thickgreycore;reddishbrownpaint. 1083. Angularcup. Fine orange,buffcore; 1-o-d:red and exterior, (2.5YR 4/6) and whitepaint.Coat interior rim. whitebandaroundinterior and 1084. Bowl.Fineorange;darkbrownpaintinterior exterior.

1085.

Flowerpot. D. (base) 5.5. # 100. 73-326. plate 30.

Coarse,localgroup(fig.5.6)

(c) MH I LATE (1089-II53)

Baskets37, 38, 40, 44, 45, 60 and 67 (all mixedwithlaterMH and LH), and baskets58, 79, 84, 88, depositin a thick 89, 90, 91, 93, 96, 97, 98 and 105 (all unmixed),containa MH I Late pottery theinventoried It includes in Zeta. MH I Area of is the third fillofthatdate.[This destruction phase walls and over baskets vases 1122, 1123, 1136 and 1140 (from 60, ig and ih).223] 37, 38, 40, 45, 58 for be baskets to in first the was not levelofthisdeposit Becausetheoriginal excavated, recognised Burnished Dark of later from levels,e.g.bodyfragments examplebasket38, therewas contamination bowlswithincisedgarlands.Mostoftheinventoried shoulder-handled potswereburnedin thefire and forthe ih and thetwobuildingsof thisphase (wallsig, thatdestroyed il, ir, ip respectively), MH I but in falls these for The date mostpartthesherdsbelongto thesame chronological phase. laterthanthebasketsdescribedabove. slightly Fromthesame phase derivebaskets43, 76 (mixed)and 77 (unmixed):theseforma yellowishin theNW sectorthatendedwithbasket77. Baskets84, 85, 87 and 88 (unmixed) brownstratum are probablyofthesamedate. fromsectoralpha/gamma/epsilon DarkBurnished (figs.5.6-5.7)

burnished 1089. Angularcup withevertedrim.Interior onlyat lip.D. (rim)8. # 105. 1090. Carinatedcup.#93. 1091. Carinatedcup.#90. #93. 1092. Carinatedcup.Low foot,flatunderneath. bowl.D. (rim)15. #77. 1093. Angular(?) rim and non1094. Rounded bowl. Two fragments, joiningflatbase.D. (rim)11.5,(base)5.8. #77. rimflaton top, bowl.Projecting 1095. Shoulder-handled thickened neck,vertical straphandle.#93. bowl.Rimangledtointerior, 1096. Shoulder-handled very D. (rim)24.#85. exterior. concaveontop,thickened slightly D. bowl.Rimangledtointerior. 1097. Shoulder-handled (rim)26. #85. bowl. Rim angledto interior, 1098. Shoulder-handled # on exterior. 84. grooved rimflat bowl.Angularprofile, 1099. Shoulder-handled D. (rim)24. #93. on top,twolowribson shoulder. bowl.Rim flaton top,angled 1100. Shoulder-handled D. (rim)26. #88. on exterior. bowl.Shortthickened 1101. Shoulder-handled rim,flat on top.#88. on lower bowl.Incisedgarlands 1102. Shoulder-handled body.#105. bowl.Incisedgarlandson base 1103. Shoulder-handled #93. ofstrap-handle. D. bowl.Foot,flatunderneath. 1104. Shoulder-handled # 6. (base) 93. concave bowl.Lowfoot,slightly 1105. Shoulder-handled # 105. underneath. bowl.Lowfoot,flatunderneath. 1106. Shoulder-handled

D. (base)7. # 105. rim.D. (rim)1o. #93. 1107. Two-handled jar.Plainflaring 1108. Two-handledjar. Soft-feeling clay, manydark red grits;10YR 6/3 pale brownto 6/4 lightyellowish brown,burntin manyplaces,burnishing barelyvisible, incised. Many non-joiningfragmentsfromneck to base. Veryroughlymade, probablyburntafterbroken ones). Grooveson (some burntpieces join non-burnt 10. D. drawn. (base) #79, 89. 73-323. shoulder, unevenly plate 30. withbase of 1109. Two-handledjar. Body fragment doublehorizontal handle.Inciseddecoration: lines,vertical in between;groupofslightly obliquelines.#77. hatching 1110. Jar or flask.Burnishedexterior.Incised and rowsofdotsandhorizontal decoration: alternating punctate lines.#93. lines,vertical

Dull Painted(figs.5.8-5.9)

# ovalinsection. Stemflattened 1111. Doublecup/bowl. 88. 1112. Bowl. Horizontalbands, verticaland oblique bands.# 105. and handle.Horizontal upülting 1113. Bowl.Horizontal # 88. handle. band bands, along oblique band,obliquebands.# 105. 1114. Bowl.Horizontal band Horizontal (wavy)on neck.#93. 1115. Jug. 1116. Jug.Rimand bodysherd.Soft,finewhitebiscuit toMattPaint,obliquestripe darkpaintsimilar andsurface, on body;burnt.#91. on neck,verticalstripes handle.Orange 1117. Jug.Beakedspout,round-sectioned Surface:burntin fireand (2.5YR 4/6) (red);soft-feeling. mottled(7.5YR 7/4),pinkwithdarkgreyish-brown paint;

223For this phase see Chapter 1 §2 (iv) above.

THE MIDDLE HELLADIC POTTERY §5 (ii)

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DarkBurnished Fig.5.7. AreaZeta 1973,MH I Latepottery: 1095-1110.Scale 1:3. exterior: bandsaroundrim;neck:groupsofobliquestripes fromneckto base. #79, 89. 73-322.plate 30. reaching 1118. Jugor neckedjar.Plain.#83. rim(light . neckandflaring 1119. Jarwithnarrow ground) rimand neckcoated.#76. Exterior neckandflaring rim(light . 1120. Jarwithnarrow ground) #76. one linecross-hatching. Obliquelyhatchedtriangle, neckandflaring rim(light . 1121. Jarwithnarrow ground)

below.#83. Horizontal band,obliquelyhatchedtriangle rim(light . neckandflaring 1122. Jarwithnarrow ground) Surfaces and biscuitgrey,partly burnt.Bandsaroundneck doublearc andlowerbodynearbase:doublecross-hatched #37, 38, 40, 45, 60. 73-310.plate 30. pattern. 1123. Jarwithnarrow rim.Usualorange neckandflaring surface exterior red biscuit andinterior whitish-buff; surface; horizontal bands around shoulder and neck, paint, upperbody

224

C. ZERNER

Fig.5.8.AreaZeta 1973,MH I Latepottery: DullPainted1111-1121;Lustrous fine1124-1127;Lustrous Decorated, mediumcoarse1128-1132;Lustrous DecoratedorMinoan1133;Minoan,fine1134;MicaceousMinoan1135. Decorated, Scale 1:3.

double to approximately on shoulder alternating midpoint; firtree andcross-hatched rounded arc,cross-hatched triangle; motif attached toupperandlowerbands.#37, 38, 40, 45, 58,60. 73-317.plate30 (twoviews).

Lustrous Decorated, fine(fig.5.8)

sherd;biscuit 1124. Angularcup. Barbotine;encrusted

looksgrey;interior surfacereddish-yellow (e. 7.5YR 7/6), exterior surface pink(7.5YR7/7),darkbrownpaintcoating surface;reservedzone on upperbody;tinyblobsof fine #98. 73-325.plate 30. surface. clayappliedto unpainted dotson shinyblack 1125. Angularcup.L-o-d;barbotine interior surface anddots. fine buff biscuit, (7.5YR8/4);very * 76-733 *9 PLATE Soil 26. Angularcup.Pulled-out lipspout.Biscuit:pinkish-

THE MIDDLE

HELLADIC

POTTERY §5 (ii)

225

Fig. 5.9. Area Zeta 1973, MH I Late pottery:Dull Painted 1122-1123. Scale 1:6.

buffwithgreycore; reddish-brown paint:band interiorrim, coat exterior.# 93. 1127. Angularcup. Orange biscuit,buffsurface,reddishbrown paint: interiorband and drip on rim(?); coated exterior,dripin added whitepaint.D. 8. # 77.

LustrousDecorated,medium-coarse (fig. 5.8)

1128. Jug (darkground).L-o-d,verticalbands in added white.# 93. 1129. Jug (darkground).Flat base. # 93. 1130. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim(lightground). Shoulderand horizontalhandle. Band interiorrim,exterior coated neck, group of verticallines, slightlyoblique, on shoulder.# 93. 1131. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim(lightground). Much quartzvisible.Body sherd,obliquelyhatchedtriangle. #931132. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim(lightground). Band on top of handle. #93.

LustrousDecoratedor Minoan (fig. 5.8)

1133. Hole-mouthed jar. Very worn sherd. Reddishbrowninteriorband, exteriorcoat. #88.

Minoan,fine(fig.5.8)

1134. Jug/jar(?).Fine orange.Plain? Round sectionpullthroughhandle. #85.

MicaceousMinoan (fig. 5.8)

1135- Jar (dark ground). Biscuit/interiorsurface dark

reddish brown, exteriorcoated with black paint, added whitehorizontalband, oblique lines. # 88.

Coarse,localgroup(figs.5.10-5.11)

1136. Cup. Almost complete,missingbit of rim. Burnt black over most of surface,bit of originalorange-brown surfaceleft.D. (rim)2.5, (base) 2, H. (max.) 3.7. # 38. 73309. plate 31. 1137. Rounded bowl withevertedrim.D. (rim) 15.1. # 105. 1138. Rounded bowl withevertedrim. Burntblack. D. (rim)20. # 105 . 1139. Rounded bowl withevertedrim.# 76. 1140. Rounded bowl withevertedrim. Troughedhighswung strap handle; c. 40 pieces. Surfaces and biscuit mottledorange, buffand grey; burnt.D. (rim) 19, (base) 7.6, H. 16.7. # 37, 38, 45. 73-311. plate 31. 1141. Rounded bowl withevertedrim.Two non-joining fragments.Incised: pattern of horizontal, vertical and oblique lines. # 88. 1142. Rounded bowl withevertedrim.Three non-joining Incised: horizontal,verticaland oblique lines in fragments. no recognisablepattern.#77. 1143. Bowl or cup. Flat base. # 93. 1144. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim.# 93. 1 145. Jarwithevertedrim.Flaringneck,wide,plain rim. # 76. 1146. Wide-mouthed jar with everted rim. Doubleknobbed shoulder;exteriorburnt.# 90. 1147. Wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim.Groove on top rim,flatbase and 64 body sherds;verysandy-feeling messylookingfabric,orange witha greycore. D. (rim)30. # 91.

226

C. ZERNER

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1147

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Fig. 5.10. Area Zeta 1973, MH I Late pottery:Coarse, local group 1136-1149; Coarse, orange 1151-1153. Scale 1:3.

1148. Wide-mouthed jar with everted rim. Same descriptionas 1147, perhapssame jar. # 90. 1149. Jar.Burntblack interior, exteriorand biscuit.#85.

1151. Pithos.# 105. 1152. Pithos.Applied band atjoin ofneck and shoulder. Biscuit:orange; exteriorsurfaceencrusted.# 93.

Coarse, orange (figs. 5.10-5.1 1) # 89, 90, 96. 73-321^ 1150. Pithos.Coarse orange-buff. plate 3 1.

Coarse Ware(?) (fig. 5.10) 1153.

Bowl within-turnedrim.D. (rim)20. # 90.

THE MIDDLE HELLADIC POTTERY §5 (ii)

227

Fig.5.11. AreaZeta 1973,MH I Latepottery: Coarse,orange1150.MH II- III: DarkBurnished 1154-1165;Dull Painted fine1168, 1169 (LH I); Lustrous mediumcoarse1170-1171.Scale 1:3. Decorated, Decorated, 1166-1167;Lustrous (d) MH II- III (1154-II90)

WiththeexceptionoftheMH II basket78, mostbasketsoflaterMH dateweremixedwitheven latermaterial, and one cannotaccurately reconstruct thesequencefromthispointin AreaZeta.The divisionsor stratigraphical evidencein the following sequencesare takenfromthe architectural - thepottery in thebasketswas mixed.224 notebooks 224See further Chapter i §2 (iii) above.

228

C. ZERNER

»1174

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Fig. 5.12. Area Zeta 1973, MH II- III pottery:LustrousDecorated,coarse 1172; LustrousDecorated? 1173; Micaceous Minoan 1174 (LH I), 1175-1176; Coarse, local group 1177-1190. Scale 1:3.

From sectorgamma/epsiloncame baskets39, 41 (bothwithMedieval contamination), 62, 70 and mixed or not and from Zeta burial LH contamination IIIA2 22, (either 2), 23, 51, 52, 69 73 (with MH sherds were and no zeta 'Room came baskets From sector 81, (= 87, 94 99; 75, keptin 4') kept). eitherof the latterbaskets,but 99 fromsectorzeta (E) was mixed withLH IIIC Early.From sector zeta therealso came baskets71, 72, 74, 83, 85 and 86 (no sherdswere keptfrom86). Sectoralpha/ beta/zeta(W) producedbaskets34 (contaminatedby a Medieval pit) and 44 (no sherdskept).From sectordelta came basket 60 (not kept). Other sherdsfrommixed deposits are also included here: baskets34, 49, 55, 57, 61, 64 and 69. A largebuildingwas constructedabove the remainsof anotherdatingto MH I Late (thirdphase). the potterycannottell us a This buildingcomprisedwalls if, ii and ib, as well as ia. Unfortunately basket wall if and over of basket to the bottom deal. 79, just above the ash ofthegreat 78, great Only destruction debris,was not contaminatedby latermaterial;it is importantin thatit containsa wheelmade carinatedcup (1168) and a DB roundedcup of MM II type(1154) thatdate thebasketto MH II. This basketcame fromsectorbeta. [As pure MH II is a rarityat the site,pieces frombasket78 are noted,as are two LH I pieces, 1169 and 1174.]

THE MIDDLE

HELLADIC

Dark Burnished(blackunlessotherwisenoted) (fig. 5.11) 1154. Cup. Low foot.MH II. # 78. 1155. AngularBowl. D. (rim) 11. # 70. 1156. Shoulder-handledbowl. Ribbed shoulder.# 73. 1157. Shoulder-handledbowl. # 73. 1158. Shoulder-handled bowl. Hooked rim, ribbed shoulder,preserved.# 70. 1159. Shoulder-handledbowl. Two ribs on shoulder.D. (rim)21. # 73. 1160. Goblet.Three ribson shoulder.D. (rim)20. # 73. 1161. Bowl/jar. Incised: plain garlands and hatched garlands.# 69. 1162. Bowl/jar.Low flaringfoot.Potter'smark:incisedV on undersideof foot.D. (base) 9.5. # 72. 73-030. plate 38. 1 163. Bowl. Cleat-handled.Veryfinesoftgreybiscuitand surface.# 39. 73-314. plate 32. 1164. Jar.Evertedrim,thickenedon interiorand exterior, slantingdown to interior.Orange biscuit,surfaceinterior orange and laminated,exteriorbrown.MH II. # 78. 1165. Hole-mouthedjar. Rim hollowed on top and on interior.D. (rim)21.5. # 49.

Dull Painted (fig. 5.11)

1166. Plate. Biscuit orange, grey core; surface buff; exteriorcoat of red paint.# 75. 73-330. plate 32. 1167. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim.Band interior rim; exteriorrim band and band around neck, vertical bands. #55.

LustrousDecorated,fine (fig. 5. 1 1)

1168. Carinatedcup (darkground).Biscuitwhitish-buff, surfaceon interiorand exteriorcoated withdarkgreypaint. MH II. # 78. 1169. Semi-globularcup (lightground).Horizontalband, row of whitedots. LH I. # 57.

LustrousDecorated,medium-coarse (fig. 5.11) 1170.

Jug (darkground).# 70.

POTTERY §5 (iii)

229

1171. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim.Coat exterior rim.#81.

LustrousDecorated,coarse(fig. 5.12) 1172.

Jar.Horizontalridge.#71.

LustrousDecorated(?) (fig. 5.12)

1173. Pithos. Burnished. Unusual-looking orange powderycoat interiorsurface.Horizontalband, drip.# 64. 73-318. PLATE32.

MicaceousMinoan (fig. 5.12)

1174. Cooking pot. Horizontalhandles, oval in section. Wedge-shapedcuts along top of rim.LH I. # 61. 1175. Cup/kantharos.# 75. Same as 1176. 1176. Cup/kantharos.D. (base) 3. # 75.

Coarse,local group(fig. 5.12)

1177. Rounded bowl withevertedrim.Incised. #41. 1178. Roundedbowlwithevertedrim.Base, incised.#41. 1179. Roundedbowlwithevertedrim.Base, incised.#41. 1180. Roundedbowl withevertedrim.Base. MH II. #78. 1181. Roundedbowl withevertedrim.Base. MH II. #78. 1 182. Jar(?).Horizontalhandle,roundin section.MH II. #78. 1 183. Jar.Incised: groupsofoblique and horizontallines. #41. 1184. Jar.Thick squared handle. # 73. 1185. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim.# 70. 1186. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim.# 75. 1187. Wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim.Low foot.MH II. # 78. 1188. Wide-mouthedjar with everted rim. Low foot, concave underneath.MH II. # 78. 1189. Wide-mouthedjar with everted rim. Rim, with groove along top edge. MH II. # 78. 1190. Wide-mouthedjar with everted rim. Rim, with groove along top edge, flatbase and 64 body sherds (not illustrated); fabric,orange verysandy-feeling, messy-looking witha greycore. MH II. # 78. 73-324.

(iii) Area Eta 1973 (a) MH I EARLY (1191-1236)

EH remainswerefoundabove bedrock,225 withearlyMH above them;walldo is theonlyEH wall in this area. preserved The succeeding structure to whichwalldj belongeddatedto MH I Early.226 Materialofthisperiod camefrombaskets23, 25, 38, 42, 54, 58, 63 and 70. Theseare as follows.MH above EH levels,nw of wall dj: basket23 (above theEH II Late basket30 and basket70), 42 (above theEH II Late basket53), 63 (abovetheEH II Earlybaskets65 and 66). MH aboveEH levels,se ofwalldj: basket 25 (abovetheEH II Latebasket27). Basket38, se ofwalldj and sw ofwalldg,is belowbasket16 (a basketcontaining MH I Late mixedwithLH) and appearsto be primarily earlyMH; it lies above baskets54 and 70, also earlyMH mixedwithEH (see 1277 below,frombasket54). Basket58, belowbasket55 (MH II- III), n ofwallsdi, dm, and dp (butnotin thene corner)in TrenchIII, is mainlyMH I butincludessomeEH I- II.

225For the EH remainssee Chapter i §§3 (vi)-(viii) above, and forthe potterysee Chapter 4 and Appendix 1.

226See Chapter 1 §3 (v) above.

23O

C. ZERNER

Fig. 5.13. Area Eta 1973, MH I Earlypottery:Dark Burnished1191-1202; Dull Painted 1203-1212; LustrousDecorated, mediumcoarse 1213-1217. Scale 1:3.

Dark Burnished(fig. 5. 13) 1191. Angularcup withevertedrim.Slightly troughed straphandles. Incised: two parallel lines at point of carination. #23. 1192. Carinatedcup.D. (rim)10. #63. 1193. Carinatedcup.Coarserthanusual.#25. 1194. Carinatedcup.#63. 1195. Cup. Base.#63.

bowl. Globular,withgrooved 1196. Shoulder-handled shoulder. #23. D. bowl.Tworibson shoulder. 1197. Shoulder-handled (rim)22. #63. bowl.#23. 1198. Shoulder-handled bowl.Shortevertedrim.#70. 1199. Shoulder-handled bowl. Rim,withbase 1201? 1200. Shoulder-handled # 25.

THE MIDDLE 1201. #25.

1202.

HELLADIC

Shoulder-handled bowl. Base, with rim 1200? Shoulder-handledbowl. Base. #23.

Dull Painted(fig.5.13)

1203. Bowl within-turnedrim.Deep (walls only slightly curved),rim slightlythickened,ledge handle. No trace of decorationremains.# 70. 1204. Bowl with in-turnedrim. Concave profile,ledge handle. Stripeson handle; verticalbands on body reaching to rim.D. (rim)22. # 70. 1205. Bowl with in-turned rim. Loops or arcs and horizontalbands. #25. 1206. Bowl with in-turned rim. Loops or arcs and horizontalbands. #25. 1207. Bowl within-turnedrim. Wide horizontalbands. # 25. 1208. Wide-mouthedjar. Troughed,plain rim.Band on top of lip, band on exteriorjust below rim. D. (rim) 25.5. # 70. 1209. Wide-mouthedjar. Flattened lip, thickened on exterior,double loops interiorrim,band on top oflip,band on exteriorjust below rim.# 70. 1210. Wide-mouthed jar. Base. # 63 (similar, not # 76). Probablybase of 1208. illustrated, 1211. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim(lightground). Horizontalband. #25. 1212. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim(lightground). Diagonally-hatchedtriangle.#25.

Lustrous medium-coarse Decorated, (fig. 5.13)

1213. Jar(?).Verticalflattenedhandle. Plain. # 38. 1214. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim.Triplevertical lines,horizontalband. Trianglehatchedwithcurvedlines. #23. 1215. Jarwithnarrowflaringneck. Row ofwide oblique bands betweenhorizontalbands. # 63.

POTTERY §5 (iii)

231

1216.

Jar withnarrowflaringneck. Base. D. (base) 11.

1217.

Jar/jug.Containsmuch quartz.# 63.

#63.

Minoan,fine(fig. 5.14)

1218. Cup or bowl. Fine buff,grey core; buffsurface; darkbrownpaint.Drips on interior,dark coat exteriorand undersidebase. # 70. withred chips,buffsurface. 1219. Jar.Base. Pinkish-buff D. (base) 11.5. # 63.

Minoan,medium-coarse (fig. 5.14) 1220. 1221.

Jar.Plain orange. # 63. Jar.Plain orange. # 63.

Coarse,localgroup(fig.5.14)

1222. Rounded bowl with everted rim. D. (rim) 14. #70. 1223. Rounded bowl withevertedrim.#25. bowl. Incised: sloppy criss-crossing 1224. Straight-sided lines. # 70. 1225. Jar.Rim. # 70. 1226. Jar.Ledge handle. # 70. 1227. Globularjar. # 25. 1228. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim.# 58. 1229. Wide-mouthed jar with everted rim. Vertical handle, round in section.#38. 1230. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim.Base # 25. 1231. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim.D. (rim)32.4. #63. 1232. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim.Rim. # 63. X233. Open bowl with straightwalls. Troughed lip; = Coarse gritty (?). # 70. 1234. Bowl withflaringwalls, or plate(?). # 70. 1235. Pithos.Verticalhandle, round in section.# 63. 1236. Pithos.#25.

(b) MH I LATE, AND EARLY MH IN MIXED DEPOSITS

(1237-1287)

Another Structure Eta I, wasbuiltupontheruinsofwalldj - wallsdg and dh belongedto structure, it- butthebasketsassociatedwithitfromwithinthewalls,18 and 41 and,above them,14 and 40, have sincebeen lost(basket62, theremovalofwallsdg and dh, was undiagnostic). The onlyvase thatmaydatethewallsis an earlyMH Dull Paintednarrow-necked jar (1255) frombaskets10, 14 and 20. The excavatorsuggested thatthejar belongedto Eta burial7, butthisis notnecessarily so. [Burial7 mayin factbe LH.227] The Area was riddledwithburials,and thiscertainly accountsfora mixingof the levelsand baskets.Othermixedbasketsincludebasket20, above good earliestMH (withLH contamination). Basket25 camefromS ofwalldj. Basket46 in TrenchIII was contaminated. Basket47, and aboveit basket16,bothcontainedLH I material. DarkBurnished (figs.5.14-5. 15) 1237. Carinatedcup. Incised.Dark grey.One high-swung handlepreserved,probablyoriginallyhad two.Two parallel incised lines above carination.Burnishedexterior,slightly burnishedinterior.D. (rim) 16.5, (base) 5.6. # 3, 7, 45. Formerlythoughtto be associated with Eta burial 1. 73703. Plate 32. 1238. Angularcup withevertedrim.# 58. 1239. Angularcup withevertedrim.# 58. 227See Chapter2 §3 above, and further Chapter1 §3 (iv), whereit is arguedthat1255 and all theothercompletevases comefroma singleMH I Late destruction deposit.

1240. Cup. Base. D. (base) 3.5. # 58. 1241. Cup. Base. D. (base) 4.3. # 38. 1242. Cup. Base. D. (base) 5.5. # 58. 1243. Cup. Plain. Base. # 58. 1244. Bowl. Base. # 58. 1245. Bowl. Base. D. (base) 5.5. # 38. 1246. Shoulder-handledbowl. Shortevertedrim,ribbed shoulder(verylow ribs). #20. 1247. Shoulder-handledbowl. Incised, slightlyeverted, flattened; shoulder handle. Incised garlands on body,

232

C. ZERNER

Fig.5.14.AreaEta 1973,MH I Earlypottery: Minoan,fineandmediumcoarse1218-1919;local,mediumcoarseorange 1220-1221;Coarse,localgroup1222-1225,1227-1236.MH I Late:DarkBurnished 1237-1245.Scale 1:3.

vertical lineson handle.MH I(?). #3. 73-707.Plate 32. 1248. Basin.#58. D. (rim) 1249. Roundedbowl withribbedshoulder(?). 21. #58. 1250. Basin.Squaredevertedrim.D. (rim)28. #38. 1251. Jar(?).Shortneck,softandworn.#58. [1251a.Jarorjug. 30 bodysherdsonly.#18. 73-708.Not kept.Notillustrated.] 1252. Flask.Piercedrim.D. 8.2. #46.

Dull Painted(fig.5.15)

bowlwithT-rim. Plain,deep.#20. 1253. Straight-sided rim.Rimflattened on topand 1254. Bowlwithin-turned D. (rim)16.Strokes thickened on exterior. interior rim,trace redpaintexterior. #38. rim.About2/3 1255. Narrow-mouthed jar withflaring wholerim,onehandle.Burnt. ofbodyandneckpreserved, Zoned decoration:band aroundneck;groupsof vertical linesaroundshoulder, widezoneoftriangles hatchedwith

THE MIDDLE HELLADIC POTTERY §5 (iii)

1246

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DarkBurnished Fig.5.15. AreaEta 1973,MH I Latepottery: 1246-1252;Dull Painted1253-1262;Dull Painted?1263. Scale 1:3. lines.On lowestregister: rowofwideobliquelines. curving D. (rim)14. # 10, 14,40. 73-704.plate 32. 1256. Jarwithnarrow neckandflaring rim.Bandaround neck.#unknown. 1257. Jar withnarrowneck and flaringrim. Crosshatchedtriangle. #58. rim.Arcsand 1258. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaring horizontal bands.#58. rim.Horizontal 1259. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaring bandsandzone oftriplevertical bands.#58.

rim.Horizontal 1260. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaring band,narrowobliqueband.#58. rim.Obliquely 1261. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaring #58. hatchedtriangle. rim.Drips.#58. 1262. Jarwithnarrowneckandflaring

Dull Painted(?) (fig.5.15)

traceof black 1263. Globularjar. Softishorange-buff, paint.D. (rim)20. #38.

234

C. ZERNER

Fig. 5.16. Area Eta 1973, MH I Late pottery:LustrousDecorated,mediumcoarse 1264-1272; Minoan, fine 1273-1275; Coarse, local group 1276-1287. Scale 1:3.

Lustrous medium-coarse Decorated, (fig.5.16)

1264. Jug (darkground).L-o-d.Band interiorrim.# 38. 1265. Jug (dark ground). Two large non-joining Coat veryworn,red band aroundneck,red and fragments. whitehorizontalbands around lower body. # 1, 3, 7, 17, 45- 73-727- PLATE 331266. Jug (dark ground). White horizontal line and

oblique stripes,wide red horizontalband. # 58. 1267. Jug (darkground).Oblique stripe.#58. 1268 Narrow-mouthed jar withflaringrim.Band around neck. # 58. 1269. Narrow-mouthed jar withflaringrim. Triple and quadruple zigzags, obliquely hatched triangles and horizontalbands. #38. 1270. Narrow-mouthed jar withflaringrim.Oblique lines

THE MIDDLE

HELLADIC

withhatchedtriangle.# unknown. alternating Narrow-mouthed 1271. jar withflaringrim.Base. # 58.

Lustrous coarse(fig. 5.16) Decorated, 1272. #38.

Pithos.Barrel-shaped.Black paint on top of rim.

MinoanImports, fineware(fig. 5.16)

1273. Straight-sided cup. Dark-coated.# 47. 1274. Rounded cup (lightground).Band top of rimand exteriorrim.#58. 1275. Bowl(?). Base. D-o-1.# 47.

Coarse,localgroup(fig.5.16)

1276. Bowl within-turnedrim.# 58. 1277. Rounded bowl with everted rim. Pierced body, incised:sloppycriss-crossing lines. # 54. 73-720. plate 33. 1278. Rounded bowl withevertedrim.#58. 1279. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim.Pointedknob (c) MH Il(?)

POTTERY §5 (iii)

235

on shoulder. Four joining fragments.D. (rim) 13. Burnt exteriorand interiorrim.# 3. 73-706. 1280. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim.# 63(?). 1281. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim.Pointedknob on shoulder,one halfbrokenoff.# 47. 1282. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim.# 58. 1283. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim.# 63. 1284. Wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim.Smallknoblike base. # 20. 1285. Jar or pithos(?).# 20. 1286. Jar or pithos(?).# 20. 1287. Jar or pithos(?j.# 58. [1287a. Pithos, rim fragment. Concave flaring neck, flattenedrisinglip. D. (rim,est.) 33. #14, 40. 73-705^ Not illustrated. [1287b. Pithos,rim fragment.Everted broadly spreading rim,thickeningnear lip. D. (rim,est.) 40. #14, 40. 73705b. Not illustrated. [1287c. Pithos,rim fragment.Everted broadly spreading rim.D. (rim,est.) 35. #14, 40. 73-705C. Not illustrated.]

(1288-1315)

Thismaterial is frombasket55 in thewholesectornwofwalldi (exceptthecistofburial15),above basket58.228 Dark Burnished (fig.5.17)

1288. Goblet. # 55. 1288a. Goblet. D. (rim,est.) 7.5, (base) 3.1, H. 5.4. # 55. 73-722. PLATE33. 1289. Cup. D. (base) 3.5. # 55. 1290. Cup. # 55. 1291. Cup. Wide flaringbase. D. (base) 7. # 55. 1292. Shoulder-handled bowl. Squared, everted rim. #551293. Shoulder-handled bowl. Bevelled, everted rim; ribbed shoulder.#55. 1294. Shoulder-handledbowl. Everted rim, hollowed facetsinterior;ribbed shoulder.# 55. 1295. Hole-mouthedjar. Flat rim,thickenedon exterior. 1296. #55-

Hole-mouthedjar. Flat rim,thickenedon exterior.

Dull Painted(fig.5.17)

1297. Bowl within-turnedrim.Rim flattenedon top. D. (rim)32. Double zigzag above wide band. # 55. 1298. Bowl(?). Plain. # 55. 1299. Bowl(?). Verticalstripes.# 55. 1300. Jar withnarrowneck and flaringrim.Deep band at rim.#55. 1301. Jar with narrow neck and flaringrim. Zones of oblique and verticallines betweenbands. #55. 1302. Jarwithnarrowneck and flaringrim.Verticallines above wide band. #55.

1303. Jar with narrow neck and flaring rim. Ledge handle. #55. 1304. Jar withnarrowneck and flaringrim.Base. # 55.

Lustrous medium-coarse Decorated, [fig.5.17)

13°5- Jar-D-o-1. Horizontal oblique lines, hatched #55. triangle.

Minoan(fig. 5.17)

1306. Jug/jar(dark ground).Fine buff.Wide horizontal orange band, oblique lines in white.# 55. 13°7- Jug/jar(darkground).Base, painted.# 55.

Micaceous Minoan(fig. 5.17)

1308. Globular basin with flat projecting rim. D-o-1. White spiral.D. (rim)28. # 55.

Coarse,localgroup(fig.5.17)

1309. Rounded bowl withevertedrim.# 55. 1310. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim.# 55. 1311. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim.Pointedhorn knob. # 55. 1312. Jar, shape (?). Everted rim, groove on interior. #551313- Jar>shape(?). Shortevertedrim.# 55. 1314. Jar,shape(?). Flat base. # 55. 1315. Pithos.Flat projectingrim.# 55.

(d) MIDDLE HELLADIC AND LATE HELLADIC FROM MIXED DEPOSITS (1316-I320)

Thismaterial is frombaskets3, 17,34 and 57«229 [Thebowl 1318 frombasket17 may,in theeditor's opinion,belongto thedepositofcompletevases,MH I Late in date,whichwas describedabove.230] The birdaskoi 1319-1320 are probablyMycenaean,and theircontexts are bothsuspect.[1319 was ascribedto LH III by theexcavator, B. J. Rutter.] 228See further Chapter 1 §* (iii). 229See Chapter i §3 (iii) above.

230See the introductionto §5 (iii) (b).

C. ZERNER

236

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Fig. 5.17. Area Età 1973, MH II(?) pottery:Dark Burnished1288-1296; Dull Painted 1297-1304; LustrousDecorated, mediumcoarse 1305; Minoan 1306-1307; Micaceous Minoan 1308; Coarse, local group 1309-1315. Scale 1:3.

DarkBurnished (fig.5.18) 1316.

Goblet.MH. #17.

Coarse, local group (FIG. 5.18) « 1 >u '> a L > • uu * 1317. Bowl withevertednm. Shortrim.MH. # 57. Bowl with everted rim. Base, rim.Fournon-joining 1318. MH I # sherds. Late(?). 14. 73-709. plate 33. body

Fine Orange(fig.5.18)

1319- Askos(?). Tail end of bird? Fine softorange. Red painted,stripes(?).LH IIIA(?). # 34. 73-721. plate 33. with some inclusions at Askos(?). Orangish-buff W*surface'&ey core- Smoothed>Plain-LH IIIA(?)- * 3- 73^O1 PLATE<**

n ) rn ^7(„, THE MIDDLE HELLADIC POTTERY §5 (iii)

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Fig.5.18. AreaEta 1973,MH pottery: DarkBurnished 1316; CoarseLocal group1317-1318.LH: fineorange1319fine1321; YellowMinyan, 1320.LH IIA (burial15): YellowMinyan, 1322; MattPainted, 1323; Micaceous gritty gritty Minoan1324.Scale 1:3. (e) LATE HELLADIC HA (1321-1324) Etaburial15: baskets56, 57, 59 and 61. [Thefillofthisburialalso contained theLH ILAsherds3223 and 3225-3227.231]

YellowMinyan, fine(fig.5.18)

Low stem,high-swung handles,slightly 1321. Kantharos. Whole.Manyworking marksatjoin ofrim.D. troughed. (rim)9.4, (base)5.1. #59. 73-718.plate 33.

YellowMinyan, (fig.5.18) gritty

1322. Wide-mouthed globularjug. Troughedhandle, roundedbase. Brokenand mended,almostwhole.Many scrapingand paringmarks.D. (rim) 7.4, (base) 5.5.

* 59-73-71?-PLATE 33-

MattPainted,gritty (fig. 5.18)

1323. Biconical beak-spoutedjug. Troughedhandle, roundedbase. Wholeexceptforchipsat rimand end of dividedby doubleband:double spout.Zoned decoration loopsonneck,sixdoubledrunning spiralsaroundshoulder; linesatbase. stripedowntroughofhandle,twohorizontal D. (base)5.5. #59. 73-716.plate 33.

231See further Chapter 2 §3 above.

C. ZERNER

238

MicaceousMinoan (fig. 5.18)

1324. Globularjar. Torusfoot,wheel-made.Lower body withbase. Burnt.D. (max.) 19, (base) 7. # 49, 56. 73-714. plate 33.

(iv) Area Beta 1974-77 All basketnumbersderivefromtheexcavations of 1977,unless1974 is indicated. (a) MH I LATE (1325-1342)

Thismaterialis frombaskets117, 120 and 127,whichare fromtheSE Sector,probablyall MH I Late.232 Also,thereis earlyMH frommixedlaterbaskets42 (SE Sector)and 112 (SW Sector). Dark Burnished(fig. 5. 19)

1325. Shoulder-handledbowl. Three ridgeson shoulder, one faceton interiorrim.D. (rim)28. # 127. 1326. Shoulder-handledbowl. Flat straphandle,incised. # 127. 1327. Flask. Five groovesaround neck,shoulderincised withpendenthatchedtrianglesand verticalband obliquely hatched.# 42. 77-308. plate 33. 1328. Jar.D. (rim) 13. # 127.

Dull Painted (fig. 5.19) 1329. 1330. 1331. 1332. 1333.

Jug/jar.Verticalrows of lozenges. #127. Jug/jar.Base. Verticalrows of lozenges. #127. Jar.Horizontalband at base of neck. #127. Jar.Horizontalbands. #127. Jar.Hatched (?)triangle.# 127.

LustrousDecorated,fine (fig. 5. 19)

1334. Egg cup. Looks polished.7.5YR 6/4 (lightbrown), withyellowish-red paint(5YR 5/6): band interiorrim,coat exterior.Reserved band on upper body; three rows of barbotinedots on reservedband. D. (rim)7.5. #112. 77330. PLATE33.

LustrousDecorated,medium-coarse (fig. 5.19)

1335. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim(lightground). Obliquely hatchedtriangles,horizontalband, wide oblique bands. #117.

LustrousPainted, import (?) (fig. 5.19)

1336. Jar. Orange. Dark lustrouspaint. Group of three oblique lines,fourhorizontalbands. #117.

Coarse,local group(fig. 5.19)

1337. Cup. Narrow mouth,loop handle missingabove rim.D. (rim)4, (base) 3.3. # 117, 120. 77-327. plate 34. 1338. Wide-neckedjar with everted rim. Very slightly flaringneck,like a collar; straightrim.D. (rim)20. # 127. Wide-neckedjar withevertedrim. Narrowoffset ^Sí)base. # 127. 1340. Wide-neckedjar withevertedrim.Flatbase. # 127. 1341. Jar/pithos.Horizontal row of finger-impressions aroundbase of neck. #117.

CoarsePlain(?) (fig. 5.19) 1342.

Thimble cup. # 127. 77-328. plate 34.

(b) MH11(i343~1346) Sherd1345 has a MH III motif, camefrombasket103,a floordepositn ofwallen.233 Thismaterial MH II. are buttherestorable vases,especially1346, Dark Burnished(fig. 5.19)

LustrousDecorated,medium-coarse (fig. 5.19)

1343. Rounded bowl with everted rim. Coarser than usual. Burnished 3/4 of interior.D. (rim) 13, (base) 6. # 103. 77-324. PLATE34.

narrowneckand flaringrim(lightground). 1345 • Ja*wi**1 Group offouroblique lines,filledcirclesurroundedby two rows of dots. #103.

LustrousDecorated,fine (fig. 5.19)

Coarse,local group(fig. 5.19)

1344. Carinated cup (dark ground). Six pieces, nonjoining.Coat. Hand-made(?).D. (rim)i3(?). # 103. 77-325. plate 34.

somejoined. 1346. Bowl withevertedrim. 19 fragments, High-swungflatstraphandle. # 103. 77-326. plate 34.

(c) MH III EARLY (1347-1414)

basket88 in theNW Sectorfromtheroadbetween contexts: derivesfromthefollowing Thismaterial baskets89, 106, 115, 121, 126, 130, 132, 133 and 134 fromtheSW Sectorw of wallsen and et;234 belowtheLH I-II baskets93, 94, 98 and 99. Basket131 is Thesebasketsare stratified wallep.235 Some of thecataloguedsherdsare fromthe froman ash depositE of wall eo in theNE Sector.236 mixedlaterbaskets11, 38, 112 and 118. 232See Chapter i §4 (v) above. 233On this buildingand associated streetsee Chapter 1 §4 (iv) (c) above.

234See furtherChapter 1 §4 (iv) (c) above. 235See Chapter 1 §4 (iv) (a) above. 236See Chapter 1 §4 (iv) (b) above.

THE MIDDLE HELLADIC POTTERY §5 (iv)

239

Fig.5.19.AreaBeta1977,MH I Latepottery: DarkBurnished Decorated, 1325-1328;Dull Painted1329-1333;Lustrous fine1334; Lustrous mediumcoarse1335; import?, Lustrous Painted1336; Coarse,localgroup1337-1341; Decorated, fine1344; Lustrous mediumcoarse Coarse,plain?1342.MH II: DarkBurnished Decorated, Decorated, 1343; Lustrous 1345; Coarse,localgroup1346.Scale 1:3.

Mostof thismaterialis MH III Early,withtheexceptionof baskets121 and 133 (1350, 1362, !365, 1381, 1386, 1395, 1406-1407, 1411),whichmaybe MH II, and LH I-IIA sherdsin baskets 115 (1366-1367)and 134 (1368). Frommixedlaterbasketsare MH II (1349) and MH III (1351).

2AO

C. ZERNER

Fig.5.20.AreaBeta1977,MH III Earlypottery: DarkBurnished fine1369-1373; Decorated, 1347-1365;Lustrous Lustrous medium coarse LH I-IIA: Dark Burnished or Coarse fine Burnished, Decorated, 1374-1379. 1366; MattPainted, 1367-1368.Scale 1:3. Dark Burnished(fig. 5.20) 1347. Carinatedcup.Veryfine.#89. 1348. Carinatedcup.Incised:linejustabovecarination. #89. D. (rim) 1349. Carinatedcup.Incised:doubletriangles. 13. MHII. # 11. linesand rows 1350. Carinatedcup.Incised:horizontal ofdashesin between.MH II. # 133.

belowcarination. 1351. Carinated cup.Incised:garlands MH III. #38. Fromaboveroadbetweenwallsen and et. 77-306.PLATE 34. bowl.Plainevertedrim,ribon 1352. Shoulder-handled D. (rim)20. # 115. shoulder. bowl.Two-faceted rim,squared 1353. Shoulder-handled D. (rim)22. # 106. at top.Tworidgeson shoulder. bowl.Shortrim,shoulder angle 1354. Shoulder-handled #118. inwards.

THE MIDDLE HELLADIC POTTERY §5 (iv)

241

LustrousDecorated,medium-coarse (figs. 5.20-5.21) bands.D. 1374. Roundedcup (lightground).Horizontal

band,whiteand redbandsabove.MH II. # 133. rim.Coatedrim. 1382. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaring # 134. rim.Coatedrim. 1383. Jarwithnarrowneckandflaring # 134. rim.Rim with 1384. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaring # 134. ridgeon interior. rim(darkground). neckandflaring 1385. Jarwithnarrow # 134. Whitearcsor spirals(?). 13^6. Jarwithnarrow rim(darkground). neckandflaring Whitearcsabovewhiteband.MH II. # 133. neckandflaring rim(darkground). 1387. Jarwithnarrow Round-sectioned on interior. handle,smallplugattachment Stripeon topofhandle.# 134. rim(light neckandflaring 1388. Jarwithnarrow ground). Coatedneckwithaddednarrowwhitebands;bandinterior rimwithwhiteloops; cross-hatched semicircles linkedto neckbandbygroupsofobliquelines,smallfilledcirclesin fieldbetweensemicircles; horizontal bandwithwhitedots andthinwhitelineon loweredge;narrowhorizontal bands withobliquelinesin between.Twonon-joining fragments ofneckand body.#130. rim(light neckandflaring 1389. Jarwithnarrow ground). Bandsaroundupperneckandbase ofneckwiththinwavy linein between.#106. neckandflaring rim(light 1390. Jarwithnarrow ground). Exterior burnished. Bandsaroundupperneckand base of neck,rowofdotsbetween.# 106. neckandflaring rim(light . 1391. Jarwithnarrow ground) exterior. hatched semicircles Lightlypolished Obliquely abovehorizontal in white:narrow band;addeddecoration bandat base ofsemicircles, # 134. line on band. wavy rim(light neckandflaring 1392. Jarwithnarrow ground). Cross-hatched semicircle belowhorizontal band.# 134. neckandflaring rim(light 1393. Jarwithnarrow ground). Twonon-joining fromsamejar. Cross-hatching fragments betweenhorizontallines; cross-hatching separatedby vertical band.# 106. line,abovehorizontal neckandflaring rim(light 1394. Jarwithnarrow ground). lines.# 106. Lazy 'S' betweenhorizontal neckandflaring rim(light 1395. Jarwithnarrow ground). Vertical bandabovehorizontal band.MH II. # 133. neckandflaring rim(light 1396. Jarwithnarrow ground). Filledcirclesurrounded bytworowsofdotsabovea series ofobliquelines.# 106. neckandflaring rim(light 1397. Jarwithnarrow ground). Two fragments of samejar: (a) cross-hatched semicircles abovehorizontal with band,obliquelinesbelow;(b)circle(?) rowsofdotsbelowit,obliquelyhatchedsemicircles below horizontal band.#112. neckandflaring rim(light 1398. Jarwithnarrow ground). Horizontal handle,roundsection. Stripealongedge,vertical stripeson top.# 134.

Redpaintexterior, blackpaint 1375. Bowl(darkground). interior. Darkloops and dot,whiteband aroundbase. D. (base)8. # 134. 1376. Basin (dark ground).Evertedrim,thickened interior. handle.Coaton interior andexterior. Push-through Sloppilymade.#88. swollenexterior. Coat 1377. Basin(darkground).T-rim, on interiorand exterior,probably1-o-d.D. (rim)32.

Minoan,fine (fig. 5.21) Finebuff. 1399. Carinated cup(darkground). Non-joining rimand base. Darkpaintinterior and exterior, fragments, whitepattern, D. (rim)10,(base)4. # 130. spiral(?). offset base. 1400. Cup (darkground).Finebuff.Slightly Darkcoatinterior and exterior. # 106. 1401. Jar(darkground).Whitespiralwithdottedcentre.

bowl.Sharplyevertedrim,flat 1355- Shoulder-handled on top.# 134. bowl.Thickroundedrim.#134. 1356. Shoulder-handled on bowl.Roundedrim,flattened 1357. Shoulder-handled # 134. interior. bowl. Two-faceted rim,short 1358. Shoulder-handled Incisedtriplegarlands.D. (rim)20. carination. shoulder, #89. bowl.Short rim,flatontop.#132. 1359. Shoulder-handled bowl. Hollowedinteriorrim. 1360. Shoulder-handled # 112.

bowl.Plaineverted rim.# 106. 1361. Shoulder-handled MH II. 1362. Goblet.Low foot,concaveunderneath.

#121.

shortcollarneck.D. (rim) 1363. Hole-mouthed jar.T-rim, 20.4. #88. concaveexterior and convex 1364. Jaror goblet.T-rim, interior. #88. 1365. Jar.Flatbase. MH II. # 133. Markedsherd;lost.#11. 77-055. [1365a.Shapeunknown. Notillustrated.] Dark Burnishedor CoarseBurnished(?)(fig. 5.20) 1366. Straight-rimmed cup.D. (rim)7. LH I-IIA. #115. Matt Painted,fine (fig. 5.20) interior andexterior. 1367. Semi-globular cup.Burnished Dotsinterior rim.Bandexterior rim,rowofvertical stripes, horizontal band.D. (rim)8. LH I-IIA. #115. Matt Painted,gritty(fig. 5.20) 1368. Goblet.Burnishinteriorand exterior.Pendent loopsabovepointofwidestdiameter. Squaredhandle.LH I-IIA. # 134. LustrousDecorated,fine (fig. 5.20) 1369. Angularcup (darkground).Buff.Coat on interior # 134. and exterior. 1370. Vapheiocup (darkground).Buff.Coat on interior # 106. and exterior. Blackon interior 1371. Vapheiocup (darkground).Buff. and exterior. #126. band 1372. Semi-globular cup(darkground).Horizontal in addedred.# 134. . Whitehorizontal 1373. Hole-mouthed j ar (darkground) bandjustbelowlip.# 106.

(rim) 10. # 106.

# 130.

1378. Basin(darkground).ShallowT-rim.Addedwhite horizontal bandbelowrim.#132. Whiteseriesofloops,horizontal 1379- JUS(darkground). bands;oneredband.D. (base)11.#131.77-331.plate34. Blackloopswithwhitelinedown 1380. Jug(light ground). horizontal bandwithaddedwhitebandontop.#126. centre, . Neckfragment. Horizontal 1381. Jugorjar (darkground)

# 130.

MicaceousMinoan (fig. 5.21) 1402. Jug.# 126. handlerisingabove 1403. Jug(?).Flaringrim,flattened rim.#126.

242

C. ZERNER

Fig. 5.21. Area Beta 1977, MH III Earlypottery:LustrousDecorated,mediumcoarse 1380-1398; Minoan,fine1399-1401; Micaceous Minoan 1403-1403; Red Slipped and Burnished 1404 (EH I?); Coarse, local group 1405-1410. Scale 1:3.

Red Slipped and Burnished,EH I or Aeginetan(?) (fig. 5.21) 1404. Goblet. Red slip interiorand exterior.# 134.

Coarse,local group (figs. 5.21-5.22)

1405. Bowl. Incised, flatstrap-handle.Series of crossed lines. # 134. 1406. Jar or bowl(?). MH II. # 133.

1407. Jar. Applied horseshoe-shaped element on shoulder.MH II. # 133. 1408. Pithos(?).AlmostT-shapedrim,slightlythickened interior.# 126. 1409. Pithos(?).Plain, slightlyevertedrim,cut obliquely at top. Impressedridgeon shoulder.#112. 1410. Pithos(?).Ridged shoulder.Protrudingridge with deep impressions.#112. 1411. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim.Red interior, burntpatcheson exterior.D. (base) 3. MH II. # 121.

THE MIDDLE

HELLADIC

1412. Wide-mouthed jar with everted rim. Orange interior,burntexterior.D. (base) 4. MH II. # 121.

POTTERY §5 (iv)

243

fragmentof shoulderwithapplied ridge.# 134. 1414- Pithos.Evertedrim,squaredand flaton top. # 126.

CoarseOrange(fig.5.22) 1413.

Pithos. Rounded, everted rim, non-joining

(d) MH III LATE TO LH II (1415-1473)

LH I- II appearsin baskets94, 98 and 99 fromtheSW Sectorw ofwallep and in baskets90, 93 and LH I is also foundin baskets31 and 92 fromtheroadbetween 96 fromthesamepartoftheArea.237 wallsen and et in theNW Sector.238 The 1974 baskets41 and 42, frominsidewallep/ex in theSE are LH I- II in date,as is basket37 fromn ofwall ex in thene sector.240 OtherearlyLH Sector,239 fromlatecontexts is in baskets39, 54, 60 and 66 and in 1974 basket28. Alsoin thesebasketsweresherdsfromMH III Late (1415-1416, 1419, 1421-1424, 1435, 143714395X44551447"1452,i456> 1459>X462>1466-1467, 1470-1472with1473 frombasket96) and Transitional MH III/LH I (1432, 1443-1444, 1458, 1461, 1464-1465 frombasket90). [Thereis also a MH III sherd(1442) in basket91 fromBetaburial27.] Dark Burnished (fig. 5.22)

MattPainted,gritty (fig. 5.22)

1415. Cannatecicup. D. (rim) 10. MH III Late. # 96. 1416. Cannatecicup. Incised: horizontalrowsofvertical dashes. MH III Late. # 96. 1417. Carinatedcup. Incised:twohorizontalrowsofdots, threehorizontallines,zone ofdouble zigzag,horizontallines and two rows of dots. MH III/LH I. Beta 1974, # 41. 74308. plate 34. 1418. Rounded cup withevertedrim.D. (rim) 10.5. LH HI. # 99. 1419. Shoulder-handled bowl. Rim flattenedon top, thickenedon exterior.D. (rim)26. MH III Late. # 96. bowl. Rim flaton top,thickened 1420. Shoulder-handled exterior.LH I- II. Beta 1974, #41. 1421. Shoulder-handledbowl. Shortrounded rim,strap handle laid up close to rim.MH III Late. # 98. 1422. Shoulder-handledbowl. Flat base. MH III Late. #96.

1438. Bowl with in-turnedrim. Groove along top rim. Bit of red paint left.D. (rim) 16. MH III Late. # 96.

GreyMinyan(fig.5.22)

Lustrous Decorated, fine(fig. 5.22)

1423.

Bowl. Shortevertedrim.MH III Late. # 94.

üllow Minyan, fine(fig.5.22)

1424. Semi-globularcup. Good burnishon interiorand exterior.D. (rim) 10. MH III Late. # 98. 1425. Semi-globularcup. LH I- II. # 93. 1426. Rounded cup. Dark grey.Small everted rim. D. (rim)6. LH HI. # 66. 1427. Strainer,open. Low foot,pierced. LH I- II. #31. Fromsurfaceofroadwaybetweenwalls en and et. 77-305. plate 34.

MattPainted, (fig. 5.22) fine,bichrome 1428.

Semi-globularcup. LH I- II. # 99.

YellowMinyan, (fig.5.22) gritty 1429. 16. LH 1430. 1431. #93-

Semi-globular cup. Rim thickenedexterior.D. (rim) HI. # 93. Goblet. LH HI. Beta 1974, # 41. Goblet. Low stem,concave underneath.LH I- II.

237See Chapter i §4 (iii) fa) above. 238See Chapter 1 §4 (iii) (d) above.

1432. Deep bowl. T-rim.Band below rim,zone of triple trianglesbelow. MH III/LH I. # 90. iiSS' Jug-Double triangleon neck. LH HI. # 66. 1434- Jug(?)-Bands,lowerone withpendentfringe, spiral. LHI-II. Beta 1974, #39. X435- Jug(?)-White slip exterior.Pendentcross-hatched triangle.MH III Late. # 96. 1436. Globularjar. Band around rim,two bands around base of neck, lower one withpendent fringe.D. (rim) 18. LH HI. # 60. 1437. Jar. Band around rim. D. (rim) 15. MH III Late. #98.

FineBuff,sandy= Dull Painted(?)(fig. 5.22)

1439- Vapheio cup (dark ground). Coat on interiorand exterior.MH III Late. #92. 1440. Semi-globularcup (darkground).Coat on interior and exterior.Added whiteband aroundneck,verticalband below it. D. (rim) 16. LH HI. Beta 1974, # 42. 1441. Semi-globularcup (darkground).Coat on interior and exterior.Added whiteband aroundneck,verticalband below it. D. (rim)20. LH HI. Beta 1974, # 42. 1442. Semi-globularcup (darkground).D. (rim)19. MH III. Beta burial 27. #91. 1443. Semi-globularcup (dark ground). Loops in dark reddish-brownpaint,dark bands outliningred band. MH III/LH I. # 90. 1444. Semi-globular cup (light ground). Foliate and horizontalband. MH III/LH I. # 90. !445- Jug/jar (light ground). Wavy vertical lines = ripple(?).MH III Late. # 96. 1446. Hole-mouthedjar (dark ground). Band and drip interiorrim;coat ofdarkpaintexterior,purpleband at base of neck. D. (rim)5. LH HI. # 60.

239See 1 (iii) (c) above. 240See Chapter 1 §4 Chapter §4 (iii) (b) above.

244

C. ZERNER

Fig.5.22.AreaBeta1974-7,MH HI Earlypottery: 1411-1412;Coarseorange1413-1414.MH III Latecooking-pot fine1424-1427;MattPainted, LH II: DarkBurnished fine,bichrome 1415-1422;GreyMinyan1423;YellowMinyan, = Dull Painted? ware uncertain Matt Yellow Painted, 1438; Lustrous 1428; 1432-1437; 1429-1431; gritty Minyan, gritty fine1439-1446.Scale 1:3. Decorated,

medium-coarse Lustrous Decorated, (fig.5.23)

1447. Basin (darkground).Coat on interiorand exterior, no patternpreserved.Rim flaton top. D. (rim)26. MH III Late. # 98. 1448. Basin (dark ground). Coat exterior.Hooked rim. MH III Late. # 98.

1449. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim(darkground). Band interiorrim, band exteriorrim, white and purple bands. MH III Late. # 96. rim(darkground). 1450. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaring Horizontalhandle,flattenedin section.MH III Late. # 94. 145 1. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim(darkground).

THE MIDDLE HELLADIC POTTERY §5 (iv)

245

Lustrous mediumcoarse1447-1458;Minoan1459Fig.5.23.AreaBeta1974-7,MH III Late-LHII pottery: Decorated, Red Slippedand Burnished 1464;Minoan?1465-1468;Aeginetan 1469; Coarse,localgroup1470-1473.Scale 1:3. Horizontal handle,roundin section.Band on tophandle, MH III Late.#96. vertical stripes. rim(light . neckandflaring 1452. Jarwithnarrow ground) Horizontalhandleroundin section.Band aroundbody overtopofhandlewithvertical linesattached to extending it;whitebandalongedgeofdark.MH III Late.#96. rim(light neckandflaring 1453. Jarwithnarrow ground). Whitespiralandhorizontal bands.Purplehorizontal band. LH I- II. Beta 1974,#42. neckandflaring rim(light 1454- fa withnarrow ground).

Whitespiral.LH I- II. Beta 1974,#37. rim(light neckandflaring 1455. Jarwithnarrow ground). Coat exterior. Flatbase. LH I- II. Beta 1974,#37. rim(light neckandflaring X456- Jarwithnarrow ground). Horizontal bandswithrowsofobliquedashes.MH III Late. #96. X457- Jug/jar(lightground).Dark foliateband, wide horizontalband; purplehorizontalband. LH I- II. Beta 1974»* 37bandsand 145^- Jug/jar (lightground).Darkhorizontal

C. ZERNER

246

wavyline; purplehorizontalbands. D. (base) 10. MH III/ LH I. Beta 1974, # 28.

Minoan(fig.5.23)

1459. Rounded cup (darkground).Dark red mottledto black coat on interior and exterior. Two non-joining MH III Late. # 98. fragments. 1460. Cup (darkground).Low foot,concave underneath. Coat on interiorand exterior.D. (base) 5. LH I- II. Beta 1974, #41. 1461. Semi-globularcup (dark ground). Fine orange. Thickwhitefoliateband and exterior. Blackpainton interior on exteriorto rim.MH III/LH I. # 90. 1462. In-and-outbowl (lightground).Band around base on inside,band at base on exterior,ripple.D. (base) 7. M H III Late. # 98. 1463. Jar (lightground).Fine buff.Dark wide horizontal bands.LH I- II. Beta1974, #41. band,whiteandredhorizontal 1464. Jar (lightground).Orange. Whitesurface.Orangered band around neck,foliateband. MH III/LH I. # 90.

Minoan(?)(fig.5.23) 1465.

Jug/jar(dark ground). Fine orange with quartz

inclusions.Dark reddishtogreycoat,whiteverticalband with fringedown one side,horizontalband. MH III/LH I. #90. 1466. Spouted jar. Burnishedexterior.Quirks. MH III Late. # 94. 1467. Basin.Whiteporous,manydarkred and greychips in biscuitand on surface.Rim thickenedon exterior, applied band with thumb impressionsbelow rim. D. (rim) 28.5. MH III Late. # 98. 1468. Shape uncertain.Rim flaton top, row of slashes cut along edge. LH I- II. # 89.

Red Slippedand Burnished (fig.5.23) Aeginetan,

1469. Basin. Red on interiorand exterior.Handle broken off.D. (rim) 29. LH HI. # 54.

Coarse,localgroup(fig. 5.23)

1470. Wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim.MH III Late. # 96. rim.MH III Late.#96. 147 1. Wide-mouthed jarwitheverted 1472. Wide-mouthed jar with everted rim. Slight thickeningon exteriorbelow rim.MH III Late. # 94. 1473. Wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim.Flatbase. MH III Late. # 96.

(v) Area Lambda 1973-77 (a) MH1-11(1474-1478) EarlyMH is onlyfoundin laterbaskets:Lambda 1, 1973,basket4; Lambda3/4,1977,baskets71, 88 and 89.241 DarkBurnished (fig.5.24)

1474. Rounded cup. Incised: double horizontal lines above and below a zone ofhorizontalrowsofdots.Lambda 1, 1973, # 4. e. 5Y 5/1-6/1. Burnished 1475. Flask. Greythroughout, exterior. Incised: spiral on shoulder, five horizontal lines, row of zig-zags.Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 89. 77-923. plate 35.

Lustrous Decorated, fine(fig. 5.24)

1476. Angular cup (dark ground). Low foot, flat underneath. Dark coat interiorand exterior and band around undersideof neck. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 88. 1477. Rounded cup. Patternof drips(?) in purple. D. (base) 3.5. Lambda 3/4, 1977, #71. 1478. Jug(?). Barbotinedots. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 88. 77-922.

(b) MH III EARLY WITH MH III LATE (1479-1513)

Lambda1, 1973,MH III Earlybaskets22, 28 comesfromthefollowing Thismaterial purecontexts: LambdaI, MH Lambda burial basket III Late andMH 2;242 3/4,1977,earlierphasesofStructure 31, basket III MH II or MH and III Latebaskets99 (Floor9) 104 (Floor10,under Early 98 overlying is publishedbelow this date of A further below.243 are noted Late Floor9). [TheMH III piece pieces as 3391 fromthefilloverFloor9 (basket97).] Froma mixedcontextin Lambda2, 1974,thereis a markedsherd,1485a,whichmaybe datedto MH III. [Theconicalcup 1501a is addedfromanothersuchcontext.] DarkBurnished (fig.5.24) 1479. Carinatedcup. D. (rim)18. Lambda 1, 1973, #22. 1480. Carinatedcup. Lambda 1, 1973, #22. 1481. Carinatedcup. Lambda 1, 1973, #22. 1482. Goblet. Burnishedinteriorand exterior.Two flat straphandles attachedjust below rim and carination;low foot, concave underneath. D. (rim) 9.3. MH III Late. Lambda 1, 1973, # 31 (burial2). 73-908. 1483. Bowl.Facetedrim.D. (rim)2 1. Lambda 1,1973,#22. 1484. Goblet. Two non-joiningpieces and fivejoined

241See Chapter1 §7 (iv) above. 242See Chapter 1 §§5 (v)-(vi) above.

each; bothhandlespreserved- slighdytroughed fragments attachedto top ofrimand carination.Incised: handles strap horizontal lines around body below carination, triple garlands; below handles a herring-bonepattern.D. (rim) 18. MH III Late. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 97 and 99 (Floor 9)- 77-91?- PLATE35-

1485. Ring-stemmedgoblet.Lambda 1, 1973, # 22. [1485a. Goblet. Sherd with stub of verticalstrap handle fromshoulder.Incised afterfiringwherehandlejoins body withsidewayslower-case'y' insidecircle.Lambda 2, 1974, # 46. 74-843-]

243On both Floors see Chapter 1 §7 (iii) above.

THE MIDDLE HELLADIC POTTERY §5 (v)

247

DarkBurnished Fig.5.24. AreaLambda1973-7,MH I- II pottery: fine1476-1478. Decorated, 1474-1475;Lustrous MH III: DarkBurnished MH III mediumcoarse1486-1499;Minoan,fine Decorated, i47g-i485a. Early:Lustrous 1500-1506.Scale 1:3. LustrousDecorated,medium-coarse (fig. 5.24) 1486. Bowl or basin (darkground).Coat interiorand exterior. tool.Lambda 1, Manycutmarksfromworking 1973,# 22. rim(darkground). neckandflaring 1487. Jarwithnarrow Band interior narrowbandsin added rim;coat exterior, whiteandonewidebandin red.D. (rim)13.4.Lambda3/ 4, 1977,# 104 (Floor10). 77-920.plate 35.

rim(darkground). neckandflaring 1488. Jarwithnarrow rimoverwholeneckarea,addedwhiteband; Bandinterior coatexterior. Lambda1, 1973,#22. neckandflaring rim(darkground). 1489. Jarwithnarrow Coat exterior, whiteloop and horizontal band.Lambda1, 1973,# 22. Whitehorizontal bands,row (darkground). 149°- Jug/jar offilledcircles.Lambda1, 1973,# 22. (darkground).Whitespiralandhorizontal 1491. Jug/jar

248

C. ZERNER

band.Lambda1, 1973,#22. (darkground).Buffand orangelayersin 149a. Jug/jar inbuff inorangelayer. blackgrits biscuit; layer,orangegrits Whitespiral.Lambda1, 1973,#28. Whitespiralon coatexterior. 1493- Jug/j^(darkground). Lambda1, 1973,# 22. (darkground).Darkcoat,bandofredwith 1494. Jug/jar white-filled circleson it.Lambda1, 1973,# 22. 1495- Jug/jar(dark ground).Red band; white-filled horizontal bandandspiral.Lambda1, 1973,#28. circles, andred-filled Whitespiral(?) (darkground). 149^- Jug/j8* circleson darkground.Lambda1, 1973,# 28. band,white (darkground).Red horizontal 1497- Jug/jar bandand spiral.Decorationveryworn.Lambda 1, 1973, #28. 1498. Jug/jar(darkground).Reservedlowerbody:on darkground,whiteloops above band of purpleoutlined withwhite,zone ofspiralsbelow.Lambda 1, 1973,# 22. 35. 73-9IO.PLATE above and 1499. Jug/jar (lightground).Cross-hatching band.Lambda1, 1973,# 28. belowhorizontal

band.Lambda1, 1973,#22. grits.Red horizontal (dark 15°4- Jug/jar ground).White runningspiral. Lambda1, 1973,#22. 15°5- Jug/jar(darkground).Whitespiral.Lambda 1, 1973,# 22. fabric.L-o-d: (darkground).Finepurplish 1506. Jug/jar on darkground.Lambda1, groupofobliquewhitestripes 1973,# 28.

Coarse,local group(fig. 5.25) on front roundedcup.Red.Burning 1507. One-handled of handleon of handleand to rightof lowerattachment burnish.High-swung slightly bodydownto base; streaky to bothsidesof rimand attached handle troughed strap MH III Late.D. (rim)8.9. Lambda3/4, bodyatmidpoint. * !977> 98 (Floor10). 77-919.plate 35. 1508. Wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim.Potin many - rim,handle, body and base unmendedfragments thickstrap preserved.Evenlytaperingrim,high-swung handleattachedto bothsidesofrimand body,flatbase. one sideburnedblack. Reddishbrownbiscuitand surface, MH III Late.D. (rim)15, (base)4. Lambda3/4,1977,# Minoan,fine(fig. 5.24) 98 (Floor10). 77-921.plate 35. and jar withevertedrim.Rim,handle, 1509. Wide-mouthed 1500. Conicalcup (darkground).Darkcoatinterior D. (rim)8.9. Lambda1, 1973,# 28. exterior. bodysherdsandbase (30 piecesofsamebowl).Thick,flat Well burnished. Darkcoaton Fine,soft-feeling. straphandle,low footflatunderneath. 1501. Cup (darkground). on exterior. sometracesofburning Burnedblackinterior, MH III Late.Lambda3/4,1977,# and exterior. interior Lambda1, 1973,# 22. 73"9O9-PLATE 3598 (Floor10). Rim jar withevertedrim.No traceof 1510. Wide-mouthed [1501a. Conicalcup(plain).Greenwithoatmealgrits. Lambda1, 1973,# 28. burnish. raised.D. (rim)c.7. Lambda base slightly inverted; slightly LH IIA 1511. Wide-mouthedjar with evertedrim. Evenly 3/4,1977,#49. LH IIA context(pitcutthrough rim.Lambda3/4,1977,# 104 (Floor10). fillforburial14). 77-910.Notillustrated.] tapering rim rim.Thickened Wide-mouthed Two jarwitheverted cup (darkground). non-joining 1512. 1502. Semi-globular #98 (Floor10). Lambda on flattened around band dark Dark brown. 1977, 3/4, top. Polychrome: fragments. buff. bandsof red and white grits; interior 1513. Hthos.Orange,withorangeplate-shaped rim;exterior: alternating toward downward rim,flaton top(slanting on darkground.Lambda1, 1973,#22. Slightly splaying D. (rim)50. MH III on exterior. and truncated 1503. Jug/jar(darkground).Buffwithreddish-brown exterior) Late.Lambda3/4,1977,#99 (Floor9). 77-918.plate35. (c) TRANSITIONAL MH Ill/LR I TO LH IIA (1514-18*7)

This materialderivesfroma greatvarietyof mixed contexts.244 The materialfromLambda 3/4 is fromthebasketsabove Floors4a, 4b, 6 and 7, whichwentout of use earlyin LH IIA.245Potteryfromthe makeup and use of these floors,datingfromLH I Early withthe TransitionalMH throughLH I/IIA, is publishedas 3381-3461 in Chap. 6 below, together basket 97. Pieces that from and basket from and I III/LH pieces 3402, 3411, 3435 3391 54 3448 are these IIA: LH that in baskets found also were I LH 3414-3415, 344°, to overlay Early belong and basket from and basket from 1743, 1751 and 85 83; possibly 1710 3443, 345°-3451> 3458 section: this in entries the to now are dates The basket given following 87. 1779-1780 from I: III/LH TransitionalMH 1517, 1524, 1527, 1632, 1685, 1763-1764. LH I Early: 1710, 1743, 1751, 1779-1780. LH I/IIA: 1519, 1529, 1550-1551, 1553, 1556, i57o> 1608, 1611, 1613-1614, 1627, l6451649, l66l> l677> l687, 17°1' 17°9^ i73°, 1735"17365 i759, i767, i769, i773, l8o4> l8o8> 1812, 1815, 1819, 1824. fi LHIIA. 1514-1516, 1518, 1521, 1523, 1528, i536~i537. i54o-i54i5 i543"i544, i546-i549, 1554-1555, 1557-1563, 1565-1566, 1569, 157«, 1574, 1579-1588, 1592-1594, 1596, 1598, 1600, 1603-1604, 1607, 1609, 1612, 1616-1617, 1620-1621, 1628-1631, 1633-1637, 1639-1642, ib44, 1681-1682, 1650-1656, 1658-1660, 1662, 1665-1667, 1669-1671, 1673-1674, 1676, 1678-1679, 1734, 1725, 1684, 1688, 1691-1696, 1700, 1704, 1706, 1708, 1713, 1715, 1717, 1719-1721, 1737, 1739, 1741, 1744-1746, 1749-175°, 1753, 1770, 1776-1778, i78*-i785, i787-i79°, i79«, 1794, i797~i8oo, 1802-1803, 1807, 1816, 1818, 1820-1823, 1825, 1827. 244For Lambda 1, 1973, Lambda / Beta 12, 1974, and Beta 12A/B baulk see Chapter 1 §5 (v) above; forLambda 2, 1974,

see Chapter 1 §6. 245See Chapter 1 §7 (iii).

THE MIDDLE

HELLADIC

POTTERY §5 (v)

x:r'"" tf?».Wi(- ,-f

249

Vi//- /5y '

I

/

Q.

TTf '_J^T

1508

-J^"

1509

Fig. 5.25. Area Lambda 1973 and 1977, MH III Earlypottery:Coarse, local group 1507-1512. Scale 1:3. MH III Late: pithos 1513. Scale 1:4.

Dark Burnished(fig. 5.26) 1514. Rounded cup withevertedrim.Incised: two rows ofpunctatedots,incisedloops. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 23. 77-906. PLATE35. 1515. Rounded cup withevertedrim.LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 62. 1516. Rounded cup withevertedrim.LH IIA. Lambda i/Beta 12, 1974, # 69.

1517. Angularcup withevertedrim.D. (rim)6. MH III/ LH I. Lambda 1, 1973, # 20. 1518. Straight-sided cup(?). Flat straphandle attachedto exteriorofrimand body.LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, #59. 1519. Carinated cup with tripod base. Over one-third preserved.Incised:twohorizontallinesaroundbodyatpoint of carination,zone of double loops below, groupsof loops unconnectedto one another.LH I/IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, #57-77-911-PLATE36-

C. ZERNER

250

11514 [W[ "^

I

| 1515

y

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'516(

I )

> 1517

11^/

¿71"Lìrr(

mn l(T(O-' '''

V^

^ 1519

y 1520

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/

^

V_^

^7

§1529 ¿__Hk

-

1535

[^n |

'

-

'

I 1542

V/

Vs«1

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r-j

1 I523^'_y

1526 V^y V '527

1530_^K 1531 jL

KJ^5//|536

V_y / 1521

1528

- '1 1 ï

" 1537

r

1

1538r^=s'-^ 1543

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1533 ^ - J * 1534

1532-^^

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- ^IM7 «1550

Fig. 5.26. Area Lambda 1973-7, Transitíonal-LHHA pottery:Dark Burnished1514-1534. LH I-IIA: Yellow Minyan, fine ìBSS-^òS ScaIe 1:3-

ofrimand 1520. Kantharos.Threenon-joining fragments handle.High-swungtroughedhandle attachedto bothsides ofrim.Lambda / Beta 12 (Beta 12A/B baulk), 1974, # 74. 1521. Goblet. LH ILA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 59. 1522. Goblet. Straightshoulder with low ribs, short evertedrim.D. (rim) 19. Lambda 1, 1973, # 33. 1523. Goblet. Rim slightlyeverted,ribbed shoulder (= wheel marks?).LH ILA. Lambda 2, 1974, # 53.

1524. Goblet. Rib on shoulder.MH III/LH I. Lambda 1, 1973, # 20. 1525. Goblet. Pedestal base, wheelmade. Lambda 1, 1973, # 16. 1526. Basin. Everted rim, two facets (top one almost horizontalon topofrim).D. (rim)20. Lambda 1, 1973, #18. 1527. Basin. Narrowneck,evertedrimflaton top. MH III/LH I. Lambda 1, 1973, # 20.

THE MIDDLE

HELLADIC

1528. Basin. Narrowneck, evertedrim flaton top. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 73. 1529. Basin. Incised: loops below carination.LH I/IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 57. 1530. Basin. Low pedestalfoot,flatbeneath.No burnish on interior.Lambda 1, 1973, # 29. 1531. Basin.Low foot,flatbeneath.Lambda i,i973,#291532. Basin.Low foot,flatbeneath.Lambda 1, 1973, #29. 1533. Basin.Wornbase, rounded.Lambda 1, 1973, # 35. 1534- Shape uncertain.Pedestal(?).Lambda 1, 1973, #26.

YellowMinyan, fine(figs.5.26-5.27)

1535. Angularcup withevertedrim.Lambda i/Beta 12 (Beta 12A/B baulk), 1974, # 72. 1536. Semi-globularcup. Rim almost vertical.LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 56. 1537. Semi-globularcup. Veryshortrim,almostvertical. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 48. 1538. Semi-globularcup. Orange exterior,buffinterior. Gentlyflaringrim. D. (rim) 12. Lambda / Beta 12 (Beta i2A/Bbaulk), # 74. 1539. Semi-globularcup. Hollow rim.Lambda / Beta 12 (Beta 12A/B baulk), 1974, # 72. 1540. Semi-globularcup. Deep hollow rim,verticalstrap handle risingabove rim,tinyclay pellet on topjust at rim. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, #61. 1541. Semi-globularcup. Gentlyflaringrim,thickened exterior.LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 62. 1542. Semi-globular cup. Short everted rim, swollen shoulder.D. (rim) 14.5. Lambda i/Beta 12 (Beta 12A/B baulk), 1974, #72. 1543. Semi-globularcup. Sharply flaring,thin rim. D. (rim) 14. LH IIA. Lambda 2, 1974, # 53. 1544. Semi-globularcup. Long evertedbeaded rim. D. (rim) 11. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 59. 1545. Semi-globularcup. Straightshoulder.D. (rim) 9. Lambda i/Beta 12 (Beta 12A/B baulk), 1974, # 74. 1546. Semi-globularcup. Slightlyhollow rim. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 59. 1547. Semi-globularcup. D. (rim) 10. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 59. 1548. Semi-globularcup. Verticalrim,thinned.D. (rim) 13. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 62. 1549. Semi-globularcup. D. (rim) 13. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 59. 1550. Semi-globularcup. Plain,evertedrim.D. (rim)10. LH I/IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 57. 1551. Semi-globularcup. D. (rim)11. LH I/IIA. Lambda 3/4, i977>#571552. Semi-globularcup. Deep rim.D. (rim)10. Lambda / Beta 12 (Beta 12A/B baulk), 1974, # 75. iööS- Semi-globular cup. Vertical strap-handlerising above rim,claypelleton topjust at rim.LH I/IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 64. 1554. Goblet.D. (rim)20. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4,1977, #59. 1555- Goblet. Pronounced carination.D. (rim) 16. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 59. 1556. Goblet. D. (rim) 18. LH IIIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, #571557. Goblet. D. (rim) 18. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, #591558. Goblet. High-swungstraphandle, integratedwith rim.LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 59. 1559- Goblet.Same, double trough.LH IIA. Lambda 3/ 4, 1977, * 731560. Goblet.Same, double trough.LH IIA. Lambda 3/ 4> i977>#471561. Goblet. Same, troughed.LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, !977>#47-

POTTERY §5 (v)

251

1562. Goblet. Same, troughed.LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977. * 591563. Goblet. Same, flat.LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, #591564. Goblet. Same, flat.Lambda 1, 1973, # 15. 1565. Goblet.Thick,high-swungstraphandle,troughed. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 56. 1566. Goblet. High-swungstrap handle, troughed.LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, #61. 1567. Goblet. Spreadingfoot,squared edge. D. (base) 6. Lambda i/Beta 12 (Beta 12A/B baulk), 1974, # 74. 1568. Goblet. Same. Lambda/Beta 12 (Beta 12A/B baulk), 1974, # 75. 1569. Goblet. Low foot,flatunderneath.D. (base) 3.6. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 59. 1570. Goblet. Low foot,concave underneath.LH I/IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 87. 1571. Rounded cup. Lightporous grey,wheelmade. D. (rim)8. Lambda/Beta 12 (Beta 12A/B baulk), 1974, # 74. 1572. Small collar-neckedjar. Rim slightlyconcave and curves in at verytop. D. (rim) 11. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, !977> * 591573- Jar or cup(?). T-rim,high-swungstrap handle. Lambda 3/4, 1977, #51. 1574- Cup(?). In-curvedrim,piercedbelow rim.LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 62. 1575. Hole-mouthedjar. Burnishedexterior.D. (rim)24. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 51. 1576. Hole-mouthed jar. Rim thickened on exterior. Lambda 1 / Beta 12 (Beta 12A/B baulk), 1974, # 72. 1577. Bowl or basin. Offsetbase. Lambda/Beta 12 (Beta 12A/B baulk), 1974, # 74. 1578. Bowl or basin. Base burnished on interiorand exterior.D. (base) 10. Lambda / Beta 12 (Beta 12A/B baulk), 1974, # 75.

MattPainted, fine(fig. 5.27)

1579- Semi-globularcup. D-o-1. Strap handle, in three strips,risingslightlyabove rim and attached to exterior. Horizontalbands on exterior,below rim (withsome other pattern)and below point of widest diameter.Band across top of handle and two stripesdown its length.LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 32. 1580. Semi-globular cup. D-o-1. Double stripes down lengthofhandle,horizontalstripesacross.LH IIA. Lambda / Beta 12, 1974, # 63. 1581. Semi-globular cup. D-o-1. Vertical strokes on interiorrim,no traceexterior.D. (rim)11. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 62. 1582. Semi-globular cup. D-o-1. Band interior and exteriorrim.LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 50. 1583. Semi-globularcup. D-o-1. Band interiorrim with pendentstripes.LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 48. 1584. Semi-globular cup. D-o-1. Rim squared. Band exteriorrim.LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 50. 1585. Semi-globularcup. D-o-1.Hollowed rim.LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 50. 1586. Semi-globularcup. D-o-1.Hollowed rim.LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 50. 1587. Semi-globularcup. D-o-1.Stripesinteriorrim,band exteriorrim.LH IIA. Lambda/Beta 12, 1974, # 69. 1588. Semi-globular cup. D-o-1. Hollowed rim, band interiorrimwithpendentstripes;band aroundneck,zigzag. D. (rim) 12. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 62. 1589. Semi-globular cup. D-o-1. Ledge rim hollowed along exterioredge. Band interiorrimwithpendentstripes; band exteriorrim,threehorizontalbands exterior;in red wavyline,horizontalband. Lambda 1 / Beta 12 (Beta 12A/ B baulk), 1974, # 74.

252

C. ZERNER

fine1554-1578;MattPainted, fine1579-1606.Scale 1:3. Fig.5.27.AreaLambda1973-7,LH IIA pottery: YellowMinyan, 1590. Large semi-globularcup or goblet. D-o-1. Lambda/ Beta12 Horizontal band,cross-hatched triangle. (Beta12A/Bbaulk),1974,#75. 1591. Large semi-globularcup or goblet. D-o-1. bands.Lambda/Beta12 (Beta 12A/Bbaulk), Horizontal 1974»#751592. Large semi-globularcup or goblet. D-o-1. circles.LH IIA. Horizontal band,pendenttripleconcentric Lambda3/4,1977,#50.

rim.D. (rim)12.LH 1593. Eggcup.D-o-1.Bandinterior IIA. Lambda3/4,1977,#73. In darkmatt:band 1594. Semi-globular cup.Bichrome. inred:wavyline, horizontal bandsexterior; interior rim,three horizontal band.LH IIA. Lambda/Beta12, 1974,#69. 1595. Semi-globular cup. Bichrome.In darkmatt:two horizontal bands on exterior;in red: verticalstripeson band on exterior. interior rim,wavyline and horizontal Lambda1, 1973,#32. 73"9°3a

THE MIDDLE

HELLADIC

1596. Semi-globularcup. Bichrome.In dark matt:band interiorrim,horizontalband exterior;in red: wavy line. LH IIA. Lambda / Beta 12, 1974, # 69. 1597. Semi-globularcup. Bichrome.In dark matt:band interiorrim,exteriorhorizontalbands and zigzag; in red: horizontalband. D. (rim) 12. Lambda 1, 1973, #5, 13, *9> 23. 73"9°3b 1598. Semi-globular cup. Bichrome. In dark matt: horizontalbands, red thickwavy line. LH IIA. Lambda / Beta 12, 1974, # 69. 1599. Semi-globular cup. Bichrome. In dark matt: horizontalbands; in red: wavy line and horizontalband. Lambda 1, 1973, # 5. 1600. Semi-globular cup. Bichrome. In dark matt: horizontalbands; in red: wavyline. LH IIA. Lambda / Beta 12, 1974, #73. 1601. Semi-globular cup. Polychrome.Whiteslip.In dark matt:two dark horizontalbands; in red: horizontalband. Lambda / Beta 12 (Beta 12A/B baulk), 1974, # 74. 1602. Semi-globular cup. Bichrome. In dark matt: horizontalbands; in red: horizontalband. Lambda / Beta 12 (Beta 12A/B baulk), 1974, # 74. 1603. Semi-globular cup. Bichrome. In dark matt: horizontalbands with pendent stripesor dots(?); in red: horizontalband. LH IIA. Lambda / Beta 12, 1974, # 69. 1604. Rounded goblet(?).Bichrome.In dark matt:band exteriorrim; in red: band slantingdownward. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 36. 1605. Squat jug or jar. Bichrome. Horizontal band exteriorwhichlooks white.Lambda 1, 1973, #18. 1606. Squat jug or jar. Polychrome.Dark band, white stripesinteriorrim.In dark matt:rimband and horizontal bands white dots; in red: horizontal band. D. (rim) 8. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 44.

YellowMinyan,gritty(fig. 5.28)

1607. Semi-globularcup. Thickened exterior rim. D. (rim) 12. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 62. 1608. Goblet, angular.D. (rim) 12. LH I/IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, #57. 1609. Goblet,angular.D. (rim) 14. LH IIA. Lambda 3/ 4>i977>#471610. Goblet,angular.Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 84. 1611. Goblet,angular.LH I/IIA. Lambda 3/4,i977,#571612. Goblet,angular.LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, #62. 1613. Goblet, angular.D. (rim) 24. LH I/IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 87. 1614. Goblet,rounded.Almostcomplete.Shorteverted rim,twoslightly troughedstraphandlesattachedto exterior rim and body; low foot concave underneath.Burnished interiorpartway,exteriorcompletely.D. (rim) 16.5, (base) 7. LH I/IIA. Lambda / Beta 12, 1974, # 31 and 40, and Beta 12A, 1963, # 79. Taylour 1972, 257, pl. 49g, fig.31, HS 99. 74-902 = 63-006. PLATE36. 1615. Goblet, rounded. D. (rim) 16. Lambda/Beta 12 (Beta 12A/B baulk), 1974, # 72. 1616. Goblet, rounded. Hollowed rim. Burnished exterior.LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 56. 1617. Goblet,rounded.LH IIA. Lambda 3/4 1977, # 59. 1618. Goblet,rounded. Lambda 1 1973, # 24. 1619. Goblet,rounded.Narrowmouth.Rim grooved on top. D. (rim) 16. Lambda/Beta 12 (Beta 12A/B baulk), 1974, # 74.

Matt Painted or Plain, gritty(fig. 5.28)

1620. Goblet.Plain flaringbase, concave underneath.LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 33. 1621. Goblet. Plain flaring base, deep concavity

POTTERY §5 (v)

253

underneath.D. (base) 8. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 37. 1622. Goblet. Base. Low foot, squared edge, concave underneath.D. (base) 8. Lambda / Beta 12 (Beta 12A/B baulk), 1974, # 74. 1623. Goblet.Base. Squared edge. Burnishedexterior.D. (base) 8.5. Lambda/ Beta 12 (Beta 12A/Bbaulk),1974,#75. 1624. Jar-Round-sectionedverticalhandle attachedto both sides of rim,risingslightlyabove rim.Lambda / Beta 12 (Beta 12A/B baulk), 1974, # 74. evertedand thickenedon exterior. 1625. Jar-R™ slightly Lambda 3/4, 1977, #48. 1626. Jar.Horizontalhandle, round in section,on belly. Lambda / Beta 12 (Beta 12A/B baulk), 1974, # 74. 1627. Jar-Verticalhandle rectangularin section.LH 1/ IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 87. 1628. Jar. Vertical handle, thick rectangular section. Flattenedplug attachmenton interiorof vessel. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 50. 1629. Jar.Flat base. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 48. 1630. Jar.Flat base. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 56. 1631. Jar.Flat base. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 56. 1632. Jar. Flat base. MH III/LH I. Lambda 3/4, 1977, #54.

MattPainted,gritty (figs.5.28-5.31)

^33Vapheio cup(?). D-o-1.Band interiorrim(belowlip) and on top of rim; bands exterior,wavy line. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 59. 1634. Gobletor smallwide-mouthed jar(?). Band exterior rim.LH IIA. Lambda / Beta 12, 1974, # 69. 1635. Semi-globularcup. Band exteriorrim.D. (rim)12. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 42. 1636. Semi-globularcup. Band interior,exteriorrim.D. (rim) 11. LH IIA. Lambda / Beta 12, 1974, # 69. 1637. Semi-globularcup. Slightlyverticalhollowed rim, verticalstrap handle risingslightlyabove rim. Band and pendentstripesinteriorrim,band exterior.LH ILA. Lambda / Beta 12, 1974, # 69. exteriorrim.D. (rim) 1638. Goblet,angular.Band interior, 12. Lambda / Beta 12 (Beta 12A/B baulk), 1974, # 74. 1639. Goblet, angular. Band interiorrim; exteriorrim band withpendentwavyline,wide horizontalband. D. (rim) 18. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 50. 1640. Goblet, angular.Band exteriorrim withpendent loops. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 48. 1641. Goblet,angular.Dark red paintband exteriorrim withpendentloops. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 33. 1642. Goblet,angular.Burnishedexterior.Band interior rim, band exteriorrim with pendent loops. D. (rim) 19. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 42. 1643. Goblet,angular.Burnishedexterior.Band exterior rim with thickpendent loops. D. (rim) 18. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 82. 1644. Goblet,angular.Band on interiorrim;exteriorrim withpendentloops, spiral.LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 48. 1645. Goblet, angular.Exteriorrim band withpendent loops. LH I/IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 57. 1646. Goblet, angular. Band interior,exteriorrim. D. (rim) 19. LH I/IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 57. 1647. Goblet, angular.Band(?) exteriorrim. LH I/IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 57. 1648. Goblet,angular.Straphandle, barred,band along edge. LH I/IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 87. 1649. Goblet, rounded. Low foot concave underneath. One handle: troughedstrap,risingslightlyabove rim.Cut marksfromworkingtool at exteriorrim.Band interiorrim; band exteriorrim,pendent loops, horizontalbands; cross on undersidebase; bars and cross on handle. D. (rim) 15,

254

C. ZERNER

Fig.5.28.AreaLambda1973-7,MH ΠΙ/LH I-LH IIA pottery: YellowMinyan, 1607-1632.LH IIA: MattPainted, gritty Scale 1633-1637. 1:3. gritty

(base)8. LH I/IIA. Lambda/ Beta12, 1974,#37, 40. 74905. plate 36. rounded. Bandexterior rim,pendent 1650. Goblet, loops, horizontal bands,obliquelines(orspiral?).D. (rim)19.LH IIA. Lambda3/4,1977,#35. 1651. Goblet,rounded.Many workingmarksaround area of neckand rim.Band exterior rim,pendentloops D. (rim)19. band,hatchedtriangle. (wavyline);horizontal LH IIA. Lambda3/4,1977,#62.

rim(todotted interior 1652. Goblet,rounded.Burnished rim;band exterior rim,withpendent line).Band interior dashes.D. (rim) bands,pendent loops(wavyline),horizontal 20. LH IIA. Lambda/ Beta 12 (Beta12A/Bbaulk),1974, #69. todottedlines Burnished exterior 1653. Goblet,rounded. intorim,rising (beneathhandle).Straphandleintegrated rimwithpendent aboverim.Bandexterior loops,horizontal bands,spiral.LH IIA. Lambda3/4,1977.#37.

THE MIDDLE HELLADIC POTTERY §5 (v)

255

Fig.5.29. AreaLambda1974 and 1977,LH I-IIA pottery: MattPainted, 1638-1656.Scale 1:3. gritty

rim;bandexterior 1654. Goblet,rounded.Bandinterior rimwithpendentloops,horizontal band.D. (rim)23. LH IIA. Lambda3/4 1977,#73. rim(= 1655. Goblet,rounded.Traceofpainton interior worn band); band exteriorrim with pendent loops, horizontal band.D. (rim)25. LH IIA. Lambda3/4,1977, #32. Horizontal bands,spiral.D. (rim) 1656. Goblet,rounded. 20. LH IIA. Lambda3/4,1977,#61.

1657. Goblet,rounded.Horizontalbandsaroundneck, 12 (Beta12A/Bbaulk), cross-hatched Lambda/Beta triangle. 1974,# 74. bands,triangle, 1658. Goblet,rounded.Horizontal paint faded,possiblyhatched.LH IIA. Lambda/Beta12 (Beta 12A/Bbaulk),1974,#62. 1659. Goblet,rounded.Horizontalband and oblique lines.LH IIA. Lambda/ Beta 12, 1974,#69. 1660. Goblet,rounded.Oblique and horizontal bands.

256

C. ZERNER

Fig.5.30.AreaLambda1973-7,MH HI/LH I-IIA pottery: MattPainted, 1657-1688.Scale 1:3. gritty LH IIA. Lambda3/4,1977,#56. 1661. Goblet,rounded.Wide horizontal band,double rowofpendentloops.LH I/IIA. Lambda3/4,1977,#64. 166«. Goblet,rounded.Horizontal band,pendentloops. LH IIA. Lambda/ Beta 12, 1974,#69. 1663. Goblet,rounded.Spiral.Lambda/ Beta 12 (Beta 12A/Bbaulk),1974,#74. Lambda/Beta12 (Beta 1664. Goblet,rounded. Spiral(?). 12A/Bbaulk),1974,#72. band.LH IIA. 1665. Goblet,rounded.Widehorizontal Lambda3/4,1977,# 73.

1666. Goblet,rounded.Red paint.Horizontalband, LH IIA. Lambda3/4,1977,#56. hatchedtriangle. 1667. Goblet,rounded.Straphandle:threebarsatbase. LH IIA. Lambda3/4,1977,#48. 1668. Goblet,rounded.Straphandle:band alongedge and obliquebars.Lambda/ Beta 12 (Beta12A/Bbaulk), 1974,#72. 1669. Goblet,rounded.Slightly troughed straphandle; withand risingabove rim.Band interior rim, integrated barredhandle,edged.LH IIA. Lambda3/4,1977,#56. rim;bandexterior 1670. Goblet,rounded.Bandinterior

THE MIDDLE HELLADIC POTTERY §5 (v)

257

Fig.5.31.AreaLambda1973-7,LH IIA pottery: MattPainted, MattPainted? 1689-1695;Light-on-Dark, gritty gritty, 1696.Scale 1:3. band.LH IIA. Lambda rim,thickpendent loops,horizontal 3/4,1977,#48. 1671. Goblet,rounded.Barredstraphandle,edged.LH IIA. Lambda/ Beta 12, 1974,#69. 1672. Kantharos. High-swung straphandle:bandinterior rim,pendent loops,barredhandle.Lambda/Beta12 (Beta 12A/Bbaulk),1974,#74. 1673. Globularjar (or krater). Flaringrim,groovedon bandsexterior. D. (rim) rim;horizontal top.Bandinterior 24. LH IIA. Lambda/ Beta12, 1974,#69. 1674. Globularjar (or krater).Almoststraightrim, thickened on exterior. Bandalongtopofrim;exterior worn. D. (rim)22. LH IIA. Lambda3/4,1977,#62. rim.Lambda 1675. Jug(?).Hollowedrim.Bandexterior / Beta 12 (Beta12A/Bbaulk),1974,#72. Bandexterior 1676. Jug(?).Curvedrim,convexinterior. rim.LH IIA. Lambda3/4,1977,#61. 1677. Hole-mouthed jar.Bandaroundneck,worn.D. rim 16. LH I/IIA. Lambda3/4,1977,#64.

Oval mouth,round-sectioned 1678. Amphora/hydria. handle attachedto exteriorrim. Band exteriorrim, barredhandle.LH IIA. Lambda3/ obliquelinespendent, 4, 1977,#56. Band exteriorrim.LH IIA. 1679. Amphora/hydria. Lambda3/4,1977,# 56. 1680. Amphora/hydria. Horizontalbands,rowof dots. Lambda3/4,1977,# 80. 1681. Amphora/hydria. Burnishedexterior. Horizontal bands,rowofpendentdots,obliquelines.LH IIA. Lambda 3/4,1977,# 50. 1682. Amphora/hydria.Horizontal bands, row of pendentdots.LH IIA. Lambda3/4,1977,#32. Burnished exterior. Wideband 1683. Amphora/hydria. around neck. Lambda / Beta 12 (Beta 12A/B baulk), !974>#75· 1684. Amphora/hydria. Horizontal band,rowofpendent dashes.LH IIA. Lambda/Beta12, 1974,#69. Row of dots,two horizontal 1685. Amphora/hydria.

258

C. ZERNER

bands (wavy?).MH III/LH I. Lambda 1, 1973, # 20. 1686. Amphora/hydria. Dark reddish-brown paint: hatchedtriangle.Lambda 2, 1974, #72. 1687. Amphora/hydria.Burnished exterior.Dark red paint: oblique lines, horizontal band. Lambda 3/4, *977>#57· 1688. Amphora/hydria. Horizontal bands. LH ILA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, #61. 1689. Amphora/hydria.Burnishedexterior.Horizontal bands,rowofdots,runningspiral.Lambda / Beta 12, 1974, #52. 1690. Amphora/hydria. Burnished exterior. Crosshatched triangles,horizontalbands. Lambda / Beta 12, 1974» * 37· 1691. Amphora/hydria.Horizontal handle, round in section.Burnishedexterior.Circles aroundbase of handle. LH ILA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 62. 1692. Amphora/hydria.Horizontal handle, round in section. Horizontal band on body, circle around base of handle. LH ILA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 59. 1693. Amphora/hydria. Fragmentsofshoulder,body and base. Vertical handle, round in section. Cross, spiral, horizontalbands, circle around handle. LH 11A. Lambda 1, 1973, # 12, 22. 73-906. plate 36. 1694. Large globularjar(?). Flaringrim,grooved along outsideedge; added elementof clay (handle?) has broken offfromhalf of the sherd. Band interiorrim. LH 11A. Lambda / Beta 12 (Beta 12A/B baulk), 1974, # 72. 1695. Spoutedbowl. Bichrome.Tubularspoutplacedjust below rim.Almosthorizontalevertedrim,grooved along outsideedge. In dark matt:band around shoulder;in red: band along outside edge of rim. LH 11A. Lambda / Beta 12, 1974, #73.

MattPainted(?)(fig. 5.31) Light-on-Dark, gritty

1696. Jar.In darkmatt:band interiorrim;narrowwhite band on top. LH ILA. Lambda/Beta 12, 1974, # 73.

Lustrous Decorated, fine(fig.5.32)

1697. Vapheio cup (lightground). Band interiorrim; exteriorrim,ripple(?j.D. (rim)10. Lambda / Beta 12 (Beta 12A/B baulk), 1974, # 74. 1698. Vapheio cup (lightground). Orange, soft-feeling. Band interior,exteriorrim.Lambda 1974, # 74. 1699. Vapheio cup (lightground).Wornpaint. Lambda / Beta 12 (Beta 12A/B baulk), 1974, # 72. 1700. Vapheio cup (light ground). Worn: pattern of dots(?).LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 50. 1701. Vapheio cup (lightground). Band interiorrim, decorationnot visible exterior.LH I/IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977» * 57· 1702. Vapheio cup (lightground). With added white: horizontal bands and wavy line, narrow white band. Lambda / Beta 12 (Beta 12A/B baulk), 1974, # 74. 1703. Vapheio cup (light ground). Horizontal bands. Lambda / Beta 12 (Beta 12A/B baulk), 1974, # 74. 1704. Vapheio cup (light ground). Horizontal band aroundbase extendingto undersidebase. LH IIA. Lambda S/4» *977> # 59· 1705. Vapheio cup (light ground). Black and brown horizontalbands. D. (base) 5. Lambda 2, 1974, # 8. 1706. Semi-globularcup (dark ground). Band interior rim,coat exterior.LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 59. 1707. Semi-globularcup (dark ground). Band interior rim,coat exterior.Lambda / Beta 12 (Beta 12A/B baulk), 1974» * 72. 1708. Semi-globularcup (dark ground). Band interior rim,coat exterior,horizontalbands of white and purple. LH IIA. Lambda / Beta 12, 1974, # 69.

1709. Semi-globular cup (light ground). Wheel-made ridgesvisibleon interior. Wavyand horizontalbands,purple horizontalbands. LH I/IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 64. 1710. Semi-globularcup (lightground). Foliate band, horizontalband. LH I Early. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 85. Floor 6. 1711. Cup. Handle, flatstrap.Diagonal stripeacrosstop. Lambda 1, 1973, # 35. 1712. Cup. Handle, flat strap. Coat on top, stripeon underside.Lambda / Beta 12 (Beta 12A/B baulk), 1974, #74. 1713. Juglet.Band interiorrim, exteriorrim. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 47.

medium-coarse Lustrous Decorated, (fig. 5.32)

1714. Semi-globular cup, large (dark ground). Coat interiorand exterior,whitehorizontalband. Lambda 3/4, 1977>#51· 1715. Semi-globularcup, large (darkground).Dark coat interior;dark coat exterior,white band around shoulder. LH IIA. Lambda / Beta 12, 1974, # 69. 1716. Basin (plain?).Flattenedrim,everted;pointedlug attachedto rimand upper shoulder.Lambda 1, ig73,#2g. [1716a. (?)Basin or deep bowl (darkground).Fine orange fabric,lustrousdark brownpaint. Dark coat interior;dark band exterior around outside of lug and on its tip. Horizontallug only,pierced.D. (hole) 0.8. Lambda 2, 1974, # 2 (mixed context).74-901. Not illustrated.] 1717. Jug (darkground).Handle, thickstrapin section. Coat exterior except sides of and underneath handle; verticalstripesin red and white. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, !977> # 5°· 1718. Jug (darkground).Push-throughhandle,roundin section. Coat exterior,white horizontalbands and large spirals;stripedown lengthof handle; red horizontalband. Lambda 1, 1973, # 26. 1719. Jug (lightground). Dark horizontalband and spiral withfeatheredend; red horizontalband. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4 1977, # 50. 1720. Jug (lightground).Black and red horizontalbands, black foliateband. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 50. 1721. Jug (light ground). Two non-joiningfragments. Horizontalband and foliateband; whitehorizontalband. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 73. 1722. Spouted hole-mouthed jar with basket handle (darkground).Good amountofquartz.Evertedrim,tubular spout,handle- oval in section risingfromrimjustabove spout. Dark coat exterior(dripson interior),whitestripes around spout. Lambda / Beta 12 (Beta 12A/B baulk), 1974, #74. rim(darkground). 1723. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaring White spiralon dark ground.Lambda 3/4, 1977, #51. 1724. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim(darkground). Wide red horizontalband, thinband ofwhite,row ofwhite dots. Lambda 1, 1973, #16. 1725. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim(darkground). Purpleband around neck. D. (rim) 15.5. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 36. 1726. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim(darkground). White horizontalband, spirals; red horizontalband and filledcircles.Lambda 1, 1973, #18. 1727. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim(lightground). wide darkband; Dark oblique lines (or hatchedtriangles?), whitethinhorizontalbands and arcs; red horizontalband. Lambda 1, 1973, # 35. 1728. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim(lightground). Band interiorrim,coatingon neck,ripple;whitehorizontal band. Lambda 2, 1974, #11. 1729. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim(lightground).

THE MIDDLE HELLADIC POTTERY §5 (v)

259

Lustrous fine1697-1713;Lustrous medium Fig.5.32. AreaLambda1973-7,LH I-IIA pottery: Decorated, Decorated, coarse1714-1737.Scale 1:3. Horizontal band;vertical wavylinesor ripple.Lambda2, 1974, # 11.

1730. Jarwithnarrow rim(light neckandflaring ground). Foliate band, lighter-coloured horizontalband above anotherdark band; whitehorizontalband. LH I/IIA. Lambda3/4,1977,#57. rim(light neckandflaring . 1731. Jarwithnarrow ground) Horizontal band and horizontalwavy lines; purple horizontal band.Lambda3/4,1977,#66. neckandflaring rim(light . 1732. Jarwithnarrow ground) Vertical wavylinesorripple.Lambda3/4,1977,#66.

1733· 5a1^th narrow neckandflaring rim(light ground). Horizontalband,rowof filledcircles.Lambda/ Beta 12 (Beta12A/Bbaulk),1974,#72. 1734. Jarwithnarrow neckandflaring rim(light ground). Red horizontal band.LH IIA. Lambda3/4,1977,#73. 1735· 5a1withnarrow rim(light neckandflaring ground). Horizontal ovalinsection. handle,flattened Stripeonupper surfaceofhandle.LH I/IIA. Lambda3/4,1977,#64. neckandflaring rim(light 1736. Jarwithnarrow ground). Flatbase ofi735(?). LH I/IIA. Lambda3/4,1977,#64. neckandflaring rim(light 1737. Jarwithnarrow ground).

26o

C. ZERNER

Fig.5.33.AreaLambda1973-7,LH I-IIA pottery: Minoan,fine1738-1751;Minoan,mediumcoarse1752-1767; Minoan?1768.Scale 1:3. Band aroundbodyjust above edge of base. LH IIA. Lambda3/4,1977,#62.

Minoan,fine(fig.5.33)

Black 1738. Carinatedcup (darkground).Pinkish-buff. D. (rim)10. Lambda1, 1973,# coatinterior and exterior.

22, 26.

1739. Straight-sided cup(?) (darkground).Buff;red LH IIA. Lambda3/4,1977,#62. and exterior. interior 1740. Straight-sided cup(?)(darkground).Coat interior and exterior. Lambda/ Beta 12, 1974,#75· and 1741. Conical cup(?) (darkground).Coat interior D. (base)6. LH IIA. Lambda3/4,1977,#73. exterior. 1742. Semi-globularcup (lightground). Dark coat rim.D. (rim)13. Lambda3/ interior; purplebandexterior 4, 1977,#51. 1743. Semi-globular cup (lightground).White,porous. Bandexterior rim,ripple.LH I Early.Lambda3/4,1977, #87.

1744. Semi-globularcup (lightground).Buff.Band exteriorrim,spiral.LH IIA. Lambda / Beta 12, 1974,

#73·

Buff. Red-brown coatinterior X745- Cup(?)(darkground). LH IIA. Lambda3/4,1977,#59. and exterior. Red-brown coatinterior 1746. Bowl(darkground).Buff. LH IIA. Lambda3/4,1977,#59. and exterior. Bandinterior bowl(light base; 1747. In-and-out ground). D. (base)4. Lambda widebandaroundbaseexterior. ripple, 2, 1974,# 15. and 1748. Shallowbowl(darkground).Coaton interior rim.D. (rim)6-8. Lambda3/4,1977, exterior. In-turned #40. rim.Orange In-turned 1749. Shallowbowl(light ground). and someshiny (10R 6/8lightred)withwhiteinclusions silverbits.Whiteslip(7.5YR pink).LH IIA. Lambda3/4, 1977,#61. 1750. Bowl or pyxiswithlug handle (darkground). LH andexterior. Orange.Knoborlugon rim.Red interior IIA. Lambda/ Beta 12, 1974,#69.

THE MIDDLE

HELLADIC

1751. Spoutedor hole-mouthed jar (lightground).Buff. LH I Early.Lambda Blackbandexterior rim,obliquestripe. 3/4,1977,#87.

Minoan,medium-coarse (fig. 5.33)

1752. In-and-out bowl (light ground). Everted rim, thickened.Deep rimband interior, rippleexterior.Lambda 2, 1974, # 16. 1753. Deep basin (darkground).In-turnedrim,coil with finger-impressionsat rim. Orange with red angular inclusions.Orange interior;dark greyexterior,thinwhite band below coil. LH IIA. Lambda / Beta 12 (Beta 12A/B baulk), 1974, # 69. 1754 and 1755. Jar (dark ground). Rim and body fragmentof same jar. Buff,lightred inclusions.Veryshiny blackinteriorrim;exteriorcoat,oblique band ofcrustyred, thinoblique line in white.Lambda / Beta 12 (Beta 12A/B baulk), 1974, # 75. 1756. Neckedjar (darkground).Buff,red-brownangular inclusions. Rim flanged interior.Shiny red-brownband interiorrim;exteriorcoat,whiteoblique stripe.Lambda 1, 1973, # 24. 1757. Neckedjar (darkground).Orange,blackinclusions. Band interiorrim,whiteband and loop; coat exterior,red and whitehorizontalbands. Lambda / Beta 12 (Beta 12A/ Β baulk), 1974, # 74. 1758. Necked jar (dark ground). Buff,black angular inclusions.Coat exterior,whitehorizontalband. Lambda 1, 1973, # 16. 1759. Jug/jar (dark ground). Buff; a few small black inclusions.Dark greycoat, orange floral(?)pattern.LH 1/ IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 57. 1760. Jug/jar (dark ground). Buff; black angular inclusions.Black coat, whitefloral(?) pattern,red band(?). Lambda 1, 1973, # 25. 1761. Jug/jar (light ground). Buff, black angular inclusions. Black horizontalband, filled circles, oblique band. Lambda 1, 1973, # 35. black angular 1762. Jug/jar(lightground).Pinkish-buff, inclusions.Wide horizontalband. Lambda 1, 1973, #25. 1763 · Jug/jar(lightground). Buff.Purplehorizontalband, darkgreyverticalstripes.MH III/LH I. Lambda 1, 1973. # 20.

1764. Jug/jar(lightground).Two non-joiningfragments. Buff;black and dark red angular inclusions,some white grits,shiny silver visible on surface. Orange wash over surface,orange horizontal band, ripple. MH III/LH I. Lambda 1, 1973, # 20. 1765. Deep basin(plain).Buff;largedark-coloured grits.Ininward,horizontalhandle curvingwalls,T-shapedrimslanting low down on body.D. (rim)22. Lambda 1, 1973, # 26. 1766. Deep basin (plain). Buff,large dark-colouredgrits. In-curvingwalls; T-shapedrim,hollowed on top; coil with on shoulderbelow rim.Lambda 1, 1973, finger-impressions #26. 1767. Deep basin (plain). Buffto orange; large dark red and greyangularinclusions;soft-feeling. In-curvingwalls, rimflattenedon top,thickenedon interior,coil withfingerimpressionsat rim. D. (rim) 28. LH I/IIA. Lambda 3/4, !977>#57·

Minoan(?)

1768. Jug/jar.Buff,grainytexture.Orange verticalband, wide band aroundundersidebase. Lambda 1, 1973, # 26.

Micaceous Minoan(fig. 5.34) 1769.

Semi-globularcup (darkground).Coat on interior

POTTERY §5 (v)

261

and exterior;whiteverticalstrokesinteriorrim.D. (rim)9. LH I/IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 57. 1770. Spouted cup (dark ground). Pulled-outlip spout. Coat exterior.LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 62. 1771. Basin (darkground).Coat on interiorand exterior. Red horizontalband exterior.Lambda 3/4, 1977, #51. rim(darkground). 1772. Narrow-mouthed j ar withflaring Three non-joiningfragments:bit of rim,neck and body. Horizontal handle, flattenedoval in section. Coat: red interior,black exterior;red horizontalband around top of shoulder; white horizontal bands around lower body. Lambda / Beta 12, 1974, # 66. 1773· Jug/jar (dark ground). White spiral. LH I/IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 57. 1774. Jug/jar (plain). Many joining body fragments. Exteriormottleddark grey 2.5YR 4/0 to orange (firing cloud). White horizontalbands. Lambda / Beta 12 (Beta 12A/B baulk), 1974, #41 and 51. 74-908. [Early Mycenaean wash in LH IIIC Early context,Floor 4.] Lambda 1775. Deep basin (plain). Plain rim,in-turning. 3/4, 1977, # 66. 1776. Deep basin (plain). In-curvingwalls; rim flaton top,thickenedon exterior.Fingerimpressionsalong top of rim.LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 36. 1777. Deep basin (plain).Shape as 1775. Coil withfingerimpressionson exteriorat rim.LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, #62. LH IIA. 1778. Cooking pot (plain). Deep, straight-sided. Lambda / Beta 12, 1974, # 69. 1779. Cooking pot (plain). Globular body, open mouth. LH I Early.Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 87. 1780. Jar(?) (plain). Flat base. LH I Early.Lambda 3/4, 1977,* 87. some burnt. 1781. Jar(?)(plain).Manyjoiningfragments, Narrow flaringbase, wheel-made.D. (base) 7.2. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 44 (Lambda burial 15). 77-907. plate 36.

Red Slippedand Burnished (fig. 5.35) Aeginetan, 1782. Goblet. Greyish-brown,streakilyburnished. D. (rim)26. LH IIA. Lambda / Beta 12, 1974, # 69.

MattPainted(fig. 5.35) Aeginetan, 1783. Wide-mouthedjar with everted rim. Horizontal band with pendent double loop, double zigzag. LH IIA. Lambda / Beta 12, 1974, # 69. 1784. Jar. Evertedsquared rim,concave flangeinterior. Band exteriorrim.D. (rim)15. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977,

#47.

Plain flaringrim;verticalhandle, 1785. Amphora/hydria. round in section,attachedto exteriorrim. Band interior, exteriorrim.LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 62. 1786. Jar,large.Plain flaringrim.Band interior,exterior rim.Lambda 1, 1973, # 25. 1787. Jar,large.Same shape as 1783. Band aroundneck. LH IIA. Lambda / Beta 12, 1974, # 63. 1788. Jar.Narrowhorizontalbands,row ofdots.LH IIA. Lambda 1, 1973, #16. 1789. Jar. Spoked circle(?).LH IIA. Lambda / Beta 12, 1974, # 69. 1790. Jar. Flat base. LH IIA. Lambda / Beta 12, 1974, #69. 1791. Jar. Potter's mark. Flat base. Three gouges preservedon lower body at base: one at edge of base, two above. D. (base) 7. Lambda / Beta 12 (Beta 12A/B baulk), 1974, # 72. 74-844· PLATE38. 1792. Jar. Potter's mark. Flat base. Two gouges on undersideof base, near edge. LH IIA. Lambda / Beta 12 (Beta 12A/B baulk), 1974, # 62. 74-845. plate 38.

C. ZERNER

262

Fig.5.34. AreaLambda1974 and 1977,LH I-IIA pottery: MicaceousMinoan1769-1781.Scale 1:3.

coarse(fig.5.35) Aeginetan,

12 (Beta12A/Bbaulk), 1793. Cookingpot.Lambda/Beta 1974,# 72. *794· Cookingpot.Hollowedrim.LH IIA. Lambda3/ 4> 1977»* 59·

Coarse,localgroup(figs.5.35-5.36)

1795. Roundedcupwithevertedrim.Lambda/ Beta12 (Beta12A/Bbaulk),1974,#72.

1796. Bowl.Hollowedrim.Lambda/Beta12 (Beta12A/ Β baulk),1974,#72. on bothsides. walls,rimthickened 1797. Bowl.Straight LH IIA. Lambda3/4,1977,#61. walls.LH IIA. Lambda/Beta12, 1798. Bowl.Incurving 1974,#69. thickrim.LH IIA. walls,straight 1799. Bowl.Incurving Lambda3/4,1977,#61. 1800. Bowl.Veryorange.Flaringwalls,rimangledto D. (rim)24. LH IIA. Lambda3/4,1977,#50. interior.

THE MIDDLE HELLADIC POTTERY §5 (v)

263

Fig.5.35. AreaLambda1973-7,L£II-IIA pottery: MattPainted Red SlippedandBurnished 1782; Aeginetan Aeginetan Coarse1793-1794;Coarse,localgroup1795-1804.Scale 1:3. 1783-1792;Aeginetan

1801. Plate(?).Orange.D. (rim)36. Lambda 1, 1973, #351802. Jar.WallswithslightS-curve;T-shapedrim.D. (rim)15. LH ILA.Lambda3/4,1977,#62. Convexwalls.LH ILA.Lambda 1803. Jar.Burntexterior. 3/4,1977,#50.

1804. Hole-mouthed jar.D. (rim)14.LH I/IIA.Lambda 3/4,1977,#57. 1805. Wide-mouthed rim.Lambda/Beta jarwitheverted 12 (Beta12A/Bbaulk),1974,#75. 1806. Wide-mouthed rim.Lambda/Beta jarwitheverted 12 (Beta12A/Bbaulk),1974,#74.

C. ZERNER

264

I

-

] V T-M J Ë

I I

1806

1 1807 )

(18O8

L -»*I8IO O> 1811CYÊ rr~' * V -J f (//)) Ij Í

1

1812 Χ_^

f '

/

I

'

1814

f 1813

*I8I5

I

λ_Α.8,8

*1816 )Jil8l9 '

M I8I7

'L/'^'

LM 1821'W

1822 '

■!■!■

^

^

lM|820

^W«^«

^^

1823 ^^™I826

Γ

Tj|

^-^^1827

Fig. 5.36. Area Lambda 1973-7, LH I-IIA pottery:Coarse, local group 1805-1827. Scale 1:3.

1807. Wide-mouthed jar with everted rim. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 48. 1808. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim. D. (rim) 18. LH I/IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 57. 1809. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim.Lambda 3/4, 1977, #91. 1810. Wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim.Lambda / Beta 12 (Beta 12A/B baulk), 1974, # 74. 1811. Wide-mouthedjar with everted rim. Lambda 1, 1973» * 35· 18 12. Wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim.Hollowed rim. LH I/IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 57. 1813. Wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim.Burnishvisible on interior,not exterior.Knob or lug on shoulder.Lambda / Beta 12 (Beta 12A/B baulk), 1974, # 75. 1814. Wide-mouthed jar. Burnttopedge exteriorneck.D. (rim) 14.3. Lambda / Beta 12 (Beta 12A/B baulk), 1974,

#75·

1815. Wide-mouthed jar. LH I/IIA. Lambda 3/4,1977,# 64. 1816. Wide-mouthedjar. D. (rim)30. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4» !977> * 59·

1817. Wide-mouthedjar. Red coat exterior?D. (rim)29. Lambda / Beta 12 (Beta 12A/B baulk), 1974, # 75. 1818. Jar. Base. D. (base) 4.5. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, !977> # 56. 1819. Jar. Base. D. (base) 4.3. LH I/IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977»#571820. Jar. Base. D. (base) 3.5. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, * 49· 1821. Jar.Base. D. (base) 3. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, #59· 1822. Jar.Base. D. (base) 3. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 50. 1823. Jar.Base. D. (base) 3. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, #62. 1824. Jar-Base· D. (base) 4. LH I/IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, #571825. Jar·Base. D. (base) 3. LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, #56. 1826. Jar.Base. Lambda / Beta 12 (Beta 12A/B baulk), !974> # 75· 1827. Pithos.LH IIA. Lambda 3/4, 1977, #61.

THE MIDDLE

HELLADIC

POTTERY §5 (vi)

265

(vi) Area Nu 1977 (a) μη ι late (1828-1907) is fromtheapsidalbuildingdatedMH I Late.246 Fromtheflooroftheapse [Nearlyall ofthismaterial comebaskets49, 52, 56 and 62; fromthefloorof themainroom,baskets50, 53, 59 and 61; and wallbetweentheapse and themainroom,basket60. The destruction fromthepartition debrisfrom thebuildingwas excavatedwithbaskets38 and 41. The areas outsidethebuildingweredug with baskets57 and 58. These are probablyof thesame date.The MH II vase 1888 derivesfromNu burial14,whichwas cutintothedestruction layer.] Sherds1856-1857 are unusualand maybelongto a veryearlystageofMH or maybe cast-ups froman earlierperiod.It is possiblethatthesesherds,alongwith2205, represent a latephaseofEH III or transitional EH III/MH I at thesite. DarkBurnished (figs.5.37-5.38)

1828. Rounded cup withhigh-swung,flatstraphandle. #53· 1829. Angularcup withevertedrim.D. (rim)9. # 52. 1830. Carinated cup. Low foot, slightly concave underneath.Good burnishexteriorand underside base, streakishinterior.Incised: horizontalbands below rim and above point of carination,tripletrianglepartlyerased by D. (rim)8.4, (base)4, H. 7. #62. 77-612. plate 36. burnishing. Flatstraphandles.Flaring 1831. Carinatedcup/kantharos. foot.Burnishedinteriorto dottedline,and exteriorall over exceptundersideof handles.Incised: horizontalbands just above carination.D. (rim)12.4, (base) 4.5, H. 9.3. #49, 56, 62. AS sample no. 1: Set 2 Class 1. 77-606. plate 36. D. (rim) 10. # 53. 1832. Carinatedcup/kantharos. 1833. Carinated cup/kantharos.Flaring foot, slightly concave beneath.D. (base) 3.6. # 53. 1834. Carinated cup/kantharos.Low flaringfoot. D. (base) 5. # 57. 1835. Rounded bowl withevertedrim.#41. 1836. Rounded bowl withevertedrim.Hole pierced in shoulder.Straineror repairhole? #58. 1837. Shoulder-handledbowl. Brown.D. (rim)24. # 53. 1838. Shoulder-handledbowl. D. (rim)22. # 50. 1839. Shoulder-handled bowl. Unburnished beneath handle (betweendottedlines). D. (rim)23. # 53. 1840. Shoulder-handledbowl. #58. 1841. Shoulder-handledbowl. Thick, flatstrap handle. #38. 1842. Shoulder-handledbowl. # 57. 1843. Shoulder-handledbowl. #41. 1844. Shoulder-handledbowl. # 59. 1845. Shoulder-handledbowl. Brown.Low foot,slightly concave beneath.D. (base) 5.5. # 52. 1846. Bowl orjar. # 57. 1847. Small wide-mouthedjar. D. (rim) 16. # 49. 1848. Small wide-mouthed jar. Coarse. D. (rim)14. # 52. 1849. Two-handledjar. Two horizontalhandles, oval in section.Bufffiringcloud. D. (rim) 17, (base) 8, H. 26. # 52. 77-608. plate 36. 1850. Two-handledjar. Flat base. # 57. 185 1. Flask.Upper body and partofneck.Incised: bands aroundneck,largeconcentriccircles,horizontallinesfilling spaces between circles,row of herringbone.Stamped or impressed:circleof smallconcentriccircles,verticalrow of lozenges. # 49, 56 and 62 joined. 77-605. plate 36. 1852. Flask. Five non-joiningfragmentsfromneck and shoulder.Incised: lines around neck; concentriccircles(or

spiral?), horizontal dashes along one circle, groups of oblique and horizontallines betweencircles.# 50. χ853. Flask. Three non-joiningfragments;perhaps part of 1852. Incised: large concentriccircles,verticaldashes (in circle?),othercurvinglines. #61. fromshoulder. 1854. Flask. Three non-joiningfragments Impressed: small concentriccirclesin horizontalrow and possiblyin verticalrow.#57. of shoulderand lower 1855. Flask. Two large fragments body withflatbase. Plain. D. (base) 7. # 49. 77-610.

EH III/MH I(?), Burnished, possiblyTransitional Local(?) (fig. 5.39)

1856. Lug-handled bowl. Fine orange, yellowish-red surface.Burnishedinteriorand exterior(body wall under lug not burnished).Rounded body, everted rim,pierced lug handle,tiltedupwards.D. (rim) 17. # 57. ContextMH I Late witha fewEH II Early sherds.77-613. plate 37.

Paintedand Burnished, EH III / Transitional

MHI(?) (fig.5.39)

1857. Small wide-mouthedjar. Veryfinebrownto buff. Tall straight rim.Dark coat interiorand exterior,burnished. D. (rim) 12. # 52. Context MH I Late with a few EH II Early sherds.

Dull Painted(fig. 5.39)

1858. Bowl withevertedrim. Band around neck, triple triangles.#57. 1859. Rounded bowl withevertedrim.Rim and twononjoining body fragments. Partlyburnt.Horizontalband and groups of wide and narrow oblique lines. D. (rim) 16. #53· 1860. Bowl with in-turnedrim. Four fragmentsof rim. One horizontalhandle and non-joiningbase. Pulled-outlip spout, pointed lug on rim, rim grooved on top. Two horizontalhandles,round in section.Burnt.Wide oblique stripeson top ofrim,horizontalbands,rowsofwide oblique linespointingin oppositedirection.Whole designmayhave been a zigzag. D. (rim) 24, (base) 10. # 60, 61. 77-614. plate 37. 1861. Bowl with in-turned rim. Two non-joining fragmentsof rim and base. Wide band(?) exteriorrim.D. (rim)26. # 50. 1862. Bowl within-turnedrim. Oblique lines on lower body. # 53.

246See Chapter ι §8 (x) above.

266

C. ZERNER

"" ^1 L γ^ vk^T ^-^

1833

1837

/

V//-- J

1 1838

/

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' 1839

CZ7/l846

1850

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1840

€ 1841

1842

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1848 ^g^T

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Fig.5.37. AreaNu 1977,ΜΗ I Latepottery: DarkBurnished 1828-1850.Scale 1:3. rim.Threenon-joining 1863. Bowlwithin-turned body Horizontal andvertical lines.#53. fragments. rim.Two non1864. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaring ofrimandbody.Bandinterior rim;crossjoiningfragments andwidehorizontal band.#53. hatchedtriangle rim.Groupof 1865. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaring horizontal band. triangles, obliquelines,diagonally-hatched

along top edge. # 49. 1867. Bowl or jar. Two non-joiningfragments.Group of oblique lines or hatchedtriangle,wide horizontalband. #52. 1868. Bowl or jar. Horizontalbands. #41.

1866. Bowl or jar. Horizontalhandle, round in section, withend of coil attachment(notthroughbody wall). Band

1869. Jar or jug. Veryfine,orange.Red-brown paint: lines.#49. band,curving obliquelines,horizontal

#41.

Dull Painted(?)orMinoan(?)(fig.5.39)

THE MIDDLE HELLADIC POTTERY §5 (vi)

267

Fig.5.38. AreaNu 1977,ΜΗ I Latepottery: DarkBurnished 1851-1855.Scale 1:3. LustrousDecorated,medium-coarse (fig. 5.40) Handle,roundin section.#49. 1870. Jug(darkground). 1871. Jug (dark ground).Handle, round in section, #58. pushedthrough. whiteslipover 1872. Jug(darkground). Ridgedshoulder, ridges.#50.

circles,oblique 1873. Jug (darkground).White-filled lines.#53. rim(darkground). neckandflaring 1874. Jarwithnarrow #57· rim(darkground). neckandflaring 1875. Jarwithnarrow bands,whiteobliqueband.#57. Purplenarrowhorizontal

268

C. ZERNER

Fig. 5.39. Area Nu 1977, EH or MH I Earliest(?) pottery:Burnished,local? 1856; EH Patterned,ware uncertain1857. MH I Late: Dull Painted 1858-1869. Scale 1:3.

Lustrous Decorated orDull Painted(?)(fig.5.40)

1876. Jug. Orange; whiteslip. Cracked crustyred paint, but not like DP; horizontalbands. # 62.

Minoan,fine(fig.40)

1877. Angularcup (darkground).Buff.Coat interiorand exterior.#57. 1878. Semi-globularcup. Brown. Brown to black paint interiorand exterior.# 49.

1879. Semi-globular cup. Brown. Red-brown paint interiorand exterior.#58. 1880. Cup or bowl. Buff.Coat interiorand exterior(not completelycovered: drips).D. (base) 5. # 38. band 1881. Cup or bowl. Buff.Coat interiorand exterior, around undersidebase. #41. 1882. Bowl(?) (lightground). Very fine yellowish-buff. Horizontalband, otherpattern?#52. 1883. Bowl(?) (lightground). Brown to buff.Flat base.

#57·

THE MIDDLE HELLADIC POTTERY §5 (vi)

269

mediumcoarse1870-1875;Lustrous Decorated?1876; Lustrous Fig.5.40.AreaNu 1977,ΜΗ I Latepottery: Decorated, Minoan,fine1877-1883;Minoan,mediumcoarseredfabric1884-1886;Coarse,localgroup1887-1896.Scale 1:3.

redfabric(fig. 5.40) Minoan, medium-coarse: Darkcoatorwideband, 1884. Jug(darkorlightground). thickwhiteobliquelines;reserved lowerbody?#50. (darkground).Twonon-joining 1885. Jug/jar fragments. Whitehorizontal bands,groupof multipleobliquelines. * 57· 1886. Jarwithnarrowneck(darkground).Coatexterior andbandaroundunderside base. #49. Coarse,local group(figs. 5.40-5.41) 1887. Cup.#57. 1888. Cup. D. (rim)c.3, H. 2.5. MH II. #50. FromNu burial14. 77-216. 1889. Rounded cup withevertedrim.Yellowish-red

interior,buffexterior.High-swunghandle,thickstrap attachedto bothsidesofrim.Burnton troughed, slightly rim.D. (rim)11,(base)6, H. 11. topofhandleandinterior # 56. 77-611. PLATE37.

to dark grey surface, 1890. Jug. Red darkish-buff laminated. Flatbase,slightly concaveunderneath, handle brokenoffor rimbrokenin antiquity and fileddown?D. (base)8. #49. 77-615.plate 37. handle,thickovalinsection, 1891. Jug.Globularprofile; intorim.#57. integrated 1892. Wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim.#50. 1893. Wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim.#52. 1894. Wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim.Pointedknob on shoulder. D. (rim)14. #52. 1895. Wide-mouthed rim.D. (rim) 22.#53. jarwitheverted

C. ZERNER

270

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M

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1897

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1900

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1903

1904

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1905

1901

1902

M M H

Fig. 5.41. Area Nu 1977, ΜΗ I Late pottery:Coarse, local group 1897-1907. Scale 1:3. 1896. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim.#41. 1897. Wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim.D. (rim)22.#57. 1898. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim.#41. 1899. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim.Red. #41. 1900. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim.# 53. 1901. Wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim.Orange. Redbrownsurface.D. (rim)41. # 49, 61. 77-609. plate 37. 1902. Wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim.Red. Pinkishgreysurface(7.5YR 7/2). D. (rim) 37. # 49, 52, 56, 62. 77-607. (b) ΜΗ ΙΙ-ΜΗ

1903. Wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim.Pointedknob. #53· 1904. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim. Knob, blunt at tip. # 53. 1905. Wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim.Pointedknob. #60. 1906. Wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim.Flatbase. #57. 1907. Pithos. Rim flat on top, thickened on exterior. #52.

III EARLY (lQo8-2OOo)

in a fewbaskets ΜΗ II was recognised In additionto 1888 above and RutterDepositsA and Β,247 ofa floorto theε excavatedin 1977: a fillin these corneroftrenchNu 2 (basket27), theremnants of the basket19), and thelowerstratum and s of thelaterRoom 2 (basket35 and contaminated The MH II piecesare 1909-1911, 1917, 1924, 1931, X938, LowerPebbledRoad (basket45).248 1944, 1950, 1952, 1962, 1969-1970, 1975, 1979, 1989-1991 and 1996-1999. 247Rutterand Rutter 1976, 16-19.

248See Chapter 1 §§8 (viii)-(ix) above.

THE MIDDLE

HELLADIC

POTTERY §5 (vi)

271

MaterialoftheMH III Earlyphasewas derivedfromtheremnants ofa floorunderthehearthin ofthe thelaterRoom 2 (basket31, mixedwithpiecesoftheMH III Late 2125), theupperstratum LowerPebbledRoad (basket43) and the Upper PebbledRoad (basket34). OtherMH HI Early thathad been disturbed materialcomesfromcontexts i.e. theremovalofwallnw by lateractivity, MH III The items derive from these contexts: (basket44).249 1908, 1912-1916, following Early 1918-1923, 1925-1930, 1932-1937, 1939-1943, 1945"1949) 1951^ 1953"196l5 1963"1968) 1971-1974, 1976-1978, 1980-1988, 1992-1995, 2000. RutterDepositsC (saveforR18) and D250 dateto thisphase,as wellas someofthematerialrecoveredfromtheremovalofStructure Nu IL251 III material was also in MH III/LH I found basket under the walls nk and nm 26 nc, [MH Early and and in basket (see 2007, 2133, 2163, 2166, 2175, 2186, 2197, 2199 3627 below), 37 from theremovalofwallnu (2108).] Dark Burnished (fig.5.42)

1908. Angularcup withevertedrim. D. (rim) 8.4. MH III Early.#31. 1909. Carinatedcup. MH II. # 35. 1910. Carinatedcup. D. (rim) 14. MH II. # 35. 1911. Carinated cup or kantharos. Two non-joining fragments. High-swungstraphandle. Not burnishedunder handle (betweendottedlines). Incised: horizontalbands at pointof carination,pendenttripleloops (continuingunder handle),band on handle. MH II. # 35. 1912. Carinatedcup. D. (rim)9.5. MH III Early.# 34. 1913. Rounded bowl withevertedrim.D. (rim) 10. MH III Early.# 43. 1914. Rounded bowl withevertedrim.D. (rim) 13. MH III Early.# 43. 1915. Shoulder-handledbowl. Two ribs preserved on shoulder.MH III Early.# 34. 1916. Shoulder-handledbowl. Two ribs preserved on shoulder.D. (rim) 18. MH III Early.# 34. 1917. Shoulder-handledbowl. Rim projectingslightlyon interior,two ribs on shoulder.MH II. # 35. 1918. Shoulder-handledbowl. Rim convex on top, two ribspreservedon shoulder.MH III Early.# 34. 1919. Shoulder-handledbowl. Low foot.D. (base) 5.5. MH III Early.# 43. ofrimand base. 1920. Goblet.Two non-joining fragments Two flatstraphandleson shoulder,attachedto exteriorrim. Low foot,slightlyconcave underneath.D. (rim)24, (base) 8. MH III Early.# 34. 1921. Bowl with in-turnedrim. Rim thickenedslightly interiorand exterior,stub of handle rising above rim preserved.MH III Early.# 43. 1922. Spouted bowl(?). Uncertainshape. MH III Early. #43. 1923. Hole-mouthedjar. Rim slightlyprojectinginterior and exterior.MH III Early.# 34. 1924. Jugor smalljar(?). Hole piercedin rim,handlejoin preserved.MH II. # 35. 1925. Bowl(?). MH III Early.#31.

GreyMinyan(fig.5.42) 1926.

Bowl. Dark grey,grainy.MH III Early.# 43.

WhiteBurnished, MattPainted(fig. 5.42) 1927.

Goblet(?).MH III Early.# 44.

Phin/Matt Painted,gritty (fig. 5.42) 1928.

Jar.Plain. MH III Early.#31.

249See Chapterι §§8 (vii)-(viii)above. 250Withthe exceptionoflaterLate HelladicR166 and other

1929. Jar.Dark band around neck. D. (rim) 13. MH III Early.# 43. 1930. Jar. Verticalpanel, cross-hatched.MH III Early. #43.

Lustrous Decorated, fine(fig. 5.42)

1931. Conical cup (dark ground). Much quartz visible. Coat interiorand exterior,whitecross-hatching. D. (rim)8. MH II. # 35. 1932. Carinatedcup (plain). MH III Early.# 43. 1933. Carinated cup (dark ground). Coat interiorand exterior.MH III Early.#22 and 34. 77-604. Plate 37. 1934· Carinated cup (dark ground). Many working marks.Coat interiorand exterior.MH III Early.# 43. exterior 1935· Carinatedcup (lightground).Coat interior, narrowband around rim,wide red band. This cup may be Minoan. MH III Early.# 34. 1936. Semi-globular cup (plain).D. (rim)9. MH III Early. #43. 1937· Semi-globularcup (dark ground). Coat exterior, white-filled semicircleson rim.D. (rim) 10. MH III Early. #43. 1938. Semi-globularcup (darkground).Coat interiorand exterior,whitehorizontalband. MH II. # 35. 1939. Semi-globularcup (dark ground). Band interior rim,coat exterior.MH III Early.# 43. 1940. Semi-globularcup (dark ground).Vitrifiedgreen. Coat on interiorand exterior;horizontalbands and coat on lower body? MH III Early.# 43. 1941. Jugorjar (lightground).Orange. Horizontalband. MH III Early.# 34. 1942. Jug or jar (lightground). Horizontal bands. MH III Early.# 43.

Lustrous medium-coarse Decorated, (fig. 5.43)

1943. Semi-globular cup (dark ground). Three nonjoining fragmentsof rim,handle and body. Coat interior and exterior,white horizontalband and spiral. MH III Early.# 43. 1944. Semi-globularcup (darkground).Coat interiorand exterior,whitehorizontalband. MH II. # 35. Χ945· Cup or basin (darkground).Coat exteriorincluding undersidebase. MH III Early.#31. 1946. Cup or basin (darkground).Coat exteriorincluding undersidebase. MH III Early.#31. 1947. Jug (darkground).Band interiorrim,coat exterior. MH III Early.# 34. 1948. Jug (darkground).Push-throughhandle,flattened oval in section.Coat exterior,whitenarrowhorizontalband.

and Rutter1076, 10). (Rutter uncatalogued fragments 251See (vi) (c) below. §5

272

C. ZERNER

Fig. 5.42. Area Nu 1977, ΜΗ II- III Earlypottery:Dark Burnished1908-1925; LustrousDecorated,fine 1931-1942. MH III Early:GreyMinyan 1926; WhiteBurnished,MattPainted 1927; GrittyMattPainted/Plain1928-1930. Scale 1:3.

MH III Early.# 43. 1949. Jug(darkground).Much quartzvisible(some large plates). Coat exterior,curvilinearpattern.MH III Early.

#43.

1950. Hole-mouthedjar (darkground).Whitehorizontal bands,row of dots.D. (rim)23.7. MH II. # 27. 195 1. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim(lightground). Interiorrim band and drips on neck; exteriordeep band

withgroup over rimand neck,zone withrosettealternating of verticallines, narrowhorizontalbands. D. (rim) 16.2. MH III Early.# 44. 1952. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim(lightground). Horizontalbands, row of dots. MH II. # 45. 1953. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim(lightground). Same jar as 1952? Fat circles(?), row of dots, narrow horizontalband. MH III Early.# 34.

THE MIDDLE HELLADIC POTTERY §5 (vi)

273

Fig.5.43.AreaNu 1977,ΜΗ II- III Earlypottery: Lustrous mediumcoarse1943-1970;Minoan,medium Decorated, coarse1974-1976.MH III Early:Minoan,fine1971-1973.Scale 1:3. neckandflaring rim(light 1954. Jarwithnarrow ground). Rowoffilled narrow horizontal bands.MH III Early. circles, #43. neckandflaring rim(light 1955. Jarwithnarrow ground). Horizontal bands,filledcircles.MH III Early.#43. neckandflaring rim(light 1956. Jarwithnarrow ground). Cross-hatched horizontal band.MH III Early. semicircle, #43.

rim(light neckandflaring 1957. Jarwithnarrow ground). Drip.MH III Early.#43. rim(light neckandflaring 1958. Jarwithnarrow ground). Horizontal bandandwavyline,whitehorizontal band.MH III Early.#34. rim(light neckandflaring 1959. Jarwithnarrow ground). Horizontal band,whitewavyline.MH III Early.#43. neckandflaring rim(light 1960. Jarwithnarrow ground).

274

C. ZERNER

Fig.5.44.AreaNu 1977,ΜΗ II- III Earlypottery: 1978-1979;Coarse,localgroup1982-2000. orange,wareuncertain wareuncertain MH III Early:MicaceousMinoan1977; Lustrous Painted, 1980-1981.Scale 1:3. Horizontalband,wavyline,whitehorizontalband and quirks.MH III Early.#43. . rim(light 1961. Jarwithnarrow neckandflaring ground) Obliquely hatched triangles,horizontalband, white horizontal bandandwavyline.MH III Early.#31. . rim(light neckandflaring 1962. Jarwithnarrow ground) Horizontalhandle,oval in section.Band on top handle. MH II. #35. . rim(darkground) neckandflaring 1963. Jarwithnarrow band.MH III Early.#43. Whitehorizontal

rim(darkground). neckandflaring λ9^4' 5a1withnarrow bands.MH III Early.#43. Whiteandredhorizontal . rim(darkground) 1965. Jarwithnarrow neckandflaring Whiteandredhorizontal bands,whitearcs.MH III Early. #43. rim(darkground). neckandflaring 1966. Jarwithnarrow MH III Early.#34. Whiteandredcurvilinear pattern. rim(darkground). neckandflaring 1967. Jarwithnarrow band.MH III Early.#31. Whitespiralandhorizontal rim(darkground). neckandflaring 1968. Jarwithnarrow

THE MIDDLE HELLADIC POTTERY §5 (vi) Reservedbandat base.MH III Early.#31. neckandflaring rim(darkground). 1969. Jarwithnarrow MH II. #27. 1970. Jar(?)(lightground).Quirks,purplehorizontal band.MH II. #35.

Minoan,fine(fig.5.43)

Buff. Coatinterior and 1971. Vapheiocup(darkground). whitehorizontal band.MH III Early.#31. exterior, Buff. Coatinterior 197?. Straight-sided cup(darkground). and exteriorand band aroundundersidebase. MH III Early.#43. 1973. Semi-globularcup (dark ground).Buff.Coat interior and exterior. D. (base)8. MH III Early.#34.

Minoan,medium-coarse (fig. 5.43)

1974. Jar (lightground).Horizontalhandle,roundin section.Drips.MH III Early.#34. 1975. Jar (lightground).Buff,red angularinclusions. Horizontal Bandon topofhandle, handle,roundinsection. redhorizontal band.MH II. #35.

coarse:redfabric(fig. 5.43) Minoan,medium

Whitehorizontal band.MH (darkground). 197^· Jug/jar III Early.#31.

Micaceous Minoan(fig.5.44)

1977. Jar.MH III Early.#34.

wareuncertain (fig.5.44) Orange,

rim.Orangewithdark1978. Roundedbowlwitheverted colouredinclusions. Biscuitandsurface 10R5/6(red).Dark bandaroundneck.D. (rim)20. MH III Early.#34. MH 1979. Jar.Orangewithredinclusions, soft-feeling. II. #35.

Lustrous Painted,wareuncertain (fig. 5.44)

1980. Kantharos. High-swung straphandle,barred.MH

275

III Early.#34. of rimand body 1981. Jar.Two non-joining fragments withhorizontal handle,ovalin section.Band push-through interior rimandexterior handle.D. (rim)12. MH III Early. #34.

Coarse,localgroup, (fig.5.44) plain and burnished

1982. Roundedbowlwithevertedrim.D. (rim)13. MH III Early.#43. 1983. Roundedbowlwithevertedrim.D. (rim)10. MH III Early.#43. 1984. Roundedbowlwithevertedrim.D. (rim)12. MH III Early.#43. 1985. Roundedbowlwithevertedrim.D. (rim)26. MH III Early.#34. 1986. Roundedbowlwithevertedrim.Incised:hatched horizontal lines.MH III Early.#34. triangle, rim.D. (base)5.1. MH 1987. Roundedbowlwitheverted III Early.#34. 1988. Wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim.No burnish. Roundedknobonshoulder. D. (rim)20.MH III Early.#34. 1989. Wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim.D. (rim)20. MH II. #35. 1990. Wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim.MH II. #35. 1991. Wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim.D. (rim)30. MH II. #35. 1992. Wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim.Two nonofrimandbase.No burnish. D. (base)8. joiningfragments MH III Early.#31. rim.MH III Early. 1993· Wide-mouthed jar witheverted #43. rim.MH III Early. 1994. Wide-mouthed jar witheverted #43. rim.MH III Early. 1995. Wide-mouthed jar witheverted #43. 1996. Wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim.MH II. #35. 1997. Wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim.MH II. #35. 1998. Pithos(?).D. (rim)32. MH II. #35. 1999. Pithos(?).MH II. #35. 2000. Plate. Rim groovedalong top. MH III Early. #31.

(c) MH III LATE TO LH I (2OOI-22O4)

further fourceramicphasesfromlatestMH through earliestLH have Following studyofthepottery, beendistinguished: MH III Late,Transitional MH III/LH I, LH I EarlyandLH I/IIA. The sequence in AreaNu appearsto be thefollowing, takenin reversechronological order: 1. The shaftgrave,Nu burial13,was cutintotheremainsofStructure Nu II in thephasefollowing LH I Early,heretermedLH I/IIA and represented Rutter wallna maybelong by DepositN;252 to thesamephase.253 Nu II, publishedinRutter 2. Structure andRutter1976,wasbuiltinwhatis termedhereTransitional MH III/LH I to LH I Early:material ofLH I Earlyassociatedwiththebuildingitself is foundin Rutter L and F.254 DepositsH, perhaps Nu II werelevelsofTransitional MH III/LH I date:Rutter and the 3. BelowStructure DepositG255 1977 baskets 13 (2009-2011, 2014, 2018, 2020, 2030, 2051, 2053-2056, 2058, 2067, 2072, 2144» 2153, 2155, 2160, 2168-2169, 2176, 2178-2180, 2187-2191, 2198, 2200-2201, 2203,

3598-36o4> 36o6-36o7> 36o9> 36ι1"36ι*> 36l4"36l6> 3620-3623, 3626, 3631, 3634), 14 (2017, 2037, 2065, 2069, 2117, 2123, 2152, 2162, 2170, 2174), 22 (2039, 2096, 2114, 2151, «157? 2171, 36l7"36l9> 36*4>3635)>3* («046, 2049, 2083, 2105) and 33 (2062, 2095, 2110, The LustrousDecorated,LM IA and Mycenaean(i.e. LustrousPainted)pieces 2130, 2138).256 fromthesebasketsare publishedas 3598-3637 below. 252Rutterand Rutteriq>?6. 22. 253See Chapter 1 §§8 (iii)-(iv) above. 254Rutterand Rutter 1976, 19-21; see Chapter 1 §8 (v) above.

255Rutterand Rutter1n^fi ?n 256See Chapter 1 §8 (vj above.

C. ZERNER

276

oftheMH III Late phase: 1977 basket30 (2001, 4. Belowthisthereis evidence,althoughscanty, 2003, 2006, 2012, 2019, 2026-2028, 2091, 2094, 2097-2099, 2119-2120, 2193).257

2032, 2034, 2047, 2050, 2052, 2057, 2059, 2063, 2068, 2128, 2134-2136, 2140-2143, 2158, 2177, 2185, 2192,

Basketsfromtheremovalof thewallsof Structure Nu II and othercontextsdug in 1977 which have with Nu II but whichincludedearliermaterialare also been Structure may contemporary here. The are catalogued following phases represented: MH III Early:1977 baskets26 underwallsnc, nk and nm (e) (2007, 2133, 2163, 2166, 2175, 2186, 2197, 2199, 3627) and 37 fromwallnu (2108). LH I Early:1977baskets15 (2002, 2004, 2154, 2172), 16 (2139),18 (2005, MH III Latethrough 2036, 2038, 2048, 2071, 2149, 2159, 2161, 2182-2183, 3608, 3610, 3613, 3625, 3628-3630, 3632-3633, 3636), 23 (2015, 2022, 2040, 2074, 2084, 2087, 2202) and 25 (2113, 2167, 3637). LH I/IIA: basket1 (2085, 2101, 2132). forthe threephaseswerecontaminated elevenbasketsfromthefirst by thecutting Unfortunately, and untillatein theexcavation, shaftgrave,Nu burial13,theexistenceofwhichwas notrecognised - MH III according butLH 1/ totheexcavator(J.B. Rutter), controversial thedateofwhichis itself but ThisgravecontainedhardlyanyLH I pottery, IIA according advancedhere.258 tothechronology muchfromearlierphases.The graveitselfwas dugwithbaskets29, 39, 48, 51 and 55. MH HI Earlyor Late (2013, 2021, 2103, 2106, 2126, 2147, 2150, Basket29 contained primarily here(2064,2066).Basket MP 2164, 2204),buttwogritty fragments maydatetoLH I/IIA as defined I I LH MH III/LH or Transitional Early(2008,2156).Basket 39 hadMH III (2060,2109, 2115) and I MH III/LH (2035,2073, 2075-2076,2137, 2145-2146). Transitional 48 hadMH III Latethrough frombasket51 (2102) cannotbe datedmorecloselythanMH II- III. One fragment oftheshaftgraveare: 1977 baskets3 (LH Otherbasketsthatmaycontainsherdsfromthecutting MH III/LH I 2077-2078,2088, 2100, 2127, 2129),9 (MH Transitional I 2118),5 (MH III through MH III/LH I fragments III 2093 withLH I Early2082, 2131), 11 (twoTransitional 2079-2080),14 (MH III Late),19 (MH I Lateto III Early2023-2024, 2031 witha LH I EarlyYM sherdmixedin), LH I Early2029, 2033, 2042-2044,2070, 2090, 2092, 2104, 2121-2122, 24 (MH III Latethrough 2148, 2173, 2181, 2184, 2196), 40 (MH III Early2025, 2041, 2089, 2111-2112, 2116, 2124, 2165, 2194-2195 mixedwithLH I/IIA or LH IIA bichromecup 2045), 47 (MH III Early2016, MH III Late 2125,mixedwithLH I/IIA 2081, 2086) and 55 (LH I/IIA uncatalogued). DarkBurnished (fig.5.45)

2001. Carinatedcup.D. (rim)14. MH III Late.#30. 2002. Carinatedcup.MH III Late-LHI Early.# 15. 2003. Carinatedcup.MH III Late.#30. 2004. Bowlwithevertedrim.D. (rim)14. MH III LateLH I Early.# 15. 2005. Carinatedcup.MH III Late-LH I Early.# 18. 2006. Carinatedcup.MH III Late.#30. 2007. Carinatedcup. Fairlycoarse withlarge white concaverim, toslightly Unevenprofile: inclusions. straight D. (rim)14, (base) 3.2, concaveunderneath. base slightly H. 5.1. MH III Early.#26. 77-603.plate 37. 2008. Carinated bands,pendent cup.Incised:horizontal doubleloops.D. (rim)8. MH III/LH I-LH I Early.#39. cup.MH III/LH I. # 13. 2009. Straight-sided 2010. Conicalcup(?).MH III/LH I. # 13. 2011. Cup or goblet,foot?D. (base) 5. MH III/LH I. #13. 2012. Pedestalled cup,foot.D. (stem)3.5. MH III Late. #30. cup,foot.MH III. # 29. 2013. Pedestalled 2014. Cup,foot.MH III/LH I. # 13. 2015. Goblet.D. (rim)14. MH III Late-LH I Early. # 23. 2016. Goblet.D. (rim)20. MH III Early.#47. bowl.MH III/LH I. # 14. 2017. Shoulder-handled bowl.MH III/LH I. # 13. 2018. Shoulder-handled 257See Chapter ι §8 (vi)above.

bowl.MH III Late.#30. 2019. Shoulder-handled bowl.MH III/LH I. # 13. 2020. Shoulder-handled bowl. D. (rim) 18. MH III. 2021. Shoulder-handled # 29. MH bowl.Tworibson shoulder. 2022. Shoulder-handled III Late-LHI Early.# 23. D. bowl.Tworibson shoulder. 2023. Shoulder-handled (rim)12. MH III Early.# 19. D. bowl.Tworibson shoulder. 2024. Shoulder-handled (rim)20. MH III Early.#19. bowl.Repairhole in shoulder. 2025. Shoulder-handled D. (rim)23. MH III Early.#40. 2026. Shoulder-handledbowl. Pressed-on handle MH III Late.#30. attachment. concave bowl.Lowfoot,slightly 2027. Shoulder-handled D. (base)6.5. MH III Late.#30. underneath. 2028. Hole-mouthed jar. Carinated.D. (rim)10.6. MH III Late.#30. jar. Rim, flaton top, thickened 2029. Hole-mouthed MH III Late-LHI Early.# 24. exterior. as 2029. MH jar.Samedescription 2030. Hole-mouthed III/LH I. # 13. 2031. Jar.D. (rim)8. MH III Early.# 19. MH III Late. 2032. Jar.Rim flaton top, projecting. #30. 2033. Jar.MH III Late-LH I Early.# 24. 2034. Jar.Flatbase. MH III Late.#30. 258Chapter ι §8 (iv)above.

THE MIDDLE HELLADIC POTTERY §5 (vi)

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Dark Burnished(?) (fig. 5.45)

Incised:doubleoval 2035. Bowl.Fine.Brown.Burnished. or eye.MH III Late-MHIII/LH I. #48.

GreyMinyan(fig.5.45)

rimandpedestalfoot. 2036. Carinatedcup.Non-joining D. (rim)10, (base)3.5. MH III Late-LHI Early.# 18. Rimconvexon top.D. (rim)20. 2037. Goblet.T-shaped.

MH III/LH I. # 14. 2038. Bowl or goblet.Two ribson shoulder.MH III Late-LH I Early.# 18. MH III/ 2039. Spoutedjar. Tubularspouton shoulder. LH I. # 22.

Dull Painted(fig. 5.45)

rim.MH 2040. Bowl withevertedrim.Zigzaginterior III Late-LH I Early.# 23.

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Fig. 5.46. Area Nu 1977, MH III Late-LH I/IIA pottery:Fine, MattPainted 2044-2045; GrittyPlain and Yellow Minyan 2046-2048; MattPainted,gritty2049-2069; ware uncertain2070-2075. Scale 1:3. 2041. Jug/jar.Drips. MH III Early.# 40. 2042. Jug/jar. Horizontal band, obliquely hatched triangle.MH III Late-LH I Early.# 24. 2043. Jug/jar.Verticallines. MH III Late-LH I Early. # 24.

Fine,MattPainted(fig.5.46)

2044. Goblet. D-o-1.Horizontaland verticallines. MH # III Late-LH I Early. 24. 2045. Goblet. Bichrome. Interior rim band, vertical stripes.Red stripeon top of handle. LH I/IIA. # 40.

Plain and YellowMinyan,gritty (fig.5.46)

2046. Deep bowl. Rim thickened and projecting to exterior,flaton top; handle - oval in section- upright on rim and tiltedtowardexterior;pointed lug on rim. D. (rim)21.MHIII/LHI. #32. 2047. Deep bowl. Rim thickened and projecting to exterior.D. (rim)20. MH III Late. # 30. 2048. Jar.MH III Late-LH I Early.# 18.

MattPainted,gritty (fig.5.46) 2049.

Goblet. D-o-1. Narrow band interiorrim; band

THE MIDDLE

HELLADIC

exteriorrim,pendentloops, horizontalband. D. (rim) 16. MH III/LH I. # 32. 2050. Goblet. D-o-1. Burnt. Deep band exterior rim, pendentloops. MH III Late. # 30. 2051. Goblet.D-o-1.Horizontalband. MH III/LH I. # 13. 2052. Goblet. D-o-1.Perhapsbody sherdof 2050. Wide horizontalbands, pendent loops, barred handle. MH III Late. # 30. 2053. Goblet.D-o-1.Horizontalband, pendentloop. MH III/LH I. # 13. 2054. Goblet. D-o-1. Horizontal bands, pendent loops. MH III/LH I. # 13. 2055. Goblet,rounded.D-o-1.Pittedsurface.Horizontal bands,pendentloops, bands along edges of barredhandle. MH III/LH I. # 13. 2056. Goblet, rounded. D-o-1. Wide and narrow horizontalbands, pendentloops. MH III/LH I. # 13. 2057. Goblet,rounded.D-o-1.Horizontalbands. MH III Late. # 30. 2058. Goblet, rounded. D-o-1.Flat straphandle. Bands along edges, barred.MH III/LH I. # 13. with 2059. Goblet.Bichrome.Flatstraphandleintegrated rim. Burnishedexterior,interiorrim to dotted line. Red band interiorand top rim;exteriorred and darkhorizontal bands, red verticalbands along edge of handle, wide red stripeand thindarkstripeson top of handle. MH III Late. # 30. 2060. Bowl(?). Shape uncertain. D-o-1. Dip below carination.Horizontal bands, crossingoblique lines. MH III. # 39. 2061. Jug/jar.D-o-1. Horizontal bands. MH III/LH I. # 32. 2062. Jug/jar.D-o-1. Two non-joiningfragmentsof rim and body. Horizontalbands. MH III/LH I. # 33. 2063. Jug/jar.D-o-1. Horizontal band, pendent filled semicircles.MH III Late. # 30. 2064. Jug/jar. D-o-1. Oblique and horizontal bands, pendentdashes. LH I/IIA. # 29. 2065. Jug/jar.D-o-1. Verticalhandle, round in section. Horizontalbands, circle around base of handle. MH III/ LH I. # 14. 2066. Jar.D-o-1.Horizontalhandle, attachedto exterior; hole cut in wall wherehandle attached?LH I/IIA. # 29. 2067. Jar.D-o-1.D. (base) 12. MH III/LH I. # 13. 2068. Jar.D-o-1.MH III Late. # 30. 2069. Jar.D-o-1.MH III/LH I. # 14.

Wareuncertain (fig.5.46)

2070. Cup. Fine white.Mattpaint(?).MH III Late-LH I Early.#24. 2071. Jar/jug.Orange. Whiteexteriorsurface,burnished. Mattpaint(?):horizontalband and oblique pattern.MH III Late-LH I Early.# 18. 2072. Jar. Pink. White slip. Reddish-brown paint: horizontalband. MH III/LH I. # 13. Reddish-brownpaint: 2073. Jar.Fine buff,hard-feeling. verticalpanels withherringbone.MH III Late-MH III/ LH I. # 48. 2074. Jar. Orange, quartzitic.Red paint: verticalpanel withhorizontalbands and criss-crossing lines.MH III LateLH I Early.# 23. 2075. Jar. Fine, orange, quartzitic. Orange paint: horizontalbands. MH III Late-MH III/LH I. # 48.

Lustrous Decorated, fine(fig. 5.47)

2076. Carinated cup (dark ground). Non-joining ofrimand offsetbase. Coat interiorand exterior fragments and band around undersidebase. D. (rim) 10, (base) 4.3.

POTTERY §5 (vi)

279

MH III Late-MH III/LH I. # 48. 2077. Carinated cup (dark ground). Coat interiorand exterior.D. (rim)9. MH III Late-MH III/LH I. # 5. 2078. Carinated cup (dark ground). Coat interiorand exterior.MH III Late-MH III/LH I. # 5. 2079. Vapheio cup (darkground).Coat interior,exterior purple, wide horizontal bands, white narrow horizontal bands. MH III/LH I. # 11. 2080. Vapheio cup (lightground). Exteriorwide black band rim,purple horizontalbands and white dashes. D. (rim)8.2. MH III/LH I. # 11. 2081. Vapheio cup (lightground). Band interiorrim; exteriorpendentloops withtassel,horizontalbands.D. (rim) 20. LH I/IIA. # 47. 2082. Vapheio cup (lightground).Blobs. LH I Early.# 9. 2083. Vapheio cup (lightground). Deep band interior rim; exterior horizontal band and foliate band, red horizontalband, whitefilledcircles.MH III/LH I. # 32. 2084. Semi-globularcup (darkground).Coat interiorand exterior;whitehorizontalband. D. (rim) 10. MH III LateLH I Early.# 23. 2085. Semi-globularcup (darkground).Coat interiorand exteriorand band undersidebase. D. (base) 4. LHI/IIA. # 1.

2086. Semi-globularcup (lightground).Spiral.LH I/IIA. #47. rim, 2087. Semi-globular cup (lightground).Band interior exteriorblobs(?). MH III Late-LH I Early.# 23. 2088. Cup or bowl (dark ground). Coat interiorand exterior.D. (base) 5. MH III Late-MH III/LH I. # 5. 2089. Cup or bowl (dark ground). Coat interiorand exterior.D. (base) 4.7. MH III Early.# 40.

Lustrous medium-coarse Decorated, {figs,547-548)

2090. Rounded cup (dark ground).Vertical handle on shoulder below rim. Band interior;exteriorcoat except underneathhandle.D. (rim)10. MH III Late-LH I Early.# 24. 2091. Bowl(?) (lightground).Band interiorrim;exterior horizontalband, foliateband, thickwavy band. MH III Late. # 30. 2092. Basin(?) (darkground).Coat interiorand exterior. MH III Late-LH I Early.# 24. 2093. Basin (dark ground). Coat interiorand exterior. MH III. # 9 2094. Basin (dark ground). Horizontal handle. Coat exterior,whitehorizontalband. D. (rim) 18. MH III Late. #30. 2095. Basin (dark ground). Two non-joiningfragments, rimand body. Coat interiorand exterior.D. (rim)30. M H III/LH I. # 33. 2096. Bowl or basin (lightground). T-rim,small. Band on top of rim; exteriorhorizontalband. D. (rim) 12. MH III/LH I. # 22. rim(darkground).Coat 2097. Bowl or basinwithstraight exterior,whitehorizontalband. MH III Late. # 30. 2098. Bowl or basin with straightrim (dark ground). Hollowed interiorrim.Band interiorrim;coat exterior.MH III Late. # 30. rim(lightground).Drip 2099. Bowl or basin withstraight exterior.MH III Late. # 30. 2 100. Bowl or basin (lightground).Coat interior, exterior verticalplain and foliatebands. MH III Late-MH III/LH I. #5. 2101. Bowl or basin (lightground). Ripple.LH I/IIA. # 1. 2102. Bowlorbasin(darkground).Flaringrim. Coatinterior withwhitehorizontalband; exteriorcoat. MH II- III. #51. 2103. Jug (darkground).Coat exterior,whitehorizontal band. MH III. # 29.

28o

C. ZERNER

fine2076-2089;Lustrous Fig.5.47.AreaNu 1977,ΜΗ III Early-LHI/IIA pottery: Lustrous Decorated, Decorated, mediumcoarse2090-2110.Scale 1:3. MH III Late2104. Jug(darkground).Coat exterior. LH I Early.# 24. verticalhandle, 2105. Jug(darkground).Pushthrough MH III/LH I. #32. ovalin section.Coat exterior. . Vertical handle(?). Coatexterior. 2106. Jug(darkground) MH III. # 29. horizontal Exterior bands,white 2107. Jug(light ground). band.MH III/LH I. #33. narrowhorizontal 2108. Hole-mouthed jar (darkground).Coat exterior

(wornoffat rim),whiteobliquelinesat rim;horizontal bands.MH III Early.#37. bands;narrowredhorizontal 2109. Hole-mouthed jar (lightground).Coat interior; rimband.MH III. #39. exterior 2110. Hole-mouthed jar (lightground).Drip exterior. MH III/LH I. #33. . rim(light neckandflaring 2111. Jarwithnarrow ground) whitehorizontal Horizontalbands,hatchedsemi-circles; band.MH III Early.#40.

THE MIDDLE HELLADIC POTTERY §5 (vi)

281

Fig.5.48.AreaNu 1977,ΜΗ III Early-LHI Earlypottery: Lustrous mediumcoarse2111-2127;Lustrous Decorated, coarse2128. Scale 1:3. Decorated,

rim(light . neckandflaring 2112. Jarwithnarrow ground) Horizontal band,obliquelines.MH III Early.#40. neckandflaring rim(light 2113. Jarwithnarrow ground). Horizontal band,groupofobliquelines,obliquelyhatched MH III Late-LH (?),obliquelyhatchedsemicircle. triangle I Early.# 25. neckandflaring rim(light 2114. Jarwithnarrow ground).

Narrowhorizontal band,filledcircles.MH III/LH I. #22. neckandflaring rim(light . 2115. Jarwithnarrow ground) Quirks.MH III. #39. neckandflaring rim(light . 2116. Jarwithnarrow ground) horizontalhandle,roundin section.Band Push-through aroundbodycontinuing overhandle.MH III Early.#40. neckandflaring rim(light 2117. Jarwithnarrow ground).

282

C. ZERNER

Dark and red horizontalbands. MH III/LH I. # 14. 2118. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim(lightground). White and purple horizontal bands, dark pendent semicircles.LH I/IIA. # 3. 2iiga-g. Jar with narrow neck and flaringrim (light ground).Seven non-joiningfragments, probablyfromsame jar. Burnishedexterior.Dark horizontaland foliatebands, whitenarrowhorizontalband and quirks,red horizontal bands. MH III Late. 2iiga-f from # 30, 2119g from #13. 2120. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim(lightground). Base of 2119. Low foot,concave underneath.Dark coat or band and band underbase, whitehorizontalband. MH III Late. # 30. rim(darkground). 2121. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaring Whitehorizontaland verticalbands,filledcirclesand dots, # red-filledcircles.MH III Late-LH I Early. 24. rim(darkground). 2122. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaring Whitespiral.MH III Late-LH I Early.# 24. 2123. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim(darkground). Row of white-and red-filledcircles.MH III/LH I. # 14. rim(darkground). 2124. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaring Red and whitehorizontalbands. MH III Early.# 40. 2125. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim(darkground). Six non-joiningfragments.Red horizontal band, white horizontalbands, runningspiraland runningloop. Mainly fromwalls and fillof shaftgrave,Nu burial 13, withfour sherdsfrombasket 31, which is otherwisepure. MH III Late. # 10, 24, 31, 39, 40, 47, 55. 77-601. rim(darkground). 2126. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaring Coat or band around base. D. (base) 12. MH III. # 29. rim(darkground). 2127. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaring Rat base, veryslightlyconcave underneath.D. (base) 12. MH III Late-MH III/LH I. # 5.

interiorand exterior,white oblique band, red horizontal band. MH III/LH I. # 33. 2139. Straight-sided cup (darkground).Two non-joining of rimand base. White,lightand porous. Worn fragments paint: band interiorrim.MH III Late-LH I Early.#16. 2140. Straight-sided cup (lightground).Buff.Black coat interior,exteriorrimnarrowband, purplehorizontalband. MH III Late. # 30. 2141. Straight-sidedcup (dark ground). White, porous withgrainyfeeling.Coat interiorand exterior.MH III Late. #30.

2142. In-and-outbowl (dark ground).White withsome black inclusions,porous. Faded dark paint: band interior base; exteriorcoat,whitenarrowbands. MH III Late. # 30. 2143. Deep cup(?) (lightground).White,porous. Deep band interiorrim; exteriorpattern(?).MH III Late. # 30.

Minoan,medium-coarse (fig. 5.49)

2128. Pithos (plain). Applied horizontalband. MH III Late. # 30.

2 144. In-and-outbowl or basin (plain).Buff,porous.MH III/LH I. # 13. bowlorbasin(lightground). Greyish-buff, 2145. In-and-out and exteriorand on topof grainy.Dark paint.Splatterinterior rim.D. (rim)24. MH III Late-MH III/LH I. #48. 2146. In-and-out bowl or basin (light ground). Buff. Foliate band and horizontalband. MH III Late-MH III/ LH I. # 48. 2147. Necked jar (lightground). Burnt.Band top rim, exteriordrip.MH III. # 29. 2148. Jar (light ground). Buffwith dark red angular inclusions.Black:band interior rim;exteriorhorizontalband, circlearoundhandle. MH III Late-LH I Early.# 24. withdark-coloured 2 149. Jar (lightground).Orange-buff paint: wavy bands angulargrits.Thin dark reddish-brown or drips(?).MH III Late-LH I Early.# 18. 2150. Jar (light ground). Buff with black angular inclusions.Dark paint: ripple.MH III. # 29. 2151. Jar (dark ground). Buff.White horizontalbands, white-and red-filledcircles.MH III/LH I. # 22.

Minoan(?)(fig.5.49)

Minoanf?),local(?) (fig. 5.49)

coarse(fig. 5.48) Lustrous Decorated,

2129. Rounded bowl with everted rim (lightground). Greenish.White slip,purple-brownpaint: dottedlozenge, horizontalband. MH III Late-MH III/LH I. # 5.

(fig.5.49) Minoan,fine

2130. Conical cup (plain). Buff with dark-coloured inclusions.D. (rim)9. MH III/LH I. # 33. 2131. Conical cup (plain). Buff.D. (rim) 8, (base) 4.2. LH I Early.# 9. 2132. Conical cup (plain).Buff.D. (rim)10.5. LH I/IIA. # 1.

2133. Carinated cup (dark ground). Buff,soft-feeling. Dark brownpaint:coat on exteriorand interior(?).D. (rim) 12. MH III Early.#26. 2 134. Semi-globularcup (darkground).WhitewithbuffCoat interiorand exterior. colouredinclusions,hard-feeling. MH III Late. # 30. 2135. Semi-globularcup (dark ground). Orange. Band interiorrimwithdrips;exteriorcoat. MH III Late. # 30. 2136. Semi-globularcup (dark ground). Orange. Dark paint:band interiorrim,withadded red rimband; exterior dark coat withwhite quirksand red horizontalband. D. (rim) 10. MH III Late. # 30. 2137. Semi-globularcup (darkground).Two non-joining ofrimand base. Hollowed rim.Buff.Browncoat fragments and exteriorand underbase. Red horizontalband. on interior D. (rim)10, (base) 4. MH III Late-MH III/LH I. # 48. 2138. Straight-sidedcup (dark ground). Orange. Coat

2152. Pithos. Buffwith large plates and small bits of quartz.Dark paint: horizontalband. MH III/LH I. # 14.

Minoan(fig.5.49) Micaceous

21 53· Jar (dark ground).Coat interiorrim and exterior. MH III/LH I. # 13. 2154. Jar (darkground).Wide whiteand red horizontal bands. MH III Late-LH I Early.# 15. 2155· Jar (dark ground). Coat exterior.MH III/LH I. #13.

Micaceous Minoan(?)(fig. 5.49)

2156. Deep cup (lightground). Coat interior;exterior dark narrow horizontal bands and oblique line, red horizontalbands. MH III/LH I-LH I Early.# 39.

Coarse,plain (fig.5.49)

2157. Deep basin. D. (rim) 19.2. MH III/LH I. # 22. 2158. Deep basin. Trim. MH III Late. # 30. 2 159. Deep basin. Plain incurvingrim.MH III Late-LH I Early.# 18. 2160. Pithos.MH III/LH I. # 13. 2161. Pithos.MH III Late-LH I Early.# 18. 2162. Pithos.MH III/LH I. # 14. 2163. Pithos.MH III Early.# 26. 2164. Pithos.MH III. # 29.

THE MIDDLE HELLADIC POTTERY §5 (vi)

283

Fig.5.49.AreaNu 1977,ΜΗ III Early-LHI/IIA pottery: Minoan?2129; Minoan,fine2130-2143;Minoan,medium coarse2144-2151;Minoan?local?2152; MicaceousMinoan2153-2155;MicaceousMinoan?2156; Coarse,plain21572164. Scale 1:3. Coarse,local (fig. 5.50) 2165. Roundedbowlwithevertedrim.Twonon-joining ofrimandbase.D. (rim)10,(base)3.6. MH III fragments Early.#40. 2166. Roundedbowl withevertedrim.MH III Early. # 26. 2167. Roundedbowl withevertedrim.MH III LateLH I Early.# 25. 2168. Roundedbowl withevertedrim.MH III/LH I. #13.

2169. Roundedbowl withevertedrim.MH III/LH I. #13. 2170. Rounded bowl with everted rim. Incised: horizontal and obliquelines.MH III/LH I. # 14. 2171. Rounded bowl withevertedrim. No burnish lines. MH III/LH I. preserved.Incised: criss-crossing # 22.

rim.MH III Late2172. Wide-mouthed jar witheverted LH I Early.# 15. rim.MH III Late2173. Wide-mouthed jar witheverted LH I Early.# 24.

284

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2190

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V^f

^

'jfN #■' # ">' ' "!# 2195

^- ^

2199 I

} ^"2201

V.^2196

mmtt

/

^^M

'V

^^2197

1

^^^

^^Ê

L^^2I98

2202

Fig. 5.50. Area Nu 1977, ΜΗ III Early-LH I Earlypottery:Coarse, local group 2165-2204. Scale 1:3.

2174. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim.MH III/LH I. # 14. 2175. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim. D. (rim) 16. MH III Early.# 26. 2176. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim. MH III/LH I. #13. 2177. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim.MH III Late. # 30. 2178. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim.MH III/LH

I. # 13. 2179. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim.MH III/LH I. # 13. 2180. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim.MH III/LH I. # 13. 2181. Wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim.MH III LateLH I Early.# 24. 2182. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim. D. (rim) 20. MH III Late-LH I Early.# 18.

THE MIDDLE

HELLADIC

2183. Wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim.D. (rim)20.5. # 18. MH III Late-LH I Early. 2 184. Wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim.MH III LateLH I Early.# 24. 2 185. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim.Horned knob on shoulder.MH III Late. # 30. 2 186. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim.Horned knob on shoulder.MH III Early.# 26. 2187. Wide-mouthedjar with everted rim. Flat strap handle. MH III/LH I. # 13. 2188. Wide-mouthed jar with everted rim. Slightly troughedstraphandle. MH III/LH I. # 13. 2189. Wide-mouthed jar with everted rim. Vertical handle,round in section.MH III/LH I. # 13. 2190. Wide-mouthed jar with everted rim. Vertical handle,round in section.MH III/LH I. # 13. 2191. Wide-mouthedjar with everted rim. Horizontal handle,square in section.MH III/LH I. # 13. 2192. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim. D. (base) 3. MH III Late. # 30.

POTTERY §5 (vii)

285

2193. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim.D. (base) 3.5. MH III Late. # 30. 2194. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim. D. (base) 3. MH III Early.# 40. 2195. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim.D. (base) 2.5. MH III Early.# 40. 2196. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim.D. (base) 3.3. MH III Late-LH I Early.# 24. 2197. Wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim.MH III Early. #26. 2198. Wide-mouthedjar withevertedrim.D. (base) 7.6. MH III/LH I. # 13. 2199. Shallow bowl or plate. MH III Early.# 26. 2200. Jar.Incised: criss-cross.MH III/LH I. # 13. 2201. Pierced stand(?).MH III/LH I. # 13. 2202. Pithos.Buff.Horizontalridge,incised:verticallines. MH III Late-LH I Early.# 23. 2203. Pithos.Incised: spirals.MH III/LH I. # 13. 2204. Pithos. Orange. Incised: herringbone.MH III. # 29.

(vii) Material from the 1959-63 Excavations and Area Nu 1973-74 Sherds2323-2325 are fromthe Antiquities Collectionof the BritishSchool at Athensand were added to thepétrographie and chemicalanalysespublishedin Appendix2 in orderto fillout the sampleofLD wares.TheyaretypicalofLD ware,medium-coarse [Allthepiecesmarked'AS variety. are in Sherds not from 2. sample' analysed Appendix AyiosStephanos,including2331 fromthe at Asteriin 1959,are markedwitha dagger.Contextual excavations information is added fromthe excavationrecords, in the of the in increase our reinterpreted light knowledge.] (a) EARLY HELLADIC

IIl(?)

(2205)

Pattern Painted(fig. 5.51) 2205.

Bowl. Buff,studdedwithinclusions.Lustrousred-

(b) MIDDLE

HELLADIC

brownpaint: band interiorrim,exteriorobliquelyhatched triangles,coated lower body(?). Delta 1963, # 66. Context included EH II, MH and LH, possiblyLH IIIC Early.

(2206-2320)

Dark Burnished (figs.5.51-5.52)

cross-hatching and concentric circles. 1963, context unknown. (Burnishedinteriorand exteriorunlessotherwisenoted) 2214. Rounded bowl with everted rim, high-swung 2206. Rounded cup withevertedrim.Streakily-burnished handle. Handle attachedexteriorrim withremainsof tab interiorrim.Burnishedexterioronly.EH ΠΙ/MH I. Trial interior,well-burnishedexterior.Incised: horizontallines and rows of dots. MH I. Beta 11, 1963, # 20, 21. Context TrenchVII, 1963, # 3. SurfacecontextwithEH II to LH. LH I-IIA withLH IIIC Early.AS sampleno. 2: Set 2 Class Taylour 1972, 248, HS 58. 63-064. 1. PLATEA2.I b. bowl. Two non-joining 2215. Shoulder-handled fragments of rim and body with flat strap-handle.Incised: triple 2207. Rounded cup withevertedrim.Incised: horizontal lines,rows of dots. Alpha 9, i960, # 2. ContextMH with garlandson lower body. D. (rim)29. Alpha 11, 1963, # 9. EH II. SurfacecontextwithEH II to Medieval. 2208. Angularcup. High-swungflatstraphandle. Early 2216. Shoulder-handled bowl. Rim with three facets, MH. Delta 11, 1963, #11. Surfacecontext. grooved along outer edge; two ribs on shoulder.Incised: horizontallines along top rib. D. (rim)27. Alpha 14, 1963, 2209. Angular cup. Incised: horizontal lines, hatched # 80. ContextEH II to Medieval. AS sample no. 19: Set 2 triangles.Delta 11, 1963, # 50. ContextpurelyMH. 2210. Angularcup. Three non-joiningfragments ofbody Class 2. and base. Incised: horizontallines, rows of dots, to base. bowl.Threeribson shoulder.Con2217. Shoulder-handled textunknown.AS sampleno. 18: Set 2 Class 2. plate A2.1 c. Early MH. Delta 2(?) or 3, 1959, # 4. 2211. Angular cup. Burnished interior,exterior and 2218. Shoulder-handledbowl. Three ribs on shoulder. underside base. Incised: horizontal lines and obliquely Alpha 6, 1959, # 6. ContextMH withEH II. hatchedtriangles.D. (rim)6, (base) 3.3. Gamma 1, 1959, 2219. Shoulder-handledbowl. Flattenedrim.D. (rim)19. # 25. ContextLH I-II withMH. Beta 12A, 1963, # 153. MH context,perhaps MH I Late 2212. Carinatedcup. Heavily restored.D. (rimest.) 24, (dates Floor 27). (base) 6.9; foundused as pithoslid in Delta burial28, 1963 2220. Shoulder-handled bowl. Incised and stamped (= Delta 14, 1963, # 112). MH I. Context dated by the below carination:dottedgarlandsand stampedconcentric circles. Gamma 1 1959, # 4. Context Medieval withEH piece. Taylour 1972, 227, pl. 43^ HS 29. 63-065. 2213. Carinatedcup. Wornburnish.Incisedand stamped: II, MH and LH I-II.

286

C. ZERNER

Fig. 5.51. Earlierexcavations,EH III (?) pottery:2205. MH: Dark Burnished2206-2220. Scale 1:3.

2221. Goblet. Flat strap handles. Streakilyburnished interior,well-burnished exterior. Incised: eight triple garlands at point of widest diameter continuingaround lineson undersidebase (potter'smark?). body,criss-crossing D. (rim) 13, (base) 6.5, H. 12.3. Alpha 11, 1963, # 11. ContextMH (Alpha burial 23); foundwith2222. Taylour 1972, 215 withfig.6, HS 16. 63-018. [AlthoughRutter dated thisto MH III (1979, 465-6 withn. 5), C. Zerner now considersit MH III Late-MH III/LH I.]

2222. Pyxis.Two pairs of holes on oppositesides of rim. burnishedunderside Burnishedexterior, interior(?), streakily base. Incisedwithwide-tippedtool and stamped:horizontal lines, chevrons, obliquely hatched triangles, stamped concentriccircles.D. (rim)6.5, (base) 6, H. 6. Alpha 11, 1963, # 11. Context M H (Alpha burial 23); found with 2221. Taylour 1972, 215-16 withfig.7, HS 17. 63-017. [Datingas for2221.] 2223. Flask. Plain flaring rim, pierced (one hole

THE MIDDLE

HELLADIC

POTTERY §5 (vii)

287

Fig. 5.52. Earlierexcavations,MH pottery:Dark Burnished2221-2234; Dull Painted 2235-2237; Dull Painted?2238; MattPainted,fine2239-2247. Scale 1:3. preserved).Incised:rowofdots.Delta 8, i960, # 5. Context MH withLH. 2224. Flask. Incised: horizontallines,obliquely hatched triangles- apices up and down. TrialTrenchVII, 1963, # 22. Surfacecontextwith EH II to Medieval. AS sample no. 3: Set 2 Class 1. 2225. Flask.Incised:horizontallines,pendentsemicircles. Alpha 8, 1963, #51. ContextEH to LH. 2226. Flask. Incised: horizontallines. Trial TrenchVII,

1963, # 17. ContextMH, includingMH III, witha little EH. 2227. Flask. Incised: obliquely hatchedtriangleat base. TrialTrenchVII, 1963, #17. ContextMH, includingMH III, witha littleEH. 2228. Small wide-mouthedjar. Gamma 1, 1959, #10. ContextMH III/LH I (tumbleof wall nf). 2229. Small wide-mouthedjar. D. 14. Gamma 1, 1959, # 10. Contextas 2228.

288

C. ZERNER

rim,flaton top and projecting. 2230. Jar(?).Straight horizontal on top rim;exterior Incised:hatchedtriangles lines,groupofobliquelines.Alpha11/12/14baulk,1963, #81. ContextMH withEH andperhapssomeLH. 2231. Jar(?).Incisedrib: chevrons. Alpha 15, 1963, # withEH to LH. 74. Surfacecontext horizontal lines,oblique 2232. Jar(?).Incised:semicircles, lines.Alpha 10/7/11baulk,1963,# 28. Surfacecontext MH III, and Medieval. withEH, MH, including 2233. Jar(?).Stamped:concentriccircles.Gamma 2, AS sampleno. 21: Set 1 Class 1. plate 1959,#unknown. A2.1 a. bowl. Gamma 2, 1959, # 3. 2234. Shoulder-handled ContextMedievalwithMH III to LH I- II. AS sampleno. 20: Set 2 Class 3. plateA2.1 d.

Dull Painted(fig.5.52)

base. and underside 2235. Plate.Obliquestripeexterior D. (rim)16, (base) 14.3,H. 2.1. Beta 1963,#unknown. rim.Zigzagtoprim;exterior 2236. Bowlwithinturned doublezigzag.D. (rim)27. MH I- II. Beta 11, 1963,#86. Medieval. Contextmixed,including 2237. Jug. Potter'smark.Handle round in section. Horizontaland verticalbands,two stripesalonghandle. Incisedmarkon topofhandle:twoobliquelinesopposed of superimposed to threeobliquelinesin unevenpattern chevrons. Alpha12, 1963,#61a. ContextMH (burial28).

Dull Painted(?)(fig.5.52)

raquet,vertical(and oblique?) 2238. Jar.Cross-hatched band. Beta 12A, 1963, # 137 ContextLH II-IIIAi (removalofFloor18).

MattPainted, fine(fig.5.52)

2239. Semi-globularcup/kantharos.D-o-1. Burnt. Horizontal bands,zigzag.D. (rim)12. Beta4, i960, # 29. ContextLH I-II withLH III A 1 in 3675 (burial1). D-o-1.Band and 2240. Semi-globular cup/kantharos. rim exterior interior lines band,horizontal rim; pendent bandandzigzag.D. (rim)13.Beta6/1,i960, #24. Context MH III to EarlyMycenaean. D-o-1.Bandinterior 2241. Semi-globular cup/kantharos. and bands horizontal exterior rim; wavyline.D. (rim)11. someLH I-II. Beta6, i960, #20. ContextLH including D-o-1.Flat strap 2242. Semi-globular cup/kantharos. tobothsidesrim.Bandandpendentlines handleattached bandsand zigzag.Beta5/ horizontal interior rim,exterior 2, i960, # 17. ContextMH withLH. D-o-1.Bandinterior 2243. Semi-globular cup/kantharos. bandsandzigzag.D. (rim)14. 1963, horizontal rim;exterior unknown. provenance D-o-1.Burnt.Band 2244. Semi-globular cup/kantharos. and wavylineat rim.D. (est.rim)10. Beta6/1,i960, # LH I-IIA. 24. ContextMH withLH, including D-o-1.Horizontal cup/kantharos. 2245. Semi-globular rowofdashes.Beta7, i960, semicircles, bands,concentric LH II. # 10. ContextMH withLH, including bands D-o-1.Vertical 2246. Semi-globular cup/kantharos. horizontal interior bands,redpendentwavy rim;exterior lineor loopsand wavyband.Beta4, i960, # 6. Context LH IIIC Early. probably Bichrome.Vertical cup/kantharos. 2247. Semi-globular horizontal bandsinterior bands,redwavyline. rim;exterior D. (rim)14. Beta 11, 1963,# 14. ContextLH IIIC Early withmuchLH I-II and MH.

MattPainted,imported(?) (fig. 5.53)

Burnished 2248. Semi-globularcup. D-o-1.Greenish-buff. on exteriorand interior.Horizontalbands and spiral.1963, provenanceunknown. 2249. Goblet. L-o-d. Buff,white slip on interiorand exterior;burnishedexterior.Band interiorrimwithadded whitestripes;band exteriorrim.Beta 5, i960, #17. Context MH withLH.

YellowMinyan,gritty (fig.5.53)

rim.D. (rim)28. Beta 6, 2250. Deep bowl. In-turned i960, #27. ContextprobablyMH. rimslightly everted, grooved 2251. Deep bowl.Straight alongtop.D. (rim)21. Beta 1/12B, 1963,# 134. Context LH ΠΙΑ latest(removalofwallga).

MattPainted,gritty (fig. 5.53)

rim,exterior 2252. Goblet,rounded.D-o-1.Bandinterior bandsand pendentloopsor wavyline.Beta5, horizontal i960, # 24. ContextMH III. rim;exterior 2253. Goblet,rounded.D-o-1.Bandinterior rimband withpendentloops or wavyline.D. (rim)12. Beta6, i960, # 18. ContextmostlyMH butwithLH III. 2254. Goblet,rounded.D-o-1.Red paint: horizontal Beta7, i960, #12. ContextLH bands,hatchedtriangles. I-IIA withMH. rim;exterior 2255. Goblet,rounded.D-o-1.Bandinterior rimbandwithpendent bands, loopsorwavyline,horizontal context obliqueband.Beta12A, 1963,#76. Surface fringed withMedievaland LH IIIC Early. D-o-1.Redpaint:horizontal bands, 2256. Goblet,angular. Beta 11, 1963,#43. ContextMH. triangle. multiple Bandtopofrimanddeep 2257. Deep bowl.D-o-1.T-rim. rim.D. (rim)24. Beta5, i960, #unknown. bandexterior bands.Beta 2258. Deep bowl.D-o-1.Spout.Horizontal 6, i960, # 18. ContextmostlyMH butwithLH III. Dotted rim.D-o-1.Burnt? 2259. Globular jarwitheverted zigzaglines.Delta 5, i960, # 5. ContextMH withLH, probablyLH I-II. 2260. Globular rim,hollowedinterior, jar.D-o-1.Straight rimband and interior Band on toprim;exterior grooved top. bands.Beta6, withpendentloopsor wavyline,horizontal LH I-II withMH. i960, #22. Context D-o-1.Horizontal 2261. Jug/jar. bands,rowsofdots.Beta IIIC LH # Context EarlywithLH I-II and 5/2,i960, 13. someMH. 2262. Jug/jar.D-o-1.Horizontalband, row of dots, LH I-II with Beta4, i960, #29. Context hatchedtriangles. LH III A 1 in 3675 (burial1). D-o-1.Red paint:horizontal bands,filled 2263. Jug/jar. LH. Beta4, i960, #7. Contextmostly triangles. 2264. Jug/jar.D-o-1.Dots arrangedin a circle,other pattern?Beta 6, i960, # 10. ContextLH I-IIA with MH. Horizontal D-o-1.Whiteslip,burnished. 2265. Jug/jar. band, diagonal band? Beta 7, i960, #12. Context LH I-IIA withMH. AS sampleno. 4: Set 3 Class 1. plate A2.1 e. D-o-1.Upright handle(?). 2266. Jar(?).Shape uncertain. on rim,as spectaclehandle?Horizontal Odd attachment Beta6/1,i960, # 24. bands,pendentdoublesemicircles. ContextLH I-IIA withMH. and interior Burnished 2267. Doublevase(?).Bichrome. exterior.Black and red horizontalbands. MH III-LH. unknown. 1963,provenance

THE MIDDLE HELLADIC POTTERY §5 (vii)

289

MH pottery: MattPainted, Fig.5.53. Earlierexcavations, 2250-2251;Matt 2248-2249;YellowMinyan, gritty imported Scale Painted, 1:3. 2252-2267. gritty

Lustrous Decorated, fine(fig. 5.54)

mark.White 2268. Roundedcup (darkground).Potter's loop. Partofincisedmarkon bodyunderhandle(handle brokenoff).MH I. D. (rim)10. (Cf.Zerner1988,6 fig.24: 12). Contextunknown. Rowsofbarbotine dots 2269. Angular cup(darkground). (dotsofbuffclay).MH I. Beta3, 1959,# 25. ContextLH IIB (plaster floorin SE sector). 2270. Semi-globular cup (lightground).Band interior darkhorizontal rim;exterior bands,quirks;redhorizontal

band,whitequirks.D. (rim)10. Beta 12B, 1963,# 146. ContextMH III/LH I withLH I-IIA (overFloor22).

Lustrous medium-coarse decorated, (figs.5.54-5.55)

rim; 2271. Roundedcup (darkground).Band interior exterior vertical bandsinredandwhite.Beta1/12B, 1963, # 139. ContextLH II withsomeMH. 2272. Roundedcup (darkground).Pulled-out lip spout. Deep band interiorrim;exteriorverticalbands of red and white,whitecross-hatched verticalband.Beta 1963,

290

C. ZERNER

Fig.5.54. Earlierexcavations, MH pottery: Lustrous fine2268-2270,Lustrous mediumcoarse Decorated, Decorated, 2271-2280,2282-2287.Scale 1:3.

# unknown. Taylour1972, 257, 233 fig.16.2,pl. 4gd.i, HS 96. 63-015. 2273. Roundedcup (darkground).Handle,rectangular in section,on shoulder. white Band interior rim;exterior vertical lines, red vertical band; handle and body underneath handlewerenotcoatedexceptforbandat top and bottom.Beta 11, 1963,# 25. Contextprobablypure MH (burial6); foundwith2281. Taylour1972,233 with

fig.16.1,pl. 453,HS 31. 63-001. [Datedto MM IB, i.e. MH I Late,in Rutter and Rutter1976,26 n. 22.] [2273a. (?)Basinor deep bowl (darkground).Lug handle flattened lug,pierced.D. (hole)0.7. Nu/ only.Horizontal Gamma1, 1974 #4. ContextMedievalwithsomeLH II andMH. 74-227.Notillustrated.] 2274. Plate (dark ground). Coat exteriorincluding linesfromrim,widecurving underside base;whitevertical

THE MIDDLE

HELLADIC

band fromrim and over base. D. (rim) 20.5, (base) 17.8, H. 2.3. MH I. Gamma 1, 1959, # ig(?). ContextMH III to LH I-II (MH III/LH I?). 2275. Jug (plain?). Badly encrusted:very orange fabric with masses of white inclusions and some white shiny particles(quartz).Ridged shoulder(ridgesdo not continue underhandle). MH I. TrialTrenchVII, 1963, # 8. Context MH III-LH I. Taylour1972, 252, HS 87. 63-062. 2276. Jug (lightground).Handle attachedto neck below rim.Drips overhandle.Incisedpotter'smark:twochevrons. MH I-II. Beta 12B, 1963, # 72(?). Contextmixed down to LH IIIC Early. 2277. Hole-mouthedjar (lightground). Fine clay used forrim. Horizontalbands. D. (rim) 22. Beta 11, 1963, # 27. ContextprobablyMH III or MH III/LH I. 2278. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim(darkground). D. (rim) 14. Beta 11, 1963, # 23. ContextMH. 2279. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim(darkground). Hollowed rim. Band interiorrim, white vertical bands; exteriorhorizontalbands of whiteand red. Beta 11, 1963, # 20. ContextLH I-IIA withLH IIIC Early. 2280. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim(darkground). Five fragments ofneckand body (onlyneckillustrated here). Band, smudge of paint, interiorrim; exteriorhorizontal bands ofred and white,whitearcs(?).Reservedlowerbody. D. (rim) 12. Nu 1, 1973, # 20, 22, 25 (Rutterand Rutter 1976, 31, R93, fromDeposit F). Context MH III Early (floors of wall ng). 73-605. 2281. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim(darkground). Band interior rim;whitehorizontalbands,groupsofoblique lines and hatchedtriangles.D. (rim) 17. Beta 11, 1963, # 25. ContextprobablypureMH (burial6); foundwith2273. Taylour1972, 233, pl. 45a, HS 30. 63-041. [ProbablyMH 1 Late: see on 2273.] 2282. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim(darkground). Whitehorizontalbands,rowofdots;purplehorizontalband. Beta 12A, 1963, #81. ContextLH, perhaps LH I-II. AS sample no. 17: Set 4 Class 1. plate A2.1/ 2283. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim(lightground). Potter'smark. Horizontal handle. Incised mark on body below handle: verticalrow of fourgouges. Delta 11/13, 1963, #87. ContextMH. 2284. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim(lightground). Horizontalband, cross-hatchedtriangles.Beta 6, i960, # 18. ContextmostlyMH but withLH III. 2285. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim(lightground). Darkhorizontalbands,thickwavyline;whitehorizontallines, wavy lines. MH II-III Early.Beta 12A, 1963, #76, 152. ContextprobablyMH III Early(removalofFloor 25). 2286. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim(lightground). Cross-hatchedracquet, arcs, horizontal band, group of oblique lines; added white horizontalbands, arcs, filled circle.Delta 7, i960, # 8. ContextMH. 2287. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim(lightground). Dark horizontalband, quirks; red horizontal band and crossinglines;whitehorizontallinesand bands,criss-crossed bands, rows of dots. Beta 1963, # unknown. 2288. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim(lightground). Five non-joiningfragments of body and base (manymore smallones notillustrated here).Wide horizontalband, wide wavyband, horizontalbands; added whitehorizontallines, curvingband edged withred lines.MH III/LH I. Beta 12B 1963, # 146, 150, and Beta 12A/B baulk 1974, # 43. ContextMH III/LH I (Floor 22). Taylour 1972, 257, pl. 49c, HS 98. 63-051. AS sample no. 9a: Set 4 Class 1. 2289. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim(lightground). ofbody and base. Horizontalbands, Non-joiningfragments spiral;whitehorizontalbands,purplehorizontalbands. Late MH. Beta 11, 1963, # 29. ContextLH I-IIIA withmuch MH. AS sample no. 8: Set 4 Class 1.

POTTERY §5 (vii)

291

Minoan,fine(fig. 5.56)

2290. Straight-sidedcup (dark ground). Buff.Wheelmade, many working marks (string-cutbase). S-handle attachedto exteriorrim.Coat all over interiorand exterior includingunder handle. D. (rim) 10.5, (base) 6, H. 6.4. MM IIB-IIIA, i.e. MH III Early. Delta 5, i960, # 7. Context MH (burial 7) with EH II and perhaps LH; foundwith 2296. Taylour 1972, 222-4, pi· 43e right,HS 26. 60-021. 2291. Straight-sided cup (dark ground). Buff. Band interiorrim;coat exteriorbut not over all of handle. 1963, provenanceunknown. 2292. Semi-globular cup (light ground). Buff. Band interiorrim;exteriorrimband, foliateband; red horizontal band. Beta 11, 1963, # 29. ContextLH I-IIIA withmuch MH. 2293. Bowl(?). Wheel-made. Greyish-buff, soft-feeling. Brown coat interior,greyish-brown exterior.White spiral. Beta 1963, # unknown. 2294. Bowl(?) (dark ground). Encrusted. Red-brown paint: band around interiorjust above base; exteriorband aroundundersideofbase; whitehorizontalband. EarlyLH. Beta 12B, 1963, # 146. ContextMH III/LH I withLH III A (over Floor 22). 2295. Bowl(?) (dark ground). Wheel-made. Orange. Buffsurface.Worn paint: coat exterior.D. (base) 8. Early LH. Beta 12B, 1963, # 146. Context MH III/LH I with LH I-IIA (over Floor 22).

Minoan,medium-coarse (fig. 5.56)

2296. Jug with beaked spout (lightground). Flat base, slightlyconcave underneath,roundsectionhandle,cutand pared; tool markson neck and base wherewalls were.Buff withwhite,black and red inclusions.Dark red band interior rim; exteriorhorizontalbands, drip. H. 20.5, D. (base) 8. Delta 5, i960, # 7. Date as 2290. ContextMH (burial7) with EH II and perhaps LH; found with 2290. Taylour HS 25. 60-020. 1972, 222-4, pl· 43e feft» 2297. Jug/jar(darkground).Buff.White verticalbands, spiralwithcurlicue.Beta 11, 1963, #151. ContextLH III withMH. 2298. Jug/jar(dark ground). Buff.Orange paint, white bands,cross,rowsofdots;red band. Alpha 11/12/14,1963, # 89. ContextMH III (burial34). 2299. Jug/jar (light ground). Orange. Orange surface interior,tan surfaceexterior,burnished.Black horizontal band, whiterunningspiral.Beta, year and # unknown.

Micaceous Minoan(figs.5.56-5.57)

2300. Deep basin (dark ground). Interiorburnishedor coat ofpaint(?).Top rim:whiteverticalbands; exteriorwhite wavybands. D. (rim)30. Beta 11, 1963, # 3. Surfacecontext withall periods fromEH I to Medieval. 2301. Deep basin (dark ground). Spout on shoulder. White vertical bands (stamped?) on exteriorrim. 1963, provenanceunknown. 2302. Deep basin (dark ground). Out-curvingrim,row ofincisedcirclesalongitsedge. 1963, provenanceunknown. [2302a. Basin (decoration not reported). Pie-crustrim. Gamma 1 1959, # 4. ContextMedieval withEH II, MH and LH I-II. AS sampleno. 5: Set 5 Class 3. Not illustrated.] 2303. Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim(darkground). Decoration worn off.D. (rim) 15. Beta 3, 1959, # 22. Context LH II, presumablyLH IIB (plasterfloorin SE sector).AS sample no. 14: Set 5 Class 3. *3°4· Jarwithnarrowneckand flaringrim(darkground). White curvilinearpattern,red-filledcircles.Beta 6, i960, # 18. ContextMH witha littleLH III.

C. ZERNER

292

mediumcoarse2281, 2288-2289.Scale 1:3. Fig.5.55.AreaBeta11-12,1963,MH pottery: Lustrous Decorated, 2305. Jug/jar (dark ground). White band. 1963, unknown. AS sampleno. 10: Set 5 Class 3. provenance PLATE A2.2

C.

2306. Cookingpot.Straight TypeΒ (Betancourt profile, burnt handle,oval in section.Interior 1980,3), horizontal from2 cmbelowrim.D. (rim)12. TrialTrenchIV, 1963, # 5. SurfacecontextwithEH to LH III. Taylour1972, 248,HS 61. 63-063. evertedT-shapedrim,Type 2307. Cookingpot.Slightly A (Betancourt 1980,3). Beta 12B, 1963,#110. Context LH IIIC Early. mixed,including

2308. Cooking pot. T-shaped rim, globular body. ofcoil.Beta 1/12B, 1963, Shoulderscoredforattachment #122. ContextLH IIIC Early(Floor5, 1974)withLH III wash. handle,ovalin section.Beta 2309. Cookingpot.Vertical 11, 1963,#102. Contextundetermined. [2309a. Cookingpot.Base and lowerbodyonly.Conical hollowedraisedbase. Roughly lowerprofilewithslightly smoothedin and out. D. (base) 6.1, H. (max.ex.) 11.9. Nu / Gamma1, 1974,#7. LH I Describedbyj. B. Rutter. Not illustrated.] Early.74-601.

THE MIDDLE HELLADIC POTTERY §5 (vii)

293

Fig.5.56. Earlierexcavations, MH pottery: Minoan,fine2290-2295;Minoan,mediumcoarse2296-2299;Micaceous Minoan2300-2302.Scale 1:3.

MinoanSchistGroup(see Appendix 2, Set 5 Class 2) = Micaceous Minoan(?)(fig. 5.57)

2310. Jug/jar(darkground).Beta 12A, 1963, # 65. Contextmixed,including LH IIIC Early.AS sampleno. 12: Set5 Class 2. 2311. Jug/jar(darkground).Whitebands. Beta 12A, 1963, # 63, 127. ContextLH IIIC EarlywithLH I-II wash (Floor4, 1974). AS sampleno. 7a: Set 5 Class 2. plateA2.2 b.

CoarseLocal Group(fig. 5.57 unless stated)

2312. Straight-sided cup (pinchpot).No burnish.Very uneven.D. (rim)5.7, (base) 5.5. Delta 5/8, 1963, # 7. ContextLH withMH and someEH II. D. (rim)6, (base)3.5. Alpha7, «3 13· Cup. No burnish. i960, # 4. ContextMH (burial7) withEH II. Taylour 1972,211,pl. 39h,HS 9. 60-001. Lower profileonly. [2313a. Miniaturecup (pinch-pot). Crudehollowedbase,steeply No burnish; spreading profile.

294

C. ZERNER

MH pottery: Fig.5.57. Earlierexcavations, MicaceousMinoan2303-2311;Coarse,localgroup2312-2318.MH-LH: Matt Painted Coarse2330-2331.Scale 1:3. 2328; Aeginetan, Aeginetan, lustrous insideand out.D. (base) 1.8-2.1,H. (max.ex.) Nu 2, 1974,#48. Context 2.2. Describedbyj. B. Rutter. LH I/IIA (fillofshaftofburial13) withEH II andMH III downto MH III/LH I. 74-613.Notillustrated.] 2314. Roundedcup withevertedrim.Verticalhandle. D. (rim)8.5,(base)4, H. 7. Late burnished interior. Partially MH. Alpha11/12/14,1963,#82. Contextprobablylate

MH (burial33). Taylour1972,220, pl. 41g right. HS 24. 63-032. Incised: 2315. Roundedbowlwithevertedrim:strainer. one horizontal and obliquelines.Fourholesin shoulder, thebodywall.EH ΠΙ/MH I. 1963, notall thewaythrough unknown. provenance 2316. Two-handled jar. Two verticalhandles,roundin

V ) THE MIDDLE HELLADIC POTTERY §5 (vii)

295

M

2319 '

)

if

2320

ΜΗ pottery: Fig.5.58. Earlierexcavations, Coarse,localgroup2319-2320.Scale 1:3.

section,on rim.D. (rim)6.2, (base) 4, H. 9.4. Alpha 4, 1959,# 2. ContextMH I (burial1) withEH; foundwith HS 2 (MHIDB bowlwithribbedshoulderandgarlands). Taylour1972,208,pl. 39h,HS 1. 59-001. 2317. Wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim.Twoupwardhorizontal oval in section,on midpoint of handles, tilting body.D. (rim)8.3, (base)5, H. 10.8.Alpha10, i960, #4. ContextMH (burial19) withEH II. Taylour1972, 213, pl. 39fleft,HS 13. 60-006. 2318. Wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim.Doubleknob on shoulder. Beta 1, 1959,#22. ContextMH.

2319. Wide-mouthedjar with everted rim. Some markson exterior. Pointedknobon shoulder. burnishing TrialTrenchVB, 1963,#5. Surfacecontext EH including II Late.Taylour1972,249,HS 65. AS sampleno. 13: Set 6 Class 1. 63-057.plateA2.2 e,fig.5.58. 2320. Wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim.Complete, burnished burnt exterior, manyjoiningfragments. Lightly blackon upperbody.Low knobon neck.Diam (rim)23, (base)4, H. 37. Beta4, i960, #12, 24. Contextprobably LH. Taylour1972,256,pl. 49a, HS 92. 60-010.fig.5.58.

(c) MIDDLE HELLADIC-LATE HELLADIC (2321-2332)

MattPainted,gritty (WhiteSlipped)

Horizontal 2321. Closedvessel(?),bichrome. plasticrib, band of red. MH or LH I Early?Beta 11, 1963, # 42. Contextall periodsto Medieval.AS sampleno. 6: Set 3 Class 1. Notillustrated.

coarse Plain,orange

handle.Widemouth;plain, 2322. Basinwithhorizontal beveledtoward rim, interior; wide,flatbase. incurving slightly

Beta 12B, 1963,# 146, 150. ContextMH III/LH I (Floor 22).Taylour1972,259 (datedLH IIIB), HS 123.AS sample no. 15: Set5 Class 1. 63-050.Notdrawn;plateA2.2 a.

Lustrous medium coarse(notfrom Decorated, Ayios Stephanos)

t2323- Sherd,originunknown(BSA Collection,from Kastri,Argosor Lerna).AS sampleno. 9b: Set4 Class 2. Notillustrated.

C. ZERNER

296

1*2324. Sherd,originunknown(provenanceas previous). AS sample no. gc: Set 4 Class 2. Not illustrated. 1*2325. Sherd,originunknown(provenanceas previous). AS sample no. gd: Set 4 Class 2. Not illustrated.

LustrousDecoratedor Minoan(P), mediumcoarse

2326. Jar (lightground). Ripple decoration.MH III or LH I. ig63, provenanceunknown.AS sample no. 16: Set 4 Class 1. Not illustrated.

Minoan(?), plain: red,schistand quartzfabric

2327. Jug withround mouth.Handle, round in section, attachedto top of rim and upper shoulder.LH I. Beta 11, 1g63, # 107. ContextLH IIIC EarlywithLH I wash.Taylour ig72, 25g (wheredated LH IIIB), HS 115. AS sample no. 7b: Set 5 Class 4. 63-012. Notdrawn;shownin plate A2.2 d.

6. THE SHERDS

Aeginetan,Matt Painted (fig. 5.57)

2328. Jug/jar.Band exteriorrim. Early LH. Beta 12B, 1963, # 150. ContextMH III/LH I (removalofFloor 22). AS sample no. 11: Set 6 Class 2. plate A2.2 /

Aeginetan,coarse(fig. 5.57)

2329. Wide-mouthed jar with everted rim. Vertical handle, oval in section. Beta 12A, ig63, # 82. Context mixed. 2330. Wide-mouthed jar with everted rim. Burned exterior.Hollowed rim. ig63, provenanceunknown. 1 233 1. Wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim.Potter'smark. Impressedon undersideofbase: threeshortoblongsforming a T' D. (base) 8. Asteriig5g, trenchLambda 3a, level II. ContextLH I-IIA. plate 37. 2332-3000. Numbersnot used.

WITH POTTERS'

MARKS

(i) Introduction The term'potter'smark'is used here to designatea non-decorativemarkthatwas incised,impressed, applied or paintedon a vesselbeforeitwas fired.This termimpliesthatthemaker,or someoneclosely from associatedwiththe productionof the vessel,was the one who made the mark;it is distinguished theterm'user'smark',whichdesignatesa markthatwas placed on thevessel afteritwas fired,whether thevesselremainedwhole or was made use ofin pieces (e.g. Athenianostrakaofthe Classical period). of a non-decorativemark as distinctfroma decorativeone is oftenimpossibleto The identification make: not onlycan theintentofthe ancientpotterneverbe known,but some marksmay have served be termedpotters'marks,as bothpurposes.Most ofthemarksincludedhere,however,mayconfidently that the MBA of characteristic traditions to two regularlyemployedpotters'marks: potting theybelong here to designatea collectionof is used The term Decorated. Lustrous and 'markingsystem' Aeginetan to that vessels on and in similar mark of appear have been producedin similar placement design types and shouldnot be confused of convenience sake for the chosen has been This term traditions. potting withtheterm'writingsystem'.Althoughthepurposeofthemarksis notknown,mostofthemcannotbe directlylinkedto the writingsystems,hieroglyphicand linear,used in the Aegean worldin the MBA (althoughsome ofthepotters'marksare the same as or similarto scriptsigns). Potters'marks of the kind discussed here, especially incised lines, are very simple and easy to markingsystems.Both of the make,and the same combinationsof strokesmay be foundin different main pottingtraditionsof the MBA, the Minoan and the Cycladic,used marksin a way thatmay be the LD and Aeginetan,employedthe same kind of marking Their offshoots, classifiedas systematic. Minoan a LD system,the Aeginetanusinga Cycladic system.Pottersoperatingin using systems:i.e., do not appear regularlyto have used such marks.For example, mainland the on traditions the other on GreyMinyan and Dark Burnishedpots,but thereare so identified have been marks of a number as belongingto markingsystems. them this time at cannot fewthatwe classify thathave such potters'marks,six are in LD ware, volume in this vessels Of the twelve catalogued one is Micaceous Minoan. Othermarksthatare and are three is one one is gritty DB, DP, Aeginetan, undersideof thebase of DB goblet2221 (see the on the are marks not consideredpotters' scratchings The of 1649, a goblet in MP, gritty. underside the on cross the and DB ware) painted §(iv) below, was vessels of the base of underside the on and other crosses drinking patterns practiceof painting and bold are these Because wares. LD MP and on highly usual in the MBA, especially patterns visible,I considerthemto have been intendedas part of the decorativescheme,meant to be seen when the cups were raisedfordrinkingor were placed upside down on a table or low shelf.They do not appear to have any othermeaningor purpose. [3703 is also incised.] (ii) The Aeginetan Marking System The marksthathave been foundon pots produced on the island of Aegina appear to belong to the short Cycladic systemof marking,consistingprimarilyof small impressions(circles,dots,wedges), been had this of Marks recognisedearlyon incisedlinesor strokesand smallbitsof applied clay. type

THE MIDDLE HELLADIC POTTERY §6

297

Sincethenthenumberofmarksrecognised and amongtheMBA ceramicwaresfromPhylakopl.259 studies of them have increased.260 specialised The meaningandfunction ofthesemarkshavebeenextensively in his exploredbyM. Lindblom261 a of of from the island itself and other sites on the mainland and largecorpus Aeginetan study pots islands.The markswereemployedfromearlyin theMH periodall theway through thelaterLH LH IIIB. Unable to correlatethe markswiththe fonction of a vessel,its period,at leastthrough measurement or he concluded that are trade marks or makers' destination, capacity, they probably marks.On thebasisof ethnographic such marks are related to the ofpottery parallels, organisation most to marks used i.e. manufacture, corresponding closely by producers, potters, workingclosely bothceramictraditions andworkspaces(e.g.firing inthesamekilns),whodistinguish together, sharing theirownproducts fromthoseofothergroupsby placingtheirspecialmarkson theirownpots. toAyiosStephanos Aeginetan imports appeartohavebeenfewandtohavearrived onlysporadically, in the LBA. of the The threemarkedpieces,twoofMattPaintedor Plain,one of primarily earlyyears coarsecookingpotfabric, dateto LH I at theearliest.The marksthemselves are simple,madeup of twoor moreshortlinearelements, twoofthemmade up ofimpressedlines.These linesare either circularor oblongin shapeand are laterversionsoftheimpressed oftheearly cupulecharacteristic and middlephasesofMH. Plain,mediumcoarse,jar. Markon 1791. MattPainted/ lowerbody at edge of base, incomplete:threegouges oneatedgeofbase,twoinhorizontal rowabove preserved, (cf.Lindblom2001,62-3, marktypeA60). 74-844.plate 38, fig.5.35. Plain,mediumcoarse,jar. Markon 1792. MattPainted/ undersideof flatbase at edge: twogougesin horizontal rownearedgeofbase (cf.Lindblom2001, 78, marktype

G26). 74-845. PLATE38, FIG.5.35.

2331. Coarsecookingpot.Markon undersideofbase: threesmallimpressedoblonglinesforming a shapelike the letterT. Cf. Lindblom2001, 79, marktypeG29, theexamplethathe illustrates fromLernaappears although tohavebeenmadeup oftwoseparateimpressions: thetwo thatformthehorizontal elementoftheΤ join and appear to be one continuous line,plate 37, fig.5.57.

(iii) The Lustrous Decorated Marking System Unliketheworkon theCycladicand Aeginetan theLD marking has notyet marking system, system beenstudiedin depth,owingto thelackofa largecorpusfroma numberofsites.The examplesfrom however, AyiosStephanos, comparewellwiththosefromLerna,where82 markshavebeenrecognised, and fromKastrion Kythera.262 Tojudgefromtheevidencenowavailable,thecorpusofmarksfromLD workshops is and willbe smallerthanthatof theAeginetan, forthefollowing reasons.The practiceof markingamongLD MH II, unlikethe short-lived, potters appearsto havebeenrelatively lastingfromearlyMH through use ofmarksbytheAeginetan The rangeofwaresproducedbytheLD potters was long-term potters. morerestricted thantheAeginetan, confined to vesselsforeatingand/ordrinking and storage.And thedistribution area fortheLD pottersappearsto have been morelimited,confinedmainlyto the The differs fromtheAeginetan in otherways:themarksaresimilar Péloponnèse. LD marking system to theAeginetan butare moresimple,made onlyby incisingwitha pointedtool,and restricted to linesand dotsor circles.263 includecrosses,Vs or chevrons. Recognisable patterns Six markson LD warewerefoundamongthesherdmaterialfromAyiosStephanos.1015, 1081 and 2283 belongedtojars; 1077 and 2276 tojugs,and 2268 to a cup (theonlyexampleofa markon finefabricfromthesite). LD, mediumcoarse,jar withnarrow 1015. Polychrome neckand flaring rim.Markincisedon horizontal handle: horizontal rowofsixcircular gouges,lastoneonright higher thanthereston bodywalljustbelowledgehandle,plate 38, FIG.5.1. 1077. L-o-dLD, mediumcoarse,jug. Markincisedon twolines, handle, bodywall,onneckunderneath incomplete: onevertical and,aboveit,one oblique,plate38, fig.5.6. 1081. D-o-1LD, medium neckand coarse, jarwithnarrow rim.Markincisedonupperside ofhorizontal handle: flaring longlinedrawnalongwidthofhandle,plate 38, fig.5.6.

2268. L-o-dLD, fine,roundedcup.Markincisedonbody wallunderhandle,incomplete: partofincisedobliqueline. The onlyothermarkon a fineLD cupknowntomecomes fromLerna(Zerner1988,fig.24: 12). fig.5.54. 2276. D-o-1LD, mediumcoarse,jug. Markincisedon upper end of upper side of handle: fouroblique lines twosuperimposed chevrons, fig.5.54. roughly forming 2283. L-o-dLD, mediumcoarse,jar withnarrowneck and flaringrim.Mark incisedon body walljust below horizontalhandle: verticalrow of fouroblonggouges. fig.5.54.

259A. T.Evansand C. Edgar1004. 260E.tr.BikakiiqHa: Bailev 1006. 261Lindblom2001. 262Coldstream and Huxley1972,94, DepositGammano. 37,

pl. 2 1: threeshortdiagonalincisionson leftsideofupperendof thehandleofan LD iuer. 263Cf.theLD marksfromAsine (Lindblom2001,fig.20).

C. ZERNER

298

Althoughconclusionsabout the LD markingsystemare prematureat thisstage,some observations may be made. Probablylocated on Kytheraand/orthe mainland,the LD industrywas Minoan in inspirationand may be a resultof the movementof Minoans, eithermen withtheirfamilieswho colonised new areas such as Kythera,or women who moved forthe purpose of marriageto new homes, possibly at Ayios Stephanos. If the use of marks in communal firings,for example, was customaryamong potterson Crete,it would have been practicedby theirdaughtersor sons who had moved away. As the generationspassed and the industrychanged,the practicemay have become unnecessaryamong thesepotters,who would have discontinuedit. (iv) Other Marks (a) DARK BURNISHED WARE

The criss-crossing, haphazardscratcheson 2221 do notforma discerniblepatternofanykind(although have meant somethingto the ancientpotter);see similarscratchingson the undersideof a theymay The V-shapedmarkincised on the undersideof bowl 1162 appears to be Siteia.264 from Petras, lamp a potter'smark,as it is unlikelyto have been intendedas decoration.Marks on DB ware are very cannotbe consideredusual among its potters. rare,and the practice,therefore, ofbase: two Markincisedon underside 1162. Bowl/jar. orV. 73-030. widechevron opposedobliquelines,forming PLATE38, FIG. 5.11.

[1365a. Shape notrecorded.Marknot described.Sherd lost.77-055.Notillustrated.]

[1485a. Goblet.Sherdwithstubof verticalstraphandle at pointwherehandle fromshoulder.Incisedafterfiring with lower-case 'y' insidecircle.74sideways joins body 843. fig.5.24.]

(b) DULL PAINTED WARE

- 2237, froma jug thatdates to earlyMH - was recognised Only one markedsherdof DP ware among the ceramicmaterialat Ayios Stephanos.The typeof markand its positionon the vessel are verysimilarto markson LD ware and suggestthatit may qualifyas a potter'smark.Also like LD, DP This incised markis another ware has Minoan featuresin vessel shapes and decorativepatterns.265 at Knossos.266 Court the West a from on a a similar for mark, zigzag,appears jug similarity, 2237. Jug.Markincisedon topofuppersideofhandle: twoobliquelinesopposedto threeobliquelines,forming

chevrons. twosuperimposed an unevenpattern resembling Fig. 5.52.

(c) MICACEOUS MINOAN

Vesselsin Micaceous Minoan paintedand coarse wares were not commonlyused in the households of Ayios Stephanos.Like thatof LD ware,the area of productionhas proved to be elusive. 3434· Cookingpot (jarwithwidemouth).Markincised on bodywalljustabovehandle:small,neatlydrawnX. A closeparallelmaybe foundon a MM IIIB tripodcooking

pot fromKnossoswhichbearsan incisedcrossnearthe handle(Catlingetal 1979,no. 165,fig.26). fig.6.26.

(v) Conclusions These markedvesselsare consistentwithothersfromsimilarassemblageselsewhereon the mainland of Greece. The preponderanceof LD is to be expected,as Laconia was certainlyveryclose to, ifit was nottheactualproductioncentreofthisware.The fewAeginetansherdsfromthesitein comparison to the large numbersof importsrecognisedat Lerna and othersites,beginningalreadyin the early Laconia years of the MBA, indicate that contact between these areas was maintained,but that north-eastern the as cultural same in the mostof the MBA was not Péloponnèse. sphere throughout

264Tsipopoulou

lqqo, fig. 1.1.

265See §3 (i) (b) above.

266Wilson 1985, 322, Ρ 2ΟΟ,fig.27, pl. 36.

Chapter6 The Late Helladicpottery P.A. Mountjoy [Editor'snote:thisChapterwas completedin 1988 and thuscouldnottakeaccountof subsequent inunderstanding thesite.I havetherefore madesomechangesinthestratigraphie progress descriptions, whichwerepartlybased on my initialanalysesdone in the late 1970s; additionsare enclosedin The readeris directedto Chapter1, wherethestratigraphy is discussedin detail.I squarebrackets. have also added pots 3082a, 3380a, 3597a-b, 3648a and 3717a because of theirstratigraphie theseitemshave notbeen studiedby theauthor.Fortheassignation to theTransitional significance; LH IIIB2-HIC Earlyphase of some of the potterythatis classedhereinas LH IIIC Early,see to Mountjoy1999 have been added; thesetakethe Mountjoy1997 and 1999. Cross-references form'RMDP Laconia 1', wherethenumeralis the cataloguenumberin the section'Laconia with Kythera'(vol.1,243-94).] 1. AREA EPSILON 1973 The materialfromthisArea mainlyconsistsoftwolargewashdeposits:LH IIIC Earlywashlying overcollapsedLH IIIC Earlybuildings, and LH IIIA2 Earlywashdepositedat one timeoverthe remainsofearlierbuildings.1 one stratified Only depositcouldbe isolated. (i) The Late Helladic IIA deposit (3001-3010; fig. 6.1) A uniform depositfromthelowestlevelexcavatedin theNE Sector(baskets75 and 88) produced wasfound;everyretained monochrome pottery datingtoearlyLH IIA.2No decoratedpottery (3001here.The gobletis particularly 3008) andunpainted (3009-3010)rimandbaseis illustrated noteworthy foritsveryhighrimandconicalbase,whichis notarticulated underneath butis paintedmonochrome. Amphora/hydria ThislinearrimhasgoodLH II-IIIAi parallelsforitsshapefromtheAthensAcropolisWellsdeposit.3 3001.

Buff;4black paint.D. (rim) 11.6. Linear. # 75.

Goblet(monochrome) The gobletrims3002-3004 are all verytall and onlyslightly everted;thebases 3006-3007 are whichis monochrome, is not articulated. conical,and theunderside, Examplescan be verylarge rimand a moredefinedstem. (3003-3004).3005 is a muchsmallerexamplewitha shorter 3002. 3003. 3004. 3005.

Brick;orange-brownpaint.D. (rim) 17. # 88. Buff;black paint.D. (rim)24. # 88. Buff;black paint.D. (rim)22. # 75, 88. Brick;orangepaint.D. (rim) 11. # 75, 88.

3006. 3007. # 75.

Grey firedpinkish;black paint.D. (base) 8. # 88. Grey firedbuff;black to brownpaint.D. (base) 8.

Cup/bowl Thisslightly raisedconcavebase couldbelongto a cup or a bowl. 3008. Buff;orange-brownpaint.Monochrome.D. (base) 4. # 75, 88. 1 See Chapter ι Si. 2 See Chapter ι §1 (iv).

3

Mountioy iq8i,

fig. 12.120-4.

4 The firstcolour always refersto the clays. 299

3OO

P. A. MOUNTJOY

Fig. 6.1. Area Epsilon, LH ΠΑ pottery deposit: 3001-3010.

Scale 1:3.

Goblet (unpainted) This rimis similarto thatof the monochromeexample 3005, but longer. 3009.

buffslip,polished.D. (rim)13. # 88. Orange-buff;

Basin This largebasin rimwithtroughspoutand nicksall roundthe lip is the onlyexample ofitstypefrom theexcavations,buttheshape is apparentlyverycommonat theMenelaion in theLH IIIAi deposits.5 There are no good LH II depositsat the Menelaion forcomparisonwiththisone. 3010. Orange-buff with inclusions. D. (rim) 38. Handmade, coarse. # 75, 88.

5 H. W.

Catling,pers.comm.

THE LATE HELLADIC POTTERY §1

301

(ii) Early Mycenaean from Mixed Deposits but A shallowdeposit25 cm thickin thew partofthetrenchproducedEarlyMycenaeanmaterial, is too scrappyto meritillustration. The basketsconcernedare 43, 50, 54, 55, 60 and 61. thepottery withLH IIIA2 intrusions, a join withbasket Baskets43 and 55 containMinoanising including pottery with as and another basket as is which 62 (illustrated 3103), 50 (illustrated 3076) partof theLH IIIA2 Earlywashdeposit. (a) LATE HELLADIC

I (3OII-3OI3;

FIG. 6.2)

The decoration oftheseunstratified oftheVapheiocupsindicatea LH I piecesand theroughinterior date.The multiple on Vapheiocupsis verycommonon Kythera;6 a completeexamplefrom tangent below(3653). AyiosStephanosis illustrated Hole-mouthed jar FS 100

3011. Whitish;black paint with added white. FM 64, verticalfoliateband. # 8.

VapheiocupFS 224 3012.

white.FM 46, multipletangentspiral with white dots in centre.# 85. RMDP Laconia 6. 3013. Type II. Buff;whitishslip, shaded-brownpaint. FM 64, foliate band with joining circles. # 1. RMDP Laconia 10.

Type I. Greenish;shaded-brownpaintwithadded

(b) LATE HELLADIC

I- II (3014-3019;

FIG. 6.2)

A fewunstratified monochrome (3014-3017) and unpainted(3018-3019) sherdsare shown.The monochrome undersideof the base of the goblet3014 suggeststhatit shouldbelonghere.The basin3016 is also coatedunderneath and has a flatbase,as opposedtotheringbase oftheLH IIIA2 rim with the its basins; fat,heavyevertedlip shouldalso belongto thisphase,as, too,theflat 3015 concavebowlbase 3017. Goblet 3014.

Goblet(unpainted)

Buff;black paint.Monochrome.# 54.

3018. Orange-buff;buff slip, polished. D. (rim) 15. Unpainted.# 56.

Basin 3015. Coarse buffwithgritsfiredpale orange; tracesof paint.D. (rim)23. Monochrome.#85. 3016. Brickwithinclusions;brown paint. D. (base) 5.1. Monochrome.# 34.

Kylix(unpainted) 3019. #69.

Carinated.Whitish,rough.D. (rim)12. Unpainted.

Bowl/cup

3017. Brick; black to brown paint. D. (base) 5.1. Monochrome.# 34. (c) LATE HELLADIC

ΠΑ (3020-3022;

FIG. 6.2)

LH IIA deposit(fig.6.1), thereare no LH IIA-IIIAi levels,and veryfew Apartfromthestratified sherdsbelonging to theLH IIB-IIIAi phasesin laterlevels.RathermoreLH IIA sherdswerefound in theupperlevels;theyincludeexamplesdecoratedwithstonepattern, a couplewithogivalcanopy, a couplewithcurvedstripes(3020) and one withrockpattern;a bridge-spouted jug neckportrays and foliate band a running spiral,and a bodysherdshowsserpentine loop (3021); bodysherdfroma shield(3022) verycloseto thaton thejug 3253. goblethas a figure-of-eight Piriform jar FS 2 1

foliateband round base of neck. #18.

3020. Buff;whitishslip, fugitivebrown paint. FM 67, curvedstripes.# 8.

Bridge-spouted jug FS 103 3021.

GobletFS 254

3022. Bufffiredorange; buffslip, red-brownpaint. FM 37, shield. #51.

Buff;black paint. FM 53, serpentineloop above 6 Coldstream 1978,393.

P. A. MOUNTJOY

3O2

Fig. 6.2. Area Epsilon,LH I-IIIAi pottery:3011-3026. Scale 1:3.

(d) LH IIB (3023-3025;

FIG. 6.2)

Unstratified sherdsbelongingto LH IIB includea ring-handled cup handle(FS 237), a beakedjug neckwithfoliateband (3023),a sherdfroma Vapheiocup also withfoliateband (3024) and a goblet rimwithrockpattern (3025). Beakedjug FS 143

3023. Orangefiredbuff;orange-brown paint.FM 64, foliatebandroundneck.#72.

GobletFS 254

3025. Grey;blackto brownpaint,burnt.D. (rim)15. #63. interior. FM 32, rockpattern, monochrome

VapheiocupFS 224

3024. Buff;brownpaint.FM 64, foliateband.#53. (e) LH IIIA1 (3026;

FIG. 6.2)

LH IIIAi sherdscan be recognised:a mugwaistand a cup sherdbothdecorated Fiveunstratified and a and a piriform a straight-sided alabastron withstipplepattern, jar sherd,bothwithscalepattern, the decoration. and the of with thecarination sherdfroma straight-sided edge cup (3026) FS 230 Conicalcup,carinated

#62. 3026. Grey;blackpaint,burnt. Edgeofdecoration.

(iii) Late Helladic IIIA2 Early The levelsofthisperiodconsistofabout50 cmofwash,whichis deeperat theε andhardlyapparent atthew end (baskets31, 32 and 33), sincethereis a slopeofabout70 cmfromtheΝtothese corner. butalsovertically, therearewidespread In contrast totheLH IIIC material, joinsnotonlyhorizontally of thematerialis Much time. the same or less at more was all that wash the deposited suggesting in all baskets.The material is present worn.A fairamountofEarlyMycenaeanandMH I Latepottery withstrayfindsfromtheupperlevels. as a unit,together fromtheselevelsis presented

THE LATE HELLADIC

POTTERY §1

303

Wallsthatmaybelongto thisphaseare ke and kg. Theyare parallelto each otherand probably in theirheightbeingdue to theslope.LH ΠΙΑ filldrifted in downthe thedifference contemporary, between the two walls and covered the of these this a terminus antequern walls; slope stumps provides Wall ke was forthecollapsein LH IIIA2 Early.However,precisedatingof thewallsis difficult. thatwas removed;itcontainedonlytwosherds(basket82) - one MH and one blackmonochrome notkept,eitherEH II or Mycenaean.In termsofheight, thebottomofwallke seemstobe levelwith basket69, whichis LH IIIA2 (datedon one kylixrimtoo fragmentary to illustrate) and whichseems to providea terminus antequern?

The material consists thekylixandthebasin.The majority of verylargelyofopenshapes,especially thesepiecesaremonochrome, as alsoaresherdsfromothershapes,suchas themug,stemmed bowletc. Decoratedmaterialis scarce;nevertheless, thedeposithas to be datedon thecommonest decorated the the to FS and are LH from a IIIA2 256 shape, kylix: examplespresent belong Early,apart coupleof of FS which would a terminus in A mid-LH of IIIA2. 257 postquern examples suggest largegroup FS 256 can be a these have fine rim everted and stem isolated; small, kylikes heavy banding.Thesefeatures, with the decoration on these Minoan influence.8 The small,fineeverted vases,suggest together strong rimappearson othershapes,such as the amphora/hydria and stemmedbowl,as well as on the monochrome thatthewholedepositis homogeneous andshouldbelongtothisdate. indicating kylikes, (a) PAINTED (3027-3110;

FIGS. 6.3-6.8)

Alabastron FS 85 (fig.6.3) One examplecouldbe restored on paper;therockpattern is characteristic ofthisshape. 3027. Brickred;buffslip,orange-brown paint.D. (rim) withdot 5.8. D. (max.)10.2.H. 6.9. FM 32, rockpattern

fill.# 38, 45, 62, 66, 68, 77. 73-407.RMDP Laconia80. plate 39.

FS 69/128(fig.6.3) Amphora/hydria Insteadofbeingdecoratedwiththeusualbanding,theexamplesofthisshapefromAyiosStephanos aremonochrome. 3028 and 3029 bothhave thefine,short,evertedlip mentioned above,and 3029 retainsthestubsof a verticalhandlefromrimto shoulder.Bothpiecescould belongto eitherthe amphoraor thehydria. 3028. Buff;blackpaint.D. (rim)10. #53. 3029. Brick;orange-brown paint.D. (rim)11.8.Vertical handlefromrimto shoulder. #56. RMDPLaconia77.

Stirrup jar FS 166 (fig.6.3) The falsemouthofthispiece is decoratedwiththesolidcircleusualin LH IIIA2; thefalseneckis shortand fat,anotherindication ofdate.9 brownpaint.D. 3030. Pale orangefiredwhitish; fugitive (falsemouth)3. #70.

KraterFS 8 (fig.6.3) Sherds3032-3033 exhibittheAyiosStephanoskraterrimin whichtheinnereversionat thelip is notsharplydifferentiated10 butis roundedoffso thata smoothinnercurveis obtained.11 3031 has a moreusual interior but a fishon the rim, an unusualgrooveon thetop of thelip. 3033 portrays interior andseemstohavea boatontheoutside.The steering oar/rudder canbe seentotheleft, withthe mastinthecentre. The decorative is at Maroni12 and 1 thankC. Morris Amarna;13 technique paralleled forthisinformation. blackpaint.FM 43, isolatedsemi3031. Greyfiredbuff; circles.#81. 3032. Buff;black paint,burnt.D. (rim) 23. Spiral, monochrome interior. #81. 7 See further

ι §1

Chapter (iii). 8 Mountioy1087, lf^-Q. 9 Mountioy1086,70. 10As Mountjoy1986,83 fig.99.1.

redto blackpaint.D. (rim)32. FM 20, 3033. Pink-buff; fish in and ?FM 40, boat out, in added white on # 23, 24, 47, 48, 65. 73-418. monochrome. 11See also Taylour1072, 260 fier. 40.33, 40.36.

12See Vermeule and Karageorghis 1082, pl. IV.38. 13 Forsdyke 1925, 185, A993.

304

P. A. MOUNTJOY

Fig.6.3. AreaEpsilon,LH IIIA2 pottery: 3027-3039.Scale 1:3.

Mug FS 225, 226 (fig.6.3) There are fewpieces. One decoratedrim,3036, can be recognised,but otherwisethe examples are monochrome:3034 belongs to the large type,3035 to the small. The formeris ridgedat rim,waist but the latterhas no ridgesas is usual withthe small and base, as is customaryin the large type,14 a is to from There Achaia, froma LH IIIA2 Late context.16 verygood parallel 3035 type.15 14French iq6r. 182 fier.8.1-4: Mountiov 1086, 8*-6. 15 Hiller 1975, pl. 33.308; Mee 1982, pl. 18.2; Mountjoy

iq86, 86. 16 Papadopoulos 1979, 124, 244 fig.268c; Mountjoy1988, 186.

THE LATE HELLADIC POTTERY §1 3034. Buff;blackto brownpaint.D. (rim)16, (base) 14. #84. RMDPLaconia105. 3035. Brick;orange-brown paint.D. (base)6. #77.

305

3036. Brick;buffslip, orange-brown paint. Edge of #32. decoration.

MugFS 227 (fig.6.3) Thisexamplehasthewide,cylindrical formofthisshape.Thereis a goodparallel,also monochrome, fromAchaia.17 The fewexamplesquotedin Furumark18 are LH IIIB, and thepiece fromAchaiais also givena LH IIIB date,although itscontextis uncertain.19 blackpaint.D. (rim)8. # 13. 73-417.RMDP 3037. Buff, Laconia106.

DipperFS 236 (fig.6.3) Thisone pieceis recognisable as belonging to thisshape,butno diameter couldbe taken,so thevase cannotbe effectively restored on paper.It is unusualin havinga finelinegroupflankedby broader bandsat thebase.20 shaded-brown 3038. Buff; paint.#38,62, 66, 68. 73-413.

Cup/bowl(fig.6.3) Thissherdfroma LM IIIAi cup or bowl,eitherMinoanimitation or import, has parallelsfromthe Knossos.21 UnexploredMansion, 3039. Buff;brownto blackpaint.Isolatedsemi-circles withbivalvefill.#49.

KylixFS 256, 257 (3040-3066; figs.6.4-6.5) The kylikes nearlyall belongto theLH IIIA2 EarlyversionFS 256. Theycan be separatedintotwo The ofGroupI (3042-3043,3045-3047) includethecanonicalFS 256 withtheusual groups. kylikes short everted and FS 257 (3040-3041,3044),wherethedecorative zone fat, lipwitha bandoverit22 reachesbelowthehandlesand,in thecase of3041 and 3044, probablydowntothetopofthestem.23 FS 257 beginsin LH IIIA2 Late,24 butas themajority ofkylikes hereareFS 256 a datein themiddle ofLH IIIA2 maywellfitthedeposit. The kylikesof GroupII are FS 256 but have the small,fineevertedrimnotedabove on the a monochrome and stemswithlargeamountsof solidpaintinterspersed interior, amphora/hydria, withnarrowreservedbands;evenwhenthereservedbandsare thicker, theyare stillnotverywide and aresetclosetogether circlesand a reserved (3061-3062).Baseshaveone or twoconcentric edge to the Minoan The solid (3064-3066).Thisgroupcorresponds closely kylix.25 paintedstemcouldbe a legacyoftheLH IIIAi goblet,26 or itcouldbe theresultoftheCretaninfluence, withthe together monochrome interior and thefineevertedlip.27Unfortunately, thereare fewpublishedLM IIIA2 forcomparison,28 butapartfromtheabsenceoftheMinoanhollowstemthereare examples kylikes ofthestem.29 verycloseto thekylixofGroupII in thedecoration Moreover,therunning spiralson theexamplefromtheDictaeanCave30area replicaofthoseon 3051 in thearrangement ofa fatouter coil surrounding thinner ones. A searchon themainlandforantecedents ofGroupII revealsthattheshort,evertedlip oftheLH IIIAi kylixis similarto thatofGroupII,31although somewhat longer,butithas a veryshallowbowl and a tallstemwithequal bands of paintingand reservedsurface, whereasthepiecesfromAyios have a FS bowl and the stem described as interior. Stephanos above, wellas a monochrome deep 256 The closestparallelsto thestem,butnotto thelip and monochrome come from interior, Rhodes,32 and thereis one fromVourvatsi in Attica,33 whereastheremaining Atticexamplespublishedhave a 17Papadopoulos iq7q, 122-3. 2*0 fier.274a. 18Furumark 19410, 623. 19Mountiov iq88, 186. 20 See Mountiov io8n' Hi ίίσ. ioq fortfipusual tvnp

21

Popham 1084, pl. 171.8.

22 Mee 1Q82, pl. iR.i-a. 23 Cf. Mee 1082, pl. 1*.*: Mountiov 1086. 88-00. 24 Furumark10410, 628. 25 As described by Popham 1084, 183. 26 See Cummer and Schofield 1984, pl. 56.484 for a typical

example. 27 See Popham 1984, pl. 172 (LM IIIAi) and pl. 175 (LM IIIA2), forexamples of these featureson cups. 28 Popham iq6q, 2QQ. 29 Bosanquet, Dawkins and Tod 1903, 315 fig. 14.1; Evans 1021-36, vol. IV.2, S7o fie. soqa; Popham 1060, 301 fier.a. 30 Evans 1021-^6. vol. IV.2. 270 fier.«ooa. ■ ' sJ i •^ sj CJ 'J U 31 Mountiov inflfi.fic:-fi 32 Mee 1982, pl. 15.1-3. 33 Stubbings 1947, pl. 4.9.

P. A. MOUNTJOY

3θ6

Fig. 6.4. Area Epsilon,LH IIIA2 KylikesGroup I: 3040-3047. Scale 1:3.

banded stem.34 The example fromVourvatsishowsthatthistypeof stemis a featureof FS 256 on the but mainland, takingintoconsiderationitsrarityand thesmallevertedrimof Group II (whichis close to Minoan typesand more especiallyto LM IIIA135), the monochromeinterior(which,althougha generalfeatureat Ayios Stephanos,is also a Minoan feature),and the heavilypaintedstem,it would seem thatthesekylikesdo show a Minoan influence.3048 portraysan elaborateflower,3049 partof another,3050-3051 depictrunningspiral;3052 and 3057 show flowers,3053 tongue,3054 spiral, and 3055 a possibletricurvedarch.A selectionofstemsis 3058 chevron,3056 a possiblewhorl-shell, in in and bases 3065-3066. The base 3047 fromGroup I is heavilypaintedand depicted 3059-3064 II but does not have a monochromeinterior;the example fromVourvatsi, should belong to Group however,showsthatstemsof thistypemay also belong to Group I. GroupI: FS 256,257 (fig.6.4)

3040. FS 257. Greenish;fugitiveblack to brown paint. D. (rim) 18. FM 18, flowerwithfillof FM 62, tricurved arch. # 51, 53. 73-402. RMDP Laconia 109. plate 39. 3041. FS 257. Pale orangefiredbuff;greenishslip,orange to black paint. D. (rim) 15. FM 21, octopus with added whitepaint. # 30, 31, 36, 38, 53, 56, 73. 73-401. RMDP Laconia 112. plate 39. 3042. FS 256. Buff;greenishslip,orange-brownfugitive paint. D. (rim) 14 (15 at handle). FM 62, tricurvedarch withspiralfill.# 66, 73, 77. 73-409. RMDP Laconia 120. 3043. FS 256. Brick orange; orange-buffslip, orange paint. D. (rim) 15.2. FM 62, tricurvedarch. # 9, 51, 53, 56. 73-404. RMDP Laconia 119. 3044. FS 257. Pale orange;buffslip,red-brownpaint.D. (rim) 16. FM 21, octopuswithadded whitepaint.# 57. 3045. FS 256/257. Brick;orangepaint.D. (rim) 15. FM i9(?), tongue.#18. paint#38. slip,orange-brown 3046. FS 256/257.Brick;buff 34

Stubbings1947, pls. 4, 6, 7.

3047. FS 256/257. Bufffiredbrick;buffslip,orangepaint. D. (base) 8. # 66. Group II: FS 256 (fig. 6.5) to blackpaint. 3048. Brickorangefiredbuff;orange-brown D. (rim)17. FM 18, flowerwithdottedoutline,monochrome interior.# 51, 53. 73-405. RMDP Laconia 123. plate 39. paint.FM 18, 3049. Pale orange;buffslip,orange-brown flower,spiraldown stem,monochromeinterior.#51. 73410. RMDP Laconia 124. plate 39. 3050. Brick orange; buffslip, orange-brownpaint. D. (rim) 14. FM 46, runningspiral,monochromeinterior.# 53. 73-403. RMDP Laconia 126. plate 39. 3051. Bufffiredorange; buffslip,orangepaint.D. (rim) 14. FM 46, runningspiralwithfatoutercoil, monochrome # 9, 51, 56, 66, 68, 77, 79. 73-408. RMDP Laconia interior. 125. plate 40. 3052. Buff;black paint. D. (rim) c. 13. FM 18, flower, monochromeinterior.#57. 35 See

Popham 1984, pl. 172.3-5.

THE LATE HELLADIC

POTTERY §1

307

Fig. 6.5. Area Epsilon,LH IIIA2 KylikesGroup II: 3048-3066. Scale 1:3. 3053. Buff;shaded-brownpaint. D. (rim) 15. FM 19, tongue,monochromeinterior.#35. 3054. Buff; shaded-brown paint. D. (rim) 15. Spiral, monochromeinterior.#28. 3055. Orange; buffslip, orange-brownpaint. FM 62(?), tricurvedarch,monochromeinterior.#70. 3056. Buff; red-brown paint. FM 23(?), whorl-shell, monochromeinterior.#15. 3057. Buff;black to shaded-brownpaint. FM 18, edge of flower,monochromeinterior.#81. 3058. Orange firedbuff;brown to black paint, red in. FM 58, chevron,monochromeinterior.# 70. 3059. Bufffiredorange; buffslip, orange-brownpaint. Monochromeinterior,fineline spiralbands at top of stem. #84.

3060. Orange; buff slip, orange paint. Monochrome interior,fineline spiralbands at top of stem.#81. 3061. Orange; orangepaint,black in. Monochromeinterior. #56. 3062. Pale orange; buff slip, brown paint, black in. Monochromeinterior.#72. 3063. Buff fired brick; buff slip, orange paint. Monochromeinterior.# 66. 3064. Orange; buffslip,orangepaint.Spiralbands down stem.# 56. 3065. Pinkish;buffslip,shaded-brownpaint.D. (base) 7. #51.

3066. #13.

Orange; buffslip, red-orangepaint. D. (base) 9.

GobletFS 263 (monochrome) (fig.6.6) Thisis a shapethat,accordingto Furumark,36 disappearsin LH IIB, butall thesherdsof3067 come fromLH IIIA2 baskets.Moreover, ithas thesmall,evertedrimofAyiosStephanosLH IIIA2 instead 36 Furumark 19410, 630.

3o8

P. A. MOUNTJOY

Fig.6.6. AreaEpsilon,LH IIIA2 pottery: 3067-3078.Scale 1:3.

of the highLH II lip, it is not paintedunder the base, anotherearlyfeatureat Ayios Stephanos,the base is not raised concave underneathbut articulated,and it is tallerthanthe average height(10 cm) of the LH IIB shape. The shape would,therefore, seem to continueintoLH IIIA2. 3068 should also to this as fatfora kylix. its stem is rather short and belong shape, 3067. Buff;orangepaint.D. (rim)16.4.H. (ex.) 14.2.# 62, 66, 68. 73-415·

3068. Brick;orange-brown paint.D. (base)9.4. #51.

THE LATE HELLADIC POTTERY §1

309

(fig.6.6) KylixFS 264 (monochrome) Mostofthekylixsherdsbelongto thistype.Thereseemto be no examplesoftheLH IIIA2 LateFS shallowerbowl; thisconfirms theearlyto mid-LHIIIA2 dateforthedeposit. 265 withtheslightly 3069-3072 belongto thisshape,as do thebases and stems3073-3075, sincetheyare too shortfor FS 266. The basescan havea sharply cutedgein thetradition oftheLH IIIAi gobletas in 3073,37or a roundededgesimilar tothatoftheLH IIIA2 kylixas in 3069 and 3075. Sherd3076 is a veryraised base similarto thatoftheMinoankylix.38 3069. Deep greyfiredorange;black paint.D. (rim)16.8, (base) 7.8. H. 15.7. Reserved interiorbase. # 59, 70, 81. 73-420. RMDP Laconia 127. 3070. Brick;orange-brownpaint.D. (rim) 16. # 38. 3071. Buff;black paint.D. (rimat handle) 15. # 66. 3072. Brick;dark-brown paint.D. (rimathandles)ΐ7·#7ο.

3073. Bufffiredbrick; red-brownpaint. D. (base) 8.2. # 59. 3074. Grey firedbrick;black paint.D. (base) 6.8. # 72. 3075. Grey firedbrick;black to brown paint. D. (base) 7.9. #51. 3076. Pale orange; red-brownpaint.D. (base) 9. # 50.

(fig.6.6) KylixFS 266 (monochrome) The veryshallowbowlof3077 and 3078 suggests thattheybelongto theLH IIIA2 Earlyversionof thisshape. 3077.

Buff;black paint.D. (rim,at handle) 14. # 81.

3078.

Brick;orange-brownpaint.D. (rim) 15.5. # 64.

(fig.6.7) KylixFS 267 (monochrome) Thereare manymonochrome left examplesfromAyiosStephanos,althoughthisshapeis generally elsewhere. shows the everted of this at but short,fine, unpainted 3079 lip period AyiosStephanos, thatof3081 is roundedin themannerofthedecoratedkylikes ofGroupI. 3080 has a slighteverted lip and 3082 is lipless. 3079. Bufffiredpale orange; black paint. D. (rim) 12, (base) 7.2. H. 10.2-3. * 72· 73411· RMDP Laconia 130. 3080. Buff;black paint.D. (rim) 10. # 57, 59.

3081. 3082.

Buff;black paint.D. (rim) 12. # 68. Buff;orange paint.D. (rim) 12. # 56.

(?) (notillustrated) [Piriformjar 3082a (not seen). Lower body only. Pink to buff;lustrous red paint.Double bands above; wavy washy line pendent

fromband; multiplebands towardsbase. Described by O. Dickinson. # 53, 62, 66, 73. 73-421.]

Basin(fig.6.7) Furumark givesno exampleforthisshapein LH IIIA2, as thelargebasinFS 294 beginsin LH IIIB.39 All thepiecesillustrated, buttheir except3083-3084 and 3089, come fromtheLH IIIC contexts, bodies are not verydeep paralleledbytheLH IIIC basinshapes(seebelow);all havea monochrome interior. Twolinearexamplesare shown,bothwithroundedoverhanging rims:3083 has twolarge horizontal handleson theupperbody,and 3084 has a widebandofpaintovertherimsimilarto the This once sherds,but no wholeprofilecan be restored. CUP3560. Thereare manymonochrome thelocal preference forsolidlycoatingvases whichwouldbe linearor unpainted againillustrates elsewhere. Rimsare flat(3085),T-shaped(3086),rolledover(3326) or in-turning (3328); bases are to the flatones of the earlierexamples(see above). The earlyand morerecent ring,in contrast excavations at theMenelaionhaveproducedbasinswiththreeshortlegs,whichappearin LH IIIAi contexts.40 Two examplesof legs have been found(3087-3088) as survivalsin theLH IIIC Early levels.The paucityofLH IIIAi materialat thesiteand in Area Epsilonin particular that suggests thesepiecesmaygo withtheLH IIIA2 monochrome basins.Thereare,unfortunately, no LH IIIA2 at theMenelaion41 contexts thatcouldhave demonstrated thecontinuation oftheLH IIIAi legged formintothisperiod. 37 See Cummer and Schofield 1984, pl. 56.484. 38 Popham 1984, pl. 172.10-12. 39 Furumark 19410, 636.

40 Dawkins 1909-10, pl. 2b; H.W. Catling,pers. comm. 41 Catling 1977, 32.

31O

P. A. MOUNTJOY

Fig.6.7. AreaEpsilon,LH IIIA2 pottery: 3079-3090.Scale 1:3. 3083. Brick;orangepaint.D. (rim)29. Linear.#66. #66. blacktoorangepaint.D. (rim)20.Linear. 3084. Buff; 3085. Brick; orange to black paint. D. (rim) 32. Monochrome. #27. RMDPLaconia137. 3086. Buff; orange-brown paint. D. (rim) 34. Monochrome. #35. RMDPLaconia 138.

3087. Bufffiredbrick;orangepaint.Blobsacrossback. # 20.

chocolatepaintboth sides of leg. 3088. Orange-buff; Ridged.#46. 3089. Buff;blackpaint.D. (base) 11. #53. blackpaint.D. (base) 11.6.#35. 3090. Orange-buff;

Stemmedbowl FS 304 (fig.6.8) This shape may also have the neat, evertedAyios Stephanoslip (3099) or the more usual rounded lip,42as in 3091-3095, 3098 and 3100. The decoratedpieces generallyhave a wavy band (309142French 1965, 167 figs.4.1-3, 8 and 187 fig.9.9.

THE LATE HELLADIC POTTERY §1

311

Fig.6.8. AreaEpsilon,LH IIIA2 pottery: 3091-3110.Scale 1:3.

3°93)> but3094 portraysa spiral,3095 a flowerand 3096 a bivalve.All thepieces have a monochrome interiorexcept 3097, whichis out of contextand could be LH IIIB. The monochromepieces 30983099 are also out of context;the former,unusually,has a reservedarea betweenthe handle stubs. whiteslip,blackto brownpaint.D. 3091. Orange-buff; (rim)15.4.FM 53, wavyband.#51, 53. 73-406.RMDP Laconia142. 3092. Orange;orange-buff slip,orangepaint.FM 53,

wavyband.#19. 3093. Greyfiredbuff;orangepaint.D. (rim)18.FM 53, wavyband.#57. 3094. Pale orange;buffslip,orangepaint.Spiral.#9.

P. A. MOUNTJOY

312

3095. Buff; paleyellowslip,orange-brown paint.D. (rim) #8. 18. FM 18,flower. 3096. Brick;buffslip, fugitiveorangepaint.Bivalve betweenFM 43!?),isolatedsemi-circles. #15. 3097. Stemonly.Bufffiredorange;buffslip,orangebrownpaint.Linearinsideand out.#49.

brownpaint.D. (rim)13.Monochrome. #19. 3098. Buff; black to orange paint. D. (rim) 21. Brick; 3099. #35. Monochrome. #53. black 100. Buff; 3 paint.D. (rim)15.8.Monochrome. 3101. Grey firedbuff;black paint. D. (base) 8.2. #73, 68. Monochrome.

Miscellaneous bowl(fig.6.8) with thefineevertedrimofthisperiod,couldbelongto a dipper;thehighhandlestub Piece 310«, rather and theblobson therimwouldfitthisshape,butthebowlis veryshallow,thediameter large are monochrome. and thebandingratherheavy.It is outofcontext.The otherpieces 3103, witha or a flatbase. The tallrim3104 couldbe LH II, longerbutveryevertedrim,couldhave a stemmed wellto themoreevertedrimsoftheLH II group(see above).3105 could butitdoes notcorrespond belongto a roundedkylix,butthediameteris verysmall,and it is morelikelya bowl.3106 is a miniature bowl.The base 3107,witha streakacrossthebottom, maybelongtoa bowlwithhorizontal krateriskos ofthemonochrome handles.The almostcomplete orvertical 3108 is a smallversion profile thanis theLH HIAi shape.Thereis a lateLH IIIB thebowlis muchnarrower ofFS 279, although The bases 3109 and 3110 mayalso belongto thisshape,since monochrome parallelfromAchaia.43 that ofthebasin. narrow for and are rather deep they 3102. Orange;buff paint.D. (rim)14. slip,orange-brown # 18,23. interior. Linearwithblobsoverrim,monochrome 3103. Brick;orange-brown paint.D. (rim)17. #55, 62. 3104. Brick;orange-brown paint.D. (rim)17. #56. 3105. Brick;orangepaintin,blackout.D. (rim)13.#53. 3106. Greyfiredbuff;blackpaint.D. (rim)7. #60, 62. fired brick;blackpaintinside,browntoorange 3107. Buff (b) UNPAINTED (3111-3117;

ofbase. #62. out.D. (base)8.5. Stripeacrossunderside 3108. Bufffiredorange;orangepaint.D. (rim)20.8, (base)8.5,h. 17.5.#27,47, 48, 51, 53, 56. 73-419·RMDP Laconia 133. 3109. Brick;orange-brown paint.D. (base)6.6. #62. 3110. Buff;blackpaint.D. (base) 10. #53.

FIG. 6.9)

FS 69/128 Amphora/hydria Thispiece has onlyone extanthandleand couldbelongto eitheroftheabove shapes.It has a flat base and a thinroundedlip comparableto themonochrome examples3028-3029. 3111. Brickwithwash.D. (rim,at handle)11, (base) 14. #56.

IiplessbowlFS 204 oftheMinoanconicalcup,but,inspiteoftheMinoaninfluence The shapeis theMycenaean equivalent itis notcommonatthesite.Thereis one completeexample(3112) anda possible atAyiosStephanos, base (3113),butthelowerbodyofthelatteris ratherbroadand itmaybelongto a bowl. D. (rim) 3112. Pale orange;buffslip,rough,smoothed. 11.2,(base)4. H. 4.2-4.6. #52, 56. 73-414·

mark D. (base)5.4. String rough,smoothed. 3113. Buff, in. #56. acrossbase,smoothed

DipperFS 236 to theusual and quiteheavyevertedrimand a widestraphandle,in contrast Thishas a pronounced LH IIIA2 mediumto smallstraphandle.44 3114. Grey,burnt.Once painted(?).D. (rim)14, (base) 2.7. H. 7.5. #62, 66, 68. 73-412.

KylixFS 264 Thissherdmaybelongto thisshape,butithas a smalldiameter. D. (rim)12.6. # once polished(?). standard, 3115. Buff, 51· 43 Papadopoulos1979, 109, 240 fig.264a; Mountjoy1988, 186-8.

44See Stubbings1947,pl. 8.4.

THE LATE HELLADIC POTTERY §1

/ /

''

'

f

' ^P

313

'

3111

/ 1 //

^ItL V

;

WWIWI

I

'

7 ^3119

ι ^

MMMV312I

3120

Fig.6.9. AreaEpsilon,LH IIIA2 pottery: 3111-3121.Scale 1:3.

KylixFS 267 3116 has thefine,evertedAyiosStephanoslip. The base 3117 couldbelongto thisshapeor to FS 264; itis raisedand domedunderneath. 3116. #56.

Grey firedbuff,polished, burntout. D. (rim) 11.

3117·

Buff,rough,smoothed.D. (base) 6.4. #51.

P. A. MOUNTJOY

314 (c) COARSE WARE (3I18-3121;

FIG. 6.9)

Of largebasinrims, Thereis one wheel-made buttonbase (3118) froma one-handled cookingpot.45 T-rim. is and is a 3119 rounded, 3120 heavy Button-base cookingpot

3118. Greywithinclusionsfiredbrick;brownwash. D. (base)4. #68. Wheel-made.

Basin wash. and mica;brown-buff 3119. Buffwithinclusions D. (rim)32. #49.

firedbrick; 3120. Greywithmicaand a fewinclusions D. (rim)34. #51. orangewash,wheel-made.

Souvlaki-dish withinclusions, smoothedsidesand 3121. Orange-buff withirregularly interior, punched impressedunderneath D. (rim)c. 30. #77. 73-416. indentations.

(iv) Late Helladic IIIB Thereare no levelsbelongingto LH IIIB; thesmallamountofmaterialpreservedconsistsofstray findsfromthesurfaceand upperlevels. (a) LATE HELLADIC IIIBl

(3122-3132;

FIG. 6.10)

A veryfewsherdscan be assignedto thisperiod;theyconsistmostlyofkylikes. Largeclosedshape

3122. Greywithsome mica firedbuff;orange-brown decoration. unidentifiable #27. LH paint.Local.Intriguing IIIC Earlycontext.

Piriform jar FS 35/39

foundin thisphase,byhandle-ring(?). #4, 19. pattern

MugFS 226

3124. Rimfroma mugoflargesize.Buff;orange-brown #4. paint.FM 23, whorl-shell.

3123. Buff;orange-brown paint.FM 70, thetightscale

KylixFS 258/259 Thereare canonicalpiecessuchas 3126, withtheusualLH IIIBi almostliplessrimwithband over Otherpieceshavea heavierrim(3125,3129); 3125 and3127whorl-shell. ofvertical anddecoration thattheyare notlocally The fabricof 3126 and 3129 suggests interior. 3128 have a monochrome made. Monochrome 3125. Buff;orangepaint.FM 18, flower. interior. #13. 3126. Buff;brownpaint.D. (rim)c. 16. FM 23, whorlshell.# 24. buff paint.FM 18, slip,shaded-brown 3127. Orange-buff;

interior. monochrome #28. withedgeofwhorl-shell, flower whorlshaded-brown paint.FM 23,elaborate 3128. Buff; interior. tail,monochrome #27. brownpaint.D. (rim)19. FM 3129. Greenish;fugitive 73, lozenge.# 24.

Deep bowlFS 284 a feature The latterarenormally 3130 is decoratedwitha birdand 3131 withdiagonalwhorl-shells. to thebase;46 ofLH IIIA2, butthedeep bowlis rarein LH IIIA2, and decoration usuallycontinues itmaybe an that of and lustrous The fabric IIIBi. LH as is classed therefore 3132 suggest paint 3131 Argiveimport. paint.FM 7, bird.# 23. 3130. Buff;orange-brown paint.FM 23, whorl-shell, 3131. Buff;orange-brown (b) LATE HELLADIC IIIB2 (3133-3134;

interior. monochrome #83. lustrous Buff; orangepaint.FM 75,panelled.#85. 3132.

FIG. 6.10)

One cup sherd(3133) decoratedwithtriangular patchand theedge of a rosettecan be recognised, a from sherd with one largeGroupΒ deep bowl.47 (3134) together 45 See Mountjoy 1981, 58 for LH IIB-IIIAi references. 46 French 1 965, 194 fig.11.

parallels and

47 Verdelis,Frenchand French 1966, 139, 143; Wardle 1973, 314-18.

THE LATE HELLADIC POTTERY §1

315

Fig.6.10. AreaEpsilon,LH IIIB pottery: 3122-3134.Scale 1:3.

Cup

3133. Buff;orange-brownpaint. FM 42, triangular monochrome interior. patchwithedge ofFM 27, rosette, #21.

Deep bowlGroupΒ FS 284

3134. Brickorange;buffslip,orange-brown paint.FM # 10,27. RMDP interior. 42, triangular patch,monochrome Laconia 155.

(v) Transitional and Late Helladic IIIC Early (3135-3197; figs 6.11-6.13) The surfacelevelsin Area Epsilon,whichwere40 cm thick,produceda mixture ofwornByzantine and LH IIIC Earlypottery with LH IIIBi LH ΠΙΑ. LH some and The IIIC Earlylevels together consisted ofabout50 cm ofwashabovecollapsedLH IIIC Earlybuildings and (3143 3179 datewall No floor levels and the cannot be associated with LH walls.48 IIIC Early survived, ka). pottery any from the surface is levels here with that LH from the IIIC pottery together published Earlywash levelsin orderto givea morecompletepictureofthematerial, whichconsistsmostlyofdeep bowl sherdsdecoratedwithlocal versionsofstandardMycenaeanmotifs (see also fig.6.44). Collar-necked jar FS 64 (fig.6.11) Thispieceis decoratedwitha versionofquirkthatappearsto be local to AyiosStephanos. 3135. Buff;brownpaint.FM 48,joinedquirk.#20, 28.

Alabastron FS 96 (fig.6.11)

3136. Shoulderpiece. Buff;blackto brownpaint.FM 64, foliatebandfringe. #19.

Stirrup jar FS 174 (fig.6.11)

3137. Shoulder. Orange;buffslip,orangepaint.Edgeof FM 58, chevron. #19. 3138. Shoulder.Orange;buffslip,orange-brown paint.

FM 58, chevron.#10. 3139. Bodysherd.Buff;orangepaint.Wavylinegroup on belly.#3.

MugFS 226 (fig.6.11) This mug seemsto have had onlylineardecoration.It has the monochrome interior commonat in all the LH AyiosStephanos pottery phases. 3140. Brick;buffslip,orange-brown paint.D. (base) 15. #27.

48 See

Chapter ι §1 (ii).

P. A. MOUNTJOY

3i6

Fig.6.1i. AreaEpsilon,LH IIIC Earlypottery: 3135-3152.Scale 1:3.

DipperFS 236 (fig.6.11) The smalldiameterof 3141 suggests it belongsto thisshape.Dippersare notnormally decorated rim a LH IHBi dots;thereis, however, apartfrombandingand examplefromMycenaedecorated withbivalve.49 3141. Buff;brownto blackpaint.D. (rim)8. FM 53, wavy line. # 34.

One-handled conicalbowlFS 242 (fig.6.11) The diameterofthispiece is slightly largerthanthenormalone of 16 cm or less,sincetherimis the attachment. distorted handle by 3142. Buff; black paint on interior with brown D. (rim)c. 17. # 8, 19. RMDP brownon exterior. streaks, Laconia194.

KylixFS267 (fig.6.11) In otherregionsthisshape is generally The two examples(3143-3144) are bothmonochrome. are a singleexamplefromPhylakopi51 Laconia outside the monochrome parallels unpainted;50 only is thenormand is usedon manyshapes. AtAyiosStephanosmonochrome and othersfromAchaia.52 fromPhylakopi,53 parallels 3143 hasa veryconcaveupperbody,forwhichthereareLH IIIC unpainted but3144 has a straighter rim,whichmaybe LH IIIB.54 paint.D. (rim)14. # 3143. Brickorange;orange-brown 84. RMDPLaconia196. Foundunderwallka. 49 Mountioy 1076, 02 fig.9.9s· 50 Wardle 1969, 288; Mountioy 1976, 98-100. 51 Mountjoy 1985, 162 fig.5.7 no. 176.

3144· Buff;brownto blackpaint.D. (rim)11. #8.

52 Papadopoulos 1979, 245 fig.269b. 53 Mountioy iq8f>, 197 fig. 5.24 no. 395. 54 Wardle 1969, 286 fig. 10.96-9.

THE LATE HELLADIC POTTERY §1

317

KylixFS 274 (fig.6.11) bandeduntil The conicalkylixfirst appearsas an unpainted shapein LH IIIB1,55butis notnormally LH IIIC.563145 is a verylargeexample. 3145. Buff;orange-buff slip,blackto brownpaint.D. interior. (rim)25. Monochrome #42.

#28. interior. 3146· Buff;blackpaint.Monochrome

Krater FS 282 (fig. 6.11)

The flatrimof3149 and thethicksectionsofall thepiecesillustrated suggestthattheybelongto the than All rather to the stemmed FS have a monochrome interior. 9. 3152 ring-based type except3147 is decoratedwithpanelhavinga borderdecoration local to AyiosStephanos(see fig.6.44 below). 3147. Buff;orange-brown paint.Spiral.#48. buff 3148. Orange; slip, orange-brown paint.Spiral, monochrome interior. #19. possiblystemmed, to blackpaint.D. (rim)c. 28. 3149. Buff;shaded-brown FM 53, wavyline,monochrome interior. #35. 3150. Brick;orangepaint.FM 53,wavylineaboveedge

ofdecoration, monochrome interior. #15. buff 3151. Orange; slip,orangepaint.FM 62, tricurved #47. interior. arch,monochrome Buff; 3152. orange-brown paint.FM 75, panelledwith 'bowtie'border;monochrome interior. #28.

Deep bowlFS 284 (3153-3184; fig.6.12) A largeselectionofdeep bowlsherdsis illustrated, LH IIIC shapeand partlyas itis thecommonest at AyiosStephanoson thenormalMycenaeanpatterns.57 partlyto givean idea ofthelocal variation interior. 3153, 3162-3163 and 3173 havea secondwide Veryfewpiecesdo nothavea monochrome bandbelowtheinterior at Tiryns58 and Phylakopi;59 thesecondouter rim,whichis a LH IIIC feature rimbandon 3160-3161,3164, 3168 and3179 is alsoa LH IIIC feature,60 inimitation oftheLH IIIB stemmed bowl.3168 is theType1 Transitional while and bowl, 3170 deep 3193-3194 areType2.61 is 3155 exhibitsa local use ofFM 29, thetrefoil Fragment 3159 decoratedwitha spiral pattern. witha fillsimilarto thaton a LH IIIC Earlystraight-sided alabastronfromPerati;62 it also has the rim and of LH IIIC.63 versions ofquirk, flaring bell-shaped upperprofiletypical 3160-3163 portray thaton 3161 beingcloseto thaton thecollar-necked Antithetic is on jar 3135. spiral depicted 31643167: 3164 has a dottedfringesimilarto thaton a LH IIIC EarlykraterfromKorakou,64 3165 a a chevron between the instead a of and a filled rim, flaring 3166 spirals 3167 panel spiral.Wavyband on on the former with a appears 3168-3171,zigzag 3172-3173, bell-shaped body.3174 hasa horizontal foliateband,to whichthereareparallelsfromTiryns65 and Phylakopi66 in LH IIIC Early,and 3175foliateband.The remaining rim 3176 a vertical piecesdepictpanelpatterns, 3177-3178 withflaring and 3181 withuntidyarrowfringe. 3153. Grey;black paint,burnt.D. (rim)13. FM 19, tongue.#84. to blackpaint.FM 23,whorl3154. Buff;shaded-brown #8. interior. shell,monochrome 3155. Buff;orange-brown paint.D. (rim)13. FM 29, monochrome #84. interior. trefoil, disintegrated 3156. Buff;blackpaint.D. (rim)14.6. FM 43, isolated monochrome interior. #24.ÄMDPLaconia204. semi-circles, 3157. Buff;blackto brownpaint.Spiral,monochrome interior. #57. 3158. Buff;brown-buff slip,blackto brownpaint.FM interior. 46, running spiral,monochrome #57. blackpaint.D. (rim)17. FM 5i(?), 3159. Buff;fugitive stemmed #84. interior. spiralwithfill,monochrome buffslip,blackto brownpaint.D. 3160. Orange-buff; interior. (rim)14. FM 48, quirk,monochrome #19. 3161. Buff;brownpaint.D. (rim)15. FM 48, joined

55 Wardle iq6q, 286 fie:,ιο.ιοκ; 287 fie;.11.107. 56 Popham and Milburn 1071, 3 α.κ fie:.1.2. 57 See furtherMountioy iqqq, ι 27Q-82. 28 κ. 58 Podzuweit 1078, 47R fis;.28.6, 8, 12, 14, 16. 59 Mountioy iq8r, 182 fie. *.i6 nos. 227. 228. 2*0. 60 Mountjoy 1986, 151.

#5. interior. quirk,monochrome buffslip,brownpaint.FM 48, quirk. 3162. Pink-buff; #84. 3163. Buff;orange-brown paint.FM 48, quirk.# 26. 3164. Buff;shaded-brownto black paint. FM 50, antithetic interior. spiral,monochrome #37. 3165. Buff;blackpaint.D. (rim)15. FM 50, antithetic #8. interior. spiral,monochrome D. Buff; 3166. orangepaint. (rim)14. FM 50, antithetic monochrome interior. #10. spiralwithchevron, 3167. Buff; orange-brown paint.FM 50, antithetic spiral, monochrome interior. #27. brownpaint.D. (rim)16.6.FM 53,wavyline, 3168. Buff; monochrome # 27. RMDP Laconia 159, where interior. datedTransitional LH IIIB2-LH IIIC Early'. 3169. Orange;buffslip,orangepaint.FM 53,wavyline, monochrome interior. #10.

61 Mountioy iqqq, ι 27q. 62 Iakovidis iq6q, dL iooa.ioá. 63 French 1060, 134 figs,κ, ία. 64 Biegen 1021, 65 fig.01. 65 Podzuweit 1078, 47R fig. 28.16. 66 Mountjoy 1985, 182 fig.5.16 no. 230. ^

4

***

^*

*H*

ψ

%^

3i8

P. A. MOUNTJOY

Fig. 6.12. Area Epsilon,LH IIIC Earlypottery:3153-3184. Scale 1:3.

3170. Buff;lightto darkbrownpaint.FM 53, wavyline, # 1. RMDP Laconia 172, wheredated monochromeinterior. TransitionalLH IIIB2-LH IIIC Early'. 3171. Buff; orange-brown paint. FM 53, wavy line, monochromeinterior.# 4. 3172. Buff;shaded-brownto black paint.FM 61, zigzag, monochromeinterior.#17. 3173. Buff;orange-brownpaint.FM 61, zigzag. #18. 3174. Buff;red-brown paint.D. (rim)en. FM 64, foliate band, monochromeinterior.# 8. 3175. Buff;orange-brownpaint. FM 64, foliateband, monochromeinterior.#23. 3176. Buff;shaded-brownpaint. FM 75, panelled with FM 64, foliateband, monochromeinterior.#20. 3177. Buff;whitishslip,shaded-brownto black paint.D. # 7. RMDP (rim)14. FM 75, panelled,monochromeinterior. Laconia 203.

3178. Orange; buffslip,orangepaint.D. (rim)£ 16. FM # 8, 23. RMDP Laconia 75, panelled,monochromeinterior. 208. 3179. Buff;grey slip, orange-brownpaint. D. (rim) 15. FM 75, panelled withsemi-circles(?), monochromeinterior. # 83. Dates wall ka. 3180. Buff; shaded-brown paint. FM 75, panelled, monochromeinterior.#12. 3181. Brick;orange paint. FM 75, panelled witharrow fringe,monochromeinterior.# 8. 3182. Buff; shaded-brown to black paint. FM 75, panelled,monochromeinterior.# 48. 3 183. Buff;blackto shaded-brown paint.FM 75, panelled withedge of decoration,monochromeinterior.# 8. 3184. Orange; buffslip, orange-brownpaint. FM 56, chequerpanel by FM 42(?), triangularpatch,monochrome interior.#47.

THE LATE HELLADIC POTTERY §1

Fig. 6.13. Area Epsilon,LH IIIC Earlypottery:3185-3197. Scale 1:3.

67

Popham and Milburn 1971, 337 fig. 2.1 and 341 fig. 5.2.

68 Ε. Β. French 1969, 135, 134 fig. 11.

319

P. A. MOUNTJOY

32O

Deep bowlFS 284 (fig.6.13) The evertedrimof theType2 Transitional deep bowls3193-3194 is similarto thatof LH IIIB stemmed bowls.69 3193. Buff;shaded-brown paint.D. (rim)25. FM 42, #10. ÄMDPLaconia167,wheredated joiningsemi-circles. LH IIIB2-LH IIIC Early'. Transitional

to blackpaint.D. (rim)25. 3194· Buff;shaded-brown Spiral.#35. RMDPLaconia169,wheredatedTransitional LH IIIB2-LH IIIC Early'.

Stemmed bowlFS 306 (fig.6.13) fromtheirslightlip,buttheusualsecondouterband Rimsbelonging to thisshapecan be recognised below the rimis missingin everycase, being replacedby a singlebroad band on the rim.70 has a plainrimwitha broad 3197, decoratedwithpanel and isolatedsemi-circles, Exceptionally, band below it and an unusualkinkin the upperprofile;it also has a smallerdiameterthanthe interior. bowls,whichare all over20 cm.All theexampleshavea monochrome 3195 has remaining no have fill the stems. with line between vertical twoantithetic 3196-3197 lip,but practically spirals thethicker sectionand therimband suggestthattheybelongto thisshape. outside.FM blackpaintinside,orange-brown 3195. Buff; 75, panelledwithFM 50, antithetic spiral.# 28. 3196. Buff;blackto shaded-brown paint.D. (rim)c. 21.

FM 75, panelled.#7. 3197· Bun°;orange-brown paint.D. (rim)19. FM 75, # 10, 20. panelledwithFM 43, isolatedsemi-circles.

2. AREA ZETA 1973 whentheMH and LH laterbuilding, The Mycenaeandepositsin thisArea have suffered through theLateMycenaeanbuilding IIIC Earlywallswerere-usedfortheMedievalstructures.71 Furthermore, theEarlyMycenaeanlevels,withtheresultthatthefewEarlyMycenaeansherds destroyed activity One LH IIIC Earlydepositcan be isolated:sectordeltaproduceda hereare unstratified. illustrated theNE faceofwallig s to wallid (baskets49, 50, 54 and 56),but and from over level running stony threedeep bowlsherdsare depicted less is worthillustrating: and even was little pottery kept, very sherd and a krater and (3211). 3220) (3213-3214 (i) Late Helladic IIA (3198-3205; fig. 6.14) (a) decorated/painted FS 82 Alabastron

buffslip,orange-brown paint.FM 32, 3198. Pink-buff; fill.# 2. withstonepattern rockpattern

Hole-mouthed jar FS 100

3199. Buff;whitishslip,brownpaint.FM 63, hatched loop.#31.

Bridge-spouted jug FS 103 of3200 againstan opengroundand thearcadingroundthebase of3201 are similar decoration The to a jug fromPhylakopl.72 paint.FM 38, pendant.# 25. 3200. Buff;orange-brown thickcreamslip,blackpaint.D. (base)9. FM 3201. Buff; 66, arcadepattern. #51.

Stirrup jar(?)FS 169

blackpaint.MarineStylewithOctopusType 3202. Buff; A (Mountjoy 1984Û,216 AyiosStephanosno. 4). #51. Cup FS 211

and another withblob filland is verycloseto an examplefromAegina73 Thiscup has scalepattern themotifalso appearson a gobletfromKea.75 fromMonemvasia;74 69 Mountioy iqqq, ι 27Q. 70 Mountjoy 1986, 154 fig. 198 illustratesthe usual version; fora LH IIIB2 parallel see Wardle 1973, 319 fig. 12.86. 71 See Chapter 1 §2 above.

72 Dawkins and DrooD 101 1. dI. 11.1J.O. 73 Hiller ίο?*, pl. 7.106. 74 Demakopoulou 1068, pl. 600. 75 Cummer and Schofield 1984, pl. 78.1228. ^™"

■■ - - ■■""■

- -

™-

- -

-

-

-

j-

-

^j

-

/

I

A.

THE LATE HELLADIC

POTTERY §2

321

Fig. 6.14. Area Zeta, LH pottery:3198-3221. Area Eta, LH pottery:3222-3233. Scale 1:3.

3203. Buff;whitishslip,black paint.D. (rim) 12. FM 70, scale pattern,monochromeinterior.#38.

Goblet This base, whichis paintedunderneath and not articulated, compareswell withthosefromArea Epsilon(fig.6.1). 3204.

Grey firedbuff;black paint.D. (base) 6.6. # 74.

P. A. MOUNTJOY

322 (b) COARSE WARE

Cookingpot burnt out.D. 3205. Raisedconcavebase.Buff, slightly #54. (base)7.2.Wheel-made. (ii) Late Helladic

IIIA2

fig. 6.14)

(3206-3207;

KraterFS 8 This krateris decoratedwithrunningspiralhavinga thickoutercoil and fineinnerones in the mannerofthekylix3051. wornbrownpaint.FM 46,running 3206. Buff; spiralwith fatoutercoil.#25.

KylixFS 256 The heavyrimofthiskylixindicatesthatitbelongsto GroupI.76 3207. Buff;orangetoblackpaint.D. (rim)c. 15. FM 62, tricurved arch.#14.

(iii) Late Helladic IIIB (32508-3209; fig. 6.14) Stirrup jar FS 173

FM58, red-brown buff 3208. Orange; paint. slip,fugitive #48. chevron. (iv) Late Helladic

IIIC

KraterFS 9

brownto blackpaint.FM 23,whorl-shell, 3209. Buff; #3. monochrome interior.

Early (3210-3221;

fig. 6.14)

KylixFS 274 Thissherdis decoratedwitha simplepanelin themannerofan examplefromPhylakopl.77 red-brown 3210. Buff; paint,orangein.FM 75,panelled, #75. interior. monochrome

KraterFS 282

3211. Buff;blackto brownpaint.Edge of decoration, interior. monochrome #56.

Deep bowlFS 284 thatitcouldbe a LH IIIB2 deepbowlofGroupB; nevertheless, The deeprimbandof3212 suggests in additiontothefactthatthesherdsfoundwithitareLH IIIC, examplesfromtherecentexcavations intoLH IIIC.78Byanalogywiththeexamples thatthedeeprimbandcontinues atTirynsdemonstrate The flaring fromTiryns,3212 wouldfitintotheLH IIIC repertoire. lip and bell shape of 3213, dateittothisperiod,as likewisethesimilarrimof3214. The twolinear withpanelpattern, decorated bases (3219-3220)bothhave a fairly highring. whiteslip,red-brown paint.D. (rim)18. FM 3212. Buff; #10. interior. monochrome 42,joiningsemi-circles, buffslip,brownpaint.D. (rim)14. 3213. Orange-buff; FM 75, panelled.#54. 3214. Buff;blackto brownpaint.D. (rim)15. FM 19, #56. interior. tongue,monochrome 76 See §1 (iii) (a) above. 77 Mountjoy 1984Í, 230 fig.5.

paint,blackin.FM 46,running orange-brown 3215. Buff; #6. interior. monochrome spiral, 3216. Buff;orange-brownpaint, black in. Spiral, interior. monochrome #72. spiral, paint.FM 46, running 3217. Buff;shaded-brown #48. interior. monochrome

78 Podzuweit

1979, 416 fig.37.10-12 and 419 fig.39.1.

THE LATE HELLADIC POTTERY §3 3218. Buff;orange-brown paint.FM 75, panelled,worn # monochrome interior, (?). 72. 3219. Buff;black paint.D. (base) 6.6. Monochrome

323

interior. #72. 3220. Buff;black paint.D. (base) 6.4. Monochrome #56. interior.

bowlFS 305 Stemmed rimand thicker The thickened sectionof3221 suggest thatitbelongsto thisshape.The widebandof rim on the well with that on the paint compares groupfromAreaEpsilon(fig.6.13, 3193-3197). 3221. Brick; buffslip, orange paint. Miscellaneous fillinthecoilofFM 50,antithetic decoration, possibly spiral, #80. monochrome interior.

3. AREA ETA 1973 The Mycenaeanmaterial comesentirely fromsurface and a coupleof levels,apartfromLH I material LH IIA piecesfromthefillofthecistofEtaburial15 (baskets56, 57, 59, 60 and 61). The onlysherds retained fromthesebasketsarethosefrom#57, ofwhichthoseworthillustrating are3223 and3225also LH contained the IIA vessels 3227. [Burial15 1321-1324.79] (i) Late Helladic I (3222; fig. 6.14) VapheiocupFS 224

3222. Buff;whitish slip,blackpaint.D. (rim)11, (base) 6.8.H. 7.4.FM 46, tangent spiralwithblobs;onlytheblobs and tangent areextant.#43. 73-713.RMDPLaconia8. (ii) Late

Helladic

IIA

(3223-3227;

fig. 6.14)

Bridge-spouted jug FS 103 Thispieceis decoratedwithrunning spiraland has curvedstripesacrosstherim.The running spiral seemsto be a popularneckdecoration on thisshapeat AyiosStephanos. 3223. Pale orangefiredbuff;greenishslip,blackpaint. D. (rim)15. FM 46, runningspiralroundneck,curved acrossrim.#57. stripes

Closedshape wornblackpaint.MarineStylewithOctopus 3224. Buff; no.5). #20. 1984a,216,AyiosStephanos TypeΒ (Mountjoy

3225. Pink; whitishslip, shaded-brown paint.Spiral. #57.

Cup FS 211 3226. Pink;buffslip,wornbrownpaint.FM 76, stone #57. pattern.

Goblet The roundedinnerprofile ofthelip of3227 suggests thatitbelongstothisphaserather thantoa later one,sincethelip ofthelaterkylixis morearticulated.80 3227. Orange-buff; orangeto blackpaint.D. (rim)16. Monochrome. #57.

(iii) Late Helladic IIIA2 (3228; fig. 6.14) KylixFS 264 or 267

3228. Stemand lowerbody.Buff;blackpaint.Monochrome. #17. 79 On the see Chapter ι §3 above. stratigraphy

80 See §1 (iii) above withfig. 6.4.

P. A. MOUNTJOY

324

(iv) Late Helladic IIIB (3229; fig. 6.14) KylixFS 258, 259 3229. Buff;blackto shaded-brownpaint.D. (rim)16. FM 18, flower(untidy).# 2.

(v) Late Helladic

IIIC

Early (3230-3233;

KraterFS 281

^ ι_γγι· -i.i?A>r j. δ FM 51, stemmed buffslip, orange paint. *2*o. · χ · • ι Orange; u 4L 11. # monochrome intenor. spiral, ' v

ι T-o ο Deep bowlFS 285 τα

3231.

ι_

fig. 6.14)

#2. monochrome interior. FM 43,isolated semi-circles,

black in. FM 53, wavy line, brown Buff;pale %2<'2. ù û - * - m. paint u # 2. intenor. monochrome · * τ?'>τ a r> rr li 1 * FM brown black to u

3233· Buff; monochromeinterior.# 2.

paint.

61, zigzag,

Pinkish;buffslip, brown paint,orange-brownin.

4. AREA BETA 1974-77 theLate Mycenaean whichre-usedtheMycenaeanwalls,has largelydestroyed activity, Byzantine wasLH IIIB-IIIC below the In theswoftheAreathefillimmediately levelsin thistrench. Byzantine was found to an averagedepthof30 cm,butin therestofAreaBetaEarlyMycenaean immediately architectural belowa fewLH IIIB-IIIC baskets.ApartfromtheLH IIA-IIIAi Floor1,theremaining in thetrench features patchesoffloorcannotbe associatedwithwalls, pattern: rarelyforma coherent and wallshaveno floorsto go withthem.81 in thisArea wereof childrenwithout Mostoftheinterments gravegoods,butburials26 and 28 fromArea Beta is Withthe exceptionof thesegraves,the pottery containednoteworthy pottery. in orderto givean overviewofthematerial, ratherthanstratigraphically publishedchronologically to the publishedsherdsare made in the is so complex.Cross-references since the stratigraphy comesfromfill.All basketsarefrom illustrated butmostofthematerial introduction to each section, of 1977 unlessstated. theexcavations (i) Stratigraphic Contexts (a) THE ALLEY AND STEPS (LH HA)

to thealley,StreetBetaIV, that In thene cornerofthepavedareain theSW Sectorliestheentrance with two wall and eo es flanked wall ν in thelineof continues ed, stepsupwards:StepI = basket by = the are and IIA LH date to datingsherds). 3282 (3246 83, StepII basket84. These (b) PLASTER FLOOR IN THE SE SECTOR (LH UB)

This floor(baskets42, 49, 66 and 78) maybe associatedwithwall ep, sincethe stonesshowing after thefloorwasremovedwerefroman earlierlevel.The floorcoveredwalley andbelongs through to thelastperiodofMycenaeanoccupationin thissector.[A LH IIB floorin theCentralSectorwas dugwith1974 basket37, w oftheMedievalwallel.] The latestsherdson thefloorareLH IIB (3295-3296);othersherdspublishedareLH I (3244),LH IIA (3249, 3252, 3260-3264, 3268, 3274-3281, 3283, 3285) and Late MattPainted(3299).There is a join betweenbaskets49 and 66. (c) BURIAL 28 (LH IIB)

Thisinterment (basket107) containeda childin a cistagainstwallem. The childhad a bead bracelet on eachwristandthreevasesburiedwithit:theaskos3289,thejug 3290 and thegoblet3291. These areLH IIB/IIIAi in date. (d) FLOOR 1 (LH IIA-IIIAl)

in is associatedwithFloor1,refurbished theswpartofthetrench The Mycenaeanwalled delimiting Sherds baskets and LH IIIAi (baskets17,39, 52, 59, 63, 65, 68-9, 72, 74, 76, 82, 89, 19, 21). 1974 81 See further Chapter ι §4 above.

THE LATE HELLADIC POTTERY §4

325

publishedherecomefrombaskets72, 76, 82, 89: LH I (3235, 3238, 3240-3242),LH IIA (3247); baskets17, 69, and 1974 baskets19, 21, 25: LH IIA (3250, 3258, 3270), LH IIIAi (3300, 33043306,3308). Floor1 also extendedundertheLH IIIA2 areaofstonesev, bothinsideand outsideits ν corner(baskets63, 65 and 68 withLH IIA sherd3248 and LH IIIAi sherds3303-3304, 33093310 and3312). Basket59, whichis above63, includestwowholepots(3306 and 3313) ofLH IIIAi date,whicharealso associatedwithFloor1. Beneaththisfloor,basket72 outsidestonesev in theSW Sectorcame downontowhatis possiblya rubblefloorofLH I- II date.Sherdsillustrated are LH I 1 was laid in LH IIA.82] (3235>3237)· [Floor (e) BURIAL 26 (LH IIIA2

EARLY)

Thisburial(basket67) was insidea re-usedcistby theΕ baulkofthetrench.It containedan infant witha jug (3338) and an askos(3339). Theyare LH IIIA2 Early. together (f) FLOOR-DEPOSITS

OR FILL (LH IIIA2-IIIC

EARLY)

A possiblefloordeposit(baskets15-16, 28-9, 1959 baskets4-5 and 1974 baskets6-7, 12-14, 23), ofa rubblefloor(?)and containing twowholepots(LH IIIB 3342 and LH IIIC 3357),lies consisting in theSW Sector.It containsmuchLH IIIA2 material.It overliesmaterialfromanotherpossible floor,the'lightbrownfloor'(baskets10,40, 1959 baskets6-7 and 1974 baskets8-10, 18, 24),and a pitbeneathit (baskets48, 56), whichcontainstheLH IIIC Earlypot 3380 butalso earliermaterial LH IIIA2. Basket40 has a join withbasket48, a pitdugbelowthislevelintothatofbasket including there is another from 57; join betweenbasket48 and thelowerdeposit(1974 basket24). The pottery thislevel and fromthepit is also LH IIIA2-IIIC Early.PublishedsherdsincludeLH IIA (3254, 3256), LH IIB (3294),LH IIIA2 fôs16^^ 33*1-33*6, 3329, 3331, 3333~3337> 334Ο-3341)* LH IIIB (3340-3355),and Transitional LH IIIB2-LH IIIC EarlywithLH IIIC Earlv(3357-3380). It camedownontotheV-shapedareaofstonesev. Thisfeature datesfromLH IIIA2 (basket73, with sherd It went below the level of basket downto theLH 3323). dating 57 (LH IIIAi) and further IIIAi floor(Floor1). [Theeditortakesthestonesev and thesedepositsto be layersofrubbleandfill dumpedat a singletimeduringtheLH IIIC Earlyphase.83] Elsewhere thebasketsarestilla mixture ofByzantine andlaterMycenaeanmaterial(baskets10 and Sherds are LH II 11). published (3245,3265, 3286-3287) and LH IIIA2 (3320). (ii) Pottery (a) LATE HELLADIC

I (3234-3244;

FIG. 6.1 5)

The onlystratified LH I materialcomesfrombasket76, theremovaloftheslabseu ofFloor1 in the S CentralSector(3242),and frombasket72, a possiblerubblefloorunderFloor1 in theSW Sector therestofthematerial consists ofa fewmonochrome (3235,3237).The sherd3242 is a LM IA import; andunpainted a date of MH III/LH I to the into which theslabsofFloor1 gobletrims,giving layer werebedded.The remaining LH I piecespublishedare outofcontext Alabastron FS 80 3234. Buff;black to shaded-brownpaint. D. (rim) 5.4. FM 10a, iris(disintegrated). 1974 # 37. Floor by wall el.

Squatjug FS 87

3«35· Buff;brownto black paint.FM 46, runningspiral withfillof blobs. 1977 # 72. Stonyfloor.

Jug

Thisbase has thesameprofileas theMinoanising base 3334. 3236. Buff;black paint. D. (base) 9. 1974 # 16. Over Floor 1.

Cup FS 211 3237. Pink firedbuff;buffslip out, white in, black to shaded-brownpaint. D. (rim) 11.8. FM 46, tangentspiral

82 See

Chapter ι §4 (iii) (a) above.

withblobs and much added white,roughinterior.1977 # 72. Stonyfloor.RMDP Laconia 4.

83 See

Chapter 1 §4 (ii) above.

P. A. MOUNTJOY

326

Fig.6.15. AreaBeta,LH I pottery: 3234-3244.Scale 1:3.

VapheiocupFS 224 (fig.6.15) A fewpiecesare illustrated to add to thecorpusfromArea Lambda (3472-3489 below).In shape is intermediate between 3240 TypesI and II. TypeII is themostcommontypeat AyiosStephanos withtangent 3238-3239arebothdecorated (e.g.3222,323c)).84 spiralwithblobfill,3240 withtortoisewith and reducedcrocusmotif. shellripple,3241 withurchin the handle-band 3244,decorated 3243 by withogivalcanopy,mustbelongtoa largeexample,sinceithasa verythicksectionandthedecorative motifis one requiring a deep zone. Thisis nota usualmotifforthisshape.The fabricand paintof with and blob fill,are Minoan. decorated 3242, spiralswithwavytangent 3238. Orange;whitish slip,orange-brown paint.D. (rim) 10.FM 46, tangent spiralwithblobfill.1977#82. Floor1. 3239. Pale orange;whitish slip,blacktobrownpaint.D. (rim)9.4. FM 46, tangent spiralwithblob fill.1977 #45, 51, 53. 77-311.RMDPLaconia9. shaded-brown 3240. Buff; paint.D. (rim)9.2-10.2,(base) 8. FM 78,ripple.1977#82. Floor1. 776.8. H. (restored) 320. RMDPLaconia7. Plate 40. 3241. Buff;blackpaint.D. (rim)10. FM 27, urchinby

handleband. 1977 #90. UnderFloor1. crackledorangeand 3242. Pinkish;buffslip,lustrous, blackpaint.Spiralwithblobs.1977#76. Slabseu (Floor1). LM IA. paint.FM 10, 3243· Buff;whitishslip,shaded-brown crocus.1977 #81. Ashin SE Sector. 3244. Brick;buffslip, orange paint. FM 13, ogival canopy,handleband. 1977 #78. Floorwithwallep.

(b) LATE HELLADIC IIA (3245-3288)

on thelaterfloorsor in thefill.The fromthisphaseconsistsofearliersurvivals Mostofthematerial piecesare 3246, whichdatesStepI, and 3282, whichdatesStepII; thereare many onlystratified piecesfromthefloorassociatedwithwall ep (3249, 3252, 3260-3264, 3268, 3274-3281, 3283, fromthisflooris LH IIB. thelatestmaterial 3285),although Decorated (fig.6.16) Piriform jar FS 21 withcurvedstripes, Thissherd,decorated belongstoFS 21,theusualshapeforthisdecoration. probably paint.FM 67, 3245. Buff;whitishslip,orange-brown curvedstripes.1977 #10. 84 See

Mountjoy 1999, 1 253-4.

THE LATE HELLADIC POTTERY §4

327

Fig.6.16. AreaBeta,LH IIA pottery: 3245-3260.Scale 1:3.

rounded(large)FS 82 Alabastron,

3246. Buff;chocolate-brown paint.MarineStyleweed and rockwork. 1977 # 83. Dates Step I. See Mountjoy 19840,216 AyiosStephanosno. 1.

whitish 3247. Buff; slip,blackpaint.FM 32,rockpattern, X977#89. Floor1.

rounded(medium)FS 83 Alabastron, Sherd3248 is decoratedwithhatchedloop withan irisfilling ornament similarto thaton 3234, but betterdrawn. 3248. Buff;whitish slip,blackto brownpaint.FM 63, hatchedloop withFM 10a iris.1977 #68. Floor1.

Squatjug FS 87 Thisbase couldbelongto LH IIA or LH IIB. It comesfromthefloorwithwallep, wherethelatest material is LH IIB, butthereis also muchLH IIA. 3249. Buff;shaded-brown paint.D. (base)4. 1977 #66. Hole-mouthed jar FS 101

This body-sherd withhatchedloop probablybelongsto thisshape,whichis commonlydecorated withthishatchedloop motif;85 itssectionis notthickenoughforthatofthePalace Stylejar,theother that vase has this decoration.86 large 3250. Orange;buffslip,orange-brown paint.FM 63, hatchedloop. 1974 # 25. OverFloor1.

Bridge-spouted jug FS 103 A neckdecorated withrunning withogivalcanopy(325a). (3251) anda body-sherd spiralis illustrated 3251. Orange;buffslip,orange-brown paint.FM 46, running spiral.1974 #37. Floorbywallel.

85 Wace

1932, pl. 39T.518.4.

whitish 3«5«· Buff; slip,wornblackpaint.FM 13,ogival canopy.1977 #78. Floorwithwallep.

86 Müller

1909, pl. 23 left.

328

P. A. MOUNTJOY

Beakedjug FS 143 (fig.6.16) Itis uncertain whether 3253 belongstoa beakedjug ortoa bridge-spouted jug (FS 103).Itis decorated fromtheir in vertical linesgrowing withfigure-of-eight shields,whichare unusual havinggroupsof heads.It couldcomefroma vase decoratedin theAlternating Style.87 to blackpaint.FM 37, shield. 3253. White;red-brown 1977# 16,28. LH IIIC upperfill.77-302.ÄMDPLaconia 27. PLATE40.

Cup FS 2 11

3254. Orange;pinkish slip,orangepaint.FM 35,doubleaxe. 1977 #29. LH IIIC upperfill. 3255. Buff;brownpaint. Dot festoon,monochrome

interior. 1977 #81. Ashin SE Sector. slip,brownpaint. 3256. Bufffiredpale orange;whitish FM 77, stonepattern. 1977 #48. LH IIIC lowerfill.

BellcupFS 221 arch,3258 withstone 3257 is decoratedin theAlternating Stylewithcrocuspatternand tricurved usualfilledheadand Instead of the and fronds. with triton Marine and in the spray Style pattern 3259 thosein theshields in size to similar with dots filled head and has both this triton body striped body,88 on 3253. The twovasescouldbe by thesamehand. 3257. Buff;black paint.FM 10, crocuswithedge of interior. monochrome tricurved rockwork, 1977#81. Ash in SE Sector. buffslip,orange-brown paint.FM 76, 3258. Pink-buff; LM IB(?). interior. monochrome stonepattern, variegated

1974 #19. Floor1. browntoorangepaint.D. (base)3.8. FM 23, 3259. Buff; interior. monochrome triton, 1974#27. 74-303.Mountjoy 19840, 216 AyiosStephanosno. 2. RMDP Laconia 32. plate 40.

Cup withhighhandleFS 262

brownpaint.FM 53,wavyband.Decoration 3260. Buff; and profilesuggestit belongsto thisshape. 1977 # 49. Floorwithwallep.

Monochrome (fig.6.17) Goblet A selection ofrimsand basesis shownhereto filloutthecorpusfromAreaEpsilon(fig.6.1). 3261ofthisperiod,32168and 3265, 3267 and 3269 exhibittheveryhighfinerimwhichis characteristic not but underneath is which and concave short stem the domed;therim3266 is base, painted 3270 nothigh,butitis veryeverted. 3261. Buff;orangepaint.D. (rim)12. 1977 #49. Floor withwallep. 3262. Orangefiredbuff;blackpaint.D. (rim)14. 1977 #78. Floorwithwallep. paint.D. (rim)9. 1977 # 78. 3263. Buff;orange-brown Floorwithwallep. blackpaint.D. (rim)20. 1977#49, 66. Floor 3264. Buff; withwallep. paint.D. (rim)11.4. 3265. Greyfired pink;orange-brown 1977 #11.

Bowl/cup

orange;orangepaint.D. (base)2.6.Base 3271. Greyfired concave.1977 #30. paintedunder,slightly blackpaint.D. (base)3. Base paintedunder. 3272. Buff;

87 See Coldstreamand Huxley 1972, 302-3 fortheAlternating Style; I thankO. P. T. K. Dickinson forthisidea.

3266. Buff;brownto black paint.D. (rim)15. 1977 #98. Plasterfloorin SW Sector. 3267. Brick;orangepaint.D. (rim)17. 1974 # 35, 37. Floorbywallel. 3268. Brick;orangepaint.D. (base) 7.2. Base painted under.1977 #49. Floorwithwallep. 77-310. paint.D. (rim) 14. orange-brown 3269. Orange-buff; 1974 #37. Floorbywallel. paint. D. (base) 8. Base 3270. Brick;orange-brown paintedunder.1977 # 17. Floor1.

!974 #33· Burial23 3273. Orange;orangepaint.D. (base) 4. Base painted concave.1974#39. Underfloorbywallel. under,slightly

88

Mountjoy 19840, pl. 2 id.

THE LATE HELLADIC POTTERY §4

329

Fig.6.17. AreaBeta,LH ILApottery: 3261-3288.Scale 1:3.

(3274-3288; fig. 6.17) Unpainted Goblet All the rimsexhibitthe finehigh lip of the monochromegoblets of thisphase; some have a slight concavityon the innersurfaceof the lip (3275-3277, 3279). Three bases are shown (3283-3285), all and veryfine,as opposed to theheaviermonochromeexamples3268 and 3270. beingshort-stemmed

33O

P. A. MOUNTJOY

D. (rim)10. 1977 #49. Floorwith standard. 3274. Buff, wallep. D. (rim)10. 1977 #49. Floorwith standard. 3275. Buff, wallep. 3276. Buff, polished.D. (rim)13. 1977 #66. Floorwith wallep. D. (rim)12. 1977 #66. Floorwith standard. 3277. Buff, wallep. burnished. 1977#78. Floorwith 3278. Buff, polished(?) wallep. standard.1977 #66. Floorwithwallep. 3279. Buff,

D. (rim)11. 1977 #78. Floorwith standard. 3280. Buff, wallep. 3281. FS 270. Buff,standard.D. (rim)10. 1977 # 49. Floorwithwallep. 77-309. burnished. 1977 #84. StepII. 3282. Greyfiredbuff, once smoothed, 3283. Brick;buff polished.D. (base) slip 5. 1977 #78. Floorwithwallep. 3284. Greyfiredbuff,standard.D. (base) 5.6. 1977 # 38. Surfaceofroadwayν ofwallet. 77-307. D. (base)5.8. 1977 # 3285. Orange;buffslip,standard. 78. Floorwithwallep.

Bowl/cup(fig.6.17) Sherd3286 has a fine,veryevertedrim,3287 a flat,concavebase. 3286. Orange-buff;buffslip, standardworn, once D. (rim)9. 1977 #10. Floor1. polished(?).

D. (base)2.8. 1977 #45. standard. 3287. Buff,

Cup withhighhandleFS 262

[3287a (notseen).Pink.Base and stemonly.D. (base)5. 1977# 16. LH IIIC upperfill.77-303.Notillustrated.]

Coarseware(fig.6. 17) Cookingpot

from fired brown.Button-base 3288. Greywithinclusions one-handled cookingpot(cf.3188 above,withreferences). D. (base)4.5-5.0. 1974 #37. Floorbywallel. (c) LATE HELLADIC IIB (3289-3299)

Vases fromburial28 (fig.6.18)

monochrome Thischildburial(baskets102 and 107) containedtheaskos3289, theminiature juglet much the askos of the the to are no There miniature and the except shape parallels 3291. goblet 3290 The laterduckaskoifromAchaea,whichdo nothave thestraphandleon theback but a spout.89 juglet3290 is a smallversionofFS 135,butwitha shortneckthatmergesintothebody.Thereis a The shape does not appearafterLH IIB. The small LH IIB parallelfromtheAgoraat Athens.90 the under is monochrome which base, has theearlytypeof conicalfootwitha short goblet3291, evertedrim.The burialwouldseemtobe LH IIB,91buta dateearlyin LH IIIAi cannotbe ruledout, ofthedivisionbetweenthetwophasesis stillimperfect.92 sinceourknowledge Askos(fig.6.18)

toblackpaint.L. 22.1.H. 10.3. 3289. Buff; orange-brown Nose and vent pierced, legs solid, ears not extant. ofvertical Decoration wavylines.77-321.plate40.

JugwithcutawayneckFS 135 (fig.6.18)

3290. Buff;blackpaint.D. (base) 3.8-3.9. H. 6.3-6.5.

base paintedunderneath. Monochrome, 77-323. RMDP Laconia44. plate 40.

GobletFS 270 (fig.6.18)

3291. Buff;black paint.D. (rim)9, (base) 4.6. H. 7. base paintedunderneath. Monochrome, 77-322. RMDP Laconia52. plate 40.

Materialfromothercontexts (fig.6.19)

illustrated materialofthisperiod.The pottery Apartfromburial28, thereis verylittlerecognisable materialcomesfromthe belowcomesfromtheLH IIB floorin theSE Sector(3295-3296).Further floorin theCentralSectorin 1974 basket37, w of theMedievalwall el (3292-3293),whichalso yieldedLH I (3234),LH IIA (3251,3269,3288) and LateMattPainted(3299).Thereis also LH IIB in anotherbasketfromthisSector(3297); 3294 and 3298 arefromlaterfill. 89 Papadopoulos 1979, 231-4 figs.255-8. 90 Immerwahr 1971, T.VII.19.

91 Mountiov iq88, i8r. 92 Mountjoy 1986, 51.

THE LATE HELLADIC POTTERY §4

331

Scale 1:3. Fig.6.18. AreaBeta,burial28, LH IIB pottery: 35589-3291.

Fig.6.19. AreaBeta,LH IIB pottery: 3292-3299.Scale 1:3.

roundedFS 82 (fig.6.19) Alabastron, and a wheelon itsbase. Partofanotherwheelis shown 3292 has theLH IIB versionofrockpattern on thebase 3293, whichcouldbelongto LH IIA or LH IIB. 3292. Orange;pale yellowslip,brownto blackpaint.D. wheelunderbase. 1974#37. (max.)21. FM 32,rockwork; Floorbywallel. 74-306.RMDPLaconia42. plate41.

VapheiocupFS 224 (fig.6.19) The foliatebandis theLH IIB version. brownpaint.FM 64, 3294. Buff;whitishslip,fugitive foliateband. 1974 #9. LH IIIC upperfill.

3*93- Buff;brownpaint.Wheelunderbase. 1974 #37. Floorbywallel.

P. A. MOUNTJOY

332

Ring-handled cupFS 237 (fig.6.19) Two monochrome examplesare published(3295-3296). This shape is generallydecoratedin and in out,as piece3539. 3295. Paleorange;orange-brown paint.D. (rim)9, (base) underbase. 1977 # 78. Floor 3.5. H. 1.8. Monochrome withwallep. 77-318. 3296. Greyfiredorange;orange-brown paint.D. (rim)

9, (base) 3.6. H. 2.4-2.6. Monochrome,base painted underneath. 1977#49. Floorwithwallep. 77-312.RMDP Laconia47.

GobletFS 254 The lilyon thisgobletrimcouldbe LH IIIAi, butthelip is closerto thatoftheLH IIB Ephyraean thatitbelongsto thisperiod. goblet,93 suggesting 3297.

Buff;black to brownpaint.FM 9, lily. 1974 #16.

Floorin CentralSector.

Miniature Bowlwithhighhandle(fig.6.19) blackpaint.A linearexample,oneofa group 3298. Buff; vases(Mountjoy ofLH IIB miniature 1986,49 fig.56). D. (rim)7. 1977 #73. Stonesofev.

LateMattPainted:amphora/hydria shoulderpanel (see 3540-3543 below).It comesfromthe This piece depictstheusual horizontal floorassociatedwithwall ep, fromwhichthelatestmaterialis LH IIB (3295). The vase to which thissherdbelongedcould also be of thisdate, since the materialfromthe wells southof the Acropolisat Athenshas shownthatLate MattPaintedamphoraeand hydriaecontinueas late as LHIIB/LHIIIA1.94 paint. 3299. Greyfiredorange;buffslip,orange-brown Horizontal panel.Handmade.1977 #78. (d) LATE HELLADIC IIIAl (33OO-3315;

FIG. 6.2θ)

The LH IIIAi slabbedsurface(Floor1) in Room 1 extendsunderthestonesev. Sherdspublished fromFloor1 are 3300, 3305, 3308 and 33i4"3315· The sherds3303-3304, 3309-3310 and 3312 come fromthefloorwhereit runsunderthestonesev, as do thetwovases 3306 and 3313. Four and removaloftheMedievalwalls further pieces(3301-3302 and 3307) comefromthefoundations floor. the same from well be ee and el, and may displaced Beakedjug FS 144

3300. Buff;greenishslip, red-brownpaint. FM 22, 1974 #19· Floor1. RMDPLaconia64. argonaut.

Cup FS 219 A completeexample(3301) is decoratedwithstipple.It is unusualin havinga veryfinerimband, thewholelip,andbandson thelowerbody(compare3675),insteadofthe insteadofa bandcovering The bases 3302 and 3304 have a centraldepressionin the bands.95 the base to stipplecontinuing this in of is usual which interior, period. cups 3301. Buff;fugitiveshaded-brownpaint. D. (rim) 11.2, (base) 3.6. H. 5.1-5.5. FM 77, stipple.1977 # 28. 77-301. RMDP Laconia 68. 3302. Buff;brownpaint.D. (base) 4.1. 1974 # 31.

93 Mountioy iq8i, fie. 15.176-8. 94 Mountjoy 1981.

3303. Buff;shaded-brownpaint.FM 77, stipple.1977 # 68. Floor 1. 3304. Brick; orange-buffslip, polished. D. (base) 3.9. 1977 # 63. Floor 1.

95 French 1964, pl. 72a no. 6, has an arrangementof belly bands similarto 3301.

THE LATE HELLADIC POTTERY §4

333

Fig.6.20. AreaBeta,LH IIIAi pottery: 3300-3315.Scale 1:3.

DipperFS 236,unpainted forthisshape,is ofcoarseware.3306 has thefinerversionoftherimthat Dipper3305, unusually the thickbase and on appears AyiosStephanosGroupII kylikes(seefig.6.5). It alsohas an unusually a verywidestraphandle. D. 3305. Brickwithgrits;buffslip,standard. Unpainted. (rim)10.4. 1974 #21. Floor1. 74-301.

D. (rim)8.8. 3306. Brick;buffslip,standard. Unpainted. H. (bowl)6.9. 1977 #59. Floor1. 77-314.

GobletFS 255 itcouldbelongtoa cup,butthedecoration The smalldiameter of3307 suggests ofitshandleconsisting ofdiagonalbarswitha loop roundthebase is thatofthegoblet96 ratherthanthatofthecup,which has a monochrome handle.97 a gobletfromProsymna98 has an equallysmall Furthermore, generally diameter and a somewhat similararrangement ofdecoration, that this is indeeda goblet. suggesting 3307. Buff;shaded-brown paint.D. (rim)13. FM 46, running spiral.1974 #31. 96 65 fig.75.1, 3, 5-6. 97Mountjoy1986,62 Mountjoy1986, fig.72.1.

98 Biegen1937,fig.157.424.

ρ· Α· MOUNTJOY

334

GobletFS 264 (fig.6.20) The base 3308 maybelongto thisshape.Itsstemis toolongforitto belongto an earliergoblet,and itsedgeis tooarticulated forittobelongtoFS 272. The rim3311 has a fairly longevertedlipthatfits fromthetallLH II lip to theshortLH IIIA2 one. wellintothedevelopment 3308. Base and stem.Greyfiredpale orange;orange paint,worn.D. (base) 4.8. Monochrome;base painted underneath. 1977# 17. Floor1. 1977 #65. 3309. Rim.Buff;blackpaint.Monochrome. Floor1.

1977 3310. Rim.Orange;orangepaint.Monochrome. #65. Floor1. blackpaint.D. (rim)20. Monochrome. 1977 3311. Buff; #9. NE sector(unstratified).

KylixFS 267 Sherd3312 has a thinsectionand a verylongevertedlip.The unpainted piece3313, exceptionally, hastwohandlesthatriseabovetherim.TherearelaterLH IIIBi parallelsfromMycenae,"butso far fromLH IIIAi. nonehavebeen documented 3312. Grey firedorange; black paint. D. (rim) 13. Monochrome. 1977 #63. Floor1. withinclusions, roughsmoothed. Unpainted. 3313. Buff

D. (rim)10.5,(base)5.8. H. 9.5-10.5. 1977 #59. Floor1. Π~$χ$-

GobletFS 272 Sherd3314 belongsto theLH IIIAi versionoftheshape.The secondhandleis restored. 3314. Brick;maroonpaint.D. (rim)c. 15. Monochrome. 1974 #21. Floor1. 74-302.

BasinFS 294(?) rimand a deep band overtherim. Thispiecehas a flatbase,a flathorizontal slip,orangepaint.D. (rim) 3315. Greyfiredorange;buff interior. 1977 #69. 38.4,(base)c. 20. H. 8. Monochrome Floor1.77-317. (e) LATE HELLADIC IIIA2 (3316-3341)

comesfromfill,especiallytheLH IIIA2-HIC Earlyfloordepositsor layersoffilland Thismaterial rubblein theSW Sector;33253givesthedateofthestonesev. All thepiecesarepaintedexcept3337. Vases3338-3339 dateburial26. Paintedmaterial fromthefill (3316-3336; fig. 6.21)

FS 94 (fig.6.21) Alabastron, straight-sided

blacktobrownpaint.FM 45,U-pattern. 1974 3316. Buff; #7. Upperfill.

KraterFS 8 (fig.6.21) 3317 is decoratedwithan elaboratedspiral;it has a canonicalsharplyevertedrim,nottheAyios Stephanosversionwiththeroundedinnerlip. 3318 has a spiralwitha fatoutercoil and thininner onessimilarto thaton thekylixofthisperiodfromAreaEpsilon(fig.6.5). brownpaint.Spiral.1974 #9. 3317. Greenish;fugitive Upperfill.

3318. Buff;blackpaintin,brownout.FM 46, running interior. 1974 #6. Upperfill. spiral,monochrome

SpoutedcupFS 249 (fig.6.21)

3319. Orange;buffslip,orangepaint.FM 64, foliate band. 1974 #9. Upperfill. 99 Wardle

1969, 286 fig. 10.98, 101.

THE LATE HELLADIC POTTERY §4

335

Fig. 6.21. Area Beta,LH IIIA2 pottery:3316-3337. Scale 1:3.

KylixFS 256, 257, 262 (fig.6.21) interior. A fewmorekylixsherdsare presented hereto add to thecorpus.All have a monochrome is at the handle the remainder could base; 3323 FS 256, sincethedecoratedzone ends belongto decorated with chevron has a fatter version of the eithershape.3320 AyiosStephanosGroupII rim fig. (see 6.5). 3320. Buff;black paint.D. (rim) c. 16. FM 58, chevron, monochromeinterior.1977 #11.

332 1. Buff; orange paint. FM 21, end of an octopus tentaclewithFM 27, rosettefill,monochromeinterior.1974

336

P. A. MOUNTJOY

# 9. Upper fill. 3322. Orange;buffslip,orangepaint.FM 23, whorl-shell, monochromeinterior.1974 # 8. Upper fill.

33*3· Grey firedorange; buffslip, orange-brownpaint. Edge of decoration, monochrome interior.1977 # 73. Bottomof lower fill,fromstonesev.

KylixFS264 (fig.6.21) The shapeis LH IIIA2 Early. 3324. Buff;orangepaint.D. (rim)17. Monochrome.1977 # 48. Pit underlower fill.

KylixFS269 (fig.6.21) The rimis sharplyeverted,butdoes notbelongto the Thisshapebelongsto LH ΠΙΑ 1-2 Early.100 II fine type. AyiosStephanosGroup 3325. Bufffiredorange; orange paint. D. (rim) 17. H. (ex.) 13.8. Monochrome.1974 # 29. Medieval context,but

anotherpiece fromthisbasketjoins withtheupper fill.74304. RMDP Laconia 132.

Basin (fig. 6.21)

linear.Similarblobsappearon therimof The basin3326 has blobsacrosstherim,butis otherwise ones(3329-3330)anda rim two monochrome A base is illustrated from linear Achaia.101 (3327), cups witha fatincurving (3328). lip 3326. Buff;black to brownpaint.D. (rim)c. 29. Linear, bars across rim. 1974 # 6, 8. Upper fill.74-310. RMDP Laconia 136. 3327. Buff;orange paint out, black in. D. (base) 13. Monochromeinterior.1974 # 26.

3328. Brick orange; orange paint. D. (rim) 27. Monochrome. 1974 #31. RMDP Laconia 139. 33*9- Buff;orange-brownpaint.D. (base) 8. 1977 # 48. Pit underlower fill. 333°· Buff;black paint.D. (base) 7. 1974 # 33.

bowlFS 304 (fig.6.21) Stemmed evertedrim,theothertwosherdsa Threerims,all decoratedwithwavyband.3332 has a fineslightly heavierone. 3331. Brick;greenishslip,brownpaint.D. (rim) 16. FM 53, wavy band, monochromeinterior.1974 # 18. Lower fill.RMDP Laconia 144. 3332. Buff;shaded-brownpaint. D. (rim) 15. FM 53,

wavy band, monochromeinterior.1977 # 95. 3333· Grey firedorange; buffslip, black paint. FM 53, wavy band, monochromeinterior.1974 #12. Upper fill.

Cup (fig. 6.21)

whereastheMycenaeancup has a oftheLM IIIA2 cup,102 to thedescription Thisshapecorresponds imitation. or a Minoan It be rim.103 import may lipped 3334. Brick;orangepaint.D. (rim)12, (base) 4.8. H. 8.6. Monochrome.1974 #18, 24. Lower fill.

bowl(fig.6.21) Miscellaneous Thesetwolinearbasesare ofthesametypeas thosefromAreaEpsilon(3107-3110). 3335. Brick;buffslip,orange-brownpaint.D. (base) 5.4. Monochromeinterior.1974 # 8. Upper fill.

3336. Buff;black paint in, brown out. D. (base) 5.8. Monochromeinterior.1974 # 8. Upper fill.

material Unpainted fromthefill (3337; fig. 6.21)

KylixFS264 (fig.6.21) that3337 belongsto a cup cannotbe excluded. thepossibility Withitssmallrimdiameter, 100Furumark104 10, 6s 1. 101 Papadopoulos 1979, 120, 247 fig. 271c, where they are called 'radiate bars'.

102Popham 1084, 182, pl. 175 especially 5-7. 103 Mountjoy 1988, 189.

THE LATE HELLADIC POTTERY §4

337

Fig. 6.22. Area Beta,burial 26, LH IIIA2 pottery:3338-3339. Scale 1:3. 3337· Buff,worn. D. (rim) 13. Unpainted. 1974 #16. Upper fill.

Betaburial26 (3338-3339;fig.6.22) Vases from Twovaseswerefoundin thischild'sburial. JugFS 112 (fig. 6.22) 3338. Greyfiredpink;orangeto blackpaint.D. (rim) 5.2-5.5, (base) 3.7. H. 10.2-10.7.Monochrome.1977 # 67. Burial26. 77-315.ÄMDPLaconia90. plate41.

AskosFS 194 (fig.6.22)

3339· Buff;orange-brown paint.L. 12.8. D. (base) 4, (mouth)2.5 x 1.4.Wavybands.1977 #67. Burial26. 77316. RMDPLaconia99. plate 41.

Painted material thefill(3340-3341; fig6.23) from JugFS 110 (fig.6.23) An almostcompleteexampleis restored on paper(3340). It comesfromthepit,basket48, and has a in basket from the lower an earlier 24 join 1974 deposit.The ridgeat thebase ofthenecksuggests thana laterdate,so thevase is assignedto thisperiodratherthanto LH IIIC. It maybe even rather earlier.3341 has a rolledlip and couldbe LH IIIA2. 3340. Brickburnt grey;red-brown paint.D. (rim)8, (base) 7. H. (restored) 20.3. Linear.1974 # 24, 1977 # 48. LH (f) LATE HELLADIC IIIB (3342-3356;

IIIC Earlypitunderlowerfill.RMDPLaconia 147. blackpaint.D. (rim)9.3. 1974#8. Upperfill. 3341. Buff;

FIG. 6.23)

Thismaterialall comesfromthearea oftheLH IIIA2-IIIC Earlydepositsor fillin theSW Sector. All piecesarepaintedexcept3356. HydriaFS 130 Sherdsfroma vaseofthisshapeareillustrated, witha joiningpiecefoundin 1959.104 Pairsof together antithetic whorl-shells flankan elaborateflower, thewhorl-shells barred bodies instead ofthe having usualdotfill. 3342. Paleorange;buff slip,shaded-brown paint.FM 18, elaboratehybridflower,flankedby FM 23, pairs of

antithetic whorl-shells. 1977 # 16, 28 + Beta3, 1959 #4. Upperfill.77-304.RMDPLaconia 148.

104 Taylour1972, 269 fig.40.29.

338

P. A. MOUNTJOY

Fig.6.23.AreaBeta,LH IIIA2 pottery: 3340-3341.LH IIIB: 3342-3356.Scale 1:3.

KraterFS 9 (fig.6.23) Threesherdsdecoratedwithflowerbelongto thisshape;3343-3344 are probablyfromthesame vase.All threehavea monochrome interior. 3343· Buff;black paint. FM 18, flower.1974 # 6. Upperfill. 3344. Buff;blackto brownpaint.FM 18, flower.1974

#6. Upperfill. withFM shaded-brown 3345· Buff; paint.FM 18,flower 73(?),lozenge.1974 #7. Upperfill.

KylixFS 258, 259 be LH HIBi. Sherd3352 is decoratedwiththepanelofa Zygouries-type kylixand must,therefore, 3346. Buff;brownpaint.D. (rim)c. 16. FM 46, running spiral.1974 #12. Upperfill. 3347· Valesalmon;pale yellowslip,orange-brown paint. D. (rim)17.FM 48, quirk.1977#48. Pitunderlowerfill. 3348. Buff;brownpaint.FM 18, flower.1974 # 6. Upperfill. 3349. Buff;shaded-brown paint.FM 18,flowerflanked interior. monochrome 1977 # 15. by FM 23, whorl-shell,

Upperfill. 3350. Buff;orange-brown paint.FM 23, whorl-shell. 1974 #9. Upperfill. 3351. Buff;blackto brownpaint.FM 23, whorl-shell, 1974 #6. Upperfill. interior. monochrome 3352. Zygouries-type.Buff; shaded-brownpaint. Panelled.1977 # 28. Upperfill.

Deep bowlFS 284 to thisperiod(3353-3354),bothwitha secondinterior as belonging Twopiecescouldbe identified similarto thosefoundon LH IIIBi Zygouries-type a flower band belowtherim.3353 has horned

THE LATE HELLADIC POTTERY §4

339

therowsofdotsat thebase oftheflowerare in addedwhitepaint.3354 is decoratedwith kylikes;105 withverticalstripesdownitsbodyinsteadof dots.The widerinterior whorl-shell rimband of this sherdmightsuggesta LH IIIC date,buttheupperprofileis verystraight forthatphase. 3353· Buff»shaded-brownto orangepaint.FM 18, flower withadded whitepaint. 1974 # 7. Upper fill.

3354· Buff;orange paint. D. (rim) c. 14. FM 23, whorlshell. 1974 # 7. Upper fill.

Stemmed bowlFS 305 has the rimbanding,106 stemmed bowlexterior butthemonochrome interior 3355 customary typical ofAyiosStephanosinsteadofthemoreusualsecondinterior rimband. 3355· Buff; black paint. D. (rim) 19. FM 48, quirk, monochromeinterior.1974 # 6. Upper fill.

material(3356; fig. 6.23) Unpainted

KylixFS 267 thatitbelongstothisperiodrather 3356 hasa veryslight lipand a straight upperbody,whichsuggest thanto LH IIIC. 3356.

Buff,standard.D. (rim)10. Unpainted.1977 # 45.

(g) TRANSITIONAL

AND LATE HELLADIC

IIIC EARLY (3357-3380;

FIG. 6.24)

The pottery ofthisperiodcomesfromthemixedMycenaean/Byzantine fromthe fill,andin particular disturbed floordepositsor fillin theSW Sector,whichyieldedtheLH IIIC Earlypieces3357-3380. Collar-necked jar FS 63 Thispieceis decoratedwithdisintegrated foliateband or perhapsan untidyversionoftasselpattern, whichhas notyetbecomethe'necklacepattern'of AdvancedLH IIIC, composedofwellpainted fatat thetipand narrowing to a pointat thetop.107 droplets 3357. Buff;shaded-brownpaint. D. (rim) 11. FM 72, tasselpattern.1974 # 9. Upper fill.74-307. RMDP Laconia 185, wheredated 'LH IIIC Early', plate 41. JugFS 110 3358. Buff;brownpaint. Edge of decoration.1974 # 7. Upper fill.

3359· Buff;black to brownpaint.D. (rim)8. 1977 # 48. Pit under lower fill.

KraterFS 9 Sherd3360 shouldbelongto thisshapeinsteadofthering-based typeFS 282, as thelattergenerally has a thicker section.The fringed decoration is similar to that ofthedeep bowl3377. panel 3360. Buff;shaded-brownpaint. FM 75, panelled with 'bow tie' border, monochrome interior.1977 # 40, 48. Lower filland pit underit.

DipperFS 236

3361. Handle. Pale orange;buffslip,orange-brown paint; unusual diagonal stripes.1974 # 13, 14. Upper fill.

KraterFS 282 ofquirkvertically 3362 possiblydepictsmultiple stem;3364 has panelwitha variation placedbeside there is a LH IIIB to the decoration of from it; parallel 3363 Aegina.108 105Biegen 1028, pl. 17.

106 Mountjoy1976,91 fig.8.68-70, 74-7.

107Frödin and Persson 10*8. /101fie·,sfio 1 108Hiller 1975, pl. 38.365.

34°

P. A. MOUNTJOY

Fig.6.24. AreaBeta,LH IIIC Earlypottery: 3357-3380.Scale 1:3. 3362. Buff;brownpaint. FM io,(?), multiplestem, monochrome 1974 #9. Upperfill. interior. 3363. Orange;buffslip,orange-brown paint.FM 56,

chequerpanel.1974 #10. Lowerfill. withFM shaded-brown 3364. Buff; paint.FM 75,panelled interior. 1977 # 16.Upperfill. 48, quirk,monochrome

Deep bowlFS 284 (fig.6.24) thatcomplement All the exampleshave a monochrome and depicta varietyof patterns interior rim its is thatofa deep but has a LH from Area IIIA2 band, 3153-3184 typewavy Epsilon.3371 bowlwhichusuallycarriesthisdecoration. bowl,nottheLH IIIA2 stemmed 3368 and 3374-3376 belongto an unusually largeversionof thisshape.3377 has a panelwithfringesimilarto thaton and on from AreaEpsilon. 3360 3152

THE LATE HELLADIC

3365. Buff;blackpaint.D. (rim)15. FM 19, multiple stem.1977 # 23. 3366. Buff;orange-brown paint.FM 19, multiplestem. 1974 #12. Upperfill. brownpaint,blackin.FM 46, running 3367. Buff; spiral. 1974 #6. Upperfill. 3368. Brick;fugitive orangepaint.FM 5 1, stemmed spiral withfill.1977 # 16. Upperfill. 3369. Buff;blackpaint.FM 5i(?), stemmedspiralwith fill.1977 # 16. Upperfill. 3370. Buff;blackto brownpaint.FM 53, doublewavy linewithspiral.1974#12. Upperfill.RMDPLaconia173, wheredatedTransitional LH IIIB2-LH IIIC Early'. blacktoshaded-brown 3371. Buff; paint.D. (rim)14.FM 53, wavyband.1974 #7. Upperfill.

POTTERY §5

341

brownpaint.FM 60, untidy Ν pattern. 3372. Buff; 1974 #6. Upperfill. blacktobrownpaint.FM 61, zigzagwithfill. 3373· Buff; # 8. 1974 Upperfill. arch 3374. Buff;blackto brownpaint.FM 62, tricurved withfillofFM 51, stemmedspiral.Old mend.1974 # 8. Upperfill.RMDP Laconia 175,wheredatedTransitional LH IIIB2-LH IIIC Early'. 3375· Orange;buffslip,orange-brown paint.FM 62, tricurved arch.1974 #13· Upperfill. arch 3376. Buff;brownto blackpaint.FM 62, tricurved withfill.1977 #29. Upperfill.RMDPLaconia174,where datedTransitional LH IIIB2-LH IIIC Early'. 3377· Brick;buff slip,orangepaint.FM 75,panelledwith 'bowtie'border.1974 #7. Upperfill.

StemmedbowlFS 305 Sherd3378,withisolatedsemi-circles, has thewiderimband ofthegroupofstemmed bowlsshown fromAreaEpsilon(3193-3196),buta muchsmallerdiameter. 3378. Buff;orange-brown paint.D. (rim)16. FM 43, isolatedsemi-circles. 1974 #6. Upperfill.

KylixFS 267 Thesetwomonochrome rimsbothhavea concaveupperbodythatsuggests a LH IIIC date.3380 is unusualin havingthediameter oftherimsmallerthanthatofthecarination. 3379. Brick;orangepaint.D. (rim)12. Monochrome. *977 #4^· Pitunderlowerfill.

3380. Orange;orangepaint.D. (rim)12.4.Monochrome. 1977 #48. Pitunderlowerfill.77-329.

Coarseware(3380a; notillustrated) [One coarseitemfromtheLH IIIC Earlyfillin theSW Sectoris added. [Souvlakidish(?)

3380a (notseen). Fragment only.Pinkwithwhiteand browngrits;smoothed.H. 3.5. W. (max.)4.2. Th. 0.8.

Carinatededgeofdishwithholescleanlypiercedthrough walls.1974 #9. Upperfill.74-309.]

5. AREA LAMBDA 1973-77 The pottery fromall theLambdatrenches is presented hereas one grouparrangedchronologically ratherthanstratigraphically from floor and ofit is (apart burials),sincea largeproportion deposits unstratified. (i) Stratigraphic Contexts (a) LAMBDA1, 1973 AND LAMBDA/ BETA 12, 1974

This Area slopessteeplyand heavyerosionhas takenplace. Nonetheless, thereis a considerable of and bedrock was never reached. The effects of the erosion are illustrated depth deposit, byjoins betweensurfacelayersfromtheΝ to thes end ofthetrenches. under Mycenaeanlayersare directly thesurfaceeverywhere, and onlysmallamountsofLH IIIC Earlypottery have been washeddown fromhigherup.109 Late HelladicIIA

No wallsearlierthanLH IIIC Earlywereremoved,and onlya fewEarlyMycenaeanbasketswere wallsand floorsare now assignedto LH IIA-IIIAi Early:wallsmj, la, lp and dug.[Thefollowing gc, withFloors18 and 19 of 1963, Floors1 and 3 of 1973, and Floor3 of 1974 (fig.1.36). The discussion is keyedto theplanoftheMH III-LH I phase,fig. 1.43.] 109See further Chapter ι §5 above withfigs. 1.34-1.45.

342

P. A. MOUNTJOY

Room 6 (1973 baskets13, 14, 15, 21, 23) These LH II-IIIAi levels overliewall le. Baskets13 and 14 come fromabove wall If; 14 seems to be tumble.There are no whole pots,but the lower halfof a goblet was recovered (3558); its tall stem suggestsa LH IIIAi date. Sherdsillustratedare LH I (3481-3482), LH IIA (3497, 3515, 3525) and LH IIIAi (3549, 3558). Room 7 (1974 baskets30, 32, 34, 69, 73) thatall fourbaskets Baskets69 and 73 join with1973 baskets14 and 2 1 fromRoom 6, demonstrating than wall gd, which wall is This them. wall which the destruction of If, higher separates postdate The otherbaskets, to the addition that it is a still later(but buildingplan. Early Mycenaean) suggests withthe IIA associated LH levels confused togetherwith 1973 basket 13 fromRoom 6, represent than the are still preservedtop deeper collapse ofwall If.The heightsofbaskets69 and 73 show they ofwall If; thebasketsassociatedwiththewall itselfare MH III/LH I fromthe deepestlevels reached in 1973. As baskets69 and 73 are large depositswithportionsof whole pots,theymay representthe floorsassociatedwithwalls la and lp. [Similarly,baskets30 and 32 representthe LH IIA slab floor called Floor 3 of 1974.] Sherds publishedfromthese basketsare LH I (3467, 3480, 3484, 3487, 3489), LH IIA (34903491' 3494, 35O1> 35X3> 35l6> 35X9>35«6> 353*)> and Late MattPainted (354O-3541) Room 8 (1974 baskets71, 74) Only the tops of walls gd, ge and hx=hw were exposed in 1974; the materialin the two basketsis LH II apartfrombasket 74, whichcontainedthe LH IIIC amphoriskosbase 3593. The floorlevels may not be farbelow. Potterypublishedconsistsof LH I (3475), LH IIA (3503, 3514, 3529-3530, 3537) and LH IIB (3539). Room 10A (1973 basket 12) Althoughseparatedby wall le, basket 12 joins withbasket 13 in Room 6, whichconfirmsthattheLH The LH IIA whole pots 1693 and 3511 come from IIA levels eitherside of le are contemporary. withwall le=hx and probablywall Id. Illustrated associated IIA level floor whatmusthave been a LH IIA LH and materialconsistsof LH I (3472, 3486) (3511, 3528). Room 10B (1973 baskets17, 20) Basket20 was used fortheremovalofthebadly eroded Floor 2 of 1973; itslatestmaterialis LH I- II, apartfromone LH IIIA2 sherd thatis probablycontaminationfromthe burial beneath (burial 1). There is a join in the LH IIIA2 piece 3560 betweenthisbasketand 1974 basket66. Only six sherds have been keptfrombasket20, and basket17 containssolelyMH; 3560 alone is worthyofillustration. Room 10C (1974 baskets66, 75) The latestsherdsin basket66 are LH IIIAi (twosherds),but theseare probablycontaminationfrom burials7 and 10; the remainingsherdsare LH I- II. There are joins between thisbasket and 1973 basket 20 in Room 10B (3560), whichlies at the same level, and with 1973 baskets26 and 33. Of these,basket26 is fromRoom 10B beneathbasket20, and basket33 is theremovalofwall lc. Basket 75 fromtheε end oftheArea containsmaterialoverlyingthetops ofwalls ht and lr. The stratigraphy is disturbed,the latestsherdbeing LH IIIA2. Materialillustratedfromthisarea comprisesLH IIIAi (3555) and LH IIIA2 (3566). Late Heüadic III

[The discussionis keyed to the plan of the LH II- III phases, fig. 1.36. Walls lb and lo are now assignedto LH IIIAi; the otherwalls in fig. 1.36 are LH IIIC Early.] Room 3 (1974 baskets20, 23) Each of thesebasketscontainsa couple of LH IIIAi pieces as the latestsherds.They come fromν of wall lb and go down roughlyto its base; but the potteryis very mixed, includingmuch Early are Mycenaean,thereis no evidence for a floor,there are no whole pots, and the basket heights room IIIAi LH is shown basket from IIIAi LH One inference. knownonlyby (3545). [This 23 piece was cut by the LH IIIC Earlybuildingto the s and Ε (Rooms 2 and 4).]

THE LATE HELLADIC

POTTERY §5

343

Area w ofwall la (1973 baskets3, 4, 6, 8) The potteryis mixed LH IIIAi -2, withsome LH IIIB-IIIC sherdsfrombasket3 and earliermaterial. Sherds illustratedfromhere are LH I (3483), LH IIIAi (3548, 3551, 3558) and LH IIIC Early (3583)· Room 1 (1973 baskets7, 10, 27; 1974 baskets35, 37) The basketsfromthis room, includingthe area s of wall lb, contain materialfrommixed surface levels. To the sw, in the area of the underlyingRoom 10A, 1973 baskets 7 and 10 were used. The potteryis mixed LH IIIA1-2, withearliermaterial.Sherds illustratedfromhere are LH IIA (3510, 3528) and Late Matt Painted (3543). Three LH III burialswere cut down into Room 1: (i) Lambda burial 1 (1973 basket30) The MH sherdsin thisbasketprobablycome fromthestratum intowhichtheburialwas cut,as thewhole with found the burial LH are There is a good deal ofLH ΠΙΑ in theoverlying IIIA2 pots (3573-3574)· baskets20 and 26 and even in basket7, whichis higherstilland constitutes thelowestlevel fromwhich thegravecould have been cut.The LH IIIA2 flask3575 may also be associatedwiththisburial.110 (ii) Lambda burial7 (1974 basket70) This interment is dated by the LH IIIAi sherd3555; itjoins withbaskets37 and 66 above it,which must have been contaminatedby the burial. It was perhaps an intramuralinfantburial deposited duringthe use of Room 1. [The bowl 3569 should probablybe associatedwiththisinterment.111] (iii)Beta burial20 (1974 basket42, not retained) The excavatorsuggestedthatthisburialbelongsto the late phase, i.e. LH ΠΙΑ, in theuse of Room 1. It is cut into 1974 basket 37, which containedmainlyLH I-IIA material,but had a fewLH IIIAi is now dated to LH IIIC Early.112] sherds,possiblycontaminationfromthe burial. [This interment Room 2 (1974 baskets36, 38, 39, 41, 50, 51) Baskets36 and 38 containtumblefromthe collapse of wall hu and give it a terminus postquernof LH IIIA2 (a kylixrimdecoratedwithoctopuswithadded whitein basket38). The room had a slab floor, Floor 4, representedby baskets39, 41, 50 and 51. It is a LH IIIC Earlyfloorwitha couple ofpots in situand much LH I-IIA wash,whichhas come down on top afterwall hu collapsed. A conical kylix rim decoratedwithdistinctivesplashes across the handle is illustratedfrombasket 51 (3595) and a dipperrimwiththe same handle splashesfrombaskets39 and 50 (3594) togetherwiththe cup 3596, whichjoins HS 119.113[The amphoriskos3701, alabastron3704 and unpaintedshallow bowl HS 106114also come fromFloor 4.] Room 4 (1974 baskets31, 43, 45, 52) The upperlevels (baskets31 and 43) are mixed withLH I-IIA wash froma floorhigherup the slope. The walls seem to have collapsed first, and thenthe wash came down over the tumble.The LH IIIC slabbed floor(Floor 5) was excavatedin baskets45 and 52 and produced the amphoriskos3593 and thebowl 3597. [Floor5 also yieldedthe LH IIIB amphora3694 and the LH IIIC Earlyamphoriskos 115 3700, stirrup jar 3707, deep bowl 3738 and lid HS 122. The LH IIA goblets 3667 and 3670 are fromthe Early Mycenaean wash.] Otherwisethereare halfa dozen LH IIIAi decorated sherdsfromall the baskets,the remaining potterybeing LH I- II. Unstratified material The remainingpotteryillustrated fromLambda i/Beta 12 comes fromsurfacelevels or is unstratified. It includesLH I (3463-3466, 3468-3470), LH I-II (3524, 3527, 3533), LH IIA (3493, 3500, 350435Ο5, 3518, 3521, 3538), LH IIIAi (3546, 3550, 3552, 3554), LH IIIA2 (3561, 3564-3565, 3568, 3570) and LH IIIC Early (3592). 110See Chapter 2 §5 (i) above. 111See Chanter 2 Sκ (i) ahnvP 112See Chapter 2 §5 (ii) above.

113 1972, 254-5, 259> wh° dates the floortoo early. 114Taylour Tavlour 1072. 2*8 withfier.*a. 115 Taylour 1972, 259, 245 fig. 22.2, pl. 47a.

344

ρ· Α· MOUNTJOY

(b) LAMBDA 2, 1974

levels wasexcavatedonlytoa depthof8o cm.The surface Thistrench, whichslopessteeply southwards, in ν baskets surface the sector the all the below the and were over 2 trench; (baskets 18) dug from andMycenaeanpottery. Sherdsillustrated a mixture ofByzantine (3,5, 28, 33 and46) contained these baskets are LH IIA (3507, 3517), LH IIIA2 (3563), LH IIIB (3582) and LH IIIC Early(3585,358g).116 firstphase Early Mycenaean,

that is knownofitsdate,apartfromthepossibility wallin thetrench, butnothing Walllj is theearliest Floor1 maybe associatedwithit,in whichcase ittoowasbuiltin,or in use in,theEarly theputative Mycenaeanperiod. Early Mycenaean,secondphase (baskets 13, 14, 15, 16)

Earlierlevelssurvivein theshelterofwallslh and lj. The tumblefromwall11(basket26) also has EarlyMycenaeanas itslatestmaterial.ApartfromLH I and someLH IIA, thebasketsall contain LH IIIA2 sherds,one ofwhichjoinswithbaskets7 and 11, wornMH; basket15 has twointrusive and basket16 has a LH IHBi sherd,whichalsojoinswithbasket11. No floorlevelshave survived, and basket16, whichrestson Floor 1 (ifit is a floor),probablybelongsto thefirst phase of Early IIA LH and LH I of consists illustrated (3508). (3462, 3473, 3476-3477) Mycenaean.Pottery III (baskets4, 6-11, 22, 25, 47, 54, 65) LateHelladic Mostofthesherdsareworn levelsthereis a fairly Belowthesurface deepLH ΠΙΑ filloverthetrench. ina relatively unwornstate. sherds LH a of is small IIIA2-IHB but there proportion EarlyMycenaean, thefilloccupiestheentirelowerendas deep as wasexcavated.The surfaces In thes partofthetrench as thereareno on whichthelowestbaskets11 and47 rest,calledFloors1 and 2, aresuspectas floors, IIA (3498, LH LH I is this from wholepotsto go withthem.Pottery (3474, 3485), phase published LH IIIC and IIIB LH LH IIIAi LH IIIA2 (3587(3576-3581) (3559), (3547, 3553), 35Ο9,3520), 3588. 3590-3591) (c) AREA LAMBDA 3/4, 1977 Early Mycenaeanlevelsand structures

with A seriesofLH I surfaces (Floors4=6=7) producedthreewholepots.The buildingin association in LambdaI usingwallsme, mh and mb,was builtlatein MH and continued Structure thesefloors, levelslinkedby a stepmd,which oftworoomswithfloorsat different use in LH I, whenitconsisted overthe Thesefloorswerein thes room(RoomA/B).The layersimmediately was a laterinsertion. naviform the were whole The I-IIA LH a mixture of contained floors objects6078-6081 pots pottery. on Floor7, and LH IIA 3522 on Floor6. The basketsfromthefloorsare as follows:Floor4, basket 106withbasket54 aboveit;Floor6, basket85 (3522,butotherwise lost)over86 (sherds345«"3453) Floor7, baskets90, 94 and 105 and from the above with basket and 89 (including floor; 83 3457), mud-brick of the The not walls,and perhapsmore retained). collapse (thelattertwobasketswere ofthebuilding.[Items area entire the fill over I-IIA LH a of led to thedeposition deliberate activity, Pieces IIA LH in use of out went 3391-339253396> Early. 3457 and 3522 showthatthebuilding 3401, 3405, 3427 and 3442 fromtheΝroom,RoomC, foundon theMH III/LH I-LH I EarlyFloor 8 (basket91) and overtheMH III LateFloor9 belowit (basket97) are also includedbelow.117] Lambdaburial15 wasmadein thejar 1781,whichshouldbe MH/LH I. It overliesmb,whichis MH III Thisinterment theburialmustbelongto lateLH I/LH IIA. in use untilLH I. Therefore butcontinued Late Helladic III levels

LH Thereareno definite disturbed Theselevelshavebeenextensively buildingactivity. byByzantine IIIB-IIIC levels,and LH ΠΙΑ levelsalso hardlyexistedin theexcavatedareas,orhavebeeneroded 116Forthe see Chapterι §6 above withfigs,ι.46-1.47. stratigraphy

117See further Chapter 1 §7 (iii) withfigs. 1.49-1.52.

THE LATE HELLADIC POTTERY §5

345

away.Possiblywall me in the NW Sectorbelongsto thisphase, but any surfacesrelatedto it lie to the Ν and have not been excavated.118 Lambda burial 14 (1977 baskets32, 34) This was a cistgravecut down intoEarlyMycenaeanlevels. It was reachedin basket32 and removed in basket 34. One LH IIIA2 vase is associated withit (3572). There was no LH IIIA in the levels times.The stonesof the above, so the pit musthave been shallow or eroded away in pre-Byzantine cistgrave,basket49, containnothinglaterthanthe surroundingEarly Mycenaean. Lambda burial 16 (1977 baskets48, 52) Basket 48 came down to this cist burial, which was removed with basket 52. The burial should be LH III, but the potteryin basket52 was undiagnostic. stratigraphically Potterypublishedfromthe basketsof the LH III levels consistsof LH I (3488), LH HA (3496), LH IIIAi (3544) and LH IIIA2 (3567, 357*)· (ii) Pottery (a) TRANSITIONAL AND LATE HELLADIC I FROM AREA LAMBDA 3/4 (3381-3433)

The stratified LH I in the Lambda trenchescomes mainly fromthe upper floor deposits (Floors of Room A/B of StructureLambda I in Area Lambda 3/4 thatcontinuedin use from 4a=4b=6=7) MH III to LH I or even LH IIA. [1710 is also fromFloor 6. This sectionalso includessherdsfromthe LH I Early fillover Floor 8 in Room C of thisbuilding(baskets68 over 88). Six LH I Early pieces foundon Floor 8 itself(baskets91-3, 96) are also publishedhere (3392, 3396, 3401, 3405, 3427 and 3442). The MH III/LH I sherd3391 was foundin the fillover Floor 9 (basket97) below Floor 8.119] The Helladic materialis publishedas 3381-3433, and the Minoan importsas 3434-3461. These depositscontaineda rangeof wares: Fine Yellow Minyan,Dark BurnishedMicaceous, GreyMinyan, Micaceous Minoan and GrittyYellow Minyanand MattPainted,LustrousDecorated (fineand gritty), Coarse. A fewMinoan importsand a littleLustrousPainted (i.e. Mycenaean) LH I potterywere also present.The importedMinoan sherdsdate to MM IIIB throughearlyLM IA.120The waresoftheMH period continuedto be produced in the earlyyears of LH, and one cannotbe certainin many cases whethersherdsbelong to the end of the earlierperiod or to the beginningof the next.What is clear, however,fromtheevidencein thisbuildingis thattheproductionofFine YellowMinyanin theshapes cataloguedbelow and the Dark-on-light styleof LustrousDecorated ware belonged to the LH period. withC. Zerner,thefollowingdatesare now givento theitemsin §(a) and in §(b) below: [In consultation MH III/LH I: 3391, 3402, 3411, 3435, 3448. LH I Early: 3381, 3392-3393, 3395" [Transitional 3397, 3399, 34<>i, 34°5> 341», 3412-3432, 3436, 3439~3443> 3445~3447> 345°"3451> 3455" 3456> 3458> 3461 LH I/IIA: 3382-3390, 3394, 3398, 3400, 34<>3-34O4>3406-3409, 3433"3434> 3437-34385 3444, 3449, 345«"3454, 3457, 3459"346°· The dates ascribed to the sherdsand to theircontextsare the same unless otherwiseindicated.] Fine YellowMinyan(fig. 6.25)

For thegeneraldescriptionof the ware see above.121Colour of surfaceor biscuitor otherfeaturesare giveniftheydeviatefromthe norm.The shapes as well as the fabricof the vessels in thisdepositare characteristic of earlyLH. The semi-globularcup and gobleton a low footare the mosttypical. Semi-globularcup

3381. #68. LH I Earlycontext 3382. #86. LH I/IIA context. ,ρ LrOblet notburnished. D. (rim)12. 3383. Concaverim,interior #86. LH I/IIA context. mottled buff toorange;burnished 3384. Orange;surface interior rimand exterior. #86. LH I/IIA context. 118See furtherChapter ι §7 (ii) withfig. 1.4.8. 119See Chapter 5 §5 (v) (b) above.

of 3385. Extralayerofclayappliedto uppersurface

handleatjoinwithrim,perhapswherea rivetwasplaced(?). #86. LHI/IIA context tobothsidesofrim.#86. LH 1/ 3386. Handleattached ΠΑ context. D. 3.7. #86. LH I/IIA context. 3387. Stem,wheel-made. Wide-mouthed J jar ,. . 33»8. D. (rim)16. #86. LH I/IIA context. 120Cf. Coldstream and Huxley 1972, 104-14, Deposit Zeta. 121 Chapter 5 §3 (i) (c).

346

Ρ- A. MOUNTJOY

^1 αϊ ') ')w { ΤίΤίΠν -A -ψ% l / 1 γ/ 33βΤ IS' ; H /~' ' ] 1/^.

'-

3387/

^~^-^

3388

^_~^

V

3389

|

Γ^

-|/

T1 "" I / Λ |/ 3395 3399

'

'/

3396

(___HB

3397

3398

■_■-■

1 3400

(

'

^ ΓΤ7W9-. '

^~^

^M 3401

3406

-*3402

^_f^b

-jS - * 3410

3405

»3403

3411

^^!>

3407

3408

^

/

-/T 3409

^>-l C^t ^ ( Φ"1 3412 ^^^

* 3413

^

m 3414

3415

Fig. 6.25. Area Lambda 3/4,LH I potterydeposits:Fine Yellow Minyan3381-3390; Dark BurnishedMicaceous 3391 (MH III Early),3392-3398; GreyMinyan3399; ware uncertain3400; GrittyYellow Minyan3401-3411; GrittyMatt Painted3412-3415- Scale 1:3.

Jarorbasin

3389. Body-sherd with horizontal handle; burnished exterior,streakilyburnished interior.# 86. LH I/IIA context.

3390. Body-sherdwith verticalhandle, tiltedupwards; burnishedinteriorand exterior.# 86. LH I/IIA context.

THE LATE HELLADIC POTTERY §5

347

Dark BurnishedMicaceous(fig. 6.25) Rounded CUp

· 'τ ±> ι u ji at* rim. τλ /· ' τ · j ** D. (rim) handle 7. Incised pattern 33Qi. · Vertical · * · ? ru in· *ι· γ j * of pairs of horizontal lines outlining two rows of dots /vi (like

a foliate band?).#97. MH III/LH I context.

Semi-globularcup 33955.

» TTτI τ? ι 4. 4. # 91. T LH Early context.

.#86. LH I/IIA context. 3394· Orange;brownish-buff.

MQii. oovv 3396. JJ3

# 88. LH I Early context. * D. τ* /i_ ' 6. * A c .u. τττττ?ι Low r foot. (base) ' / # oi. » LH I Early j context,

Basin 3397· #68. LH I Earlycontext.

33<)8. °°*

Low foot. D. '(base)/ 6.4. t # 86. LH I/IIA context.

Angulargoblet

3393· Darkgrey;coarse.#68. LH I Earlycontext.

GreyMinyan(fig.6.25) Goblet #88. LH I Earlycontext. 3399· Finegreythroughout. Wareuncertain(fig. 6.25)

Goblet 3400. Lightred(c 10R6/6);palered(a 10R6/3)surface withthickcoat on interior and exterior ofwhitematerial

(slip?)whichlooksverychalky.D. (rim)12. # 89. LH 1/ II A context.

YellowMinyan(fig.6.25) Gritty

The goblet3403 is nota MH shapeand datesto earlyLH; theothershapesin Gritty YellowMinyan and MattPainted(below)are eitherlatestMH or earliestLH. Carinatedcup

3401. Buffexceptforfiringcloud (5YR 6/6 reddish marksofburning on interior andexterior; onethird yellow), wholeprofileD. (rim)i2.3, (base)5.1. H. 8.3. preserved, #91, 93, 96. LH I Earlycontext. 77-916. 3402. Low foot.#54. MH III/LH I context. Goblet of rim.# 89. LH 1/ 3403. Handleattachedto exterior IIA context.

34°4- D. (base)6. #86.LHI/IIAcontext. 34°j> 34»6. **>Ί

D. (base)6.5. #91 LH I Earlycontext, D. base 8. * 86. LH[I/IIA context, D. (base) 10. #86. LH I/IIA context.

Jar 3408. Rim.#86. LH I/IIA context. withvertical # handle,tiltedupwards. 34Ο9· Body-sherd 86. LH I/IIA context. 341O Base #88 LH ι Earlycontext. 341x Base #M MH III/LH ι context.

MattPainted(fig.6.25) Gritty Closed shape 3412. Greywithfinegrits;greenishslip,shaded-brown #68. LH I Earlycontext. paint.Edgeofdecoration.

3414· As previous.# 83. LH I Earlypiecein LH I/IIA con

Angular goblet horizontal bandandpendent 3413. No traceofburnish; loopsat rim.#88. LH I Earlycontext.

band and row of 3415· Burnishedexterior;horizontal dots·#83· LH l Ear1^Piecein LH I/IIA context'

LustrousDecorated,fine (fig. 6.26)

Semi-globular cup

The shapesin Lustrous datefromthelatestphasesofthe Decorated,in bothfineand gritty varieties, ofthelight-on-dark and polychrome MBA,buttheproduction fora short stylesmayhavecontinued timein LH (see above,theintroduction to thissection,fordiscussion). The fineLustrousDecorated material includesa sherdfroma Vapheiocup (3416)andsherdsfromroundedcupsorbowlsdecorated in light-on-dark and dark-on-light be decoratedwith techniques(3417-3430). Theymaysometimes purplebands (3424"3425>34^9) or withrippleand added white(3423, 3427). 3428 is decorated witha crosson thebase,a feature in thisperiod. relatively frequent

P. A. MOUNTJOY

348

Fig. 6.26. Area Lambda 3/4,LH I potterydeposits:LustrousDecorated,fine3416-3430; LustrousDecorated,gritty, 3431""3433>Micaceous Minoan 3434-3436; Fine Minoan 3437-3440; Medium Coarse Minoan 3441-3448. Scale 1:3.

Vapheiocup (fig.6.26) 3416.

Greenish;black paint.# 68. LH I Early context.

Semi-globular cup

3417. Bufffiredorange;brownand purplepaint.D. (rim) 14. Traces of whiteon purple.# 68. LH I Early context.

3418. Orange; whitishslip out, orange burnished in, brownpaint.# 68. LH I Early context. 3419. Bufffiredorange; orange paint. # 68. LH I Early context. 3420. Finebuff;darkgreypaint.# 88. LH I Earlycontext. 342 1. Fine buff;darkgreypaint.# 88. LH I Earlycontext. 3432. Buff;black paint. D. (rim) 13. # 68. LH I Early context.

THE LATE HELLADIC POTTERY §5 3423. Buff;brownpaintwithadded white.D. (base)4. Ripple.#68. LH I Earlycontext. 3424. Buff;darkgreyto blackpaintwithadded purple horizontal band.#83. LH I/IIA context. 3425. Fineorange;buff slip,fadeddarkpaint.Horizontal bandin addedpurple.#88. LH I Earlycontext.

Roundedcup orbowl

3426. Fine buff;darkgreymottledto browninterior/ #88. LH I Earlycontext. exterior. 3427. Brown; dark grey paint. D. (base) 6. Wide band in whiteat base, ripplesin darkpaint. horizontal #91. LH I Earlycontext. Wheel-made.

349

Cup orbowl

whitish 3428. Buff; slip,purpleandblackpaint.D. (base) 6. Edge of decoration, crossunderbase, roughin. # 68. LH I Earlycontext. withgreycore,tinywhitegrits; biscuit 3429. Purplish-pink of underside brownpaintinterior/exterior including streaky bandin addedpurple,trace base. D. (base) 12. Horizontal #88. LH I Earlycontext. ofwhite.Wheel-made. Buff fired 3430. orange;brownpaint.D. (base) 4.6. # 68. LH I Earlycontext.

Lustrous Decorated, (fig.6.26) gritty

rim Jarwithnarrowneckandflaring

D. (rim) exterior. burnished 3431. Burnt, greythroughout; I # LH 88. horizontal bands. Added Earlycontext. 14. purple blackchips biscuitand surfaces, 3432. Softwhitish-buff band andredandblackgrits; washybrownpaint.Horizontal

lines.#88. LH I Earlycontext. andslightly obliquevertical 3433· Buffwithroundwhite,black and otherdarkinveryfaded Decoration whitish-buff surface. colouredgrits; bands.# 86. LH I/IIA darkpaint:spiraland horizontal context.

(b) CONTEMPORARY MINOAN IMPORTS FROM LAMBDA 3/4 (3434-3461)

inthe LH I pottery werealsopresent Painted(i.e.Mycenaean) Lustrous anda little A fewMinoanimports LM IIIB MM date to sherds Minoan The in above. described §(a) through early IA.122 imported deposits Minoan(fig.6.26) Micaceous

Casseroleor cookingpot

D. (rim) 3434. Dark greybiscuitand surfaces(burnt?). mark,a smallcross,incisedon bodywallabove 17.Potter's marks otherincisedlinesare working handleattachment; #86. LH I/IIA context. aroundhandleattachment.

rim Jarwithnarrowneckandflaring

rimcoatedwithblackpaint; and interior Exterior surface. horizontal bandsin addedpurple.D. (rim)14. # 54. MH III/LH I piecein LH I Earlycontext. white Exterior biscuitandsurface. 3436. Reddish-orange paint,obliqueband in added red (10R 4/6).# 68. LH I Earlycontext.

withthickgreycore;browninterior 3435· Pinkish-buff

FineMinoan(fig.6.26) Finejar

3437· Orangewithred and whitegrits;orangeinterior surface; exteriorwhitish-buff slip, well burnished. band and spiral, Decorationin orangepaint;horizontal bandin in addedwhiteand horizontal curvilinear pattern purple.#89. LH I/IIA context.

Vapheiocup

withgreycoreandtinywhite 3438. Softpurplish-brown inblack exterior. Decoration surface buff interior same; grits;

rimbands,exterior ripple.#86. LH paint:interior/exterior I/IIA context.

Semi-globular cup

black grit;coat of dark 3439· Veryfinewhitish-buff, wornoff).Exterior brownpaintinterior/exterior (interior band. # 88. LH I decorationin purplepaint:horizontal Earlycontext. 3440. Orangewithtinywhiteinclusions;buffsurface. band inorangepaint;spiral,horizontal Exterior decoration in red.#83. LH I Earlycontext.

Minoan(fig.6.26) Medium-coarse

Jar

Foliate buffexterior. 3441. Softorange;orangeinterior, # 88. bandsin orangepaint.Wheel-made. and horizontal LH I Earlycontext. withred and dark-coloured grits, 3442. Greenish-buff

inbrownish-grey core;white.Decoration paint: pinkish-buff LH I EarlyContext. #88,91. obliquebandsinbothdirections. 3443. Orangewithsome tinydarkinclusions;interior Exterior coatedwiththindarkbrownpaint surface pinkish. and rippledesign.#83. LH I Earlycontext.

122Cf.Coldstream and Huxley1972, 104-14,DepositZeta.

P. A. MOUNTJOY

35O

Fig. 6.27. Area Lambda 3/4,LH I potterydeposits:Coarse 3449-3453; LH I (LustrousPainted)3454-3461. Scale 1:3. 3444. Orange withred inclusions;buffinterior.Exterior coat of darkgreypaintand rippledecoration.# 89. LH 1/ II A context. 3445. Buffwithgrits;orange paint.Verticallines. # 68. LH I Early context.

Basin 3446.

withred inclusions;buffwithtrace Orangey-buff

of red paint on exterior.# 88. LH I Early context. 3447· Veryfinebuff;exteriorcoat ofreddish-brown paint, horizontal band and spiral in added white. Bit of lug preservedon rim.# 88. LH I Early context. withmanyblack chips;whitesurface. 3448. Pinkish-buff Exterior:verylow applied band (or incompletefinishing?). D. (rim) 22.4. # 54. MH III/LH I piece in LH I Early context.

Coarseware(fig.6.27) ofthewareabove.123 see thegeneraldescription Forthedescription ofthefabricandsurface treatment, Wide-mouthed jar 3449.

Jarorpithos

D. (rim)28. # 86. LH I/IIA context.

3451. #83. LH I Early context. 3452. Buffwith grits and inclusions; brown slip out, orange in. D. (base) 3. # 86. LH I/IIA context. 3453· Pinkish with gritsand inclusions; burnt out. D. (base) 3.7. # 86. LH I/IIA context.

Pithos 3450.

# 83. LH I Early context.

Lustrous Painted(i.e. Mycenaean) (fig.6.27)

VapheiocupFS 224

3454. Buff;black paint. Spiral,monochromeinterior.# 89. LH I/IIA context. 3455· Bun°;blackto brownpaint.Spiral.#68. LH I Early context. 3456. Buff;brownpaint.D. (base) 4.8. # 68. LH I Early context. cup FS 2 1 1 buffslip,black paint.Stemmedspiral Pinkish-buff;

Rounded 3457·

(c) LATE HELLADIC

I FROM OTHER CONTEXTS

withfillof verticalrow of dots. Perhaps early LH IIA. # 89. LH I/IIA context. 3458. Buff;highlyburnishedsurface,dark brownpaint. Edge of spiral(?),horizontalband in added white. # 83. LH I Early context. 3459. Buff;orangepaint.Fat wavy line. # 89. LH I/IIA context. black paint.# 86. LH I/IIA context. 3460. Whitish-buff; 3461. Buff;black paint. # 88. LH I Early context.

(3462-3489;

FIG. 6.28)

The ApartfromthedepositinAreaLambda3/4(3381-3461),thereis notmuchmoreLH I material. is a pocketin Lambda2 in theshelterofwalls LH I in theLambdatrenches othersourceofstratified 123 Chapter 5 §3 (ii).

THE LATE HELLADIC

POTTERY §5

351

Fig.6.28. AreaLambda,LH I pottery: Scale 1:3. 34655-3489.

lh andlj,whencederivesherds3462,3473 and3476-3477.The otherpiecesillustrated areunstratified. ware.C. Zernerdates3466 to LH I/IIA.] Painted,i.e. Mycenaean, [3462-3489are all Lustrous FS 27 Piriformjar

buff 3462. Pinkish; slip,blacktoshaded-brown paint.FM 46, linkedspiral.Lambda2, 1974,#13· Depositbywalls lh andlj. ÄMDPLaconia1.

Alabastron FS 80 3463. Orange;buffslip,orangepaint.D. (rim)6. FM 53, wavyband.Lambda/ Beta 12, 1974,#44.

3464. Orange;whiteslip,orange-brown paint.FM 42, / #68. semi-circles. Lambda Beta 12, 1974, joining

SquatjugFS87 The body-sherd withrunning decorated 3466,decorated spiral(3465)hasa parallelfromProsymna.124 withcross,has a verynarrowdecorative zone. brownpaint.FM 46, running 3465. Buff; spiral.Lambda / Beta 12, 1974,#62.

3466. Orange;buffslip,darkbrownpaint.FM 54, cross. Lambda/ Beta 12, 1974,#40. LH I/IIA context.

FS 89/90 Alabastron, straight-sided

3467. Buff;blackpaint.Fromthelowerbodyofvessel. FM 53, wavyband.Lambda/ Beta 12, 1974,#69. 124 Biegen1937,fig.210.343.

352

P. A. MOUNTJOY

Hole-mouthed jar FS 100 (fig.6.28) to Thereis a parallelto 3469 fromLerna.126 3468 belongs thelargetypeand 3469 tothesmallone.125 3468. Buff;shaded-brown paint.FM 64, verticalfoliate band withadded white.Lambda 1, 1973, # 11. RMDP Laconia2.

3469. Buff;orange-brown paint.FM 76, stonepattern, Lambda/Beta 12, 1974,#40.

Cup FS 211

A rim-sherd decoratedwithwavybandis illustrated withspiral(3471).The (3470) and a body-sherd shortrimof 3470 suggests it maybelongto FS 212, thestemmedtype,127 ratherthanto FS 211, whichhas a longerrim. 3470. Buff;brownto orangepaint.D. (rim)9. FM 53, 12 1974,#61. wavyband.Lambda/Beta

3471. #16.

shaded-brown Buff; paint.Spiral.Lambda2 1974,

VapheiocupFS 224 (TypeII unlessstated) withtheLH IIIB deep bowl,is thecommonest LBA shapeon thewholesite,most This,together a include wide someofwhicharedepicted nevertheless, examplesportraying spiral.Patterns, variety, here.Theyall belongto TypeII (as definedby Coldstream128) withbevelledbase (3489) and deep midrib(3487 and 3489), except3488, whichbelongsto TypeIII, theformthatcontinues intoLH IIA.129 3472. Buff;blackpaint.D. (rim)10. FM 35, double-axe withaddedwhite.Lambda1, 1973,#12. whitish 3473· Pink-buff; slip,brownpaint.D. (rim)10. Spiralwithaddedwhite.Lambda2, 1974,#13. Deposit bywallslh andlj. 3474. Buff;orangeto brownpaint.D. (rim)12. FM 46, tangent spiralwithblobfill.Lambda2, 1974,#7. 3475. Buff;blackto brownpaint.D. (rim)12. FM 46, tangent spiralwithblobfill.Lambda/ Beta12, 1974,#74. 3476. Buff;blackto brownpaintwithaddedwhite.FM 46, tangent spiral.Lambda2, 1974,#14. Depositbywalls lh andlj. 3477· Orange;orange-buff slip,orangepaintwithadded white.Spiral.Lambda2, 1974,#15. Depositby wallslh andlj. blackto shaded-brown 3478. Buff; paint.D. (rim)9. FM 46,running spiral.Lambda1, 1973,#3. RMDPLaconia11. whitish 3479. Buff; slip,brownpaint.D. (rim)9. FM 46, interior. Lambda3/4,#22. running spiral,monochrome 3480. Buff;whiteslip,blackpaint.FM 53, wavyband, monochrome interior. Lambda/ Beta 12, 1974,#69.

buffslip,brownpaint.D. (rim)8. FM 64, 3481. Pinkish; foliatebandwithaddedwhite.Lambda1, 1973,#21. buffslip,orange-brown 3482. Pinkish; paint.D. (rim)9. FM 64,foliate bandwithaddedwhite. Lambda1,1973,#21. brownpaintout,orangein.D. 3483. Pinkwithinclusions; (rim)11.FM 41, circleswithaddedwhite.Lambda1, 1973, #3.

3484. Buff;pale yellowslip,blackpaint.D. (rim)10.6. FM 78, ripple.Lambda/ Beta 12, 1974,#69. 3485. Buff;brownpaint.D. (rim) 12. Bars withfill. Lambda2, 1974,#4. 3486. Buff; paleyellowslip,blacktobrownpaint.Handle here)with ringwithedgeofFM 64, foliateband (vertical addedwhite.Lambda1, 1973,#12. blackto brownpaint.D. (base) 3487. Bufffiredpinkish; 7.2. FM 78, ripplewithadded white.Lambda/ Beta 12, 1974,#69. 3488. TypeIII. Pale orange;buffslip,orangepaint.D. (base)5. FM 78, ripple.Lambda3/4,1977,#43. 3489. Buff;pale yellowslip, orange-brown paint.D. (base)6.6. Lambda/ Beta 12, 1974,#73.

(d) LATE HELLADIC II

in theLambdatrenches. In Lambda 1 thefloordepositsofthis Thereis no good LH II stratigraphy from above themweredug;in Lambda 2, Early were not some baskets excavated, although phase in ofthisperiodis fill in the shelter of the Lambda survives walls; 3/4,thepottery Mycenaean only aboveLH I floors. IIA (3490-3538;figs.6.29-6.30) LateHelladic All oftheidentifiably LH IIA piecesarepaintedexcept3534-3538. Piriform jar FS 20, 21 (fig.6.29)

FS 21. Orange;whiteslip,red-brown 3490. Body-sherd. FM 56, paint. chequersabove FM 61, zigzag.Lambda/ Beta 12, 1974,* 3°· 125 Mountjoy 1986, 14. 126Caskey 10*7, pl. 3Qf.

127SeeMountjoy 1986,14fig.7.3.

blackpaint.D. (base)9.6. 3491. Linearbase.FS 20. Buff; Lambda/ Beta 12 1974,#73·

128Coldstream 1978,393-5. 129Coldstream 1978,395-6.

THE LATE HELLADIC POTTERY §5

353

roundedFS 83 (fig.6.29) Alabastron, itbelongstothisshaperather thantothesmallerFS 87, whichis The largediameter of3492 suggests also usuallydecoratedwithhatchedloop.130 brownpaint.FM 63, 3492. Buff;whitishslip,fugitive hatchedloop withfillof FM 43, isolatedsemi-circles. Lambda3/4,1977,#81.

Squatjug FS 87 (fig.6.29) forthisshape.Thereis a LH IIA parallelfrom Bothpieceshave hatchedloop,theusualdecoration Mycenae.131 whitish 3493. Buff; loop. slip,blackpaint.FM 63,hatched Lambda/ Beta 12, 1974,#63.

3494· Buff;blackpaint.FM 63, hatchedloop.Lambda/ Beta 12, 1974,#69.

Hole-mouthed jar FS 101 (fig.6.2g) Thereis one almostcompleteprofiledecoratedwithcurvedstripes(3497); it belongsto thesmall the'plumpdumpytypeofMainlandderivation'.133 versionofthisshape,132 3495-3496 belongto the a and has with elaborated leaves is decorated version.134 3495 nippleat thebackopposite ivy larger canbe of the horizontal the thespoutinsteadofthemoreusualsmallvertical handle; edge handle-ring on thisshape. seenattheleftedgeofthesherd.3496 is decoratedwithhatchedloop,a commonmotif 3495. Buff;greenishslip,blackpaint.D. (rim)13. FM Lambda3/4,1977,#62, 12,ivywithfillofstonepattern. 75 (overFloors6 and 7). 77-912.RMDPLãconia,22. 3496. Orange;buff paint.FM 63,hatched slip,red-brown

loop. Lambda3/4,1977,#32. blackpaint. fired whitish buff; 3497. Greenish slip,fugitive Lambda1, D. (base)6.6. H. (est.)20. FM 67, curvedstripes. 1973,# 13, 21 (Floor3). 73-911.RMDPLaconia24.

Bridge-spouted jug FS 103 (fig.6.29) and is decoratedwithsquares and bivalveby theedge ofthehandle-ring The rim3498 has a trefoil an unusualmotiffortheneckofthisshape,which acrossthelip. The neck 3499 has reedpattern, can be seen on theleft;thereis an theedge ofthehandle-ring patterns; generally displaystorsional which A is Kea. from (3500) decoratedwithrockpattern, body-sherd unpublished parallel AyiaIrini, an a main as on from motif for ornament of Aegina;135 example ivyleaves, mayhavebeenthefilling anotherbody-sherd (3501) has ogivalcanopysimilarto an examplefromThebes.136 3498. Buff;whiteslip,blackto brownpaint.D. (rim)c. andbivalvebyhandle.Lambda2, 1974,#4. 12. Trefoil 3499. Buff;lustrousblackpaint.FM 16, reed pattern. Lambda/Beta 12, 1974,#45·

blackpaint.FM 32,rock whitish 3500. Buff; slip,fugitive withfillofstonepattern. Lambda/Beta12,i974,#17. pattern 3501. Pink;buffslip,red-brown fugitive paint.FM 13, ogivalcanopy.Lambda/ Beta 12, 1974,#32.

Stirrup jar FS 169 (fig.6.29) one on stirrup Sherd3502, withzigzag,maybelongto thisshape,as themotifis a favourite jars.137 3502. Orange;buff slip,lightbrownpaint.FM 6 1, zigzag. Lambda/ Beta 12, 1974,#38.

Closedshape(fig.6.29) 3503. Buff;lightbrownpaint.FM 10, crocusin ogival canopy(?).Lambda/ Beta 12, 1974,#74. buffslip,blackpaintwithaddedwhite. 3504. Pink-buff; FM 12,ivy.Lambda/ Beta 12, 1974,#67. withgrits; 3505. Buff orange-brown paint.FM 18,flower. Lambda/ Beta 12, 1974,#17.

130For a parallel fromnear Monemvasia see Demakopoulou 1968, pl. 70b left.

131Wace 1032,T. 516.2.

132Qf forsjze Demakopoulou 1968, pl. 68a-b. 133 Mountjoy 1999, 1 256.

withpinktinge; whitish 3506. Buff slip,blackpaint.Marine with rockwork Lambda3/4,1977,# Style byhandle-ring. no.7. 50. See Mountjoy 1984Λ,216 AyiosStephanos black Marine 3507. Buff;greenish slip, paint. Stylewith rockwork. Lambda 2, 1974, # 33. See Mountjoy1984a, 216 AyiosStephanosno. 6.

134 Mountjoy 1986, 26-7 fig.23.1. 135Hiller 107 κ, pl. 12.1 pípí. 136 Keramopoulos lqio, pl. 0.2.

137Cf. the example fromThebes in Demakopoulou and Konsola198 1, pl. 12 bottom.

354

ρ· Α· MOUNTJOY

Fig. 6.29. Area Lambda, LH ΠΑ pottery:3490-3510. Scale 1:3.

3508. Orange; buffslip, orange-brownpaint. FM 70, scale withcrossfill.Lambda 2, 1974, #13. 3509. Buff; black paint. Miscellaneous decoration.

Lambda 2, 1974, # 4. 3510. Buff; shaded-brown paint. Flat concave base, possiblyfroma jug. D. (base) 8. Lambda 1, 1973, #10.

Cup FS 211 (FIG. 6.30)

There is one profile(3511), complete except forthe handle. It belongs to the tall type withhigh, splayingbase and is decoratedwithdouble-axe,a verycommonmotifon thisversionofthe shape;133 3515 is similar.3512 is decoratedin the Reed Styleand could be Minoan. 138 Mountjoy 1986, 32.

THE LATE HELLADIC POTTERY §5 3511. Buff;black paint. D. (rim) 11, (base) 4. H. (ex.) 8.7. FM 35, double-axe. Lambda 1, 1973, #12 (Floor ?). 73-907. RMDP Laconia 28. plate 41. 3512. Orange; whitishslip, shaded-brownpaint,orange in. D. (rim) 11. FM 16, reeds, monochrome interior. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 33. 3513. Buff;orange paint.Edge of decoration.Lambda / Beta 12 1974, # 73. 3514. Buff; red-orange to black paint. FM 10a, iris,

355

monochromeinterior.Lambda/ Beta 12, 1974, # 74. 3515· Orange; buffslip, orange paint. FM 35, doubleaxe. Lambda 1, 1973, #21. 3516. Orange; buffslip,shaded-brownpaint.Dot festoon withfill,monochromeinterior.Lambda / Beta 12, 1974, # 32. 3517· Buff; brown paint. Marine Style starfish, monochromeinterior.Lambda 2, 1974, # 2. See Mountjoy 19840, 216 Ayios Stephanos no. 3.

Cup FS 218 (fig.6.30) It is decorated,as is usualwiththisshape,withframedspiral couldbe recognised. One body-sherd withaddedwhiteblobs.139 3518. Buff;orange paint. FM 46, framed spiral with added whiteblobs. Lambda / Beta 12, 1974, # 63.

VapheiocupFS 224 (fig.6.30) and neatinnerrimband thatare This rimdecoratedwithfoliateband has the smoothedinterior LH I.140 of interior than the ofthisperiod,rather criteria rough,unslipped 3519. Buff;pale yellow slip, red-brownpaint. FM 64, foliateband. Lambda/Beta 12, 1974, #32.

GobletFS 254 (fig.6.30)

3520. Pinkish; white slip, red-brown paint. Spiral, monochromeinterior.Lambda 2, 1974, # 7· 3521. Buff;black paint.Spiral. Lambda/ Beta 12, 1974, #17. 3522. Grey firedbuff;brown paint. Lower halfof vase.

D. (base) 5.4. Spiral. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 85 (Floor 6). 77~913· plate 41. 35«3- Buff; orange-brownpaint. Base. D. (base) 5.8. Lambda/Beta 12, 1974, # 32.

bowl(fig.6.30) Miscellaneous bowl.3525,decoratedwithquirk,has Thereareno parallelsto 3524, a veryearly,possiblystemmed, a slightly rim,whereas3527 withdouble-axehas a liplessrim.3526, decoratedwithfoliate inturning band,is a LH IIA versionoftheminiature cup or bowlfoundin LH IIB.141 3524. Buff;pale-yellowslip,blackto brownpaint.D. (rim) 20. Splash acrosshandle. Lambda / Beta 12, 1974, # 57. 3525. Buff;orange-brown paint.D. (rim)9. FM 48, quirk. Lambda 1, 1973, #13·

3526. Pink; greyslip, lustrousblack paint. D. (rim)5.8. FM 64, foliateband. Lambda / Beta 12, 1974, # 73. 35«7· Whitish;brownpaint.D. (rim)15. FM 35, doubleaxe, monochromeinterior.Lambda / Beta 12, 1974, # 59.

Goblet,monochrome (fig.6.30) is Thegoblet3528 carinated; 3530 hasthetallearlyLH IIA lip (seefig.6.1 above);35259hasa slightly and moreout-turning 3531 a veryevertedone.The base 3533 couldbe LH I or earlyLH IIA. lip 3528. Orange; black to brownpaint.Carinated.D. (rim) 11. Lambda 1, 1973, # 10, 12. 3529. Pinkish;orange-brownpaint.D. (rim)13. Lambda / Beta 12, 1974, # 74· 3530. Grey fired orange; black paint. D. (rim) 11. Lambda / Beta 12, 1974, # 74.

353*· Orange; orange paint. D. (rim) 13.6. Lambda / Beta 12, 1974, # 69. 353*. Grey firedpink-orange;black paint. White paint m nicksin interiorrim.Lambda / Beta 12, 1974, # 69. 3533· Buff;orangepaint.D. (base) 4.6. Lambda/Beta12, X974># 64.

FS 204 (fig.6.30) Conicalcup,unpainted

FS 224 (fig.6.30) Vapheiocup,unpainted

3534· Greenishwith gritsand a few inclusions,rough. Oatmeal. D. (rim) 12. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 49. 139Mountiov1086,w. 140Dickinson 1974, 114-15.

3535· Base. Orange; buffslip, standard.D. (base) 5.8. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 62. 141 Mountjoy1986,49-50.

P. A. MOUNTJOY

356

Fig.6.30. AreaLambda,LH IIA pottery: 3540-3543.Scale 1:3. 3511-3538.LH IIB: 3539. LateMattPainted,

Dipper,unpaintedFS 236 (fig.6.30)

standard. Lambda3/4,1977,#16. 773536. Base.Buff; 904

Goblet,unpainted(fig.6.30)

3537. Rimwithtalllip. Orange;buffslip,polished.D. (rim)12. Lambda/ Beta 12, 1974,#74·

Bowl,unpainted(fig.6.30)

D. (rim) fired buff; roughsmoothed. 3538. Greywithgrits 8, (base) 3.6. H. 4.1. Lambda/ Beta 12, 1974,# 62. 74913

THE LATE HELLADIC POTTERY §5

357

Fig.6.31. AreaLambda,LH IIIAi pottery: 3544-3558.Scale 1:3.

Late HelladicIIB (3539"3543> FIG·6·3Ο) Ring-handledcup FS 237 (fig.6.30)

3539· Paleorange;buff slip,orange-brown paint.D. (rim) dots inside,FM 53,wavybandoutside, 9. FM 22,argonaut roundrim.Lambda/Beta12,1974,#74.RMDPLaconia46.

LateMattPaintedHydria/amphora shoulderdecoration Fourhydria/amphora shouldersherdscanbe identified. Theyhavethecustomary in use intoLH IIIAi, ofhorizontal panels(3540-3542)or doublecircles(3543).Thiswarecontinues and thesesherdscouldbelongto thatphase.142 shaded-brown 3540. Buff; paint.Horizontal wavylinein / # Lambda Beta 12, 1974, 69. panel. 3541. Buff; wavy paleyellowslip,blackpaint.Horizontal linein panel.Lambda/ Beta 12, 1974,#69. (e) LATE HELLADIC IIIAI (3544-3558;

354?· Orangefiredbuff;wornbrownpaint.Horizontal wavylinein panel.Lambda1, 1973,#13. 3543· Buff;brownpaint. Double concentriccircles, Lambda1 1973,# 10.

FIG. 6.3 1)

Thereis no stratified ofthisphasefromtheLambdatrenches, anditis verypoorlyrepresented pottery a the later as whole. among pottery Piriform jar FS 19,31 The thickwall and largesize of 3545 suggestit belongsto FS 19, whereas3544 and 3546-3547 belongto a smallerversionoftheshape,probablyFS 31. The manynarrowbellybandson 3546 are bandedwiththickbandsalternating with unusual,as thelowerbodyofthepiriform jar is generally groupsofthinbands.143 142 Mountjoy 1981, 59-63, and fig.32 forthe range of motifs.

143French 1964, 244 fig. 1.6, pl. 68a.

358

P. A. MOUNTJOY

3544. Buff;shaded-brown paint.FM 12, ivy.Lambda # 3/4,1977, 30. 3545· Orange;buffslip,orange-brown paint.FM 70, Lambda/Beta scalepattern. 12, 1974,# 23.

3546. Buff;orange-brown paint.FM 53, wavyband. Lambda1, 1973,#5. 3547· Buff;orange-brown paint.FM 67, curvedstripes, Lambda2, 1974,#4.

KraterFS 7 interior. forthissite,do nothavea monochrome Bothkraters aredecoratedwithspiraland,unusually 3548. Orange;buffslip,brownpaint.FM 46, running spiral.Lambda1, 1973,#3.

buffslip,lustrous 3549· Orangewithinclusions; orange paint.Spiral.Handmade.Lambda1, 1973,#21.

MugFS 225 LH IIIAi motif.144 It belongsto thesmallersize 3550 is decoratedwithstipple,a favourite Fragment ofthisshapeand is unusualin nothavinga groupofwideand narrowbandsroundthebase.145 3550. Buff;shaded-brown paint.D. (base) 6.4. FM 77, 12, 1974,#17. RMDPLaconia69. stipple.Lambda/Beta

GobletFS 255 3551. Orange;buffslip,orangepaint.D. (rim)16. FM interior. Lambda 1, 53, doublewavyband,monochrome 1973,#3, 5. 355«· Orange;buffslip,orangepaint.Spiral.Lambda/

Beta 12, 1974,#68. 3553· Orange; buffslip, orange-brown paint.Spiral, interior. Lambda2, 1974,#11. monochrome

GobletFS 264 blackpaint.Monochrome. Lambda1, 1973, 3554· Buff; to datewalllc, butsee #33. [Thiswas originally thought above.146]

bowl Miscellaneous The stippledecorationof 3555 datesit to thisperiod,butitsfineevertedrimis thatof theAyios StephanosLH IIIA2 group(see fig.6.5). It datesLambdaburial7. 3555· Dark buff;brownpaint.D. (rim) 15. FM 77, stipple.Lambda/Beta12, 1974, # 37, 66, 70. Lambda burial7.

Kylix,unpainted Threepiecesare worthillustration. 3558 comes 3556 and 3557 datewallsga and lb respectively; fromRoom6 in Lambda 1 fromabovewallIf. 3556· FS 266. Buff,rough smoothed.D. (rim) 14. Lambda/ Beta 12, 1974,#64. Removalofwallga. Lambda1, 1973,#24. 3557· FS 267. Orange,standard. (f) LATE HELLADIC IIIA2 (3559"3575'>

Removalofwalllb. D. (base)7.8. Lambda 1, standard. 355**. FS 264. Buff, (Floor #13 3). 73-901. !973>

FIG· Q'3*)

and itis all unstratified, is extantfromtheLambdatrenches, apartfrom VerylittleLH IIIA2 pottery thewholevasesfromtwoor threeburials(3572-3575)·All piecesarepaintedexcept3570-3571. material Unstratified

Piriform jar FS 35/39(fig.6.32) itbelongsto FS 35 or FS 39. whether Thereis notenoughextantof 3559 to determine paint. 3559· BufffiredPale orange;buffslip,red-brown arcs.Lambda2, 1974,#4. FM 44, concentric 144French 1064, 256. 145Cf. Mountjoy 1986, 63 fig.73.2-3.

146 Chapter 1 § 5 (v).

THE LATE HELLADIC POTTERY §5

359

Cup (fig.6.32) welltotheMinoan rim,whichis unusualfora Mycenaeancupbutcorresponds 3560 hasan incurving The 2.5 cmband overtherimis also unusual;a vase witha similarband (3084) comes IIIA2 cup.147 The cup 3574 fromLambdaburial1 alsohasthisrimband. fromAreaEpsilonin a LH IIIA2 context. 3560. Brick;buffslip,orange-brown paint.D. (rim)11, H. monochrome interior. Lambda 6.8. Linear, (base)4.6.

1, 1973,#5, 9, 20; Lambda/ Beta 12A, 1974,#66. 74910. RMDPLaconia 102.

Mug FS 225 (fig. 6.32) 3561. Buff; orangepaint.Ridgedatthewaist.D. (rim)14. Beta12, FM 53,wavyband,monochrome interior. Lambda/ i974»#54·

DipperFS 236 (fig.6.32) Thispiecehas thefineevertedLH IIIA2 rim. 3562. Orange;buffslip,red-brown paint.D. (rim)7.4. H. 3.7.Lambda/Beta12,1974,#41,51 (Floor4). 74-911.

KylixFS 256 (fig.6.32) The kylixhas a normalfatLH IIIA2 on 3563 have a good parallelfromVourvatsi.148 The chevrons lip,nottheAyiosStephanosGroupII lip (see fig.6.5). fired paint.D. 3563. Buff orange;whiteslip,orange-brown Lambda2,1974,#2,18. inverted. (rim)14.FM 58,chevrons,

KraterFS 279 (fig.6.32) cuttorusbase an earlierdate,butthesharply thebase,whichwouldsuggest 3565 is paintedunderneath cannotbe datedearlierthanLH IIIA1/IIIA2. 3564 mightbe a shapelike3108 fromAreaEpsilon. blackpaint.D. (base) 6.7. 3564. Greyfiredpink-buff;

Monochrome.Lambda / Beta 12, 1974, #17.

3565. Greyfiredbuff;blackto brownpaint.D. (base)

Paintedunderbase. Lambda/ Beta 12, 12. Monochrome. 1974»* 56·

bowlFS 304 (fig.6.32) Stemmed less sharplyeverted 3566 has thefineLH IIIA2 rimtypicalof AyiosStephanos,but a smoother, the usual it instead of far as is as has a coated lower interior extant, bellybanding. body lip. 3567 whichis datedto LH MB. The veryevertedrimof Thereis a parallelto thisfromtheMenelaion,149 a LH IIIA2 dateforourpiece.The coatingofa largeareabeneaththedecoratedzone 3567 suggests a local Laconiancharacteristic. be may 3566. Orange;buff slip,orangepaint.FM 53,wavyband, Lambda/ Beta 12, 1974,#75. interior. monochrome 3567. Orange;buff paint.D. (rim)16. slip,orange-brown Lambda 3/4, interior. FM 53, wavyband,monochrome

1977,#40. 3568. Buff;black paint. D. (rim) 16. Monochrome. Lambda/ Beta 12, 1974,#60.

Miscellaneous bowl(fig.6.32) to date; its contextdoes not help,sinceit comesfroma basket The smallbowl 3569 is difficult LH LH III with some IIIAi, withLH IIIAi and LH IIIA2 burialsbeneath.It is classed containing as LH IIIA2 Earlybecauseofitsshortevertedrim,butitmaybe earlier. 3569. Pinkish; orangepaint.D. (rim)6.4,(base)3. H. 2.6. Lambda Monochrome. Lambda/Beta 12, 1974,#37 (from burial7?). 74-904. 147Popham 1084, 182 pl. 17^.1, κ-7. 148 Stubbings 1947, pl. 4.11. X

»^

X'

X

f

KS

'

%S

9

149 Catling 1977, 33 fig.20 top left.

36o

P. A. MOUNTJOY

Fig. 6.32. Area Lambda, LH IIIA2 pottery:unstratified, 3559-3571; burial 14, 3572; burial 1, 3573-3575· Scale 1:3.

Dipper FS 236, unpainted(fig.6.32)

3570. Deep bufffiredbrick;buffslip,standard.D. (rim) c. 13.2, (base) 4.4. H. 5.6. Unusuallywide base and grooves

at the handle-base; three verticalincisionsdown handle. Lambda / Beta 12, 1974, # 44. 74-907.

KylixFS 264, unpainted(fig.6.32)

3571. Orange; buffslip, polished. D. (rim) 19. Lambda 3/4» 1977» * 53·

MaterialfromLambda burial 14 (fig. 6.32)

This childburial,whichwas cut down intoEarlyMycenaeanlevels,containedtheminiaturecutawayneckjug 3572. There are no parallelsto the shape except the much earlierFS 135, but thisneck is too well definedat thejunctionwiththe body to belong to thatearlyshape.

THE LATE HELLADIC POTTERY §5

361

Cutaway-neck jug FS 133 (fig.6.32)

3572. Core notvisible;buffslip,wornblackpaint.D. Lambda3/4, (base)3.4, (max.)6.1. H. 6.6. Monochrome. 1977, # 34. Burial 14. 77-908. RMDP Laconia 92. plate41.

MaterialfromLambdaburial1 (fig.6.32)

This child-burial was cut downintoLH I-IIA levels.It containedtwo cups (3573-3574),bothof whichhave Minoanparallelsfortheshape.3574 has the2.5 cm band overtherimthatis foundon theLH IIIA2 Minoanising examplesfromAreasEpsilon(3084) and Lambda(3560).The liplessoutIt is verylikelythattheLH rimofthisvase also compareswellwithMinoanIIIA2 cups.150 curving flask3575 is also associatedwiththisburial.Thiswouldsuggesta dateearlyin LH IIIA2 miniature IIIA2 fortheinterment. Cup (fig.6.32)

buffslip,orangeto blackpaint.D. 3573· Pinkish-buff; Lambda (rim)12.1,(base) 5.5. H. 5.5-6.0. Monochrome. 1, 1973,# 26, 30. 73-904.RMDPLaconia 103. plate 42. 3574. Buff;metallicblack paint.D. (rim) 10.2-10.5, Lambda interior. (base) 3.8. H. 5.8. Linear,monochrome (g) LATE HELLADIC IIIB (3576"3582;

1, 1973,# 26, 30. 73-905.RMDPLaconia 104. plate 42.

FlaskFS 190 (fig.6.32)

tobrownpaint.D. (rim) 3575· P^e yellow;orange-brown 2.2, (base) 2.4. H. 7.6. FM 19, multiplestem.Lambda/ Beta12, 1974,#70. 74-909.ÄMDPLaconia98. plate42.

FIG. 6.33)

comesfromthefillbelowthesurfacein Lambda2.151 The onlyLH IIIB fromtheLambdatrenches KylixFS 258, 259 All the as is usualin depositsofthisperiod.152 motifon thisshapeis thewhorl-shell, The commonest and with arch decorated tricurved this varieties of illustrated here motif, 3581 except depict pieces is to The on a interior. whorl-tail also has monochrome with the latter chevron; 3579 adjacent a 3580 flowerstem.153 3576. Buff;shaded-brown paint.D. (rim)15. FM 23, whorl-shell. Lambda2, 1974,#11. 3577· Buff;shaded-brown paint.FM 23, whorl-shell. Lambda2, 1974,#11, 16. buffslip,orange-brown 3578. Pink-buff; paint.FM 23, withlozengefill.Lambda2, 1974,#7. whorl-shell

toblackpaint.FM 18,hybrid 3579. Buff;shaded-brown Lambda2, 1974,#7. flower bywhorl-shell. panelflanked 3580. Buff;orange-brown paint.D. (rim)16. FM 58, interior. Lambda2, 1974,#4· monochrome chevrons, arch.Lambda brownpaint.FM 62, tricurved 3581. Buff; 2, 1974,# 11.

StemmedbowlFS 305 butdoesnot The stemmed bowl3582 has theusualrimbanding,i.e. a secondbandbelowtherim,154 havetheknobbedrimoftheLH IIIB period. 3582. Orange;buff paint.D. (rim)17.Edge slip,red-brown monochrome interior. Lambda2, 1974,#46. ofdecoration, (h) TRANSITIONAL AND LATE HELLADIC IIIC EARLY (3583-3597;

FIG. 6.33)

material Unstratified

KraterFS 9 Thispiecehas thekrater witha smoothcurveon theinnerlip instead lip typicalofAyiosStephanos, ofa sharpeversion.It is decoratedwithan elaboratepanelpattern. 3583. Orange;buffslip,orangepaint.D. (rim)30. FM interior. monochrome Fromsurface ofLambda 75,panelled, 1, 1973»* 3150PoDham iq8a.

dI. itk.io-ii.

151See Chapter ι §6. 152French 1966, 235 table; Wardle 1969, 279 table; Mountjoy

1076, 110 table2. 153Stubbings1Q47,pl. 6.12. 154Cf. Mountjoy1976,91 fig.8.68-70, 74-7.

362

P. A. MOUNTJOY

Fig.6.33. AreaLambda,LH IIIB pottery: 3576-3582.LH IIIC Early:3583-3592;LH IIIC Earlyfloordeposit:35933597·Scale 1:3.

KraterFS 282 (fig.6.33) 3584. Orange; pale yellowslip, orange-brown paint. interior. Lambda2, 1974,#4. Stems,monochrome

3585. Greyfiredbuff;blackto brownpaint.Edge of Lambda2, 1974,#3. interior. monochrome decoration,

Deep bowlFS 284 oftriangular The decoration piece 3586 might patchand theverydeep rimbandoftheTransitional rimithas a lipped, it a LH is IIIB2 GroupΒ deepbowl,butinsteadoftheusualliplessflaring suggest

THE LATE HELLADIC POTTERY §5

363

almostevertedrimwitha largediameter, makingitmorelikelythatitbelongstotheAyiosStephanos as of bowls such 3374-3376. 3587 has theAyiosStephanosfineevertedrim. group largedeep 3586. Buff;orangepaint.D. (rim)24. FM 42, triangular interior. Lambda2, cleaning1977,# patch,monochrome 1.RMDPLaconia168,wheredatedTransitional LH IIIB2LH IIIC Early'. D. (rim)14.FM 48, quirk, 3587. Grey;blackpaint,burnt. monochrome interior. Lambda2, 1974,#7· 3588. Buff;black to brown paint. FM 48, quirk, monochrome interior. Lambda2, 1974,#4.

3589. Buff;fugitive orangepaint,blackin. D. (rim)13. FM 58, chevrons, monochrome interior. Lambda2, 1974, #2.

3590. Buff;orange-brown paint.Stems,bandedinterior. Lambda2, 1974,#4. 3591. Buff;black to brown paint. FM 61, zigzag, Lambda2, 1974,# 25. monochrome interior.

StemmedbowlFS 306 in themannerofthose interior Thispiece has a singlewideband overtherimand a monochrome illustrated fromAreaEpsilon(3193-3197). 3592. Pink; buffslip, orange-brownpaint. FM 75, 12, 1974,#17. panelled.Lambda/Beta

Floordeposit fromRooms2 and 4, Lambda/Beta 12, 1974

A numberofhalf-complete vaseswerefoundon thesefloors.The sharplycarinated dipper3594 and barsacrosstheirhandlesinsteadof horizontal theconicalkylix3595 have thesameverydistinctive The amphoriskos themoreusualvertical 3593 also hasbarsacrossitshandleandmaycome patterns. sincethebarson bothvesselsare identically fromthesameworkshop, painted.Thereis a parallelto of the one ofthisexample.The an neck instead everted itsshapefromPerati155 with,however, straight in There are earlierLH IIIB the excavation. with a found 1963 piece unpaintedcup 3596 joins other found on thesefloors is not common. the from to [Six pieces Zygouries;156 shape parallels 3597 below:theamphora3694, amphoriskoi in 1963 arepublishedorrepublished 3700-3701,alabastron and bowl 3738.] 3704, stirrup deep jar 3707 FS 62 Amphoriskos

3593· Buff; orangepaint.D. (rim)8-8.4,(base)5. H. (est.) 15.FM 53, wavyline,barsacrosshandle.#45, 52, 61, 74 (Room4, Floor5 and wall lq). 74-912. RMDP Laconia 183. PLATE42.

DipperFS 236

3594. Buff;whitish slip,brownpaint.D. (rim)10. Bars acrosshandle.#39, 50 (Room2, Floor4). RMDPLaconia !93-

KylixFS 274

barsacrosshandle.#51 (Room2, Floor4). RMDP interior, Laconia197.

Cup FS 220,unpainted

3596. Buff,rough smoothed. D. (rim) 11.4, (base) 3.2. H. 4.1. # 51 and Beta 12A, 1963, #127 (Room 2, Floor

4). Taylour1972,259,HS 119. 63-007 + 74-906.

Deep roundedbowlFS 288,unpainted

buff 3597· Orange-buff; slip,polished.D. (rim)13, (base) 5.4. H. 10.8-11.5. # 52 (Room 4, Floor 5). 74-903. plate42.

blackpaint.D. (rim)15.Linear,monochrome 3595· Buff; (j) COARSE WARE, UNDATED (NOT ILLUSTRATED)

LH III, like3121 and 3380a. W. D. [Twounstratified piecesare added here.3597b is presumably or from this Area the mightalso be Mycenaean. Taylourthought cookingjug jar 4081b Bowl

Souvlakidish

[3597a (notseen).Red withmanygrits;brownand grey core.Flatrim;flat,slightly raisedbase. D. (rim)23, (base) 10. H. 15.8. Possiblyhandmade.Area Beta 12A or 12B, 1963,# 57; Room 2 or 4 (mixedsurfacelevel).63-044. Notillustrated.

[3597b (notseen).Brown.Smallpiece ofbase withparts H. 2. W. 1.7. Th. 0.6. Lambda3, oftwoholespreserved. level).77-924.Notillustrated.] 1977,#5 (mixedsurface

155Iakovidis 1969, pl. 78.475.

156 Biegen 1928, 159 fig. 152.126, 127.

364

P. A. MOUNTJOY

6. AREA NU / GAMMA 1, 1977 ofthisAreaarealreadypublishedanda seriesofpottery The 1973-74excavations phasesworkedout LH In of which III MH III/LH I and Period IV is Period is I-IV, (Periods IIA).157 1977 theareawas 1 and Nu and hisearlierconclusions further excavatedbyJ. B. Rutter, the trenches Nu 2, particularly inthecaseofPeriodsIII andIV. Sincethereareno wholepotsbelonging tothese wereslightly modified a in from the excavation of few to Period IV from the excavations 1977, 1973-74 periods piecesdating in §7 belowin ordertogivean overview arere-illustrated oftheEarlyMycenaeanfromAreaNu. (i) The Middle Helladic III/Late Helladic I Transition (Rutter Period IIIB) In 1977 trenches Nu 1 and Nu 2 werefurther Nu II excavated;theremovalofthewallsofStructure showedthatitwas constructed at the of right beginning theMycenaeanperiod.The excavatorthen dividedhis PeriodIII intoIIIA and IIIB (i.e. MH III and MH III/LH I), the construction of thehousebelonging to PeriodIIIB. The basketsinvolvedare 26 (wallsnc, nk,nm),15 (ne), 16 (nd), trenchforwall nf in trenchNu 2) and 22 (the 25 (no), 18 (nf),13 (upperfillof the foundation lowerfillofthistrench). The 1977 excavationfurther revealedthat:(a) wallnfdoes notstopshortofthes baulkofNu 2, buthasbeenrobbedoutattheS endbyNu burial12; (b) thePeriodIIIB floorW ofwallnfin trench Nu 2 slopesfromν to s; (c) thePeriodIIIB surfaces ofRoom 2 is nowclearin thes baulk;and (d) thereis no PeriodIIIB surface or floorε ofwallnc/nkand Ν ofwallnm,buta cutting visiblein the Ε baulkmayhavebeenmadeν ofnm fortheconstruction ofsucha surface.158 The potteryfromthe removalof the house walls consistedof muchFine and Gritty Lustrous Decorated(3598-3628),someLM IA (3629-3633) and someLH I (3634-3637). [Manysherdsin otherwaresfromthesebasketsandothersofthesamedatearepublishedamong2001-2204 above.159 C. Zernernow dates3627 to MH III Early.The contextof the following pieces frombasket18 cannotbe datedmorecloselythanMH III Late-LH I Early:3608, 3610, 3613, 3625, 3628-3630, 3632-3633. The restareMH III/LH I.] (a) LUSTROUS DECORATED, FINE (3598-3611;

FIG. 6.34)

Thereis one piecefromwhatmusthavebeen a handsomeclosedvessel(3598),decoratedin brown, mostofthesherdsbelongto openshapes, red,whiteandblackpaint,butas in the1973-74 deposits, eithertheVapheioor roundedcup.160 The 1973-74 excavationsuggests thattheVapheiocupswere with monochrome added or white bands. Three painted purple Vapheiocup rimscan be recognised fromthisdeposit,of which3599 has a reservedband on theexterior rim,3600 has added white bandsand 3601 a foliateband in added whiteon a brown-purple surface.The roundedcups are in dark-on-light decorated and light-on-dark all haveaddedpurplebands thoseillustrated techniques; at theexterior rimexcept3602,whichhas a reserved rimwitha purplebandbelow.Onlythreecups havethebodypreserved:3608 is monochrome, and 3607 in 3606 has foliatebandin dark-on-light The base 3609 is bandedin and outbuthas no whiteor purplebandsadded to the light-on-dark. exterior base band,as on theexamplesfromtheearlierexcavation.161 is present Finally,a bowl-rim withaddedwhitedecoration (3611) and a sherdfroma carinated cup (3610). Closedshape

3598. Greywithinclusionsfiredbuff;brown,red, black and whitepaint.Foliate bands(?), the upper one in brown paint.#13.

Vapheiocup

3599. Lightbuff;black paint.#13. 3600. Buffwitha fewgrits;black,whiteand brownpaint. D. (rim)c. 14. Lower band in brownpaint.#13. 3601. Buff;brownpaint withpurple tinge.D. (rim) 15. Foliateband in added white.#13.

157Rutterand Rutter1076. 158See furtherChapter 1 §8 (v) above, withfigs. 1.55-1.61. 159See Chapter 5 §5 (vi) (c).

Roundedcup

3602. Buff;purple and black paint.D. (rim) 14. # 13. 3603. Pale orangefiredgreenish;black and purplepaint. D. (rim)c. 14. # 13. 3604. Pale orangefiredgreenish;fugitiveblack paintin, purple-brownout. #13. 3605. Buffwith grits;traces of washy brown paint. D. (rim) 12. # 22. 3606. Greenishwitha fewgrits;greenish-white slip,purple, whiteand brownpaint.D. (rim)11. Foliateband. #13. 3607. Buff;dark grey paint with added white. Foliate band. Wheel-made.#13.

160Rutterand Rutter 1076, 4s . 161Rutterand Rutter 1976, 43.

THE LATE HELLADIC

POTTERY §6

365

Fig. 6.34. Area Nu 1977 pottery:LustrousDecorated,Fine 3598-3611; LustrousDecorated,Gritty3612-3628; LM IA 3629-3633; LH I 3634-3637. Scale 1:3.

3608. 3609.

Buff;darkgreypaint.# 18. MH III Late-LH I Early. Buff;brownpaint.D. (base) 6. # 13.

Carinatedcup

Bowl 361 1. Whiteporous;veryshiny,streakybrownpaintwith added white.Spiral. #13.

3610. Buff;dark reddish-brownpaint. #18. MH III Late-LH I Early. (b)

LUSTROUS DECORATED,

GRITTY (3612-3628;

FIG. 6.34)

All thepiecesexcept3627-3628 belongto closedshapes,buttheonlyrimpresentbelongsto ajar withclosingneck (3612), in contrastto the numbersof amphora/hydria rimsfromthe 1973-74

P. A. MOUNTJOY

366

includecross-hatching excavations.162 (3613),loops,possiblyfromrunning spiral Dark-on-light patterns includequirks(3617),floralmotifs(3618), (3614 and 3616), and foliateband (3615); light-on-dark blob and rays,possiblya rosette(3619),arcades(3620), spiral(3621),curvilinear (3622) and wavy but3626,unusually, line(3623-3625).Boththeclosedbase 3625 andtheopenone 3628 areflattened, is raised;163 none are paintedunderneath. Thereis one basinbase (3628), decoratedwithspiralsin a and monochrome rim (3627). [Thelatteris MH III Early.] Iight-on-dark,

Jar

darkgreytoblackpaint.Horizontal bandsin 361«. Buff; addedwhiteand red,arcadeson rim.#13. 3613. Pinkish;whiteslip,blackpaint.Cross-hatching. # 18. MH III Late-LH I Earlycontext. brownpaint.Loop, spiral(?). 3614. Buffwithinclusions; # 13. withinclusions; blackandbrownpaint.Foliate 3615. Buff bandin brownpaint.#13. withinclusions; brownand blackpaint. 3616. Pink-buff Loop,spiral(?)in brownpaint.#13. 3617. Buff;darkgreyish-brown paint.Quirkin added white.#22. darkred-brown 3618. Pink-buff; paint.Floraldesignin addedpurpleandwhite.#22. 3619. Orangewithgreycore;darkgreypaint.Blobsand oneblobinaddedpurple. #22. rosette(?), raysinaddedwhite, darkgreypaint.Arcadesinaddedwhite. 3620. Buff; #13. (c) LATE MINOAN IA (3629-3633;

3621. Orange;red-brown #13. paint. Spiralinaddedwhite. darkgreypaint.Curvilinear 3622. Pinkish-buff; design in addedwhite.#13. 3623. Buffwithblack inclusions;darkreddish-brown paint.Wavylinesinaddedwhiteandred(redoverreserved surface). #13. buff 3624. Greyfired orange-brown; slip,blackpaintwith addedwhite.Wavybandor loop. #22. buffsurface, dark-brown to (mottled 3625. Pinkish-buff; red-brown) paint.Wavyband in added white.#18. MH III Late-LH I Early. withinclusions; blackpaint.D. (base)c.11. #13. 3626. Buff

Basin 3627. Buff;darkgreypaint.D. (rim)c.32. #26. MH III Early. darkgreypaint.Spiralandhorizontal 3628. Pinkish-buff; bandin addedwhite.# 18. MH III Late-LHI Early.

FIG. 6.34)

Jar

3629. Veryfine, porousorange;darkorange-brown paint. Loopsin addedwhite.# 18. MH III Late-LHI Early. 3630. Veryfinebuff;darkorangepaint.Ripple.# 18. MH III Late-LHI Earlycontext. withinclusions; 3631. Buff orangepaint.Rayswitha blob at theend,whichprobablybelongto a rosette(cf.Rutter and Rutter1976,40 fig.12.373).# 13·

Jarorcup

#18. 3632. Rim.Buffwithdarkred grits;polished(P). MH III Late-LH I Earlycontext.

Basin bandand 3633· Porousbuff;darkgreypaint.Horizontal belowinaddedwhite.#18.MH III Late-LHI Early. quirks

(d) LUSTROUS PAINTED, I.E. MYCENAEAN (3634-3637;

Cup

3634. Buff;red-brown paint.Spiral.#13. 3635. Buff;orange-brown paint.Spiral.#22. #18. MH 3636. Orange;orangepaint.Monochrome. III Late-LHI Earlycontext.

FIG. 6.34)

Vapheiocup(?)

3^37- Buff;blackpaint.Spiral.#25.

(ii) Late Helladic IIA Early The onlydepositbelonging to thisperiod(Rutter PeriodIV) foundin 1977 comesfromthefillofNu burial12,whichwas dugintothetopofwallnfjusts ofthesw cornerofStructure Nu II (basket8). Therewas verylittlepottery; thesherdsillustrated are all FineLustrousDecoratedexceptfor3642Painted,i.e. Mycenaean.[TwocompleteLustrousPaintedvasesofLH IIA 3643, whichare Lustrous date,R835 and R968, wererecoveredfromthefillofthisgrave.] (a) LUSTROUS DECORATED, FINE (3638-3641;

Cup,rounded

#8. whitish brownpaint.Spiral(?). 3638. Buff; slip,fugitive

Vapheiocup

FIG. 6.35) bandat edgeofinterior rim.#8. 3640. Buff;blackand purplepaint.Purpleband below #8. exterior rim-band. 3641. Buff;brownpaint.Ripple(?).#8.

3639. Buff;darkbrownpaint.D. (rim)c. 11. Reserved 162Rutterand Rutter 1976, 39, nos. R310-R318.

163Rutterand Rutter 1976, 41.

THE LATE HELLADIC POTTERY §6

367

Fig.6.35.AreaNu 1977pottery, LH ILA:Lustrous Fine3638-3641,Lustrous Painted3642-3643.AreaNu Decorated, 1973-74,LH IIA: 3644-3646.LH IIB: 3647. LH IIIAi: 3648. Scale 1:3.

(b) LUSTROUS PAINTED, I.E. MYCENAEAN (3642-3643;

FIG. 6.35)

VapheiocupFS 224 3642. Buff;blackpaint,burnt.FM 46, tangentspiral. #8.

3643. Buff;brownand blackpaint.D. (rim)8.8. FM 78, ripple.#8.

P. A. MOUNTJOY

368

7. AREA NU 1973-74 Withtheexceptions of 3646, whichcomesfromDepositΝ in theε halfoftrenchNu 1, and 3648a, thepottery herecomesfromDepositO, whichlayin trenchNu 2 Ε ofwallnfand may re-illustrated havebeen a livingsurface.164 Laterdisturbance theinsertion ofa grave,Nu burial11,must through be LH ILAas suggested accountfortheLH IIIAi krater sherd3648,whichcannotstylistically bythe excavator.165 The truncated lineargoblet3647 shouldbe datedto LH IIB166and mayalso havecome in as a resultoftheinsertion ofthisgrave. (i) Late Helladic IIA (3644-3646; fig. 6.35) Beakedjug FS 143 Twopiecesfroma handsomeclosedshapedecoratedwithzigzagarere-published (3644).The edgeof thebandroundthelowerhandle-joint can be madeoutto theleftofthelargesherd.Thisdecoration butthepositionofthehandleprecludesthisshapefor3644; the appearson stirrup-jars,167 normally butboththedecoration interior junctionoftheneckand shoulderrulesoutthebridge-spouted jug,168 and theshapewouldfitthebeakedjug. Thereis a parallelfromKea169 withthesamedecoration, but withsolidbandsratherthanfoliateband betweentheregisters, whichis calledFS 132 or FS 143. Fromthewidthofitsshoulder, ourvase shouldbe FS 143,a LH IIA version. 3644. Greyfiredbuff;whitish slip,blackpaint.FM 61, zigzagwithdouble-axeand foliateband. 1974 #28, 29, 3!»33· 74-604.R894.

VapheiocupFS 224

blackpaint,interior 3645. Buff;pale-green slip,fugitive slipped.D. (rim)c. 10, (base) 7. H. 6.9. FM 46, tangent

spiralwithblobfill.1974 # 25, 32. 74-607.R866. RMDP Laconia33.

ConicalcupFS 204,unpainted

3646. Buff,smoothed.Badlymade. D. (rim)9.9-10.2, (base)3.8. H. 4.0-4.8. 1973 #8. 73-604.R962.

(ii) Late Helladic IIB (3647; fig. 6.35) GobletFS 263 Thisgoblethas a short, veryevertedrimand a concavebase,whichis notarticulated. 3647. Brickorange;buffslip,orangepaint.D. (rim)1415, (base)6.2. H. 13.5. Linear.1974 # 28, 31, 33 (to be

associatedwithNu burial 11). 74-605. R836. RMDP Laconia50.

(ii) Late Helladic IIIAi (3648; fig. 6.35) KraterFS 7 rimalreadyshownon LH IIIA2-IIIC kraters; 3648 is a goodexampleoftheAyiosStephanoskrater buta smoothly at theeversionofthelip,170 it does nothave themoreusualsharpinnercarination withpapyrus, is alsoa localfeature. Itsmonochrome interior roundedprofile. Running spiralis depicted LH IIIAi blob fillin thecorners.171 whichhas thecustomary 3648. Buff;blackpaint.FM 46, running spiralwithFM at left,monochrome 11.47,papyrus, edgeofhandle-band

164Rutterand Rutter 1976, 22. 165Rutterand Rutter 1976, 56; see Furumark19410, 265 fig. 34, FM 1 1.47 forthe papyrusmotif. 166O. T. P. K. Dickinson, pers. comm. 167 Demakopoulou and Konsola 198 1, pl. 12 bottom.

withNu burial interior. 1974#31,33, 35 (tobe associated 11). 74-609.R887. RMDPLaconia65.

168See Mountjoy 1986, 27 fig.24. 169Cummer and Schofield 1084, 122*. 170 Mountioy 1086, 60 fig.70. 171 Mountjoy 1986, 64 fig.74.1.

THE LATE HELLADIC POTTERY §8

[(iii) LH III A2-IIIC [(?)Stirrup jar,typeuncertain

369

Early (3648a; not illustrated)

redtoreddishbrownpaint.Large [3648a (notseen).Buff; bodyfragment only.D. (max.)21. Threefinelinegroups

framed bybroadbands.Nu ι, 1973,# 1. Surfacecontext, 73-603.Notillustrated.]

8. SUMMARY, INCLUDING MATERIAL FROM THE 1959-63 EXCAVATIONS is presentatthesite,alongwithsomeLH IIA MuchLH I, LH IIIA2 EarlyandLH IIIC Earlypottery In thesubsequent andLH IIIB, whereasLH IIB, LH IIIAi andLH IIIA2 Latearebarelyrepresented. fromtheexcavations is givenofeachpottery an overview discussion unstratified, mostly phase;material, of 1959-63 is includedto enlargethecorpus. (i) Late Helladic I (3649-3662; fig. 6.36) thereis no other LambdaI,172 ApartfromtheearlyLH I buildingin Area Lambda 3/4 , Structure LH of thepottery most I is Lambda Structure the site. Since from LH I I, early stratigraphy good i.e. Lustrous of the with little / Matt Painted the to Painted, class, Mycenaean, very Minoanising belongs warediscussedhere(figs.6.25-6.27,withLustrousPaintedLH I sherdsofMycenaeanfabricin fig. at the site are the piriform jar FS 27, the alabastron 6·27>3454~346i)· The shapesrepresented rounded the FS FS 80, thesquatjug FS 87, thehole-mouthed 100, cup FS 211, Vapheiocup jar withtherarerstraightI LH all the usual in fact FS 224 and thestraight-sided shapes,together cup, sided alabastron3467. Most of the LH I sherdsbelongto the Vapheiocup; thereare veryfew sherdspresentfromclosedshapes. combinations oftenusedin different includesall thecommonLH I motifs, ofpatterns The repertoire The white of added use is much there the of jar sherd vase; piriform paint. accordingto theshape the all of are the of other but the linked with tangent representations spiral spiral, 3462 is decorated is illustrated orrunning (3649),decoratedwith jar sherdfromtheearlierexcavations type.A piriform FS 80 have The threepublishedexamplesofthealabastron bycrosstangents. separated largeurchins is unusual latter the iris of form a and (3234); degenerate (3464),wavyband(3463) joiningsemi-circles and have FS The fewexamplesofthesquatjug 87 as a maindecoration. 3465) running spiral(3235 and cross(3466). The hole-mouthed jar sherdsare decoratedwithverticalfoliateband (3311 and forthisshape. motifs 3468) and stonepattern(3469),bothpredictable Sherdsfromroundedcupsare also notcommon:3470 has a wavyband,3471 spiraland 3237 a fromtheearlierexcavations: spiralwithblob fill.Threecupsare illustrated largeexampleoftangent in thisphase,3651 handle-basecurrent 3650, decoratedwithspiral,showsthemetallicpinched-in with LH the hasjoinedblobs,and 3652 foliateband; 3237 and 3650-3651 have typical I cupprofile The shorter from Lerna.173 thetallrimand deep,clumsyroundedbodybestexemplified by examples rimof 3470 and 3652 maybelongto thestemmedtypeFS 212, whichalso seemsto have a narrow decoratedzone.174 in different combinations; The Vapheiocup is decoratedwitha widevarietyofLH I motifs spiral common arethemostpopular.The tangent bandvariations andfoliate spiralwithblobfillis especially is thespiralwithmultiple interest tangents, (3222,3238-3239, 3474-3475 and 3645),butofgreater from two on It is found on a decoration 3012 Stephanos, Ayios examples verypopular Kythera.175 and 3653; thelatteris a completeexamplefroma burialexcavatedin i960. This and,presumably, 3012 belongtoTypeI, theearliesttypewitha deepbandovertherim,ribandbase and a tallnarrow The additionof the Laconian examplesto the corpussuggestsa southPeloponnesian shape.176 withcertainty. Othersherdsmayalsobelongtothistypebutaretoosmalltobe identified distribution. on the used is also dot blob or with a small formofspiral,a running Another fill, Vapheiocup spiral in foliate as band foliate The the and on (3481-3482), combination appears simple squatjug 3235. 3478 as in 3483 (joiningcircles)and 3013 (joiningcircles withwavyline(3654) orin a non-foliate version, and crocus).Tortoise-shell rippleis also a popularmotif:thereis a completeexample(3240). Isolated with withcrossedtangents), suchas 3655 (urchin are oftenusedin combination, motifs 3485 (urchin a has double-axe. in or panel) 3241 (urchin circle);3472

172See §5 (i)-(ii) above. 173Caskev iq*7, pl. ^Qff. 174 Mountjoy 1986, 14 fig.7.3.

175Coldstream 1078, 303. 176Coldstream 1978, 393.

P. A. MOUNTJOY

37O

Fig. 6.36. 1960-3 excavations,LH I pottery:3649-3662. Scale 1:3.

The straight-sided cup decoratedwiththe LH I versionof double-axe withsinglestraightshaftis present(3656-3657), as well as a completeprofile(3658) decoratedwithripple,whichis a Minoan import.There are two examplesoftheminiaturecup or bowl, one froma burialin Area Delta (3659), decoratedwithrunningspiralwithsmall blob fill,and one fromArea Gamma decoratedwithripple AnotherMinoan import (3660); it may be a LM IA import.3659 is an earlyversionof thisshape.177 is a largebasin witha pie-crustrim (3661); it is decoratedinside and outsidewithdouble-axe.All the vases below are painted,withthe exceptionof one goblet(3662); it is dated to LH I fromcomparison withparallelsfromLerna. The base has theusual LH I hollowunderneath,but therimis rathershort. Piriform jar FS 27 (fig.6.36)

3649. Buff;brownpaint.FM 27, urchin.Beta 12B, 1963, # 60 (surface). Cup FS 211, 212 (fig. 6.36) 3650. FS 211. Buff;black to brownpaint.D. (rim)c. 14. Spiralwithadded white.Beta 11, 1963, Ν baulk, #151. 177See thatthe Mountjoy1986,49-50, whereit is suggested shapeappearsin LH IIA butbecomespopularin LH II Β.

3651. FS 2 11. Greenish;brownpaint.D. (rim)12.Joined blobs. Beta i/Beta 12A, 1963, #127 (earlierwash over Floor 4, 1974). 3652. FS 212. Buff;black paint. D. (rim) 15. FM 64, foliateband. Beta 6, i960, #22.

Vapheio cup FS 224 (fig.6.36) 3653.

Buff;greenishslip, black paint. D. (rim)9, (base)

THE LATE HELLADIC POTTERY §8 4.7. H. 8.7-9.0. FM 46, tangent spiral with quadruple tangents.Delta 7, i960, #6, 14, Delta burial 14. Taylour 1972, 225, pl. 43^ HS 27. 60-023. RMDP haconia.5. 3654. Buff;black paint.D. (rim) 10. FM 53, wavy band above FM 64, foliateband. Beta i/Beta 12B, 1963, #121. 3655. Buff;brownpaint.D. (rim)9. FM 27, urchinwith crossedtangents.Beta 11, 1963, sectorgamma, # 5.

Straight-sided cup (fig.6.36)

3656. Orange; buffslip,red-brownpaint.D. (rim)9. FM 35, double-axe. Beta 6, i960, #10. 3657. Buff;black paint. D. (base) 6.6. FM 35, doubleaxe. Beta 6, i960 #10. 3658. Orange; orangeto blackpaint.D. (rim)12.5, (base) 7.4. H. 7.5. FM 78, ripple.Beta 7, i960, # 10. LM IA. 60018. PLATE42.

Miniature cup (fig.6.36)

3659. Buff;orange-brownto black paint. D. (rim) 6.5, (base) 2.3. H. 4.3. FM 46, running spiral with blob

371

fill,rough interior.Delta 5, i960, # 5, Delta burial 4. Taylour 1972, 222, pl. 43a right,HS 24A. 60-019. RMDP Laconia 14. 3660. Orange witha few inclusionsfiredbuff;black to brown paint. D. (rim) 9.6, (base) 4. H. 4.8. FM 78, ripple,monochromeinterior.LM IA(?). Gamma 1, 1959, # 10 or 10a. Taylour 1972, 252, 269 fig.40.22, HS 88. 59-008.

Basin(fig.6.36)

3661. Buffwith grits;buffslip, black paint. D. (rim) c. 32. FM 35, double-axe in and out, pie-cruston rim out. LM IA. Beta 6, i960, # 6, 18.

GobletFS 270,unpainted(fig.6.36)

3662. Orange withmica; buffslip,roughlysmoothed.D. (rim)9, (base) 4.5. H. 6.0-6.8. Unpainted.Beta 5/2, i960, # 12. 60-013.

(ii) Late Helladic IIA (3663-3670; fig. 6.37) ofunstratified consists The LH IIA pottery sherds, apartfroma smalldepositinAreaEpsilon.178 mostly closed the The decoratedLH IIA is veryfragmentary. shapes,largerpiecesincludetheholeAmong with with leaves elaborate rim decorated mouthed spiralsor urchinsin thecoils.The 3495 ivy jar thantheMainland tradition in the Minoan and more is unusualfora hole-mouthed decoration jar, A that it is a Minoan do not and of fabric but the one,179 import. smallerversionof suggest paint 3495 fromclosed shapescome frombridgetheshape (3497) has curvedstripes.Otherlargefragments jug 3201 haveparallelsin theislands spoutedjugs:thearcadesroundthebase ofthebridge-spouted and Seraglioaredecorated from The and fromPhylakopi,180 Phylakopi Seraglio181 Kythera.182 parallels in an openfield,in thesamemanneras thegroupofthreeshieldson the withgroupsofthreemotifs The shieldson bridge-spouted jug sherd3253; thelattermayalsohavehad arcadesroundthebase.183 that it is above the bell a fill like the triton on have dot suggested theyare by the cup 3259; 3253 Marine but is another a are not common same hand.Shields motif, 3022 Styleis only example. are shownhere two more in the fragments alreadypublished,184 sparselyrepresented: additionto thatis that next to weed a of 3664 (3663-3664),bothfromclosedshapesand bothhaving tentacle, froma largetrefoil.185 probablygrowing on paperin full(exceptthehandle),thecup 3511, FS 211, Onlyone open shapecan be restored theusualmotifforthistalltypeof cup. Open shapesfromtheearlier decoratedwithdouble-axes, zones includethegoblet3666 withtworowsofwavybands;itssize and twodecorative excavations The bell cup 3665, whichhas theedge ofa hatched are similarto an examplefromOrchomenos.186 crocus,is probablydecoratedin theAlternating Styleagainstan openground.187 this The smalldepositinAreaEpsilongivesa goodidea ofthemonochrome shapesin vogueduring The most are illustrated and other monochrome (3261-3288). (3001-3010); unpainted shapes phase is very to thedecoratedversion, monochrome interesting shapeis thegoblet3667,which,in contrast still other underneath.188 Some a tall rim and hollowed base with examples painted large deep body, MH and a the survival from havea carinated 3267-3268 3528). (3003, 3264, goblet upperbody, is illustrated 3669-3670 (3668-3670); fragments Unpaintedmaterialfromtheearlierexcavations showsthatburnished warescontinued are burnished wares.The materialfromtheAthenswells189 halfof alongsideMycenaeanonesas lateas LH IIB/IIIAi. Thesetwopiecesare assignedto thefirst 178See§i (i) above. 179See Niemeier 1985,68-9 fig.22 fortheMinoanivyleaf, and Furumark 19410, 35-6 fortheMycenaeanone. 180Dawkinsand 270-1 figs ifl,pl. 11.140. Droop 191 181Morricone10.72-3.î^f; fis:.324. 182Coldstream and Huxley1072,pl. 40, no. Xi 123. 183Forthe thatvases decoratedin thisstyleform suggestion part of a largergroup originatingfromone workshopsee Mountjoy2007, 329-30. %J

9

S-r '

KS

«_S %-*

'*S

KS

Λ.

184Mountioy10840,216. 185See forexampleMountjoy no.8. 19840,177fig.6, Phylakopi

186

Mountioy 10,86, s κ fig. sk.i.

187Coldstream and Huxley1972,302-3. 188See Mountjoy1986, 35 fig.35 forthedecoratedversion and some monochromeexamplesfromKorakou; theseare, however,notas largeas thosefromAyiosStephanos. 189 Mountjoy1981.

372

P. A. MOUNTJOY

Fig.6.37. 1960-3excavations, LH ΠΑ pottery 3671-3674;LH IIIAi pottery 3675-3676. 3663-3670;LH IIB pottery Scale 1:3.

a confirmation LH II, sinceLH IIB/IIIAi material is scarceatthesite.Theydo notseemtobe imported, thattheuse of burnished wareswas not confinedto centralGreeceduringthe EarlyMycenaean period.Thereare parallelsto theshapeof 3668, an amphorawithtwoverticalhandles,amongthe thissherdis wornbutneednothavebeenburnished. burnished shapesfromtheAthenswells;190 190 Mountjoy 1981, fig.3.7-9·

THE LATE HELLADIC

Closedshape(fig.6.37)

3663. Buff;shaded-brownpaint. FM 21, octopus Type B. Beta 6, i960, # 3. 3664. Buff;brown paint. Edge of tentacle with weed above. Beta 4, i960, #14.

BellcupFS 221 (fig.6.37)

3665. Buff;shaded-brownpaint,orangein. Rockworkon Beta rimwithedge ofFM 1o, crocus,monochromeinterior. 1, 1959, # 10.

GobletFS 254,FS 263 (fig.6.37)

3666. FS 254. Orange; buffslip, black paint. FM 53, wavy bands. Beta 6, i960, #22. 3667. FS 263. Grey firedbuff;black paint. D. (rim) 20.

POTTERY §8

373

H. (ex.) 21.3. Monochrome. Beta 1 / Beta 12B, 1963, # 110 (earlywash over LH IIIC slab Floor 5, 1974, in Room 4). 63-046. Taylour 1972, 258, pl. 49f, HS 104. RMDP Laconia 38.

neckhandles, Amphorawithtwovertical unpainted(fig.6.37)

3668. Buff,worn.D. (rim)12.4. Beta 1 / Beta 12B, 1963, # 104. Early wash over Floor 5, 1974.

Goblet,unpainted(fig.6.37) 3669.

# 10.

Buff,burnishedbrown.D. (rim) 13. Beta 6, i960,

3670. Orange,burnished.D. (rim)14. Beta 1/1 2B, 1963, #104 (earlywash over Floor 5, 1974).

(iii) Late Helladic IIB (3671-3674; fig. 6.37) at thesite.One interment, Beta burial28 (3289-3291),seemson Thisphaseis barelyrepresented balancetobelongtothisperiod,butcouldjustbe earlyLH IIIAi. Amongtheothermaterial, profiles and of surviveofa roundedalabastron(3292) decoratedwiththeLH IIB versionofrockpattern,191 two monochrome LH IIB.192 There are the hall-marks of FS one of thering-handled examples cup 237, of this(3295-3296),and a piece decoratedwithargonautinsideand wavyband outside(3539); a smallmonochrome further exampleis includedhere(3673) and a decoratedone (3672); theinterior anotherofthehallmarks latter is similar to thatfoundon theEphyraeangoblet,193 rosette ofthe very this A third definitive feature of ofLH IIB butnotpresentat AyiosStephanos. phase,thegobletwith The concavebase of the rockpatternpendentfromtherim,is illustrated 3025. by therim-sherd IIIAi kraterhas a torus a datein LH II ratherthanLH IIIAi, sincetheLH krater3671 suggests arenotusualin LH II, so I datethispieceto thesecond base;194 largeopenshapessuchas thekrater halfofthephase.The monochrome goblet3674 probablyalso belongsto thisperiod,as itsstemis and itslip too shortforthoseoftheearlierMycenaean too shortand fatfortheLH IIIAi goblet195 in shapetothelinearexample3647. The miniature cup 3298 is unusualinhaving phases.It is similar vesselsthatmaybeginin LH II A butare a highhandleon therim;itbelongsto a classofminiature mostpopularin LH IIB.196The Late MattPaintedpieces 3299 and 3540-3543 are also assignedto as thatthisclassofpottery continues thisperiod.The materialfromtheAthenswellsdemonstrates to dateoutofcontext, theseunstratified sincethepiecesare difficult lateas LH IIB/IIIA1;197 pieces couldbelongto thepreviousor to thefollowing phase. Krater(fig.6.37)

3671. Orange; black to red paint. D. (base) 10. Monochrome interior. Beta 4, i960, Level 2, # not recorded.60-008.

Ring-handled cupFS 237 (fig.6.37)

3672. Orange; orange-buff slip, orange-brownpaint. D. (base) 3.2. FM 17, rosettein. Beta 1 / 12B, 1963, #138 (Floor 19). Taylour1972, 258, pl. 49CI.3,HS 107. 63-048.

3673. Buff;black paint. D. (rim)7.4, (base) 2.3. H. 2.1. Monochrome.Beta 6, i960, # 5, 6.

GobletFS 263 (fig.6.37)

3674. Goblet. Grey firedpinkish;black paint. D. (rim) 14.8, (base) 6.7. H. 12.5. Monochrome.Beta 12A, 1963, # 89. Taylour 1972, 258 withfig.32, pl. 49g, HS 103. 63005. RMDP Laconia 5 1.

(iv) Late Helladic IIIAi (3675-3676; fig. 6.37) Thereis verylittleLH IIIAi ; withtheexception ofthatdatingsomefloorsinAreaBeta(fig.6.20),itis unstratified. Of thefourcommonest LH IIIAi motifs, stipple,spiral,scaleand net,198 spiralis thebest atAyiosStephanos, followed butseveralopen represented bystipple.No closedshapecanbe restored, onescanbe reconstructed on paper,suchas theshallowcups3301, 3555 and 3675, all decorated with stipple.All threeexamplesare idiosyncratic: 3301 has no outerband overthelip and twowidely 191Furumark104.10,^2^ fis:,fu.iq. 192Dickinson 1072, 106. 193 1986, 48 fig.54.2. 194Mountjoy Mountjoy 1986, 60 fig.70.

195Mountiov iq86. 6 k fief.7£. 196Mountiov 1086, 4Q fiff.Φ197 Mountjoy 1981. 198French 1964, 260-1.

374

ρ· Α· MOUNTJOY

twowidebandsor twowidebands spacednarrowlinesabove thebase,insteadoftheconventional a narrow has wide interior several band; and 3675 has threenarrow ones;199 3555 lip flanking very bandsabovethebase,a solidpaintedcircleinthecentrebase anda banddowneachedgeofthehandle in a loop roundthebase,in themanneroftheLH IIIAi goblet.Thereis obviously much terminating withstipple. Thelargekrater localvariation here.Thegoblet3676 is alsodecorated 3648 hasthekrater thisrimrimtypicalofAyiosStephanos, witha roundedinnerlip insteadoftheusualevertedone;200 atthesitethrough variant all theMycenaeanphasesuntilLH IIIC Early. continues Cup FS 219 (FIG. 6.37) 3675. Orange with mica; orange paint. D. (rim) 11.2, (base) 3. H. 4. FM 77, stipple,solid circlein interiorbase, stripedown edge of handle terminatingin loop at base. Beta 4, i960, # 29. From burial 1. 60-012. Taylour 1972,

258, HS 110. ÄMDPLaconia 67. Goblet FS 255 (FIG. 6.37) 3676. Buff;orange-brown paint.D. (rim)15.FM 77,stipple. Beta 4, i960, #6. 60-009. Taylour1972, 258, HS 109.

(ν) Late Helladic IIIA2 Early (3677-3688; fig. 6.38) The LH IIIA2 materialfromAyiosStephanosis ofgreatimportance becauseit belongsto thefirst halfofLH IIIA2, a phaseforwhichthereis as yetno stratified settlement depositfromthemainland, thetwoLH IIIA2 Earlydomesticassemblagescitedby Furumark comingfromQatna and Ayios hisremaining this for come from tombs.202 The fromAyiosStephanos Iakovos;201 deposits phase pottery is of further interest because,apartfromhavingparallelsin materialfromAchaia,mostof it is a In thelightoftheMinoanising material combining hybrid product MycenaeanandMinoanelements.203 itis notapparent in the fromtheLH I strataat AyiosStephanos, thisfeature neednotcausesurprise; LH IIA-IIIAi pottery, but thereis verylittleof thisat the site.The LH IIIA2 Earlymaterial comes mostlyfroma largewash depositin Area Epsilon (3027-3121), fromthe stonesof the feature ev (3323),andfromtheinterments Betaburial26 (3338-3339),Lambdaburial14 (3572) and Lambdaburial1 (3573"3575)· The materialconsistslargelyofopen shapes,especiallythekylixFS 256, buta fewclosedshapes canbe restored. Insteadofbeingunpainted orhavingtheusuallineardecoration, thejugsandjarsare and the the these 3028-3029 e.g. shapeshavea paintedmonochrome, jug 3677; amphorae/hydriae and a small shortevertedrim.Smallerclosedshapesincludea cutaway-neck jug (3572) jug ofFS 112 with a burials and but normal both from both (3338), lip. paintedmonochrome, A fewsherdsfromstemmedkraters are present.The rims3032-3033 have theAyiosStephanos interior. Twosherds(3206 and 3318) havespiralswitha fatouter roundedinnerlipandmonochrome coil similarto thoseon thekylix3051; thisis a Cretanversionofthemotif(see below).Twosherds the fromtheearlierexcavations(3678-3679) are decoratedwithpapyrusand flowerrespectively; its A is shown from Beta burial short with a outline. is dotted 19; (3680) dipper papyrus fringed thatitbelongsto thisphase. evertedrimsuggests suchas themugs3034, a largeexample,and 3035, a Manyoftheopen shapesare monochrome, from Achaia.204 smallone,andthecylindrical parallels cup3037. Thelasttwovesselshavemonochrome with a The kylikes nearlyall belongtoFS 256,thekylixshapetypicalofLH IIIA2 Early,205 decorative in contrast to thatoftheLH IIIA2 Late kylixFS 257, wherethe zone thatendsat thehandle-base, of decorative zoneendslowerdownthebody.Theyareseparatedintotwogroups.206 GroupI consists interior rimwithhandlesrisingaboveit,an unpainted boththeusualFS 256,witha shortthickened anda bandedstem(fig.6.4),andsomeexamplesofFS 257. GroupII is a hybrid Minoan/Mycenaean anda monochrome a interior monochrome as on the closed with a everted fine short, rim, shapes, type to the ofthishybridgroupcorrespond bands(fig.6.5). The kylikes stemwitha fewnarrowreserved Minoankylixexceptforthestem,whichis nothollow,and thehandles,whichdo notriseabovethe and fineevertedlipsoftheexamplesfromAyiosStephanosare also interiors rim.The monochrome too fromAyiosStephanosis generally ofthehybridkylikes The decoration Minoancharacteristics.207 the few on to be obtained. motif a full of the for However, examples represented picture fragmentary ofMycenaean arenottheusualMycenaeanones,buta localadaptation wherethisis possiblethemotifs 199French 1064, pl. 72a. 1-5, 7-9; Mountjoy1986, 62-3 fig.72. 200Mountioy 1086, 60 fig.70. 201Furumark104.1^ f»6-7. 202Furumark1041b, 56-64. 203 Mountjoy 1987 and 1988.

204 Papadopoulos 1979, 244 fig.268c, 250 fig.274a. 205Mountioy 1086,67. 206See §1 (iii) above. 207See Popham 1969, 299-304 forsome of the fewpublished Minoan kylikes.

THE LATE HELLADIC POTTERY §8

375

elementsand a blendingofMycenaeanand Minoanones; forexample,3051 has spiralswitha fat outercoil (as also thekraters3206 and 3318 above) paralleledon an examplefromtheDictaean Cave.208This is not a LH IIIA2 Mycenaeanspiral.Again,3048 is decoratedwitha horizontal ithas a fringe ofdotsedgingtheleavesand stem(thepapyruson the Mycenaeanflower;unusually, Thisis nota Minoanfeature in LM IIIA butseems krater3678,discussedabove,has a similar fringe). fromMelathria arecomprehensively Fourpieces tobe a localone: whorl-shells on a krater fringed.209 fromtheearlierexcavationsare includedhereto fillout the corpus,3681-3682 bothwithstems, and thethreerim-sherds and 3684 withflower;all havea monochrome interior, 3683 withchevrons exhibitthefineevertedlip typicalofAyiosStephanos. is usedas muchon open shapesas on closedones.Therearemanykylikes, Monochrome painting and FS 267, but some FS 266 are present(figs.6.6-6.7); theseshapesare unpainted mostly 264 basins(fig.6.7), includinga threeelsewhereuntilLH IIIC.210Thereare also manymonochrome of these are includedhere (3685-3686), two as linear as well examples; leggedtype(3087-3088) a similar is in and out. rim linear the and blobs on 3326 example;thereis a parallelon being having also appear(fig.6.8); thereis a good kraters bowlsandring-based Monochrome a cupfromAchaia.211 whichis datedto LH IIIB butneednotbe so late. parallelto 3108 fromAchaia,also monochrome,212 or decoratedwithwavyband (fig.6.8), butothermotifs monochrome Stemmedbowlsare generally maybe used,suchas thechevron(3687). withfillis a in someofthecups.3039 withpendentsemi-circles is also reflected Minoaninfluence LM IIIA Two interior of rim and monochrome fine everted it has the Minoanimport; cups.213 with its a Minoan has 1 are Lambda burial deep shape214 hybrids.3573 cups (3573-3574) from however,butone paintis nota Minoanfeature, globularbodyand widelow base; itsmonochrome butthe 2.5 cm band local to AyiosStephanos.3574 comparesto LM IIIA2 examplesin shape,215 a Minoanshape,and that also has a it on overtherimis also a localfeature; appearsagain cup (3560) is with a Minoan on a basin (3084). Anothermonochrome shape 3334; it has parallelsfrom cup The askos 3339 fromBeta burial 26 has verywide bands thatcould be a local Knossos.216 bowl 3567 has The stemmed decoratedwithmanynarrowbands.217 sinceaskoiarenormally feature, sharedby lowerbody,a feature a similarfatwavyline.Thisbowlalso seemsto have a monochrome at thistime, thisis nota normalMycenaeanmethodofdecoration an examplefromtheMenelaion;218 and mayalso be local to Laconia. A smallselectionofunpaintedLH IIIA2 is shownfromthewashdepositin Area Epsilon(3111(3688); thefineevertedrimtypicalof 3117,fig.6.9),witha further piecefromtheearlierexcavations thecarinated and on the this on be seen can 3114, kylix3116 and the dipper piece AyiosStephanos roundedkylix3337,butotherLH IIIA2 pieceshavethenormallippedrim,suchas 3115 and 3571.

to blackpaint.FM 11,papyrus. 3678. Buff;orange-brown Beta 11, 1963, Ν baulk, # 100. Beta4, 1960, #6. 3679. Buff;brownpaint.FM 18c,flower.

interior.Beta 11, 1963, Ν baulk,# 100. 3682. Orange; buff slip, orange-brown paint. D. (rim) 14. FM 19, multiple stem, monochrome interior. Unstratified. 3683. Orange; buff slip, orange paint. D. (rim) 15. FM 58, chevron,monochromeinterior.Beta 12B, Ν baulk 1963, #95· 3684. Orange; buffslip, shaded-brownpaint. FM 18, flower,monochromeinterior.Unstratified.

DipperFS 236 (fig.6.38)

BasinFS 294 (fig.6.38)

JugFS 3677.

110 (fig. 6.38) Buff;black paint.D. (rim)9.6. Monochrome.Beta

6, i960, # 3.

KraterFS 8 (fig.6.38)

3680. Buffwithmica; brownpaint.D. (rim)6.5. H. 2.5. Blobs on rim. Beta 12B, 1963, # 66, sectorgamma. Cut intoBeta burial 19 (?); froms end of trench.Taylour1972, 235, HS 34. 63 003.

KylixFS 256 (fig.6.38) 3681.

Orange;buffslip,orangepaint.Stems,monochrome

208Evans 1021-^6, vol. IV.II, 370 fig. 300a. 209Demakopoulou 1077, pl. 10z. 210Wardle 1060, 285-8. 211Papadopoulos iQ7Q, 247 fig.271c. 212Papadopoulos 1070, 240 fig.264a, 213 Popham 1984, pl. 172.1-5.

3685. Orange; white slip, orange paint. D. (rim) 30. Linear; blobs on rim.TrialTrenchIII, 1963, # 4. Taylour 1972, 248, pl. 47g, HS 60a. 63026a. 3686. Orange; white slip, orange paint. D. (rim) 26. Linear; blobs on rim.Trial TrenchIII 1963, # 4. Taylour 1972, 248, pl. 47g, HS 60b. 63-026^

214See Ponham iq8a. dL 172.2. a. r forLM IIIAi Darallels. 215Popham 1084, pl. 175.10. 216Popham 1q84.pl. 175.5-7. 217Wace 10.32,T. 521.4, 524.4. 218 Catling 1977, 33 fig.20 top left.

P. A. MOUNTJOY

376

Fig. 6.38. 1959-63 excavations,LH IIIA2 pottery:3677-3688. LH IIIB pottery:3689-3694. Scale 1:3.

bowlFS 304 (fig.6.38) Stemmed

blackto shaded-brown 3687. Buff, paint.FM 58, chevron, monochrome interior. Beta 11, 1963, sector gamma, #13.

(fig.6.38) DipperFS 236,unpainted

3688. Orange; buffslip, standard,once polished(P).D. (rim)9.7. H. 3.9. TrialTrenchIII 1963, # 2. Taylour1972, 248, HS 59. 63-024.

THE LATE HELLADIC

POTTERY §8

377

(vi) Late Helladic IIIB (3689-3694; fig. 6.38) ofthisphasecanbe recognised, andnoneis stratified. Mostofthesherdsbelongto Verylittlematerial but there is closed a one open shapes, shape, jug (3340); it has a thickenedand fairlycomplete closed is smallhydriaFS 129 (3342);thisspecimen Another the incurving lip. shapepresent unusually witha veryelaboratehybridflower is decorated flanked withbarredbodies whorl-shells, byantithetic A sherdfroma insteadoftheusualdots,and withlozengefill;thisshapeoftenhas a piercedbase.219 with in LH is decorated the small scale found the curve of the sectionbelow IIIB; piriform jar (3123) that theshoulder the sherd to the FS Three stemmed 3689 belongs suggests stirrup jar piriform 167.220 kratersherdsdecoratedwithflower(3343-3345) all have a monochrome as does the sherd interior, has dots similar LH decoratedwithwhorl-shell The latter thick to those on the IIIA2 (3690). large flower(3048); however,sinceit is notdiagonal,as theLH IIIA2 whorl-shell is, and does generally it is assignedto this nothave dotsaroundthehead in themannerofan examplefromMelathria,221 phase.The miniature dipper3691 has theusual dottedrimand also a barredhandle.The bestis the decoratedwithwhorl-shell (3126, 3128, 3349-3351 and represented shape kylix:itis generally incombination with and (3127,3348 3692),sometimes 3576-3578),buttherearealsoexamples flower of withwhorl-shell (3579). Thereis one exampleof a Zygouries kylix(3352), one ofthehallmarks LH IIIB shapeelsewhere,223 arescarceordifficult torecognise: LH IIIB 1.222 Deep bowls,thecommonest and 3130 is a fineexample flower andwhorl-shell 3353-3354 aredecoratedwithhybrid respectively, and should,therefore, be LH IIIA2, butthebodiesare witha bird.3131 has horizontal whorl-shells whichsuggestsa laterdate.The stemmedbowl 3693 has U patternand possiblya disintegrated, patch chequerpanel.OnlytwopiecesofLH IIIB2 can be recognised:3133, a cup withtriangular and 3134, a deep bowlprobablybelonging to withtheedgeofa rosetteand a monochrome interior, rim. with has a also decorated The B,224 3694 triangular patch. unpainted amphora squared Group Stirrup jar FS 167 (fig.6.38)

KylixFS 258, 259 (fig.6.38)

3689. Buff;shaded-brownpaint. FM 59, V patternon belly.Unstratified.

3692. Buff;orange-brownpaint. FM 18, hybridflower, Beta 11, Ν baulk 1963, # 96.

KraterFS 9 (fig.6.38)

StemmedbowlFS 305 (fig.6.38)

3690. Buff;brown. FM 23, whorl-shell,monochrome interior.Trial TrenchVI, 1963, #18. Taylour 1972, 250, pl. 48a. 1, HS 69. 63-06 lj.

3693. Grey firedorange; buffslip, orange-brownpaint, FM 45, U patternwithedge of chequer.Beta 11, Ν baulk lo/63># 100.

DipperFS 236 (fig.6.38)

AmphoraFS 69, unpainted(fig.6.38)

3691. Buff;brownpaint.D. (rim)5.6. H. 3.0-3.3. Slit at base ofhandle; dotson rimand handle. Delta 6/4, 1960,* 1. Taylour1972, 245, pl. 43a left,HS 49A. 60-022. RMDP Laconia 151.

3694. Buffwithgrits,smoothed.D. (rim) 10.3. H. (ex.) 20.5. Beta 1, 1959, # 3, 4 (= Floor 5, 1974). 59-022. Taylour 1972, 259, HS 114.

(vii) Transitional and Late Helladic IIIC Early LH IIIC Earlypottery is foundall overthe site,but it comesfromunstratified upperand surface levels,apartfroma floorin Area Delta 4 foundin 1959 (3695-3699),twofloorsin Area Lambda/ Beta 12 (3593-3597>37°°-37ol> 37°4> 37°7> 3738)>a largewashdepositin Area Epsilon(31353197) and a substantial depositin TrialTrenchVI of 1963 (3705-3706, 3715-3716, 3725, 37273728, 3739, 3741, 3743, 3745-3747, 3749-3751 an<*3753"3754) [Pieces3724, 3733, 3743 and LH IIIB2-LH IIIC Early'in RMDP. The rhyton3709 is 3753-3755 are assignedto 'Transitional LH a IIIA2 heirloom.] probably (a) STRATIFIED MATERIAL FROM AREA DELTA 4, I959

(3695-3699;

FIG. 6.39)

Thiscomesfromthesecondbuildingperiodin thatAreaand was publishedas LH IIIB;225however, ourknowledge ofthelaterphasesofMycenaeanpottery has increasedconsiderably sincethereport waswritten, and itis nowpossibleto datethispottery to LH IIIC Early.It was foundin theporchof the'megaron'andfurther N.226 The excavatorsuggests thattheporchwas rebuiltat thistimeusingthe 219Biegen 1037, fig·200.702. 220Mountiov 1086. iof; fier.12*7.2. 221Demakopoulou iQ77, pl. ioz. 222 Mountjoy 1986, 93.

223Wardle 1073, 305-6. 224Wardle 1073, 315-17. 225Tavlour 1072. 2AA-6. 226 Taylour 1972, 244.

P. A. MOUNTJOY

378

Fig. 6.39. Area Delta 1959, LH IIIC Earlyfloordeposit:3695-3699. Scale 1:3.

The earlierfoundations; thiswouldmaketheporchandpossiblythe'megaron'a LH IIIC structure.227 This is in with a decorated zone. is unusual monochrome narrow 3695 beingcompletely amphoriskos to be a LH but its context does not allow feature of IIIC Late and 3695 normally Submycenaean, datedso late.228 The linearcollar-necked jar 3696 and thedeep bowlwithzigzag3697 are canonical itsdate;thereare LH IIIC Earlytypes.The monochrome andbellshapeofthelatterconfirm interior atTiryns.229 fromtherecentexcavations Twounpainted piecesareincluded. parallelstoitsdecoration concaveupper The carinated 3698 belongsto FS 111,a LH IIIC shape.230 kylix3699 has theflaring bodywithliplessrimthatcan also be associatedwithLH IIIC.231 FS 59 (fig.6.39) Amphoriskos

3695. Buff;black to brownpaint.D. (rim)6.6, (base) 4.4, (max.) 10.3. H. 10.8-10.9. FM 73, lozenge variant.Base burntinside, rest of interiormonochrome,and exterior Delta 4, 1959, # 1. Taylour includingbetweenhandle-stubs. 1972, 246, pl. 47c, HS 56. 59-012. RMDP Laconia 180.

Collar-necked jar FS 64 (fig.6.39)

3696. Bufffiredorange; buffslip, orange-brownpaint. D. (rim)8.1-8.5, (base) 7.5, (max.) 17. H. 16.2. Linear.Delta 4, 1959, # 3. Taylour1972, 246, pl. 47b, HS 54. 59-014. RMDP Laconia 186.

Deep bowlFS 284 (fig.6.39) 3697.

H. 10.9. FM 61, zigzag, monochromeinterior.Delta 4, *959> # 3· Taylour 1972, 246 withfig.25.1, HS 55. 59016. RMDP Laconia 201.

JugFS 111,unpainted(fig.6.39)

3698. Coarse brown with mica and very small grits, smoothed; burnt outside opposite handle. D. (rim) 6.6, (base) 3.8-4.0, (max.) 9. H. 9.3. Delta 4, 1959, # 2. 59015. plate 43.

FS 267,unpainted (fig.6.39) Kylix,carinated

3699. Buff,standard,once polished(?). D. (rim) 10.611.1, (base) 6.1. H. 9.4-9.9. Delta 4, 1959, #1,2. Taylour 1972, 246 withfig.24, HS 52. 59-013.

Buff;orange-brownpaint. D. (rim) 16, (base) 5.3.

227See furtherChapter 14 § 4 (v) below. 228-For TransitionalOarallels see Mountiov iqqq. I 282. <J»Jw J J 1 229Podzuweit 1978, 475 fig.28.12.

230Furumark1041a, 602. 231 Mountjoy 1985, 190 fig.5.20.350-52.

THE LATE HELLADIC POTTERY §8 (b) MATERIAL FROM OTHER CONTEXTS (37OO-3758;

379

FIGS. 6.4O-6.44)

Closed LH IIIC Earlyshapesare few,as is usual in everyphase at AyiosStephanos.Apartfrom can be recognised. Twoofthem,37013695, discussedabove,piecesfromthreeotheramphoriskoi are both with a decorated the latter has narrow decorated zone and seemstohavea 3702, wavylines; in monochrome the manner of The is with decorated semi-circles withsmall third,3700, 3695. body blobsabove;theornament is drawnwithfinenarrowlines,unusualforMycenaeandecoration. A rare of FS the with handles LH in vertical comes from the floor IIIC 62, (3593), example amphoriskos AreaLambda/ Beta12; ittoois decoratedwithwavyline.The collar-necked has like 3696, jar 3703, twoverticalhandleshighon theshoulderinsteadofon thebellyas is usual.232 Two otherfragments can be recognised, 3357 decoratedwithtasselsor an earlyformofnecklaceand 3135 withjoined both are local variations ofthemotifs. One straight-sided alabastron can be restored on paper quirk: it with to FS the uncommon handles on the lower instead of (3704); belongs 98, beginning type body in on theshoulder. Thistypeofalabastron first phase;itsdecoration, appears theTransitional hybrid A sherdfromthesameshape(3136) itssidesarenotpainted.233 is an earliermotif. flower, Unusually, is decoratedwithfringe. Twosherdswithaddedwhitepaint(3705-3706) are possiblyfromhydriae; thantotheamphorabecausethelatter is notnormally decorated, theyareassignedtothisshaperather butwouldseemto have butlinear.The use ofaddedwhitepaintfirst appearsin LH IIIC Middle,234 begunearlierat AyiosStephanos.Thereis an almostcompletelinearstirrup jar (3707),and a sherd or as fringes continue indicatesthatblobsbythemselves fromanotherexample(3708); itsdecoration to be popularat AyiosStephanos;its filledloop, similarto thoseon 3195, is an antithetic spiral butLH IIIC rhytaareveryrare, derivative. The rhyton 3709 is assignedto thisphasefromcontext, and itis probablya LH IIIA2 survival. thanclosedshapes.The stemmed krater canbe recognised Open shapesaremuchbetter represented in sherdmaterial fromitstallevertedrim,oftentheAyiosStephanosversionwitha roundedinnerlip (3583 and 3710-3712) and straight upperbody. 3710 is datedto LH IIIC and not to LH IIIB and thewhorl-shell ratherspindlyand shortof coils,in becausethehybridfloweris disintegrated The verythicksectionofthissherdmightsuggestthatitbelongs contrast to LH IIIB whorl-shells.235 has a thicker sectionthanthatofFS 9, butthetall to thering-based kraterFS 282, whichnormally rimsuggests an decoration forwhichI can findno parallel; thestemmed has extraordinary type.3713 itis tooincomplete forthewholemotif tobe madeout.A linearmugis illustrated (3140) and a small linearcup (3714); twopiecespossiblyfromcupsare shown(3715-3716).Thesehavea shallowbody thatwouldbetterfittheshapeoftheroundedkylix,butthisshapeis notdecoratedin LH IIIC. The smalldipper3141 is unusually paintedwithwavyband.The dipper3594 has a barredhandle,while An has 3361 diagonalstripes. exampleofFS 242 is published(3142). 3717 is thecanonicalLH IIIC FS kylix 274, butit has an uncanonicalslightlip to therim.Threeotherexamplesof FS 274 are interior and unpaintedexterior 3145, a largeone, 3146 and 3595. All have a monochrome except An almostcompletering-based fora rim-band; thestemsare presumably monochrome.236 kraterFS as are some sherds(3147-3152, 3362-3364 and 282 (3718) froma LH IIIC flooris illustrated, witha manpossiblycarrying a fish;3720-3721 The most is decorated 3719-3722). interesting3719, mainmotifs, as does 3362, and 3722 is decoratedwithchequerpanel,a popular bothhave fringed decorationat thissite.The rim3149 is thick,flattened and down-sloping; 3152 is decoratedwith and bow-tie another local motif. panel fringe, atAyiosStephanosis gainedfromthedeepbowls,the The bestidea oftheLH IIIC rangeofmotifs in A commonest this number fromtheearlyexcavationsare illustrated hereand shape phase. good morein fig.6.44, to showthelocal variations. few do not have a monochrome interior. Very pieces Some sherdshave a secondwideband belowtheinterior rim(3153, 3736); thisis a LH IIIC Early feature atTiryns.237 The secondouterrim-band on suchsherdsas 3159-3161, 3164 and 3179 is also a feature ofLH IIIC Early.238 Some profiles can be partially restoredon paper: 3723 has stemmed belowa verydeep rimspirals,3213 and 3725 bothhave panel,and 3212 hasjoiningsemi-circles zoneof3212 is present, ittohavebeen band,as does 3731; theloweredgeofthedecorative showing narrow;3370 withwavylinesand 3737 withzigzagare similarexamples.Linearprofiles unusually are 3726 witha verywidebellyband,3728 witha dottedrim,3727 and 3729; thelatterhas present

232Bletren1021, 68 fie. 08. 233 Mountjoy iqqq, 1 283. 234See Ponham and Milburn 10^1. ni. kq.6. 235 Mountjoy 1976, pl. 13c.

236For parallels from Lefkandi Phase 1 see Popham and Milburn 10,71,3^ fig. 1.2. 237Podzuweit 1078, 47R fig. 28.6, 8, 12. 238Podzuweit 1978, 490 fig.38 column 4.

P. A. MOUNTJOY

38o

LH IIIC Earlypottery: Fig.6.40. 1959-63excavations, 3700-3709.Scale 1:3.

a reserved thatbeginsatLefkandi in Phase2a239 bandbelowtheinterior butis obviously rim,a feature earlierhere(itis theonlyexamplefromthesite).Some ofthedeep bowlsare unusually large,as is shownbycomparison of3724 with3725,whichis ofnormalsize.Theselargebowlsarethick-walled andgenerally havetwoorthreethickbellybandsinsteadoftheusualsinglemediumbandorfineline belongingto thislargertypeinclude3231, 3374-3376 and 3750. The group(3725). Body-sherds in thatspiraland panelpatterns followtheLH IIIC pattern, and narrowhorizontal deepbowlmotifs mostsherdsare too patternsare common,but thereis also muchlocal variation;unfortunately of the completemotif.Fourteengroupsof local variantson to allow a reconstruction fragmentary motifs can be isolatedat AyiosStephanos;althoughfoundon all theshapes,theyare mostlytaken and discussedbelow(fig.6.44). fromdeep bowls.Thesemotifs areillustrated Threekalathos sherdsarepublished(3185-3187),largebasinsherds(3188-3190)andthreeshallow whereasin the interior, angularbowls(3191-3192 and 3752). The latterall have a monochrome has linear decoration inside.240 the Argolid shape on paper, buttwohalf-profiles No completestemmed bowlis present, (3753-3754)canbe restored and a numberofsherdscan be assignedto thisshape.A groupofrimsis isolated(3193-3196,3221, of 1-2 cm insteadof theusual 33785 3592, 3753 and 3755-3756), whichhave a thickrim-band ofa secondouterbandbelowtherim;thethickened stemmed bowldecoration lip,whichis a criterion thickened as cm. The be as The diameter ofthestemmed bowl,is present. 25 lip suggests large may thatthey thattheserimsdo indeedbelongto stemmed bowls,butone cannotexcludethepossibility ofits comefromlargedeep bowls.The linearpiece 3754 is assignedto thisshapeon thecriterion bowl. an uncanonical it be from but could also everted rim, deep heavy LH IIIC monochrome The onlyrecognisable shapeis thecarinatedkylixFS 267 (3143-3144)· no sherdscanbe assignedtothemonochrome Unpainted deepbowl,so commonelsewhere. Unusually, LH IIIC floorsin AreaLambda/ Beta 12 from the this comes dated to phase only securely pottery (thecup 3596 and bowl 3597) and fromthedepositin AreaDelta (thekylix3699). 239 Popham and Milburn 1971, 340.

240 Mountjoy 1986, 153 fig. 197.1.

THE LATE HELLADIC

FS 59 (fig.6.40) Amphoriskos

3700. Pink;buffslip,orangepaint.FM 43, isolatedsemicircleswithsmall blobs above, finelydrawn. Beta 1/12B, 1963, # 97 (= Room 4, Floor 5, 1974).

FS 61 (fig.6.40) Amphoriskos

3701. Orange; buffslip, orange paint. D. (rim)c. 6. FM 53, wavy line. Beta 12A, 1963, # 88, 89 (= Room 2, Floor 4, 1974). RMDP Laconia 182.

FS 59 (fig.6.40) Amphoriskos 3702.

Buff;brownpaint.FM 53, wavyline. Unstratified.

Collar-necked jar FS 64 (fig.6.40)

3703. Orangewithmica; buffslip,orangepaint.D. (max.) c. 16. Incised. Beta 6/Beta 1, i960, # 21, 22. 60-016.

FS 98 (fig.6.40) Alabastron, straight-sided

3704. Buff;shaded-brownpaint. D. (base) 14.4. FM 18, flower.Lambda/Beta12A, 1963, # 88, 89 (= Room 2, Floor 4, 1974). Taylour 1972, 259, pl. 5od, HS 120. 63-008. RMDP Laconia 187. 128 (fig. 6.40) HydriaFS 3705. Orange withgritsand mica; buffslip, red-brown paint.FM 53, wavy line in added white.Trial TrenchVI, 1963, #18. Taylour1972, 251, pl. 48b-5,HS 83. 63-0611·. 3706. Buff;blackto brownpaint.FM 42, triangular patch withFM 53, wavy line in added whitebelow. TrialTrench VI, 1963, # 18. Taylour1972, 251, pl. 48^7, HS 82. 6306 îq.

Stirrup jar FS 174 (fig.6.40)

3707. Buff;black to brown paint. D. (base) 4.2, (max.) 11.3, (spout)2.6. Linear.Beta 1/12B, 1963, # 110 (= Room 4, Floor 5, 1974). Taylour 1972, 259, HS 118. 63-004. RMDP Laconia 190. plate 43. 3708. Buff;black paint.Loop of FM 50, antitheticspiral withblob fill.Unstratified.

RhytonFS 199,LH IIIA2(?) (fig.6.40)

3709. Buffwithmica firedorange;buffslip,orange-brown paint. H. (ex.) 16.2. FM 21, octopus. Delta 3, 1959, # 2. Probablya LH IIIA2 survivalin thisLH IIIC Earlycontext. Taylour1972,245,pl.47a,HS 50. 59-011.RMDP Laconia 191.

KraterFS 9 (fig.6.41 unlessotherwise stated)

3710. Buff;brownpaint.D. (rim)15. FM 23, whorl-shell withedge of FM 18, hybridflower.Beta 11, 1963, #128. buffslip,black to brownpaint.D. (rim) 3711. Pink-buff; 30+. FM 56, chequerpanel. Beta 4, i960, # 7. fig. 6.44. 3712. Buff;red-brownpaint. D. (rim) c. 31. FM 58, chequer,tracesof paintin. Unstratified. buffslip,brownpaint.Miscellaneous 3713. Orange-buff; decoration,monochromeinterior.Unstratified.

Cup FS 215 (fig.6.41)

3714. Orange withmica; buffslip, orange-brownpaint. D. (rim)9, (base) 3.6. H. 5.3. Linear,monochromeinterior. Delta, contextunknown.RMDP Laconia 192.

Cup(?)(fig.6.41) 3715.

Buff with much mica; brown paint. D. (rim)

POTTERY §8

381

unknown. FM 42, joining semi-circles, monochrome interior.Trial TrenchVI, 1963, # 18. Taylour 1972, 251, pl. 48^.1, HS 85. 63-061I. 3716. Buff;brownpaint.D. (rim)14. Verticalzigzag.Trial TrenchVI, 1963, #18. Taylour 1972, 251, pl. 48b-4, HS 84. 63061η.

Kylix,conicalFS 274 (fig.6.41)

3717. Buff;black paint. D. (rim) 17. Unpainted out, monochromein. Unstratified. [3717a (not seen). Pink; black paint. D. (base) 6. Monochrome out. Gamma 1, 1959, # 4. 59-026. Not illustrated.]

FS 282 (fig.6.41) Krater, ring-based

3718. Orange; buff slip, red-brown paint, black on interior.D. (rim) 28.2. H. (ex.) 23.1. FM 70, scale pattern (unusual in that it terminates before upper frame of decorative zone), monochrome interior.Beta 11, 1963, sector gamma 2, # 50. Taylour 1972, 259, pl. 50c, HS 113. 63-002. RMDP Laconia 198. buffslip,fugitive blackpaint.FM 1, man 3719. Pink-buff; carryingobjects(fish?)on his shoulderor wearinga baldric, monochromeinterior.Beta 1963, surface.Taylour 1972, 259 withfig.34, pl. 50b, HS il«. 63-025. 3720. Orange; buffslip, orange paint. FM 19, multiple stemwithfringe,monochromeinterior.Unstratified. 3721. Orange firedbuff;shaded-brownpaint. FM 43, isolated semi-circleswith fringeand edge of decoration. Unstratified. 3722. Buff;brown paint. FM 56, chequer with scale, monochromeinterior.Unstratified.

Deep bowl FS 284 (fig.6.42 unlessotherwise stated)

3723. Buff;shaded-brownpaint. D. (rim) 13. FM 51, stemmedspiral.Delta 11, 1963, # 53. RMDP Laconia 200. to black paint.D. (rim)20. FM 3724. Buff;orange-brown TrialTrenchVI, 1963, #18. 6 1, zigzag,monchromeinterior. Taylour1972, 251, pl. 48/ HS 86. 63-058. RMDP Laconia 164, wheredated TransitionalLH IIIB2-LH IIIC Early'. 3725. Orange; buffslip, brown paint. D. (rim) 15. FM 75, panelled. Trial TrenchVI, 1963, #18. Taylour 1972, 250-1, pl. 48d right,HS 72. 63-06 ia. RMDP Laconia 202. 3726. Orange-buff;buffslip, black to brown paint. D. (rim) 16. Linear, monochromeinterior.Delta 11, 1963, # 16. RMDP Laconia 210. 3727. Buffwithmica; shaded-brownpaint.TrialTrench VI, 1963, #18. Taylour 1972, 251, pl. 48d bottom,HS 76. 63061e. RMDP Laconia 211. 3728. Buff;brown to black paint. Linear, dots on rim. Trial TrenchVI, 1963, #18. Taylour 1972, 251, pl. 48d left,HS 75. 63-061CLRMDP Laconia 212. 3729. Buff;blackpaint.D. (rim)16. Monochromeinterior withreservedband below interiorrim.Beta 11, 1963, sector gamma, #13. 3730. Buff;pale brownpaint.D. (rim)12. FM 18, hybrid Beta 11, 1963, sectorgamma, flower,monochromeinterior. #13. 3731. Buff;black to orange paint. D. (rim) 18. FM 42, joining semi-circles,monochromeinterior.Beta 11, 1963, sectorgamma, # 6. fig. 6.44. Buff;brownpaint.D. (rim) 15. FM 45, U pattern, 3732. monochromeinterior.Unstratified. red-brownpaint.D. (rim)18. Spiralwith 3733· Pink-buff; edge ofpanel(?), monochromeinterior.Beta 4, i960, #31. RMDP Laconia 170, where dated TransitionalLH IIIB2LH IIIC Early'. Fig. 6.44.

382

P. A. MOUNTJOY

Fig.6.41. 1960-3excavations, LH IIIC Earlypottery: 3710, 3712-3722.Scale 1:3.

3734· Buff;brownpaint.D. (rim)14. FM 48, quirk, monochrome interior. Beta11, 1963,#107.RMDPLsLConia. 205. Fig. 6.44. 3735· Buff;blackpaint.D. (rim)17. FM 50, antithetic interior. Beta 11, 1963, # 4. RMDP spiral,monochrome Laconia206. Fig.6.44. 3736. Buffwithmica;shaded-brown paint.D. (rim)17. FM 52, isolatedspiral.Delta 11, 1963,#23. 3737· Buffwithmica;brownpaint.D. (rim)14. FM 61,

Beta5, i960, #23. interior. zigzag,monochrome 3738. Buff;shaded-brown paint.D. (rim)13. FM 64, interior. Beta12BΝ baulk,1963, foliate band,monochrome #97 (= Room4, Floor5, 1974).fig.6.44. 3739· Orange-buff; orange-brown paint.D. (rim)16.FM interior. Trial monochrome 75, panelledwithhalf-rosette, TrenchVI, 1963,# 18. Taylour1972,250,pl. 48a.2,HS 68. 63-o6if.ÄMDPLaconia207. 3740. Orange;buffslip,orangepaint.FM 19, stems,

THE LATE HELLADIC POTTERY §8

383

Fig.6.42. 1960-3excavations, LH IIIC Earlypottery: 37*3-373°»373«» 3736"3737>3739»3745"3746>3748-3751 Scale 1:3. monochrome interior. Delta3, 1959,# 1. fig.6.44. 3741. Orange;buffslip,brownto blackpaint.FM 19, interior. TrialTrenchVI, 1963,#18. stems,monochrome Taylour1972,251,pl. 48b-3,HS 80. 63-0610.fig.6.44. 3742. Buff;shaded-brown paint.FM 43, isolatedsemicircles.Beta4, i960, #10. Fig.6.44. 3743. Buff;shaded-brown paint.FM 43, isolatedsemimonochrome interior. TrialTrenchVI, 1963,#18. circles, Taylour1972, 251, pl. 48^3, HS 78. 63061h. RMDP Laconia171,wheredatedTransitional LH IIIB2-LH IIIC Early',fig.6.44. 3744. Orange; buff slip, orange paint. Spiral, monochrome interior. Delta3, 1959,# 1. fig.6.44. 3745· Orangewithmica;buffslip,orangepaint.FM 48, interior. TrialTrenchVI, 1963,#18. quirk,monochrome Taylour1972,250,pl. 48b.2, HS 67. 63-061111. 3746. Orangewithmica;buffslip,orangepaint.FM 5 1,

stemmedspiral,monochrome interior. TrialTrenchVI, 1963, # 18. Taylour 1972, 250, pl. 48a.6, HS 66. 63061k. 3747. Buff;orange-brown paint.FM 5 1, stemmed spiral. Beta5, i960, #6. Fig. 6.44. blacktoshaded-brown 3748. Buff; paint.FM 73,lozenge, monochrome interior. Beta 11, 1963,sectorgamma,#6. 3749. Buff;brownto black paint.FM 75, panelled, monochrome interior. TrialTrench VI, 1963,#18.Taylour 1972,251,pl. 48a-4,HS 77. 63-o6ig. 3750. Buff;brownto black paint.FM 75, panelled, monochrome interior. TrialTrench VI, 1963,#18. Taylour 1972,251,pl. 48^5, HS 79. 63-0611. 3751. Buff;brownto black paint.Pictorialstylewith addedwhite,monochrome interior. TrialTrenchVI 1963, #18. Taylour1972,251,pl. 48b.6,HS 81. 63-061P.

Ρ- Α. MOUNTJOY

384

LH IIIC Earlypottery: Fig.6.43· !9^Ο~3 excavations, 3752-3754.Scale 1:3.

ShallowangularbowlFS 295 (fig.6.43) a contemporary 3752 is TypeA witha slightcarination; exampleof TypeΒ withroundedbody at Asteri.241 comesfromtheexcavations 3752. Orange;buff slip,orange-brown paint.D. (rim)17. interior. Monochrome Unstratified. RMDPLaconia214.

stated) Deep bowlFS 284 (fig.6.43 unlessotherwise theType2 Transitional 3753~3755 represent deepbowl(alsoseenin 3170, 3193-3194,3370, 3374, bowlFS 3376>3586>37*4>3733 and 3743)· It:is possiblethat3753-3755 comefromthestemmed to a stem,and no stems 306, butthelowerbodyofeach is wideand does notseemto be narrowing tosuchbowlswerefound,eventhoughthisportionofthevaseis relatively indestructible.242 belonging 3753· Orangewithmica;buffslip,orange-brown paint. D. (rim)17. FM 58, chevrons, monochrome interior. Trial TrenchVI, 1963,# 18. Taylour1972, 250, pl. 48c, HS 70. 63-059.RMDPLaconia163,wheredatedTransitional LH IIIB2-LH IIIC Early'. buff 3754· Greyfired paint. pink-buff; slip,shaded-brown D. (rim)18.Linear,monochrome interior. TrialTrenchVI, 1963,# 18. Taylour1972,251, HS 73. 63-061!).RMDP

bowlFS 306 (fig.6.44) Stemmed

3756. Pink;buffslip,red-brown paint.FM 19,multiple interior. Beta 11, 1963,# 120. stem,monochrome 3757· Buff;red-brown paint.D. (rim)20. FM 59, V monochrome interior. Beta 11, 1963,#17. pattern,

LH IIIB2-LH IIIC Laconia165,wheredatedTransitional Early'. 3755· Buffwithmica;shaded-brown paint.D. (rim)17. FM 18, flowerwith fringeof verticalfoliateband, interior. Delta 15, 1963, #110 (topsoil). monochrome LH IIIB2RMDPLaconia 166,wheredatedTransitional LH IIIC Early',fig.6.44.

3758. Bufffiredorange;buffslip,orangepaint.Stems interior. Beta5, i960, #8. withspiral,monochrome 3759-3800. Numbersnotused.

(viii) Late Helladic IIIC Motifs, Including Local Variations (fig. 6.44) Group1 Multiplestem.Deep bowl 3153, 3365-3366; stemmedbowl 3756. Groupsof fourto fivestems zone. describean obliquewavylinefromtopto bottomofthedecorative 241 Taylour1972, 263, pl. 50h, HS 332, = RMDP Laconia 213.

242 Mountjoy 1999, 1 279.

THE LATE HELLADIC POTTERY §8

385

Fig. 6.44. LH IIIC Earlypottery,local variationsof motifs:3711, 3731, 3733-3735» 3738> 374°"3744> 3747» 3755-3758. Scale 1:3.

Group 2 Stems.Deep bowl 3740-3741; stemmedbowl 3758, krater3584. Double stemsend in coils (3584, 3740-3741) and may have otherdecorationattached,e.g. the spiral 3758. Group 3 Fringeofjoining semi-circleson rim-band.Deep bowl 3212, 3731; stemmedbowl 3193. A double or singlerow ofjoining semi-circlesis attachedto the rim-band.

P. A. MOUNTJOY

386

Group4 Isolatedmotifs: semi-circles. Deep bowl3156, 3742-3743.UsedinLH IIIB as fillplacedantithetically in panelleddecoration,243 themotifs are hereemployedas a maindecoration. Group5 is unusually Isolatedmotifs: largevertical large;itmaybe a quirk.Deep bowl3162-3163. The motif ornament for filling panelledpattern. Group6 Small-sized spiralsattachedto panelsor otherdecoration. Deep bowl 3194, 3733, 3744>3747· Group7 is generallydepictedas a Joinedquirk.Collar-necked jar 3135; deep bowl 3161. This ornament as a not one. motif,244 running joined Group8 bowl 3195. Elaboratedantithetic Deep bowl 3735; stemmed spiralsand derivatives. Group9 Doublewavylinewithfill.Deep bowl 3232, 3370. Group10 Chequerpanel.Krater3363, 3711; deep bowl 3184. Group11 Zigzagwithfill.Deep bowl 3233, 3373. The sherdsare too incompleteforthe decorationto be defined. accurately Group12 Narrowhorizontal are a featureof LH IIIC Early:245 patterns quirk,deep bowl 3734; V pattern, stemmed bowl 3757; zigzag,deep bowl 3172-3173, 3737; foliateband,deep bowl 3174, 3738. Group13 Tricurved arch:doublearchwithfill.Deep bowl3374-3376. Group14 of 'bow tie' (krater3152, 3360, and deep bowl 3377); arrow Fringesat edge of panelsconsisting bowl 3755). foliate band (deepbowl 3176, and stemmed bowl vertical 3181); fringe (deep 9. LATE HELLADIC

SHERDS FROM THE EARLIER EXCAVATIONS ANALYSED IN APPENDIX 3 (3801-3830) E. B. Frenchand P. A. Mountjoy

[The fabricsof a further 30 sherdsfromthe excavationsof 1963 are analysedin Appendix3. all the of projectand maybe consulted;the samplesare held by thePerlman-Asaro Photographs followed are marked HS actualsherdsareheldbytheFitchLaboratory. (forHagiosStephanos), They in this Their numbers and basket number. the Area the then to indicate designation by'63 year1963, to the STEP numbersof Perlmanand Asaro withthe prefix38- added,i.e. volumecorrespond to STEP 1-30.ElizabethFrenchcataloguedthesherds;PenelopeMountjoy 3801-3830 corresponds and annotated thecatalogue.3801-3816 and 3818-3820 areLH III, whilethe checked subsequently restare LH MI. 3801-3810 comefromtheLH IIIC Earlybasket18 ofTrialTrenchVI, likemany 243Mountioy 1076, 88 fig.6.46. 244Podzuweit 1978, 477 fig.29.1.

245Podzuweit 1978, 475 fig.28.3, 12, 14, 16.

THE LATE HELLADIC POTTERY §9

387

otherpiecesofthisdatepublishedabove (3705-3706, 3715-3716, 37*4-37*5, 3727-37^8, 3739, 3741*3743> 3745"3746>3749-3751*3753"3754)· Thereare morepiecesfromtheLH I-II wash (3820-3821,3823, 3825-3827,3829-3830)andtheLH IIIC Earlyfloordeposits(3811-3812,3816, liketheLH IIIC Earlypieces3593-3597, 3710, 3718, Beta 11 and Beta 12,246 3818) in trenches LH IIIC Early and 3748 publishedabove. Sherd3815 is a further 3729-3731, 3734-3735?3738 from Area Delta.] piece (i) Trial Trench VI, 1963 (basket 18) 3801. Deep bowl base. Pink clay,firedbuffout; lustrous metallicbrownpaintin; some surfacemica; local; LH IIIC Early. 3802. Jug or collar-neckedjar neck. Warm buffclay; shaded brownpaint; some surfacemica; necklace pattern; local; LH IIIC Early. 3803. Jar base, flat. Grey clay, fired pinkish-buff; unpaintedat base withone brownband above; some surface mica; local; possiblyLH IIIC Early. 3804. Shallow bowl body-sherd.Warm-buff clay; shaded brownpaint; linearout only; (?) ArgiveLH IIIB. 3805. Unpainted rim of carinated kylix(?). Warm-buff clay,smoothed;some surfacemica; local. rolledlip. Warm3806. Deep dowl rimwithveryslightly

buffclay; red/brownpaint;lip line withband below inside; some surfacemica; local; LH IIIC Early. 3807. Jug-neckscrap. Dark-buff clay; black paint;zigzag tracesaroundbase ofneck; varnishover labellingobscures any mica; local; LH IIIC Early. 3808. Deep bowl base. Warm-buff clay; shaded brown paint;band out,linesin; some surfacemica; local; LH IIIB. 3809. Deep bowl rim.Warm-buff clay;brownpaint;band below lip line in,verticallinesout; some surfacemica; local; LH IIIB or IIIC Early. buffclay; burnt.Fine well-finished 3810. Kraterring-base, band monochrome brown metallic in; out, paint; slightly some surfacemica; local; LH IIIB-IIIC Early.

(ii) Other Provenances from the 1963 Excavations 3811. Krater body-sherd. Pink core, fired grey-buff, burnt(?);burnishedsurface;some mica; local; probablyLH IIIA2 Early.Beta 11, # 29. 3812. Closed body-sherd,possibly fromEphyreanjug. Buff,veryhard-firedclay; polished surface;brown paint; spiral;not necessarilylocal; LH IIIAi. Beta 11, # 50. rolledlip,possiblylargecup. 3813. Bowl-rimwithslightly Warm-buff clay; shaded brownpaint;rimband, pattern(?); some surfacemica; local; LH IIIB-IIIC Early.Markingon edge not legible. 3814. Thick handle, probably fromgoblet. Very dark warm-buff clay; metallicblack paint;edge bands and crossdiagonals; some surfacemica; local; LH IIIAi. Marking not preserved. 3815. Deep bowl base, veryworn and burnt.Greenishbuffclay; black paint;band out,monochromein; local; LH IIIC Early.Delta 12, # 17. clay; 3816. Open body-sherd, probablykrater.Warm-buff shaded brownpaint;diaper-netpattern;some surfacemica; local; LH IIIA-IIIB. Beta 12B, # 104 (Room 4, over Floor 5 of 1974). or bridge3817. Veryflatbody-sherd,fromstirrup-jar(?) spoutedjar. Buffclay, firedor burntwhite; brown/black paint;zigzagpattern;no mica; looks local; LH IIA. Marking brokenoff. 3818. Cup/bowl/kylixrim. Warm-buffclay, polished; brownpaint;line on rim;some surfacemica; local; LH IIIB. Beta 11, # 50. 3819. Carinated kylix-rim.Warm-buff clay, smoothed; unpainted;worn,mica not visible; presumablylocal; LH III. Markingdestroyed. 3820. Kylixbody-sherd, possiblyofZygouriestype,worn. Buffclay, burntgrey,polished; whorl-shellpattern;some surfacemica; probably local; LH IIIBi. Beta 11, sector

gamma/alpha,# 34. 3821. Alabastronbody-sherd.Buffwiththickwhiteslip; brown paint; wave and dots; probably local, thoughno surfacemica; LH IIA. Beta 11, sectordelta,#17. 3822. Vapheio cup base. Buff clay, unfinished in; cracklingblack paint; local; LH I. Marking on edge not legible. 3823. Vapheio cup body-sherd, near rim. Buff clay, unfinished below; bands in,polishedout;black/brown paint; ripplepattern;local; LH I. Beta 11, sectordelta,#17. 3824. Closed body-sherdfrom squat jar(?). Grey-buff clay, burnt(?),concreted in; brown paint; hatched loop pattern;local; LH IIA. Markingnot preserved. 3825. Closed body-sherd.Red clay withbuffslip; shaded brown paint; spiralpattern;some surfacemica; local; LH I-IIA. Beta 11, #3. 3826. Vapheio cup rim.Buffclay; darkbrownpaintwith added white; ripple pattern; Minoan type, but not monochromein; local; LH I. Beta 12B, #71 (over Floors 4 and 5 of 1974). 3827. Closed body-sherd, probablyfromalabastron.Very pale buffclay; black lustrouspaint; hatched loop pattern; local; LH IIA. Beta 12B, # 74 (= Floor 4, 1974); incorrectly transcribedas # 24. 3828. Base of cup(?). Pink core, slipped verypale buff, polished; cracklingbrownpaint;spiralpatternwithdot fill; local; LH I. Beta 12B, # 73 (over Floors 5 and 6 of 1974). 3829. Gobletbase, flatbeneath.Fine butnotwell-handled pink clay, smoothed;local; LH I. Beta 12A, # 89 (under Floor 4, 1974). 3830. Goblet-base, concave beneath. Fine but thick warm-buff clay,lightlypolished; local; LH II. Beta 12A, # 89 (underFloor 4, 1974). 3831-4000. Numbersnot used.

246See Chapter ι §5 (ii).

Chapter7 The Medievalpottery G. D. R. Sanders

Author'snote:I studiedthematerialin summer1984 and wroteit up in spring1985. SincethenI andat withRoman,Byzantine and Frankish timeat Corinth havespentconsiderable working pottery, than of the to more some but have not been able on and Frankish, incorporate Sparta Byzantine Dr I like to thank Charalambos this would this into information from Chapter. gathered experience and Dr Κ. W. Slaneforconstructive Bakirtzis me to readhisunpublished forpermitting dissertation, thanks aredue toJanMotykaSandersfor criticism ofthispaperandforherextensive support. Special ofthetext.[Editor'snote:I have added in square and forreadingdrafts herhelpwiththedrawings thesehavenotbeen studiedby theauthor.] a fewpiecesthathave stratigraphie brackets significance; 1. INTRODUCTION The Medievalremainsat AyiosStephanos, including partofa house,theouterwallofitscourtyard witha benchbuiltalongone cornerof it,a drainand a bothros,beganto be uncoveredin 1959 or theLate (see Chapter3 above);at thetimetheyweredeemedto datefromeithertheTurkokratia of brokenstamnoiand some glazed potterywere also found.In Romanperiod.Large quantities LambdaVII, Structure 1977 thearea was further explored,revealingthelowerwallsofa building, ofthechapelofAyiosStephanos.1 tobe theMedievalantecedent whichwas at first Despitea thought in Constantinopolitan ceramicsduring thesettlement as an entrepôt toportray recentattempt trading the siteand its materialcultureare not onlymuchlaterbut also considerably the 10thcentury,2 theremainsof a shorthumbler. The wallsand materialcultureon thehillockprobablyrepresent ruraldomicile.Onlythelowerwallsofthehouseand courtwere lived,late 13thto early14thcentury or evenwattleand daub.The have consistedofmudbrick theupperwallsmustoriginally preserved; on the of roughwallinglaid directly wallswerebuiltwithfoundedpiers,connectedby stretches with a thick of which was abraded and covered surface. the floor much lime, Inside, layer ground or evenone storeywitha had washedfromthewalls.The buildingprobablyhad eithertwostoreys mezzanine,withaccommodationforanimalsbelow and forhumansabove. Afterits desertion the plasterpeeled offthe walls, and the beams and reeds of the roof rottedand collapsed mudor wattleoftheupperwallsthen downa massofrooftiles.The unprotected inwards, bringing the stone socles leavingonly standing. disintegrated, thedescription ofa cottageat theKaliviaofFeniki it concernsa single-storied structure, Although in in for one is which Leake (modernAsopos), lodged night 1805, enlightening: intheusualmanner, ofmud,witha coatingofplaster; theroofis thatched, The houseis constructed, whichis nota verycommonmodeofcoveringthecottagesofGreece.Thereis a raisedearthen at one endforthefire,without semicircle towardstheother,a lowpartition, formed anychimney; as thewalls,separates ofthesamematerial thepartofthebuilding destined forthefamily fromthat whichis occupiedby theoxenand assesusedon thefarm,one doorserving forbothapartments. The usualarticlesoffurniture ofa Greekcottageare ranged,or hung,around,namely,a loom, wickerbaskets, withmud,forholdingcorn,a sieve,spindles, somecopper barrel-shaped plastered and two The floor is bareearthcovered,likethewalls,witha coatofdried cooking-vessels, lyres. mud.An oven[is]attachedto theoutsideofthebuilding. . .3 In a laterpassage Leake remarksthatthe houses at Leimonas, southof Skala, are made of mud and wicker.4 1 See Chapter s §4 above. 2 Armstrong1996, n. 90.

3 Leake 1830, 1 222-3. 4 Leake 1830, 1 232.

389

G. D. R. SANDERS

39O

The construction of StructureLambda VII can be dated by the potteryin the foundationtrenches Its of the piers.This is all late 13thcentury,as the associated coin of Charles I of Anjou confirms.5 destructioncan be dated by potteryand coins on the floorinside,sealed under the fallenroof-tiles. The potteryprobablyfellwiththe floorof the room above, althoughthe coins perhaps fellthrough cracksin the floorboards.Both potteryand coins6date the abandonmentto c. 1325-35. There is no archaeologicalindicationof what caused the desertion,but these were violent times.The Catalan mercenaries,who had based themselvesin Athens,raided widely in the Aegean and along the coasts of the Péloponnèse in the 1320s, and the Turkishadmiral Umur of Aydin attacked the settlements oftheLaconian gulfand the Spartaplain in 1334.7If the Catalan raidssparedsegmentsof thepopulationin thecoastal area, manyofthe survivorsdoubtlessfellvictimto malariaand theBlack Death, or fled,neverto return.8 The findsfromAyios Stephanosare interesting forvariousreasons.The locally-producedceramics are limitedto plain wares,and it seems thatthe productionof glazed potteryhad become a specialty of centralisedworkshops,perhaps foreignratherthan regional.A similarpatternhas been noted at Corinth,where,in the later 13th centurycontexts,a majorityof the potteryconsistsof Italian and otherimports.9 The glazed potteryis veryfine,and most,ifnot all, is of Italian origin.There is some of sgraffito typescorrespondingto thatbuiltinto the late 13thcenturychurchof Ayios Demetriosat Krokeai.10Other sgraffito was importedfromnorthernItaly.A most importantfindis an Archaic from Majolica jug Tuscany in centralItaly. Local stamnoiare very common in local and Spartan while some small importedamphorae forwine or oil are ratherless common; one of the fabrics, in a marl latter, fabric,may have come fromthe northernor westernPéloponnèse. The ceramic is similar to those of Sparta and Methone but very different fromthatof Corinth.This assemblage lattermaterialalso showsstrongItaliancontacts,butwithVenice and theKingdomofNaples,whereas thematerialfromAyios Stephanosseems to reflectcontactwiththecentralItalianstates.As at Sparta, the cookingpots do not conformto centralGreek fashionssuch as those at Corinth.Instead of the usual standardisedwheel-madeforms,Laconians seem to have preferredhandmade cooking pots witha verycoarse fabric,perhaps because theydid not break so easily in the fire.The shapes are reminiscent ofearlier'Slavic' styles,perhapsstillbeingmade and tradedby theHellenizeddescendants of the Melingsand Ezeritoi.11 2. POTTERY

STUDIES

IN THE PELOPONNESE

Untilcomparativelyrecently,much of the existingliteratureon Medieval potteryin southernGreece was provided by the publication of finds at Corinth.12This material was supplementedby less and the Argolid,15 and by small but valuable comprehensivesources,includingSparta,13Kythera14 from Nichoria16 and in both Messenia. Since the late Methone,17 assemblages 1980s therehas been a of new material from as well as from in excavations and Laconia.19In addition, Corinth,18 spate Sparta data has been publishedfromsurfacesurveysin Laconia,20centralArcadia21and westernCorinthia.22 and erroneouschronology,whichrequireurgent Many problemsexistwithincorrectidentifications attention.New publicationson Corinthiancontextsshould help resolve chronologicalproblems formany 9Ü1 to 14th centuryceramics,23 and planned publicationswill redressthe heavy bias in favourof glazed over unglazed ceramics. As it stands,however, much of the surveydata being producedis givinga distortedor erroneouspictureof the developmentof settlement patternsand of the rural economy, partly throughthe misidentificationof finds and partly throughpossible of theirrelevance.It is generallyheld thatsettlements and populationincreasedin misinterpretation the middle Byzantineperiod but, followingBlake,24one may suggestthatwe are merelyseeing an increase in wares thatwere cheaply produced and marketedin the countrysidefor the firsttime. Corinthiancontextssuggestthat,in thatregionallyimportantcity,glazed potterymakes up no more Manko 1982, 188. 6 See Chapter 1 1 § 1 1 below. 7 Zakythinos107*, ι 181. 8 See furtherChapter 14.§fl (ii) below. 9 Sanders 1087. 10Sanders 1080. 11Sanders 'QQ^b 12Morgan 1042; MacKay 1067. 13Dawkins and Droop 1q 1 1b. 14Coldstreamand Huxley 1972, 175-7. 15Pierartand Thalmann 1080. 16Rosser 1983.

17Pallas 1068. 18Sanders 1987, 1995a and 2000; Williamsand Zervos 1987, 1-46; 1988, 95-146; 1990, 285-369; 1991, 1-58; 1992, 13301; 1QQ3, 1-52; 1QQ4-,i-*6; loo*, 1-60; iqq6, 1-56. 19 Armstrong 1992; Etzeoglou 1989; Sanders 1989, 1993, 1995^; Vassi 1993. 20 Armstrongiq8q and iqq6. 21 Pikoulas 19880; Forsén,Forsén and Lavento 1996. 22 Sutton 1QQ0. 23 Sanders 1QQ50,2000. 24 Blake 1978.

THE MEDIEVAL POTTERY §4

391

than0.7% byweightof 10thand nth century contexts, risingto about2% in theearly12thcentury, 6% in themid-tolate 12thcentury and about20% in mid-13thcentury Sincesurveyrelies deposits.25 on it the record of stratified for identifies published heavily pottery dating, necessarily manymore latersitesthanearlyones. Documentation of pottery fromruralsettlements likeAyiosStephanosis rare.The siteseemsto havebeena smallhamlet,isolatedfarmstead in orwaysideinn,similarin somerespects to a structure The discovery ofearly14thcentury strataat Elis,datingto the 12thor perhapsearly13thcentury.26 findsfromsurvey, AyiosStephanosprovidesus withan assemblagetowhichwe can comparesurface and witha usefulcorpusofcoarsewareshapesand fabrics. 3. THE EXCAVATIONS Evidenceforpost-Romanoccupationat AyiosStephanoscame to lightin the firstseason of the In 1959 twotrenches excavation. wereopenedon thetopofthehillin AreaGamma.In one a drain, twowallsand twopitswereuncovered, whilein theothera rubble-covered floorand thewallsofa structure werefound.Thesefeatures weretentatively datedtothe19thcentury, theTurkish period,or In 1963, in TrialTrenchIV on the Ε side of the hill,a remarkable numberof perhapsearlier.27 of'modern'pottery werefoundin thesurface AreaAlphaand TrialTrenchVII on fragments layers;28 Fromtheseearlierexcavationsonlya small,three-quarters top of the hill also containedpottery. becauseofitsapparently latedate,practically preserved jug and somesmallfindswerepublished;29 no pottery was kept. The resumption ofexcavations in 1973-77 fedto thediscovery ofmoresherdmaterialand ofthe remainsofa substantial whichtogether have clarified thenatureofthelateroccupationof structure, thesite.In 1973 an almostcompleteamphora(4017,fig.7.10) wasuncoveredin AreaZeta.Thiswas datedto the7thcentury, witha numberofglazedsherdswitha red tentatively despiteitsassociation fabricthatsuggested a dateofat leastthelate 10thcentury or probablylater.30 In 1977,excavation in AreaLambda3/4revealedtheremainsofthebuildingwithwhichtherubble,surfaceand pitsin the a second adjacentAreaNu / Gammawereassociated.In therubblefromthecollapseofthisstructure fig. which is similar to that from an Archaic Zeta, 7.10), amphora(4073, Majolicajug (4053,fig.7.2), andmanysherdsoflocallyproducedTaffy Warewerefound.Sherdsofbothtypesofamphoraand of Warewerefoundin all themajordepositsoflatermaterial on thesite;thissupports theevidence Taffy oftheglazedwaresthatthesedepositswereroughly and that the Medieval contemporary occupation was ofshortduration.

4. CHRONOLOGY Thereis considerable evidencefordatingthebulk,ifnotall,ofthematerialverylatein the 13thor in the in and aroundStructure LambdaVII. Thereare a numberof 14thcentury, early particularly sherdsreminiscent ofZeuxippusWare(4025, 4027, 4049, 4055, 4057, 4064 and 4080, fig.7.1),of whichonlyrareexamplesmaysafelybe calledsuch.Although theZeuxippusWarefamily wasthought to have been foundexclusively in early13thcentury of certainvarietieshave contexts,31 fragments been foundin securelate 13thcentury wheretheyare calledLate Sgraffito or depositsat Corinth, and builtintolate 13thcentury In additionto these13thcentury churches.33 wares,a GlossyWare,32 wornbillondenierofCharlesI ofAnjou,PrinceofAchaiafrom1278 to 1285,wasfoundin a slightly context orperhapscontemporary theconstruction ofthebuilding. Numismatic evidence with, predating, fortheperiodofoccupationofthestructure was also recoveredfromnearbyAreaBeta.Threebillon deniersmintedin thereignsofIsabellade Villehardouin (1297-1301),PhilipofTaranto(1307-13) and Maud of Hainault(1313-21) werefoundin theupperlayersofArea Beta,in associationwith muchpoorlystratified ofthesametypeas thatfoundin AreaLambda.34 pottery Earlieroccupation on thesitemaybe attested thatbelowthefloorofStructure bytwosmalldeposits, LambdaVII andthefloordepositin AreaZeta,as wellas bysherdssurviving intolaterdeposits.Late Greenand BrownPaintedWaresherds(4050, 4059) foundbelowFloor2 and another(4088, fig. 25 Sanders iqqkû. 2000. 26 Coleman 1086. 27 Tavlour 1072. 2^2. 28 Tavlour 1072. 2aq.

29 Taylour1972, 242, HS 48, withthesmallfindsHS 250, 253, 260, 299 and 301.

30Morgan1042,72. 31Megaw 1968, 1989; Armstrong 1992. 32MacKay 1067, 252. 33Sanders 198g. 34 Janko1982, 187-8.

392

G. D. R. SANDERS

Fig.7.1. Medievalpottery. GlazedWares:bowls4004, 4008, 4011, 4023-4027,4046, 4049, 4055-4057,4064, 4078, 4080,4082. Scale 1:3.

Lambda VII resembleMorgan's 7.2) fromwithinthelayerofsoil below thepartitionwalls ofStructure fifthtype,datable to the later 13th century,in thattheyhave a whiteslip and apparentlyno overglaze.35However, althoughthe shape and decorationare perhaps more suggestiveof a late 12th centurydate,testson thistypeof potteryin the museumof the BritishSchool at Athensindicatethat an almostinvisibletinglaze was employedratherthana lead glaze.36This facttendsto supportat least a mid-i3thor even 14thcenturydate. Strayfinds(4051, 4101, fig. 7.5) ofa mattpaintedclosed vessel but at Spartathistypecertainly type,called GeometricWare,may also belong to thelate 12thcentury, This ware, frommacroscopic examinationof importsof known lasts well into the 13th century.37 Adriatic. Ware,appearsto have been importedfromthenorthern provenancesuchas Rouletted/Veneto 35 Morgan 1042, 8*.

36 workby Dr W. Newton,199 1. Unpublished

37Sanders 1993, 275.

THE MEDIEVAL POTTERY §4

393

Fig. 7.2. Medieval pottery.Glazed Wares: bowls 4005, 4047, 4050, 4088; jugs 4010, 4053, 4063, 4093. Scale 1:3.

The mattpaintedjug 4002 (fig.7.6) fromthefloorin AreaZetais conceivably late 12thcentury, but betterparallelsexistwiththelate 13thcentury at Corinth.38 pieces Thustheevidenceofboththepottery and thecoinsindicatesthatStructure LambdaVII was built and occupiedfora shortperiod,perhapsonlyforthefirst thirdofthe 14thcentury. The othermajor in that Area can be dated similarities between the wares common toboth. Zeta, deposit, onlyby plain In boththereare numeroussherdsofmatt-decorated a Ware ware found stamnoi, Taffy onlyin the latest of the to at In Area substantial of 12th Lambda, 14thcentury very deposits Sparta.39 fragments an amphora(4040) ofthesametypeas thosefoundin Zetawerefoundin thetumble.It is reasonable to assumefromthesecommonelements, and fromtheshapeof4017 (fig.7.10),thatthepitin Zeta also datesto theearly14thcentury and followeda late 13thcentury phase. 38Williams andZervos1992,no.32 and 145-9,pi·3^ί>g andh.

39Sanders 2002,1051and2008. 1993,268 and283-4,contexts

394

G· D· R· SANDERS

fromthe The mostimportant depositsexcavatedwerein AreasLambda,Gammaand Nu,deriving remainsoftherectangular Structure LambdaVII withitsassociatedwalledyard.The yardand the as found,was belowthe floorofthebuildingwereso compactedand erodedby use thatthesurface, walls.Intothissurface leveloftheoriginalgroundsurface markedby thebottomofthepartition pits and post-holes had been excavated, interface whereasaboveittherewas a disturbed layercontaining was material bothtotheoccupation belonging periodandtothepreceding period.Whenthestructure washed from the surface of the and white lime tiles from the roof onto plaster yard, destroyed, slipped thewallsontothesurface insidethestructure, on topofwhichmoretilesfell.Finallythewallscollapsed, levelcan be area withbouldersmixedwithbrokentiles.The pre-structure coveringtheimmediate and Greenand Brownpaintedwareto no earlierthan datedbyfragments ofGeometric Warepottery The occupation, datedby thecoin of CharlesI of thelatterpartofthe 12thto early13thcentury. that in of the was found the disturbed interface layer yard,perhapsbeganbeforethethird Anjou 1 to the of the and 3thcentury ended, judge by amphoraand ArchaicMajolicajug in the quarter soon afterthefirst as well as the concentration of later tumble, coins, quarterofthe14thcentury. by In AreaZeta,stubsofwallsofa late 13thcentury structure wereuncovered.Associatedwiththese was a floor,on whichfragments ofa matt-painted jug werefound.Intothefloorwas cuta deep pit, inAreaLambda. ornearlyso,withtheoccupation of whichcontained fragmentspottery contemporary, which musthave but at least some of the In Area Betano stratified were walls, deposits apparent; fill in thisArea The be Medieval. stoodabove groundlevel duringtheperiodof occupation, may the as well as coins of of and contained early14thcentury. largequantities glazed plainwares, The amphoraeand theimported jug typescan bothbe closelyparalleledand dated.The amphora Lambda VII is of similarshapebut of different (4073, fig. 7.10) foundin thedebrisof Structure fig. The former fabricfromthatfromAreaZeta (4017, 7.10). closelyresemblesamphoraefoundin underwater contextsoffthe Adriaticcoast,whichhave been dated to betweenthe gthand 12th One amphorawas foundwithballaststonesin a fewmetresofwaterofftheeastcoastof centuries.40 it has an theislandof Vela Artaclose to theislandof Murter.A littlemorethanhalf-preserved, handlesthatjoin theshortneckjustbelow wheel-ridged elongated, cylindrical bodyand high-swung ofKrapani,an islet The secondamphorais in thecollectionoftheFranciscan therim.41 monastery theprovenance closeto theislandofHvar.It was givento themonastery by spongedivers;although Thisalmostcompleteamphora intheeastern Adriatic. itprobably isunknown, comesfromsomewhere handles narrowcylindrical standsc. 45 cm tall and has a wheel-ridged, body withhigh-swung from the is too for Brusic at the The date Ayios examples assignedby certainly early lip.42 joining and This Mistra near in Museum of a twin these the Better dated is of piece, Sparta. Stephanos. likeit,werefoundbuiltintotheangleofthedomeandintoan archofthechurchofAfendiko another withthe at Mistra.43 The amphora,c. 35 cm tall,is contemporary of the Brontochion Monastery ofthechurch, whichbeganbefore1311,probablyin 1310.44Five identicalamphorae construction theseweredatedbytheexcavatortotheseconddecadeofthe foundin a pitat Corinth; wererecently and a typologically from Corinthmay be late 13thcentury,46 Another 14thcentury.45 specimen rimfroma wellin theAthenianAgoramay,tojudgefromthe similaramphorawitha pronounced associatedglazedware,be mid-12thcentury.47 all of whichhave bichrome The jug 4053 (fig.7.2) is verysimilarto threepiecesin Corinth,48 Thejug catalogued a blue on and a decoration ofmanganese background. tin-glaze copper-based purple It has a of that in to from is design dottedscalesand AyiosStephanos. byMorgan comparable shape definedby verticallines,all executedin manganese;the decorationis chevronswithinregisters withaddedbluecircles.Unfortunately it,nordidhe assignitto Morgandidnotillustrate highlighted Archaic his it to Majolica.Morgandatesthepieceby belongs GroupII, anyclass,though properly beforethe whileWilliamsdatesall threeto immediately contextto no laterthanthe 14thcentury,49 and centralItaly.In theCivic CatalansackofCorinthin 1312.50All threehaveparallelsin northern therearea numberoftin-glazed forinstance, Museumin Montalcino, jugsdecoratedwithmanganese fabric.Theirformis identicalto thatofthejugsfrom andblueorgreen,andwithbuffto salmon-pink mouth sincetheyhavea globularbodyon a pedestalbase witha trefoil andAyiosStephanos, Corinth Moststandbetween19 cmand 27 cmtall.Thesepotswerebuiltintothevaultsof anda strap-handle. 40 BrUSiC IO76. A2-9>.

41 Brusic 1076, pls. VI.4 and x.6. 42 Brusic 1076, pls. v.* and xi.s; Bakirtzisiq8q, fie. 22.2. 43 Orlandos 1035, 204 pl. 61. 44 Sotiriou IQ.56, .s.S. 45 Williams and Zervos 1992, 163-4, no· 3^·

46 Williams and Zervos 1088, no. iq. 47 Shear 1084, pl. i6d. 48 Morgan 1942, no. 944, C-63~546a; Williams and Zervos 1992, no. 10. 49 Morgan 1042, 113-14. 50 Williams and Zervos 1992, 150.

THE MEDIEVAL POTTERY §5

395

oftheadditionto theexisting thetownhall ofMontalcino, building; probablyintothesubstructure in 1285, and the additionis datedto thefirsthalfof the 14thcentury, thelatterwas constructed perhapsas earlyas 1300.51Further parallelscomefromthebell towerat Aquileia,datedto thefirst halfofthe14thcentury,52 andfromthemonastery ofStMaryofCarmelnorthofAtlit53 Thejug from can thus be dated to the decades of the 14thcentury. AyiosStephanos early 5. FABRICS (i) Glazed Wares The fragmentary condition oftheglazedpottery limitsthediscussion offormsand wares.In addition to smallfragments ofMetallicWare,theremainsofa numberofbowlsofLate Sgraffito/Zeuxippus Class Ib/GlossyWarewerefound.These generally have a red or reddish-yellow fabric(oftenwith a and white or and are covered with a thick, inclusions) sparkling pale pinkslip, glossyyellowor pale The and never cover much of the outside of the and thedecoration is vessel, greenglaze. slip glaze limited to a incised at line inside the centre of the bowl or on its This ware is typically simple lip. common in late and at A Corinth.54 bowl from in the 13th relatively early14thcentury deposits pit AreaZeta (4004,fig.7.1) is similarin manyrespectsto GlossyWarebutlackstheinciseddecoration and has a relatively angularshape.It has a parallelfromMethone.55 There are a numberof unusualwares at Ayios Stephanos.The ArchaicMajolica jug 4053 (fig.7.2), importedfromcentralor northern Italy,is paralleledin Greeceonlyat Corinth,as is a sherd of Olive-Brown of waresthathave Ware,4078 (fig.7.1).56There are also fragments single notbeen reportedat othersites.These includethreesherdswitha darkgrey,almostblackglaze on a background ofredslip(4026, 4046 and (4023,fig.7.1),threerimswitha duskyreddecoration fig. some incised and fig. 4082, 7.1), (4027 slip-painted 4065, 7.1), varietiesof Green body-sherds and BrownPaintedWare(e.g.4006, 4047 and 4088, fig.7.2) notdescribedby Morgan,57 and two a of character and fig. (4008 fragments unique 4011, 7.1). The commonest shapesare finelypottedbowlswithalmostverticalwallsand verynarrowoffset lipsora slopingbodywithplainrimandroundedlip.Basestendtobe low,simplering-bases. Fragments ofplainglazedjugswerealso found. (ii) Plain Wares (a) TAFFY WARE (FABRIC l)

This fabricwas christened TaffyWare'byJohnYoungerbecause of itsresemblanceto 'salt-water a confection 'rock'.The fabricis fine, taffy',soft,silky popularin New Englandand similarto British witha distinct to the thatrunsparallelto thesurface. core The surface, smoothand soapytothe grain inclusionsin theclay.Generallythebiscuitis touch,has a silkysheencausedby minutesparkling fired,and thelaminarbreaksare easilyworn.The colourvariesgreatlyfrompot to pot,and softly evenfromplacetoplaceon thesamevessel,depending on theextentand evennessoffiring. It ranges frompink(Munsell5YR 7/4)through (7.5YR 7/6)to verypale brown(10YR 8/4), reddish-yellow withhigherhuevaluesbelonging to harder-fired examples. Thisfabricis knownin smallquantities fromrecentexcavationsat Sparta,whereit has notbeen foundinstrata earlierthanthoseofthemid-13thtoearly14thcentury;58 1 havenoteda singlefragment fromthelate13thtoearly14thcentury complexexcavatedbyCharlesWilliamsat Corinth. Although does not describethe fabric,it is clear fromher discussionthatshe equatesit with Armstrong WhiteWare.On thestrength ofthisassociation, sheassumesthatAyiosStephanos Constantinopolitan wasimporting thecolourrangeofthis Constantinopolitan plainwaresin the1ithcentury.59 Although WhiteWares,colouraloneis a poormeasure, typeoffabricoverlapswiththatofConstantinopolitan since it varieswithfiringtemperature and atmosphere.Table 7.1, derivedfromfairlydetailed ofWhiteWares60 andofTaffy macroscopic Ware,showsthattheConstantinopolitan descriptions products areharder, lackthecharacteristic laminar breakandhavea smallnumberofa variety oflargeinclusions, 51Blake iq8o» 02-* fies.2-*. 52Bertacci107s. ol. 4. fies.1-2. 53Prinele1084.,100 fie.o no. 87. 54MacKay 1067,2*2-4; Sanders1087, 10s. 55Pallas 1068,no. 10*. 56Cf. MacKay 1967,256.

57Morgan1042,72-83. 58Sanders 1993, 255 fabric17, 283-4, contexts2008, 1051 and 2002. 59 1996, 134-5,nn. 89-91, nos. 36a and 36b. 60Armstrong Sanders1995^; 1999,477-8; and 2001, 91.

G. D. R. SANDERS

396

/

^^

I

^ZrJL^

' '

I

-^^ W 4036

'

'

4012

ι

4060

ι

'- If4070//^^^l^ 4°69 '^_JHBi

Fig.7.3. Medievalpottery. Ware:lid4012; stamnoi4036, 4060, 4069. Scale 1:3. Taffy

whereasTaffyWare has a lustroussheengeneratedby thetinysparklinginclusionsin it.Except forthe excavationsthat in appearance,thereis no evidencefromcontrolled,stratigraphie obvious differences In there is hard evidence to the Ware the mid13thcentury. fact, contrary. Taffy predates halfofall sherdssaved fromtheMedieval levelswereTaffyWare,and mostofthese Approximately belonged to a distinctive'stamnos'shape. Rims of simplebowls (e.g. 4028-4030 and 4068, fig. 7.4) of glazed vessels are also represented(e.g. 4009 and 4010, fig. 7.2). The and, more rarely,fragments fabricis generallyso softand the breaks so worn thatno whole shapes could be assembled. The appearance of the predominantformcan be approximated,and is illustratedin a pasticheof large sherdsfromdifferent partsof the site (fig. 7.3). A typicalTaffyWare stamnosis piriformand standsabout 40 cm tall. The neck is shortand the mouthoval witha plain verticalrim.From the numberof handles found,two broad, verticalstraphandles attachedto the shoulderand at or just below the lip are assumed. The plain, flatbase has verticalsides and is usuallyheavilyconstructed.The outsidesurfaceis smoothand is eithercovered witha thinmattgreyor mattred wash, or decoratedwithbroad, randomlyapplied lines of wash. Sometimesthehandlesare incisedwithzigzaglines (e.g. 4069, fig. 7.3), and occasionallytheneckhas a plasticallyrenderedzigzag runningvertically(e.g. 4035). Inside thereare pronouncedwheel-ridges, small and narrowat the neck but becomingbroaderand heaviertowardsthe base. Stamnoihave not yetbeen identifiedin printat Corinth,thoughdoubtlesstheyexist.At Nichoria, bases identifiedas possiblybelongingtojugs, and an amphora-neckand handle,may conceivablybe An early 14thcenturystamnoswithan ovoid body and fromstamnoiof the 12thor 13thcenturies.61 61Rosser 1983,fig.10.18, 19, 23 and 75.

THE MEDIEVAL POTTERY §5

jÁ'

/

IP

397

4062

'.

1

te' 4013

1

[j^f

'

4061 V__L^4067

^'

^

'___MEM4032 L___IBI^B4070 I '

-M

'

^V«33

'

-J

^

I

^ ^

I JJ 4083 /4028

I -J™ I

/4O3O

Fig.7.4. Medievalpottery. Ware:stamnoi4013, 4032-4034,4061-4062,4067, 4070,4083; bowls4028-4030, Taffy 4068. Scale 1:3.

the shape seemsto be singleloop-handlewas foundat Mistra,builtintothe walls of a church;62 commonin 12thand 13thcentury levelsat Sparta,and thereare Taffy Wareexamplesin the 14th stamnoiwithovoidor spheroidbodieshave OutsidethePéloponnèse, century deposits.63 Byzantine at Dinogetiaand GratiniRodopis,and withplasticand beenfoundin 1ith to 13thcentury contexts atTargoviste.64 inciseddecoration The shapesurvives to thisday:similarnewly-made potscan stillbe purchasedin Sparta. Stamnoiwereprobablyused exclusively forthestorageand portageofliquids,particularly wine, waterandoliveoil.It is conceivablethattheyalso servedas transport the vessels,eventually replacing 62 Orlandos ιοακ. 2O4 ni. 6. 63 Sanders 1993.

64 Bakirtzis

1989, 138-45 pls. 25-6.

398

G. D. R. SANDERS

Fig.7.5. Medievalpottery. PlainWares:jugs4014-4015,4051, 4091; bowls4042, 4086, 4089-4090.Scale 1:3.

traditional amphorashape. The fabricis so commonat AyiosStephanosthatit may have been silt, locallyproduced.The riverinedepositsof the Eurotashave a highcontentof finesparkling at of the stamnos to the of Ware. The AyiosStephanossuggests comparable prevalence clay Taffy of various thatthe sitemayhave been somehowinvolvedin theproduction, storageor transport wine and oil. liquids,probably (b) fabric 2 The secondmostcommonfabricis thatoftheamphorafoundin Area Zeta (4017, fig.7.10). This common accountsforabout20% ofall thesherdskeptfromtheMedievallevelsand was particularly are also and bowls to in AreasBetaand Zeta.Although muchofthematerial belongs amphorae jugs, or it has inclusions with a smooth and fabric is The surface; onlyrarely fine,hard-fired, represented. but or 6/6 to voids.The colouris usuallyreddish-yellow (Munsell5YR 7/6) pink(7.5YR 7/4), many in colour,closeto verypale brown(10YR 7/3).The rangeof oftheamphorafragments werelighter thattheseweremadefroma marlclay.Suchclaysareextremely coloursandgeneralappearance suggests the Péloponnèse,includingLaconia. Althoughno firmprovenancecan be commonthroughout itis likelythattheseare local.Indeed,isolatedhillocksofmarlare to be foundalongthe suggested, beds bordertheε sideof of the Helos plainbetweenSkalaand Stephaniá,and moreextensive edge theplainfromPhlisio(see fig.13.1) to wellsouthofAsterio. The ridgeson the and exterior. on boththeinterior The amphoraehavepronounced wheel-ridges decoration thesurface orparedwitha sharptool.Wherepresent, beenflattened outsidehavesometimes oftheamphoraeis ofmattredorgreywashlines.The amphoraeareovoid,witha shortneckandflat

THE MEDIEVAL POTTERY §5

y^

^'

a

b

11

399

ab

Fig. 7.6. Medieval pottery.Matt-painted Ware: pitcher4002. Scale 1:3.

attachedat theshoulderand lip. The mouthis oval,and thereis no base; rather, the loop-handles in a terminated as does 4073 (fig.7.10). point, bodyprobably A finely pottedjug (4015,fig.7.5) has a flaring pedestalbase,an ovoidbodysmoothon theoutside A andpronounced on the inside. decorated ofthisfabric, wheel-ridges jug (4002,fig.7.6),apparently has a plainflatbase withan ovoidbodycomingup to a shortneckand trefoil mouth.The exterior is and there are It with a on the inside. is decorated linear smooth, again pronouncedwheel-ridges surface.Piece 4001 (fig.7.9) has a floral(?)design,renderedin mattbrownon a pale self-slipped similarfabricto Fabric2, butwithconsiderably moreinclusions. (c) SPONGY WARE

ofitaccountforapproximately It was 13% ofthekeptMedievalmaterial. SpongyWareand varieties foundmainlyin AreasBeta and Zeta,usuallyin the lowerlevels,whichcontainMedievalglazed - withandwithout sherds.The fabricis coarseand comesin twovarieties The largewhiteinclusions. colour,whennotaffected (Munsell5YR 6/4) or pink by contactwithfire,is a lightreddish-brown darkgrey(10YR 4/1).The first (7.5YR 7/4);whenburnt,itis generally varietyhas numerous large whitegrits, from0.02 to 0.2 cmin size.The secondtypehas a largenumberofvoids,ranging varying in sizefromsmallpin-holes to c.0.2 cmin diameter. Sometimes thisvariety has smallwhiteinclusions,

G. D. R. SANDERS

4OO

V

-I

mmAo'9

'

1

^^4020

'

^^ma^m^^^mmmJ

4077

Fig. 7.7. Medieval pottery.CookingWares:casseroles4019-4020, 4077. Scale 1:3.

leadingto the conjecturethatcleaningin an acid-bath(theexcavators'usual practice)may have ofthe createdsomeofthevoids.The qualityofthefabricdependsto someextenton thefunction withhandles(e.g.4022, fig.7.8) arerather finerthantheglobularbowls(e.g.4037vessel.Stewpots 4039,fig.7.8) and casseroles(4019-4020,fig.7.7). A variety The casseroles, between4 and 7 cmtall,areflat-bottomed, ofshapesis madeinthisfabric. the withflaring sidescomingto a roundedlip.The bodiesof4019 and 4020 haveirregular surfaces; is better made and and both have latterhas pronounced irregular deeper. ridges, lips.4077 (fig.7.7) A typeofhand-made wascommoninAreaBeta(e.g.4037-4039, 4044 and4098,fig. baggystewpot The 7.8).Thereis no evidencethatthesehadbases,anditis assumedthattheywereround-bottomed. In in an rounded is and towards thickened, irregular, lip. manyexamples body spherical thin,turning andmay thereis a mouldedridgejustbelowthelip on theoutside.Tracesofhandlesareexceptional, with are also Ware handles bowls of as easilybe tracesoflugsorledges.Wheel-made present. Spongy A attachedtorimand shoulder. rimand a broadstrap-handle Theyhavea spherical body,out-turned and the foundin AreaBetain i960 seems,from description three-quarters preserved jug,HS 125,65 to be ofSpongyWare.It has a splayingrim,globularbody,flatbase and broadstrapphotograph, handle.It has a coarseblackto pink-brown bodywitha pittedsurface. at Nichoria,in twoforms:greyin colourwithpinholes,and SpongyWarehas also beenidentified a similarred warewithoutpinholes.These are assumedby Rosserto date fromthe late 10thto and to have survivedinto the 13thcentury.66 12thcenturySpongyWare early 11thcenturies, A sherdidenticalto thosefromArea sherdswerefoundin depositPsi in TombH on Kythera.67 Thisvesselis one ofmany excavated14thcentury Betawas foundin recently depositsat Sparta.68 fromthe1923 excavations handmadepiecesfromthesite.69 SpongyWaresherdswerealso recovered in thearea ofthetheatreat Sparta;althoughthesehave notbeen published, theyare stillstoredin at Museum. Delta Sparta Apotheke at Sparta,I have statedthatitsformsand tradition ofLaconianhandmadepottery In discussions I have regrettably thisview,whichI have not changedsubsequently, are 'Slavic'. In justifying handmade ceramic her she considers the on Dr Ε. question;70 Etzeoglou's position misrepresented andcitesparallels in a Romanandnota 'Slavic'tradition, tobe mostdefinitely findsfromKaryoupolis fromAthensto supportherargument.71 65 Taylour 1072, 260, pl. 50e. 66 Rosser 1083, 370, 383. 67 Coldstreamand Huxley 1972, 176 nos. 16-18, pl. 50. 68 Sanders 1993, no. 62.

69 Sanders 1003, 277-81; iqqk£. 70 Sanders iqqsi. 27o; and loopik 4.^6.

71 Etzeoglou1989, 151-6. %J *J %J *

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M.%^

THE MEDIEVAL POTTERY §5

'

" 4037

Γ ~^^~

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401

vV4039

m

»

,f 4022

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•ft 4098

Fig.7.8. Medievalpottery. 4003, 4022, 4037, 4039, 4044, 4098. Scale 1:3. CookingWares:stewpots

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4001

Fig.7.9. Medievalpottery. PlainWare:lekane4001; storage jars 4071, 4081. Scale 1:3.

G. D. R. SANDERS

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Fig. 710. Medieval pottery.Amphorae4O17» 4Ο73· Scale 1:3. (d) OTHER FABRICS

Of theremaining fabricsonlytwomeritmentionin termsoftheirfrequency. thefabricturns One is fine,red (Munsell2.5YR 5/6)withsmallsparkling (micaceous)inclusions; in Area Zeta in is a from the this fabric when burnt. The most vessel (4014,fig. pit complete jug grey has been distorted The flat base and a vertical It has an ovoid during 7.5). strap-handle. body body, and greyin thecoreand on theinnersurface. and thefabricburnttoredon thesurface manufacture, LambdaVII (4073,fig. The secondfabricis thatoftheamphorafoundin therubbleofStructure the all from are small Elsewhere amphorashape,and these 7.10). fragments found, apparently only withnumerous, hard-fired is The fabric for thus valuable evidence dating. fairlyfine, provide may is The colour lime inclusions. (Munsell5YR 7/ reddish-yellow generally yellow-white verysmall,soft, The amphoraresembles 6 to 6/6),firedtopink(5YR 8/4)orgreyon thesurface. 4017 (fig.7.10) but insideand out,exceptin theupperpartsand at has a thinner wheel-ridges body.It has pronounced thetipofthebottom. 6. CATALOGUE oftheMedievallevelsexcavated The catalogueis arranged byArea.ForeachAreathereis a summary theplainwaresafter, and thebasketsused. Withineach Area theglazedwaresare presented first, and followed the excavation with vessels by cataloguedsherds.For each during registered starting in which the the basket a reference to there is also (#) piecewasfoundand,ifillustrated, catalogueentry unlessstated.Wherever arein centimeters Dimensions number. thefigure possible,Munsellsoilcolour to describe have been chartreferences fabric, slip,washand glaze colours,to given (e.g. 5YR 6/4)

THE MEDIEVAL POTTERY §6

403

ensurea standardised As no analyseswereundertaken, has been used in description.72 'sparkling' in to 'micaceous' when reflective the fabrics. For describing particles glazedsherds,the preference extentoftheslipand theglaze on theoutsideof thevesselis shownin thefigures by brokenand dottedlinesrespectively. Conventions used to represent different willbe found and washes glazes underindividual entries. catalogue (i) Area Zeta 1973 In Area Zeta theremainsof a pitand ofa surface, lyingbetweenthestubsofwallsbuilton earlier were uncovered.73 The material on the floor includeda numberofalmostwholevessels. walls, lying The almosttotallackofglazedsherdsand Taffy Warein thekeptmaterial fromthefloordeposit,and theexactnatureofitsrelationship to thepit,makesitdifficult to date.The pitcontainedbothglazed waresandTaffy withtheoccupation inAreaLambda. Ware,andmusthavebeenroughly contemporary Substantial of vessels were above the found,confinedto thearea of thepit and slightly fragments levelofthesurface, and are probablypartofthesamedepositas thepit.Theseincludean amphora (4017,fig.7.10) similarin formtotheearly14thcentury amphorain AreaLambda(4073,fig.7.10), anda matt-painted jug (4002,fig.7.6). Sherdsofthejug werealso recoveredfromthemake-upofthe surface. The formand decoration are similarto late 13th-century jugs fromCorinth.74 No tileor tumbledstoneswerereported in theArea.It seemsthattheMedievalmaterialin Area Zetawas depositedoutsidean as yetunexcavated structure. The dateofthestub-walls is notclear,but theyseemto havebeen in use at thesametimeas thesurfaceand perhapswentoutofuse withthe diggingofthepit. Basketswereremovedas follows:earthabove floor:# 25; floordeposit:# 29, 30, 32; make-upof hearth:#31; make-upoffloor:#33; contents ofpit:#34-6; earthbelowfloor:# 38. (a) FLOOR AND MAKE-UP

Phin wares 4001. Lekane. D. (rim)35.4, (base) 17.7. H. 14.2. Medium-fine fabricwithnumerouslargered,greenand browninclusions (o.oi to0.3). Firedtoyellowish-red (5YR 5/8)atcore,reddish-yellow (7.5YR7/6)on theoutsideand verypale brown(10YR 7/4) on the inside.Self-slipped Profile frombase inside;outsideroughinclusions protrude. torim.Slightly raisedbase withflatresting surface, flaring convexbodycurving in to everted,squaredrimwithflat # 29. 73-305.fig.7.9. lip.Foundon floorsurface. medium [4001a. Hydria.H. (max.ex.)27.5.Orangefabric, finewithsomefinegrit;hardfired.15 sherdswithhandle. # 29. 73-302.Notillustrated.] 4002. Jug.D. (base)9. H. (est.)24. Fabric2 withseveral voids and a fewinclusions.Numerousjoiningand nonalmostcompleteprofile. Flatbase, joiningsherdspreserve ovoid body,conicalneckflaringup to pinchedmouth. Tracesof handle-attachment at lip. Pronouncedwheelinside.Threeincisedlineson body.Outsidesurface ridging coveredwithpinkwash(7.5YR 8/2),and decoratedwith pendent loopson outsideofrimanda largeabstract floral(?) motifon shoulderand body.Decorationexecutedin matt darkreddish-brown inshape (5YR 5/3to3/2)wash.Similar

toa late13th-orearly14th-century decorated jugatCorinth withmattredpaint(MacKay1967,285 no. 84). Foundat in floormake-up.Early 14th top of pit withfragments # 29, 31, 32. 73-312.fig.7.6. century. Dimensions notdetermined. Mediumto [4002a. Stewpot. finebrownclay withgritinclusions;smoothed.Slightly rim,opposedloop handlesand flatbase. #29. 73flaring 331. Notillustrated.] [4002b. Stewpot.D. (rim)17, (handle)2. Orange-brown coarsefabric.Rim and shortverticalloop handle.# 29. 73-304.Notillustrated.] D. (rim)13.5.H. (ex.) 16.7.Hardfabric 4003. Stewpot. withoccasional large grittyparticles(up to 0.35) and numeroussmallvoids.Reddish-yellow (7.5YR 6/6)burnt to greyin patcheson surface.Almostcompleteprofile. Globularbodywithslopingshouldercurving up toeverted rim.Flattened oval handlesattachat shoulderand lip.On floorsurface. # 29. 73-303.fig.7.8. D. 7.5.H. (handle)1.6. [4003a. Lid.Twothirds preserved. Th. 0.7. Orange-buff clay.Circular planwithhandleformed onceon eachside.LH bytwo'horns'.Piercedbeforefiring or Medieval.#64. 73-320.Notillustrated.]

(b) pit Gh&d wares

4004. Bowl.D. 19.3. H. (ex.) 7.3. Hard,fine,lightred (2.5YR 6/6)fabricwithoccasionalsmallvoidsand a few inclusions. Profilefromabovefootto sandyand sparkling rim.Flaring bodycurving sharply up tobroadevertedrim. Pale pinkslipinsideand outsideto belowangleofbody. Thick,glossylightgreenglazeinsideand outsidenotquite 72 See Munsell Products 1071. 73 See Chapter 3 §2 above.

coveringthe slip. In places glaze drawnin streaksover inside.# unslippedportionofbody.Tracesoffiring-tripod 34»36· 73-334·fig.7.1. 4005. Bowl.D. (est.)24. H. (ex.) 1.7.Hard,pink(7.5YR rimwithroundedlip.White 7/4)fabric.Rim.Out-turned linesofpinkish(10YR 8/2)slipin and out,withradiating 74 Williams and Zervos 1992.

4O4

G. D. R. SANDERS

grey (7.5YR 6/2) slip and green glaze inside. Illustration showsgreyslip as solid black,greenglaze as dotted.#31. fig. 7.2. Bowl. Hard, finepink(7.5YR 7/4) fabricwithtiny 4006. voids. Body-sherd.White(10YR 8/1) slipinsidewithlinear (5YR 4/4) and greenglaze. Green designofreddish-brown and BrownPaintedWare. # 35. Not illustrated. Bowl. D. indeterminate.H. (ex.) 1.7. Fine, pink 4007. (7.5YR 7/4) fabric.Rim withroundedlip. Whiteslipinside. (5YR 3/2) on Tripleconcentricloop ofdarkreddish-brown rim,definedby lines of same colour at angle of rim and body and on lip. Decoration covered by glossypale green glaze. # 36. Not illustrated. Bowl. D. c. 20. H. (ex. est.) 1.1. Hard fired,pink 4008. Whiteslipinside,incisedwith (5YR 7/4)fabric.Body-sherd. wavy line betweentwo pairs of parallel lines. Incised line at junction of body and rim. Whole covered withyellow (2.6Y 7/8) glaze. Outside, glaze reaches to just below junctionof rim and body, withstreakof glaze continuing

onto body. # 36. fig. 7.1. 4009. Jug(?). TaffyWare. Body fragment.Plain inside, whiteslipoutsidecoveredwiththick,dull greenglaze. Local glazed ware. #31. Not illustrated. 4010. Jug. D. (max. est.) 14. H. (ex.) 7.4. TaffyWare. Body-sherdwith handle-attachment.Pronounced wheelridgesinside. Outside, incised withthreehorizontallines bracketinga zigzag groovedline. Greyishslip applied after incision,and surfacecovered with a shinyopaque green glaze, now spalling.#32. fig. 7.2. 4011. Shape uncertain.D. 7. H. (ex.) 4. Fine,hard,light brown (7.5YT 6/4) fabric.Base. Flat base, flaringbody. Brown (7.5YR 5/2) slip outside covered with thickolive (5Y 4/3) glaze below a zone withthick,whiteopaque glaze, now chippingoff.Inside, wheel-ridgedwith thick,white opaque glaze applied directlyto biscuit.Fragmentsoffiringtripodinside. Illustrationshows green glaze as dotted. # 34. fig. 7.1.

Plain wares Stamnos lid. D. (base) 4. H. 3.5. TaffyWare. 4012. Complete profile.Flat base, shortflaringwall to flattened lip. Truncatedcone inside,indentedon eitherside by thumb of righthand. # 34. 73-313. fig. 7.3. and forefinger [4012a. Stamnos.D. (neck)5, (body) 16. TaffyWare. Half of neck and body in many fragments.Outside, three horizontalgrooveson neck.Thick dull brownpaint;broad curvingbands. # 29, 31, 32, 36. 73-307. Not illustrated.] Stamnos. H. (ex.) 14. TaffyWare. Body and 4013. Pronouncedwheel-ridges shoulder. inside,incisedlineoutside. Decorated with curvilineardesign executed in mattlight reddish-brown (2.5YR 6/4) wash. # 36. 73-336. Fig. 7.4. [4013a. Stamnos.D. (body, max.) 25. H. (ex.) 65. Taffy Ware.About one fifth preserved.Decorationnot recorded. # 36. 73-335. Not illustrated.] 4014. Jug.D. (base) 8. H. (ex.) 17.6. Hard medium-fine fabric, with numerous small sparkling inclusions and occasional large voids. Fired to lightreddish-brown(5YR 6/4) on partsof surface,and grey(5YR 5/1) elsewhereon outside.Core and innersurfaceare grey(2.5YR 5/0). Flat base, ovoidal body. Single verticalstrap-handleattachesat shoulder.Irregularbutsmoothexternalsurface;pronounced wheel-ridgesinside. Three incised lines on body below shoulder.#32. 73-308. fig. 7.5. 4015. Jug. D. (base) 8, (body, max.) 12. H. (ex.) 7.8. Fabric 2. Fine, hard,reddish-yellow(5YR 7/6) fabric.Flat base, slightlyflaring,rounded body. Pronounced wheelridgesinside.# 36. fig. 7.5. Bowl. D. (rim,est.) 16. H. (ex.) 2.1. Fabric2. Rim. 4016. flattened lip. Traces Flaringbody to verticalrimwithslightly of white(5YR 8/1) slip outside.# 36. Not illustrated. 4017. Amphora. D. (mouth) 4.8-6.2. H. (ex.) 33.1. Fabric 2. Profilefromlower body to rim.Elongated ovoid body,withshoulderslopingto evertedrimwithoval mouth. Broad, flat loop-handles attach at shoulder and rim. insideand outside.On lowerparts Pronouncedwheel-ridges of outside,ridgeshave been smoothedor pared withsharp

implement.Traces of large 'theta' executed in mattlight red (2.5YR 6/6) wash extendingfromshoulder towards bottom of vessel. Bottom not preserved but probably pointed.Similarshape to 4073 and to amphorae foundat Mistra (Orlandos 1935, 204 pl. 6) and offthe Yugoslav coast (Brusic1976 pls. v.3 and XI.3). Large sherd(4075) of thisformand fabricfoundin tumblelayerin Area Lambda. Found at top of pit,level withsurfaceof floor.Late 13th to early 14th century.# 29, (?)3i, 32, (?)37- 73-306. plate 43, fig. 7.10. 4018. Amphora. H. (ex.) 9.4. Hard, finefabricwith a reddish-yellow(5YR 6/6) core and pink (7.5YR) surface. Handle. Verticalflatstrap-handleattachingto neck below lip of vessel. As 4017. # 34. Not illustrated. Casserole. D. (rim,est.) 35, (base, est.) 29. H. 6. 4019. Fabric similarto 4030, withsparklingand whiteinclusions and manysmallvoids.Profilefrombase to rim.Flatbottom, flaringconcave wall to roundedlip. # 35. 73-332. fig. 7.7. Casserole. D. (rim,est.) 35, (base, est.) 27. H. 4.4. 4020. Reddish-brown(2.5YR 5/4) inside,and burntdarkreddishbrown (5YR 3/2) in places outside.Fabric,withnumerous small sparklinginclusionsand highlyreflectiveon surface, voids or resembles Spongy Ware but lacks characteristic whitegrits.Profilefrombase to rim.Flat base, flaringwall to slightlyout-turned lip. # 34. 73-333. fig. 7.7. D. (est.) 18. H. (ex.) 2.8. Hard, light 4021. Stewpot. brown(7.5YR 6/4) fabric,withmanylargelime inclusions. Rim and handle. Sloping shoulder to everted rim with rounded lip. Broad, flatloop-handle attachesat lip. From round-belliedvessel similarto 4003. #31. Not illustrated. 4022. Stewpot.D. 14. H. (ex.) 9.2. Reddish-yellow(5YR 7/6) fabric,withseveralvoids and largesparklinginclusions. Profilefromshoulderto rim.Ovoidal body risingto slightly evertedrimwithrounded lip. Vertical,broad strap-handle attaches at maximum diameter, rising verticallybefore sharplyanglingin to rimat lip. Incised 'S' on top ofhandle. FIG.7.8.

(ii) Area Beta 3, 8, 9 and 10, 1974-77 The Medievalmaterialin AreaBetais mixedand comespartlyfromstrataoftopsoil.Therewas an In theselayers someofwhichhasbeencataloguedforthesakeofcomparison. abundanceofmaterial, as wellas numerous werefound,75 twodecadesofthe14thcentury threecoinsofthefirst glazedand wasfoundbelowthelevelofthetops Waresherds.No floorswerefound,butMedievalmaterial Taffy 75 Janko1982, 187-8.

THE MEDIEVAL POTTERY §6

405

ofthewalls.76 in thisArea see Chapter3 §3 withfigs.1.24-1.26. Foran analysisofthestratification Itemsarefrom1974 unlessotherwise stated. Glazßd wares(fig. 7. 1) Bowl. D. (est.) 16. H. (ex.) 2.9. Hard, fine,pink 4023. to lightreddish-brown(5YR 7/4 to 6/4) fabric.Two rims and a body-sherd, non-joining.Flaringbody to tall,vertical, concave rimwithtaperinglip. Pinkish-grey (7.5YR 7/2) slip covered withvery dark grey (5YR 3/1) glaze inside, and outsideto angle of rimand body. # 1. Bowl. D. 16. H. (ex., est.)3.9. Fine,medium-hard, 4024. nonlightred (2.5YR 6/8) fabric.Rim-and body-fragment, joining. Flaringbody anglingsharplyup to tall flaringrim withthickened,flattenedlip. Pink (2.5YR 8/4) slip inside, and outside to angle of body. Thick yellow-brownglaze inside and irregularlyover lip. Glaze allowed to drip on outsideof rimto angle in places. Glossy Ware? # 4. Bowl. D. (est.)20. H. (ex.) 3.4. Fine,hard,reddish4025. yellow (7.5YR 7/6) fabric.Rim. Flaringwall curvingin to short flaringrim. Off-whiteslip inside, and painted in semicircularblobs on exteriorbelow lip. Three incised horizontallines on inside of lip, incised line outside at junction of lip and rim. Thick, lustrous reddish-yellow

(7.5YR 6/8) glaze overslip;showsas greenishoutsidewhere applied directlyto biscuit.GlossyWare,similarto MacKay 1967, no. 8. # 11.

Bowl. D. (est.)22. H. (ex.) 2.4. Fine,hard,reddish4026. yellow (5YR 6/6) fabric.Rim. Flaringwall turningup to slightlyflaringrim,with evertedflattenedlip. Matt weak red (10R 5/4) slip inside,and outsidetojust below lip. Two dusky red (10R 3/2) slip-paintedlines on top and outer edges of lip. Thin colourlesstin(?)glaze in and outsideto below lip. Similarto 4046 and 4082. # 20. Bowl. H. (ex.) 2.44. Fine, hard pink (5YR 7/4) 4027. fabric.Body-sherd.Flaringconvex wall. Whiteslip incised withfourhatchedlozenges and two incised spiralsinside. Slip-paintedin verticallines bracketingrows of dots.Thick lustrousyellowglaze applied insideand out; appearsbrown where directlyon biscuit. Same pot as 4065? In figure, outsidesurfaceon right;diagonal lines whereglaze applied directlyto fabric.#27, 30.

Plain wares Bowl. D. (est.) 18. H. (ex.) 1.5. TaffyWare. Rim. 4028. Flaring body to thickenedrim with flattenedlip. # 29. fig. 7.4. Bowl. D. (est.) 14. H. (ex.) 2.7. TaffyWare. Rim. 4029. Flaringbody to vertical,thickenedrimwithflatlip. Traces of mattred wash inside and out. #32. fig. 7.4. Bowl. D. 18. H. (ex.) 1.9. TaffyWare.Rim. Flaring 4030. body to plain rimwithrounded lip. #32. fig. 7.4. 4031. Jug. TaffyWare. Body-sherd. Fragment from shoulderofvessel. Incised zigzag decorationoutside.# 29. Not illustrated. 4032. Jug. D. 7.5. H. (ex.) 4.9. TaffyWare. Base. Flat base, flaringwall. Pronouncedwheel-ridgesinside. Traces of mattgreywash outside.#22. fig. 7.4. Stamnos.D. 11.5. H. (ex.) 7.6. TaffyWare. Base. 4033. Thickly-pottedflat base with flaringbody. Pronounced wheel-ridgesinside. # 4. fig. 7.4.

Stamnos. D. 7.5. H. (ex.) 9.7. TaffyWare. Base. 4034. Flat, slightlyraised base, flaring wall of ovoid body. Pronounced wheel-ridgesinside. Traces of mattlightred (2.5YR 6/6) wash outside.# 4. fig. 7.4. Stamnos.D. 4. H. (ex.) 2.9. TaffyWare. Soft,pink 4035. (7.5YR 7/4) fabric.Body-sherd.Verticalneck narrowingto rim.Pronouncedwheel-ridgesinside. Raised verticalridge with grooved zigzag design outside. Matt light reddishbrown (2.5YR 7/4) wash outside.# 26. Not illustrated. Stamnos.D. (rim)4.5, D. (belly) 20, D. (base) 9. 4036. H. (ex.,upper part)30.8, H. (ex.,base), 7.7, H. (as restored) 38.5. TaffyWare. Reddish-yellow(5YR 6/6) fabric.Rim and handle. Verticalneck,slightlyflaringrimwithrounded lip. Verticalstrap-handleattachingjust below lip. Parallel incisedzigzag lineson upper surfaceofhandle.Pronounced wheel-ridgesinside. Traces of mattlightred (2.5YR 6/6) wash outside.Joinswith4070 (base). # 29. fig. 7.3.

Thereare a numberofrimfragments ofcookingwaresimilarto 4037-4039 below: 4037. Stewpot.D. (est.) 30. H. (ex.) 4.5. Pinkish-grey (7.5YR 6/4) medium-coarsefabric,with numeroussmall voids and white lime inclusions.Rim. Verticalthickened rim with rounded lip fromhandmade, round-bottomed vessel. Raised band outsidebelow lip. # 3. fig. 7.8. 4038. Stewpot.D. (est.) 19. H. (ex.) 3.4. Pinkish-grey (7.5YR 6/2) fabricwith white inclusions. Rim. Vertical, thickenedrimwithroundedlip. Hand-made roundslightly bottomedvessel. #17. Not illustrated. 4039. Stewpot.D. (est.) 28. H. (ex.) 3.1. Lightreddishbrown (5YR 6/4) fabric,with numerouswhite inclusions and voids. Rim. Slightlyin-turnedthickened rim with rounded lip. Pronounced raised ridge below lip outside. Handmade. #29. Fig. 7.8. some 4040. Amphora. Fabric 2. 27 body-fragments, joining. Pronounced wheel-ridgesoutside. As 4017. # 4. Not illustrated. Stamnos.H. (ex.) 16. TaffyWare.Handle. Vertical 4041. 76 See

Tracesofbroad,mattred wash stripeon upper strap-handle. surface.Shape as 4069. 1977, #12. Not illustrated. 4042. Stand(?). D. (rim) 14, (base) 11.9. H. 2.4. Hard, finefabric,withtinywhite,greyand browninclusions.Fired to grey (7.5YR 6/0) at core and lightbrown (7.5YR 6/4) on surface.Profilefrombottomto lip. Flat bottom,flaring, concave body to plain rim.Surfaceapparentlyself-slipped. Plastic,finger-impressed 'pie-crust'design around bottom of wall. 1977, # 23. 77-332. fig. 7.5. H. (ex.) 1.9. Pinkish-grey 4043. Stewpot.D. indeterminate. fabricwithmanyvoids. Rim. Slopingshoulderto thickened rim.Raised band below lip outside.Fromhand-maderoundbottomedvessel.Handmade as 4039. #4. Not illustrated. 4044. Stewpot. D. (est.) 28. H. (ex.) 3.2. Pinkish-grey fabric, with many white lime inclusions. Rim. Sloping shoulderto thickenedrim withrounded lip. Raised band below lip, and joined to lip by a verticalridge.Fromhandvessel. 1977, # 8. fig. 7.8. made, round-bottomed

Chapter 3 §3 above.

4θ6

G. D. R. SANDERS

(iii) Area Lambda 3/4, 1977 The remainsofa substantial LambdaVII) werefoundbelowa layerofcollapsed building(Structure stonesand tiles.Thisstructure was associatedwithfeatures foundin AreasGamma,Nu and Lambda a a a and a hardsurface.77 Foundation trenches for walled stone-lined 2,including enclosure, drain, pit Late weredugintoa layercontaining earlierMedievalmaterial, thepiersofthestructure including wallswere Greenand BrownPaintedWareand a coinofCharlesI ofAnjou(1278-85). Connecting builtbetweenthesepiers.Inside,thefloorwas mucherodedto below thelevel of theconnecting of thebuilding, lime walls.It is possiblethatthelowerstoreyservedas a stable.On thedesertion surface. coveredtheeartheninterior mortar washedfromthewallsand irregularly insideand abovethesurfaces oftheArchaicMajolicajug 4053 werefoundimmediately Fragments that before the in earth accumulated in mortar and fine the structure the outside collapse. immediately werefoundin the thisvesselhad fallenfroman upperstorey. Manymoretilefragments Presumably ofa pitchedroof.Withinthetumble,perhaps tumbleoutsidethewallsthaninside,a factsuggestive datedtotheearly was an amphora(4073) ofa typethatcan be securely oncebuiltintothewallitself, yearsofthe14thcentury. Basketswereremovedas follows:tumbleand tile:baskets10-13, 15, 18-19, 76, 77; earthunder baskets16-18,21, 22, 78, 79; surface tumblebutabovethesurface: make-up:baskets25, 26, 31, 81; ofpiers:baskets29,30,42,82. trenches baskets32,33,36,37,47,48, 85,87; foundation belowsurface: (a) UNDER FLOOR

Gla&d wares H. (ex.) 1.5. Fine, pink 4045. Lamp. D. indeterminate. (7.5YR 7/4) fabric.Rim. Slightlyflaringrimto roundedlip. Rim withdouble curvewherepinchedto formspout.White slip outside,shinyolive-yellow(2.5YR 6/8) glaze withdabs of darkreddish-brown (2.5YR 3/4) glaze on lip. # 30, 33. Not illustrated. Bowl. D. 24. H. (ex.) 2. Fine, mediumhard,pink 4046. (7.5YR 7/4) fabric.Rim. Flaringwall to slightlyup-turned out-turned thickenedrimwithflattened lip. Reddish-brown (2.5YR 5/4) slip insideand outsideto below lip. Verydark decorationofloops on top oflip grey(5YR 3/1) slip-painted only.Thin colourlesstin(?)glaze inside and extendingjust overlip. Similarto 4026 and 4082. #31 and 42. fig. 7.1.

Bowl. D. (max. ex.) 21. H. (ex.) 3.5. Fine pink 4047. (7.5YR 7/4) fabric.Body-sherdfrombelow rim. Flaring body turningup to flaringrim.Whiteslip inside.Black and brown(7.5YR 5/2) curvilinear lines,withlinesofgreenglaze inside. Whole surfacecovered witha thin,colourlesstin(?) glaze. Pronounced angle outside at junction of body and rim.Late Greenand BrownPaintedWare.Late 13thcentury (Morgan 1942, 80-3). In figure,black and brownlines are in solid black; greenglaze is dotted.# 36. fig. 7.2. Bowl. D. (est.) 24. H. (ex.) 1.2. Rim. Similarto or 4048. same as 4050, 4059 and 4088 (see fig. 7.2). Late Green and BrownPaintedWare. # 40. Not illustrated.

Plain wares [4048a. Amphora.D. (rim) 12.7, (neck) 8.7. H. (ex.) 11.3. Fabric 2. Reddish brown coarse clay; wheel-ridgesinside neck. Rim, neck and handle. Horizontal rim on concave

neck; flattenedverticalstrap handle. # 48. 77-909. Not illustrated.]

(b) FLOOR MAKE-UP

Glazßd wares

Bowl. D. (est.) 17. H. (ex.) 1.2. Hard, fine,orange4049. red fabric.Rim. Flaringwall to thickenedrimwithflatlip. Lip broken,originallyout-turned.White slip incised with twoparallellines.Green glaze insideand out. GlossyWare (MacKay 1967, 252). # 25. fig. 7.1. Bowl. D. (est.) 2. H. (ex.) 2. Fine pink (7.5YR 7/ 4050. Rim. Flaringconvex wall curvingup to plain rim fabric. 4)

Plain wares Stamnos. D. (rim) 30. H. (max. ex.) 6.5. Th. 4051. pink(7.5YR 7/4) fabric. (shoulder)0.4. Fabric2. Hard-fired, Verticalrimwithflattenedlip and slopingshoulder.Wheelridgesinside.Numerousparallelincisedlinesoutside,below incisedzigzagdecorationand coveredby a matt an irregular lineardecoration(2.5YR 5/4). Smallerthan red slip-painted

withroundedlip. Whiteslip insideand outsideto c. 1.5 cm below lip. Two black painted diagonal lines run fromlip inside withdab of green glaze. Same pot as, or similarto, 4048, 4059 and 4088. Late Greenand BrownPaintedWare. Late 13th century(Morgan 1942, 80-3 fig.59). In figure, black is solid black,greenis dotted.# 25. fig. 7.2.

but similarto 4071. Perhaps 4097 is fromthe same pot. Found widelyscattered:(a) 4051, body-sherd joining4101, fromLambda 3, 1977, # 31; (b) 4081, rim,fromBeta 12/ Lambda 1 baulk, 1974, # 20; (c) 4085, two body-sherds, fromLambda 3, 1977, # 29; (d) 4101, body-sherdjoining 4051, fromNu 2, 1974, # 26. figs.7.5 (4051 joining4101),

77See Chapter3 §4 above.

THE MEDIEVAL POTTERY §6 7.9 (4081);4085 notillustrated. D. 30. H. (ex.)4. Lightredfabric(2.5YR 4052. Stewpot. 6/6) withwhitelime inclusions.Rim. In-turnedbody,

407

wash verticalrimwithrolledlip. Tracesof grey-brown outside.Inciseddiagonallinesbelowlip outside.Spongy Ware.#31. Notillustrated.

(c) OVER FLOOR

Gfa&dwares

4053. Jug.D. (base) 9.7. H. (ex.) 14. W. (handle)2.7. Th. (handle)1.5. Fine,hard,pink(5YR 7/4) fabricwith to shoulderand someyellowlimeinclusions. Base,profile one handle. Slightlyraised flat,flaring,pedestalbase, oval-sectioned handleattachedat globularbody.Vertical, maximumdiameter.Pronouncedwheel-ridgesinside, smoothfinishoutside. Veryduskyred (2.5YR 2/2), with lineardecorationhighlighted manganese-derived, bands greenglaze.Bodydividedintofourzonesbyvertical ofthreelinesand a doublebase-line.Handlezoneflanked by vertical'S' patternand centralzone decoratedwith and is dottedscales.Greenglaze highlights scale-pattern bandstohandle.Thinwhitetinglaze appliedinhorizontal outsideto ground-line; thin,transparent, verypale yellow glazeinsideandinspotsonthefoot.ArchaicMajolica.Early Parallelsat Montalcino(Blake 1980, 92-3 14thcentury. and figs.4-6) Aquilea(Bertacci1973 pl. 4, figs.1-2) date AtCorinth three from theearlydecadesofthe14thcentury. in these date to c. form and are similar decoration; jugs 1310 (Williamsand Zervos1992). # 16, 17, 18, 21. 7743, FIG.7.2. 905. PLATE 4054. Bowl.Hard pale red (10R 6/4) fabricwithfew limeinclusions. Thick,shiny, opaque, Body-sherd. yellowish to fabricinsideand out. darkgreenglazeapplieddirectly ProbablyMetallicWaredatingto thelast quarterof the or firstquarterof the 14th(Morgan1942, 13th century

Plain wares

4060. Stamnos.D. (rim)4. H. (ex.)4.1. W. (handle)3.3. Th. (handle)1.4. Taffy Ware.Fabricpink(7.5YR 8/4)to (7.5YR 7/6) on surface.Rim and handle. reddish-yellow Verticalneckwithplainrim.Flattenedoval strap-handle attachedto neck below rim.Pronouncedwheel-ridging inside.Tracesofmattlightred(2.5YR6/6)washdecoration on topofhandleandneck.#17. fig.7.3. D. 8. H. (ex.)4.8. Taffy Ware.Pink(5YR 4061. Stamnos. ovoidal 7/4)fabric.Base. Flat,raisedbase risingto flaring with outside surface inside, lightgrey body.Wheel-ridges

62-3; MacKay 1967,252). # 16. Notillustrated. 4055. Bowl.D. (est.)18.H. (ex.)1.2.Soft-fired yellowishred (5YR 5/8)fabric.Rim.Flaringconvexbodyto plain rimwithpointedlip. Whiteslipin and out.Twoparallel incisedlinesinsidejustbelowlip.Yellow(5YR 7/6)glaze insideandoutside.GlossyWarevariant, datingtolate13th or early14thcentury (MacKay1967,252). #17. fig.7.1. 4056. Bowl.D. (est.)18. H. (ex.) 1. Finefabricfiredto greycolour.Rim.Flaringwall to plainrimwithrounded lip.Whiteslipinsideandoutsidetobelowlip.Slipcovered withdirty greencrackledglaze.#22. Fig.7.1. fine 4057. Bowl.D. (est.)15. H. (ex.) 2.1. Hard-fired, Rim.Flaring convexwall withyellowlimeinclusions. fabric rimwithflattened to thickened lip. Lip broken,originally Whiteslipin and out.Darklineinsidebelow out-turned. lip.Highlyglossy,crackedpale olive(5Y 6/4)glazeinside and outside.#22. fig.7.1. 4058. Bowl.D. (inside,est.)19. H. (ex.) 2.9.Mediumto withsomeinclusions andvoids. finered(2.5YR6/8)fabric rimwithbrokenlip.White Rim.Flaringbody,horizontal (10YR 8/2) slipinsidecoveredwitha thickopaque dark greenglaze.MetallicWare?#79. Notillustrated. Rimandtwonon4059. Bowl.Pink(7.5YR 7/4)fabric. Similar toorsamevesselas 4048,4050 joiningbody-sherds. and 4088 (see fig.7.2). #79, 81. Notillustrated.

(5YR 6/0)wash.# 18. fig.7.4. 4062. Stamnos.D. (rim)4. H. (ex.) 2.3.W. (handle)2.8. Th. (handle)1.4. Taffy Ware.Pink(5YR 7/4)fabric.Rim and handle.Vertical, convexneckto plainrim,bevelled attachesbelow rim. inside.Flattenedoval strap-handle Pronouncedwheel-ridgesinside. Matt reddish-brown (2.5YR 5/4) wash on top of handle,outsideof rimand ofhandle.Zoneofgrey(5YR 6/1)washseparates underside areasofred.#18. Fig.7.4.

(d) TUMBLE LAYER

Glazedwares

witha 4063. Jug(?).D. 8. H. (ex.)5.3. Fine,hardfabric, Pinkcore fewsmallgrey,whiteand sparkling inclusions. Base.Flatbottom with withyellowish-red (5YR 7/6)surface. wheeltorus-ring. Flaringglobularbodywithpronounced (2.5Y 6/4)glaze ridgesinside.Thin,lightyellowish-brown on fabricon insideonly.#10. fig.7.2. directly 4064. Bowl.D. (est.)19. H. (ex.)3.9. Hard,red(2.5YR Rimandnon-joining 5/8)fabricwithfewinclusions. bodywall to plainrimwithpointedlip. sherd.Straight flaring Pink(7.5YR 8/4)slipinside,and outsideto c. 3 cmbelow area lip.Inside,slipincisedwithfourparallellinesdividing into two registers.Upper registerhas on rim incised guillochedesign.Base linesplitsintotwopartsjoinedby

incisedhatch-marks. Olive-yellow(5Y 6/8) glaze over inside,and outsideto c. 1.2 cm belowlip wherediagonal linesof glaze enhancedwithgreenglaze are drawnover slip. Perhapsa derivativeof ShinyOlive IncisedWare (MacKay1967,259-61 and 304). #77 and 78. fig.7.1. 4065. Bowl.Fine,mediumhardpink(7.5YR7/4)fabric. Body-sherds.White slip inside, incised withhatched lineandfivedotsofwhite lozengemotive.Outside,vertical slip.Thickglaze appearsyellow(5Y 7/8) over slip and brown(7.5YR 5/8)overbiscuit.Similarifnotsame strong pot as 4027 (fig.7.1). Incised,Slip PaintedWare.# 78. Notillustrated.

Pfoinwares Ware. 4066. Stamnos.D. (base)8.7. H. (ex.) 12.2.Taffy Softpinkfabricwithgroginclusions. Base andlowerbody.

Flatbasewithflaring inside. wheel-ridges body.Pronounced Fromtumble. #11. 77-901.Notdrawn; Early14thcentury.

G. D. R. SANDERS

4o8

shownin plate 27 a. Stamnos. D. 6. H. (ex.) 4.9. TaffyWare. Pink 4067. (7.5YR 7/4) fabric.Base. Flatbase withstraight flaringwall. Pronouncedwheel-ridges inside,formingcone in middleof bottom.Tracesof mattred wash on exterior.#11. fig. 7.4. Bowl. D. 17. H. (ex.) 2.9. TaffyWare. Pink (5YR 4068. 7/4)fabricwithoccasionallargeinclusionsoflimeand grog. Rim. Flaring convex wall to upturnedverticalrim with roundedlip. Undecorated.# 11, 15. fig. 7.4. Stamnos. D. (inside of rim) 4. H. (ex.) 5.1. W. 4069. (handle) 6. Th. (handle) 1.2. TaffyWare. Fabric reddishyellow(5YR 6/6) on surfaceto verypale brown (10YR 6/ thickened 6) at core.Rim and handle.Verticalneckto slightly attachesto rim plain rimwithsquaredlip. Flat strap-handle inside.Two vertical justbelow lip. Pronouncedwheel-ridges incisedwavy lines on upper surfaceof handle. Traces of a mattbrownwash outside.#13. fig. 7.3. Stamnos.D. 9. H. (ex.) 7.7. TaffyWare.Base. Flat 4070. base withflaringwall.Joinswith4036, q. v. # 13. fig. 7.3. 4071. Storagejar. D. 28. H. (ex.) 10.1. Coarse reddishyellowfabric,witha fewgritty, greyinclusions.Rim. Sloping shoulderto verticalrimwithflattenedlip. # 77. fig. 7.9. Lid or stand(?).D. (rim)7.5, (base) 9. H. 1.9. Soft4072. firedred fabric.Profilefrombase to lip. Flaringring-base with two mouldings.Everted rim with rounded lip. See 4042. # 79. Not illustrated. 4073. Amphora.D. (rim,max.) 7.5. H. 38.7. W. (handle) fabric,withgritty 4.4. Th. (handle) 1.3. Hard, medium-fine whiteand sparklinginclusions.Fabricreddish-yellow (5YR 7/6) at core,lightred (2.5YR 6/6) on insideand pink(5YR

8/4) withgreypatcheson outside.Completeprofile.Pointed toe, ovoid body, shoulderslopingto very shortneck with evertedrim. Flat strap-handlesattachat shoulderand lip. Wheel-ridges inside, pronounced wheel-ridges outside except on shoulderand at bottom.Amphorae of thistype have been foundbuilt into the churchof Afendikoin the Brontochion monastery at Mistra. Constructionof the churchbegan in 1310 (Orlandos 1935, 204 pl. 6; Sotiriou 1956, 33). Examples have also been recovered fromoff the Yugoslav coast (Brusic 1976, pls. v.3 and XI.3). Early 14thcentury.#9, 11, 14, 15. 77-902. fig. 7.10. 4074. Amphora. H. (ex.) 7.7. W. 2.3. Th. 1. Yellowishred (5YR 6/6) fabricwith a number of small sparkling inclusions.Handle. Flattenedoval strap-handle.Similarto 4073. # 9. Not illustrated. 4075. Amphora. Fabric 2. Body-sherd. Pronounced wash. outside,withdecorationofbuff-coloured wheel-ridges As 4017. # 11. Not illustrated. 4076. Amphora.D. 8. H. (ex.) 11.7. Fabric 2. Lightgrey fabric,withfewlarge inclusions (2.5Y 7/2) fine,hard-fired and voids. Rim and shoulder.Surfaceself-slippedto white colour (2. 5Y 8/2). Heavy wheel-ridgingoutside. Oval mouth.Rim evertedand thickened.Traces of red (2.5YR 5/8) motiveon shoulder.As 4017. # 15, 16. Not illustrated. Casserole. D. (rim,est.) 34, (base, est.) 27. H. 6.1. 4077. Reddish-yellowfabricwithsparklingand whiteinclusions, burntand blackenedon surfaces.Cooking ware. Complete profile.Flat bottom,flaringconcave wall to plain rimwith rounded lip. Similar shape to 4019 and 4020. # 11, 18. 77-903. FIG.7.7.

(iv) Areas Beta 6, Lambda / Beta 12 and Lambda 2, 1960-74 Only a small amountofmaterialwas recoveredfromtheseAreas.78The singlecataloguedsherdfrom Lambda 1, well s of StructureLambda VII, was foundin topsoil.Lambda 2 uncoveredthe sw angle of the yard wall associated withthe structure. To the Ν of the wall, withinthe yard,stonesfromits collapse were foundabove the yard surface. Basketsof TrenchesLambda 1 and Lambda 2 were removed as follows:topsoil: baskets 1, 20; tumblefromthe yardwall: basket33; earthbelow tumble,perhapsyard surface:basket46. (a) TOPSOIL, AREA LAMBDA 1, I973 Gla&d wares Bowl. D. (max.) 12.5. H. (ex.) 3.3. Fine,veryhard4078. firedbrown (10YR 5/3) fabric,with some small gritty inclusions.Body-sherd.Flaringconvex wall. Greyishslip inside,incisedwiththreeconcentricparallel lines defining the tondo. Tondo with cross-hatchedlozenge decoration.

scar. Agrees in Olive glaze inside (5Y 5/3). Firing-tripod most points with MacKay's descriptionof Olive-Brown Ware (MacKay 1967, 256). Late 13thor early14thcentury. # 1. fig. 7.1.

(b) TUMBLE AND ABOVE SURFACE, AREA LAMBDA 2, 1974

Glazßd wares

Bowl. H. (ex.) 2.2. TaffyWare. Soft,pink (7.5YR 4079. (5YR 6/ 7/4) fabric.Body-sherd.Mattlightreddish-brown 4) slipinsideand partway down outside.Two lightlyincised parallel lines inside, with covering of yellowish-brown (10YR 5/8) glaze. # 33. Not illustrated. Bowl. D. (max. ex.) 17. H. (ex.) 3.6. Veryhard, 4080. (c) TOPSOIL,

fine,reddish-yellow(5YR 6/6) fabric. Body-sherd.Pale yellow(2.5Y 8/4) slipinside,and dabs ofslip outside.Single incised line inside. Interior covered with thick, highly scar. lustrousyellow (close to 2.5Y 7/8) glaze. Firing-tripod Glossy Ware variant?# 33, 46. fig. 7.1.

AREA LAMBDA i/BETA 12 BAULK, 1974

Plain wares Stamnos.Fabric 2. Rim of same pot as 4051, q. v. 4081. # 20. fig. 7.9. 78See Chapter3 §§4-5 above.

THE MEDIEVAL POTTERY §6

409

(d) TRENCH BETA 6, i960

Plain wares [4081a. Stamnos. D. (base) 17.5. H. (ex.) 4. TaffyWare. Greyishpink fabric.Base only.Flat base withpronounced wheel-ridges.#10. 60-017. Not illustrated.] [4081b. Cookingjug orjar. D. (rim)c. 20. Greyfabricwith manyfine,mediumand large grits,especiallylarge pieces of whitegrit;smoothedinside and out. Wide mouthwith

slightlyeverted lip; incurvingupper profilewith broad verticalstraphandle fromrim to shoulderand thinwalls; flattenedbase. Area Beta 1/12,Room 4 (cleaningin 1973, probably eroded fromtrenchBeta 6). 73-902(?). Possibly LH. Not illustrated.]

(v) Area Nu / Gamma i, 1974 LambdaVII. In 1973 baskets1 The wholeofArea Nu/Gamma1 was withintheyardofStructure and 14 were used to removethe Medievallevels. In 1974 theselevels were betterunderstood and weremorecarefully differentiated. The Ν partof thetrench,excavatedin 1974, borderedon features associatedwiththehouse,including Gamma1,excavatedin 1959,whichcontainedexternal a pitand a drain.79 Basketswereremovedas follows:topsoilabove tumble:1974 #1,2 and 7; debrisfromthehouse and yardwall,stones,mudbrick and tiles:1974 # 3, 22 and 26; pitin yard:1974 #30; make-upof rim under tumble: 1974 #4, 6, 28, 29 and 31. [2302a,a micaceousbasinwithpie-crust yard-surface fromGamma1, 1959,#4, mayalso be Medieval.] (a) SURFACE MAKE-UP

Ghzed wares Bowl. D. 20. H. (ex.) 2.4. Fine,medium-hard, 4082. very pale brown (10YR 7/3) fabric.Rim. Flaringwall curving up to inwardlythickenedrimwithflatlip. Mattred (10YR 5/6) slip insideand outsideto below lip. Broad,verydusky

red (10YR 2/2) wavyline designon top oflip only.Patches of very thintin(?)glaze. Similarto 4026 and 4046. #31. fig. 7.1.

Plain wares Ware.SoftStamnos.D. (base) 8. H. (ex.) 7.8. Taffy 4083. fired,reddish-yellow (5YR 7/6) fabric.Base. Flatbase rising verticallyto flaringwall. Pronouncedwheel-ridgesinside. Thin mattverypale brown (10YR 7/3) wash outside.# 4. fig. 7.4. Stamnos.D. 8.5. H. (ex.) 4.1. TaffyWare.Pinkish4084. grey(5YR 7/2) fabric.Base. Flat base risingto flaringbody. Pronounced wheel-ridgesinside. Traces of burning on outside.Thin mattgrey(5YR 6/1) wash outside.# 6. Not illustrated. Stamnos.Fabric 2. Two body-sherdsof same pot 4085. as 4051, q. v. # 29. Not illustrated.

Bowl. D. 17. H. (ex.) 2.8. Fabric 2. Fine, hard, 4086. verypale brown(10YR 7/3)fabricappearingas pink(7.5YR 7/4) on surface.Rim. Flaringconvex wall risingto plain rimwithflatlip. Broad groove outside below lip. Vertical, parallel, slip-paintedweak red (10YR 5/4) lines inside. # 28. FIG.7.5. 4087. Amphora. H. (ex.) 5.3. Th. (max.) 0.7. Fabric 2. Hard-firedlight reddish-brownfabric (5YR 6/4). Bodysherd. Wheel-ridginginside; pronounced wheel-ridging outside,covered with lightgrey (10YR 7/2) to weak red (10YR 5/4) slip. As 4017. # 4. Not illustrated.

(b) PIT

Gla&d wares

Bowl. D. (est.)20. H. (ex.) 5.2. Fine,medium-hard4088. fired,pink(7.5YR 7/4) fabric.Rim. Flaringbody,upturned rim,withroundedlip. Whiteslipinsideand outsideto below lip. Black linear design inside on rim and in tondo,

highlightedwithblobs ofgreenglaze. No coveringglaze or tin glaze? From same pot as 4048, 4050 and 4059? Late Green and Brown PaintedWare; late 13thcentury.Figure has dots wheregreenglaze applied. # 30. fig. 7.2.

Plain wares Bowl. D. (rim) 15, (base) 9. H. (rim) 4.9, (base) 4089. 2.1. Fine, hard reddish-yellow(5YR 7/6) fabric.Rim and base, non-joining.Flat bottom,flaringconvex wall tapering to roundedlip. Surfaceself-slippedto lightred (2.5YR 6/6) colour.# 30. fig. 7.5. Bowl.D. 17. H. (ex.) 2.2. Fabric2. Pink(7.5YR 7/4) 4090. 79 See

fabric.Bowl. Flaringwall to plain rimwithrounded,slightly out-turned linear (2.5YR 5/4)abstract lip.Mattreddish-brown designoutsideand on top oflip. # 30. fig. 7.5. Stamnos.D. 9. H. (ex.) 5.2. W. (handle) 2.6. Th. 4091. 1.3. Fabric 2. Fine reddish-yellow(7.5YR 8/6) fabricwith some largevoids and grog.Rim and handle.Steeplysloping

Chapter 3 §4 above.

41O

G. D. R. SANDERS

shoulderto verticalneck risingto inwardlythickenedrim withroundedlip. Oval handle attachesto neck. Four matt (2.5YR 5/4) parallel stripeson slip-paintedreddish-brown surface of handle. Two parallellines on eitherside of upper handle. # 30. fig. 7.5. 4092. Amphora. D. (max. est.) 17.5. H. (ex.) 19.3. W.

(handle frag.,est.) 6.6. Fabric 2. Fine hard reddish-yellow (7.5YR 8/6) fabric.Body and two handles. Ovoidal body, verticalstrap-handlesattach at shoulder.Exteriorsurface smooth but pittedfromwear. Traces of a brown to dark brown (7.5YR 4/2) linear decoration outside. Similar to 4017. # 26, 30. Not illustrated.

(c) TUMBLE

Gla&d wares Pitcher.D. (base) 11.7. H. (ex.) 12.2. Hard, fine 4093. red ( 1oR 5/6) fabric,withsome voids and occasional small inclusions.Base and body.Slightly yellowlimeand sparkling raised pedestal-footand rounded body. Smooth outside,

pronounced wheel-ridgesinside. Thin pale yellowish-red (close to 5YR 5/8) glaze applied directlyto fabricoutside and on undersideof foot.Base similarto 4053. # 4, 26. 74-606. fig. 7.2.

Plain wares c. 4(?). H. (ex.) Stamnos.D. (rim)indeterminate, 4094. 12.4. W. 3.2. Th. 1.2. TaffyWare. Reddish-yellow(5YR 7/ 6) fabric.Rim and handle. Verticalneck to rounded lip. Vertical,flattenedoval strap-handlewithlow raised ridge on uppersurfaceattachesto neckbelow lip. Thin,mattlight brown(7.5YR 6/4) wash. Verticalroundedlip. Pronounced wheel-ridgesinside. #26. Not illustrated. Stamnos. H. (ex.) 10.9. TaffyWare. Reddish4095. yellow (5YR 7/6) fabric.Handle and body-sherd.Vertical (7.5YR 6/2) wash strap-handlestump.Matt pinkish-grey outside.Traces of burninginside. Similar to 4036. # 26. Not illustrated. Stamnos.. H. (ex.) 4.8. TaffyWare. Body-sherd. 4096. Verticalneck with raised ridge with grooved wavy line outside.Wheel-ridgesinside. Shape similarto 4036. # 26.

Not illustrated. Stamnos.Fabric2. Pink(7.5YR 7/4)fabric.Incised 4097. zigzag line withlinear matt-painteddecoration.Same pot as 4051 (fig. 7.5), 4081 (fig. 7.9), 4085 and 4101? # 26. Not illustrated. 4098. Stewpot.D. (est.) 18. H. (ex.) 5.9. Coarse fabric, withlarge voids and some large lime inclusions.Burntto reddish-greycolour (2.5YR 6/8). Rim. Rounded body, shoulder sloping to slightlyeverted,thickenedrim with rounded lip. #22. Fig. 7.8. 4099. Stewpot.D. (est.) 22. H. (ex.) 2.9. Coarse fabric withmediumto largeinclusions.Surfacelightbrown(7.5YR 6/4), burnt to grey-browninside. Rim. Rounded body, slightlyin-turnedrimwiththickened,rounded lip. Similar to 4098. #22. Not illustrated.

(d) TOPSOIL

Gla&d wares Bowl. D. (est.) 19. H. (ex.) 1.9. Th. 0.4. Medium4100. hard-fired, reddish-yellow(5YR 6/6) fabric.Rim. Straight wall to down-foldedrim.Verticalline of whiteslip flaring startsat thebottomof the outsideof the rimand continues

over the lip diagonallydown into the vessel. Thick green glaze inside and outside to the bottom of the rim. SlipPaintedWare. 14th century.Nu/Gamma 1 baulk 1974, # 2. Not illustrated.

Plain wares Stamnos.Fabric 2. Body-sherdjoining4051, q. v. 4101. Nu 2 1974, # 26. fig. 7.5.

[(vi) Trench Alpha 3, 1959 [A piecefoundin thistrenchcamefromone oftwoprobablepitsofthisperiod;itwas foundjustΕ of theend ofwallah, whichwas cutby theMedievaldisturbance. Plain wares [4102. Lid or lamp. D. (mouth,est.) 9, (base) 4. H. 3.1. Coarse pink clay withgrits.Complete. Handmade. Shape ofshallowcup withknob projectionat centreofbase inside. on inside;rough Blackmattpaint.Stripespaintedirregularly

band on outsideof rim.Alpha 3, 1959, Level IV. Context Pit 1, withlate (?Classical)' sherds,i.e. Medieval. 59-006. Not illustrated.] 4103-5000. Numbersnot used.

Chapter8 The EarlyHelladic smallfinds E. C. Banks,E. B. French andR.Janko in 2003,includesall theEH smallfindsfromtheexcavations note:thischapter, finalised of [Editor's with the from those of The latter to 1959-63. 1973-77,together figurines thought group,originally be Mycenaean,was to have been thetopicofan articleby W. D. Taylourand Ε. Β. French,as was Ε. Β. French'spresentpublication whentheexcavations of 1959-63 werepublished.1 fulfils promised thatpromise.The entirecorpusofEH smallfindsis in factmuchlarger,and less heavilyweighted than appears here. This is because the later excavationscleared only very towardsfigurines, limitedareasoftheEH settlement, whereasconsiderable partsofitweredugin 1959-63,whenthe the editorhas heavilyerodedAreas Alpha and Delta on the hill-topwere cleared.Accordingly, ofthe added references to thefindsfromtheearlierseasons,to conveya moreaccurateimpression rangeofobjectsthatwerein use at AyiosStephanosduringthisperiod.No EH metalobjectswere foundin the laterexcavations,but amongthe findsof 1959-63 the bronzetweezersHS 2032 fromAlphaburial10 arefroma contextthatwas probablyEH II Early,sinceithad bothBurnished and YellowMottledsherds.] 1. TERRACOTTA WHORLS AND BASKET IMPRESSION IN CLAY (5001-5003,fig.8.1) E. C. Banks smallobjects ofEH II, weretheprimary ofa formcharacteristic Twoterracotta convexconicalwhorls, oftheEH settlement. Alsoincludedhereisthebaseofa potwithanimpression from thelaterexcavations on itofthereedmatortextileon whichthevesselwasplacedfordrying. 5001. Whorl. H. 2.9. D. (proximal,max.) 5.0, (distal)c. c. 1.0. Zeta 1973, # 57. Surfacecontextwith 2.7, perforation Medieval,LH and MH II- III. 73-020. plate 44, fig. 8.1. 5002. Whorl. Intact, with slight chipping around top edge. H. 3.3. D. (proximal, max.) 5.07, (distal) 4.8, perforation(proximal, max.) 1.12. Wt. 73 g. Convex conical,somewhatflattenedat distalend; large perforation

of irregularly-depressed circularcontourat slightdiagonal withverticalaxis. Coarse clay loaded withgrits,mostlyto 1 mm, some to 2 mm, heavily micaceous. Burntto 7.5R withsurfacessmoothed N3/ (verydarkgrey).Well-finished but grittyto the touch; never polished. Beta 1974, #16 (over Floor 1). ContextLH IIIAi withsome LH I- II. 74020. PLATE44, FIG. 8. 1.

fromtheirshapeas EH II: largeconvex The whorlsareexamplesofa typeimmediately recognisable at thedistalend,wherethereis sidesand varyingdegreesof truncation conicalwithwell-rounded withsurfaces wellfinished, smoothed a depression aroundtheperforation. Theyarenormally frequently In contrast to Neolithic and EH III whorls, theseappearto conform butneverpolishedorburnished. standard. oftheLernaIII whorlsare ofthisclass.3Two to a widelydisseminated Byfarthemajority as a characteristic variations ofthetypeareillustrated fromAsea;4Holmberg notesthedistaldepression ofthegroup.Whentheexcavationsat Akovitika are fullypublished,one wouldexpectto findthe there. typewellrepresented terracotta whorls(6033, 6035 and 6036 below),of convexconicalshape,maybe [Threefurther EH cast-ups in lateMH levels.Anotherconvexconicalwhorldatedto EH was foundin TrialTrench VA,namelyHS 293B;5thishas orangefabricand tracesofblackpaint.The convexconicaldiscoid whorlpublishedbelowas 7040 maybe EH, sincea parallelconsidered probablyEH (HS 224)6came fromDelta burial1; itscontextcontainedEH and MH sherdsand theceltHS 223 of darkgreen

1 Taylour 1072, 208. 2 Taylour 1972, 211; AD 16 (i960) Bi pl. 83a. 3 Banks 1967, 487-92, pl. 16.1230, 1238, 1250.

4 Holmberg 1044, 118-10, fig. 1 13.6 and esp. 7. 5 Taylour 1972, 249. 6 Taylour 1972, 221. 411

4ΐ2

Ε. C. BANKS, Ε. Β. FRENCH AND R. JANKO

Fig. 8.1. EarlyHelladic smallfinds.Terracotta:whorls5001-5002; base withtextileimpression5003. Scale 1:2.

stone,whichis probablyMH.7 The similarwhorlHS 256 came froman EH context.8Furtherwhorls thatmay be EH are HS 255, froma contextthatincludedEH II, and HS 257 froma mixed context buttonsor smallwhorlsHS 20 1,10froma contextcontainingEH II and includingEH.9 The terracotta MH material,and HS 253, n froma contextthatincludedEH II, are certainlyEH in date. Specimens HS 258-26012 all came fromcontextsthatincluded EH II sherds,while HS 25413 came froma contextthatmixed EH withMH sherds;all may be of thisdate.] 5003. Base withtextileimpression.Base onlypreserved. D. 7. Th. (max.) 1.3. H. (max.) 2. Flat base of large closed vessel. Fine buffclay withsmall grits.Impressionon base

exteriorof reed mat or textile.Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 89. ContextLH MIA (make-upof Floor 6). 77-858. fig. 8.1.

AnothercommonEH II artefactis the pot base withthe impressionsof the mat or piece of fabricon whichthe pot was set to dry.It is anotherexample of the commonalityof featuresof the culture,as are the whorlsjust discussed.There are parallelsforthisfeaturein EH II vessels of plain ware,14and bases similarlyimpressedhave also been noted on vessels fromLerna.15[Threejar bases withmat impressionscomparableto 5003 were foundin the earlierexcavations,namelyHS 15 (contextEH and MH), HS 62 (contextundiagnostic)and HS 63 (contextEH II).16Beforethe potter'swheel was A more unusualterracotta introduced,matswereused not onlyfordryingbut as turntables.17 objectis the possible fire-dogterminalor leg of a zoomorphicstand HS 252. 18Its contextwas EH II. The conical terracottaseal HS 278 may also be EH.19] 2. TERRACOTTA

FIGURINES

(5004-5024, Ε. Β. French

fig. 8.2)

The EH figurines fromAyios Stephanosare the mostintriguing group of figurinesto come fromthe site.Three typesnot previouslyrecordedfromthatperiod (thePhi body, the polos hat and the bird) appear here in what seem to be good EH or EH/ΜΗ contexts.All would by shape be happy in a Mycenaean context,but the fabricis distinctiveand the contextsare sure. Birds of similartype are otherwiseknownonlyin LH III contexts,including7116 fromAyiosStephanos,an elaborateexample of LH IIIAi fromMycenae, and close parallels of LH IHB fromTirynsand LH IIIC fromthe [A possible EH bird's head has now been foundat Kouphovouno.21 Amyklaion.20

7 See Chapter q §5 below. 8 Taylour 1072, 242, pl. 42C.3. 9 Taylour 1072, 242. 10Tavlour 1072, 211, ol. 4.2a, left. 11Tavlour 1072, 242. 12 Taylour 1072, 243. 13Taylour 1072, 242, pl. 42a, rieht. 14 Holmberg 1944, 81, fig.82J-k.

15 Wienrke -

2000. _ - - -

7

κτο.

κ8ο.

*

rot.

16See Taylour 1072, 21s fig·4-3, pi· 41b. 17Zachos 1987, 210. 18 Taylour 1972, 242, pl. 51J,bottom. 19See CMSV Suppl. ιΒ no. 342, withPini 1993, 335. 20French 1071, 160. 21Renard 1989, 158 (no. 478 = Κ 2485), pl. 46:2. kJ β ZJ7

%J

%J ïJ #

THE EARLY HELLADIC SMALL FINDS §2

413

Fig.8.2. EarlyHelladicsmallfinds.Terracotta: femalefigurines 5004, 5008-5009; animals5010, 5014-5020; incised handle5021; birdfigurines 5022-5023.Scale 1:2.

(i) Female Figurines (5004-5009, 5004. Upperbodyonly.H. (ex.)3.4. W. (body)4.8. Red ; no paint.Phishape claywithgreycore(coarsewarefabric) withhighplasticbreasts.EH? Alpha 10, 1963, #17. Contextfill(?)fromEH burial area, includingEH II, withsomeMH butno Mycenaean.63-510.plate 44 (two views),fig.8.2. 5005. Torsoonly.H. (ex.)2.2.W. (ex.)3.1. D. (stem)1.5. Red clay;no paint.Lowerbody and waistof phi shape withlarge blob on rightside, breast(?);rough.Date uncertain. Alpha 11, 1963,#15. ContextEH, including EH II Late,withearlyMH; possibly andassociated primary withAlphaburial1. 63-635.Not drawn;shownin plate 44 (twoviews). 5006. Torsoonly.H. (ex.) 3.6. W. (body)2.9. Pinkishbuffclay;no paint.Flaringstemwithshortpointedarms; marks front andback;piercedfrom enigmatic toptobottom. nota figurine. Date uncertain. Gamma1, 1959, # Possibly

fig. 8.2)

4. ContextLH ILA to LH III withsomeEH II. 59-546. Notdrawn;shownin plate 44. 5007. Head and shoulder,possiblyof female.H. (ex.) 4.6. W. (ex.)3.2. Buffclay,burnt;no paint.Bareheadwith leftarm,right longneck,shortoutstretched pinchedfeatures, a birdbytheexcavator. Considered missing. Alpha7, i960, #2. EH II secondary withsomeMH andLH III. context, Not in plate shown drawn; 60-506. 44. 5008. Head. H. 2.6. D. 1.6. Coarsered clay;no paint. VaguelylikefatversionofMycenaeanmanin shortconical hat. Alpha 8 Ext. i960, # 30. Surfacelevel; EH II withnothing laterrecognisable. context, 60-533. secondary PLATE 44, FIG. 8.2.

5009. Polosonly.H. (ex.) 1.6.D. 1.9.Pinkclay;no paint. Polosonly,small.Alpha 10, i960, #12. EH II secondary context, perhapswithEH II Lateand someMH material. 60-564.FIG.8.2.

414

Ε· C. BANKS, Ε. Β. FRENCH AND R. JANKO

(ii) Animal Figurines (koio-ko2i) 5010. Completeexceptforheadandtail.H. (ex.)2.6.L. (ex.) 5.1. W. (body) 2. Pinkclay; no paint.Shortvery pointedlegs;thickroughbody.Alpha8/1Baulki960, # 23. Contextmixed, includingEH II, MH, LH and Medieval.60-534.plate 44, fig.8.2. 5011. Forequarters only.H. (ex.)4.5. L. (ex.)7.7. W. 2.5. Buff modelledfigurine clay;no paint.Largeandelaborately withappliedstrip(yoke(?)or rider'sleg) at backofneck. LH including EH(?). Beta4, i960, #6. Contextapparently LH IIIB. 60-594.Notdrawn;shownin plate 44. 5012. Forequarters only.H. (ex.) 3.5. L. (ex.) 3.2. W. (body)1.7.Grey-buff clay;no paint.Smallwithshortlegs, hornsor ears,muzzle;something perhapsonceappliedon backofhead.TrialTrench VII, 1963,trench A, # 1. Surface contextwithEH, MH, LH and Medieval.63-595. Not drawn;shownin plate 44. 5013. Hindquarters only.L. (ex.)4.1. D. (body)1.8.Buff clay;no paint.Cylinderwithsplayinglegs,now broken; of pinchedon rumpintocrest;unusualmarkon underside mainsurface. EH(?). Beta 2, 1959,# 2. Contextincluded LH IIIC Earlyand Medieval.59-532.Notdrawn;shown in plate44. 5014. Hindquarters only.L. (ex.) 4. L. (body)1.7. Buff no paint. surface; grey;well-smoothed/burnished clay,burnt legs. Roughly-made cylindrical body,archedtail,splaying EH(?). Alpha11, 1963,#34. ContextMH, probablyMH EH II Late,and possibly III, withsomeEH II including someMycenaean.63-626.plate 44, fig.8.2. red 5015. Head only.H. (ex.) 1.6.W.(atears)1.7.Gritty clay;no paint.Smallwithpointednoseand ears.Probably

EH. Alpha 7, 1963, # 24. Contextmixed(backfill from i960). 63-509. PLATE44, FIG.8.2.

5016. Head only.H. (ex.)2.8.D. (ofhead)2. Cylindrical neck,pinchednose and ears.Alpha8, i960, # 2. Surface withEH II, MH, LH and Medieval.60-513.plate context 44, fig.8.2. 5017. Head, fragment only.L. (ex.) 2.6. Pinkclay;no paint.Halfofanimalhead withearsnothorns.Alpha 10, EH II Late),perhaps i960, #12. ContextEH (including withsomeMH material. 60-565.fig.8.2. 5018. Hornonly.L. 3.3.D. 1.6.Coarseredclay;nopaint. Long thickcurvingcone. EH(?). Alpha 10, i960, # 6. ContextmostlyEH II, butwithsomeMH material.6044, FIG.8.2. 549. PLATE 5019. Leg(?)only.H. (ex.) 2.4. D. 1.3. Coarseredclay; at end,lookinglike no paint.Conicalwithtwoprojections a fishtail.Alpha 10, i960, # 8. ContextEH II, probably pureEH II Late.60-558.plate 44, fig.8.2. 5020. Leg(?) only.H. 2.4. D. 1.1. Coarsered clay;no paint. Similarto 5019 but slimmer.Alpha 10, i960, # 8. ContextEH II, probablypureEH II Late. 60-560. FIG.8.2.

identified as animalprotome [5021. Handle,originally head. Brokenat bothends.H. (ext.)2.6. L. (ext.)2.7. W. (ext.)2.8.D. (body,est.)1.7,(neck,est.)1.7.Greyish, gritty fabric;wornbrownish-red slip,blackin patches(burnt?). Incisedlinesin V-pattern on front;tracesof twoincised linesaroundjoin. Alpha 10, 1963,#19. ContextEH II withMH (probably MH I). 63-617.plate44, fig.8.2.]

(iii) Bird Figurines (5022-5024; 5022. Bird,head and tailbroken.H. (ex.) 3.2. L. (ex.) 4.3. Pink clay withbuffslip; brownpaint.Stand with flattened body,shapedwingsand tail(nowbroken);head bandon back,edgelinesto missing. Ringon stem,central wings.EH(?). Alpha9, i960, # 2. ContextMH, perhaps MH III, withEH II. 60-538.plate 44, fig.8.2. including H. (ex.)4.2. L. (ex.)3.6. battered. 5023. Bird,extremities Softpinkclay;tracesofredpaint.As 5022 butfatter. EH(?).

cf. 7116 below)

Alpha7, i960, #4. ContextearlyMH withmuchEH II. 60-508. PLATE44, FIG.8.2.

5024. Birdhead(?).H. (ex.) 2.8. W. (head) 1. Buffclay; no paintpreserved. Long neckwithbeak at right-angles; appliedbulbouseyes.EH(?). Delta15,1963,#110.Surface contextwithLH IIIC Early,MH, one EH II and one Medievalsherd.63-638.Notdrawn;shownin plate 44.

3. GROUND STONE (5025, fig. 8.3) E. C. Banks disc.Intact.D. 2.5-2.6,perforation 0.45025. Phyllite disc 0.5. Th. 0.3-0.4. Greyphyllite. Fairlyregularcircular in centreroughly withevenlygroundedge; perforation

drilledfrombothfaces.Eta 1973,#65. Context circular, EH II Earlywitha littleEH II Late.73-531.plate44, fig. 8.3.

sealed by wall dh, is otherwiseindistinguishable [Thisitem,foundin an almostpureEH II Earlystratum fromthephyllitediscs foundin theMH strataat the site(see below, 6115-6121). It was studiedby H. Blitzer,who has kindlyallowed us to benefitfromher notes.Groundstoneobjectsofthisperiod from theearlierexcavationsincludetwopestlesmade ofblack and whitemarble,namelyHS 262, probably froma pure EH II context,and HS 263 froma layerthatmixed EH II withMH.22The smallceltHS 264, made of blue-blackhaematite,was foundin a contextdatable to EH II Late.23The limestone pestleHS 204, whichhas been consideredEH,24came froma mixed surfacelevel. The flatcup-base HS 273, probablyof darkgreenserpentineratherthangabbro,came froma contextthatmixed EH II Late with MH, but should be MH ratherthan EH. 25Two drill cores of gabbro (6091-6092) apparentlyfromEH levels are probablyMH in date.26] 22 1972,243, 42b, right 23Taylour1972,243, pl. 51c. pl. Taylour 24 Taylour1972,212, pl. 42b, left.

25PaceTaylour1972, 243. 26See Chapter9 §5 below.

THE EARLY HELLADIC SMALL FINDS §4

415

Fig.8.3. EarlyHelladicsmallfinds.Groundstone:phyllite disc5025. Chippedstone(obsidian): unretouched blades5032, cortical flake 1:1. retouched blades Scale 5°35> 5o4°-5°4oaî 5041; 5042-5045.

4. CHIPPED STONE (5026-5045, fig. 8.3) R.Janko,usingtherecordsofJ. B. Rutter Thissectioncomprises all 20 chippedobsidianpiecesfoundin thepureEH levelsin AreaEta.These and carefully recordedbyJ. B. Rutterduringtheexcavation. In somecasesI pieceswereinventoried haveidentified fromtherecordsthedifferent in Appendix6, whichoffers a typesoftoolrecognised synthetic analysisof thechippedstonefromall periodsof theBronzeAge. Severalmoreobsidian blades(all giventhesingleinventory number73-032),whosequantity and typeswerenotrecorded, werefoundinAreaZeta 1973,baskets109 and 110,contexts whichwere,respectively, (i) EH II Late withsomeMH I, and (ii) EH II Late. Giventheinadequacyoftheirrecording, theseare notlisted countedforthestatistical tablesofAppendix6. No otherEH levels here,buttheywerepresumably werereachedduringthelaterexcavations. Otherchippedobsidianpiecesofthisperiodwerefound of 1959-63; theyarementioned in Taylour1972 butnotincludedhere,as the duringtheexcavations relevant Areashavenotbeen reinterpreted forthepresentstudy. Since theitemsare cataloguedaccordingto the latestchronological in their periodrepresented thequantities ofEH piecesare certainly as therearelikelyto havebeenmany contexts, understated, in laterlevels,especiallythosethatmixEH withMH I. cast-ups (i) Obsidian Blades (5026-5040) 5026. Brokenatbothends.L. (max.ex.) 1.5.W. 1.2.Th. flattened (max.ex.)0.3.Bladewiththin, roughly ridgedown centre ofback.Front convex.No evidenceofretouch. slightly Eta 1973,#27. Context EH II Latewitha little MH I Early. 73-512.Notillustrated. 5027. Brokenatone end(?).L. (max.ex.) 3.05.W. (max.) 1.2.Th. (max.)0.35. Backedbladewiththinflattened ridge downcentreofback.Percussion bulbend preserved with facetedplatform. No evidenceofretouch. Eta 1973,# 28. Context EH I withEH II Late.73-513.Notillustrated. 5028. Brokenat bothends.L. (max.ex.) 0.95. W. (max. ex.)0.6.Th.(max.ex.)o.1. Backedbladewithbroadflattened ofback.No evidenceofretouch. Eta 1973, ridgedowncentre EH I withEH II Late.73-515.Notillustrated. #31.Context 5029. Brokenatbothends.L. 2.0. W.0.6. Th. 0.2. Thin, bladewiththinflattened parallel-sided ridgedowncentreof back.No evidenceofretouch. Eta 1973,#66. ContextEH II Earlywitha littleEH II Late.73-534.Notillustrated. 5030. Brokenatbothends.L. (max.ex.) 1.7.W. 1.0.Th.

0.2. Roughlyparallel-sidedblade. Irregular,tapering, concaveridgedownback,slightly offtriangular, slightly centreand projecting at preserved end in small'tang'.No evidenceofretouch. Eta 1973,#66. ContextEH II Early witha littleEH II Late.73-535.Notillustrated. 5031. Brokenat one end. L. 1.15. W. 0.65, Th. 0.15. blade withpercussion bulb at one Roughlyparallel-sided concaveridgedownbackslightly off-centre. end;shallowly No evidenceof retouch.Eta 1973,# 66. ContextEH II Earlywitha littleEH II Late.73-536.Notillustrated. 5032. Brokenat one end. L. 2.15. W. 0.9. Th. 0.3. blade withpercussion bulb at one Roughlyparallel-sided at end; flattened ridgedowncentreofbackand projecting endas thin*tang'No evidenceofretouch. Eta 1973, opposite #66. ContextEH II Earlywitha littleEH II Late.73-537. Fig.8.3. 5033. Brokenat distalend. L. 2.1. W. 0.75. Th. 0.25. bladewithsharpridgedowncentre Roughlyparallel-sided ofbackforabouttwo-thirds ofitslength.No evidenceof

4ΐ6

Ε. C. BANKS, Ε. Β. FRENCH AND R. JANKO

retouch.Eta 1973, # 66. ContextEH II Early witha little EH II Late. 73-538. Not illustrated. 5034. Broken at both ends. L. (max. ex.) 0.8. W. 0.85. Th. 0.25. Fragment of parallel-sided blade from near percussionbulb end. Flattenedridgeofmediumwidthdown approximatecentre.No evidence of retouch.Eta 1973, # 68. ContextEH I. 73-539. Not illustrated. 5035. Broken at one end. L. 2.6. W. 1.5. Th. 0.3. Relativelybroad, roughlyparallel-sidedblade preserving smallpartofcortexon back near percussionbulb end. One end rounded withpronounced percussionbulb on front; distalend terminatesabruptlyin steep face. Back has four facets,twoofwhichby edges are steepand threeare narrow. No evidence of retouch.Eta 1973, # 68. Context EH I. 73"54°· FIG·8·3· 5036. Brokenat one end. L. (max. ex.) 1.4. W. 0.55. Th. 0.15. Roughlyparallel-sidedblade withpercussionbulb end preservedand opposite end apparentlybroken off.Sharp No evidence ridgedown centreof back, slightlyoff-centre. of retouch.Eta 1973, # 68. Context EH I. 73-541. Not illustrated. 5037. Broken at one end. L. (max. ex.) 2.05. W. 0.85. Th. 0.3. Roughlyparallel-sidedblade withpercussionbulb end preserved.Narrowingflattenedridge down centreof

back to halfwayalong preserved length,then becoming sharp ridge. No evidence of retouch. Eta 1973, # 68. ContextEH I. 73-543. Not illustrated. 5038. Broken at one end. L. 1.0. W. 0.5. Th. 0.15. Roughlyparallel-sidedblade with percussionbulb at one end; narrowflattened ridgedowncentreofback.No evidence of retouch.Eta 1973, # 69. ContextEH II Early.73-544. Not illustrated. 5039. Brokenat both ends. L. (max. ex.) 2.1. W. 0.7. Th. 0.2. Parallel-sidedblade with sharp ridge down centreof back becominga narrowflattenedtriangleabout one-third along back. No evidence of retouch. Eta 1973, # 66. ContextEH II Early.73-545. Not illustrated. 5040. Complete.L. 4. 15. W. 1.4. Th. 0.4. Relativelylarge parallel-sidedblade withprominentpercussionbulb at one end; broad, slightlyconcave ridgedown centreofback. No evidence of retouch.Eta 1973, # 68. Context EH I. 73546. fig. 8.3. 5040a. Broken at both ends. L. 1.7. W. 0.75. Th. 0.2. Roughly parallel-sidedblade with narrowflattenedridge down centreof back thatprojectsas 'tang' at oppositeend. No evidence of retouch.Eta 1973, # 65. Context EH II Early witha littleEH II Late. 73-533. fig. 8.3.

(ii) Obsidian Cortical Flake (5041) 5041. Complete.L. 1.2. W. 1.2. Th. 0.2. Secondaryflake, preservingpart of cortex of original pebble. Roughly triangularoutline. Plain cortical platform.Described by

P. N. Kardulias. Eta 1973, # 68. Context EH I. 73-542. plate 44, fig. 8.3.

(iii) Obsidian Blades, Retouched (5042-5044) 5042. Broken at one end. L. 1.9. W. 1.0. Th. 0.3. Triangular,with plain slightlyconcave frontand back divided into three by narrow,flattenedtriangularridge down centre, turninginto sharp ridge about 0.5 from pointedtip. Almostverticalface at buttend appears to be original.Both edges have steepretouchon back. Eta 1973, # 65. ContextEH II Earlywitha littleEH II Late. 73-529. FIG.8.3. 5043. Completeexceptforchip offretouchedtip.L. 2.5. W. 0.7. Th. 0.2. Long, parallel-sidedblade withsharpridge down centre of back and squared distal end formedby

direct,flat,mediumretouch.Eta 1973, # 65. ContextEH II Early witha littleEH II Late. 73-530. fig. 8.3. 5044. Truncatedat one end. L. (max. ex.) 2.3. W. 0.8. Th. 0.25. Roughly parallel-sidedblade with sharp ridge down centreof back. Percussionbulb end fullypreserved. formedby smalldirectand inverseflaking. Distal truncation 'Nibbling' along one edge; lesser amountof retouchalong theother.Eta 1973, # 65. ContextEH II Earlywitha little EH II Late. 73-532. fig. 8.3. 5045-6000. Numbersnot used.

This lithicmaterialappears to be typicalofa siteofthisperiod.That thefindsare notmorenumerous is owed to the small extentof the EH layersuncoveredduringthe excavationsof 1973-77· The only chipped stone tool definitelyof EH date published fromthe earlier excavations seems to be HS *75,27an unusual obsidian 'chisel',probablyan end scraper;its contextincluded EH II Late. There may well be more. That thereare no findsof workedchert,whichapparentlyoccurredlocally,may not be coincidental;in laterperiods,thiswas used forsickle elementsin particular.The absence of hollow-basedprojectile-points may also be no accident28

27 Taylour 1072, 243. 28I thankP. N. Kardulias forcatchingsome serious errorsin

this section. For furthercommentaryon the whole assemblage see Appendix 6.

Chapter9 The MiddleHelladicsmallfinds, including theLinearA inscription E. C. Banks, withR.Janko note:thisChapterwas completedin 1994. GiventheoverlapbetweenMH and LH at the [Editor's MH III/LH I phase,E. C. Banks'descriptions ofa numberof site,withthepresenceofa transitional have in been included 10 Ε. Β. French's observations below, and, objects ultimately Chapter conversely, aboutseveralobjectsthatE. C. Bankswas unableto studyhave been utilisedhere.These are not and separatelyindicated.A numberof shellsof the species Glycymeris (dog cockle),Cerastoderma Acanthocardia wereprobablyusedas ornaments; (cockle),foundin Middleand LateHelladiccontexts, theseare cataloguedas 9255-9274 below.] 1. BONE (6001-6009, fig. 9.1) Withtheexceptionofthefinebonepin (6008),theboneobjectsfromMH AyiosStephanoscomprise a smallgroupoflargelyfragmentary awlsandpins.Thesearedivisibleintotwogroups:awlsdesigned forutilitarian functions and pinsthatwereat leastin partdecorative. Awlsweremadeofsplinters of or Bos bones worked into shafts to in ovicaprid leg tapering triangular elliptical section,butusually circular justat thetipofthepoint,and smallwholebonestaperedto a pointat one end.Thereis little or no polishexceptat thepointedend. Pinswerecrafted of splinters of ovicapridor Bosleg bones workedintoapproximately with a slighttaperthroughout; thistaperis shafts, cylindrical usually accelerated at thepoint,whichhas a fairly bluntedtip;theproximalend is plain sharpto somewhat or finished witha conicalor segmented head. Surfacesare usuallywellpolishedall over. 6001. Pin. Intact in finaluse; head end broken off.L. (max. ex.) 7.5. D. (max. ex.) 0.45. Shaftof approximately cylindricalsection with taper throughout,accelerated in distal 1 cm to tip,whichis bluntedfromwear to irregularly flatteneddiagonal facet.At proximal end about half the shaftis split offdiagonally for c. 1.5 cm and has been re-groundand polished forcontinueduse. Nu irregularly 1973, # 32. ContextMH III/LH I (foundationtrenchof wall nf). 73-211. plate 45, fig. 9.1. 6002. Pin.Proximalend onlypreserved.L. (max.ex.) 2.97. D. shaft(max. ex.) 0.55, end ofhead (proximal)0.7 x 0.72. Shaft of depressed circular section separated by broad, poorly-articulatedconcavity from asymmetricalhead of invertedstrongly truncated convexconicalformand rounded triangularplan with flatproximal surfaceand somewhat rounded angular edge. Fairlywell finishedand polished, thoughworn.Eta 1973, #17. Found 1.05 m Ε ofpot 1255. ContextMH I Late, witha littleLH I or LH IIIA2 (from Eta burial5 or 12?). 73-505. fig. 9.1. 6003. Pin or awl. Complete;mendedfromtwofragments. L. 9. D. at about midshaft(max.) 0.55. Shaftof irregularly circularsectiontaperingtowardboth ends withcancellous tissueat proximalend, where sectionis plano-convexand end surfaceis slightlyconvex withrounded angularedge; irregular pyramidalpointwithsturdysharpbluntedtip.Fairly well finishedand polished, with longitudinalfabrication striations.Shaftis as well-finished as thatof pin, but head end is irregularand more awl-like.Eta 1973, # 20. Context MH I Late, withsome EH I, EH II Late and LH IIA and one Medieval sherd.73-507. plate 45, fig. 9.1. 417

6004. Pin. Distal end broken off.L. (max. ex.) 7.75. D. shaft(medial,max.) 0.43, head 0.57 x 0.47. Slightly tapering shaft separated from which, by slight constriction at proximalend,is an invertedtruncatedconicalhead ofovoid section with flat proximal end surface tipped at strong diagonal withshaft.Fairlywell finishedand polished,with longitudinalparing marksand striations.Eta 1973, # 63. Context MH I Early with some EH II Late. 73-527. PLATE 45, FIG. 9.1.

of 6005. Pin. Three fragments:(a) twojoining fragments shaftand (b) distal fragmentwith point, (a) L. (max. ex.) 4.6. W (max. ex.) 0.32. Th. (ex.) 0.19. (b) L. (max. ex.) 2.9. W. (max. ex.) 0.28. Th. (max. ex.) 0.25. Varianttype. Small whole bone of triangularsection (ulna of uncertain animal) withfinesharp point whittledirregularlyat distal end. Well polished surface,now worn. Nu 1977, #13. ContextMH III/LH I (foundationtrenchof wall nf) with a littleLH I and a littleEH II. 77-205. plate 45, fig. 9.1. 6006. Awl. Mended from two fragments;tip of point batteredoff.L. (max. ex.) 7.66. W. (proximalend) 0.85. Th. (proximalend) 0.35. W. shaft(medial) 0.5 x 0.63. Sus fibulawithproximalend retainedas grip.Fromabout midlengthitis workedintoan irregularly rectangularshaftwith pointtaperedjust at the end, mostlyfromthe sides. Tip of pointbattereddown diagonallyfromone faceto other.Some grinding and polishing of surface with longitudinal fabricationstriations, but now badly worn.Nu 1977, #32. Context MH III/LH I (robber trenchof wall nu) witha littleEH II. 77-208. plate 45, fig. 9.1. 6007. Pin. Head and c. one thirdof shaft(proximalend)

4ΐ8

Ε. C. BANKS, WITH R. JANKO

Fig.9.1. MiddleHelladicsmallfinds. Bone:pins6001-6008. Copper:punch6010. Bronze:pin 6012a. Lead: rivet6015. Scale 1:2. L. (max.ex.) 3.4. D. (max.ex.) 0.65. Shaftof preserved. sectionwithonlyslight roughly elliptical taperinpreserved 0.5 cm fromtheproximalend is portion. Approximately an irregular groove,0.2-0.35cmwide,whichsets V-shaped offthe slightly head. Probably cylindrical asymmetrical butsurface burntdullwhiteandbadly originally polished, root-damaged.Nu 1977, #41. ContextMH I Late witha gooddeal ofEH II ofapsidalbuilding) (destruction Early.77-214.plate45, fig.9.1. 6008. Pin.Sevenfragments (a) threejoining preserved: ofproximalendwithhead,and (b) fourjoining fragments of distalend withpoint,thetwoportionsnot fragments mostofpin.Treatedwithpolyvinyl butconstituting joining, acetate,(a) L. (max.ex.) 9.63. H. head c. 3. D. head (at proximalend) 0.69-0.72.D. shaft(atbreak)0.57 x 0.59. (b) L. (max.ex.) 11.9. D. shaft(proximal)0.59, (medial) circularsectionwithtaper 0.55. Shaftof irregularly

concentratedin final 5.5 cm to finepoint of poorly articulated section;deliberatebevellingon plano-convex convexsurface, whichhas ground-over paringmarkson final1 cm to slightly bluntedsharptip.Elaboratehead elements:proximal composedof fiveclearlyarticulated discofdepressedcircular plan,oblatedisc,tall cylindrical shaft from twoirregular oblatediscsseparated central barrel, by V-shapedgroove.Groundand well polished,with striations vertical vertical grinding paringfacetsandmostly striations around fabrication on shaftandheavyhorizontal head. Nu 1977, # 52. ΜΗ I Late (floorof apse) witha littleEH II Early.77-217.plate45, fig.9.1. 6009. Awl.Tip onlypreserved.L. (max.ex.) 1.5. Th. (max. ex.) 0.1. Segmentof bone taperedto point of cylindricalsection.Surfacepolished.Nu 1977, #13· trenchofwallnf)with ContextMH III/LH I (foundation a littleLH I and a littleEH II. 77-221.Notillustrated.

awlsand crudepinsofMH AyiosStephanos. Littlecan be saidabouttheextremity-bone Theyare a finished is the well More distinctive the MH EH and sites of pin very throughout Aegean. staple head.Thisgeneraltypeofpinbeginsto appearearlyin theMH of articulated 6008,withitselegantly offinepins iftheexamplesfromLernamaybe considered themainland, typical.A richassortment to be continued in theearlypartoftheperiod.1 thebestconcentrated wasfoundthere, produced They The pinfromAyiosStephanosis one ofa groupwitha longbarrelelementas its intotheLH period.2 whichis flankedby one or a pair of smallerreel-likeelements.One of thethreecentralfeature, FromLernacamecomparable atMalthi.3 datedas EH, wasreported element erroneously pins,probably 1 Banks 1967, 378-92; Zerner 1978, 194. 2 See for exampletheMycenaeShaftGraves,Mylonas1973 passim.

3 Valmin

1938, 362, pl. XXIX, A 3.

THE MIDDLE

HELLADIC

SMALL FINDS §2

419

MH pins 1009 and 1064.4Closestto thepin fromAyiosStephanosis theunpublished specimen a smallerversionof6008,witha pair LernaL5.48,whichdatestoLernaVI (LH I- II); itis essentially ofreelsaboveand belowthetallcentralelement. 2. METAL (6010-6015, fig. 9.1) intotheinventory ofMH smallobjectsfromthelaterexcavations Onlysixobjectsofmetalareentered at AyiosStephanos. Twowerecopperor bronzepunchesand borersoftypescommonin theBronze ofsquareor circular sectionpointedat one end.Another was a fragment of AgeAegean,simpleshafts a lead mending-clamp foundstillattachedto a sherdofa plainvesselmendedin antiquity. The last oflead. Forresiduesfrommetal-working object,a rivet,probablyfroma clamp,was also apparently see items6067-6069 below.[A pin and a wirefromtheearlyexcavations are added,sincetheseare in and so is the fine W. D. which intended torepublish here.] analysed Appendix5, pin6012a Taylour 6010. Arsenicalcopper punch. Distal end brokenoff(?); heavily corroded. L. (max. ex.) 6.9. W. (max.) 0.35. Th. (max.) 0.32. Shaft of square section, tapered from two opposing sides for about one third of its length from maximumwidthto plain proximalend, withstraightedge at diagonalwithlongitudinalaxis; slighttapertowarddistal end, which is broken off at rounded diagonal with longitudinalaxis. Contains 2% arsenic and hardlyany tin (see analysisin Appendix 5). Nu 1974, #41. ContextLH I Early witha littleEH II. 74-215. plate 45, fig. 9.1. 6011. Bronze or copper borer.Intact.L. 1.85. D. (max.) 0.1. Shaftof circularsection withtaper to point in distal two thirds. Nu 1974, # 10. Context MH III/LH I trenchof wall nf). 74-244. Not drawn; shown (foundationin plate 45. [60 12. Arsenical copper pin. Two fragments;head not preserved,(a) L. (ex.) 0.53. D. 0.015. 03) L. (ex.) 0.42. D. 0.02. Roughlycircularcross-section.Contains hardlyany tin(see Appendix 5). Alpha 2, 1963, # 83 (underburial 1). ApparentlyM H context.For othersmall findsand pottery fromburial 1 see Taylour 1972, 219-20. 63-623. Not illustrated. [6012a. Bronze pin. Complete; head slightlycorroded.L. 15.2. D. head 1.7. D. shaft(max.) 0.52. Flattened,conical head with three swellingsbelow it in diminishingorder. Long pin, circularcross-section,taperingalmost to point.

MH. ContextAlpha burial 23 (MH III Late-MH III/LH I). HS 208 (Taylour1972, 217); AD 19 (1964) Bi pl. 148a. 63-585. plate 45, withbeads HS 209, earringsHS 210211 and ringHS 212 fromthe same burial,fig. 9.1. [6013. Bronze wire. Fragmentbent in two places. L. 7.3. D. 0.2. Roughlycircularsection.Containsarsenicbut little tin (see Appendix 5). Delta 7, i960, #11. ContextMH, perhapswithLH. 60-616. Not illustrated.] 6014. Lead mending clamp. One end of one side preserved in sherd. Sherd: L. 3.32. W. 3.13. Th. 0.56. Clamp: L. (ex.) 2.14. W. (ex.) 1.21. Sherd a body fragment of trapeziumshape of micaceous fabric,fairlywell loaded withred gritsrarelyover 5 mm: exterior7.5YR 8/4 (pink), interior7.5YR 7/4 (pink), core 7.5YR N7/ light grey); exteriorsurfacesmooth,interiorsmooth,but with crisscrossingwipingmarks.Lead bar 5B 4/1 (darkbluish-grey). Originallyrectangularwithshortends rounded,flatplanoconvex transversesection; conical riveton flatside near preservedend pushed into perforationin sherd c. 0.35 cm in diameter.Lambda 3, 1977, # unknown(from# 56, 59, 61, 62 or 64). ContextLH I-IIA. 77-859. Not illustrated. 6015. Lead(?) rivet(?).H. (max. ex.) 0.56. D. (top) 0.5, (bottom)1.19. Flattenedcone withtop truncated.Circular indentations (D. 0.41) at top and bottom. Fairly well preserved.Beta 1977, # 60. Context MH III/LH I with LH I-IIA. 77-022. plate 45, fig. 9.1.

Bothpunch6010 and borer6011 aretoolsoftypesfoundfromEB I onwardsin theAegeanand are wellknownthroughout theBronzeAge on Crete,in theislandsand on themainland.5 Nichoria6 and Malthi7 eachyieldedone fragmentary punchofMH date.AtLernaseveralborersand puncheswere foundinMH contexts andhavebeencatalogued as awlsandpins.8The examplesfromAyiosStephanos areabsolutely and a minor addition to a well-known andlargegroupofimplements. typical represent Likewisethelead bar-and-rivet mendingclamp6015 belongsto a classofobjectswellknownin MH bothNichoria9and Malthi10 contexts; producedexamplesin MH or mixedMiddle/LateHelladic contexts. To thenorth-east, at Asea,one fragmentary MH clampwas found,11 and therewereseveral fromMH Lerna.12 It is perhapsworthnotingthatno parallelsforthesemetalobjectshave been or preserved, were publishedfromnearbyKythera.[Pinssimilarto 6012a, butnotso wellfinished foundatThermi,13 inMessenia.16] Eutresis,14 Sesklo,15 and,thebestexample,ina tombatKephalovryson

4 Caskey 1956, 160, pl. 47a = 1009; Banks 1967, 388-9 and397. 5 Branieran 1074. 26-7. 6 McDonaldand Wilkie1002,610. 6i*7.no. 1707. ol. 10-2. 7 Valminiq*8. 570. ol. XXX.21. 8 Banks1067,32-^7. 9 McDonaldandWilkie1002,6κο,nos.104^-7,iQ4Q.fier. 10-κ. 10Valmin 1938,373, pl. XXX.21 middle.

11 Holmberg 1044, i«i, fie. 122.3. 12Banks 1067, 81-3.

13Lamb 1936, pl. 25.32.3 and 167 fig.48b - froma mixed deposit. 14Goldman inai. 218 f'e. 280.1.

15Tsountasiqo8, pl. r.2. 16AD 21 (1966) Bi pl. ι68β.

Ε. C. BANKS, WITH R. JANKO

42O

3. TERRACOTTA, REUSED

POTTERY AND CLAY

(i) Whorls (6016-6036, fig. 9.2) MH datepresentno The fewspindlewhorlsfromAyiosStephanosofreasonably welldocumented unusualfeatures whentheyare comparedwiththosefromsimilarcontexts at othersites.The whorls wereproducedin simplegeometric coarsefabrics, formsand wereexecutedin mostlydark-faced burnished and unburnished, likethoseoftheordinary cookingpotsfromthesite.Occasionalbitsof The whorls observedamongthenon-plastic inclusions lapislacedaemonius suggestlocal manufacture. withtheverticalperforation wellformed, are usuallyfairly placed and thesurfaceseven, centrally regularand undecorated. The whorlsin thecataloguebeloware dividedintotypeby shape.FollowingCarington Smith,17 ofat least2 as whorlshavea weightof 10 gramsand aboveand/ora diameter thoseobjectsclassified ofvery fortheproduction thatevena whorlof5 gramsis serviceable cm.It has been demonstrated or 'clothing called'buttons' and itis evidentthatmanysmallobjectsfrequently finethread,18 weights' are probablywhorls.Mostofthewhorlsfromthesiteweighbetween30 and 60 grams.Twoweigh has observedthat Smith19 butsinceCarington morethan100 gramsand perhapsservedas weights, on thespindle,theyare listedhere. whorlsas heavyas 160 gramsmaybe usedeffectively (a) TYPE l: CYLINDRICAL

endsandwell-rounded convexsides,slightly toslightly Whorlwithstraight articulations; angular bulging diameterc 1.0,weightc. 46 grams. ratioofheightto maximum 6016. Intact,but crackedand worn.H. 3.6. D. (max.) 0.55-0.6.Wt.46 g. Micaceousclayloaded 3.2,(perforation) withmostlydarkgrits,some 1-2 mmand an occasional 7.5YR 6/4(lightbrown) pebbleto 5 mm.Fairlyuniformly Surface to 7.5YR 6/2(pinkish-grey). withsurface mottling

somewhatuneven;aroundsmallerend of perforation, collarof clay.Beta 1977, # 89. integrated incompletely Floor1 orBetaburial28) withsome ContextLH IIA (from MH III and a littleEH II. 77-037.fig.9.2.

(b) TYPE 2: TALL TRUNCATED CONICAL

to shallowlyconvex,flatproximalend, slightly Whorlwithsidesstraight bulgingdistalend,wellratioof heightto maximumdiameterc. 0.95-1.0. Two variants:(a) average, roundedarticulations; withweightc. 75 grams;(b) small,withweightof 17 grams. 6017. Abouttwo fifths preserved,mendedfromfour and worn.H. (max.ex.) 3.8. D. fragments; badlybattered c. 0.7. Wt. (ex.) 33 g. Type2a. (max.est.)4, (perforation) Micaceousclayloadedwithmostlydarkgrits,manyto 1 to darkened mm.Biscuitc.2.5YR 5/8(red),surface mostly wellsmoothed, 2.5YR N3/(verydarkgrey).Surfacefairly Nu 1974,#7. Context withno traceofpolishor burnish. LH I Early.74-202.Notdrawn;shownin plate 46. 6018. Intact.H. 4. D. (max.)4.4, (perforation) 0.8-0.9. Wt. (ex.) 69 g. Type2a. Micaceousclaywithred,white and schistose inclusions, many2-4 mm.Biscuitc. 2.5YR mottled surface 6/8(light red),core5Y 6/1(grey/light grey), with10R 5/6 (red)and 2.5YR N5/ (grey).Wellfinished

strokes onwornsides. withfaint tracesofvertical burnishing Beta 1974,# 24. ProbablyMH. ContextLH IIIC Early (floordeposit)withsomeMH. 74-029.Notdrawn;shown in plate 46. 6019. Numbernotused. 6020. Intact,thoughworn.H. 2.68.D. (proximal, max.) 0.5. Wt. 17 g. Type 2b. 2.75, (distal)1.5, (perforation) a fewto 1 mm,visible darkgrits, Micaceousclaywithmostly Surfacec. 10YR 7/3(verypalebrown)with on thesurface. to 10YR 4/1 (darkgrey).Fairlywell considerable mottling Nu 1973,#23. of trace no but finished, polishorburnish. ContextMH III Earlywitha littleEH. 73-201.fig.9.2.

(c) TYPE 3: STRONGLY TRUNCATED CONICAL

Two Whorlwithstraight sides,flatproximaland distalsurfacesand roundedangulararticulations. and a c. of diameter maximum variants: 0.9, sides,a ratioofheightto (a) tallwithshallowly tapering maximum to of a ratio height taperingsides, weightof c. 100-150 grams;(b) squatwithstrongly ofc.0.7, and a weightofc. 50 grams. diameter 1.1.Wt.(ex.)49 g,(est.original)150g. Type3a. Micaceous to fullheight.H. 4.6. 6021. Aboutone thirdpreserved redgrits, max. D. (proximal, many2-4 mm.Biscuit2.5YR est.)5, (distal,est.)2.75, (perforation) claywithchunky 17 CaringtonSmith 1975, 80-1. 18Andersson and Nosch 2003.

19

CaringtonSmith 1975, 81.

THE MIDDLE

HELLADIC

SMALL FINDS §3

421

Fig. 9.2. Middle Helladic smallfinds.Terracotta:whorls.Type 1, cylindrical6016; Type 2, talltruncatedconical 6020; truncatedconical 6023; Type 4, low truncatedconical 6025; Type 5, spherical6027; Type 6, convex Type 3, strongly biconical 6028; Type 7, convex biconicalwithmedial ridge 6031; Type 8, stronglydepressedspherical60321;Type 9, low convex conical 6033; Type 10, cylindricaldisc withbulgingends 6034; Type 11, convex conical disc 6035; Type 12, low concave conical 6036. Scale 1:2.

withsurfacemottled2.5YR 6/6 (light 4/4 (reddish-brown) red) and 7.5YR 6/4 (lightbrown) withproximalend to c. 7.5YR N5/ (grey).Well finishedwithno trace of polish or burnish. Nu 1974, # 16. Context pure MH III/LH I of nf). 74-211. Not illustrated. (foundation-trench about halfof proximaledge only. 6022. Small fragment, H. (max. ex.) 2.25. D. (max. est.) 5, (perforation)1.4. Wt. (ex.) 20 g. Type 3a(?). Micaceous sandy clay loaded with lightand dark gritsmostlyunder 1 mm, occasionallyto 2 mm. Biscuit2.5YR 5/8 (red) withsurfacemottled5YR 6/ but largelydarkenedto 5YR 4/1 4 (lightreddish-brown), horizontal (darkgrey).Evenlyfinished,withwiping-marks: on sides, circular on proximal surface.Nu 1977, #41. ContextMH I Late (destruction of apsidal building)witha good deal of EH II Early.77-213. Not illustrated. 6023. Slightlyless than half preserved to full height,

mended fromtwo fragments.H. 4.1. D. (proximal,max. est.) 4.5, (distal,est.) 3, (perforation)0.65. Wt. (ex.) 28 g. Type3a. Micaceous claywithmostlydark,widely-dispersed grits,rarely to 1 mm. Burnt throughoutto 10YR 5/2 Wellfinished, burnished, (greyish-brown). possiblyoriginally but now badly worn.Nu 1977, #13. ContextMH III/LH I (foundationtrenchof wall nf) with a littleLH I and a littleEH II. 77-211. fig. 9.2. 6024. About one quarterpreservedto almostfullheight. H. (max. ex.) 2.7; D. (proximal,max. est.) 3.5, (distal,est.) 2.3. Wt. (ex.) 12 g. Type 3b. Micaceous clay loaded with mostly dark grits,many to 1 mm. Biscuit c. 5YR 5/4 (reddish-brown),now heavily incrusted 5YR 4/1 (dark grey). Probably originally burnished. Nu 1977, # 43. ContextMH III Early (Lower Pebbled Road) witha little LH I. 77-219. Not illustrated.

(d) TYPE 4: LOW TRUNCATED CONICAL

Whorlwithstraight convexproximalendand slightly truncated distalend,in two sides,flator slightly variants: with ratio of to maximum diameter of c. and (a) height 0.7 weight29 grams;(b) withratioof to maximum diameter of c. and of 10 height 0.35 weight grams. H. 6025. Chipped,especiallyaroundends ofperforation. 2.5. D. (proximal,max.) 3.75, (distal) 0.9, (perforation) 0.60-0.65. Wt 29 g. Type 4a. Micaceous clay loaded with light and dark grits,many 1-2 mm. 5YR 4/3 (reddishbrown). Even, well-finishedsurface,possibly originally burnished.Zeta 1973, # 64. MH II-III withsome LH IIIC Earlyand Medieval (fromMedieval floor1). 73-021. plate 46, fig. 9.2. 6026. Intact,wear-chippedon proximaledge. H. 1.2. D. (max.) 3.5, (perforation) 0.4. Wt. 10 g. Type 4b. Micaceous whiteand some darkgrits,many clayloaded withprominent

1-2 mm.Mottledover surfaceprimarily10R 6/8 (lightred), and 7.5YR N4/ (darkgrey).Well 7.5YR 7/6 (reddish-yellow) formedand finished,sandysurfaceprobablyneverpolished or burnished.Conical withwidely flaringsides, separated fromflatproximalsurfaceby sharplyarticulated,vertically chamferededge. Two small triangulardepressionswornon proximalsurfaceon opposite sides of perforation;narrow, irregularchannelworn across distalend. Zeta 1973, # 76. ContextMH I Late (thirdphase) witha littleMH III from burial 3 above. 73-022. Not drawn; shown in plate 46.

422

Ε. C. BANKS, WITH R. JANKO

(e) TYPE 5: SPHERICAL

Sphericalwhorlwitha ratioof heightto maximumdiameterof 1.0, weightc. 35 grams. H. (max.ex.) 3.1. lessthanhalfpreserved. 6027. Slightly D. (max.ex.) 3.12, (perforation) c. 0.55. Wt. (ex.) 15 g. Micaceousclayloaded withchunkylightand darkgrits, someto 4 mm.Biscuit7.5YR N5/-N4/(greyto darkgrey) withsurface mottled 10R6/8(light 7.5YR6/2(pinkish-grey)

withtracesofa lightpolish;coupleof red).Evenlyfinished Beta 1977, # 96 (SW Sector). lightfinger-impressions. ContextMH III Late withsomeLH IIA and a littleEH. 77-041.FIG.9.2.

(f) TYPE 6: CONVEX BICONICAL

Slightlyasymmetricalbiconical whorl with sides of both ends stronglyconvex and well-rounded at maximumdiameterslightlyabove the median; a ratioof heightto maximumdiameter articulation c 1.0, estimatedweight45 grams. H. (max.ex.) 3.2. D. 6028. Abouttwofifths preserved. c.0.6. Th. (max.ex.) 2.15.Wt. (max.ex.) 3.3, (perforation) red,rather (ex.) 17 g. Claywithmuchfinemicaandmostly 1 mm. to Biscuit 2.5YR 4/4 widelydispersedgritsrarely withsurface7.5YR 6/4 (lightbrown)to (reddish-brown) LH I Early 7.5YRN4/(darkgrey).Nu 1974,#44. Context witha littleEH II. 74-217.fig.9.2. mendedfrom less thanhalfpreserved, 6029. Slightly

H. (max.ex.) 2.8. D. (max.ex.) c. 3.95, threefragments. c. 0.85. Wt. (ex.) 17 g. Moderately coarse, (perforation) a few2-4 mm.Biscuit darkgrits, micaceous claywithmostly withsurface5YR 6/4 (light 5YR 6/6 (reddish-yellow) Well finished, but no traceof polishor reddish-brown). burnish.Beta 1977, # 85. ContextMH III-LH I with Medieval.77-035.Notillustrated.

(g) TYPE 7: CONVEX BICONICAL WITH MEDIAL RIDGE

convexbiconicalwhorlwithwell-roundedends,whichcurveintothickprojecting Slightly asymmetrical halves which is slightlyabove the median; a ratio of heightto maximum at of two ridge juncture diameterc. 1.0, weightc. 15-40 grams. morethanhalfpreserved, largechipped 6030. Slightly areas diagonallyoppositeone anotherat eitherend. H. c. 0.7. Wt. (max.ex.) 3.1. D. (max.ex.) 3.7, (perforation) coarseclaywithlight micaceous,fairly (ex.) 23 g. Slightly someofthelatter2-4 mm.Biscuitc. 10R4/ anddarkgrits, 6 (red)withcore10R3/1(darkreddish-grey). Verycrudely Nu 1973,#20. withsurfaces formed lumpyandirregular. ContextMH III washwithLH I Early(above Floorof Room 1). 73-208.Notillustrated.

chipped 6031. Complete;mendedfromfivefragments; on onesectionofmedialridge. atbreaksandbadlybattered H. 2.75.D. (max.)2.65,(perforation) 0.35-0.5.Wt.(ex.) 12 a visible with few micaceous Fine, lightand dark clay g. on grits.Biscuit7.5YR 6/4 (lightbrown)withsome mottling formed and surface. Irregularly 7.5YR N4/ (dark grey) finishedwithno traceofpolishor burnish.Lambda 2, 1974, # 54. ProbablyMH object in LH IIIA2-IIIB contextwith some MH to LH I- II and a littleMedieval. 74-837. fig.9.2.

(h) TYPE 8: STRONGLY DEPRESSED SPHERICAL

Squat whorlwith convex proximal and distal ends and well-roundedmedian; a ratio of heightto maximumdiameterc. 0.6-0.7, estimatedweight30-40 grams. especially badlybattered, 6032. Abouthalfpreserved, H. (max.ex.) 2.15. D. (max.ex.) 3.55, on max.diameter. 0.6. Wt. (ex.) 14 g. Type8. Micaceousclay (perforation) loaded withchunky,mostlydarkgrits,many2-4 mm,

occasionallyto 5 mm. Surface,c. 2.5YR 5/4 (reddishbrown),nowsomewhat roughand uneven.Eta 1973,#3. Context pureMH I LatewithtwoLH sherds.73-502.plate 46 (twoviews),fig.9.2.

(i) TYPE 9: LOW CONVEX CONICAL

well-rounded,concave proximalsurfaceand flatteneddistal Squat whorlwithsides and articulations surface;a ratioof heightto maximumdiameter0.6, weightc. 35 grams.PossiblyEH II. to fullheight.H. 2.3. 6033. Aboutone thirdpreserved c. 0.8. Wt. (ex.) 12 g. D. (max. est.) 3.8, (perforation) someover Micaceousclayloadedwithdarkandlightgrits, 1 mm.Biscuit2.5YR 5/8 (red)mottledon surfaceand to 5YR 7/1(light through body5YR 7/6(reddish-yellow) and worn.On grey).Surfacefairlyeven,butnow gritty

proximalend shallowchannelwornacrosssurfacefrom Nu 1977,#40. ContextMH III Early edgetoperforation. withsomeEH II Earlyand a littleLH I/IIA fromshaft graveburial13; possiblyan EH cast-up(see commentary fig.9.2. below).77-5510.

(j) TYPE ΙΟΙ CYLINDRICAL DISC WITH BULGING ENDS

Cylindricaldiscoid whorlwithbulgingconvex ends, the distalfullerthanproximal;roundedangular ratioof heightto maximumdiameterc. 5, weight(est) 100 grams. articulations;

THE MIDDLE HELLADIC SMALL FINDS §3 H. 2.5. D. (est.) tofullheight. 6034. One fifth preserved, 0.6. Wt. Micaceous est.) (ex.) 5.2, (perforation, 21g. clay withlightanddarkgrits, a few1-2 mm.Biscuit2.5YR 5/6 surface7.5YR (red)withcore 10YR 6/1 (lightgrey/grey), (k) TYPE li:

CONVEX CONICAL

423

withsome 6/6(reddish-yellow). Surfacefairly wellfinished # MH III visible. Beta Context marks 1977, 115. wiping Earlyto LH I. 77-049.fig.9.2.

DISC

Low spreadingdiscoidwhorlwithwell-rounded sidesand proximalarticulation, shallowlyconvex distalend and veryshallowly concaveproximalend; a ratioofheightto maximumdiameterc.0.33, weightciio grams.PossiblyEH II. withsomechipping, aroundends 6035. Intact, primarily H. 2.25. D. (max.)6.8, (perforation) ofperforation. 0.850.9. Wt. 106 g. Micaceousclayloadedwithlightand dark a few1-2 mm.Biscuit2.5YR 6/8 (lightred),surface grits, uneven,lumpy 7.5YR 6/4(lightbrown).Somewhat mostly no traceofpolishor burnish. Beta 1977,# 134. surfaces,

below).Context Possiblyan EH cast-up(see commentary MH III Earlywitha littleEH. 77-052.plate 46, fig.9.2. fabric.No otherdetailsrecorded; [6035a. DarkBurnished mightbe Type10 ratherthanType11. Zeta 1973,# 73. Context MH II with LH IIIA2 fromburial 2. Not illustrated.]

(1) TYPE 12: LOW CONCAVE CONICAL

truncated whorlwithlow,shallowly concavesidesspreading tothickly roundedvertical Heavy,distally chamfer and flatproximalsurfacethatslopesup slightly to perforation; ratioofheightto maximum diameterc.0.55,weight(est.)110 grams. of circumference 6036. Heavilybatteredon one-third fromproximal todistalend.H. (ex.)3.3. D. (max.est.)6.3, c. 1.2.Wt.(ex.) 97 g. Micaceousclayloaded (perforation) withlightand darkgrits,some 1-2 mm,a fewto 6 mm. Biscuitand surface10 R 5/8 (red)withsomemottling of

latterto 2.5YR N4/ (darkgrey).Fairlywellfinished, but no traceofpolishor burnish. TrenchLambda 1, cleaning (dug withLambda 1977, # 8). ProbablyMH objectin mixedcontext;possiblyEH. 77-802.plate46, fig.9.2.

Sincethereis rarelymorethana singlerepresentative ofeach type,no statistical can be significance extracted fromthedistribution ofthewhorlsin MH AyiosStephanos. withso littlestratified Moreover, MH materialpublished, it is difficult to saywhatwhorltypesare diagnostically ofthatperiod.The material fromLernasuggests, conicalwhorlswithvariousdegreesof however,thatthestraight-sided truncation mayemergeas themostcharacteristic typesofMH whorl.20 Types2-4 fromAyiosStephanos areofthisform. thegroupin MH,21thebulkofthe ThoughatNichoriaonlyType10 reallyrepresents whorlsfromthesiteareLH, and at thattimethestraight-sided biconicalwhorlis prominent and may a development fromthetruncated conical The truncated represent straight-sided type. straight-sided conicalwhorlwasapparently commonatMalthi,butno datesweresuppliedforthoseillustrated.22 fairly Smithprovidesa generallistingofplaces ExamplesofMH dateare knownfromAsea.23Carington wheretheconicalwhorlwas foundin probableMH contexts.24 The cylindrical in theMH period.It is whorl,hereType1, appearsto have had some currency foundatNichoriain a largeversion,25 andatMalthia formwithshallowly concavesidesis illustrated;26 a similar formappearsatAsea,27 andthereis a singleexample,alsowithveryshallowly concavesides, fromMH Lerna.28 fulland depressed, had a longlifein theprehistoric Sphericalwhorls, Aegean,as didvariousforms of biconicalwhorl.29 Of thebiconicalspecimensat AyiosStephanosonlyType7 (6030) is worth mentioning. Distinguished byitsmedialrib,thewhorlfindsa closeparallelin theMH/LH specimen no. 2585 at Nichoria.30 here. Perhapswe have a southern Peloponnesian speciality Whorlswithroundedcontours likethoselistedin types9, 11 and 12 arecommonin EH contexts,31 so thatan absenceofgood MH parallelsis notsurprising. Quitepossiblythesewhorlsare cast-ups fromtheEH settlement documented at thesite.Genericcylindrical disc6034, ofType10, couldbe eitherEH or MH; variants ofthetypewerefoundin bothEH and MH contexts at Asea.32 20Banks 1967,e.g. pl. 16.1401,1417, 1422; also McDonald and Wilkie1002,682. 21McDonaldand Wilkie1002,680 fie;.11.2. 22Valmin1038,33s, fie:.71. especiallyTvDesA and D. 23 1944, 119,fig.113,especially15 and 17. 24Holmberg Smith107?;,30,2-3. Carinerton 25 McDonald

and Wilkie 1992, 679, fig. 11.1, Type VI.

26Valmin1038,fie.71, F 1. 27Holmberg1044,fie.113.22. 28Banks1067, 518, no. 1430. 29McDonaldand Wilkie1002,681-2. 30McDonaldand Wilkie1002,700 fie:.11.2,Type3. 31CarinetonSmith107*. 100-208. 32 1Οand 21. Holmberg1944, 118-19,%· λχ<*>·%

424

Ε. C. BANKS, WITH R. JANKO

whorlsof MH typewere recoveredfromEarly Mycenaean contexts(7023-7029). [Seven further Their date of manufacture could be eitherMH or Early Mycenaean.] fig. 9.3) The distinctiveflaring-ended, spool or reel of terracotta,associated primarily longitudinally-pierced withthe MH period,is well representedat Ayios Stephanos.Produced primarilyin Dark Burnished and dark-facedcoarse fabricsof MH date, the spools were formedand finishedwith some care, attentionbeing given to balanced proportions,finelyarticulatededges and surfaceswell-smoothed and oftenpolished or burnished.Found primarilyin domesticcontexts,they show signs of heavy wear and were oftenreduced to mere shankswithlittleor nothingof the ends preserved. No completelycompellingexplanationfor the use of the reels has yet been offered.Carington Smithhas suggestedthattheymighthave servedto hold threadon warpingframeson whichwarps frombothmodernGreekand ancient werepreparedforhorizontallooms,and she providesillustrations methodknown Barber has offered Elizabeth More ajapanese cord-making recently, Egyptianpractice.33 as a possible explanationforthe use of some concave cylindricalweightsfoundin the as kumihimo Aegean.34Here the weightsare used witha small table and serveto tensionthe threadin the cording process.The weightsswingfreeoffthe edge of the table and are subjectto the kind of edge damage seen on theflaringended spools fromAyios Stephanos.Moreover,theJapanese weightshave a range of c. 28-1 13 grams,comparableto thatof our spools. Though none of the Ayios Stephanosspools is complete,a well preservedLerna example foundin a MH (Lerna V) graveweighed63 grams.35 A primarydivisionof the reels into threetypesis based on the formof the shank: shortconvex (Type 1), tall convex (Type 2) and cylindrical(Type 3). The depth of the concavityof the ends is subdivisionswithinthe primarytypes. employedas a secondarycriterionforfurther (ii) Spools

(6037-6057,

(a) type 1 Spool of medium size, generallyfairlyshortconcave shankwithsides thateither(a) flarewidelyto moderatelyconcave ends; or (b) rise up sharplyto fairlydeep concave ends. 6037. Shank only preserved.H. (max. ex.) 3.15. D. of shank (medial) 2.45, ends (max. ex.) 2.75 and 3.25, perforation0.65-0.75. Wt. (ex.) 23 g. Type ia(?). Finely micaceous clay loaded withlightand dark grits,some 2-3 mm. Biscuit2.5YR 5/6 (red) withcore 7.5YR N5/ (grey); surfacec. 7.5YR 5/2 (brown)withconsiderablemottlingto 7.5YR N5/ (grey).Probablyoriginallywell burnished,but now worn with prominentverticalparing or burnishing marksvisible;incompletelyintegratedcollarat smallerend ofperforation. Epsilon 1973, # 84. ContextLH IIIC Early, but withsome MH I Late and LH IIIA2. 7318ο. fig. 9.3. 6038. Most ofshaftand about halfofone end preserved. H. (max ex.) 3.2. D. of shaft(medial) 2.1, preservedend 0.7-0.75. Wt. (ex.) 25.5 g. Type ia. Clay 4.65, perforation withmuch finemica and some dark gritsrarelyover 0.5 mm.and a fewprominentlightgrits2-3 mm.Biscuit2.5YR but N5/ (grey);surface2.5YR 6/4 (lightreddish-brown), mostlydarkenedto 2.5YR N4/ (darkgrey).Well finished with neatly chamferededge on preserved end, which is chipped fromuse on exteriorsurface.Beta 1974, # 42. ContextLH II withlate MH. 74-041. plate 46, fig. 9.3. 6039. All of shank and about one quarterof one end preserved.H. (max. ex.) 4. D. ofshank(medial) 1.95, better 0.55-0.6. Wt. (ex.) 22 g. preservedend (est.)5, perforation Type ia. Micaceous clay fairlywell loaded withdark and lightgrits,many 1-2 mm. Biscuit 2.5YR 3/6 (dark red)

withsurface7.5YR 6/4 (lightbrown).Fairlywell finished, withthicklyroundededge on preservedend; verticalparing marks; probably originally burnished. Nu 1974, # 9. ContextMH III EarlywithLH IIA fromburials7-10 and a littleEH. 74-207. plate 46, fig. 9.3. 6040. Shank and small segmentof one end preserved. H. (max. ex.) 3. D. shank (medial) 2.2, ends (max. ex.) 3.7 and 2.5, perforation0.7 and 0.5. Wt. (ex.) 18 g. Type ib. dark,chunkygrits, Clay loaded withfinemica and primarily many 1-2 mm. Biscuit 2.5YR 5/6 (red) withcore 2.5YR N4/ (darkgrey);surfacemottledmostly2.5YR N3/ (very dark grey). Surfacewell finished,but grittyto touch and probably never polished or burnished.Beta 1974, # 37. ContextLH I-IIB withlate MH. 74-037. fig. 9.3. 6041. Shank and smallportionof one end preserved.H. (max. ex.) 3.6. D. of shank (medial) 2.35, ends (max. ex.) 3.65 and 3.17, perforation0.70-0.75. Wt. (ex.) 25 g. Type ib. Micaceous clay loaded withmostlydark grits,mostly to 0.5 mm, occasionally 1-2 mm. Exteriorsurface7.5YR 6/4 (lightbrown),bowl surface5YR 6/6 (reddish-yellow), Prominentverticalparing core 5YR N6/ (lightgrey/grey). markson shank;surfacesevenlyfinishedbut probablynot burnishedor polished; finger-nailimpressionson better preservedend associated with circularwiping marks.Nu 1977, # 35. Context MH II with a littleEH II. 77-225. fig. 9.3.

(b) TYPE 2

flarewidely Spool ofmediumto largesize withtall,slenderconcave shankfromwhichsides either(a) to shallowlyor moderatelyconcave ends; or (b) rise steeplyto deep ends to produce a formof 33 CaringtonSmith 1975, 408-10, pls. VIb, Lb and c. 34 Barber 1997, 516, pl. CXCIIc.

35 Banks

1967, 555, no. 1477.

THE MIDDLE HELLADIC SMALL FINDS §3

425

^r V MT*· IK 31 6038

6037

6042

6039

6041

6040

w U( flf 6043a

6043b

6044

6045

6046

κ qr or ar ^ ^1 6048

6047

6050

6051

6052

6053

6054

6049

6055

Fig.9.3. MiddleHelladicsmallfinds. Terracotta: spools,Type1,withshortconvexshank6037-6041;Type2, withtall convexshank6042-6049;Type3, withcylindrical shank6050-6055.Scale 1:2.

elegance.A variationof thisform(6050) has a slightnickin theprofileat mid-shaft, sophisticated the giving spoola vaguelybiconicalappearance;no endsare preserved. ofshankandsmallsectionofone 6042. Abouttwothirds H. (max.ex.)3.6. D. ofshank(medial)1.95, endpreserved. ends(max.ex.) 4 and 1.8,perforation 0.7. Wt.(ex.) 16 g. ofmostly Type2a. Micaceousclaywithmoderatequantity redgrits, to 2 mm.Biscuitc. 7.5YR 6/4(light occasionally brown),butlargelymottled 7.5YR N5/(grey). throughout but badlyworn.Nu 1973, #32. Originallyburnished, ContextMH III/LH I (foundation trenchof wall nf). 73-213.fig.9.3. 6043. Two non-joining fragments comprising partsof bothendsand shank.Fragment (a): aboutone quarterof one endpreserved. H. (max.ex.) 1.8.D. ofend (max.est.) (b): shankwithshortsegments 5. Wt.(ex.) 10 g. Fragment of bothends preserved.H. (max. ex.) 4.6. D. of shank (medial)2.1,ends(max.ex.) 3.2 and3.12,perforation 0.65 x 0.75. Wt. (ex.) 23.5 g. Type2a. Fragment (a) has very

shallowendwiththick roundededge.Micaceousclayloaded withmostlydarkred,oftenchunkygrits,a few1-2 mm. Biscuit2.5YR 6/8(lightred)withcore 10YR 5/2(greyishbrown)and surfacemottled, mostly10YR 7/3 (verypale ofsurfaceon exterior; tracesof brown).Someunevenness (b) originalpolishor burnishmostlywornoff.Fragment has almostcylindrical shank.Micaceousclay,fairlywell loadedwithmostlydarkgrits, rarelyover0.5 mm.Biscuit withsurface 5YR 6/6(reddish-yellow) 7/5YR 7/2 mottling Well finished, but no traceof polishor (pinkish-grey). burnishpreserved.Nu 1973, #13. ContextLH I Early witha littleEH II. (a) 73-214and (b) 73-215.fig.9.3. 6044. Two non-joining fragmentsfrom one end H. (max.ex.) 1.15.D. ofend (est.)6. Fragment preserved. (a): L. (max.ex.) 3.25. W. (max.ex.) 3.55. Fragment (b): L. (max.ex.) 3.75. W. (max.ex.) 2.9. Type2a(?).Moderately

426

E. C. BANKS, WITH R. JANKO

6048. Shank and about one thirdof one end, badly H. (max.ex.) 5. D. ofshank(medial) battered, preserved. end (est.)5.4,perforation 2.6,preserved 0.6-0.7.Wt.(ex) withmostly Micaceous well loaded 2b. 37 g.Type clayfairly darkgrits, many1-2 mm,some2-3 mm.Biscuit2.5YR 5/ PLATE 46, FIG. 9.3. 8 (red)withcore 7.5YR N5/ (grey);surface7.5YR 5/4 infinalusewithedgesofendsbadly withmottling to 7.5YR N4/(darkgrey).Fairlywell intact (brown) 6045. Probably H. (max.ex.) 4.7. D. of shank(medial)2, ends withtracesofburnishing on shank, battered. marksvertical finished, one end 0.5, other Circumference (max.ex.) 4.05 and 3.93, perforation diagonalinbowlwhichis lesswellfinished. ofendwear-battered tofairly end0.5 x 0.65. Wt.(ex.)32 g. Type2a; shallowends.Clay sharpedge.Lambda1974,# LH IIIA2. LH I-IIA withsomeMH anda little redgrits, loadedwithfinemicaandmostly 75. Context many1-2 mm. withcore5YR 4/1 Biscuit5YR 6/4 (lightreddish-brown) 74-839.fig.9.3. of one end of (darkgrey);surfacec. 10YR 7/4 (verypale brown)with 6049. Aboutone thirdof circumference H. (max.ex.) 2.2.W. (max.ex.) 2.64.Th. shankpreserved. mottlingmostly5YR 7/6 (reddish-yellow). Verywell withno traceof polishor burnishpreserved. finished, (max.ex.) 1.41.D. perforation 0.7. Wt.(ex.)8 g. Type2b. Micaceousclayloadedwithlightanddarkgrits, manyto 1 Incompletelyintegratedcollar of clay at each end of mm.Biscuit2.5YR 4/6 (red)withwell-finished burnished Lambda1, 1973,# 26. ContextMH III Late perforation. surface2.5YR N4/ (darkgrey).Lambda 1974, # 74. withLH IIIA2 fromburial1. 73-820.fig.9.3. ContextLH I-IIA withsomeMH. 74-841.Fig.9.3. 6046. Abouthalfof shankand one quarterof one end H. (max.ex.)4.65. D. of 6050. Mostofshankpreserved. preserved.H. (max. ex.) 3.5. D. of shank(medial)2.1, and 3.07,perforation shank ends Wt. c. end (ex.) (medial) (ex.) 2.94 (est.) 2.15, 25 0.55. 5.4,perforation g. preserved biconical variant). 0.65-0.7.Wt.(ex.)23 g.Type2b (vaguely Type2a. Micaceousclayheavilyloadedwithlightanddark with fine mica and much 1 mm. Biscuit over (reddish-brown), lightgritsrarelyto 0.5 mm, 2.5YR4/4 Clay grits, many a fewdarkgritsto 1 mm.Biscuit5YR 7/6(reddish-yellow) butburntthroughout 7.5YR N/3 (verydarkgrey).Well with core 5Y 6/1 (greyto darkgrey).Wellformedand withparingmarkson shank;thickly finished, taperededge finishedwithverticalparingmarks,probablyoriginally on preservedend; probably originallypolished or Nu 1974,#12. ContextMH II witha littleEH burnished. polished.Lambda3/4 1977,# 50. ContextLH I-IIA fill withtwoLH ΠΙΑ sherds.77-847.fig.9.3. II. 74-208.fig.9.3. 6047. All ofshankand stumpsofbothendspreserved. 6051. Abouthalfofshankandhalfofoneendpreserved. H. (max.ex) 4.2. D. of shank(max.ex.) 2.45,end (max. H. (max.ex.) 5. D. ofshank(medial)2.55,ends(max.ex.) ex.)4.9,perforation 0.7. Wt.(ex.)27 g. Type2b.Micaceous 0.8-0.85. Wt. (ex.) 35 g. Type2b. 4 and 3.4, perforation wellloadedwithmostlydark fabricfairly DarkBurnished redand Fineclaywithveryfinemicaandwidelydispersed whitegrits to 1 mm.Mostly5YR 7/6(reddish-yellow) grits, mostlyto 0.5 mm.Biscuit5YR 7/8 (reddish-yellow) rarely withcore2.5YR N5/(grey);surface10YR 7/2(lightgrey) withcoreinplaces10YR 7/3(verypale yellow).Verywell and probably to 10YR 5.1 (grey).Fairlywell finished, finishedwithtracesof verticalparingmarks;possibly # 29 (floor Beta or burnished MH III # Context Nu burnished. Late, 1977, polished. originally 5. 1974, originally withone LH ILA piece fromburials7-10 and one EH deposit).ContextLH IIIC Earlywitha littleLH ILA.77sherd.74-206.plate 46, fig.9.3. Ο57.FIG.9.3. concaveend withthick,squared-offedge. Heavilymicaceous loaded with dark and light grits, clay rarelyover ι mm. Burntthroughout5YR 4/1 (darkgrey).Traces of diagonal marksacrossexterioroffragment (b). Eta 1973, burnishing # 3. Contextpure MH I Late, withtwoLH sherds.73-547.

(c) TYPE 3

shaftusuallyembellished on large(6052),withcylindrical verging Spoolofmediumsize,occasionally to and sidesthatriseup fairly ribat mid-point withlow,horizontal steeply deeplyconcaveends. 1974,#41. ContextLH I-II withlateMH anda littleEH 605«. Shankonlypreserved.H. (max.ex.) 4.0. D. of II. 74-040.PLATE shank (medial) 2.15, ends (max. ex.) 3.27 and 2.8, 46, FIG.9.3. H. (max. of one end preserved. 6054. Aboutone fifth 0.65 and0.7. Wt.(ex.)25.5g. Type3 withmidperforation micaceousclay,loadedwithdarkandlight rib.Veryslightly ex.) 2.9. W. (max.ex.) 1.8. Th. (max.ex.) 2.2. Wt. (ex.) 6 g. Type3. Clay withmuchfinemica and whiteand red grits,some 1-2 mm.Biscuit2.5YR 5/6 (red)withcore darkened surface N4/ grits,mostlyunder1 mm,but occasionallyover 2 mm. mostly2.5YR 2.5YR N5/ (grey); withprominent Wellfinished burnishing-strokes.Mostly2.5YR 6/6 (lightred)withcore2.5YR N5/ (grey). (darkgrey). but no traceof polishor burnish Verticalparing-marks, Lambda1, 1973,#31. ContextMH III EarlywithMH LH I Early.74-203.plate Nu 1974,#7. Context III Latefromburial2 and someEH II. 73-822.fig.9.3. preserved. FIG. end of one and small Shank 9.3. preserved. 46, segment 6053. H. (max.ex.) 3.2. D. shank(medial)2.5, ends (max.ex.) 6055. Shankonlypreserved.H. (max.ex.) 2.5. D. of shank(medial)2.1,ends(max.ex.) 2.2 and 2.7,perforation 0.65-0.75and0.60-0.65.Wt.(ex.) 3.8 and2.6,perforation mid-rib. 0.50-0.55.Wt.(ex.)14 g.Type3 withlowplasticrib.Finely Clay 13.5g. Type3 withverylow,discontinuous micaceousclaywithfewvisiblegrits, and and fine mica with much loaded well 2.5YRN3/(verydark dark, light fairly Nu 1977, # 50 (floorof main surfaces. under1 mm.Biscuit2.5YR 5/ red,grits, grey).Burnished mostly especially mottled 6 (red)withcore2.5YRN5/(grey);surface mostly roomof apsidalbuilding).ContextpureMH I Late with butgritty verylittleEH. 77-227.fig.9.3. wellfinished, 2.5YRN3/(verydarkgrey).Surface Beta to touchand probablyneverpolishedor burnished. (d) TYPE UNCERTAIN H. (max.ex.) ofshankpreserved. 6056. Smallfragment 2.5. W. (max.ex.) 2.35. Th. (max.ex) 1.4.Typeuncertain. Micaceousclayfairlywellloaded withmostlydarkgrits core over0.5 mm.Biscuit 7.5YR 7/8(reddish-yellow); rarely 7.5YR N7/ (lightgrey).Somewhatunevenand lumpy

Lambda3/4 1977,#83 (overFloor6). LH I-IIA surface. context. 77-860.Notillustrated. No detailsrecorded.Nu 1977,# 13. ContextMH [6057. trenchofwallnf)witha littleLH I III/LH I (foundation and a littleEH II. 77-223.Notillustrated.]

THE MIDDLE HELLADIC SMALL FINDS §3

427

These distinctive spools appearedearlyin the MH period at Ayios Stephanosand were found MBA the and on intoMycenaeantimes.Becausetheywereproducedin characteristic throughout 1 includehereall thosefoundin MH wares,particularly Dark Burnished and local orangefabrics,36 bothMH and LH contextsand suggestthatthe shankswerereusedas spindlewhorlsin theLH Smith.37 period.The MH dateoftheseobjectshas alreadybeen suggested by Carington Becauseofthereuseofthespools,anyconclusions aboutthedistribution ofthetypesin theMH periodare ofno greatcogency.Butitis perhapsworthnotingthatType2a was clearlyin use early, in MH II/III Early,and all thetypesand sub-types werein use by MH III. Type3 was represented The quantity of spoolsfoundat AyiosStephanosis remarkable, the small given comparatively extentoftheMH excavations atthesite;itmaysuggest a localindustry. The numberis comparable to thatfromMH Lerna,whichyieldedover30 spools.38 Twovarieties werefoundatAsineintheArgolid.39 It is surprising thatnonehas beenfoundon Kythera or at Nichoria,MalthiorAsea,theneighbouring sites.Theyareknown,however, in theCycladesat Phylakopi andAyiaIrinion Kea, atbothplacesin and MH scattered are known from quantity, probable examples Olympia,Ithaca,LevkasandDodona in thewestand at Eutresisand scattered Thessaliansitesin theeast.40 The primary use ofthespoolsmust,fornow,be viewedas uncertain. Theyhavenotbeenfoundin as one would if were in used or for groups, expect they weaving plaiting.Wellpreservedexamples come singlyand primarily fromgraves.In the 1963 excavationsat AyiosStephanosa spool41was foundin burialAlpha23, saidto be probablythatofa woman,whichalso containedan incisedpyxis withCycladicaffinities. At Lernaa spoolwas an offering in anotherwoman'sgrave.42 Sincewomen weretheprimary this kind of burial is notsurprising, ifwe assumethatthe fabric-makers, offering moreover,the practiceof buryingspoolsin spoolswereused in some kindof textileproduction; females'gravesis paralleledbeyondtheAegean.43 Othergravespools,oftypesgenerally comparable tothosefromAyiosStephanos, werefoundon Kea in gravesatAyiaIrini,44 in Thessalyat Petra45 and and on Levkas.47 Lernaspoolno. 1483 was foundon a floor,butnothing in theassociated Sesklo,46 material gavea clueto itsuse.48 (iii) Weights and Loomweights (6058-6059, fig. 9.4) as a weightwasfoundatAyiosStephanos, Onlyone object(6058)thatcanwithassurancebe classified in a mixed context. It of the commondiscoidvarietyknownin Crete was, however, unfortunately and theAegeanfromEM II timesand commonin MM contexts,49 so thata MH or earlyLH dateis for our If these were used in likely example. objects loomweights groups,as is generally accepted,itis difficult to understand one turned at it was whyonly up AyiosStephanos.Perhaps broughtin as a item of future a trade Minoan or local merchant. a source forweights of possible by Certainlypossible thisformwas at handin nearbyKythera, wheretheyweredescribedas being'especiallynumerous in theLM IA toΒ Depositkappa'50 andwherelateMM depositsareknown.TwowerefoundatNichoria, ovoidandwitha groovedtopliketheAyiosStephanospiece,froma mixeddepositcontaining MH.51 Not surprisingly, none was reportedfrominlandMalthiand Asea, but on thecoastat Lernathree werefound,twoofthemin earlyMH contexts at a timewhenMinoanpottery was beingimported, from western Crete.52 A Classical possibly pyramidal loomweight resembling typeswas foundin a context and be an indication of the of this good prehistoric may appearance typeat theend ofthe MH or thebeginning oftheLH period. Intactbutbadlychipped, 6058. Discoidweight. especially on the distalportionof the circumference. H. 8.05. W. (max.)6.8. Th. of proximaledge (max.) 2.3, distaledge 1.2. D. perforation 0.95-1.15. Wt. 122 g. Discoidweight of irregularly ovoid plan withbiconvexfacesjoined by

roundededge; horizontal at narrower thickly perforation endnearedge,alongwhichis a broad,U-shapedchannel. Verycoarsefabricloadedwithmicaand whitegrits, many 2-4 mm.Surface2.5YR 5/8 (red)withthickcore 7.5YR surface.Lambda 2, 1974, N4/ (darkgrey).Worn,gritty

36 C. Zerner,pers. comm. 37 Carineton Smith 107*. *o7. 38 Banks 1067, RR4-60. 39 Nordquist 1087, f,7,fig.6s. 40 Banks 1967, 563-4; forAyia Irini see Davis 1986, 7, 97-8, pl. 38c, withOverbeck and Overbeck 1989, 199 no. 24-10, pl. 104e and passim;forPefkakiasee Maran 1992, 388, pl. 155.34, 6-8. 41 HS 19 in Taylour 1972, 214-17 withfig.9. [This grave is dated MH III Late-MH III/LH I.] 42 Angel IQ71, 60, burial 201, withBanks 1067, κκκ, no. 1477. 43 Barber 1997, 515.

44 Overbeck and Overbeck 1989, 199, no. 24-10, pl. 104e, in a girl's(?) grave. 45 Milojcic i960, 160, fig.8c. 46 Tsountas iqo8, 146 and 350, fie. «1. 47 Dörpfeld 1027, I, 3 13, ^18; II, beil. 73.12. 48 Banks 1067, **6, *6i. 49 Davis 1986, 98. 50 Coldstreamand Huxley 1972, 217-18, fig.59.K 12 and 17, fig.60.U 65. 51 McDonald and Wilkie 1992, 687-8, pls. 11-36 and 11-37, nos. 2788-Q. 52 Banks 1967, 566 and 569, nos. 1504-6; Zerner1978, 170-8.

E. C. BANKS, WITH R. JANKO

428

I

-(y I/I 1

^^^^

6058

6059

_S _

Fig. 9.4. Middle Helladic smallfinds.Terracotta:weight6058; loomweight6059. Scale 1:2. # 18. SurfacecontextcontainingLH IIIB to LH IIIC Early and some MH sherds.74-807. plate 46, fig. 9.4. 6059. Pyramidalloomweight.Intact with chipping on base and suspensioncordwearfromperforation to proximal end. H. 6.42. D. (distal) 4.35 x 4.5, (proximal) 1.8, (perforation)1.8. Wt. 102 g. Micaceous clay loaded with lightand darkgrits,manyto 1 mm,a few2-4 mm. Biscuit 2.5YR 6/8 (lightred) withsurfacelargely7.5YR 7/4 (pink)

withsome mottling2.5YR 6/8 (lightred).Truncatedconical with slightlydepressed circularsection,withsides flaring out just beforedistal end to shallowlyconvex base which bears parallel wear striationat slightdiagonal to axis of as ifused as rubber.Lambda/Beta 12, 1974, # perforation 51 (Floor 4). ContextLH IIIC Early withLH I wash. 74832. PLATE46, FIG. 9.4.

Residue (6060-6069, fig. 9.5) (iv) Crucibles and Metallurgical as objectsservingthe cruciblesoftwo typeswere readilyidentifiable Fragmentsofat leastsix different and workofthemetallurgist, fromboththecopperresiduethattheycontainedand thefire-blackening of theirsurfaces(formetallurgicalanalyses see Appendix 4). One cruciblewas partialvitrification oftheoriginalform(Type1),butfragments well preservedto allow a reasonablerestoration sufficiently of die shape. Both types of a second variety(Type2) were inadequateto permita clear understanding whichwere weremade by hand in a porous,coarsefabricwiththickwallsand roughlyfinishedsurfaces, and Three than the sides interior. the base on the underside of more uneven on dropletsof usually residuewereretrievedby water-sieving (none ofthesewas subjectedto chemicalanalysis). metallurgical (a) CRUCIBLE

TYPE 1

A veryshallow,scoop-likevesselofpossiblyoblongplan withthickwallsthatcurveup froma biconvex base and taperonly slightlyto a squared-off rim;towardone end, a heavy basket-handleof rounded rim witha distinctslope towardtheback ofthecrucible;the from the section rises directly rectangular otherend probablyopened intobroad, trough-like spoutforpouringmoltenbronze intomoulds. 6060. Rim sherdofcrucible(?).H. (max.ex.) 4.1. L. (max. ex·) 3-55- Th. (max. ex.) 2.55. Type i(?). Micaceous clay loaded withchunkygrits,many 1-2 mm. Biscuitc. 2.5YR 5/6 (red),withsurfacemostly2.5YR 5/2 (weak red) and core 2.5YR N4/ (darkgrey).Thickroundedrim.Eta 1973, # 63. ContextMH I Earlywithsome EH II Late. 73-549. FIG.9.5. 606 1. Fragmentswithresiduefrommeltingoftinbronze. (a) Four joining fragmentspreservingportion of badly crackedbowl and stumpof handle/bridgespout: L. (max. ex.) 9.3. W. (max. ex.) 7.02. H. (max. ex.) 5.5. End of L. (max. L. 2.95. W. 1.85. (b) Base fragment: handle-stump: ex.) 5.1. W. (max. ex.) 3.3. Th. (max. ex.) 2.3. Micaceous clay withdarkgritsmostlyto 1 mm,occasionallyto 4 mm; porous,probablyfromthe burning-outof gritsas a result

ofexposureto extremeheat.Exteriorof (a) exhibitsdistinct changeof colourat pointwheresides risefrombase: below 10YR 6/4 (light yellowish-brown)to 10YR 6/2 (light over biscuit7.5YR 5/4 (brown);above and brownish-grey) interior to 7.5YR N4/ (darkgrey)over biscuit continuing 2.5YR 4/8 (red); core 2.5YR N5-N4/ (greyto dark grey). Surfaceofhandle bubbled and honeycombedfromintense heat,likethemetallicresiduebelow it.Exteriorof (b) 10YR 8/2 (white) over biscuit 2.5YR 6/8 (lightred); interior 2.5YR N3/ (verydark grey).Lambda 1, 1973, # 31, 33. ContextMH III EarlywithMH III Late fromburial2. 73821. plate 47 (twoviews),fig. 9.5. 6062. Two non-joiningbase fragments, (a) H. (max. ex.) 4.5. W. (max. ex.) 6.45. Th. (max. ex.) 3.15. (b) H. (max. ex.) 2.75. W. (max. ex.) 3.1. Th. (max. ex.) 2.75. Micaceous

THE MIDDLE HELLADIC SMALL FINDS §3

6060

6061

429

6062

6064 Fig.9.5. MiddleHelladicsmallfinds. Terracotta: crucibles 6060-6064.Scale 1:2. wellloadedwithdarkand lightgrits, some 1-2 clayfairly mm.Biscuit5YR 7/6(reddish-yellow); interior burntwell intocore5B 5/1(bluish-grey). Curesidue(tinbronzewith arsenicand someiron)5G 4/2 (greyish-green) over5G 7/ 2 (palegreen).Roundedbasefromwhichrisesshort, thick,

taperedrim,whichappearstobe slopingdownon oneend, possiblyto trough-like pouringend ofcrucible.Nu 1977, # 48. ContextMH III Late mixedwithLH I/IIA (fillof shaftof burial13) withsomeEH II Earlyand MH I- II. 77-2l8. PLATE47, FIG. 9.5.

(b) CRUCIBLE TYPE 2

A shallow,basin-likevessel of possiblyovoid plan witha thickbiconvex base, fromwhichlow sides riseto a rimwhichis taperedprimarilyfrominteriorto fairlyacute edge. No traceof handle or spout is preserved. L. (max.ex.) 6.1. W. (max.ex.) 6063. Bodyfragment. 5.1. Th. (max.ex.) 2.1. Type2(?). Shallowlycurving body withmetallurgical residue5Y 7/1 (lightgrey) fragment surfacein whichis a traceof greenCu coatinginterior (arsenicaltinbronze).Micaceousclaywithlightand dark someto 4 mm.Mostlyburntthroughout grits, 7.5YR N5/ withonly (grey).Beta 1977,#71. ContextLH IIA (forge) MH III sherdsrecognisable. 77-060.Plate 47, fig.9.5. rimand bodyfragments, 6064. Six non-joining (a) Five joiningsherdsofrimandbody:H. (max.ex.) 5.5. D. (max. est.)1.8.Th. (max.ex.) 1.5.(b) Threejoiningsherdsofrim and body:L. (max.ex.) 8.8. H. (max.ex.) 4.6. Th. (max. ex.) 1.1. (c) Twojoiningsherdsofrimand body:L. (max. ex.) 6.6. H. (max.ex.) 3.25. Th. (max.ex.) 1.1. (d) Single rimsherd:H. (max.ex.) 2.6. L. (max.ex.) 3.15. Th. (max. ex.) 1.3. (e) Singlebodysherd:L. (max.ex.) 4.6. W. (max.

ex.)4.15. H. (max.ex.) 1.65.(f)Singlebodysherd:L. (max. ex.) 2.6. W. (max.ex.) 1.8.Th. (max.ex.) 1.65.Micaceous darkgrits, some1-2 mm.Exterior surface claywithmostly mottled 7.5YR 7/6(reddish-yellow) 7.5YR N7/(light grey) on bottom, to,at rim,7.5YR N4/ (darkgrey);interior, 5B 6/1(bluish-grey) torim5BG 4/1(darkgreenish-grey) with spots5R 3/8(darkred).Biscuitlayeredfromcore5YR 7/1 5YR 6/4(lightreddish-brown), (lightgrey)towardinterior towardexterior7.5YR 7/6 (reddish-yellow). Rim profile variesconsiderably fromacutetobluntly Lower squared-off. interior a limeyincrustation carries (iron)withsidesbubbled and honeycombed above. Nu 1977, # 5, 24, 28, 31, 48, andwalls 55. ContextMH III mixedwithLH I/IIA (shaft ofLH I/IIA burial13) withsomeEH II EarlyandMH III. 77-602.plate 47, fig.9.5 (threeprofiles).

(c) CRUCIBLE, TYPE UNCERTAIN Particulars notrecorded.Notsubjected 6065. Fragment. to metallurgical Nu 1977, #41. ContextMH I analysis. Late (destruction of apsidalbuilding)witha good deal of EH II Early.77-226.Notillustrated. 6066. Rim fragment. L. (max.ex.) 2.75. H. (max.ex.) 1.8. Th. (max. ex.) 1. Typeuncertain. Micaceousfabric

loaded withchunkylightand darkgrits1-2 mm.Biscuit 2.5YR 6/8 (lightred); core c. 2.5YR N5/ (grey).Not tometallurgical Nu 1977,#60. Context subjected analysis. MH I Late(partition-wall ofapsidalbuilding) withverylittle EH. 77-235.Notillustrated.

43O

Ε. C. BANKS, WITH R. JANKO

(d) METALLURGICAL RESIDUE D. (max.) c.0.4. Roughlyspherical. 6067. Smallfragment. Nu 1977, #22. ContextMH III/LH I (foundationtrench ofwall nf)withtwo LH I sherdsand a littleEH II. 77-229. Not illustrated. 6068. Smallfragment. D. (max.) c.0.5. Roughlyspherical. Nu 1977, #22. ContextMH III/LH I (foundationtrench

ofwall nf)withtwo LH I sherdsand a littleEH II. 77-230. Not illustrated. D. (max.) c.0.5. Roughlyspherical. 6069. Small fragment. Nu 1977, # 43. Context MH III Early (Lower Pebbled Road) witha littleLH I. 77-232. Not illustrated.

Even at a villagelike Ayios Stephanos,metallurgicalactivitieswere carriedon, eitherby membersof thecommunity itselfor by itinerant specialistswho came in by sea. Analysisoftheresiduein crucibles that indicates the crucibles were being used forthe meltingof bronze,eitherarsenicaltin 6061-6064 tin bronze or bronze withlow arsenicalcontent(see Appendix 4); thereappears to be no correlation betweenthe compositionof the bronze and the formof the crucible.Since only a veryfewbronze objectsand no mouldswerefoundin theexcavations,we have no way oftellingwhatkindsand range of implementswere being produced here. The stateofpreservation ofthecruciblesfromAyiosStephanosis so poor thatis hazardousto attempt comparisonswithcruciblesfromothersites.It would appear,however,thattheType 1 cruciblewithits and at baskethandle (or bridgespout?)was unlikethemore commonvarietyknownat MH Nichoria53 These crucibleswere heavy,round-bottomed, Lerna fromEH III times.54 broad-spoutedbowls,from or square openingfortheinsertion whichprojecteda heavyoval or squared-off tangwitha rectangular ofa woodenhandle,whichallowedforthesafetippingand pouringofthehotmetal.The AyiosStephanos Crucible6061 mostresembles Type1 crucible,on theotherhand,appearstobe in theMinoantradition.55 thoseofEvely'sType 2,56eitherspoutedType 2a, especiallyno. 6, or Type 2b, especiallyno. 12, witha fromAyiosStephanosmayalso belong basketratherthana solidhandle.The Type2 cruciblefragments to one oftheMinoan types,buttoo littleis preservedto allow seriousspeculation. How theAyios Stephanoscrucibleswere manipulatedcan onlybe conjectured.Evely suggeststhat the Minoan round-basedcrucibleswere tippedwithwithies,a practicerepresentedin Egyptianwall painting,or grippedby tongson the rimor by a hook on a handle or spout.57 (v) Reused Pottery (6070-6076, fig. 9.6) and mighthave servedas rough A fewsherdsof potterywere providedwithsecondaryperforations a from fashioned a whorls;6070, heavy triangularfragment mighthave been used as a pithos-rim, weight. 6070. Pithosrim sherdperforatedforuse, possiblyas a weight;intactin finaluse. H. 11.15. W. 11-^· Th. at rim (max.) 4.4. D. perforationboring c. 3.1, perforationhole 0.8. Wt. 430 g. Micaceous clay loaded withdark and light grits,some 1-2 mm. Biscuit 2.5YR 6/8 (lightred) with bothsurfacessmoothed. surface7.5YR 7/6 (reddish-yellow); Fragmentof pithosroughlychipped to shape of isosceles triangle,one side of which is formedby thickenedrim of bored pithos.The sherdhas a fairlywell centredperforation frombothfaces,so thata well-balancedweightis produced if the pithos rim is orienteddownward.Eta 1973, # 38. ContextMH I Earlywitha littleEH I and EH II Late. 73550. fig. 9.6. [6070a (not seen). Sherd of Dark Burnished ware, foruse; conditionnotrecorded.Dimensionsand perforated fabricnot recorded. Circular,perforatedin middle. Zeta 1973, # 73. ContextMH II withsome LH IIIA2. 73-031. Not illustrated.] 6071. About five sixthspreserved; mended fromtwo L. (max. ex.) 7.55. W. (max. ex.) 5.5. Th. (max. fragments. ex.) 0.75. D. of perforation0.9. Body fragmentof Dark Burnishedvessel with micaceous biscuit showing lightly scatteredgritsrarelyto 1 mm. Biscuit2.5YR 6/6 (lightred) with surfaces 2.5YR N4/ (dark grey) well-finishedand 53 McDonald and Wilkie 1992, 23, withMcDonald 1975, 109, pl. 27K54 Caskey 1955, 42, pl. 14t

polished. Probably originallypentagonal, with one side convex and undulatingfromapparentuse as a irregularly scraper. Perforationirregularlygouged, primarilyfrom interior.Zeta 1973, # 39. ContextMH II witha littleLH I- II(?) and Medieval. 73-033. fig. 9.6. 6072. Damaged around perforation.L. 3.5. W. 2.6. Th. of vessel of 1.5. D. of perforation(est.)0.6. Body fragment coarse, heavily grittedred-brownclay. Irregularlysquare contour.Nu 1974, # 7. ContextLH I Early. 74-240. Not drawn;shownin plate 47. 6073. Damaged around perforation.L. 3. W. 2.2. Th. (est.) 1.3. Fragmentofhole-mouthed 0.85. D. ofperforation jar(?) of fineclay; tracesof dark paint on exteriorsurface. close to longestside. triangularwithperforation Irregularly Nu 1974, # 7. Context LH I Early. 74-241. Not drawn; shownin plate 47 . foruse. [6074 (notseen). Sherdofcoarseware,perforated Particularsnotrecorded.MH/LH. Nu 1977, # 13. Context MH III/LH I (foundationtrenchof wall nf) with a little LH I and a littleEH II. 77-222. Not illustrated.] 6075. Intactin finaluse. D. 6.5 x 7.5. Th. (max.) 1.3. D. perforation(boring)c. 1.62, (hole) 0.65. Body fragmentof vessel of micaceous clay loaded withlightand dark grits many 1-2 mm, some 2-4 mm. Biscuit5YR 6/8 (reddish55Evelv2000. sj.6-^2. 56Evely2000,fie.i*q. 57 Evely2000,351; see Tylecote1982,fig.4, foruse ofhook.

THE MIDDLE HELLADIC SMALL FINDS §3

431

'

1

1

'

*»

6070

/

^^^^^Ê

Η- Η- Μ

Α

6071

^Α

^^^B^^^

6077

Fig.9.6. MiddleHelladicsmallfinds. Terracotta: reusedpottery anvil6077. Scale 1:2. 6070-6071; (?) pottery yellow),surface5YR 7/6 (reddish-yellow). Depressed circular planwithedgeschippedapproximately vertically, extends exceptin one sectionwhere,on interior, chipping almostto perforation, whichwas boredfrombothsides somewhat off-centre. Nu 1974,#34. Context MH III Early witha littleLH I and a littleEH II (make-upof Upper PebbledRoad).77-224.Notillustrated. L. (max.ex.) 3.7. W. (max. 6076. Abouthalfpreserved.

ex.) 2.17. Th. (max.ex.) 0.95. D. ofperforation 0.3. Flat with of vessel biscuit 5YR 7/6 (reddishbody fragment 7.5R 5/8(red).Possibly yellow)withdullpainton exterior in form,withsidesroughlychipped originally triangular moreorlessvertically andperforation gougednear roughly centre.Nu 1977,# 48. ContextLH I/IIA (fillofshaftof burial13) withEH II Earlyand MH I- II downto MH III/LH I. 77-234.Notillustrated.

The perforated reusedsherdis ubiquitous at sitesin theNeolithicand BronzeAge Aegean.Thatitat leastsometimesfunctioned as a whorlhas been suggestedby, amongothers,CaringtonSmith.58 However,6070 is muchtoo heavyand unbalancedto have servedas a whorland probablywas eitherfora loomor fora net.Forthemarkedsherdssee Chapter5 §6 above. employedas a weight, (vi) Miscellaneous

(6077-6083, figs. 9.6-9.7)

(a) pottery anvil(?) An enigmatic terracotta 'sombrero'mightpossiblyhave servedas an anvilin the'paddleand anvil' in the manufacture ofpottery. procedure

58

CaringtonSmith 1975, 119-20.

Ε. C. BANKS, WITH R. JANKO

432

6077. Almost complete; one side of proximal end of handle chipped away. L. (max.) 12.25. W. (max.) 7.25. H. (max. ex.) 5.85. Micaceous clay loaded withlightand dark grits,many 1-2 mm, some to 4 mm. Biscuit 7.5YR 7/4 (pink)withcore 7.5YR N4/ (darkgrey).Ellipticalslab with long sides and one end turnedup like sombrerorim,in

centreofwhich,set on longitudinalaxis, is a broad lug-like handle of elliptical section with bluntly rounded top. Somewhatunevenlyfashionedwithsurfacessmoothed,but never polished or burnished. Undulating underside somewhatmore wornthanrest.Beta 1977, #121. Context MH II (?). 77-051. plate 48 (twoviews),fig. 9.6.

ofthethreeupturned The wearoftheflatundersideand thepotential edgesofthe manoeuvrability The as an anvil in use what the of its are production. pottercould pottery suggested possibility piece now a inside of the the the handle and move largevessel,usingnowtheflatsurface, piecealong grasp the documented with a the exterior as she beat one oftheupturned paddle.ThoughShepard59 edges, thispiecemightalso have servedthepurpose.It is anvilsethnographically, use ofmushroom-shaped thatitwas usedto closetheoval mouthofa jar. quitepossible,however, (b) NAVIFORM CRUCIBLES(?),

LAMPS(?)

OR MODEL BOATS(?)

is a smallgroupof shallownaviform function Of uncertain vessels,one of which(6081) is almost ofthelow open vesselis thatofan The on the information and full plan shape. complete provides biconvex with a somewhat base, fromwhichthe short,thick shallowly irregular ellipse elongated, The sides roundedandtaperedtobluntly sidesrisetoa plainrimthatvariesfromslightly squared-off. outto forma broad are highestat thecentralpartofthevessel,and at one end theyare stretched The handmadevesselsare executedin a coarsefabric;thefinishis uneven, termination. trough-like are more surfaces withprominent wallslumpyand irregular theexterior wipingmarks.The interior of evidence The vesselscontainno metallicresidue,nordo thesurfaces evenand regular. giveany for these in No fire use. to been receptacles enigmatic parallels preciseprehistoric having exposed have been found.Whileit is possiblethattheywerecrucibleswhichwerenotyetputto use, the thattheywerecrudelocal It is notimpossible makesthisunlikely. absenceofanypouringmechanism versionsof thekindof boat modelsproducedin variousmaterialsfoundin BronzeAge contexts, in Creteand theCyclades.60 particularly 6078. Fragment from higher end, composed of two joiningsherdsand seven scrappybody sherds.H. oflargest fragment(max. ex.) 4.25. L. (max. ex.) 9.0. W. (max. ex.) 6.55. Micaceous clay loaded withdarkand lightgrits,many 1-2 mm, max. 4 mm. Biscuit 2.5YR 6/8 (lightred) with and on base some surfacemottling 5YR 7/6 (reddish-yellow) 5YR 6/1 (lightgreyto grey).Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 90 (use of Floor 7). LH I Early context. 77-914. plate 48 (two views),fig.9.7. 6079. Single rim and body sherd, possibly fromsame vessel as 6078. H. (max. ex.) 4.7. L. (max. ex.) 6.8. Th. (max. ex.) 1.45. Fabric as 6078. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 90 (use of Floor 7). LH I Early context.77914a. fig. 9.7. 6080. Sherd retainingalmost fullprofile.H. (max. ex.)

2.7. L. (max. ex.) 6.9. W. (max. ex.) 4.7. Th. (max. ex.) 1.5. Micaceous clay withmoderate quantityof lightand dark grits,mostly2-4 mm. Surfaceand biscuit2.5YR N4/ (dark grey),core 2.5YR N3/ (verydark grey).Rounded angular articulationbetween sides and base on exterior.Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 90 (use of Floor 7). LH I Early context.77914b. FIG.9.7. 6081. Mended fromabout six large sherds; about one sixthofrimmissing,and some chippingofrimat narrower end. L. 18.6. W. (max.) 6.5. H. (max.) 4.6. Micaceous clay loaded withmostlydark red grits,occasionally 1-2 mm, rarelylarger.Surface and biscuit 2.5YR 6/6 (lightred). Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 90 (use of Floor 7). LH I Early context.77-915. plate 48 (twoviews),fig. 9.7.

(c) BOVID PROTOME HEAD

was deemedMycenaeanbyΕ. Β. Frenchand is context, [Thebovidprotomehead 7118,ofuncertain to reassignitto theMH period,and publishedin Chapter10 below.However,shewas latertempted thatitis EH seemsnotto be excludedeither.] thepossibility (d) CLAY NODULES

each bearingan incised'sign',which afterwater-sieving, Two small'nodules'ofclaywereretrieved as artefacts to includethemin theinventory led theexcavators comparableto Minoanclaynodules. orlumpsofclaythatbyrollingand to sayiftheseweredeliberately Itis impossible producedartefacts weartookon theshapeand themarkings theypossess.The clayis too softforwattleand daub. 6082. Intact.L. 1.4. W. 1.3. Th. 0.7. Fine clay,firedredsurfaceon flattened brown.Irregular lumpwithone distinctly whichare impressedtwonon-contiguous legs ofa V; on the 59

Shepard 1956, 59-60.

Nu 1974, # 5. surfaceopposite,possible straw-impressions. ContextMH III Late,withone LH IIA piece fromburials710 and one EH sherd.74-233. Notdrawn;showninplate 48. 60Wedde 2000,

see Marangou199 1. 307- 12; fortheirantecedents

THE MIDDLE HELLADIC SMALL FINDS §4

433

Fig.9.7. MiddleHelladicsmallfinds. Terracotta: (?) modelboats6078-6081.Scale 1:2.

L. 6083. Brokenall around,unknown portion preserved. 2.25. W. 2.25. Th. 1. Fineclay,firedred-brown. Lumpof surfaceon irregularly squarecontourwithone flattened

whichlinesdeeplyimpressed withbluntinstrument; possible strawmarkson surfaceopposite.Nu 1974,# 7. Context LH I Early.74-2455. Notdrawn;shownin plate 48.

4. PERSONAL ORNAMENTS OF VARIOUS FABRICS (6084-6089, fig. 9.8) Withtheexceptionofa smallpendantofschist(6089),theobjectsofpersonalornament foundin the excavation werebeadsmadeofstone,paste,bone(?)and terracotta. [See also 9255-9267,9271.] 6084. Stone bead. Intact, but with wear-chipping atoneend.L. (max.ex.)3.63. removing edgeofperforation D. (max.)1.7,perforation 0.4. Carnelian2.5YR 2.5/4(dark biconical,withwell reddish-brown). Long symmetrical roundedarticulation; biconicalperforation (cf.Biegen1937, II: pl. I, fig.408.2,540.2).Wellgroundandonceprobably highlypolished,butnowworn.Zeta 1973,#81. Context MH I Late withMH II and a littleLH (presumably LH IIIC Early).73-023.plate 49, fig.9.8. [6085. Stonebead (notseen).Intact.H. 0.1. D. 0.3, (hole) 0.1. Greystone.Circulardiscwithcentrally placedhole. 1 baulk,1974,#13. ContextMH II withMH Nu/Gamma III Early.74-247.Notillustrated.] 6086. Stone bead. Abouttwo fifths preserved,badly battered. L. (max.ex.)0.9. D. (max.ex.)0.95,perforation c. o.15. Carnelian, mottled redto 2.5YR6/8-2.5YR5/8(light biconical red).Depressedspherical;slightly asymmetrical (cf.Biegen1937, II: pl. I). Wellgroundand perforation wellpolished,now dulland worn.Nu probablyoriginally MH III/LH I (foundation trench ofwall 1977,#22.Context nf)withtwoLH I sherdsanda littleEH II. 77-220.fig.9.8. 6087. Stone or bone bead. Intact. L. 0.4. D. 0.1, Surface 0.15. Brown.Flattenedcylindrical. perforation

Nu 1977,#13.Context MH III/LH I (foundation polished. trenchofwallnf)witha littleLH I and a littleEH II. 77228. Notillustrated. 6088. Schist Proximal pendant. edgefrom mid-perforation brokenoffand one facesplitaway.H. (max.ex.) 1.94. W. c. 0.6. (max.ex.) 1.6. Th. (max.ex.) 0.34. D. perforation 5B 4/1 (darkbluish-grey). Phyllite rectangular, Irregularly withone sideanddistaledgeconvexand corners rounded. nearone shortedge slightly off Largecircularperforation below.Nu 1974,# 7. axis; see commentary longitudinal ContextLH I Early.74-204.plate49, fig.9.8. bead. Intact,slightly 6089. Terracotta chippedat both ends.H. 1.35.D. (max.)1.2,perforation 0.35-0.40.Wt.c. 1.5 g. Fine,micaceousclaywithlightand darkgritsto 0.5 uniform withsurface mm;fairly 5YR 6/6 (reddish-yellow) 10YR6/2(light wellfinished, with mottling brownish-grey); no traceof polish or burnish.Distinctlyasymmetrical, doubly truncatedbiconical, convex proximal end c. one-quarter totalheight,and straight distal constituting end constituting c. three-quarters totalheight,rounded articulation. Perforation through height.Beta 1977,# 60. ContextMH III/LH I withLH I-IIA. 77-024.fig.9.8.

434

Ε· c· BANKS, WITH R. JANKO

Fig. 9.8. Middle Helladic smallfinds.Personalornamentsof variousfabrics:carnelianbeads 6084, 6086; schistpendant bead 6089. Scale 2:1. 6088; terracotta

StoneandpastebeadslikethosefromAyiosStephanosarewellknownin theEBA andMBA Aegean. numerousin a The sourceofthesetypesofbeads was probablyCrete,wheretheyare particularly MM date.61 EM and of beads of of materials and the Mesara tholoi forms; yieldedquantities variety ofthetradition fromlateMH to earlyLH at Mycenae,in the On themainlandwe see thecontinuity in thewayofMH ShaftGravesofCirclesA and B.62Malthi,Asea and Nichoriahave littleto offer MH in at Lerna both stone and beads were found,primarily graves.63 Claybeadswere paste parallels; A a V floor.65 was found on Lerna beads and a necklace of from Malthi,64 pear-shaped clay reported wellformed collaredbead froma LernaV graveprovidesa loose parallelfor6089.66[Thecarnelian stoneswerenotworkedon CreteuntilMM bead 6084 is MH II or later,sincehardsemi-precious IIB.67The othercarnelianbeads (6086,7147, 7214-7216 and 7219) derivefromlatercontexts.] weartook whichby accidental ofa perforated The phyllite disc,68 pendant6088 maybe a remnant H. who to is drilledfromone edgeonlyaccording on theformofa pendant.[Theperforation Blitzer, circulardisc] ofan originally thisprobablya fragment considered 5. GROUND STONE (6090-6121, figs. 9.9-9.10) of fromtheexcavations withthoseretained ingroundstonefoundin 1973-74,together [Theartefacts for Lord a on them drafted H. who in site at the were examined Blitzer, report 1974 by 1959-63, thispublication. inpreparing fromherobservations us tobenefit Shekindly WilliamTaylour. permitted havebeen addedby theeditor.] Somepieces(insquarebrackets) at AyiosStephanos.The majority Onlya fewobjectsofgroundstonewerefoundin MH contexts cobbles.Mostdistinctive modified made on ofbasicgeometric orrubbers werepounders slightly shapes celt6103, bothof well-finished and the axe shaft-hole were the stones the small, 6090 large among to thesite,thoughthepresenceofdrillcoresmadeby a cylindrical whichmayhavebeen imported thatthis and 6100-6101 fromthelaterones,indicates borer,6091-6099 fromtheearlierexcavations discs The perforated at thesite.69 stoneaxe was manufactured classofshaft-hole 6115-6121 phyllite use as spindlewhorlsor lids. possiblysawprimary (i) Shaft-Hole Axe (6090)

6090. About halfpreserved,the buttsplitoffacross the middle of boring.L. (max. ex.) 6.9. W. (max. ex.) 5.95. H. at bit 7.1, at break (max. ex.) 7.23. D. perforation2.3. with large and Gabbro(?), 5GY 4/1 (dark greenish-grey) smalldarkinclusions,most5R 2.5/2 (veryduskyred),some 5R 3/6 (darkred). Shortbroad typewithlarge boring,the surfaceof whichis smoothforabout halfthe height,with

61 Xanthoudides 1024 passim. 62 Karo 1930 and 1933 passim;Mylonas 1973 passim. 63 Banks 1067, 2 30,-^, 673-84. 64 Valmin 1038, 338 pl. XXV.44. 65 Banks 1967, 658-9, no. 1745.

made on remainder.Perforation horizontalboringstriations fromone face only.Surfacesprobablyall originallyground smooth and lightly polished, but now worn with considerablepittingon top and bottom,strongestaround ends of boring;sporadic pittingon sides. Convex bit-edge blunted from use, corners rounded offwith worn-over chipping.At mid-heighton sides at break are pittedand

66 Banks 1067. 6&Q-60. no. 1746. 67 Krzyszkowska2005, 81-3. 68 See §5 (v) below. 69 See also Chapter 8 §3 above and Chapter 14 §3 (i) below.

THE MIDDLE HELLADIC SMALL FINDS §5

435

axe 6090; celts6103-6104.Scale 1:2. Fig.9.9. MiddleHelladicsmallfinds.Groundstone:shaft-hole insomewayassociated wornshallowdepressions, probably Eta 1973, # 47 (fromburial12?). Context withhafting.

pureMH I Late.73-516.plate 49 (threeviews),fig.9.9.

(ii) Drill Cores H. D. (max.) 1.8, (min.) 1.3. 2.3. [6091. Complete. conicalwithapexrounded,slightly Greenstone. Truncated wheresplit lippedatbase,whichis roughandasymmetrical offfrommatrix;horizontal oversurface. boringstriations Alpha4, 1959,#10. ContextEH II possiblywithsome MH (burial2). 59-505.Taylour1972,243,pl. 51J,top. [6092. Complete. H. 1.4. D. (max.) 1.6, (min.) 1.0. Greenstone. as previous.Delta 3, 1959,# 7. Description ContextEH possiblywithLH and someMH. 59-513.Not illustrated. [6093. Complete. H. 2.4. D. (max.) 1.2, (min.) 0.9. Greenstone. as previous.Delta 3, 1959, # 5. Description MH possibly withsomeLH. 59-512.Notillustrated. Context [6094. Complete. H. 2.6. D. (max.) 1.5, (min.) 1.2. Greenstone. as previous.Alpha7, i960, # 3. Description ContextMH withsomeEH II. 60-502.Notillustrated. [6095. Complete.H. 1.5. D. (max.) 1.5. Greenstone. as previous. Beta11, 1963,#45. ContextMH, Description withsomeLH. 63-535.Notillustrated. 6096. Complete. H. 1.9. D. (max.) 1.5, (min.) 1.3. Greenstone. as previous.Delta 8, 1963,# 1. Description

(6091-6101) Unstratified (removalofbackfill). 63-560.Notillustrated. [6097. Complete. H. 3.3. D. (max.) 1.7, (min.) 1.3. as previous.Alpha 1, 1963,# 2. Greenstone. Description ContextEH I to Medieval.63-610.Notillustrated. as [6098. Broken.H. 1.8.D. 1.4.Greenstone. Description EH 1 #81. context with Surface 11/12/14, 963, previous. Alpha toMedieval.63-616.Notillustrated. [6099. Complete.H. 3.6. D. (max.) 1.4. Greenstone. as previous. TrialTrench III, 1963,#4. Context Description EH II to LH. 63-636.Notillustrated. 6100. Smallerendsomewhat H. 1.6.D. (max.) battered. 1, (min.) 1.5. Greenstone.Truncatedconicalwithapex rounded,slightlylipped at base, whichis roughand wheresplitofffrommatrix; horizontal asymmetrical boring striations oversurface. Lambda3/4,1977,# 97. Context MH III/LH I withLH I Earlyanda fewEH II sherds(use ofFloor9). 77-853.Notdrawn;shownin plate49. 6101. Undamaged.L. 2.88. D. 1.73. Greenstone; signs ofcylinder drillclearlyvisible;peckedbases.Lambda/Beta 12, 1974, #32 (Floor3). ContextLH ILA. 74-819.Not drawn;shownin plate 49.

(iii) Celts (6102-6104) 6102. Slightlychipped.L. 3.4. W. 3. Th. (max.) 0.9. rounded. Flattened transverse section. Bothsurfaces elliptical Greenstone. inplanwithbuttandsidesstraight, groundsmoothandpolished.Alpha10, i960, # 1. Surface Trapezium contextwithEH II, MH, LH and Medieval.60-539.FIG· convex; flattenedelliptical bit-edgeasymmetrically transverse Allsurfaces section. andpolished. groundsmooth 9-9·] Nu 1977,# 3. ContextMH III/LH I witha littleEH II 6104. Good condition, thoughslightly chipped;possibly and one LH I/IIA sherdfromshaftgraveburial13. 77unfinished (so H. Blitzer).L. 6.53. W. 3.8-2.8. Th. 2.64. Greenstone(5BG 4/1); irregular 204. Notdrawn;shownin plate 49. shape withpeckedand Lambda/Beta12, 1974, #51 (Room2, [6103. Brokenat one end. L. 7.0. W. (max.ex.) 3.5. Th. groundsurfaces. Floor4 e). ContextLH IIIC EarlywithLH I wash.74veined,darkgreen(5GY 5/1).Squarein 2.5. Greenstone; andotherside planwithbuttandone sidestraight; bit-edge 830. PLATE 4Q, FIG. Q.Q. (iv) Pounders/Rubbers (6105-6114) faceted.Two opposite 6105. D. (max.)4.1. Th. 2.1.Irregular pentagonal pebble regularfaces,sixthfaceirregularly ofverydarkgreystone(10YR 3/1),highlypolishedwith facesshallowly concave;fingerholds (?). Ofotherfaces,two andpartofthirdbattered fromuse.Eta 1973,#6. Surface signsofwearat bothends;cf.Nichoria3328 (McDonald and Wilkie1992,752). Good condition. Zeta 1973,#21. context withMycenaean LH IIIC Earlyandsome including Contextmostly MH. 73-503.Notdrawn;shownin Plate 50. MycenaeanwithsomeMH and Medieval. cobble. 73-009.Notillustrated. 6107. Intact.H. 8.3. D. 5.4. Lapislacedaemonius 6106. Intact.L. 6. W. 5. H. 4.5. Greenishstonewith withends fairlyevenlyroundedoff.Surfaces Cylindrical blackishtinge;basalt(?).Roughlycubic,withfivefairly roughlyflaked;no certainsignsof use, possiblya blank.

436

E. C. BANKS, WITH R. JANKO

Eta 1973,#58. ContextMH I LatewithsomeEH II Late. 73-520.Notdrawn;shownin plate 50. 6108. Intact.D. (max.)3.92. Whitish stone, fine-grained Irregularly possiblygranularlimestoneor akonopetra. Usedas bola{ï).Lambda1, 1973,#34. MH III/ spherical. LH I context. 73-819.Notdrawn;shownin plate 50. L. (max.ex.) 9.4. 6109. One shortend onlypreserved. withlight W.(max.ex.) 7.2.Th. (max.ex.)0.7. Greenstone and dark greenand black inclusions,5GY 4/1 (dark in of tool probablyrectangular Fragment greenish-grey). atshortendtowedge-shaped planwithbroadfacestapering and trapezoidaltransverse longitudinal edge; rectangular section.End batteredand worn.Nu 1974, # 5. Context MH III Late,withone LH IIA piece fromburials7-10 andone EH sherd.74-205.Notillustrated. 6110. Intact.D. 3.2. H. 2. Greylimestone(?). Spheroid, at oppositepoles.Nu 1974,# 10. ContextMH flattened ofwallnf).74-243.Notdrawn; III/LH I (foundation-trench shownin plate 50. L. 2.5. W. 2.5. Th. 1. Speckled 6111. Wellpreserved.

pebbleused as tool.Beta 1977, greenlapislacedaemonius cutintoLH IIB #8. ContextMedieval(decayedmudbrick level).77-003.Notillustrated. 6112. Apexchipped.H. 7.5.W. (max.)6. Th. (max.)4.2. section. Conicalwithfatellipticaltransverse Greenstone. Beta 1977,#91 (CentralSector).ContextMH II-III with LH I. 77-039.Notdrawn;shownin Plate 50. at bothendsand on sides.H. (max.ex.) 6113. Battered light 8.4. W. (max.ex.) 5.3. Th. (max.ex.)4.1. Greenstone; Truncated withdarkergreeninclusions. conical, blue-green fatellipticaltransversesection.Surfacesrough-pecked exceptforbase,whichis groundsmoothandpolishedfrom use. Nu 1977, # 18. ContextMH III/LH I (removalof EH II andLH I. 77-206.Notillustrated. wallnf)witha little Th. (max.)3.8. D. (max.) notreported. [6114. Condition withroundedcorners Greenstone. Roughlytriangular 5.2. and uppersurface;flatunderside.Beta 3, 1959, # 36. ContextLH IIA (forge)withMH I Late. 59-544· Not illustrated.]

(v) Phyllite Discs (6115-6121, fig. 9.10) 0.6.Th. 1.1. GreyD. 4.6-4.8,perforation 6115. Intact(?). finished circular disc, edgesunevenly Roughly greenphyllite. both from drilled andapproximately perforation pentagonal; withMedieval,LH sides.Zeta 1973,#49. Surfacecontext andsomeMH I-II. 73-019.plate50, fig.9.10. D. 5.2-5.6.Th. 0.2unfinished. 6116. Intact, apparently 2.5YR N/3.Regularcirculardisc 0.4. Darkgreyphyllite, drilled0.9 at perforation withwellgroundedges;attempt cm.awayfromcentreon one side.No signsofsmoothing Nu 1973,# 5. PureLH 1/ on flatfaces.Good condition. IIA context. 73-203.plate 50, fig.9.10. 0.8-1.0. Th. 0.46117. Intact.D. 6.7-6.9, perforation discwithevenly circular regular Fairly 0.75. Greyphyllite. centralovoidperforation irregular; groundedge;thickness drilledfrombothsides.Eta 1973,#21. FromEta burial4 contextEH II Late withsome (MH I Late); surrounding MH I Early.73-508.plate 50 (twoviews),fig.9.10. D. (max. 6118. Abouthalfcircumference badlybattered. Reddish-brown Th. phyllite. 0.7. 0.6-0.7. ex.)9.6,perforation

inplanwithevenly circular edge,butabout ground Originally use as pounder fromsecondary battered halfcircumference MH III/LH I witha little Nu 1977,#5. Context orscraper. shaft LH I/IIAfrom a little EH II andconceivably graveburial 13. 77-203. PLATE50 (tWOViews), FIG. 9.IO.

L. [6119. Brokenon threesidesand acrossperforation. 0.6. Th. W. 0.8, perforation (max.ex.) 2.7. (max.ex.) 3.1. inplanwithgroundedge. circular Originally Greyphyllite. Alpha7, i960, # 2. ContextmostlyEH withsomeMH and a littleMycenaean.60-512.Notillustrated. 0.8. [6120. Complete.Th. 0.8. D. 3.9-4.2, perforation # 10. Beta centre. off Hole 6, i960, phyllite. Grey-green ContextLH I-IIA withMH. Taylour1972,261 HS 320. 60-582.Notillustrated. Th. 0.3-0.8. D. [6121. Probablycompletebutbattered. Hole off phyllite. 0.4. Grey-green 3.2-3.8, perforation some with MH Context # 18. Beta centre. 6, i960, Not HS 261 60-591. 322. 1972, Mycenaean.Taylour illustrated.]

axes like6090 and theceltslike ofthepolishedstonetoolsare theshaft-hole The mostdistinctive thetoolhavingbeenconsidered much of discussion, hasbeenthesubject 6102. The classoftheformer fromsome homelandin the Greeks the of advent the and a markerof artefact an Indo-European of has Forsén Dalmatia. Balkansor theeasternornorthern provideda briefoverview Russiansteppes, treatment extensive his in tool the on comments and Maran thequestionwithrelevant bibliography, ofthetoolin thisarea of betweenEH II and EH III.70Forsénnotestheoccurrences ofthetransition and Asea at Malthi,as wellas axes solidEH ΠΙ/MH contexts Lerna, in reasonably thePéloponnèse on the at Palaiopyrgi and in contextsat Pylosand Leuktras Messenia, fromless well documented is as EH/ΜΗ, One fromthe earlierexcavationsat AyiosStephanos,published Spartanplain.71 surface mixed a from came MH datesitto the period.[This includedin herlist,whereshecorrectly and is large,withan oblongshape is likewiseof'greenstone' Anotherspecimen,HS Í567,73 context. EH II Late,MH andLH material.] contained thebutt;thebitis brokenoff.Itscontext towards tapering these Nichoria.74 from Unfortunately axeswe mayadd thethreeMH examples To theseshaft-hole bit »the to closer or about at bore broadoutlineandlarge mid-length Withitsshort, arenotillustrated. from axes MH two Maltha resemble thanto thebutt,theaxes fromAyiosStephanosclosely aMtJ and in bothEH III The sametypeis represented axe fromAsea also appearsto be ofthisshape.76 both from known also now are axes at Lerna,whereit is designated MH contexts 'typea'.77[Such 70Forsén1992,227-32; Maran1998,286-8. 71 Forsén 1QQ2,220-30.

72Taylour1972,247, HS «84. 73Taylour1072,243. 74McDonaldand Wilkie1992,729, 752-3, nos. 3337, 3341

75Valmin1938,346, fig.73.2 and 3, pl. λλνΐ.Α.3 ana 4. 76Holmberg1944, 123,fig.115.14· 77Banks1967, 100-110. %J %J X *J

_

_

«

·ν-^"«^Υ

W

Α

1

THE MIDDLE

HELLADIC

SMALL FINDS §5

437

Fig. 9.10. Middle Helladic smallfinds.Ground stone:phyllitediscs 6115-6118. Scale 1:2.

Geraki78 and thearea oftheLaconiaSurveynorth-east ofSparta.79 Anotherwas foundat theEH III siteofDeriziotis AloninearPylos.80] The small,wellfinished celt,suchas 6102, has a longlifein theAegean,appearing woodworking in Greecein theNeolithicperiod.The formrepresented by 6102 fallsin class Delta of theWacein and is our area Thompsontypology81 represented amongtheNeolithicfindsfromKouphovouno, outside When of the just Sparta.82 examples typeappearin MH contextsat sitessuchas Lernaor can be as a fromlowerNeolithicdeposits.Butwherethere Asea,theyeasily explainedaway cast-ups areno significant Neolithic we can assumetheywereproducts ofMH remains, underlying reasonably in as our at and other from Malthi.83 toolmakers, [Othergreenstone examples AyiosStephanos examples examplesfromAyiosStephanosare HS 223,84froma mixedEH/ΜΗ context,and the pierced is specimenHS 285,^ foundin a surfacelevel.The adze HS 286,86froma MH III to LH I context, made ofa darkblue-green schist. Another HS made of black with stone stone,perhaps celt, 266,87 someredspecks,camefroma surfacecontextwithMH and EH sherds.However,Taylourregarded thegreenstone celtHS 264 is definitely EH II.89] cup HS 273 as possiblyEH,88and thehaematite The poundersor rubbersrepresented in thecorpusfromAyiosStephanosare oftypesubiquitous in Neolithicand BronzeAge contextsin Greece.At Lerna,forexample,six typesof poundersor rubbersand twotypesofrubberwereidentified in EH III and MH contexts, witha distribution that was not chronologically The to our significant.90 objectspresentedhere add nothingsignificant ofthissortofutilitarian, tool,exceptthefactthattheywereused knowledge probablymulti-purpose hereas well. Perforated discsare typicalofthesortofobjectnotwellreported in theliterature. So they phyllite arementioned, without indication ofdate,atMalthi.91 AtLernatheywerenumerous inEH III contexts, 78 Crouwel et al 1996, 103, pl. IV. 79 Cavanagh et al 1996, 174, pl. 5a, upper right.

80Stocker 2003, 355, figs.11-12. 81Wace and ThomDson1012. 29.. 82Renard1080,88-q, e.g. pl. XIX.1, 2 and 4. 83Valmin 1938,351, fig.74.17-19,pl. XXVI.I 2, 4 and 7. 84 Taylour 1972, 221.

85 Taylour 1072, 247. 86 Taylour 1072, 247, pl. PUff. 87 See Taylour 1072, 24^. 88 Taylour 1072, 243.

89Taylour1072,24s, pl. ^if, see Chapter8 §s above.

90 Banks 1067, 113-f^. 91 Valmin 1938, 355, pl. XXV.21 and 22.

438

E. C. BANKS, WITH R. JANKO

wheretherawmaterialforthemwas readilyavailablein thephylliteslabsfromthedebrisof the whatrelationship exists It is impossibleto determine House of theTiles,whichlay rightbelow.92 finishedones of MH date executedin other betweentheseoftenroughdiscsand morecarefully foruse as spindlewhorlsthantheformer. thelatterseemmoreappropriate stones;93 [One specimen EH II in an almost was found fromAyiosStephanos, level.] 5025, Early pure 6. CHIPPED STONE (6122-6153, fig. 9.11) R.Janko,usingtherecordsofJ. B. Rutter Thissectionincludesall 29 chippedstonepiecesfrompureMH levelsthatwereinventoried during of 1973-77.Sinceonlya selectionofthechippedstoneis cataloguedin Appendix6, theexcavations andE. C. Bankscouldnotstudytheobjectsin Sparta,thissectionhasbeencompiledbytheeditoron fromthemwherepossiblethedifferent thebasisoftherecordsmadeat thetime,identifying typesof the work ofJ. B. are these records detailed of and most clearest in 6. The toolrecognised Appendix I had to have where from not derive that do all I have bracketed descriptions him, Rutter; develop a synthetic themmyselffromnotesmade by others.94 analysisof all the Appendix6 below offers chippedstonefromall periodsoftheBronzeAge;thiswasbasedon a hands-onstudyofall thepieces and ofthemanyotheritemsthatwererecoveredaftertheexcavations thatwereinventoried during bone and shellremains.Some pieceslistedin Appendix6 thatin fact theanalysisof thepottery, that information derivefromMH contextsmay have been omittedhere,because the contextual and chert the obsidian to thisappliesin particular tothemwasnotavailable.Unfortunately, pertained in cores,thefindspotsofwhicharenotusuallyrecorded.Chippedstoneofthisperiodwasrecovered thanis cataloguedhere.(7284 is also MH.) fargreater quantity some in theircontexts, Since itemsare listedunderthelatestchronological periodrepresented EH some have been must There here. EH are date of certainly probablypublished piecesactually inAreasEta,ZetaandNu,whereEH levelsunderliethoseofMH in MH contexts, especially cast-ups them. used at presentdo notpermitus to identify I. However,themethodologies (i) Obsidian Cores (6122-6123) 6122. Details not recorded.Nu 1973, # 27. MH III/LH I (floorof Room 1). Not illustrated.

6123. Details not recorded.Nu 1973, # 32. MH III/LH I context(foundationtrenchof wall nf).Not illustrated.

Blades (ii) Obsidian [6124. Broken at both ends and at one corner.L. (max. ex.) 1.9. W. 1.0. Th. (max. ex.) 0.3. Taperingblade with Frontslightly thin,flattenedridge down back, off-centre. convex. Trapezoidal section.No evidence of retouch.Zeta 1973, # 104. Context MH I Early (MH I phase 2) with some EH II Late. 73-025. Not illustrated.] 6125. Worn;brokenat bothends.L. (max.) 1.8. W. (max.) 0.8. Th. 0.2. Roughlyparallel-sidedblade withwide slightly concave ridgedown centreof back. Frontslightlyconvex. Trapezoidal section.No evidence of retouch.Nu 1973, # 20. ContextMH III wash withLH I Early (above floorof Room 1). 73-209. fig. 9.11. 6126. Broken at both ends. L. (max.) 2.15. W. (max.) 0.75. Th. 0.3. Roughlyparallel-sidedblade withsharpridge down centreof back to just beyond mid-point,where it becomes flatand widens towardsend. Triangularsection. No evidence of retouch.Nu 1973, # 22. ContextMH III wash withLH I Earlyand a littleEH II. 73-210. fig. 9.1 1. 6127. Brokenbelow percussionbulb. L. (max. ex.) 2.4. W. 1.1. Th. 0.35. Blade withcurvedend and thinflattened convex.Triangular ridgedown centreofback. Frontslightly section.No evidence of retouch.Eta 1973, # 25. Context

(6i24-6i32a) EH II Late withsome MH I Early.73-511. Not illustrated. 6128. Complete. L. 1.85. W. 0.75. Th. 0.2. Thin blade withsharpridgedown centreofback frompercussionbulb end to approximate mid-point of its length, and thin flattenedridge frommid-pointof other end, where very slight'tang'is preserved.No evidenceofretouch.Eta 1973, # 29. Context EH II Late with a littleMH I, LH and Medieval. 73-514. Not illustrated. 6129. Chipped at one end and along one edge. L. 2.7. W. 0.75. Th. 0.3. Roughly parallel-sided blade with percussionbulb and roundedoutlineat one end and squared outlineat the other;sharpridgedown centreof back, with one of the two resultingfaces itselfdivided in two by a second more irregularlongitudinalridge. No evidence of retouch.Eta 1973, # 55. ContextMH II, althoughbasket includedLH IIIC Earlyburial 13. 73-519. Not illustrated. 6130. Tip brokenoff.L. (max. ex.) 1.5. W. 0.85. Th. 0.25. Parallel-sided,backed blade with broad slightlyconcave ridge about 0.4 in width down centreof back. Butt end in unbrokensteepface.Eta 1973, # 58. Context terminates MH I Late withsome EH II Late. 73-521. fig. 9.1 1. 6131. Complete^). L. (max. ex.) 1.2. W. (max.) 0.6. Th.

92 Banks 1967, 200-11. 93 E.g. McDonald and Wilkie 1992, 744, no. 3186, pl. 12-203. 94 Here and in Chapter 10 §7 I have gratefullydrawn on

Appendix 6 fordescriptionsof those itemsthatalso apear there. I thankNick Kardulias forsaving me fromserious errorsin both sections.

THE MIDDLE HELLADIC SMALL FINDS §6

439

Fig.9.11. MiddleHelladicsmallfinds.Chippedstone:obsidianblades6125-6126,6130,6132a; obsidianflake6134; denticulate blade 6142; obsidianendscrapers6143-6144; chertflake6134c; chertsickle-element 6135; lapisfocedaemonius obsidianhollow-based 6145-6149;obsidiantangedprojectile projectile-points point6150. Scale 1:1.

blade withnarrowflattened 0.15. Roughlyparallel-sided ofback.Trapezoidal section. No evidence ridgedowncentre ofretouch. Eta 1973,#63. ContextMH I Earlywithsome EH II Late.73-525.Notillustrated. 6132. Brokenat one end.L. (max.ex.) 1.65. W. (max.) 0.8. Th. 0.25. Blade tapering to 0.6 in widthwithnarrow flattened ridgedowncentreof back and concavefacets. Frontslightly convex.Trapezoidalsection.No evidenceof

retouch.Eta 1973,# 63. ContextMH I Earlywithsome EH II Late.73-526.Notillustrated. 6132a. Brokenatbothends.L. (max.ex.) 1.3.W.0.75.Th. to0.6 inwidthwithstraight, (max.ex.)0.25. Bladetapering ridgerunning sharpridgedowncentreofbackand slighter obliquelyacrossbroaderof two back faces.Accidental on edgeofthissameface.Eta 1973,#58. Context crushing MH I LatewithsomeEH II Late.73-522.fig.9.11.

(iii) Obsidian Flakes (6133-61340, [6133. L. (max.) 3.2. W. (max.) 1.6. Th. (max.) 1.1. Complete.Primarycorticalflake,trapezoidalin plan, isoscelestriangular in section;platform and slightbulb present; highface.No evidenceforuse as tool. unusually Lambda 1, 1973, # 28. ContextMH III Early.73-817. Notillustrated.] 6134. Broken.L. 2.4. W. 1.3.Th. (max.)0.4. Secondary flake.Roughlytrapezoidal withpercussion bulbon front, tobluntpointatone end.Eta 1973,#63. Context tapering MH I EarlywithsomeEH II Late.73-528.fig.9.11. 6134a. Brokenatbothends.L. (max.ex.) 0.85. W. (max.) bulbvisiblewithsome 1.05.Th. 0.3. On back,percussion

fig. 9.11)

retouch bothedgesandmiddle alongbothedges;on front, of face secondarilyworked.73-524. Eta 1973, # 58. ContextMH I LatewithsomeEH II Late.fig.9.11. 6134b. Brokenat one end. L. (max.ex.) 1.2. W. (max.) flakewithshort 1.15. Th. 0.25. Secondarynon-cortical on base tapering towardspoint. stubbytangat percussion On back,broadshallowflakeshavebeentakenoffat and nearcentreofblade,withfinernibbledretouchalongone evidenceofsteepretouch edge;on front, alongotheredge. 73-523. Eta 1973, # 58. ContextMH I Late withsome EH II Late.Notillustrated.

44O

Ε. C. BANKS, WITH R. JANKO

(iv) Chert Flake (6134c)

[6134c. Complete^). L. 3.4. W. 2.7. Th. 0.14. Reddish brownchert.Flake roughlytrapezoidalin outline,triangular in section,withfrontrelativelyflatand steep ridge down back two-thirds of way across fromlongestside, whichhas

been utilised.Zeta 1973, # 76. ContextMH I Late (third phase) witha littleMH III fromburial 3 above. 73-026. fig. 9.11.

(v) Chert Sickle Element (6135)

6135. Complete^). L. 3.0. W. 1.4. Th. (max.) 0.6. Reddishbrownchert.Roughlytrapezoidal,withright,distal and proximaledges bifaciallyworked.Rightedge serrated, withseven teethformedby carefulbifacialretouch;heavy

sicklegloss visible on both faces of edge. Eta 1973, # 20. ContextMH I Late, withsome EH I, EH II Late and LH IIA and one Medieval sherd.73-509. plate 5 1, fig. 9.11. 6136-6137. Numbersnot used.

(vi) Chert and Lapis Lacedaemonius Denticulate Blades (6138-6142) The chertsaw 6141 could be a sickle elementon which silica gloss went unrecognisedwhen the descriptionwas made. Anotherexample, HS 243, was foundduringthe earlierexcavationsin the MH III or MH III/LH I graveBeta 6, withthetwo obsidianarrowheadsHS 242.95Withthe cobbles knownfromthe MBA, but 6107 and 6111, the saw 6142 is the sole implementof fopisfocedaemonius itscontextalso containedsherdsdated to LH IIA, a timewhen the stonewas definitely beingworked. 6138. Complete.L. 2.7. W. 1.4. Th. (max.)0.6. Red chert. Roughlytriangularoutlinewitha bluntroundedend; most ofone longedge serrated,theotherserratedonlynearbase. Triangularsection.No sicklegloss present.Nu 1977, # 3. ContextMH III/LH I witha littleEH II and one LH 1/ IIA sherdfromshaftgrave burial 13. 77-201. Not drawn; shownin plate 5 1. 6139. Complete. L. 2.5. W. 1.45. Th. (max.) 0.3. Grey chert.Roughly semicircularoutline,with 'diameter' side serrated;'circumference'side finelyretouched.Very thin section,concave on one side and convex on the other.No sicklegloss present.Nu 1977, # 34. ContextMH III Early with a littleLH I and a littleEH II (make-upof Upper Pebbled Road). 77-209. Not drawn;shownin plate 51. 6140. Complete. L. 2.5. W. (max.) 1.8. Th. (max.) 0.55. Red chertwithblue-greyvein. Roughlypentagonaloutline, with longest side serrated;two of remainingshort sides retouched.Very thin section, concave on one side and

convex on the other.No sicklegloss present.Nu 1977, # 43. Context MH III Early (Lower Pebbled Road) witha littleLH I. 77-212. Not drawn; shownin plate 51. 6141. Complete. L. 4.3. W. 2.55. Th. 0.9. Green chert. Tertiarynon-corticaltrapezoidalflakeoftriangularsection, with narrow side of the triangleformingunworkedand irregularcurvingedge, but opposite longer straightedge convex.Beta 1977, workedintotwelve'teeth'.Sides slightly # 106. ContextMH III Early,perhaps witha littleLH I. 77-048. Not drawn;shownin plate 51. [6142. Complete. L. 3.7. W. 2.7. Th. 0.9. Lapis Thick flake with rectangularoutline and lacedaemonius. wedge-shapedsection. Distal end roughlytruncated.Left six teeth. edge exhibitslow,medium,scalarretouchforming Beta 1977, # 89. Context LH IIA (fromFloor 1 or Beta burial 28) withsome MH III and a littleEH II. 77-040. PLATE 5 1 , FIG. 9. 1 1 .]

(vii) Obsidian End-Scrapers (6143-6144) 6143. Complete. L. 2.0. W. 1.4. Th. 0.3. Roughly triangularflake,concave on one side and convex on the other.The two long edges on convex side have relatively use as scraper. steepand dense secondaryretouchsuggesting Eta 1973, # 55. ContextMH II, althoughbasketincluded LH IIIC Earlyburial 13. 73-518. fig. 9.11.

[6144. Chipped at edges and brokenat one end(?j. L. 2.3. W. (max.) 1.4. Th. 0.4. D-shaped blade curvedat one end and one edge, with broad ridge runningapproximately down centre of back; trapezoidal section. No retouch reported.Beta 1977, # 120. ContextMH I Late. 77-050. fig. 9.11.]

(viii) Obsidian Hollow-Based Projectile Points (6145-6149) [6145. One barb broken.L. (max. ex.) 1.7. W. (max.) 0.9. Th. 0.3. Coveringretouchon dorsal surface,unretouched section on ventralface. Zeta 1973, # 87. Context MH I Late or MH II, with one Medieval sherd. 73-024. plate 51, FIG. 9.II.

[6146. Tip of pointmissing.L. (max. ex.) 1.1. W. (max.) withdeep (0.4),roughlysemicircular 1.05. Th. 0.2. Triangular indentationat base; veryslightlylunatein section(back is convex, frontis concave). Pressureflakedalong all three edgeson bothsides.H. Blitzernotedthatitis pressureflaked, completelyon dorsalsurfaceand on edgesofventralsurface, technique(notparalleledat Nichoria) notching usingalternate withfairlyregularcontrolledflaking.Nu/Gamma1 1974, #

95

9. ContextMH III Early,withLH IIA fromburials7-10 and a littleEH. 74-209. plate 51, fig. 9.1 1. [6147. Pointand bothbarbsbrokenoff.L. (max.ex.) 1.45. W. (max.) 0.9. Th. 0.4. Narrowtriangular outline;triangular section(one side is flat,otherridged).Retouchnotdescribed. Beta 1977, # 88. Context MH III Early (road s of wall en). 77-036. plate 51, fig. 9.1 1. [6148. Tip of one barb broken off.L. 1.9. W. 1.2. Th. 0.4. Triangularoutline.Invasive but not coveringretouch on both surfaces.High keel on one surface.Nu 1977, # 5. ContextMH III/LH I witha littleEH II and conceivably a littleLH I/IIA fromshaftgraveburial 13. 77-202. plate 51, fig. 9.11.

Taylour 1972, 233, pl. 42I1.7.

THE MIDDLE HELLADIC SMALL FINDS §7 [6149. Leftedgesheared.L. 1.2. W. 1.0. Th. (max.)0.2. flake. is smallandmarginal Madeonbroken Retouch tertiary to invasiveon bothsurfaces. Nu 1977,#22. ContextMH

441

III/LH I (foundation trench ofwallnf)withtwoLH I sherds anda littleEH II. 77-207.plate51, fig.9.11.]

in theMH Two similararrowheads, HS 242a and 242b, werefoundduringtheearlierexcavations III or MH III/LH I graveBeta6, together withthechertdenticulate HS 243·96 piece (ix) Obsidian Tanged Projectile Point (6150, fig. 9.11) one oflongedgespartially 6150. Tip and base missing, L. (max.ex.) 1.3.W. (max.ex.) 1.05.Th. (max.) shattered. workedalongbothlong outline, 0.05. Triangular bifacially

sides.Nu 1977, # 45 (fillbelow LowerPebbledRoad). ContextMH II-MH III Early.77-215.plate 51, fig.9.11. 6151-6152. Numbersnotused.

(x) Obsidian Retouched Blade (6153) [6153. Brokenat one end.L. (max.ex.) 0.85. W. 0.9. Th. blade withsharpridgedown 0.25. Roughlyparallel-sided centre ofback.Possibleevidenceofnibbledretouch on both

edges.Nu 1977,# 22. ContextMH III/LH I (foundation trenchofwallnf)withtwoLH I sherdsand a littleEH II. 77-231.Notillustrated.]

In thisassemblage, whichis usedfor objectsin obsidianaremuchmorecommonthanthosein chert, in sickle elements and denticulates. This distribution is the reverse of thesituation preference only thatprevailsatNichoria.97 No doubtitreflects thegreater of proximity AyiosStephanostothesources of obsidianon Melos. Lapis lacedaemonius was perhapsfirstused forsaw blades in LH I- II;98 the contextof 6142 is suspect.The only otherobjectsfroma MH contextin thisstone,the cobbles6107 and 6111, are probablyraw material.That thisstonewas not workedlocallyuntil LH I- II is a remarkable conclusion, giventhatitssourceis so closeto thesite,butone thataccords withfindsof the stone fromelsewherein the Aegean, whichare limitedto the LBA." The of hollow-based greaterfrequency projectilepointsrelativeto thatof barbedand tangedpointsis with MH Lerna.100 comparable 7. THE LINEAR A INSCRIPTION R.Janko

(6154, fig. 9.12)

Duringtheexcavationof 1973 therecame to lightin a surfacelevel the smallstoneobject6154, whichbears two incised signsthatappear to be Linear A. Accordingto the standardsystem of numeration,101 whereHS standsfor'Hagios Stephanos',thistextis numberedHS Zg 1.102 The schisttabmentioned in publications soon afteritsdiscovery103 as possiblyinscribedin LinearΒ is thissame object.Studyof the stratigraphy revealsthatthisfindis likelyto have originated in MH III-LH I levels.104 1 remainmostgrateful to thelateJohnChadwickforadviceabouttheoriginal ofthispiece. publication (i) Description and Context

6154. Probablyintactin finaluse,thoughendsbroken offacrossthegrainof thestone.Faintrandomscratches fromwear,frontand back.Some concretion on front. L. (ex.) 4.21. W. (max.)1.9, (min.)1.8. Th. 0.62. Wt.9.8 g. tab of horizontally-grained Small,sub-rectangular greymicaceousstone,mostprobably localphyllite black,slightly schist. backandsidespolishedsmoothwithrounded Front, brokenand nototherwise finished. corners;endsroughly Sidesslightly sectionsub-rectangular. Twosigns, convergent,

96 Taylour 1Q72, 233, pl. 42h.!, 3. 97 Blitzer 1QQ2,727.

98See Chapter10 §7 (xv)below. 99See Chapter14 §§3 (vi) (c) and 4 (iii)below. 100Runnels on the 1985, 368-9. For further commentary assemblagesee Appendix6.

(a) and (b), are inciseddiagonallyacrossthewidthofthe stone.Sign(a): H. 1.1.W. 0.5. Sign(b): H. 1.3.W. 0.5. D. (inner)of circle0.29. Strokesveryfirmly incised,except forthe cross-barof sign(a), whichis a littlefainter but definitely present.Lambda 1, 1973,# 5. Surfacecontext LH HI. including earlyMH toLH IIIC Early,butmostly 73-803.PLATE 51, FIG.9.12. 6155-7000. Numbersnotused.

101Godartand Olivier1076. 102First publishedinJanko1982ο, it also appearsin Godart and Olivieriq8f;,16. 103Michaud1074,613: Cartledere iq7q. ro. 104See Chapter 1 §5 (v) above.

Ε. C. BANKS, WITH R. JANKO

442

Fig. 9.12. Middle Helladic small finds. Carved stone: tab with linear A inscription 6154. Scale 1:1.

It is difficult has been lostat theends; is mysterious. to believe thatanything The purposeofthisartefact thenatureofthestoneexplainswhytheseends are notneatlyfinishedliketheothersurfaces.Thereis no and unless such traceshave been completelybrokenaway,the stonecannot traceof any perforation, have been any kindof label. To suggestthatit is an amuletis a counsel of despair.There is no similar are somewhat countersfromAyia Tríada105 inscribedobjectin Brice 1961, but theinscribedterracotta tab An broken terracotta that is a inscribed in and is the similar shape size. One possibility weight. object A L 1 1 has Linear 1 1 1 a MM IIIB which bears Ε o (KY W , from fromKythera, o, stratum), sign tentatively been describedas a weight,but it is pierced at the survivingcorners;the clay bars fromMallia and bear no resemblanceto 6154. The natureoftheartefact to whichthishas been compared,106 Palaikastro, is in LinearΒ thanin LinearA: to date,LinearΒ texts makesitmuchless probablethattheinscription are almostexclusivelylimitedto clay tabletsand inscribedstirrup jars. The tab was foundin trenchLambda 1, dug in 1973. The top of the hill upon whichthe Bronze stood has been heavilyeroded. Lambda 1 is situatedon itssw slope, and the modern Age settlement surfacehad a steepgradient(fig. 1.39).Joinsin sherdsbetweenthe top (n) and bottom(s) ends of the trenchshow thatthe slope was itselfundergoingerosion.The tab was foundin the mixed greysoil thatconstituted the surfacelevel,near thes end ofthetrench.The associatedpotteryconsistedmainly ofEarlyMycenaeanwash (LH I-IIA), witha certainamountof LH IIIA-IIIC Early.There were two buildingphases in thissector,MH III Late-LH ILA and LH IIIC Early; the latterhas been largely eroded away, and the walls and floorlevels of the formerwere close to the surface.All the floorsof thisearlierphase had been eroded to some extent.While it is conceivable thatthe object belongs to LH III, a late MH or EarlyMycenaean originis more probable. (ii) The Signs as LinearA: (a) as the'double-axe' sign(L 52 in thetranscription The twosignsare readilyidentifiable of Pope and Raison 1977 and 08 in thatof Godartand Olivier 1976), and (b) as the 'cat's head' sign (L 95 Pope/Raison and 80 Godart/Olivier).The formof the 'double-axe' would be acceptable as Linear B, but thatof the 'cat's head' is not foundin the latterscript.This type of the 'double-axe',

105Brice 1961, pl. XV.

106Coldstream and Huxley 1972, 205.

THE MIDDLE HELLADIC SMALL FINDS §7

443

wherethereis no cross-pieceat thetop and the centraluprightdoes not crossthehorizontal,is known at Zakros (ZA 7a.2) and possiblyat Khania and Thera (KH 5.1, TE Z 2). Pope and Raison classifyit as theirType L 52d.107This type of 'cat's head', with single lines representingthe cat's 'ears' and no attemptwithinthecircleto representtheanimal's'eyes' or 'nose', is knownfromAyia Tríada,Phaistos and perhapsGournia (HT 6b.2, 31.3, 1 i6a6, etc.). Pope and Raison classifythisas typesL 95c or L 95d. Both signsare reducedto thebarestessentials.The hardnessofthe stoneused forthe inscription but I would suspectalso thatthe signsare late and may partlyaccountforthisextremesimplification, to the final of the The belong stages script. inscriptionthusreads: .1

08-80

Transcribedaccordingto theirLinear Β equivalents,the signsread: .1

a-ma

This signgroupis commonenoughin the Linear Β tabletsát Knossos,whereit oftenprecedes a large in thenominative. quantityofgrain.108 MorpurgoDavies109suggestedthatitmighttherebe a substantive But its incidence in Linear Β is irrelevant,especially since the group is frequentin Linear A.110It occursas firstgroupon a clay bar fromMallia, wherethe formsofthe signsare both more archaic.A tabletfromZakros has thesesignsat the startof a badly damaged text: 08-80 o8-8o[

Mallia, MA lb.i (firstsigngroup) Zakros,ZA 7b. 1 (firstsigngroup)

The two signsalso occur withdifferent as follows: 'suffixes',111 08-80-57 o8-8o-6o-24-[ 09-80-54-41

Khania, KH 14.1 (firstsigngroup) Skhinia,SK Zb 1 (startof inscription) gold pin, originunknown,CR(?) Zf 1 (firstsigngroup)

These are rightlytransliterated accordingto the systemof Pope and Raison 1977 as α-ma(twice),ama-ja,a-ma-ra-?[,and a-ma-wa-siluThe use of 57 (L 32), i.e. ja, as a 'suffix'is particularlywell established. (iii) Conclusion Boththeformofthisinscriptionand thefactthatit is incisedon a stoneobject supportthehypothesis thatits scriptis Linear A ratherthanLinear B. It is a pitythatit lacks a clear archaeologicalcontext, but its discoveryis a furthervaluable indicationof the close links between this part of southern Laconia and Minoan Crete. Linear A is alreadyknownfromKythera,and studyof the potteryfrom Ayios Stephanos has revealed early and prolonged Minoan influence,mediated via Kythera.The veryexistenceof thisfirstscrap of Linear A fromthe Laconian coast is itselfinformative.113

107 Pope and Raison 1077, 40. 108E.ff.KN Ε 8*ο. ίο**. 109 Morpurgo 1063, s.v. a-ma. 110Godart and Olivier 1985, 163.

111Godart and Olivier iq8r. 16s. 26^. 112On thefreauencvofthese'suffixes'see Packard 'c'^a 1αλ-a 113For furtherdiscussion see Chapter 14 §3 (vi) below.

Chapterίο The Late BronzeAge smallfinds E. B. French, withR.Janko itemsfromrelated [Editor'snote:thisChapterwas largelycompletedin 1995. A fewunpublished in theearlierexcavationshave been added in cases wherethestratigraphy contexts is re-examined in thepresentvolume,or metallurgical has been done their (see Appendix5); analysis descriptions dependon theexcavationrecordsonly,and theyhave notbeen studiedby theauthor.I have also In addition, a fragment providedan accountoftheobjectsin chippedstonefromMycenaeancontexts. ofan ostrich from a an exotic item used as or destined for context, eggshell Mycenaean presumably a luxuryobject,is publishedas 9214. A numberof shellsof the species Glycymeris (dog cockle), Cerastoderma and Acanthocardia (cockle),foundin MH and LH contexts,were probablyused as ornaments (9255-9274)·1] Author's note:theMycenaeansmallfindsfromAyiosStephanoswereto havebeen thecontribution ofBillyTaylourhimself, butthischapterwas notevendrafted, apartfromsomenoteson thebeads, he commissioned from Anna and although drawings Poelstra-Tragá othersand discussedthechapter withcolleagues,including After his death I offered to deal withtheseitems,becauseI was in myself. the bestpositionto visitSpartaand cope withthe problemsof access to the objectsfora basic In completing thetask,I realisehow muchI do notknowaboutthevariouscategories of restudy. to importspecialists forthissmallquantity find,butitwouldhavebeen unrealistic ofmaterial, even had repeatedaccessto it been possible.For some entriesthecatalogueis based on notesmade by BettyBanks,whohas kindlyallowedme to makeuse ofheroriginalcatalogueand has added notes fromwhichI have benefited. Helen Hughes-Brock wentthroughthe originalrecordsand added notesfromwhichI have also benefited. I also thankJane Cocking,RosemaryPayne and John Youngerforbeingpreparedto answerquestions. The rangeofsmallfindsthatcan be consideredto have been manufactured in Mycenaeantimesis similarto,butnotidenticalwith,thatfromothercomparablesites,particularly whichwas Nichoria,2 excavatedat a similarperiod.The accountof MycenaeanLerna,3whichhas appearedsincethis also providesan important reference base forthe AyiosStephanosmaterial. chapterwas written, Thisreportconcernsonlythefindsof 1973, 1974 and 1977,as thoseofpreviousseasonshavebeen dealtwithadequatelyin Taylour1972. The findsconsistof itemsin bone, metal (bronzeand lead), clay (including'terracotta') and stone.Theyare all practicalitemsof dailyuse, exceptperhapsfora seal and fortheconsiderable numberofbeadsthataccompaniedthemanyinfant and childburialsfoundon thesite.Some ofthe beads in faienceand glasshave suffered to whichtheyhave been badlyin the storageconditions in spiteof seeing subjected.In some cases it has been necessaryto use the originaldescription, the object.The divisionbetweenfaienceand glass has been made witha X30 hand-lens and withthe help of the commentsof Helen Hughes-Brock. A fewitemseithercannotbe locatedat presentor were not retrievedwhen the studywas made (autumn1992). The apparentdate of and not of thefind'scontext, has been used throughout manufacture, thereportin orderto allow morecoordinated discussions. The numberof findsis small,butthismustbe relatedto thearea of the Mycenaeansettlement exposed,c. 945 sq. m., comparedwithabout4600 sq. m at Nichoria.4 littlecan be Unfortunately, said aboutthefunctional withtheexceptionofthefloordepositsand theburials.Fewgive contexts, 1 See Chapter 12 §* (ii) below. 2 McDonald and Wilkie 1992.

3 Wiencke iqq8. 4 McDonald and Wilkie 1992, 675.

445

446

Ε. Β. FRENCH, WITH R. JANKO

some of the much help in interpretingthe areas from which they came. Also, unfortunately, in for this available to me time sections could not be made study. interpretative (7001-7009, fig. 10.1) The numberof bone objects is small,as at Nichoria,but thismay be an indicationof conditionsof fromthe earlier retrievalor of preservation.The chronologicalcoverage is fulland shows continuity interest is of of the of small number the (plate 52) and includes items, range types periods.Despite three tools (7006-7008) of a type that I cannot find noted elsewhere. These, like the complete point (7002), come from the good contexts of LH IIIC Early, while the short point (7004) is considerablyearlier.It may be noted thatthereis no ivoryor antlerfromthe Mycenaean levels. The one piece of unworkedboar's tusk9164 is more probablyMH I in date, althoughits context had slightLH contamination. 1. BONE

L. (max.)2.3. [7001. Point;notseen.Pointonlypreserved. Th. (max.)0.6. Highlypolishedsurface.Beta 3, 1959, # 15. ContextLH IIIC EarlywithsomeMH and perhaps Medieval.59-535.Notillustrated.] 7002. Point.Good condition.L. 13.8. W. (max) 1.9. intopointandwellused.Zeta Animallongbonesharpened 1973, # 10. Surfacecontextwithmuch Mycenaean, also with LH IIIA, and someMH, presumably including LH IIIC Earlyand Medieval.73-003.plate 52, fig.10.1. L. 1.5. D. 0.9. Thick 7003. Point.Brokenfragment. end.Beta1974,#41.Context brokenateither conicalshaft, LH I-II withsomeΜΗ Ι-ΙΙ and a littleEH II. 74-035. Notillustrated. L. 4.5.Th. 1.35.Shorttool,tapering 7004. Point.Broken. animal from longbone.Beta 1977,#82. Context sharply, LH IIA witha littleEH, MH and Medieval.77-053.Not drawn;shownin plate 52. 7005. Pin or awl. Good condition,pointedend only to L. (max.ex.) 3.5. D. (max.ex.) 0.3. Tapering preserved. on oppositesides. flattened bluntpoint;slightly a somewhat Polished.Nu/Gamma1, 1974, # 10. ContextMH HI/

of wall nf).74-245.Not drawn; LH I (foundation-trench shownin plate 52. workedflange.Flangeend only.L. 7006. Burnisher(?), at angleto shaftwithnarrowed cut W. 2.3. Flange 3.4. handleabove; brokenwithwear.Epsilon1973,# 5. LH withsomeMH I-II andLH IIIA2. 73IIIC Earlycontext, 104. PLATE 52, FIG. 1O.1.

L. 3.7. W. 0.8 x 1. Brokenfragment. 7007. Burnisher. polishedtool;at one end thetwobroad Long four-sided sidesconverge.Beta 1974, #14 (floordeposit).Context LH IIIC Early.74014a. plate 52, fig.10.1. L. 1.2. W. 0.8 x 1. Brokenfragment. 7008. Burnisher. Shaftsimilarto 7007 but smaller.Beta 1974, # 14. LH IIIC Earlycontext. 74-014b. Notillustrated. brokenat one end. 7009. Boneobject;notseen.Slightly shaftwithroundedangles;one L. 5.7. Th. 0.9. Trifaceted end workedto a point.Beta 1974,# 42. ContextLH II. 74-039.Notillustrated. W. 1.2 x 0.5. L. notseen.Broken. 7010. Boneobject; *workedon bothsides3.3. a saw'. Beta like tapering; Slightly LH IIA-IIIAi. 74-042.Notillustrated. 1974,#33. Context

7013. smallfinds.Bone:points7002, 7006-7007.Copper:rings7011-7012.Bronze:tweezers Fig. 10.1.Mycenaean Lead: rivets7018-7019.Scale 1:2.

THE LATE BRONZE AGE SMALL FINDS §2 2. METAL

(7011-7022,

447

fig. 10.1)

a picturesimilarto thepreviouscategory. The copperor bronzeobjectsoffer Theirnumberis small, but thisis a commonsituation; therangeof interest, is all but theearliest Almost however, high. come fromdestruction and this is doubtless for their in antiquity.5 non-retrieval levels, responsible The ringwithexternal is said to date to but it is elaborate (7011) hatching EarlyMycenaean, unusually and apparently it in does not stand out the though unparalleled, metallurgical analyses(seeAppendix 5). The ringwithattachment (7012) and the simpletweezers(7013) are quite at home in their LH IIIAi context,as are theotheritemsfromtheLH IIIC Earlycontexts. Threecruciblescraps and a of residue in a were found (7053) piece metallurgical (7053a) Mycenaeancontext(theLH IIIC Floor see 5); Early Appendix4. Lead is extremely commonin Mycenaeancontexts,6 buttherecoveredremainsare oftendifficult to interpret, and therangeofuses is notyetfullyunderstood. All fiveobjectsfromthissite(7018are The date of the rivet should be noted,7and one maywonderwhether 7022) 7018 typical. early was morecommonat timeswhenpotsrepresented a greaterinputofeffort thanlater,when riveting theywere mass produced.Certainlyin subsequentperiodsrivetsare most commonon large storagepots,whereno doubttheywereusedtorepaira vesseluntilitscontents (presumably dry!)had beenusedup or emptiedout.[See also 8049.] (i) Copper or Bronze (7011-7017) 7011. Copper ring.About threequarterspreserved. W. 0.35. D. 2.2. Th. 0.1. Thinstripbentto forma ring; verticalhatchingon outerface. Containsno tin (see Appendix5). Beta1974,#37. ContextLH I-IIB withlate ΜΗ. 74-Ο32. PLATE52, FIG. 1O.1.

W.0.6. 7012. Copperringwithattachment. Complete(?). D. 2.1. Th. 0.1. Thinbroadstripbentintoa circlewith endsoverlapping; secondstriptwistedoverringto form knot.Containsno tin(see Appendix5). Beta 1974,#16 (overFloor1). ContextLH IIIAi withsomeLH I- II. 74022. Plate 52, fig.10.1. [7012a. Copperfillet(?) (notseen).Threefragments: (a) and (b) brokenon all edgesexceptone,(c) brokenon all edges. (a) L. (max.)2.2.W. (max.)1.1.Th. 0.1. (b) L. (ex.)0.6. W. (ex.)0.7. Th. 0.08. (c) L. (max.)2.0. W. (ex.) 1.0.Th. 0.08. Contains no tinbutsomearsenic, so probably MH orearly LH (see Appendix5). Beta 11, 1963,#6. Sectorgamma, i.e.s endoftrench; foundnearbuckle8001.Context mostly LH IIIC Early,withsomeMH andMedieval LH, including in 8001. 63-538.Notillustrated.] 7013. Bronzetweezers. Completebutbroken.L. 6.9. W. ends.Very 0.7. Th. 0.2. Open'-spring typewithflattened hightincontent(seeAppendix5). Beta 1974,# 21 (Floor 1). ContextLH IIIAi withsomeLH I- II. 74-026. plate 52, fig.10.1. 7014. Bronze pin or tool. Part only. Overall measurements as bent:L. 3.5. H. 3. D. shaft0.3. Curveas

ofarcfibulabutwithout ateither coil;flattening end, spring morebroadlyat top. Epsilon1973, # 3. LH IIIC Early context withsomeMH I- II. 73-103.Notdrawn;shownin PLATE 52.

7015. Bronzepin or needle.Brokenat bothends.L. 7. D. 0.2. Longstraight shaft. Beta 1974,# 14 (floordeposit). ContextLH IIIC Early.74-016. Not drawn;shownin

PLATE 52.

7016. Bronzesheet(knifeblade?).Triangular fragment. L. 3. W. 1.3. Th. 0.14. Flatsheetwithno originaledges; cannotbelongto 7017 belowbecauseofhighertincontent (seeAppendix5). Lambda/Beta12, 1974,#45 (Room4, Floor5). ContextLH IIIC EarlywithLH I wash.74-820. Notillustrated. of blade and 7017. Bronzeknifeblade. Two fragments fourmiscellaneous L. W. (min.) fragments. 7.5. 2.5. Type broadbladewithone straight indeterminate; edgeandone (seeAppendix5). Lambda/Beta sloping.Hightincontent 12, 1974,#45 (Room4, Floor5). ContextLH IIIC Early withLH I wash.74-821.Notdrawn;shownin plate 52. [7017a. Bronzefillet(?)(not seen). Probablybrokenall round.L. (max.)4.7.W.(max.)1.8.Th.0.1.Thinrectangular strip.Containsverylittletinbutsomearsenic,so probably MH or earlyLH (see Appendix5). Beta 10, 1974,#32. Surfacecontext,mostlyMedievalwithsome Mycenaean and a littleMH. 74-030.Notillustrated.]

(ii) Lead (7018-7022) SurfacecontextwithMH to 'LH IIIB' (reallyLH IIIC 7018. Rivet.Brokenand corroded.L. 3.72. W. 0.8. Th. 0.6. Twolongstrips joinedbytwobridges.Lambda/ Beta Early)and Medieval.63-555.Notillustrated.] 12, 1974,#71. ContextLH I-IIA. 74-838.fig.10.1. brokenand corroded.L. 7021. Sheet,threefragments, L. (max.ex.) 1.92.W.0.95. Th. 7019. Rivet(?)fragment. bend 4.7, 2.6, 1.5.Th.0.2. Box(?);flatsheetwithright-angle at one side.Beta 1974,# 14 (floordeposit).ContextLH 0.09. H. (withrivet)0.92. D. (max.ex. ofrivet)0.51. Thin and remainsof IIIC Early.74-015.Notillustrated. rectangular stripwithone rivetpreserved secondrivet.Bentandbrokenat bothends.Epsilon1973, 7022. Base(?).Brokenabovebasenodule.D. 2.1. Th.0.8. #24. LH IIIC Earlycontext, withsomeMH I-II, LH IIB Lowersurface withconicaldepression andcentral irregular, and LH IIIA2. 73-109.fig.10.1. withbrokensides.Lambda2, lump;smoothuppersurface [7020. Strip(notseen). Complete,foldedrightover.L. 1974,# 4. ContextLH IIIA2-B fill,withsomeMH and LH I-II and one Medievalsherd.74-802.Notillustrated. (folded)2.6, (unfolded, est.)6.1. W. 2.5. Th. 0.4-2.5. Flat Beta 12, 1963,# 76. rectangular shape,uneventhickness. 5

6iQ,

Catling 1992, 624. 6 Mossman in preparation.

7 Cf. the 1992, 624.

examplefromNichoriain McDonald and Wilkie

448

Ε. Β. FRENCH, WITH R. JANKO

3. TERRACOTTA, CLAY AND RE-USED POTTERY (i) Whorls and Conuli (7023-7052, fig. 10.2) The clay'whorls'(I includeall sizes)foundin theLBA and laterlevelspresenta problem.In the tothesmallconicalandbiconical theexamplesfoundinEarlyMycenaeanlevelsareconfined Argolid, LH II and LH III.8 The fromthearea oftheCitadel to between evidence stone types;claygivesway have also been foundtherein LH but unusual terracotta House at Mycenaeconfirms this, examples the At Nichoria,theclaytypeswererecoveredfromlevelsdatingthroughout IIIC Late contexts.9 we for the If of the is similar.10 we had details but the overall contexts, ranges pottery period, pattern at residual. To me the scenario are that some of the scattered be able to suggest Ayios examples might somemayhavecontinued The large,coarserwhorlsareofMH manufacture; seemssimilar. Stephanos in use and possiblymanufacture intotheEarlyMycenaeanperiod(as lateas LH IIIAi), butby then thesmallertypesoffinerclayare produced.Thesebecomerarein theMycenaeanperiod,butthere thealmostcompleteabsence maybe a revivalofclaywhorlsin LH IIIC. Whatis notclearis whether the ofclayexamplesin Mycenaeantimesin theArgolidis also trueoftheprovinces. Unfortunately, behindthesechangesin usageis evidencefromAyiosStephanosdoes nothelp.The socialstructure and noneofweavingfromAyios evidenceofspinning Thereis littledistinctive tointerpret.11 difficult fromtheearlierperiod(6058little of and in the weaving surprisingly period, Mycenaean Stephanos on themainlandofGreece,a is found such evidence it be noted how But above). rarely 6059 may ofthesettlement, factthatprobablyindicatesthatweavingtookplace awayfromthemajorbuildings withtheaddition even evidence.12 in the textual conditions undertheindustrial Unfortunately, apparent in a primary context we haveas yetno examplesofMycenaeanloomweights ofrecentfinds, (including a groove). twoexampleswerefoundthere,one withand one without at Lerna,although The clay whorlsfromAyiosStephanoscan be dividedintofourchronological groups:EH II, MH, EarlyMycenaeanand LH IIIC, withone outlier.Of the39 examplesfoundin LH and later levels,thetwoEH objects(5001 and 5002) and fourin the MH group(6018, 6019, 6031 and 6036) are cataloguedin Chapters8-9 above. The MH whorlsare of types,fabricsand surface knownfromthewhorlsfoundin actualMH levelsand describedin Chapter9 §3 above treatment and surfaceare particularly fig. noticeable;bothburnished (see 9.2). The flattopsand theirregular are hand-smoothed examples present. In the EarlyMycenaeangroupI have placed six further examplesof MH types(7023-7028). butthereis no wayofknowingwhentheywereproduced. ThesecomefromLH I-IIIAi contexts, whichis a Anotherexample(7029, fig. 10.2) shouldbe linkedto these,thoughitsroundedprofile, Also from MH in the is not MH from the Early group. actuallyparalleled types2-3, development arefivebiconical(7030-7034)andthreeconical(7040-7042)examples.Another Mycenaeancontexts fivearebiconical(7035-7039) and two sevenEarlyMycenaeanexamplescomefromlatercontexts: conical(7043-7044). Two types(7046-7052) probablybelongto theLH IIIC periodratherthan doesnothelpthishypothesis. theirpoorcondition Theyaredifferentiated Unfortunately, beingresidual. left or a dark colour to burnished are either since untreated, the surface completely treatment, they by but contexts in ware as known the of red friable a fine is fabric the but Mycenaean cooking type clay, it I think that made well is so One conical of schist. clear hereshowing may example(7045) glints andbe a clayexampleofthenormalLH IIIA-IIIB stoneconulus. antedateitsLH IIIC Earlycontext (a) MIDDLE HELLADIC TYPES OF WHORL FROM EARLY MYCENAEAN CONTEXTS aroundhole at top truncated H. 4.1. D. (max.)4.2. conical,unusuallyirregular 7023. Brokenbutnearlycomplete. andbottom.Lambda1, 1973,# 21 (Floor3). ContextLH Wt. (ex.) 71 g. MH Type2. Red coarseclaywithmany IIIAi withmuchLH I-II. 73-810.fig.10.2. smoothed; inclusions; veryflattop.Beta1974,# 16. lightly ContextLH IIIAi withsomeLH I-II. 74-018.fig.10.2. 7026. Almostcomplete.H. 3.5. D. (max.)4.2. Wt.(ex.) Wt. D. H. break. surface 54 g. MH Type3. Coarsedarkred claywithinclusions; (max.)3.3. 3.6. 7024. Large flattened outer with Fine core MH hand-smoothed; top and bottom.Beta 1974, # grey gritty 3. (ex.) 46 g. Type IIIAi withsomeLH I-II. 74LH Context 21 Nu surface. but hand-smoothed (Floor1). 1973, irregular layer;fine 028. Notdrawn;shownin plate 52. #6. ContextLH I/IIA,cutbyLH IIIAi burial4. 73-204. FIG. 1O.2. 7027. Whorlorconulus.Broken.H. (est.)4. D. (max.)4, MH D. H. Battered. (hole) 1.2. MH Type 3. Fine reddishclay; traces of 3. (max.) 3.29. Type 3.32. 7025. tall fired with some fine Darkbrownclay, secondaryburning(twoverticallines).Lambda 3, 1977, veryhard; grits; 8 Wace 1932,218-19, withBiegen1937,312-14. 9 Hughes-Brock, in preparation. 10 Smith1992,675-84. Carington

11Cf. Carington Smith1002,675-84. 12Chadwick1976, 150-2.

THE LATE BRONZE AGE SMALL FINDS §3

449

Fig. 10.2. Mycenaean small finds.Terracottawhorlsand conuli: MH types7023-7025, 7027-7029; EarlyMycenaean biconical 7031, 7033-7034, 7036, 7038-7039; Early Mycenaean conical 7040-7045; LH IIIC types7047, 7049, 7051. Scale 1:2.

# 57. Context MH III/LH I-LH I/IIA fill with a little Medieval. 77-848. fig. 10.2. 7028. About one fifthpreserved, proximal and distal edges chipped. H. 3.72. D. (max. est.) 4, (perforation) 0.7. Wt. (ex.) 15 g. MH Type3 withslightly concave sides.Fine, well integratedmicaceous clay withmostlydark gritsto 1 mm. Biscuit2.5YR 6/8 (lightred) withcore 5Y 6/1 (grey/ lightgrey)and surface5Y 5/1 (grey).Wellsmoothedsurface, (b) EARLY MYCENAEAN BICONICAL

probably originally polished. Lambda 2, 1974, #18. SurfacecontextcontainingLH I II Β to LH IIIC Early and some MH sherds.74-808. fig. 10.2. 7029. Nearlyintact.H. 4. D. (max.) 3.9. Wt. (ex.) 66 g. Red coarse clay, burnished;tall convex conical with flat top. Beta 1974, #16 (over Floor 1). MH or Early Mycenaean.ContextLH IIIAi withsome LH I- II. 74-019. fig. 10.2.

WHORLS

[7030. (Not seen). Chipped. H. (max.) 2.0. D. (top) 1.0, (max.) 2.2, (base) 0.9, (hole) 0.3. Lightbrown clay, hardfired;smallbiconical.Beta 1, 1959, #13. LH I- II context. 59-523. Not illustrated.] 7031. Intact.H. 3.2. D. (max.) 4.5, (hole) 1.4. Wt. 63 g. Red clay withlarge grits(fabricnot clearlyvisible); black to brown lightlyburnishedsurface;angular asymmetrical biconical,withunusuallylargehole and veryflatbase. Beta 1974, #16 (over Floor 1). Early Mycenaean. ContextLH IIIAi withsome LH I- II. 74-021. fig. 10.2. 7032. Less thanhalfpreserved.Badly worn.H. (ex.) 2.8. D. (max. est.) 4.3. Wt. (ex.) 8 g. Fine paie buffgrittyclay; no surfacepreserved;rounded biconical. Nu 2, 1974, # 25. Context LH IIA with a little EH II, LH III and Medieval. 74-214. Not drawn; shown in plate 52. 7033. Wornsurface.H. (ex.) 1.7. D. (max.) 3.1. Wt. (ex.) 13.5 g. Soft,veryfine,pale brownclay withoccasionallarge grits; asymmetricalbiconical with rounded carination; brokenat base and thenused thus.Beta 1977, # 68 (Floor

1). Early Mycenaean. Context LH IIIAi with LH I-II material.77-029. fig. 10.2. 7034. One quartermissing.H. 8.9. D. (max.) 3.5. Wt. (ex.) 25 g. Very poorly worked fine clay fired pink; smoothedmottledbuffsurface;biconicalwithflattened ends (more at top). Lambda 3, 1977, # 59. Early Mycenaean object in LH I-IIA context.77-846. fig. 10.2. 7035. Half preserved.H. 2.2. D. (ex.) 3. Wt. (ex.) 15 g. Coarse red clay,notwellworked;hand-smoothed; biconical. Beta 1974, #13 (floordeposit).PossiblyEarlyMycenaean. ContextLH IIIC Early witha littleEH II, MH III-LH II and perhaps Medieval. 74-011. Not illustrated. 7036. Almostintact.H. 1.5. D. (max.) 1.5. Fine red clay; well smoothed;biconical withconcave upper surface.Beta 1974, #15. ProbablyEarlyMycenaean.ContextLH IIIA2 withMedieval. 74-017. fig. 10.2. 7037. Fragment.H. (ex.) 1.5. D. (est.) 3. Wt. (ex.) 3 g. Fine greyclay;well smoothed;smallroundedbiconical.Beta λ9ΊΊι # 5· ProbablyEarly Mycenaean. ContextMedieval

45O

Ε. Β. FRENCH, WITH R. JANKO

witha littleMycenaeanand MH. 77-002. Not illustrated. 7038. Almostcomplete.H. 3.8. D. (max.)4.5. Wt. (ex.) 57 biconical g. Finegritty clayfiredblotchyblacktobrownish-red; withflattop. Beta 1977, #13. ProbablyEarlyMycenaean. ContextMedievalwithMycenaean.77-006. fig. 10.2. (c) EARLY MYCENAEAN CONICAL WHORLS (FIG. 7040. Intact.H. 2.9. D. (max.) 3.1. Wt. 30 g. Reddishbrowngrittyclay of sandy texturewithfewinclusions;no visible surfacetreatment;truncatedconical with flattop; slightprotrusionaround hole at base. Beta 1974, # 38. ContextLH I withLH IIB. 74-031. fig. 10.2. H. 3.2. D. (max.) 4.1. Wt. (ex.) 28 g. 7041. Fragmentary. Fine red clay; burnishedsurface;irregulartruncatedcone with concave sides. Beta 1977, # 63 (Floor 1). Early Mycenaean. ContextLH IIIAi withLH I- II material.77028. fig. 10.2. 7042. Chipped at top. H. 2.2. D. (max.) 2.7. Wt. (ex.) 15 g. Red coarse clay notwell worked;well smoothed;burnish tool markson top only; truncatedcone withconcave sides and concave top; small hole; no wear on base. Beta 1977, # 82. ContextLH ILA witha littleEH, MH and Medieval. 77-034. FIG.1Ο.2.

7039. Slightlychippedat base. H. 1.7. D. (max.) 1.4. Wt. (ex.) 8 g. Fine red clay; well handled/smoothedsurface; biconical.Beta 1977, #22. Probably roundedasymmetrical Context Medieval, perhapswithone LH EarlyMycenaean. sherd.77-013. fig. 10.2. IO.2) 7043. Half preserved;chipped.H. 2.5. D. (max.) 3.3. Wt. (ex.) 12 g. Grey heavily-grittedclay; hand-smoothed; truncatedconical. Epsilon 1973, # 77. Probably Early Mycenaean. ContextLH IIIA2, but mostlyLH I- II witha littleMH I- III. 73-124. fig. 10.2. 7044. Good condition.H. 3. D. 2.9. Wt. 27 g. Well fired, pale sandy clay; no surfacetreatment;slightlyirregular truncatedconical withhole rough (notworn)at base. Beta 1977, # 20. Probably Early Mycenaean. Surfacecontext withMedieval and a littleMH and LH. 77-012. fig. 10.2. 7045. Whorl or conulus. Chipped in two places. H. 2.2. D. (max.) 3. Wt. 17 g. Soft yellow-red fabric, lightlyburnished or well-smoothed; of fine quality; truncated conical. Epsilon 1973, # 26. ContextLH IIIC Early (with a littleMH I- III), but possiblyof earliermanufacture(LH IIIA-B conulus?). 73-113. fig. 10.2.

(d) LATE MYCENAEAN TYPES OF WHORL

Burnished 7046. Verybatteredfragment.H. (ex.) 1.7. D. (ex.) 3.2. Very fine red clay with micaceous glints; surface dark burnished (preserved only in hole); probably conical. Epsilon 1973, # 18. LH IIIC Early context,with a little MH III and some LH IIIA2. 73-106. Not drawn; shown in plate 52.

7047. Broken,worn at base. H. (ex.) 1.94. D. (ex.) 2.2. Fine red clay with mica; hard fired;burnishedout; fired verydarkgrey;truncatedconical. Lambda / Beta 12, 1974, # 39 (Room 2, Floor 4). ContextLH IIIC Early withLH I- II wash. 74-817. fig. 10.2.

Plain 7048. One thirdonly preserved.H. (ex.) 3. D. 3.2. Fine friable red clay with mica, surface roughly finished; truncatedconical. Epsilon 1973, # 18. LH IIIC Early context,witha littleMH III and some LH IIIA2. 73-112. Not drawn;shownin plate 52. 7049. Chipped around string-holeat top and bottom; battered.H. 1.4. D. (max.) 2. Wt. (ex.) 4 g. Coarse grey micaceous clay; well-smoothedsurface; small truncated conical. Nu 1973, # 1, w of wall na. Probably LH IIIC Early. Surfacecontextwith MH-LH ΠΙΑ and Medieval. 73-202. fig. 10.2. 7050. Whorl or conulus. Half only. H. 1.34. D. (max.) 2.8. Grey-brownclay withroughsurface(burnt?);conical. Beta 1974, # 9. ContextLH IIIC Early (floordeposit),but

pot rangeLH I-LH IIIC Early.74-009. Not illustrated. 7051. Intact but worn. H. 4.5. D. (max.) 4.9, (hole at top) 1.2. Wt. 68 g. Fine brown-greyclay with some grit; not well treated;no surfacefinish;truncatedconical with very large hole. Lambda/Beta 12, 1974, # 51 (Room 2, Floor 4, e). Context LH IIIC Early withLH I wash. 74828. fig. 10.2. [7052. (Not seen). Only veryslightlychipped near hole. H. 1.8. D. (max.) 2.7, (hole) 0.4. Pink, slightlymicaceous clay withgreysurface;conical. Beta 12, 1963, # 74 (Room 4, Floor 5, e). Context includes MH, LH I- II, LH ΠΙΑ and 'LH IIIB' (reallyLH IIIC Early withLH I-II wash); possibly of late type, given its context. 63-529. Not illustrated.]

(ii) Tuyère(?), Crucible and Metallurgical Residue (7O52A-7O53a, fig. 10.3) continued thatmetal-working 7053 andresidue7053a,attest crucible-fragments including [Afewfinds, reed a canna of nozzle the i.e. blowpipe atthesiteduringthisperiod.Withtheprobabletuyère7052a, one maycomparethealmostidenticalobjectHS 311;13thelatterwas or bellowsusedin metallurgy, foundin a surfacelevel (basket63) ofTrenchBeta 12A, 1963, and mayderivefromthesameLH IIIC Earlycontextas 7053-7053^ viz.Floors4 and 5 of 1974.14] [7052a. Tuyère,spindle whorl,bead, pinhead or part of vessel(?). L. (max. ex.) 2.75. D. (max. ex.) 2.5, (hole) 0.5. Ovoid with remains of articulationat broken end. Hole 13 Taylour 1972, 260, pl. 51b, where it is called a 'nozzle(?)'

throughlong axis. Grey (10YR 6/1), rathercoarse fabric. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 36. ContextLH I-IIA fillwitha few Medieval sherds.77-822. plate 52 (twoviews),fig. 10.3.] 14See

Chapter 1 §5 (ii) withfig. 1.37.

THE LATE BRONZE AGE SMALL FINDS §23

451

Fig. 10.3. Mycenaean smallfinds.Terracotta:tuyère(?) 7052a; reused pottery7054-7057, 7059. Scale 1:2. (a) L. 2.3. W. 2.2. Th. 7°53- Three(?) cruciblefragments, 1.1. Gritty clayfiredbrown,badlycrackedon uppersurface. Square, brokenunderneath.74-847. (b) L. 3.5. W. 1.9. Th. 1.1. Clay fired red-brown, cracked on upper surface, flattenedabove and below and on one edge. 74-848. (c) L. 1.6. W. 1.2. Th. 0.8. Grittyclay firedred-brown,flattened and crackedon uppersurface,otherwiseirregular. Lambda/ Beta 12, 1974, # 52 (Room 4, Floor 5). Exact find-spots

unknown;fromwater-sieveresidue.ContextLH IIIC Early with LH I wash. 74-849. Not drawn; shown in plate 52 (two views, interiorsfromleftto right,and exteriorsfrom leftto right). [7053a. (Not seen). Metallurgical residue. One lump. Greenish;no otherdetailsrecorded.Not analysed.Lambda/ Beta 12, 1974, # 52 (Room 4, Floor 5). ContextLH IIIC Early withLH I wash. Sample 3. Not illustrated.]

(iii) Pottery, Probably in Re-use (7054-7060) The piercedpatterned base (7055) was foundin a LH IIIC Earlycontext, butthepotfromwhichthe base comesis earlier(LH II). Otherpiercedsherds(7056-7057)also indicateearlymaterial foundon thesiteandreusedinlatercontexts. Thesepiercedsherds, whichalsoappearwidelyinpureMycenaean are one ofthemostenigmatic findsknown.15 One LH IIIAi kylixbase (7059) had beenrecontexts, cutforuseas a stopper inthesameperiod,another commonusagethatis notalwaysreported. relatively [7054. Pierced rimsherd (missing,not seen). Apparently intactin finaluse. H. 8.1. W. (max.) 9.8. Th. (max) 1.8. D. (hole) 0.6. Fabricnotrecorded.Roughlytriangular sherd withrim at top. Startof drill-holeasymmetrically placed near bottom centre; drawing suggests that boring is unfinished.Possible attemptedmend or reuse. Beta 1977, # 72 (Floor 1). ContextLH IIIAi withLH I-II. 77-058. FIG. IO.3.]

15Cf.

7055. Piercedbase. Battered.D. (top)8, (bottom)9, (hole) 0.7. Th. 1.5. Pot base pierced and trimmed;reused as disk or lid. Hard orange-pinkclay,well fired;red-brownpaint; monochrome outside, 8-petalled rosette (some petals double) on base. Beta 1977, # 29 (floordeposit). LH II, reused in LH IIIC Early. Context LH IIIC Early witha littleLH IIA. 77-020. plate 52 (twoviews),fig. 10.3. 7056. Pierced sherd. Fragmentary.Overall dimensions

Hughes-Brock 1992, 663.

452

Ε. Β. FRENCH, WITH R. JANKO

3.5 x 2.5. D. (hole)0.35-0.7.Th. 0.5. Unpainted gritty jar withhole piercedfromoutside;possibleattempted mend or reuse.Lambda3, 1977,# 29. EarlyMycenaeansherd in Medievalcontext(foundation withMH and LH trench) I- II material. 77-855.fig.10.3. Overall 7057. Piercedsherd.Apparently goodcondition. dimensions 5.2 x 6. D. (hole)0.5.Th. 0.5. Rhomboidsherd of darkbuffburnished intentional) (shapenotnecessarily jar (handmade),withstartof drill-holeasymmetrically mendorreuse. placednearone corner;possibleattempted Lambda3, 1977,#37. EarlyMycenaeansherdin LH ILA fillwitha fewLH IIIC Earlyand Medievalsherds(makeup ofFloor2). 77-856.fig.10.3. Wornfromuse. H. 7058. Kylixbase reusedas stopper. 1.6.D. 5.6.Flangeddiskbasebrokenoffandwellsmoothed. Beta 1974,# 16 (overFloor 1). ContextLH IIIAi with someLH I-II. 74-025.Notillustrated. 4.4 x 5.3. 7059. Piercedsherd.Worn.Overalldimensions

Th.0.4. Shoulder ofjarwithknob;aboveknob,holepierced beforefiring;wavyline decorationrunningfromsolidpaintedknob.Epsilon1973,# 10. LH III sherd,possibly reused,fromMedievalpitwithmuchLH IIIA2 and LH IIIC Earlymaterial. 73-114.fig.10.3. Sawn sherd. [7060. Upper cornerbrokenoff.Overall dimensions (max.)0.025. 2.4 x 2.3. Th. 0.7. W.ofsaw-cut fabric,well polished; Finelylevigatedgreyish-yellow Flaringrimsherd perhapsYellowMinyan.No decoration. at one edge, ofopenshape,e.g.goblet.Sawnoffvertically withnumerousstriations angleddiagonallydownwards; same edge bisectedat mid-height by cut thatalso runs to wheresherdis along sherd,narrowing horizontally brokenoffat right.Above thiscut,twosmallercutsrun fromtopofsawnedgetomeetbroadhorizontal diagonally cut.Nu 2, 1974,#32.PerhapsMH III orEarlyMycenaean sherdin LH ILAcontext. 74-220.Notillustrated.]

4. TERRACOTTA MINOAN AND MYCENAEAN FIGURINES, 1959-77, INCLUDING THOSE FROM ASTERI (7061-7125, fig. 10.4) fromAyiosStephanosare peculiar.This was apparentas soon as thefirstseasonin The figurines 1959.LordWilliamTaylourallowedme to studythosefromtheearlyseasonsbeforethepublication afterthis,he invitedme ofmythesis,16 thoughtheywerenotincludedin theoriginalversion.Shortly Becauseofthe withhim.17 in collaboration oftheLBA figurines a separatepublication to undertake thoseof the include asked to later I was LBA EBA and between the confusion examples, possible to the to formmy sole contribution earlierperiodtoo. This presentaccount,whichwas originally and thus and considerable to visits several of is the result study, Sparta AyiosStephanospublication, oftheothersmallfindsin thisChapter. treatment fromthemoresummary differs herein somedetailbecause arepresented thosefromtheearlierexcavations, The figurines, including and in the hope thattheirrelationto othergroupsand areas may later of theirintrinsic interest, becomeapparent. relationto LBA groupis theEH, becauseof theirpossiblestylistic Perhapsthemostintriguing Minoan be actual to what seem for evidence the in interest comes Second figurines imported types.18 influence ofMM III (7092-7093),as wellas 7086,a possiblelocalcopyofa LM type.The typological theexamples in thesouthern ofMinoanfigurines e.g.regarding Péloponnèsehas longbeenadmitted, fromthe lack of The few. are fromthe Menelaion.19 However,publishedexamples any figurines The examplesfromNichoria,20 on Kytheraseemsveryodd in thissituation. excavations thoughnot add to thisgeneralpicture.21 as ofCretantypein thepublication, identified thatperhapswe at thesiteleadsto thesuggestion The presenceofbothEH and Minoanfigurines in a crossbetweena residualuse of,or at ofMycenaeanfigurines shouldbe lookingforthebeginning fromCrete.The idea ofcontemporary andknowledge leastacquaintance figurines with,EH figurines itbecauseof discounted I had but forward was EH an of previously byBiegen,22 put origin originally fromthe different rather here is Laconia But MH austere the thedeep dividerepresented period. by EH as classic from was there that and one mightsuggest greatercontinuity EH, particularly Argolid, the to in of does This area.23 the from absent III stillseemsto be not, course,help anyway identify which Their still elusive. is which functional developsin popularity, impulseforMycenaeanfigurines, the to and influence Eastern to Near still would LH ΠΙΑ, I personally rapidlyexpanding assign contactthatis nowevenmoreevident. offigurines fromAyiosStephanosare also odd in thattheproportions The Mycenaeanfigurines volume. in this discussed the of those echo to seem not LH does in fromphase to phase pottery a considerable IIIAi LH of number the noticeableis pieces,accompaniedby important Particularly LH IIIA2 and IIIB types.Whatlittleevidencethereis ofthese andusuallyprolific, ofordinary, rarity So theproblemmaybe one ofdifferent wornand fragmentary. occupationand phasesis particularly is IIIC LH of abundance The site. the Earlypottery echoedin the usage of thevariousareas of 16French 1071. 17Tavlour 1Q72. 208. 18See above, Chapter 8 §2. 19See Dawkins 1910, pl. II; Catling 1977, fig.13; and Catling 1995, who does not discuss the possibilitythatthisfiguremight

belong to the Cretan group. 20 McDonald and Wilkie 1992, nos. 2031 and 2042. 21 See also Hägg 1982. 22 Biegen 1028, 185. 23 Dickinson 1992.

THE LATE BRONZE AGE SMALL FINDS §4

453

ofrelations to otherperiodsand places,whichcouldbe evidence.Thereare also indications figurine and but are difficult to substantiate bothon theactualevidencefromthe important intriguing, they siteitselfand on our presentknowledgeof therestof Laconia and Messenia(whilewe awaitthe oftheMenelaion).The evidencefromNichoriahas thesameearlyweighting and relative publication absenceofordinary but it LH lacks the IIIC material. types, Early Twofragments seemto comefromlargefigurines or figures (7068 and 7090) ratherthanfromthe usualsmallexamples.Bothofthesecan be paralleledfromtheknowngroupsat Mycenae24 and at and of human as well as animal have now been identified from Phylakopi,25 fragments figures Amyklai.26 The protomehead 7118 parallelstheanimalsfromtherewell,though7117 is morenaturalistic. unusual.One exampleis Amongthe animalsthe stags(7114-7115, plate 55) are extremely in mentioned Karo27 as the Vlastos collection. Other are found on the contemporary by parallels from in LH Volimidia28 and It IIIC Perati.29 is that noticeable there are of rhyton onlythreefragments chariotgroups(7120-7122)and one othergrouppiece,7123, thoughthefemale7063 was originally to a throne.The decoratedwheel(7122) comparesin shapeverycloselyto the applied,presumably, wheelsofthechariotgroupfromMega Monastiri.30 As withtheLefkandicentaur,31 a singleterracotta have been broken for in use several tombs. piecemay up A fewotherpiecesfromthesite,whichare notfigurines, are relatedto thismaterial.The askoid is in LH its IIB-IIIAi It can, however,be relatedto context. rhyton3289 unique,particularly and to bovid head 7117 below, possibly 7091. (The 7118, possiblyevenMH, is published protome fromAyiosStephanosillustrate, as do theothermaterials, theelusive here.)Overall,thefigurines of the siteand serveto emphasisethe value of the relatively extensiveexcavationof importance centresofthistype. provincial (i) Human Figurines (7061-7093) (a) MYCENAEAN (FEMALE) Naturalistictype 7061. Upperbodyonly.H. (ex.) 4.5. W. 4.6. Reddishyellowfineclay;thinshinybrownpaint;verywornon front. Smallappliedbreastsandarms;thickwaist;no evidenceof stemshape.Bandon neckand (?)downshoulders; lineson back.LH IIIAi. Beta 1974, # 9 (floordeposit).Context LH IIIC Early(floordeposit), butpotrangeLH I-LH IIIC Early.74-007.Notdrawn;shownin plate 53. 7062. Upperbodyonly.H. (ex.)5.1. W.(bodyandarms) Proto-Phitype 7063. Upper body only of figurineapparentlyonce appliedto throne.H. (ex.) 2.54. W. (ex.) 4.75. Reddishlustrous. yellowclay;blackto purple-brown paint,slightly behindandprobably to with head chair, Unpainted applied at top and shouldersslightly projecting lapped over the corners;appliedbreastsand appliedhandbetweenthem. Breastscircledwithdots at centre;long necklace of LH IIIAi. Nu 1, 1973, # 6. pendants;paintedfingers. ContextLH I/IIA fillcutintoby burials3 and 4, from whichthisfigurine derives.73-206.Notdrawn;shownin plate 53. 7064. Torsoonly.H. (ex.) 4. W. 3.2. Hard buffclay, lightly polished;blacksemi-lustrous paint.Appliedarms withlargehands,rightat waistand leftat centreofchest; stem;no breasts.Wavylineson elongated body;columnar on stem;wavylines back;low waistband;wavyverticals acrossneckat front; LH IIIAi paintedarmsand fingers. or earlier.Beta 1977,# 59 (Floor1). ContextLH IIIAi withLH I- II andsomeMH. 77-023.Notdrawn;shownin PLATE53.

24 Moore and Taylour iqqq. 25 French 108*. 26 Demakopoulou 1082. 27 Karo 1935, 600.

3.75. Pinkclay,buffslip;redpaint.Tallneck;armscurve roundto restbelowbreasts(once applied,now missing); slopingshoulders;thinwaist.Waistband; solid-painted arms;ringedbreasts;thinwavylineson back.LH IIIAi. Beta 1963,#110 (Room4, Floor5, 1974). ContextLH IIIC EarlywithLH I- II wash.63-556.Notdrawn;shown in plate 53.

7065. Complete,unusual.H. 7.1. W. 4. Reddish-yellow medium-fine clay,smoothed only;thinshinybrownpaint. Plasticarmsreachingto base of neck; applied breasts; Solidappliedeyes;hollowbelowbase; squaredshoulders. paintedtop of head and eyes; neckband withthinline ofheavy above;solid-painted arms;diagonalcross-hatching bandson backcontinuing roundto meetas chevrons with dotfillon front; bandatbase.Stylistic dateuncertain (either veryearlyor verylate).Beta 1974,#9. ContextLH IIIC Early(floordeposit),butpot rangeLH I-LH IIIC Early. 74-008.Notdrawn;shownin plate 53. 7066. Complete.H. 10.8. W. (body)4.8. Pinkish-buff clay;brownpaint.Armsplacedevenlyatwaist;smallplastic thinwavylines breasts;armsalso visiblebehind.Irregular on frontand back,including back of head; paintedarms and eyes.LH ΠΙΑ, probablyLH IIIAi. Beta 11B, 1963, foundin # 8, removedwith# 12. Primarycontext, associatedwithLH IIIA Betaburial9. Taylour1972,234, pl. 42g-5,HS 245. 63-549.Notdrawn;shownin plate53. 28 Marinatos iqfss> fig-%· 29 Iakovidis no. 1969, 30 Megaw iq6r, cover.506. 31 Themelis 1980, 215.

454

Ε· Β· FRENCH, WITH R. JANKO

rsi type

7067. Torso only.H. (ex.) 5. W. (ex.) 5.4. D. (stem) 1.2. Pink clay withbuffslip; red paint. Slightlylopsided body; applied breasts;thinverticallines frontand back. Late Psi A type of LH IIIB-C. Trial TrenchI, 1963, # 2. Mixed context(clearingmodern terracewall); pot range EH to LH IIIC Early(?).63-637. Not drawn;shownin plate 53.

and stems Bodyfragments

7069. Neck only. H. (ex.) 1.9. Th. 0.5. Pinkish-orange clay; red to brownlustrouspaint.Applied plait; body type uncertain.Verticallines frontand back; horizontallines on plaitover dress;body edged. LH IIIA-B. Epsilon 1973, # 38 (layerofwash). ContextLH IIIA2 witha littleMH III/ LH. 73-115. Not drawn; shownin plate 53. 7070. Lower body and stemonly.H. (ex.) 6.2. W. (body) 3.6. D. (stem) 1.3, (base) 3. Pink clay withbuffslip; red paint.Normal,probablyPhi,body withstandardcolumnar stem.Waistband; six wide verticalson stem;wavylines on body frontand back. LH III Α-B. Beta 1963, # 63. Mixed context,including LH IIIC Early. 63-553. Not drawn; shownin plate 53. 7071. Waist area only. H. (ex.) 2.6. D. (stem) 1.3. Buff clay with brown paint. Typical waist; applied plait now missing.Waist band; three verticalbands on stem; lines (irregular)on body frontand back. LH IIIA-B. Beta 1, 1959, # 7 (Room 3). ContextLH I- II wash, presumably mixed withLH IIIC Early.59-522. Not illustrated. 7072. Waist area and upper stem only. H. (ex.) 3.3. D. (stem)1.5. Pinkish-buff clay; red paint.Columnarstemwith startofflattenedbody. Waistband; threeverticalson stem. LH IIIA-B. Beta 11 1963, # 128. Pot range to LH IIIB (reallyLH IIIC Early?).63-600. Not illustrated. 7073. Stem only.H. (ex.) 4.2. D. (base) 3. Pinkclay with no slip; shaded black paint. Conical with slighthollow beneath;probablyfromnaturalistictype.Verticalbands at sides; irregulardots and lineardecorationall over; band at base; cross on bottom.LH IIIAi or earlier.Beta 3, 1959, # 21 (burial 1). Context LH IIA with LH IIIC Early. Taylour1972, 232, pls. 42d, 42e bottom,HS 231. 59-538. Not drawn;shownin plate 53. 7074. Stem only. H. (ex.) 4.7. D. (base) 3.2. Pink clay; red paint. Tall conical stem with deep hollow at base; probablyfromnaturalisticor otherearlytype.Wavy lines on all sides. LH IIIAi. Beta 6, i960, # 3. LH IIIA-B context.60-595. Not drawn; shownin plate 53. 7075. Partofstemonly.H. (ex.) 3.3. D. 2.4. Pinkish-grey clay,slightlypolished;black to brownlustrouspaint.Thick

Heads 7082. Unusual head. H. (ex.) 3.4. W. 2.3. Pinkclay,softfired;red-brownpaint; worn. Bulbous head withpinched nose; appliedeyes;incisedmouth.Tracesofpaintonly:locks at back of neck and probably ringed eye. Stylisticdate uncertain(BronzeAge). Zeta 1973, #14. Surfacecontext, includingMH, LH I-II, LH IIIC Early and Medieval. 73010. Not drawn;shownin plate 54. 7083. Bare head. H. (ex.) 2.9. W. 1.6. Red clay with traces of pale slip; red paint. Bulbous head; pinched nose; lefteye applied. Eyes and nose painted; nose line continuesover back of head and probablydown neck (but has been obscured by excavation marking); band up rightside of head and over top and (?)down other side. LH ΠΙΑ. Delta 11, 1963, # 26. ContextLH IIIB (really LH IIIC Early?),withMedieval. 63-564. Not drawn;shown in plate 54. 7084. Head and neckonly.H. (ex.) 2.2. W. (ex.) 2.5. Buffbrown sandy clay; brown lustrouspaint. Bare head with

7068. Arm only of large figurine.L. 3.9. W. 0.9. Buff clay; red paint.Typicalarm oflargergroupofPsi figurines. Wavy lines on front,two irregularlines on back. LH IIIBC. TrialTrenchVI, 1963, # 3. Pot range to Medieval. 63542. Not drawn; shown in plate 53.

columnarstem; hollow beneath; probablyfromProto-Phi or Phi A type.Verticalwavy lines. LH ΠΙΑ. Epsilon 1973, # 72 (layerof wash). ContextLH IIIA2 witha littleMH. 73-125. Not drawn; shownin plate 53. 7076. Stem only. H. (ex.) 3.5. D. (stem) 1.7, (base) 2.1. Pinkish-buff clay; red paint.Columnarstembulgingbelow waist; flaringbase. Low waist-band;seven verticalbands on stem. LH IIIA-B(?). Beta 12B, 1963, # 60. Surface context including MH, LH I-II, LH IIIC Early and Medieval. Not associatedwithBeta burial 19. 63-537. Not drawn; shownin plate 53. 7077. Stem only. H. (ex.) 4.2. D. (stem) 1.3, (base) 3.6. Pinkclay,firedbuff;red-brownpaint.Thin stemwithwide flaringbase. Three irregularverticalbands on stem. LH IIIB(?). Beta 11, 1963, sectorgamma, # 50 and 54. LH IIIB-C Early context. 63-557. Not drawn; shown in PLATE53. 7078. Stem only. H. (ex.) 5.2. D. (stem) 1.4, (base) 3. Pinkish-buff clay; shaded brownpaint.Tall columnarstem withflaringbase. Waist-band;threeirregularverticalbands on stem.LH IIIB(?). TrialTrenchVI, 1963, # 18. LH IIIC Early deposit.63-606. Not drawn; shownin plate 53. 7079. Stem only. H. (ex.) 3.9. D. (stem) 1.2, (base) 2.2. Pinkish-buff clay withgrey core; slipped(?); brown paint. Thin columnarstemwithflaringbase; flatbeneath;rough. Two irregularhorizontalbands of paint on stemonly.LH IIIB-C. Beta 2, 1959, # 3. Pot rangeto LH IIIC Early.59529. Not drawn; shown in plate 53. 7080. Base only.H. (ex.) 1.5. D. 3.1. Pink clay withbuff slip; black paint. Large flaringbase, hollowed beneath. Probably verticallines. LH III. Delta 3, 1959, # 2. LH IIIC Early context,contaminatedby baulk clearing.59514. Not drawn; shown in plate 53. 7081. Base only. H. (ex.) 3. D. (stem) 1.5, (base) 3.7. Pinkish-buff clay; red-brownpaint.Thin stem;thickflaring base, hollowedbeneath.Uneven band on edge ofbase; one verticalline up stem.TrialTrenchVI, 1963, # 18. LH IIIC Early deposit.63-605. Not drawn; shownin plate 53.

plasticplait;pinchednose; shorthead; possible armsofPsi if so of rare group. Solid-paintedtop of typejust starting, head; paintedeyes and nose; neckband; barson plait;wavy linesfrontand back. LH IIIA2. Epsilon 1973, # 57. Context LH IIIA2 wash with some MH I-III and LH I-II and one LH IIIC Early sherd. 73-118. Not drawn; shown in PLATE54. 7085. Bare head. H. (ex.) 2.1. D. (top of head) 1.6. Orange to buffclay; well polished surface;black slightly lustrouspaint.Flat top; pinchednose; applied eyes. Top of head and eyes solid-painted;band at top of head and at neck; nose-line(?)on rightside; wavylines on back ofneck. Probably LH IIIC Early. Zeta 1973, # 25. Context Medieval,withMH, LH I-IIB and LH IIIC Early.73-012. Not drawn; shownin plate 54. 7086. Head only,unusual. H. (ex.) 3.5. W. (ex.) 2.4. D. (neck) 1.5. Dark buffclay; smoothed; thin brown paint; much worn. Head with flattenedback making 'halo';

THE LATE BRONZE AGE SMALL FINDS §4 pinchednose.Neckband;edgeband to head; faceworn; possibleothertracesof decoration.Possiblymainland Beta 1977, dateuncertain. versionofCretantype.Stylistic #82. ContextLH IIA witha littleEH, MH andMedieval. 77-033.Notdrawn;shownin plate 54. 7087. Poloshead(?).H. (ex.) 3. D. (neck)1.5. Darkbuff to blacklustrous paint; sandyclay;smoothed;red-brown burnt. Thickneckwithpinchedfaceandshort polos(?).Band at neck;vertical linesup backofneckand at sidesofface; dateuncertain. on topofpolos(?).Stylistic pattern Epsilon 1973, # 8 (layerof wash).LH IIIC Earlycontext,with someLH I- II. 73-102.Notdrawn;shownin plate 54. 7088. Poloshead. H. (ex.) 3. D. 2. Fine dullbuffclay; blacklustrous smoothed; paint.Tallthinheadwithpinched

455

nose;slopingpolos,nowbroken;appliedeyes;appliedplait, nowmissing. Lineson sidesofneck;ringedanddottedeyes; paintednose and mouth;two blobs at neck front(as LH IIIC. Epsilon1973, # 8 (layerof wash). preserved). withsomeLH I- II. 73-101.Not LH IIIC Earlycontext, drawn;shownin plate 54. 7089. Poloshead.H. (ex.) 2.9. W. (polos)2.8. Buffclay; smoothedonly;blackto brownpaint.Verywide polos; pinchednose;appliedeyes;thinneck.Crossontopofpolos; paintedband on edge;paintednose and eyes;neckband; LH IIIC. Beta 12, smalldashesbelowneckbandon front. 1963,# 119 (= Room4, Floor5, 1974).ContextLH IIIC EarlywithLH I- II wash.63-599. Not drawn;shownin PLATE 54.

Unusualpieces (fig. 10.4) H. (ex.) 6. D. (est.)6.5. 7090. Stemoffemalefigure(?). Buffclayfiredorange,buffslip;brownpaint.Coil-made cylinder, shapedatoneend.Groupofwavyvertical slightly lineswithedgeband.Cf.Mycenaeno. 69-68 (Mooreand findfrom Taylour1999,pl. 1id) andcomparable Tzoungiza thanks forshowingme (Catling1987, 17; my toj. Wright thispiece).LH ΠΙΑ. Beta 12, 1963,#62. Contextmixed, MH, LH HI, LH IIIC EarlyandMedieval,plate including and interior), fig.10.4. 54 (exterior

H. (ex.)4.5. W.3.1. Buff 7091. Spoutorfemalefigure(?). clay;red-brown paint.No head,onlyorifice;plasticarms on thighs; roundedchest;broadenstovesselbelow; resting an however,it mightbe theotherwayup and represent animalorhumanpenis.Neckband;blobsanddotsofpaint on bothsides.Beta 11, 1963,sectorgamma,#5. Context LH IIIA-B (really LH IIIC Early?).63-558.plate including FIG. 54, IO.4.

(b) MINOAN (FIG. IO.4) seated.H. (ex.)6.5. W. (ex.)3. Buff 7092. Male figurine, clay;brownand whitepaint.Seatedmale; genitáliawell markofapplication on seat;arms rendered; legsforward; Brownwash unevenly spread;headbrokenbutchinexisted. all over,withdetailsinwhite:curlson neck;broadbandat armsand at waist.Unusualpiece. A possibleMM IIB cat.no. MP/73/ parallelcomesfromPyrgosnearMyrtos, MM III(?). Gamma1, 1959, 79 (Cadoganin preparation).

# 29. ContextMH III Late (fillunderUpper Pebbled Road). 59-550.plate 54, fig. 10.4. 7093. Hat orfoot.H. (ex.) 2.5. L. 3.3. W. 2.7. Pinkclay; smoothed;blackall-overwash,muchworn.Flat on one withstemrising;possiblysortof surface;paddle-shaped 'Kamares'hat.MM III(?). Alpha8/1/9baulk,1963,#35. MH context, withno Mycenaean.63-614. Predominantly

PLATE 54, FIG. IO.4.

(ii) Animal Figurines (7094-7119) (a) BOVIDS 7094. Bodyonly.H. (ex.) 3.7. L. (ex.) 8. D. (body)2.7. Pink clay with(?)buffslip; brownpaint.Veryfatwith bulbousendsandeither orveryirregular incomprehensible modelling. Wavylinesalongtop of body;doubleladder underbelly.LH ΠΙΑ. Beta 5, i960, # 26. LH IIIA-B context. 60-596.Notdrawn;shownin plate54. secondary hornsandnosebroken.H. (ex.)5.2. 7095. Forequarters, L. (ex.)3.3. Orangetobrown-buff brown sandyclay;burnt; toblackpaint,perhapsoncelustrous. withshortthick Stocky linesall overchestand along legs;widemuzzle.Irregular underbelly.Linear1 type(?).Epsilon1973, bodyincluding #53 (layerofwash).PureLH IIIA2 context. 73-116.Not drawn;shownin plate 54. L. (ex.) 6. D. (body)2. Pinkclay, 7096. Hindquarters. buff slip;wornredpaint.Elongated cylindrical body;arched rearwithlongtail;talllegs.Ladderon backwithextralines alongbodybelowand underbelly;linesconvergeto run downlegs.LH IIIA-B. Beta2, 1959,# 2. Mixedcontext. 59-524.Notdrawn;shownin plate 54. L. (ex.)3.5. D. (body)1.8.Buff 7097. Hindquarters. clay, slipped;wornbrownpaint.Cylindrical body,splaying legs, archedtail.Probablyspinedecoration;tailband and leg bandonlypreserved. LH IIIB. Beta2, 1959,#3. LH IIIB (or reallyIIIC Early?)secondarycontext.59-528. Not drawn;shownin plate 54. 7098. Bodyonly.L. (ex.) 5.8. D. (body)1.4. Pinkclay; blackpaint.Elongatedslightly flattened body;archedtail.

withborderlinesat bottom;roughbars Spinedecoration acrosschest;blobson insideoffrontlegs.LH IIIB. Beta 11, 1963,Ν baulk,# 96. LH IIIB (or reallyIIIC Early?) context. 63-552.Notdrawn;showninplate54. secondary H. (ex.)4. L. (ex.) 7099. Forequarters, poorlypreserved. 2.4. Pink clay, buffslip; worn red paint. Apparently shoulders ofbovine;backridged;muchbattered. Spine 1 on right sideofbody;ladder(?)on left.LH typedecoration IIIA-B. Delta 3/4,1959,#4. LH IIIA-B (orreallyIIIC context. Early?)secondary 59-515.Notillustrated. 7100. Head and legsbroken.L. (ex.) 6.5. H. (ex.) 3.2. Pinkclay;well-finished; redpaint.Elongated body;splaying legs; applied tail. Broad bands along body eitherside; possiblyLate Lineartype.LH IIIB-C. Beta 12B, 1963,# LH I to LH IIIC Early.6370. Contextmixedincluding 550. Notdrawn;shownin plate 54. L. (ex.) 2.7. H. 2.8. Pinkclay;black 7101. Forequarters. ofneck;oneconicallegcomplete. paint.Smallbodywithstart Bandsalongbodyanddownleg;possibly LateLineartype. LH IIIB-C. Beta5, i960, # 2. Mixedcontext, LH IIIB-C Early(?). 60-593.Notdrawn;shownin plate 54. withhead.L. 4.1. H. (max.ex.)4.3.D. 7102. Forequarters (body)1.6. Fine orangeclay;red and brownwornpaint; wornon one sideonly.Stockywithshortconical extremely lineardecoration ofLateLineartype.LH IIIBlegs.Irregular C. Beta 1977,# 16 (floordeposit).ContextLH IIIC Early withsomeMedieval.77-009.Notdrawn;showninplate54.

456

Ε· Β. FRENCH, WITH R. JANKO

Fig. 10.4.Mycenaean smallfinds. Terracotta: femalefigure 7091; Minoanmalefigurine 7090; spoutorfemalefigure muzzle of orfigure Minoan hat or foot horn bovid handle 7119; chariot 7118; 7092; 7093; stag's 7115; protome rhyton horse7120; chariot wheel71221.Scale 1:2. L. (ex.)4. D. (body)1.75.Pinkclay, 7103. Hindquarters. buffslip;tracesofredpaint.Cylindrical body,archedtail, legs(stumps splaying only).Linesalongsideswithwidely on back.LH III B-C. Beta2, 1959,#3. spacedcross-bars Pot rangeto LH IIIB (reallyLH IIIC Early?).59-533. Notillustrated. H. (ex.)1.5.L. (ex.)3.2.Pinkclay;traces 7104. Miniature. withhead ofredpaint,onceall over(?).Verysmallfigurine Once monochrome (?). LH IIIA-B. Beta6, i960, missing. # 1. Mixed context(surface), mostlyLH. 60-592. Not drawn;shownin plate 54. 7105. Head. H. (ex.) 3.5. W. (horns,ex.) 3.6. Pinkclay, red mattpaintall over.Thickneck; long muzzle (end date horns(endsbroken). broken); Stylistic forward-curving TrialTrenchVI, 1963, # 18. LH IIIC Early uncertain. deposit.63-544.Notdrawn;shownin plate 54. 7106. Head. H. (tobase ofneck)3.1. D. (neck)1.3. W. (head)2.3. Pinkish-buff clay,once slipped(?);blackpaint. Shortmuzzle;curving horns;longneck.Neckband;band up backofneck,betweenhornsand downmuzzle;bands

across muzzle and horns;paintedeyes. Stylisticdate ofre-opened Beta4, 1963,# 1 (backfill uncertain. trench). Medieval. Mixed context, 63-513. Not drawn; including shownin plate 54. 7107. Head(?).H. (ex.) 2. W. (neck)1. Buffclay;traces of red paint;veryworn.Cylindrical neck;long pointed tentative. muzzle;tall ears (now broken);identification dateuncertain. todetermine. Decoration Stylistic impossible Beta 12A, 1963, # 76. SurfacecontextwithMH to 'LH IIIB' (reallyLH IIIC Early)and Medieval.63-551. Not illustrated. sandyclay; 7108. Head. L. 2. D. (neck)1-1.5.Buff-pink redtoblacklustrous smoothed; paint.Longovalnose;ears broken. lines alongnoseandacrossbackofneckandunder dateuncertain. chin.Stylistic Epsilon1973,# 4 (layerof withsome MH I- II. 73wash).LH IIIC Earlycontext, plate in shown Not drawn; 54. 105. sandy 7109. Horn only.L. 2.5. D. 0.8. Fine buff-pink withcurving paint.Straight clay;browntoblacklustrous(?) bandatbase.LH III. transverse stripes; tip.Threeirregular

THE LATE BRONZE AGE SMALL FINDS §4

457

context(cleaning).73-123. Not drawn; shownin plate 54. 7112. Leg. L. 4. D. (at top) 2. Fine buffclay, wellsmoothed; red-brownpaint. Tall conical. Three vertical lines. LH III. Delta 7, i960, # 7 (area of burial 14). Pot range EH to LH III. 60-6 16a. Not drawn; shown in

Epsilon 1973, # 23. LH IIIC Early context,with a little MH I- II and some LH IIIA2. 73-110. Not drawn; shown in plate 54. 7110. Horn only.L. 2.24. W. 0.84. Fine orange-buff clay; lustrousdarkpaint;worn.Slightlycurved.Line along horn; one side veryworn.LH III. Lambda 2, 1974, # 25. Context pure LH IIIA2 fill.74-816. Not drawn;shownin plate 54. 7111. Leg. L. (ex.) 2.2. D. 1.2. Orange to brown well firedclay; red-brownlustrouspaint. Short; squashed oval in section.Verticalband on frontand transverseblobs on eitherside. LH III. Epsilon 1973, # 78. Mixed MH/LH

7113. Horn or leg. L. (ex.) 2. D. 1. Softorange-pinkclay. Conical, slightlycurving.Unpainted as preserved.LH III. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 28. Context LH I-II filldisturbed by Medieval foundationtrench.77-820. Not drawn;shown in plate 54.

(b) OTHER SPECIES (FIG. IO.4) 7114. Stag,head only.H. (ex.) 5.5. L. (ofhead/nose)5.5. Pinkish-grey clay, firedyellow; smoothed only with clear fingermarkson head; black to brownlustrouspaint. Oval neck;longmuzzle; ears broken;startofantlerswithforward projections.Blobs all over except on back of head; blobs across muzzle; painted eyes. Stylisticdate uncertain.Beta !977> * 63 (Floor 1). Context LH IIIAi with LH I-II material.77-026. Not drawn; shownin plate 55. 7115. Stag, antleronly. L. (ex.) 5.3. D. (max. at base) 2.7. Grey-blacksandy clay; black lustrous(?)paint; worn; heavily burnt. Square section at base; three triangular

projections;applied to hollow head. One long stripealong each side; monochromeoutsideon projections.Stylistic date uncertain.Epsilon 1973, # 26 (layerof wash). ContextLH IIIC Early, with a little MH I- III. 73-111. plate 55, fig. 10.4. 7116. Birdon stand,nearlycomplete.H. 5.4. L. 5.9. Fine reddish-yellowclay witha fewinclusions.Columnar stem withflaringbase; modelledwingsand tail;head lifted;beak. No decoration preserved. Beta 1974, # 7 (over Floor deposit).ContextLH IIIC Early.74-005. Not drawn;shown in plate 55.

PLATE 54.

(c) RELATED TYPES (FIG.

IO.4) Animal or 7117. protome rhyton.Head only.H. (ex.) 3.9. W. (ex.) 3.5. Pinkish-buff clay; lustrousred paint. Simple head withdewlap,hornsand pierced mouth.Paintall over. LH IIIA(?). Delta 5, i960, # 4. Context LH IIIA-B or earlier.60-609. Not drawn; shown in plate 55. 7118. Bovid protomehandle (not seen). Head only,one horn lost, otherbroken,worn. L. (nose to shoulder) 3.9, (nose to righthorn) 3.2. Medium coarse, somewhatgritty clay, grey to reddish-yellow,perhaps traces of paint. Triangularface; small part of inner face of pot visible on

under-surfaceof base of neck. Eyes and mouth incised. Described byJ.B. Rutter.Backfillof Gamma 1, 1959 (dug with Nu/Gamma 1, 1973, # 22). MH/LH(?) object in mixed context.73-601. plate 55, fig. 10.4. 7119. Animal figureor rhyton.Muzzle only.W. 3.81. D. 1.83. Fine pinkto greyclay; darkmonochromepaint.Heartshaped in plan with perforationsfor mouth and nostrils; to eitheredge. LH III. curvingline frommouth-perforation Lambda 2, 1974, # 48. Context Medieval withsome LH I-II and a littleLH IIIA. 74-825. plate 55, fig. 10.4.

(iii) Group Figurines (7120-7123, fig. 10.4) 7120. Hind leg of chariothorse(?). H. 4.5. L. 3. W. 2.5. Red claywithbuffslip; smoothed;lustrousred-brownpaint. Taperingcylindermeetingthreeconvergingothersat top; the largestis in the same plane and at rightangles to the mainlimb;theothersdivergeobliquely;oppositethelargest is a small conical protrusion.This appears to be the rear leftleg of an open/doublegroup,but thereis an odd extra protrusion rising diagonally back left; the less likely alternativeis thatthisis part of the head of a stag,as the bases of theears or hornsare veryheavy and thuspossibly antlers.Verticallines withdiagonals attachedon each side; lines along othersections.LH IIIAi. Lambda 1, 1973, # 13 (Floor 3). ContextLH IIIAi withmuch LH I-II. 73807. plate 55 (sides and back?), fig. 10.4. 7121. Nose ofhorse(?).L. (ex.) 2.8. D. 1.8. Fine red clay, firedgrey;shinyblack paint.Taperingand slightlycurving at thinend; groovedon upper surface.Barredon top; three linesalong; ringedeyes.LH IIIA2. Lambda/Beta 12, 1974, # 39 (Room 2, Floor 4, exact findspotunknown).Context

LH IIIC Early with LH I-II wash. 74-842. Not drawn; shown in plate 55. 7122. Chariot wheel. D. 8.2, (hole) 1.5 Th. 2.3. Badly worn on one side. Fine clay with some grit;dark brown paint.Handmade disc withshaft-holewithmodelled collar at centre on both sides. Band at rim and centre,spokes between. Cf. the wheel of the chariotgroup fromMega Monastiri(Megaw 1965, cover.)LH III. Nu 2, 1974, # 29. ContextLH ILA, but withLH IIIAi fromburial 11 (as is proved by the presence of this wheel, which presumably derivesfromthisgrave). 74-213. plate 55 (twoviews),fig. 10.4. 7123. Leg ofthroneor table.H. (ex.) 2.1. W. 1.3. Slightly grittyclay firedred-brown;red-brownpaint. Taperingleg with rounded end; oval in section. One broad and one narrowstripeof paintfromtop to within0.4 of the tip.LH IIIA-B. Lambda/Beta 12, 1974, # 52 (Room 4, Floor 5). Context LH IIIC Early with LH I wash. 74-850. Not illustrated.

(iv) Figurines from Asteri, 1959 (71554-7125) 7124. Female, columnarstemonly.H. (ex.) 5. D. (stem) 1.5. Pinkclay,probablyonce slipped;red paint;veryworn. Columnarstem;flaring base; flattened body; typeuncertain. Waistband; verticallineson stem;bars on body withringof dotsat centrefront.LH III. Lambda 3a, level II. Contextis LH withsome MH. 59-902. Not drawn;shownin plate 55.

7125. Animal, head missing.L. (ex.) 5.2. H. (without head) 2.7. Pink clay; tracesof brownpaint on back. Short with thick rear; small tail; splaying legs. Decoration no longerdistinguishable. Stylisticdate uncertain.Lambda 3a, level II. Contextis LH withsome MH. 59-901. Not drawn; shown in plate 55.

Ε. Β. FRENCH, WITH R. JANKO

458

5. PERSONAL

(7126-7231, fig. 10.5) One steatiteseal (7126) was found in the later excavations.It probably comes froma burial (Eta burial 13) whichalso containedthe bead 7163. Youngerassignedit to the large groupof Mycenaean seals called the Mainland Popular Group.32[He classifiesits image as Animal Pose Type 2 R, with fillingmotifBranch 2 below.33This is the firstseal fromLaconia which can be attributedto the Mainland Popular Group.34The settlementat Nichoria yielded several examples.35Such seals were is in keepingwithits produced duringLH IIIA-B; the batteredconditionand abraded string-hole associationwitha LH IIIC burial. Of these,the steatite [The threeseals fromthe earlierexcavationshave recentlybeen republished.36 seal HS 249s7is a MM II/III import;38thispiece was foundby the feetof Beta burial 19, whichis as was once thought.39 The second,HS 26 1,40is probablyLH I- II; it is notmade of lapislacedaemonius in date.41 The a for bread and therefore to be third,HS 278, maybe EH.42] stamp holy Byzantine likely The beads ofvarioustypicalmaterials(bone,stone,faienceand glass)come mainlyfromtheburialsor fromcontextsthatare probablyrelatedto them.Two only,one of faience (7127) and one of stone (7214), seem to be accidentallosses fromthe siteitself.The latteris of some interestin itself,being a simpledropletof carnelian,probablyLH I-II in date but froma contextdated to LH IIIC Early.Its in thesecircumstances. carnelianbead, 6084, was foundin a MH [A further good conditionis surprising I- II contextwitha fewLH sherds,whileanother,6086, was froma MH III/LH I context] There are twoidentified The evidenceofbead usage in thevariousburialsis particularly important. Mycenaean female infants. One, Nu burial 4, had beads (7128-7134) forminga necklace, and the figurine(7063) is also of great interest.The typological development of the beads is unremarkable,withthe simple typesevolvinginto the more elaborate.The very rough segmented piece 7164, fromthe leftwristof the second femaleinfant(Beta burial 28), is earlierthan the more canonical examples and mightbe thoughtto be a local product.From the same grave eightbeads of unparalleled type (7200-7206) were on the rightwrist.This tomb showed individualityin its offeringsin other ways also, such as the terracotta'dinosaur' askos (3289). [Anothernotable intermentwith beads is Lambda burial 14. The absence of beads in hard stones other than The referencesin the is intriguing.43 carnelian, e.g. in agate, amethystor lapis lacedaemonius, H. Hughes-Brock from W. D. to are taken notes; catalogue parallelspublishedby Biegen Taylour's additional for 7168-7193.] provided parallels ORNAMENTS

OF VARIOUS

FABRICS

(i) Seal (7126) worn,motif 7126. Complete;edgesbattered, string-hole Lentoid abraded.D. 1.5,(hole)0.2. Th. 0.5. Blacksteatite. witha transverse verticalto the design.On string-hole a bull(?)runsright, head thrown impression up. Stylistic

dateLH III (MainlandPopularGroup).Eta 1973,# 55. ContextLH IIIC Early(amongbonesof burial13). 73517. PLATE56, FIG. IO.5.

(ii) Faience Beads (7127-7199) withglaze rubbedoff. 7127. Halfbead only,battered, H. 0.7. D. 0.9. W. of hole 0.3. Flattenedspherical, Xenaki-Sakellariou undecorated; (1985)Type2. Cf.Biegen 1937,II, figs.142.2,1435-7» 13~15^ X7;I» 3OO>TombL Epsilon1973, # 57. ContextLH IIIA2 washwithsome MH I-III and LH I-II and one LH IIIC Earlysherd. 73-117.Notillustrated. 7128-7134. Six and one-halfbeads. Conditionfair. Largest:H. 1.4. D. 1.5,(hole)0.38. Smallest:H. 0.49. D. 0.83, (hole) 0.18. Whitishfaience; traces of surface Largestis flattened sphere,others'doughnut' preserved. (1985)Type2. Cf.Biegen1937, shaped;Xenaki-Sakellariou II, figs.142.2,1435-7» 13~15^X7;!> P· 3OO>TombI· Nu

32Younger1087,6q, top. 33Younger1088,23. 34Cf. 2005,271-73 and 274 n. 4 forreferences Krzyszkowska to recentworkon theMainlandPopularGroup. 35 Wilkie 1QQ2,625-6.

36CMSY Suppl. iB nos. 344-346. 37CMSV Suppl. iBno. 346.

LH I/IIAfillcutbyLH IIIAi 1973,#12,burial4. Context burial,fromwhichthebeadsderive.73-205.fig.10.5. beadsof'melon'type.Condition 7135-7162.Twenty-eight good.Largest:H. 0.65. D. 0.7-0.8,(hole)0.2. Smallest:H. 0.4. D. 0.55-0.6, (hole) 0.2. Brownishpaste. Flattened ofvarying sizes,eachwithvertical groovesateven spherical intervals;Xenaki-Sakellariou (1985) Type3. Cf. Biegen 1937,II, fig.339.8; I, 309, TombXLIX. Nu 1973,# 14, burial4. ContextMH III/LH I fillcutbyLH IIIAi burial, fromwhichthebeadsderive,withone Medievalsherd.73207. Notdrawn;shownin plate 56. 7163. One bead (missing).Brokenat bottom,surface wornoff.L. 0.8; diam.0.7. Ovoid truncated by thebreak

38 Pini 1003, 335.

39TaylouriQ72, 235-6 withpls. 421,42h.5. 40 CMSV SuddI. iB no. «14. 41See Chapter3 §4 above. 42 CMSV Suppl.iB no. 345; see Chapter8 §1. 43 G. pers.comm. J. Younger, K* V »_»-

«_r*-rV

THE LATE BRONZE AGE SMALL FINDS §5

459

Fig. 10.5.Mycenaean smallfinds.Personalornaments ofvariousfabrics: steatite seal 7126 (withimpression); faiencebeads bead 7215; stonebead 7217. Scale 2:1. 7128-7134,7164-7199;glassbeads7200-7213; carnelian atthemoreslender end.Eta 1973,#55 (burial13).Context LH IIIC Early(amongbonesof burial13). 73-548.Not illustrated. onefragment now 7164-7165. Twobeads,one complete, shattered. totally Probablyfaience.L. 1.8. D. (max.)0.55, atends,markedwith thinner (hole)0.2. Bluepaste.Tubular, effect; groovestogivesegmented roughversionofXenakiSakellariou (1985)Type23. Cf.Biegen1937,II, fig.143.10; I, 309, TombI. Beta 1977,# 107,leftwristofburial28. ContextLH IIB-IIIAi. 77-047.fig.10.5.

7166-7167. Twobeadsof'melon'type.Condition good. H. 0.5-0.6.D. 0.7-0.8,(hole)0.2-0.25.Bluepaste.Flattened different sizeswithevenlyspacedvertical spheresofslightly Xenaki-Sakellariou (1985)Type3. Cf.Biegen1937, grooves; II, fig.339.8; I, 309, TombXLIX. Lambda3, 1977,#34, burial14. ContextLH IIIA2. 77-826.fig.10.5. Condition 26 beads,segmented. 7168-7193. Originally L. ofeach segment 0.3. D. 0.4, poor,mainlyfragmentary. (hole)0.1. Blue paste.Single,doubleand triplespherical segments;Xenaki-Sakellariou(1985) Type 23/24. Cf.

460

Ε. Β. FRENCH, WITH R. JANKO

Biegen1937,II, fig.407.2;I, 310,TombVIII; Rudolf1973, 32, pl. 14.3 bottom;Harding1984, 87ff.,especially92. Lambda3, 1977,#34, burial14. ContextLH IIIA2. 77829. fig.10.5. 7194. One bead. Conditiongood.L. 1.5. D. 0.5, (hole) Xenaki-Sakellariou 0.1. Bluepaste.Cylinder; (1985) Type 22. Cf. Biegen 1937, II, fig.464.5; I, 310, Tomb III. Lambda3, 1977,#34, burial14. ContextLH IIIA2. 77830. fig.10.5. 7195-7196. Two beads, probablyfaience. Smashed.

H. 0.3. D. 0.5, (hole)0.1. White Originalmeasurements: Xenaki-Sakellariou Flattened (1985) Type spherical; paste. 2. Cf.Biegen1937,II, figs.142.2,ΐ43·5"7>13~1^ ιΊ' l· 300, TombI. Lambda3, 1977,# 34, burial14. Context LH IIIA2. 77-835.fig.10.5. good.H. 0.4. D. 0.5, 7197-7199. Threebeads.Condition (hole) 0.1. Blue paste. Veryslightlyflattenedspheres; Xenaki-Sakellariou (1985) Type1/2.Cf.Biegen1937,Π, pl. I, fig.464.8. Lambda3, 1977,#34, burial14. Context LH IIIA2. 77-836.fig.10.5.

(iii) Glass Beads (7200-7213, fig. 10.5)

good.H. 7200-7205a. Sevenbeads,onelost.Condition 1. D. (max.)0.7, (hole)0.2. Pastenowgrey.Sphericalwith collarateitherend;doublepomegranate'; neckandflaring no Xenaki-Sakellariou (1985) type.Cf. Biegen1937, Π, shape,butmade fig.285.7; I, 308, TombXXXVI (similar of faience).Beta 1977, # 107, rightwristof burial28. ContextLH IIB-IIIAi. 77-043.fig.10.5. 7206. Conditionpoor,probablydecayedfromblue to white.H. 0.35. D. 0.7, (hole) 0.25. Whitepaste.Much flattened (1985) sphereor doughnut';Xenaki-Sakellariou Type2. Cf.Biegen1937,II, figs.142.2, 143-5-7»^S^ö» 17; I, 300,TombI. Beta 1977,# 107,rightwristofburial 28. ContextLH IIB-IIIAi. 77-044.fig.10.5. fair,butprobably decayedfromblueto 7207. Condition white.H. 0.7; diam.0.8, (hole)0.3. Whitepaste.Flattened (1985) Type2. Cf. Biegen spherical;Xenaki-Sakellariou 1937,II, figs.142.2,143-5-7»l3~l5> ^ !> 3OO>TombL Beta1977,# 107,leftwristofburial28. ContextLH IIBIIIAi. 77-045.fig.10.5. 7208-7210. Two complete in fair condition, one H. 0.71. D. 0.65, (hole) 0.1. White'paste' fragmentary.

blue). Spherical;Xenaki-Sakellariou (probablyoriginally (1985) Type1. Cf. Biegen1937,II, figs.142.2, ΐ43·5"7> 13-15, 17 and 146.3;I, 300 and 315,TombsI andXXX. Beta 1977,# 107,leftwristofburial28. ContextLH IIBIIIAi. 77-046.fig.10.5. 7211. Conditionfair.H. 0.7. D. 0.8, (hole)0.2. White flattened sphere;Xenaki-Sakellariou 'paste'.Veryslightly (1985) Type2. Cf. Biegen1937,II, figs.142.2, ΐ43·5"7> 13-15, 17; I, 300, TombI. Lambda3, 1977,#34, burial 14. ContextLH IIIA2. 77-832.fig.10.5. 7212. Conditionpoor.L. 1.7. D. (max.)0.8, (hole)0.1. ateither a spiralofglass,narrowing Bulboustubemadefrom end;Xenaki-Sakellariou (1985) Type35. Cf.Biegen1937, II, figs.284.6, 339.13; I, 303 withn. 1, TombXXXVI. Lambda3, 1977,#34, burial14. ContextLH IIIA2. 77833. fig.10.5. poor.L. 0.8. D. 0.5, (hole)0.1. Whitish 7213. Condition lozenge;possibly paste. Elongatedsphereor truncated Xenaki-Sakellariou (1985) Type35. Cf. Biegen1937, Π, figs.406.2,408.8; I, 302, TombVIII. Lambda3, 1977,# 34, burial14. ContextLH IIIA2. 77-834.fig.10.5.

(iv) Carnelian Beads (7214-7216) L. 2.2. D. (max.)1.1,(hole)0.3. 7214. Good condition. flattened ends;no Simpledropletpiercedlongitudinally, Cf. Xenaki-Sakellariou (1985) type. Biegen1937,II, pl. I, LH IIIC Early. figs.444.6,460.15.Beta1974,#7. Context 74-006.Notdrawn;shownin plate 56. 7215. Good condition.H. 0.6. D. 0.6, (hole) 0.2. fromone end,withhole at thatend Spherical.Perforated nearlydoublethesizeofthatattheother.Cf.Biegen1937, II, pl. 1,figs.128.3,199.6-7,362.5,8; I, 289,TombsXXI, XXV,XXVII-XXVIII,XLI. Lambda3, 1977,#34,burial

14. ContextLH IIIA2. 77-831.fig.10.5. atbothendsofhole.L. 7216. Intactwithslightchipping 5.1. D. 5.5, (hole) 0.1. Colour2.5Y 6/6 (lightred) with depressedspherical; veiningto 2.5YR 4/6 (red).Slightly biconical hole. Well groundand polished; two short onenearend horizontal diameter, gouges,one atmaximum Cf.Biegen withfabrication. tobe associated ofhole,possibly 1937,II, pl. 1. Nu 1974,#9. ContextLH ILAfromburials sherdsare LH IIA and MH III Early 7-10; surrounding witha littleEH. 74-210.Notillustrated.

(v) Stone Beads (7217-7230) L. 2.2.D. 0.8, stone.Battered. 7217. One bead,probably totwo holenotpreserved. shaft, narrowing Longcylindrical end. Beta 1974,# 13 (floordeposit). facetsand flattened ContextLH IIIC Earlywitha littleEH II, MH III and perhapsMedieval.74-013.fig.10.5. H. 0.15. stone.Faircondition. 7218. One bead,probably D. 0.3,(hole)0.1. Disc;Xenaki-Sakellariou (1985)Type31. Beta 1977,# 107,burial28. ContextLH IIB-IIIAi. 77059. Notillustrated. intact(one beads.Originally 7219-7228.Tenstoneandfrit L. 0.15-0.2.D. 0.15-0.25,(hole)0.05nowfragmentary). twoblood0.08.Fourwhiteandfourorangish, frit, probably ofthegroup,carnelian. thelargest red,atleastoneofwhich, now annular discsexceptforone orangish All cylindrical disc, possibly as a resultof wear or disintegration. Xenaki-Sakellariou (1985) Type 31. Helen Presumably andnotbone,as the thinks theyarevitreous Hughes-Brock Cf.Biegen1937,Π, had suggested. excavator, J.B. Rutter,

figs.142.2-3,143.5,7, 13-15,17;!> 3°°> TombI. Nu 1974, # 9. ContextreallyLH IIIAi fromburials7-10, but sherdsare LH IIA and MH III Earlywitha surrounding littleEH. 74-218.Notillustrated. L. 2. W. 0.8. Th. 7229. Stonebead. Intactbutbattered. ovoidofgrey flattened (max.)0.5. D. (hole)0.1. Elongated, cutmarkson bothsides; mottled stone;piercedlengthwise; no Xenaki-Sakellariou (1985)type.Nu/Gamma1, 1974,# sherds 5. ContextLH IIA fromburials7-10; surrounding are MH III Latewithone LH IIA pieceand one EH. 74234. Notillustrated. 7230. Stonebead. Intact.L. 0.35. D. 0.1, (hole) 0.15. (1985) Type Tinydisc ofblackstone.Xenaki-Sakellariou 31. Nu/Gamma1, 1974,#5. ContextreallyLH IIA from sherdsareMH III Latewith burials7-10, butsurrounding one LH IIA pieceand one EH. 74-235.Notillustrated. 7231. Numbernotused.

THE LATE BRONZE AGE SMALL FINDS §6

461

6. GROUND STONE (i) CONULI

(7232-7241)

FromtheMycenaeanlevelsin thelaterexcavations thereare sevenconuliofthestoneoftencasually as steatite; in theearlierexcavations. identified twofurther are added fromrelatedcontexts specimens All are conical;fiveare darkin colour(7232-7236) and fiveofthepalergrey-green variety(7237at thetop. (plate56) to showthestring-wear 7241). One ofeach type,7234 and 7240, is illustrated Smith44 summarises the latest information on this of her views are not item, Carington though type To other recent I and belt would like to add (dress universally accepted. weights) interpretations curtain the ends of beaded at an door almost weights, including hangings, present furnishing ubiquitous in thevillagesofMountPelion. [7232. (Not seen). Top probably broken offdiagonally; wear not described.H. 0.2. D. (base) 2.7, (hole) 0.5. Purple truncatedconical. Beta 3, 1959, #16. steatite;irregularly ContextLH III (over Floor 1), probably LH IIIC Early. 59-534. Not illustrated. [7233. (Not seen). Slightlychipped on base and around hole. H. 1.5. D. 2.1, (hole) 0.3. Purple steatitewithwhite flecks;conical. Beta 12, 1963, # 76. Surfacecontextwith MH to 'LH IIIB' (reallyLH IIIC Early) and Medieval. 63526. Not illustrated.] 7234. Heavily worn. H. 1.5. D. (base) 2.4, (hole) 0.6. Black steatite;conical. Top veryworn; stringmarkto one side. Beta 1974, # 7 (over floordeposit).ContextLH IIIC Early.74-004. Not drawn; shown in plate 56. 7235. Wornat top, batteredon edges. H. 1.6. D. (base) 2.6, (hole) 0.55. Black steatitewithgreenishtinge.Conical; heavilyworn at top. Lambda/Beta 12, 1974, # 52 (Room 4, Floor 5). ContextLH IIIC Early withLH I wash. 74833. Not illustrated. 7236. Batteredwithdiagonalwear markson side. H. 1.8. D. (base) 2.7, (hole) 0.55. Purple steatitewithwhiteflecks; conical. Verybatteredat top and sides; marksof rubbing. Nu 2, 1974, # 27. LH III object in Medieval context(yard surface)withfew Medieval sherdsbut much worn LH IIIA. 74-212. Not illustrated.

7237. Batteredat top; otherwisein good condition.H. 1.6. D. (base) 2.3, (hole) 0.4. Light olive-green stone; conical. Lambda 2, 1974, # 2. LH III object in surface contextcontainingMedieval, LH III (includingLH IIIC Early) and some MH sherds.74-801. Not illustrated. 7238. (Not seen). Complete except forchip. H. 1.5. D. (base) 2.7. Grey stone; conical. Beta 1974, #21 (Floor 1). Context LH IIIAi with some LH I- II. 74-027. Not illustrated. 7239. Slightlyworn at top. H. 1.5. D. (base) 2.3, (hole) 0.6. Pale grey-greenfleckedstone; conical. Beta 1977, # 29 (floordeposit). ContextLH IIIC Early witha littleLH IIA. 77-016. Not illustrated. 7240. Deeply worn at top; broken on one side. H. 1.4. D. (base) 1.8, (hole) 0.5. Pale green stone; conical. String wear at top and wear-polishedon side by stringgroove. Beta 1977, # 63 (Floor 1). ContextLH IIIAi withLH I-II material.77-025. plate 56. 7241. Heavilybattered.H. 1.7. D. (base) 1.6, (hole) 0.25. Pale greystone;conical. Some batteringmay be fromwear. Lambda 3, 1977, #16. LH III object in Medieval context (destruction)with some late MH to LH II. 77-812. Not illustrated. 7242-7243. Numbersnot used.

(ii) Tools (7244-7279, figs. 10.6-10.7) in groundstonefoundin 1973-74,alongwiththosekeptfromtheearlierexcavations, [Theartefacts wereexaminedon sitein 1974 by Dr H. Blitzer,who drafteda reporton themforLord William thischapter;thishas been of Taylour.She kindlyallowedus to makeuse ofherreportin preparing with LH value to the IIIAi LH and IIIC particular regard Earlygroups,whichtheauthorhas not examinedherselfin detail.Working fromDr Blitzer'srecords,the editorhas added severalpieces in theearlierexcavations. fromrelatedcontexts Theseare enclosedin squarebrackets.] Plate 56 showsthelargergroundstoneitemsfrom1977 and servesto illustrate thetoolrangein thismaterial, in usefulcomplement to theothermaterials. The stonesin use, as in earlierperiods, and hardgreenstones used widely itself), comprisethelocal limestones lapislacedaemonius (including as cobblesand forpestles,as well as one piece of haematite, a hardblack'pebble',and twotypes towhetstones and querns.The tooltypesillustrated specific (to comprisepestle,cobbleandwhetstone use theterminology The differential wearis veryclearon theplaincobble employedat Nichoria45). (7273), but one wonderswhetherthelumpof hpis lacedaemonius (7279) may not be raw material rather thana tool(evena temporary one). A highproportion oftheartefacts in groundstonefromtheLBA levelscomefromclearcontexts, werein factmanufactured at the thoughdoubtmustalwaysremainwhether objectsso long-lasting timeof thecontextsin whichtheywerefound.The EarlyMycenaeanlevelsseemto continuethe pictureoftheMH levels,thelatestdrill-core beingfroma LH IIA context;thelatestpierceddisc, 6116,is also ofthisdate.Thereis,however,one possiblewhetstone (7249). A group(7257-7262)of fromovertheLH IIIAi Floor1 is ofinterest forthevariety ofmaterial pebbles/cobbles represented; 44

CaringtonSmith 1992, 685-6.

45 Blitzer

1992.

462

Ε. Β. FRENCH, WITH R. JANKO

is ofnote.It is,however, thepresenceofhaematite possiblethatthis'group'and theLH IIIC Early context. TwoLH IIIC Earlyfloor onesowe moreto thezeal oftheexcavatorthanto anyfunctional andpestlesofgreenstone cobbles levels(Floors4 and 5 of 1974)producedgroupsofartefacts, mainly and limestone butwitha fragment of a schistquern(7276) fromFloor4. [In additionto theitems numberofroundedcobblesfromthesetwofloorswerenotkept.The publishedhere,a considerable A stonesocketfor with be HS 265 and HS 312 fromtheearlierexcavations.46 quernmay compared has a doorpost, been added.] 7277a, raw material, Amongthe otherstoneobjectsthe smalllumpof rockcrystal(7278) is certainly in the that it did not in a late context indicate its battered state originate periodofits though may arefew serveforpersonaladornment as itemsthatmightpotentially The pieceis ofinterest, context. on thesitein theMycenaeanperiod. (a) pestles (fig. 10.6) (5GY 7244. Chipped.L. 7.12.W.(max.)4.07.Greenstone 4/1to5G 4/1);conicalwithheavilyusedbasegroundvery sideslessso. Lambda/Beta smooth, 12, 1974,#30 (Floor 3). ContextLH IIA. 74-815.fig.10.6. L. 5.21. D. 3.827245. Probably pestle.Goodcondition. with (5BG 4/1pluswhite);squatcylinder 3.43.Greenstone base groundsmooth,peckingon oppositeend. Lambda/ Beta12,#50 (Room2, Floor4 w).ContextLH IIIC Early withLH I wash.74-824.fig.10.6. but slightly 7246. Good condition, chippedat base. L. 4.9. D. (base) 3.81-3.57. Greenstonewithdark green of (5GY 4/1); conicalwithsomeroughening phenocrysts

base. Lambda/Beta12, 1974, # 52 (Room 4, Floor 5). ContextLH IIIC EarlywithLH I wash.74-826.fig.10.6. 7247. Fair condition.L. 7.4. D. (base) 3.4, (max.) 4. at one endwhereitshows flattened Greenstone; cylinder, marksof use as a rubber;otherend has peckingmarks wearon sides.Beta 1977,#13. frompounding;handling LH IIIC Early(?)context.77-007.Not drawn;shownin plate 56. H. 6.7. W. 4.5. Th. 3. Pale greenstone; 7248. Battered. fromhandling; base peckedfrom conical,sidessmoothed LH I Early Lambda3, 1977,#68. Context usageas pounder. fill(overFloor8). 77-852.Notdrawn;showninplate56.

(b) WHETSTONES 7249. One end only.L. 4.7. W. 2.7. Th. 0.8. Finegrey stone(5Y 5/1);wellused on edgesand aroundend; one sideheavilyworn.Lambda3, 1977,#31. PossiblyLH I-

ofyardsurface) IIA objectin Medievalcontext(make-up withmuchLH I-II material. 77-817.Notdrawn;shownin plate 56.

(c) pounders/rubbers [7250. Cobble (notseen). Complete;signsof wear.H. (max.)6.0. D. (max.)7.3. Probably'greenstone', although Beta 1, saidto be oflapislacedaemonius. Roughlyspherical. 1959,#9. Context'LH IIIB' (reallyLH IIIC Early)with LH I- II wash.59-519.Notillustrated. H. (max.)6.0. L. (max.)4.6. W. [7251. Pebble/cobble. (max.) 4.0. 'Greenstone';squat cylindricalshape,with smoothed groundedgesandpeckedroughbandsneareach Beta1, 1959,#9. Contextas previous. oftheterminations. Not illustrated. 59-520. [7252. Cobble.H. (max.)2.0.D. (max.)5.0. 'Greenstone'; atoneend,whichis concave. butflattened roughly spherical, surface. Beta1, 1959,#4. Context'LH IIIA-B' Smoothed (reallyLH IIIC Early)withLH I-II wash.59-521. Not illustrated. [7253. Cobble.H. (max.)7.5. W. (max.)8.6, (min.)6.8. 'Greenstone'; irregular shape.Beta 1, 1959,#4. spherical ContextLH IIIC EarlywithLH I-II wash.59-527.Not illustrated. L. (max.)11.0.W. (max.)7.0. Th. [7254. Pebble/cobble. (max.) 3.5. 'Greenstone';irregularoblong,trapezoidal roundedshape in plan; wedge-shaped section;polished Beta3, 1959,#18. ContextLH IIIC Early.59surfaces. 536. Notillustrated. (notseen).L. 3.1.W.(max.)1.5.Th. [7254a. Pebble/cobble Zeta stone. Black 1.3. shape.Wearnotdescribed. Elliptical 1973, #18. Context Medieval/mixed.73-006. Not illustrated.] one edgeand most preserving 7«55- Cobble.Fragment 46

of bothfaces;ovoid section.L. (max.ex.) 4.7. W. (max. ex.) 6.5. Th. (max.)3.5. Whitelimestone; possiblyentirely thebreaks).Eta 1973,# 2. naturaloccurrence (including withMedievalandMH I toLH IIIC Early. context Surface 73-501.Notillustrated. 7256. Cobble. Good condition.L. (max. ex.) 9.4. W. 5GY 5/1 (max.ex.) 7.2. Th. (max.ex.) 0.7. Greenstone, to5GY 4/1(darkgreenish-grey). Irregularly (greenish-grey) offaces;threefaces cuboidwithroundedanglesatjunctures Nu 1974,# smoothwithlightpolish,threerough-pecked. reused). 43 (cairnoverburial12,forwhichitwasevidently ContextLH IIA burialwithMH and a littleEH II. 74216. Notillustrated. 7257-7262. Six pebbles or cobbles. Good condition. pebble(5GY 4/1)withno LargestD. 9 X7.(a) Greenstone and smoothfacets;(b) haematite darkphenocrysts pebble (non-magnetic), verydarkgrey(7.5R N/3),squatconical scratch withone flatsurface marks;(c) greenstone showing (5GY 4/1to 5G 4/ pebblewithdarkergreenphenocrysts showing 1); circularwithtwosmoothedfaces(scratched), scratchmarksand roughpittededges,apparently pecked; (d) hardblackpebble(10YR 2/1)withpolishedsurfaces butsomeareasroughand unpolished; showingscratches (e) greenstone pebble or cobble (5GY 4/1) withdarker oblongwithpolishedsurfaceshowingsome phenocrysts; limestonecobble, (f) veinedmetamorphosed scratching; pinkishgrey(7.5YR 6/2),withsmoothedsurfaces.Beta 1974,# 16 (overFloor 1). ContextLH IIIAi withsome LH I-II. 74-024.Notillustrated.

Taylour 1972, 243, 260.

THE LATE BRONZE AGE SMALL FINDS §6

463

Fig. 10.6.Mycenaeansmallfinds.Groundstone:pestles7244-7246; pounder7267. Scale 1:2. 7263. Cobble. Good condition,slightlychipped. D. withsigns shortcylinder (max.)8.27. Th. 4.64. Limestone; ofwear.Lambda/ Beta12, 1974,#40. ContextLH I/IIA wash.74-818.Notillustrated. 7264. Cobble. Faircondition.D. 13.3 x 6.86 x 6.38. Greenstone; largeoblongcobblewithpeckedand ground surfaces butsomeoriginalsurface;wornto highpolishat one end.Lambda/ Beta 12, 1974,#50 (Room2, Floor4 w). ContextLH IIIC Early withLH I wash. 74-822. Notillustrated. 7265. Cobble.Wornsmooth.Diam. 8.77 x 5.18 x 3.89. Limestone; oblongshape.Lambda/ Beta 12, 1974,# 50 (Room2, Floor4 W). ContextLH IIIC EarlywithLH I wash.74-827.Notillustrated. Dimensionsnotrecorded. [7266. Cobble.Faircondition. Greenstone, verydarkgrey(5Y 3/1);largecobble,oblong inshape,withpeckedandground surfaces andsomeoriginal cobblesurface as well;highly polishedatone end.Lambda / Beta 12, 1974,#50(Room2, Floor4 w). LH IIIC Early context. Notillustrated.] 7267. Cobble. Some wear at ends.L. 8.31. W. (max.) 4.19.Th. (max.)3.49.Greenstone (5BG4/1);oblongshape, peckedandground.Lambda/ Beta12, 1974,#51 (Room 2, Floor4 e). ContextLH IIIC EarlywithLH I wash.74829. FIG. 1O.6.

L. 5.62.W.3.44.Th.3.19. 7268. Pebble.Goodcondition. stone(5GY 4/1); smoothedirregular Grey-green oblong withroughedgesintwoplaces;possiblypecked.Lambda/ Beta12, 1974,#51 (Room2, Floor4 e). ContextLH IIIC (d) SADDLE QUERNS (FIG. IO.7) [7275. Complete;chippedat one edge.L. 31.5. W. 25.5. Th. 2.5-4.7. Colourand materialnotrecorded.Roughly in plan; smoothuppersurfacewithconcavity triangular in middle;rubbingmarksvisiblein center.Underside flattened withcircular wearpattern. roughly Edgesrounded. H. Blitzer notedthattherearemorphological parallelsfrom Nichoria,but none in thismaterial;the centreof the butits outer quernwas used forpoundingand crushing froma rubbing motion.Epsilon edgesweremoresmoothed X973»#68. LH IIIA2 Early (wash level). 73-128 (not kept),fig.10.7.]

EarlywithLH I wash.74-831.Notillustrated. 7269. Cobble.Chippedat one end.Diam. 7.54 x 6.3 x 6.1. Greenstone(5G 4/1); irregular withsmoothedand Lambda/ Beta 12, 1974,#52 (Room4, groundsurfaces. floor5). ContextLH IIIC EarlywithLH I wash.74-834. Notillustrated. 7270. Cobble. Largechipmissing.L. (max.)6.88. Th. 4.18. Limestone; irregular shape.Lambda/ Beta12, 1974, #52 (Room4, Floor5). ContextLH IIIC EarlywithLH I wash.74-835.Notillustrated. 7271. Pebble/cobble. Undamaged.L. 5.97. W.4.84. Th. 3.62. Greenstone;irregularovoid withsmoothedand Lambda/Beta12, 1974, # 52 (Room4, groundsurfaces. Floor5). ContextLH IIIC EarlywithLH I wash.74-836. Notillustrated. surface. Diam.7.3. 7272. Cobble.Chippedon pounding Greenstone(5G 4/1); spherical;smoothedand pecked. Lambda/Beta12, 1974, # 76 (cleaningwall he). LH III(?) context.74-840.Notillustrated. H. 5.3.L. 6. W.5.3. Green7273. Cobble.Faircondition. and stone;roughly spherical;twooppositefacesflattened smoothed twootheradjacentsurfaces byhandling; pecked frompounding. Beta 1977,#74 (Floor1). Contextshould be LH IIA-IIIAi, butonlythreesherdsfound,including one ofYellowMinyan.77-030.plate 56. [7274. Pebble (notseen). Broken,partof originallarger pebble.Dimensionsnotrecorded.Haematite.Beta 1974, #9 (rubblefloor).LH IIIC Earlycontext. Notillustrated.]

brokenatedges.L. (max.)24.2.W. 17.6. 7276. Fragment, Th. 4.14. Hard greyschist.Irregular flatslab withcentral Lambda/ Beta 12, 1974,#50 (Room2, Floor depression. 4 w). ContextLH IIIC EarlywithLH I wash.74-823. fig.10.7. L. (max.)11.0.W. (max.)7.0. Th. (max.) [7277.Fragment. sandstone slab.Oblongfragment; 3.5. Brownish-red upper surfacepreserved,polished. Originallydescribedas whetstone. Beta3, 1959,# 19. Floor1, 1977.ContextLH IIIAi. 59-537.Notillustrated.]

464

Ε. Β. FRENCH, WITH R. JANKO

Fig. 10.7.Mycenaean smallfinds.Groundstone:saddle-querns 7275-7276.Scale 1:4. (e) STONE SOCKET FOR DOORPOST infinaluse.L. 31.0. [7277a(notseen).Apparently complete W.32.0.Th. 14.0.D. ofhollowinuppersurface 14.0;depth of hollow6.0. Colourand materialnot recorded.Large stonewithflatuppersurfaceofroughly circular planwith hollowatcentre; underside rounded. groundhemispherical

of charcoaladheringto interior of Manysmallfragments Foundupsidei.e.remainsofburneddoorpost. depression, tobe mortar. Lambda1, 1973,# down.Originally thought 14. ContextLH II-IIIAi. Notkept.Notillustrated.]

(f) RAW MATERIALS(?) nodule.Battered. Overalldimensions 7278. Rockcrystal 3.3 x 3. Fourpolishedfacetsin no obviousrelationship; Transitional rawmaterial. Beta1974,#12.Context possibly withLH IIIC Early(over LH IIIB2-LH IIIC Early,perhaps floor).74-010.Notillustrated.

H. 5.2. cobble.Faircondition. 7279. Lapislacedaemonius L. 7.5.W.6.5.Veryroughspherical lumpwithlittleobvious signof usage.Beta 1977, # 82. ContextLH ILA witha littleEH, MH andMedieval.77-031.Notdrawn;shownin PLATE 56.

7. CHIPPED STONE R.Janko thanappearsfromthiscatalogue.Appendix6 Chippedstonewas recoveredin fargreaterquantity from thesite,basedon a hands-on stone all the a of studyofall the chipped analysis provides synthetic the excavations after recovered that were items other and of the that were inventoried many pieces the63 itemsknownto Thissectioncatalogues boneandshellremains. fromtheanalysisofthepottery, of 1973contexts havebeenfoundin LH and later(i.e.Medievalor surface) duringtheexcavations her had Ε. Β. French and in is a of these selection Since completed study given Appendix6, 77. only of the otherfinds,I compiledthissectionusingthe excavationrecordsand drawingsthenmade, thosepieces describedin Appendix6 whosecontextsare known.At the last minute cross-listing withhis own notesand rescuedme fromsome serious P. N. Karduliascomparedmy descriptions thenumberof errors.Sincepiecesare listedunderdie latestchronological periodoftheircontexts, becausetheremustbe many itemsfromperiodsearlierin theBronzeAge is probablyunderstated, thoseoftheMedievalperiod. in laterlevels,including cast-ups (i) Obsidian Cores (728o-7s8oa, tabular. 7280. Broken.L. 1.0.W.0.9. Th. 0.2. Fragment, tool.Beta reusedasa notched bladescars, Bladecorewithfour LH I-IIB withlateMH. fig.10.8. 9, 1974,#37. Context

fig. 10.8)

7280a. Broken.L. 3.79. W. 2.9. Th. 2.3. Fragment, inthreedirections. removed Flakecorewithflakes irregular. Notillustrated. Eta 1973,#notrecorded.Surfacecontext.

THE LATE BRONZE AGE SMALL FINDS §7

(Ti|

^

M je*, ä

^3 7280

^

U

1J

7293a

7315a -7K5 m ^M

7281

J^

7284

7282

7286

UL-i3 7308 A

'

^S^

^H

465

-

' à

I

W Vi/ I ^^

7287

^^

7313

/fijM fe& 7314

vLII

-

^H

'jW

73IS

Fig. 1O.8.Mycenaean smallfinds.Chippedstone:obsidianblade-core blades7281-7282; obsidian 7280; obsidiancrested unretouched blades7284, 7286-7287,7293a, 7308; chertpiercing/incising tool7312; obsidianpiercing/incising tools toolmadeon blade7315; obsidiandenticulate blade7315a. Scale 1:1. 7313-7314; obsidianpiercing-incising

(ii) Obsidian Crested Blades (7281-7282) 7281. Bothends snapped. L. 2.7. W. 1.2. Th. 0.6. Medial blade segment.Triangularsection.Beta 1974, #12 (floor deposit).ContextLH IIIC Early,fig. 10.8.

L. (max.)1.5. 7282. Brokenatbothends,one obliquely. W.(max.)1.3.Th. (max.)0.4. Roughly blade parallel-sided

withsharpridgerunning in an irregular line downback withone facetmuchsteeperthanthe off-centre, slightly flat.Triangular section.Reworked other;front alongridge. Lambda 1977,# 50. ContextLH I-IIA fillwithtwoLH ΠΙΑ sherds.77-845.fig.10.8.

(iii) Obsidian Blades, Unretouched (7283-7308) 7283. Complete.L. 2.7. W. 1.2. Th. 0.4. Blade with roundedend,with convergent slightly longsidesandslightly extension(perhapsintentional) at opposite tang-shaped narrowend. Sharpridgedowncentreof back,widening somewhat atends;trapezoidal section.Possiblesignsofuse or perhapsnibbledretouchalongone of thelong sides. Zeta 1973, #19. ContextMedievalwithMH and LH. 73-007.Notillustrated. 7284. Complete(?).L. 1.6. W. 0.7. Th. 0.2. Roughly bladewithbroadflattened parallel-sided ridgedowncentre ofback;trapezoidal section. No evidenceofretouch. Epsilon 1973»* 61· ContextMH III Late withMH I Late and a littleEH I-II. 73-119.fig.10.8. 7285. Numbernotused. acrossatbottom(?) andchipped 7286. Brokendiagonally atone side.L. (max.ex.) 1.5.W. (max.)1.1.Th. (max.)0.3. Irregularly oblongblade withcurvedtop,trapezoidalin withnarrowridgedowncentreofbackandfurther section,

faceton back causedby chippingtowardsbottom;front convexwithpercussion and bulb,dihedral slightly platform scars.Lambda1, 1973,# 19 (Floor3). ContextLH IIIAi. 73-809.fig. 10.8. L. 3.3.W. 1.2.Th.0.4. Proximal 7287. Brokenatbottom. blade segmentwithdihedralplatform. Trapezoidalcross section.Evidenceofuse on bothlateraledges.Lambda1, 1973, # 25. ContextLH I-IIA withsome EH and MH and perhapsa littleLH ΠΙΑ. 73-811.fig.10.8. 7288-7289. Numbersnotused. 7290. Brokenat both ends. L. 2.0. W. 1.0. Th. 0.3. bladewithtrapezoidal endsandfairly Roughly parallel-sided narrow ridgedowncentreofback;longeredgeraggedfrom use.Beta1977,# 16 (floordeposit).Context LH IIIC Early withsomeMedieval.77-008.Notillustrated. 7291. Numbernotused. 7292. Brokenon bothedges.L. 3.5. W. 1.3. Th. 0.4. Parallel-sided blade withone curvedend and sharpridge

466

Ε. Β. FRENCH, WITH R. JANKO

LH ΠΙΑ sherd(make-upof Floor 2). 77-837 (missing). Notillustrated. 7301. Numbernotused. 7302. Brokenat one ifnotbothends.L. (max.ex.) 0.9. bladewithsharp W.(max.)0.7.Th. (max.)0.3.Parallel-sided section.No retouch ridgedowncentreofback;trapezoidal Lambda1977,#48. ContextLH I-IIA fillwith reported. ofFloor2). 77-839.Notillustrated. Medieval(make-up 7303. Numbernotused. 7304. Brokenatbothends.L. (max.ex.) 1.5.W.0.8. Th. bladewithsharpridgedowncentre (max.)0.2.Parallel-sided concavefacets;frontis of back separatingtwo slightly Lambda section.No retouchreported. convex.Triangular 042. FIG. 1Ο.8. LH I-IIA fillwithtwoLH ΠΙΑ sherds. 1977,#50. Context 7294. Brokenat end. L. (max.)1.2. W. (max.)0.7. Th. bladeangledatone end, 77-841.Notillustrated. (max.)0.2. Roughly parallel-sided withsharpridgedownback slightly off-centre; triangular 7305. Brokenatone end,andone sideappearsirregular, Lambda1977,#32. Context No retouch section. perhapsfromuse or retouch.L. (max.)3.0. W. 1.1. Th. reported. to one blade tapering ofyardsurface). (max.)0.3. Roughlyparallel-sided LH IIA fillwitha littleMedieval(make-up flattened with broad curved Not illustrated. 18a. end, running ridge 77-8 convex. downcentreofback;front slightly approximately 7295. Brokenatoneend.L. (max.)1.7.W.(max.)0.7.Th. Lambda retouch No section. at one curved blade 1 . o. end, 1977, reported. Trapezoidal (max.) Roughly parallel-sided with off-centre; trapezoidal #50. ContextLH I-IIA fillwithtwoLH ΠΙΑ sherds.77verybroadridgedownbackslightly No retouchreported. 842. Notillustrated. bulbpreserved. section.Percussion Medieval LH IIA fillwitha little Lambda1977,#32. Context edgesappearirregular, 7306. Brokenatbothends;cutting ofyardsurface). perhapsfromuse. L. (max.) 1.1. W. 0.8. Th. (max.)0.2. 77-818b.Notillustrated. (make-up blade withbroad flattened ridge Roughlyparallel-sided 7296. Numbernotused. down 1.1. L. at ends. both Broken slightly (max.ex.) running approximately centreofback;front 7297. obliquely Lambda section.No retouch convex.Trapezoidal blade withbroad W. 0.8. Th. (max.) 0.2. Parallel-sided reported. a little I with LH Late III Late to MH * Context section. of down centre flattened back; trapezoidal !977> 51· ridge illustrated. II. Not II-MH EH IIA LH # Context Lambda No retouch 77-843. 37. 1977, reported. fillwitha fewLH IIIC Earlyand Medievalsherds(make7307. Brokenat one end. L. (max.)2.5. W. (max.)1.1. blade withbroad Th. illustrated. Not Floor of (max.)0.3. Roughlyparallel-sided 2). 77-824. up ofback; downcentre flattened L. (max. approximately ridgerunning 7298. Brokenatbothends,inonecaseobliquely. bulb convex.Trapezoidalsection.Percussion slightly ex.) 1.6. W. (max.)1.1. Th. (max.)0.4. Roughlyparallel- front ofback;trapezoidal and prematurefractureat terminalend. No retouch sidedbladewithsharpridgedowncentre Lambda1977,#50. ContextLH I-IIA fillwith Lambda1977,#37. Context No retouch section. reported. reported. twoLH ΠΙΑ sherds.77-844.Notillustrated. LH IIA fillwitha fewLH IIIC Earlyand Medievalsherds ofFloor2). 77-827.Notillustrated. 7308. Brokenatoneend.L. (max.)2.5.W.(max.)1.2.Th. (make-up bladewithoneendbluntandother (max.)0.4.Irregular rough 7299. Numbernotused. convexwith with multifaceted and L. in one case at both Broken back;front slightly (max. ends, straight obliquely. 7300. bulb and platform. Trapezoidalsection.Edges ex.) 1.3.W. (max.)0.7. Th. (max.)0.2. Thinparallel-sided percussion Lambda flake(nocortex blade withbroad flattened reported). Tertiary chipped. ridgedown back off-centre; roughly Lambda1977,# section.No retouch including earlyMH toLH IIIC 1973,#5. Surfacecontext reported. trapezoidal LH I-II. 73-802.fig.10.8. Early,butmostly 47. ContextLH I-IIA fillwithmuchMedievaland one section.No down centreof back; frontflat.Triangular # with retouch Beta Context Medieval 21. reported. 1977, wornMH. 77-014a. Notillustrated. L. 2.6. W. 0.6. Th. 0.2. Parallel7293. Nearlycomplete. flattened sidedbladewithonecurvedendandnarrow ridge down centreof back; trapezoidalsection.No retouch Beta 1977,# 21. ContextMedievalwithworn reported. MH. 77-0140.Notillustrated. 7293a. Brokenat both ends. L. 2.5. W. 1.6. Th. 0.4. bladeangledatone end,withbroad Roughly parallel-sided section.No retouch ridgedowncentreofback;trapezoidal Beta 1977, # 104. ContextMH II-LH II. 77reported.

(iv) Obsidian Flakes (7309-7310, fig. 10.8) notthought 7309. Muchchippedand partlypatinated; to be manmade.L. (max.)1.4. W. (max.)1.2. Th. (max.) 0.55. Chip, irregularlytriangularin two planes and Debriswithcortex.Lambda1973, inthethird. rhomboidal # 6. ContextLH IIIA2 fill,nearlyall wornLH ML 73805. Notillustrated. 7310. Much chipped and weathered; some facets andnonemanmade.L. (max.)3.7.W. (max.)2.1. patinated withone sharp Th. (max.)0.7. Chip,irregularly triangular

flake(nocortexreported). section. Tertiary point;triangular Lambda1973,#7. ContextLH IIIA2 fill,nearlyall worn LH I- II. 73-806.Notillustrated. bulb.L. (max.ex.) 1.1. 7310a. Brokenoffnearpercussion non-cortical W. (max.)1.6.Th. 0.35. Incomplete secondary removed.No evidenceof retouch. flakewithplatform Lambda 1, 1973, # 26. ContextMH III Late withLH IIIA2 fromburial 1 (foundnear 7326). 73-812. Not illustrated.

(v) Chert and Obsidian Piercing/Incising Tools (73ΐι-731δ) L. (max.)2.1. W. (max.) 1.3. Th. 7311. Verybattered. in plan and section,much (max.) 0.5. Chip, triangular convex.Tertiarv front at one on back side; slightly chipped Lambda 1973,# 13 (Floor3). flake(no cortexreported). ContextLH IIIAi withmuch LH MI. 73-808. Not illustrated. 7312. Complete.L. (max.) 2.12. W. (max.) 1.35. Th. in flake,lens-shaped (max.)0.41. Red chert.Oval tertiary withonecurvedbluntedgeandone curvedcutting section, to a pointon back.Retouchalongcutting edge tapering

whichis edge and pointon backand nearpointon front, smooth.Lambda1977,#36. ContextLH I-IIA otherwise offloorinsideStructure fillwitha littleMedieval(make-up LambdaVII). 77-823.Fig. 10.8. 7313. Complete.L. (max.)1.5.W. (max.)1.2.Th. (max.) flakewith shaped tertiary(?) 0.5. Obsidian.Irregularly cuttingedge and pointshowingretouchon back; front hardlyworked.Trapezoidalin section.Beta 1974, # 39. fig.10.8. withMedievalcontamination, LH I- II context L. battered. (max.) 2.5. W. 7314. Complete;slightly

THE LATE BRONZE AGE SMALL FINDS §7 a cortical (max.)1.2.Th. (max.)0.5. Obsidian.Originally flakewithdivergent end(original sides,oneflattish platform) andfourfacetson back(twosteepand twoflattened), with centralridgebetween,now runningfortwo-thirds of its bulbpreserved. Broken length.Frontflat,withpercussion in threefacetson back,which below,resulting diagonally is reworked toprovidea cutting ina point edgeterminating withnibbledretouchalong edge. Trapezoidal off-centre,

467

section.Lambda 1973,# 27. ContextLH IIA-IIIA2. 73816. fig. 10.8. 7315. Broken.L. 1.9.W. 0.1. Th. 0.3. Obsidian.Medial withtrapezoidal blade fragment cross-section. Distaledge has direct,irregular thatformstruncated flaking margin. Rightdistaledge exhibitsdirect,steep,marginalretouch leadingto distinct tipat rightdistal.Rightlateraledge is utilised.Beta 1974,#42. LH I- II context, fig.10.8.

(vi) Obsidian Denticulate Blade (7315a) 7315a. Brokenat bothends.L. (max.ex.) 2.25. W. 1.7. Th. 0.4. Made by percussion(so H. Blitzer).Roughly bladewithstraight endsandridgedownback parallel-sided somewhatoff-centre, withnarrowhalfof blade much

chipped;both edges raggedand notchedfromuse or at one end,trapezoidal Sectiontriangular perhapsretouch. at theother.Frontslightly convex.Lambda2, 1974,#25. ContextpureLH IIIA2 fill.74-814.fig.10.8.

(vii) Chert Sickle Elements (7316-7319, fig. 10.9)

7316. Complete.L. 2.2. W. 1.7.Th. 0.6. Darkredchert. withtwo shortedges (one Approximately rectangular, the otherirregular), one convexedge and one straight, shorter lentoidin section. edgewithfour'teeth'.Irregular Worked on bluntedgefrom bothsidesandon toothed edge fromone side.Silicaglosspresent on workedmargin. Beta !977> * 89 (floor0· ContextLH IIA to LH IIIAi with someMH II- III. 77-038.plate 51, fig.10.9. 7317. Complete.L. 3.9. W. 1.6.Th. 0.7. Reddishbrown chert.Completetertiary flakewithtrapezoidal outline.Left edge has fivedistinctteethformedby both directand retouch. inverse, continuous, low,medium, scalar,irregular The retouch a verysinuousedge,withmanypatches forms

ofgloss.Beta 1974,# 13 (floordeposit).ContextLH IIIC Earlywitha littleEH II, MH III and perhapsMedieval. 74-OI2. PLATE56, FIG. IO.9.

7318. Complete.L. (max.)2.6.W. (max.)1.6.Th. (max.) 0.6. Red chert.Rectangularin plan withlongestedge workedintofive'teeth'.Trapezoidal in section.Lambda3, withsomelate 1977,#16. ContextMedieval(destruction) MH to LH II. 77-811.plate 56, fig.10.9. 7319. Battered.L. 3.3. W. 2.1. Th. 0.7. Dark reddish brownchert.Semi-circular outline.Rightedge retouched on bothfaces,forming nineteeth.Lambda 1, 1973,# 26 burial1).Context MH III Latewith (perhaps accompanying LH IIIA2 fromburial1. 73-815.fig.10.9.

(viii) Obsidian End Scraper (7320)

7320. Broken.L. 1.1.W. 1.0.Th.0.4. Incomplete tertiary non-cortical flakewithdirect,continuous, flat, straight,

a proximalend scraper. medium,scalarretouchforming Beta 1974,#40. LH I- II context, fig.10.9.

(ix) Obsidian Notched Blades (7321-73210)

L. 2.1.W.0.7.Th.0.2.Proximal 7321. Complete. segment withplain platformand trapezoidalsection.Medium, scalarretouchformsa notchfromrightdistalto marginal, medial.Smallretouch alsoalongleftmargin. Beta1974, right #8 (floordeposit).LH IIIC Earlycontext, fig.10.9. 7321a. Brokenat bothends and chippedon back near one endandon one edge.L. (max.ex.) 2.2. W. (max.)1.1. Th. 0.4. Roughlyparallel-sidedblade withtrapezoidal section.Steepirregular scalarretouchon edges forming shallownotches.Lambda 1, 1973, # 5. Surfacecontext LH I- II. including earlyMH toLH IIIC Early,butmostly

73-801.Notillustrated. 7321b. Wornandbrokenat one end(?).L. (max.ex.) 3.6. W. (max.)1.2.Th. (max.)0.4. Roughly blade parallel-sided withone straight and one curvedend, whencenarrow flattened ofwaydownbackoff-centre, ridgerunstwo-thirds fromwhichpointridgeis sharp;further narrowflakehas beenremoved downsidefurther from bulb ridge.Percussion preserved. Trapezoidalsection.Shallownotchformedby direct,large,steepscalarretouch.Lambda 1977, # 42. Context Medieval(foundation trench ofPierIII) withmuch LH I/IIA fill.77-828.Notillustrated.

(x) Chert Scaled Piece (7322)

7322. Nearlycomplete.L. 2.0. W. 1.1. Th. 0.5. Honeycolouredchert.Subrectangular; scaled on both faces.

Lambda 1973, #22. ContextMH III Early,withsome LH IIA. 73-814.fig. 10.9.

(xi) Chert Bifacial Tool (7323)

7323. Rightedge broken.L. (max.)3.8. W. (max.)2.2. Th. (max.) 1.3. Beige chert.Large primaryflakewith outline. Crudebifacial subrectangular retouch, mostly large.

Leftand distalmargins formsinuousedges.Beta9, 1974, #37. LH I-IIB context, fig.10.9.

(xii) Chert Tinder Flint (7324, fig. 10.9)

7324. Rightedgebroken.L. (max.)3.5. W. 2.4. Th. 0.8. lightbrownchert. Subrectangular plan;backinthreefacets, front convex.Trapezoidalsection.Workedbifacially. Zeta

1973> # !2. SurfacecontextwithMedieval, Roman, LH and MH. 73-004.fig.10.9. Hellenistic,

4^8

Ε. Β. FRENCH, WITH R. JANKO

endscraper7320; Fig. 10.9.Mycenaean smallfinds.Chippedstone:chertsickle-elements 7316-7319; obsidianproximal obsidiannotched blade7321; chertscaledpiece7322; chertbifacialtool7323; cherttinder-flint 7324; cherthollow-based 7326-7331;obsidianbarbedandtangedprojectile-points 7325; obsidianhollow-based projectile-points projectile-point 7332-7333; obsidianretouchedblades 7335"7337· Scale 1:1·

THE LATE BRONZE AGE SMALL FINDS §7

469

(xiii) Chert and Obsidian Hollow-Based Projectile-Points (7325-7331) in LH I- II contexts,47 and Twosimilarobsidianarrowheads werefoundduringtheearlierexcavations anotherin a MH or LH context.48 7325. Complete.L. 2.1. W. 1.2. Th. 0.3. Red chert.H. Blitzer blade notedthatitis madefroma percussion struck withpressureflakingcoveringdorsalsurface fragment, completelyand ventralsurfacein part, resembling at Nichoria.Dorsalkeelremains.Beta 1974,# specimens 40. LH I- II contextwitha littleEH II and MH. 74-036. PLATE56, FIG. IO.9.

7326. Bothbarbsbroken.L. 1.2.W. (max.)1.0.Th. 0.3. Obsidian.Lambda1973,#26 (burial1). ContextMH III Late withLH IIIA2 fromburial1. 73-813. Foundnear 56, FIG.IO.9. 7315a. PLATE 7327. One barbbroken.L. 1.7.W.(max.)1.2.Th. (max.) withroughly semi-circular notch 0.4. Obsidian.Triangular inbase;lenticular insection, withonesidemoreraisedthan theother. Pressure flaked alongallthreeedgesonbothsides. H. Blitzernotedthatthepressureflaking is irregular and basalflaking wasinterrupted Beta1974, bya hingefracture. #39 (Central Sector).ContextLH MI withsomeMH and one EH II sherd.74-034.plate 56, fig.10.9.

7328. Complete.L. 1.1. W. (max.)0.7. Th. (max.)0.3. withsimplenotchedconcavebase; Obsidian.Triangular in section.Pressureflakedalongall threeedges lenticular on bothsides.Nu / Gamma1, 1974,#3. Context Medieval (yardsurface)withsomeMH and LH. 74-201.plate 56, fig. 10.9. 73559. One barband distaltipbroken.L. 1.7.W. (max. retouch onboth ex.) 1.1.Th.0.4. Obsidian.Nearlycovering surfaces. Lambda2, 1974,#15. ContextLH IIA withone LH IIIA2-B1 sherd.74-806.plate 56, fig.10.9. 7330. Bothbarbsbroken.L. (max.ex.) 1.4. W.(max.ex.) 0.8. Th. 0.2. Obsidian.Bifacialcoveringretouchexhibits excellentworkmanship. Beta 1974, #16 (overFloor 1). ContextLH IIIAi withsomeLH I- II. 74-023.plate 56 (twoviews),fig.10.9. 733!· Complete.L. (max.) 1.4. W. (max.) 1.0. Th. 0.3. Obsidian.Barbsslightly Lambda1977,#73. assymetrical. ContextLH I Earlyfill.77-851.plate 56, fig.10.9.

(xiv) Obsidian Barbed and Tanged Projectile-Points (7332-7333)

L. (max.ex.) 1.4.W.(max.)1.1.Th. (max.) 7332. Broken. finecovering retouch 0.4. Stemwithflatbase thatexhibits on bothsurfaces. Beta1974,#43 (SE Sector).ContextLH I-II. FIG.IO.9. L. 2.5.W. 1.2.Th. 0.4. Made on tertiary 7333· Complete.

flake.Plainplatform evidentat base. Retainsdorsalridge. Retouchis partialon both surfaces.Beta 1977, # 82. ContextLH IIA witha littleEH, MH and Medieval.77032. PLATE56, FIG. IO.9.

(xv) Obsidian Blades, Retouched (7334-7341)

7334. Apparently complete.L. 3.2. W. (max.)0.85. Th. (max.)0.35. Thinbladewithslightly curving ridgerunning downcentreofback.Somenibbledretouchalong roughly bothedgesofback.Proximal withfaceted segment platform. Eta 1973, # 8. ContextLH II-IIIC Early.73-504. Not illustrated. 7335· Complete.L. 3.55. W. 0.8. Th. 0.3. Roughly bladewithsharp,slightly parallel-sided curving ridgedown centreofback.Roughlytriangular section,convexon one side,concaveon the other.The two long edges on the convexside have relatively steepand dense secondary retouch. Eta 1973,#56. ContextLH I witha littleMH III and LH IIA (fillofcistofburial15). 73-510.fig.10.9. on mainworkededgeandbroken 7336. Ratherbattered at eitherend.L. (max.ex.) 2.7. W. (max.)1.35. Th. 0.35. bladewithbroadridgedown Irregular roughly parallel-sided centreofbackto approximate mid-point, beyondwhicha scarhasremovedtheridgeandthebroaderof largeflaking thesidefacets. Thishasone largenotchformed byretouch andtracesofothers; thenarrow facethassecondary working on edge. Trapezoidalin section.Lambda 2, 1974, # 5. ContextMedieval,withLH I-II and LH IIIB-IIIC Early sherds.74-804.fig. 10.9. 7337· Brokenat both ends. L. 2.2. W. 1.1. Th. 0.3. bladewithbroadridgedowncentre Roughly parallel-sided of back. Trapezoidalsection.Both edges have nibbled retouchor utilisation. Beta 1977,# 35. ContextLH IIA. 77-017.fig.10.9.

47HS 292-293 in Taylour1972,247.

7338. Brokenat bothends.L. 2.5. W. 1.3. Th. (max.) blade withbroadridgedowncentreof 0.3. Parallel-sided backand a further flakeremovedsteeplydownone edge, yieldingfourfacets.Flat on frontside. One edge has extensiveretouch.Beta 1977, # 55. ContextLH II(?), contaminated withbackfill. 77-021.Notillustrated. 7339. Brokenat bothends.L. 1.2. W. 0.7. Th. (max.) 0.2. Parallel-sided blade withbroadflattened ridgedown centre ofback.Trapezoidal section. Bothedgeshaveretouch orutilisation. Beta1977,#63 (Floor1). ContextLH IIIAi withLH I-II material. 77-027.Notillustrated. 7340. Brokenat one end.L. 2.0. W. 0.8. Th. (max.)0.3. bladewithirregular endsandsharp Roughlyparallel-sided section. ridgerunningdown back off-centre; triangular Retouchor utilisation on edge.Area Lambda 2, cleaning (dug withLambda 1977, # 1). Mixed context.77-803. Notillustrated. 7341. Brokenatoneend.L. 1.5.W.0.7.Th.0.2. Roughly bladewithroundedendandnarrow flattened parallel-sided downcentreofbackandpercussion bulbon ridgerunning front section.Retouchor utilisation preserved; trapezoidal on edge. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 12. ContextMedieval (destruction). 77-805.Notillustrated. 7342. Brokenat end. L. 2.4. W. 1.2. Th. 0.5. Blade bothat sides and ends withbroad ridgedown irregular centreofback;trapezoidal section.Inversemarginal scalar retouch. Beta 1977,# 16 (floordeposit).ContextLH IIIC EarlywithsomeMedieval.77-010.Notillustrated.

48HS 327 in Taylour1972,261, pl. 42h.2.

Ε. Β. FRENCH, WITH R. JANKO

47O

(xvi) Obsidian Backed Blade (7343) 7343· Brokenat both ends. L. (max.) 1.4. W. (max.) 1.0. Th. (max.) 0.2. Roughly parallel-sidedblade irregularat one end, with very broad ridge down back slightlyoff-

centre;trapezoidalsection.Leftmarginbacked by direct, steep,scalar retouch.Lambda 1977, # 36. LH I- II fill.77821. Not illustrated.

(xvii) Obsidian Truncated Blades (7344-7345) 7344. Brokenat bothends,in one case obliquely.L. (max. ex.) 1.0. W. (max.) 0.6. Th. (max.) 0.25. Roughlyparallelsidedblade withtaperingflattened ridgedowncentreofback; trapezoidalsection.One end has directtruncationforming oblique edge. Lambda 1977, # 48. ContextLH I-IIA fill withMedieval (make-upofFloor 2). 77-838. Not illustrated. 7345· Broken at both ends and generallybattered.L.

(max. ex.) 1.6. W. (max.) 1.2. Th. (max.) 0.3. Parallel-sided withfurther blade withsharp ridge down back off-centre, steep facetdown opposite edge; trapezoidalsection.One end truncatedby direct,irregularretouch.Lambda 1977, # 49. ContextLH IIA fillcut by LH IIIA2 burial 14. 77840. Not illustrated. 7346-8000. Numbersnot used.

This assemblageprovidesevidence forthe workingof obsidian at the siteboth earlyand late in this period (see 7280-7282). Obsidian continuesto preponderateover chert,as in earliertimes.Chertis stillused for sickle elements;its sources have not yet been foundbut are presumablylocal. Lapis As in the MBA, is not exploitedat Ayios StephanosuntilLH I-IIA, and thenrarely.49 kcedaemonius and than barbed continueto be more popular hollow-basedprojectile-points tangedones. Otherwise The value ofstonetools, from Melos. theassemblageseemsnotto be unusualfora siteat thisdistance of even laterin the Bronze Age, is attestedby the hoard HS 219, whichconsisted 35 obsidianblades chertscraper,deposited togetherwith otherprecious objects such as a bronze and a whitish-grey daggerand tweezersand two workedbone pins in the possiblyLH I grave Alpha 28.50For further commentaryon the MBA and LBA assemblagetakentogethersee Appendix 6.

49 See

Chapter 14 §3 (vi) (c) below.

50

Taylour 1972, 219, fig. 11, pl. 41e. 5.

Chapter11 The Roman,Medieval and modernsmallfinds,tilesand coins withR.Janko G. D. R. Sandersandj. Motyka Sanders, [Editor'snote:thisChapterwas largelycompletedin 1994. Objectsare Medievalunlessotherwise stated.As wellas contributing theaccountofthecoins,including I thosefromtheearlierexcavations, have movedintothisChaptera fewobjectswhosepost-Bronze became clear from Age originonly and I have added a fewunpublishedfindsfromthe earlier subsequentstudyof the stratigraphy, whichcan nowbe seentoderivefromthevicinity ofthebuildings in trenches Beta6 and excavations, 11; theirdescriptions are based on theexcavationrecordsonly.] 1. INTRODUCTION The smallfindsfromtheMedievallevelsatAyiosStephanosareunprepossessing yetnotsubstantially in qualityto theobjectsfromthoseat Corinthand Nichoria.The modestassemblageincludes inferior use. The largestgroupis iron,mainlynails iron,lead,glass,bone and terracotta objectsofeveryday fromin and aroundArea Lambda.The smallestgroupis glass,of whichonlya fewfragments are Of value for the are five Medieval coins all billon catalogued. particular dating deposits (8083-8087), deniers datingbetweenc. 1260 and 1321. One oftheearliest(8084) was foundin themake-upofan outsidesurface inAreaLambda,whilethelaterthree(8085-8087),perhapsdatingtheduration ofthe Medievaloccupation on thesite,werefoundin mixedlevelswithmanyMedievalsherdss ofStructure LambdaVII. Also ofinterest are an incisedinscription on a Taffy Warestamnoshandle(8069) and fourironarrowheads fromAreaZeta (8009-8012). The catalogueis groupedby materialratherthanby Area. Manyof thefindscame frommixed to datewithcertainty. Those findsfromgood contexts dateto thelate 13th depositsand are difficult or early14thcentury. Occasionalfinds,forinstancethe irondonkeyshoe (8016), the tinbutton (8007) and twocoins(8088-8089),are modern. 2. BRONZE, COPPER AND TIN (8001-8007; fig. 11.1) above,onlya fewpiecesofbronzewerefound,anda button, Apartfromthecoinsmentioned probably oftin. (i) Buckle or Harness [8001. Bronzeorbrassbeltbuckleorharness(notseen). one verybent.Circular Completebutin twofragments, flanwithrectangular in middle;projections cut-out at midfor pointof boththe shortersides of cut-out(evidently On uppersurface elaborateembossed missing cross-piece). on eithersideofcut-out, as follows: heads designreplicated ofa fleur-de-lys risingfrommiddleoflongsideofcut-out, withfloral aboveandtoeither side;wholedesign arabesques surrounded linewithnarrowborderofflan bythincircular 2.1. W. (cut-out) beyondit leftblank.D. 5.6. L. (cut-out) 1.7.Th. 0.1. Beta11, 1963,#6 and 7. Sectorgamma,i.e. s end of trench.ContextincludedLH IIIC Earlyand this Medievalpiece.63-547.plate 57, fig.11.1. [8002. Bronze fittingof (?) lantern, harness or armour(notseen).Battered. Longflatstrip;smallhole in

471

centre.At each end bentroundto formcircularends.L. (max.ex.) 14.45. W. (max.ex.) 1.0. Th. 0.1. Beta 1974, # 5. ContextMedievalwithsome Mycenaean.74-002.

PLATE 57, FIG. 11.1.

[8003. Bronzepartsof (?) harnessor armour(notseen). Broken.Stripstraight alongone side;oppositesideandone end brokenand badlybent.Twoknobsevenlyspacedon L. (max.ex.)6.5.W.(max.ex.) 2.2.Th.0.1. D. (knobs) strip. 0.3. H. (knobs)0.25. Beta 1974, # 5. ContextMedieval withsomeMycenaean.74-002.plate 57, fig.11.1. [8004. Bronzeringand hook (notseen).Completebut corroded.Hook stillattachedto ring.Partof harnessor armour?Ring:D. (outeredge) 2.5, (inneredge) 2.4. Th. 0.3. Hook: L. 2.9. Th. 0.2. Beta 6, i960, # 11. Context Medieval.60-580.fig.11.1.] entirely

472

G. D. R. SANDERS AND J. MOTYKA SANDERS, WITH R. JANKO

Fig. ill Medievalsmallfinds.Bronze:embossedbuckle8001; (?) lantern orharness8002; (?) armourorharness8003; Iron:fire-steel 8008; arrowheads ringandhook8004; (?) fillets 8005-8006.Tin:button8007 (modern?). 8009-8012; knives8013-8014;hook8015; donkey-shoe 8016 (modern?); horse-shoe 8017. Upperscale 1:1,lowerscale1:2.

THE ROMAN, MEDIEVAL AND MODERN SMALL FINDS §3 (ii) Fillets

or

Strips

twojoining: 8005. Bronzeorcopperfillet(?). Fragments, (a) L. (max.ex.) 2.4.W. 1.5.Th. 0.1. (b) L. (max.ex.) 1.45. W. 1.7.Th. 0.1. Twojoiningfragments, brokenat one end. Piecespreservea hole (D. c. 0.3) at break,and remainsof no.5 18 forsimilar secondholeatbrokenedge.See Nichoria smallscrapsof bronzedescribedas 'filletfragments (?)' (Rosser1982, 406). Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 26. Context Medieval(make-up ofinterior floorincluding foundation-

(fig.

473

11.1)

withmuchLH I-IIIA and a littleMH. 77-816. trench), fig. 11.1.

L. (max.)8.2. W.(max.) [8006. Bronzeorcopperfillet(?). 0.8. Th. 0.2. Flat,slightly (min.) (max.) (min.) 1.3, 0.4, taperingstrip.Corrodedand chippedat broaderend. Consideredto be knifeby W. D. Taylour,and possibly BronzeAge.Beta6, i960, #2. ContextMedieval.60-590. fig.11.1.]

(iii) Button

D. 1.5. Th. 0.1. Circulardiscwith 8007. Tin (?)button. centraldepression. Fourholesin depression. Surfacewith traces of coating,now white.Althoughbuttonsof a similar werefoundat Corinth, remarkably appearance they 3. IRON

(8008-8045;

are all of organic materials. This button must be withthe construction of the terracewall, contemporary Lambda3/4, 1977, #13. Surface perhaps19thcentury. context (terrace wall)withMedievalsherds. 77-808.fig.11.1. FIGS· 11.1-11.2)

Mostof thefindscame fromin and aroundStructure LambdaVII. A largenumberof thesewere As at Nichoria,thesecomein twosizes,largeand nails,onlya selectionofwhichhas beenillustrated. small.1The largernailsgenerally had roundheads c. 2 cm in diameter, a preserved lengthofaround were 5 to 7 cm, and a squareshankabout 0.7 cm thickwhereit metthe head. The remainder with smaller a thinner shank. Also of interest are two horse shoe (one proportionately fragments and fourironprojectile-points. corroded), [The probablymodern),twoknifeblades(bothextremely editorhas added anotherknifeand thefire-steel 8008, foundin 1963 closeto thebronzefragments Fire-steels Germanic and objects 8002-8003. originated among peoplesliketheSaxonsand Vikings, ofthiskindcontinued to be used forlighting firesuntilthe 18thcentury. Fire-steels reachedGreece duringtheSlavicinvasions.2] (i) Fire-Steel

[8008. Fire-steel (notseen).Completebutcorroded.L. (max.)4.7. W. (max.)1.8.Th. 0.1. Fairlythinstripwrought intonarrowloop,withthicker handleoppositeto twothin ends;each end is curledback on itselfso thatthereis a

(fig.

11.1)

smallholein eachandtheytoucheachother.Identified by S. Button.Beta 11, 1963,#3 (s partoftrench). Medieval/ mixedcontext. 63-548.plate 57, fig.11.1.]

(ii) Projectile-Points L. (max.ex.) 4.8. W. (ofblade)0.28009. Arrowhead. 0.9.Th. (ofblade)0.3. D. (tang)1.1.Leaf-shaped two-edged blade.Tanginformoffan-collar rolledroundsquareshaft. Corrodedsurfaces, but shape fairlywell preserved.The in sizeto theMedievalarrowheads at pointis comparable Corinth. AtCorinth thearrowheads tendtohavesolidcast tangs,whereasthespearshavehollowtangs(e.g.Davidson 1952,199-203,no. 1550),as do theexamplesfromAyios AreaZeta 1973,context notrecorded;perhaps Stephanos. # 14 or 18,where'chunksofironore' werefound.Both aresurface contexts, MH, LH andMedieval.73including

027. PLATE 57, FIG. 11.1.

8010. Arrowhead. L. (max.ex.) 5. W. (ofblade) 0.3andcontext as 1.4.Th. (blade)0.3. D. (tang)1. Description 8009. 73-027.plate 57, fig.11.1. 8011. Arrowhead. L. (max.ex.) 6.7. W. (ofblade)0.50.18.Th. (blade)0.3. D. (tang)1.1.Description andcontext as 8009. 73-027.PLATE 57, FIG.11.1. L. (max.ex.) 6.8. W. (blade)0.9-1.6. 8012. Arrowhead. Th. (blade)0.4. D. (tang)0.9. Description and contextas 8009. 73-027. PLATE57, FIG.11.1.

(iii) Knives

L. (max.)2.8.W. (max.)1.2.Th. 0.1. I8oi2a. Knife-blade. Possiblycomplete.Curvedtowardspoint.Beta7, i960, # withMycenaeanandperhapsMedieval. 3. Surfacecontext 60-585.Notillustrated.] L. (max.ex.) 10.7. W. (max.) 1.58, 8013. Knife-blade. (min.)0.6.Th. (max.ex.)0.28-0.52.Tangmostly preserved, A numberofsimilarknives pointbroken.Badlycorroded. of an earlierdatehave been foundat Corinth(Davidson

1952,nos. 1567-1573).Epsilon1973,#21 (Medievalpit). ContextMedievalwitha littleMH I-II andsomeLH IIIC Early.73-108.plate 57, fig.11.1. 8014. Knife.L. (max.ex.) 13. W. (max.ex.) 2.2. Th. 0.6. Tapering bent.Broadestneartang(tang blade,slightly 2.2 x 1.6). Fair condition.Nu / Gamma 1, 1974, # 3. ContextMedieval(yardsurface)withsomeMH and LH. 74-223.fig.11.1.

1 Rosser 1983,407. * (jiiy banders(pers. comm.) citingWeinberg1974. The

C-shapedtypeis knownfromthe 5th centuryad onwardsin Britainand Scandinavia(Brown1977).

474

G· D· R· SANDERS AND J. MOTYKA SANDERS, WITH R. JANKO

fiv) Hook (fig. 11.1)

2, 1974,#19·ContextpurelyMedieval(destruction level).

8015. Hook. L. (max.ex.) 0.8. W. (max.ex.) 0.61, (at shaftwithsquare hook) 1.06.Th. (max.ex.) 0.8. Straight curvedoverat one end.Badlycorroded.Lambda section,

fig. 11.1.

74-810.

(v) Horse or Donkey Shoes withnail.L. (from outeredge [8015a. Horseshoefragment to outeredgeacrossend) 6.2. W. (ofmetalstrip)0.9. Th. nail)0.65. Flatcrescent-shaped (max.)0.4. Th. (including with heel of shoe fiveoblong,evenly-spaced from plate holesalongouteredge,one withnailstillin it.Corroded. TrialTrench VII, 1963,#10. Surfacecontext. 63-593.Not illustrated.] 8016. Donkeyshoe.L. 10.3.W.(max.ex.)5.3.Th. (max. flatplatewiththreesmall(D. max. ex.)0.3. Half-preserved (vi) Nails

modern. Beta1977, 0.58) holesalongouteredge.Probably # 20. SurfacecontextwithMedievaland a littleMH and LH. 77-011.plate 57, fig.11.1. L. (max.ex.) 7. W. 1.9.Th. 8017. Horseshoefragment. one end ofcrescent-shaped 0.6. Fragment shoe, preserves hole alongouteredge preserved withsinglerectangular Lambda3/4, (hole0.7 x 0.4). Brokenandbadlycorroded. Medieval Context #12. (destruction). 77-807. 1977, pure fig. 11.1.

(fig. 1 1.2)

[8017a. Nail(notseen).L. (max.ex.)4.5.W.(cross-section) 0.7-0.8. L. (max.,head) 1.2. Squarehead; squarecrossTrialTrenchIII, 1963,#4. section.Brokenand corroded. Not Surfacecontext. illustrated.] 63-635. 8018. Nail.L. (max.ex.) 2.8. Squarenailhead [c.0.7 x fromshank.Brokenand fragments 0.7) andmiscellaneous corroded.Nu / Gamma1, 1974,# 3. ContextMedieval (yard surface)withsome MH and LH. 74-222. Not illustrated. [8019. Nail (notseen).L. (total)8.7. Th. 1.0. W. (head) squarecross-section. 2.5.Th.(head)0.8.Largehead;roughly Badlycorroded.Beta 6, i960, # 1. Surfacecontextwith Medieval.60-581.Notillustrated. fragment [8019a. Nail(notseen).L. 1.6.D. 0.4.Cylindrical fromshank.Corroded.Nu / Gamma1, 1974,#4. Context withsomeMH andLH II. 74-224. Medieval(yardsurface) fig. 11.2.

0.4. D. [8019b. Nail (notseen).L. 5.2. W. (cross-section) Bent (head)1.7.Roundhead;roughly squarecross-section. and corroded.Beta6, i960, # 17. ContextMedieval.60589. Notillustrated.] 0.11. D. (max. 8020. Nail.L. (max.ex.) 5.51. W. (shaft) ex. ofhead) 2.1. Roundheadand squareshank.Corroded withMedieval andbroken.Beta1977,#4. Mixedcontext 1 fig. 1.2. anda littleMycenaean. 77-001. 8021. Nail. L. 5.45. Th. (max.ex. of shank)0.82. D. (max.ex. ofhead) 1.85.Squareshankwithroundedhead. Corroded.Beta 1977,# 5. ContextMedievalwitha little MycenaeanandMH. 77-019.fig.11.2. 8022. Nail. L. (max.ex.) 4.8. D. (head) 1.75, (shank) toa point.Heavily headwithshaft tapering 0.5.Rectangular corroded.Beta 1977,# 6. ContextMedievalwitha little 77-054.fig.11.2. Mycenaean.

8023. Nail. L. 7.3. W. (max.ex.) 1.7. Th. (shank)0.7. Squarehead and squareshank.Corroded.Lambda 3/4, 77-801. 1977, # 7. ContextpureMedieval(destruction). Notillustrated. 8024. Nail. L. 5.4. W. (max.ex.) 1.4. Th. (shank)0.7. Squarehead and squareshank.Corroded.Lambda 3/4, 77-801. 1977, # 7. ContextpureMedieval(destruction). Notillustrated. 8025. Nail.L. 6.4. D. (max.)2. Roundheadand square shaft.Corroded.Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 7. Contextpure Medieval(destruction). 77-801.Notillustrated. L. (max.ex.) 1.81, nails Six illustrated). (five 8026-8031. threeheadsappear 2.7,3.21,3.79,5-98,7.64.Squareshafts; Lambda3/4,1977,#11, roundbutall arebadlycorroded. 12.Context Early14thcentury. pureMedieval(destruction). 77-804^ fig.11.2. fragments. 8032-8041. Tennailsandmanymiscellaneous L. (max.ex.) 2.51,3.15, 2.5, 3.92,4.1, 4.35, 5.2, 5.7, 6.6, 7.01. Lattersixwithroundheads,D. c. 1.4-1.9.Shanksall square in section.Badly corroded.Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 12, 13, 16, 17. Contextpure Medieval(destruction). 77-8040.Notillustrated. 8042. Nail. L. (max. ex.) 6.9. Th. (max. ex.) 1.2. D. withroundedhead.Badlycorroded. (head)1.7.Squareshaft Lambda3/4,1977,#71. SurfacecontextwithMedieval and someMH to LH I- II. 77-849.Notillustrated. 8043. Nail.L. (max.ex.) 8.6. W. (max.ex.) 0.7. Square shankonly.Heavilycorroded.Lambda3/4, 1977,# 78. LambdaVII) ContextMedieval(Floor2, insideStructure withmuchLH I- II. 77-850.fig.11.2. nails(notseen).Detailsnot [8o43a-8o43b. Tworoofing context recorded.Beta 3, 1959, # 1. Medieval/mixed Notillustrated.] (surface).

(vii) Miscellaneous 8044. Fragment (hinge?).L. (ex.) 4.7. W. 1.8. Th. 0.6. barwithoneendbentover.Lambda3/4,1977, Rectangular # 15. ContextMedieval(destruction). 77-810.fig.11.2. L. 5.3.W.3.7.Th. 0.1. Flatrectangular 8045. Fragment.

edges. turned-up piece withbevelledcornersand slightly Corroded.Bottomplateofsmallbox?Lambda3/4,1977, Lambda wallsofStructure Medieval(cleaning #20.Context VII). 77-813.fig.11.2.

4. LEAD (8o45a-8o5s; [8045a. Disc. D. (max.) 3.8, (min.)3.2. Th. 0.2; area 0.2. 0.4 x 0.4 in square.L. (protuberance) (protuberance) to one Flat,irregularly shapeddiscwithsquareprojection withMedievalbut side.Beta6, i960, # 1. Surfacecontext LH III. 60-588.fig.11.2.] LH sherds, including mostly

fig. 11.2)

H. (ex.) 2.5. W. (ex.) 2.5. D. 8046. Cup(?) fragment. brokenall around,preserving (handle)0.6. Singlefragment round-sectioned horizontal with attached of part cupbody loop handle.Corroded.Ampullaeoflead fromByzantine butthe havebeenfoundat Corinth, contexts andFrankish

THE ROMAN, MEDIEVAL AND MODERN SMALL FINDS §4

475

Fig. 11.2.Medievalsmallfinds.Iron:nails8019-8022,8026-8030,8043; (?) hinge8044; (?) base ofbox 8045. Lead: disc8045a; (?) cup 8046; weight8047; fishing-net weight8048. Bone:pins8058-8060.Scale 1:2. handlesarevertical nothorizontal (Davidson1952,75,nos. 573-5). Zeta 1973, # 2 (TrenchI, abandoned).Surface contextwithMedieval,LH I-II and LH IIIC Early.73OOl.

FIG. 11.2.

H. 1.55. D. (base) 1.55. Truncated cone 8047. Weight. of lead withsmall (H. 0.5) knob at apex. Fairlywell Twosimilarsmalllead objectsofa comparable preserved. sizewerefoundatNichoriaandweredescribedas possible candelabrum attachments orsuspension Bothhave weights. bodieswithprojecting knobs(Rosser1982,408, spherical nos· 539~4°)· One lead and fourbronzeexamplesfrom Byzantineand later contextswere found at Corinth (Davidson 1952, 213, nos. 1640-44). Zeta 1973, # 3. Surface context withMedieval,LH I-IIIC Earlyanda little ΜΗ. 73-ΟΟ2.PLATE 57, FIG.11.2. netweight. L. 4.17. W. 1.16. D. (hole)0.42. 8048. Fishing

Rectangleoflead rolledoveritselfto formtube.Probably attachedto net as a sinker.In Shop 28 in theS Stoa at Corinth some40 weights werefoundtogether ina Byzantine context.They resemblethis weightin size and form (Davidson 1952, 190, 193, no. 1449). Beta 1974, # 2. SurfacecontextwithMedievaland someMycenaean.74OOl.

PLATE 57,

FIG.

11.2.

[8049. Lead (?) button(notseen).H. 0.9. D. (base) 1.4, material,presumably (hole) 0.4. Heavy dull grey-brown lead.Corroded.Conicalwithholeboredvertically through centre.Beta 1974,# 39 (Room4). LH. ContextLH I-II withsomeMH and one EH II sherd.74-033.Notdrawn; shownin plate 57.] L. (max.ex.) 9.75. W. (max.ex.) 6.6. 8050. Fragment. Th. 0.6. Largeflatslab oflead withbrokenedges.Surface oxidised.Lambda3/4,1977,#16. ContextMedievalwith

476

G. D. R. SANDERS AND J. MOTYKA SANDERS, WITH R. JANKO

somelate MH to LH II (belowtumblebutabove fallen Surfaceoxidised.Lambda3, 1977,#37. ContextLH IIA fill witha fewLH IIIC Earlyand Medievalsherds(makeinside Structure Lambda Not illustrated. VII). 77-809. plaster [8051. Lump(notseen).L. (max.)0.16. W. (max.)6.0. up ofFloor2). 77-825.Notillustrated.] Th. (max.)0.3. Amorphous lumpwhichhas beenmelted.

5. GLASS (8052-8056) Brokenat edges.L. 0.8. W. 0.5. Th. [8052. Fragment. o. 1. Greenish glass;triangular piece.Nu / Gamma1 baulk, withsomeMH 1974,#3. ContextMedieval(yardsurface) andLH. 74-221.Notillustrated. Brokenat edges.L. 0.4. W. 0.4. Th. [8053. Fragment. 0.1. Greenishglass;triangular piece,curvedinside.Nu / Medieval(yardsurface) Gamma1 baulk,1974,#4. Context withsomeMH and LH II. 74-229.Notillustrated. Brokenat edges.L. 1.0. W. 0.4. Th. [8054. Fragment. 0.05.Greenish triangular glass;narrow shape,curvedinside. Nu / Gamma1 baulk,1974,# 5. ContextMH III Late, withone LH IIA piecefromburials7-10, one EH sherd andthisMedievalitem.74-236.Notillustrated. 6. BONE

[8055. Fragment.Brokenat edges. L. (max.) 1.0. W. (max.)0.6. Th. 0.03. Clear glass;irregular quadrangular curvingin section.Lambda 2, 1974, # 3. shape,slightly ContextMedieval(destruction level)withmuchwornLH I- III and a fewMH sherds.74-803.Notillustrated.] ofbase.L. (max.ex.) 1.6.W.(max. 8056. Bowl,fragment Greenglass. Small ex.) 1.1. Th. 0.5. D. indeterminate. base. For turned-over lip ofpushed-in fragment preserves no. see Davidson of 107, 689, 1952, fig.12. shape lip Lambda3/4, 1977,# 21. ContextMedievalwitha little MH and LH I- II (belowlayeroffallenplasteron surface ofFloor2). Early14thcentury. 77-814.Notillustrated. fig. 11.2)

(8057-8061,

The pinsat Five bone objects(an awl,threepinsand a button)werefoundin Medievalcontexts. at Nichoria.4 No bone findsare catalogued haveinciseddecoration.3 Corinth generally (i) Awl

[8057. Bone(?)awl(notseen).L. (max.ex.)7.2.Th. (max.) 1.8,(min.)0.5. Horncoreworkedforuse as awl?Elliptical insection, tapering, squaredatnarrowend.Brokenatboth

ends.Lambda4, 1977,# 78. ContextMedieval(Floor2, LambdaVII), withmuchLH I- II. 77-854. insideStructure Plate 57.]

(ii) Pins

[8058. (notseen).L. (est.)13.5.D. (head)0.4-0.5. Point withfourhorizontal Pintapering toa point, broken. missing; groovesathead.Zeta 1973,#28. ContextMedieval(over Floor1),withMH and LH. 73-013.plate 57, fig.11.2.] 8059. L. (max.ex.)4.9. D. (body)0.4, (head)5.5. Found almost complete; since broken into nine fragments. Roundedheadwithflattop;fourgroovesjustbelowhead.

Zeta 1973,#32 (Medievalfloor).Pureearly14thcentury context.73-016.plate 57, fig.11.2. 8060. (notseen).L. (max.)3.1. D. (max.)0.3,(min.)0.2. Pin withgroovedhead and polishedshaftwithcircular section;lowershaftbrokenoff.Lambda 3, 1977, # 12. Contextpure Medieval(destruction). 77-806. plate 57, fig. 11.2.

(iii) Whorl or Button

[8061. (not seen). D. (max.) 2.2. Th. (max.) 0.5. D. at centre.Uppersurface 0.5. Disc,perforated (perforation) flat.Coloured convex,bevelledat edge;underside slightly 7. TERRACOTTA

pinkand yellow.Gamma1, 1959,# 7. ContextMedieval withLH IIIC EarlyandMH sherds(pitin centreofΕ end). 59-547.Notillustrated.]

(8062-8072;

fig. 11.3)

Warestamnoshandle(8069) inscribedon itsupper ceramicobjectis a Taffy The mostinteresting a R F (?). In addition,thereis a varietyofterracotta surfacewiththeLatinletters objects,including smallpalette(8072) and threeloomweights (8062-8064). absent Some smallperforated piecesmaybe spindlewhorls.At Corinthwhorlswereapparently or made of either were that whorls Davidsonassumes wood, that and latercontexts. fromByzantine are buttons Corinthian the andivorywereused;certainly larger ofsteatite comparable larger'buttons' in sizeto thesmallerwhorlsat AyiosStephanos.5 (i) Loomweights 8062. H. 4.4. D. (base) 4.1, (top) 1.9, (hole)0.5. Wt. conewithflattopand base.Zeta 1973,# 63 g. Truncated 3 See Davidson 1952, 286-7, nos. 2357-64, 2366-73, 2378-83.

ofType2a (so E. C. Banks). variant MH whorl, 21. Possibly ContextMedieval,withLH and someMH II- III. 73-008. 4 Rosser1983. 5 Davidson1952, 172; buttons, 296 ff.

THE ROMAN, MEDIEVAL AND MODERN SMALL FINDS §7

477

Terracotta: Fig. 11.3.Medievalsmallfinds. or Roman?)8063; whorls8065, 8066-8067; 8062, (Hellenistic loomweights stamnos handle8069; astragalus or Roman?)8071; palette807?. Groundstone: (?) bead 8068; inscribed (Hellenistic in clay8076. Upperscale 1:2,lowerscale 1:8. 8073; pestle8074; palette8075. Textile-impression saddle-quern

PLATE58, FIG. II.3.

8063. H. 6.35. W. (base)4.66. D. (hole)0.55. Wt.85 g. Pinkfabric (5YR 7/4).Pyramidal shape.Tracesofblackpaint at hole.[Hellenistic withMedievalreuse?]Zeta 1973,# 25 withMH, Context Medieval, (aboveMedievalfloorsurface).

LH I-IIB andLH IIIC Early.73-011.plate58, fig.11.3. details [8064. (notseen). Pyramidalshape. No further recorded.Hellenistic withMedievalreuse?Beta 3, 1959, # 2. Surface contextwith Medieval. Not kept. Not illustrated.]

(ii) Spindle Whorls 8065. H. 1.1.D. (max.)3.1,(hole)0.68. Roughly shaped discwithperforation. Wellpreserved, slightly chipped.Zeta context. 1973,#36 (Medievalpit).Pureearly14thcentury 73-018.PLATE 58, FIG.II.3. 8066. H. 0.95. D. (top)2.35,(bottom) 2.91,(hole)0.72.

Whorlin shapeoftruncated cone.Wellpreserved. Epsilon 1973,# 21 (Medievalpit).ContextMedievalwitha little MH I-III and some LH IIIC Early.73-107. plate 58,

FIG. II.3.

8067. Numbernotused.

478

G. D. R. SANDERS AND J. MOTYKA SANDERS, WITH R. JANKO

(iii) Miscellaneous

8068. Bead (?). H. 1.6. D. (max.) 3.04, (hole) 0.25. withlentoidsection. Circular Completebutbadlywornand chipped.Zeta 1973,# 36 (Medievalpit).Pureearly14th context. 73-017.plate 58, fig.11.3. century W. (handle)5.72. Th. 8069. Stamnoshandle,inscribed. Warestamnos handlewithneckattached(5YR 1.62.Taffy 7/6,reddishyellow).Similarto 4017 (fig.7.10). Top of handleincisedafter withRFinrectangular firing panel,3.7 x 2.8.Heightofletters 1.29 (r), 1.35 (f).Nu 2, 1974,#26. ContextMedieval(yardsurface)withsomeLH I- II. 74219. PLATE 58, FIG. II.3.

[8070. Piercedsherd(notseen).D. (max.) 1.75, (hole) 0.4.Th.0.6.Apparently complete. Bodysherdofmicaceous brokenatedges,withholeincentre vessel,roughly circular, piercedafterfiring.Nu / Gamma 1 baulk, 1974, # 4. ContextMedieval(yardsurface)withsomeMH and LH II. 74-226.Notillustrated.]

(fig. 11.3)

8071. Astragalus. H. 1.68. W. 1.8. Th. 1.1-1. 32. withflattened Concave Astragalus upperandlowersurface. centralsection.Fine claywithsomecoarseinclusions(to one Threeastragali fromCorinth, 0.25 cm).Wellpreserved. ofbronze,one ofglass,and one naturalwerecatalogued byDavidson(Davidson1952,nos.1753-5).^ threecome fromClassical and Roman contexts.Hellenisticwith Medievalreuse?Lambda/Beta12, 1974, #17. Surface contextwithMH, LH and someMedieval.74-811.plate 58, fig.11.3. 8072. Palette.L. 16.4. W. 9.7. Th. 2.2. Flatoval shape withroundededges.Fineclaywithseveralinclusions (toc. at wideend 0.4 cm)and somevoids.Evidenceofburning on one surface.Completefromtwojoiningfragments. Lambda 3/4, 1977, # 11. Context pure Medieval (destruction). 77-815.plate 58, fig.11.3.

8. STONE (8073-8075, fig. 11.3)

8073. Saddle quern.L. (max.ex.) 20.1. W. 21.1. Th. (rim)6.2,(body)4.2. Greenstone rectangular, (serpentine?) lowandflatsaddlequernwithroundedends.Uppersurface rounded. concavewithflatrimateitherend.Lowersurface Zeta 1973,# 28 (overfloor). Broken, onlyhalfpreserved. ContextMedieval,withLH and MH. 73-014.fig.11.3. 8074. Pestle.L. 8.9. W. 4.4-5.9. Th. (max. ex.) 3.4. in plan, (?),blackandgreen;truncated triangle Serpentine convexin section,withgroundsurfaces.Othersurface

Zeta 1973, # 29 (floordeposit,near brokenlengthwise. wallie). ContextMedieval,withsomeLH and MH. 73015. fig. 11.3.

8075. Palette.L. (max.ex.) 6.3. W.4.93. Th. 0.33-0.81. oneendwithroundededges,thickened Fragment preserves Broken.Beta1977, schist. atoneend.Verydarkgrey-green Medieval/mixed #12. Context (nearsurface). 77-005.plate fig. 11.3. 58,

9. CLOTH IMPRESSION IN CLAY (8076, fig. 11.3) wallovertheMedieval A lumpofclay(withgritand straw), probablyfromtheflooror themudbrick The clothwas ofa simpleweaveofwell-known stonesocleee, borea clothimpression. type.It might thattheclothhad in somewaybeen connectedwiththelayingofthemudbricks. be suggested 1.5 x 1.5.Possible 8076. Lumpwithoveralldimensions on one with or of mudbrick impression claypacking piece slightconcavesurface;reversewithgritand strawmarks.

over Beta1977,#9. FromMedievalmudbrick Fragmentary. wallee. ContextMedievalbutpredominantly Mycenaean fig.11.3. and exterior), sherds.77-015.plate 58 (interior

10. TILE (8077-8081; figs. 11.4-11.6) ofthe in thePéloponnèseis limitedto Rosser'spresentation PublishedtilefromMedievalcontexts recovered artifacts Tile is one ofthecommonest fromMessenia.6 material 12thandearly13thcentury and findsfrom are seldompublished, in excavationand by survey. However,findsfromexcavations from tile The indicator. a as little use of therefore are AyiosStephanospresented chronological survey fromArea Lambda3/4, 1977, and was used to roofthelate 13thto early14th hereis exclusively LambdaVII. The tilecoveredtheexcavatedarea;itwasfound,mixedwithtumbled Structure century and outsidethebuildingabove thefloorlevel.The contextin whichthetilewas inside both stone, dated. foundallowsitto be accurately Thesecanbe differentiated wererecovered. andpan-tiles dimensions, Bothcover-tiles bytheirrelative werefound,and it mustbe assumedthatthe No ridge-tiles as wellas by theirshapeand treatment. servedin theirstead.A singlecompleteexampleofa cover-tile cover-tiles (8077) givesan impression about48 cmlong,andflare aretrapezoidal, sizeandformofthistype.The cover-tiles ofthestandard is fromabout22 cm at thedistalendto about26 cm at theproximalend.The ventral(lower)surface convex the to mortar lime of traces with often it; concaveandhas an irregular adhering pittedsurface, is smoothedand bearsa finger-drawn dorsal(upper)surface groovedsignature. ofthe werefound.The surviving No completeexamplesofpan-tiles givethedimension fragments minimum the and of end distal the of width the of both an estimate and end length. permit proximal are roughly The pan-tiles Theymeasureabout34 cm acrossat theproximalend and an rectangular. 6 Rosser

1983.

THE

ROMAN,

MEDIEVAL

AND

MODERN

SMALL

FINDS

'n' 1' (ÍI Fig. 11.4. Medieval tiles.Cover-tile8077. Scale 1:3.

to

Fig. 11.5. Medieval tiles.Cover-tile8078. Scale 1:3.

§1O

479

48o

G. D. R. SANDERS AND J. MOTYKA SANDERS, WITH R. JANKO

oui ι

Fig. 11.6. Medieval tiles.Pan-tiles8079 (above), 8080 (below). Scale 1:3.

estimated30 cm across at the distal end, and were at least 36.5 cm long. The ventralsurfaceis convex, pittedand rough.The concave dorsal surfaceis smoothedand is decorated eitherwitha curvilinearcombed designor withfinger-drawn grooves.The edges of both typesof tileare bevelled on theirupper surface(fig. 11.6). can be reconstructed. The preparedclay was laid on To a certainextentthe processof manufacture an even earthensurfaceand flattenedto the requiredthickness.When the clay had dried and had itwas cutto prescribeddimensionsby usinga pre-shapedform,or by hand with been hand-smoothed, or withwet fingers.The a knife.The cut tileswere then signed,eitherwitha comb-likeinstrument the cut, a facet. When the with a bevelled were trimmed knife, clay was stiff, creating upper edges concave shape. trimmedand signedtileswere laid on a curvedsurfaceto give the finallongitudinally marksare invariablyon theupper surfaceofbothcover-and panThe signaturesor manufacturers' tiles.That thecombed or finger-drawn designswere not devisedto help thebondingoftilesis evident fromtheirusuallycentrallocationon theuppersurface,wheretherewas littleor no overlapwithother or as decoration.Combed signatures identification tiles.The marksmustthenhave servedeitheras factory to pan-tiles.These marks,exclusivelycurvilinear,are drawnwitheithera six-orsevenare restricted whichwas draggedacross the surfaceof the wet tile afterit had been toothedcomb-likeinstrument, elevatedridgesbetweentheincisions. smoothed.This procedureleftdeep parallelgrooveswithslightly The formsof these marks and cover-tiles. the on both are pansignatures present Finger-impressed includean invertedpsi motif,loops and an invertedV-shapeddesign.In each case thedesignhas been drawnwiththemiddleand/orindex fingerintothepliable pre-smoothedsurfaceoftheclay. 7 Rosser 1983, 385, fig. 10.77, 81.

THE

ROMAN,

MEDIEVAL

AND

MODERN

SMALL

FINDS

§11

481

The typesoftileusedatAyiosStephanoshavesurvived in use in mainlandGreeceto thisday.Any the tiles their is dim.The late 12th of relative date of size, by shapeand signature hope differentiating in size,signature tileat Nichoriain UnitIV, Phase 4, is significantly different and or 13thcentury an estimated section.The cover-tiles fromNichoriameasurec.40 x 25-30 x 2.5 cm,andthepan-tiles 80 x c.37 x 2 cm.Whensigned,themarksarefinger-drawn to thelongaxisofthetile perpendicular it appearsthatthetilesweresignedbeforethe neartheproximalend.Fromthepublisheddrawings, fromtheearlierexamplesfromNichoria, tilewas cut.7Although thetilesfromAyiosStephanosdiffer Thismay from later Laconian tilesin manyrespects. and are similar to perhapsindistinguishable they fromthatused at Nichoria. a different standardofmensuration reflect oftheroof AtHagiosNikolaoson theOinousRivernearSellasia,tilesreplacedduringrenovation or later, ofthechurch.The churchitselfdatesperhapsto the 16thcentury stillsurvivein thevicinity be precisely whiletheroofwas probablyrenovatedin thepast decade. The tilescannottherefore Lambda VII. At of Structure datedwithina 350 yearspan,some 300 yearsafterthe destruction The the Laconia team from the were found and cover-tiles Nikolaos Survey. by completepanHagios x x of x x the cm. and the cover-tile 22 measures 2.4 48 Although length the 63 30 3.2 cm, pan-tile from the with that of cannot be AyiosStephanos,the width, pan-tiles compared directly pan-tile can. cover-tiles of the and signatures dimensions survivedforat least300 years,if thatthestandardshapeand size ofroof-tiles It seems,therefore, is provided into themid-20thcentury standard the of notconsiderably longer.Evidenceforthesurvival and dimensions. similar also have which HouseatCorinth, shapes replacedtilesofPietrie bytherecently tilein thePéloponnèsemaybe possible, betweenmiddle-and late-Byzantine differentiation Although tiletypescannot,at thistime,be realised. ofthepost-13thcentury a finechronology Completeexceptforchipat edge.L. 8077. Cover-tile. 25.5.Th. (min.)1.9,(max.) 48.1.W.(distal)22.3,(proximal) coarse 1.80 Wt. Hard, claywithoccasionalwhite kg. 3.1. but numerousblackand red grits,and occasionalsmall pebbles.Clay firedto pale red (10R 6/4) at core and at brown(10YR 6/4). withpatchesoflightyellowish surface, two parallel on surface; signature upper Finger-drawn groovesat proximalend, withtwo broad, curvilinear and flaringtowards groovesjoined at distalextremity withtracesofwhite smoothed end.Dorsalsurface proximal of distalend.Ventral first 6 cm lime-mortar covering gritty surfaceirregular, pittedand rough,withnumerouslarge and coveredwithtraces voids,gritsand strawimpressions Lambda Lambda3/4,1977,Structure ofwhitelime-mortar. VII. fig.11.4. Aboutone-third preserving complete, 8078. Cover-tile. and twolateraledges.L. (ex.) 23.3. W. 23.9. mid-section coarse Th. (min.)2.4,(max.)3.1.Wt.1.80kg.Medium-hard, andlargevoids. inclusions claywithoccasionalsmallgritty inverted Clayfiredto lightred(2.5YR 6/8).Finger-drawn psi signatureon convex dorsal surface.Dorsal surface ventralsurfacepittedand rough.Lambda3/4, smoothed, LambdaVII. fig.11.5. 1977,Structure Pan-tile. completeproximal Fragment preserving 8079. end.L. (ex.)19.3.W.(proximal) 32.6.Th. (min.)1.4,(max.)

2.8. Wt. 1.75 kg. Veryhard,coarseclaywithnumerous and occasionallargevoids.Clay firedto inclusions gritty reddishyellow(5YR 6/6 to 6/8). Curvilinearcombed on smoothed instrument drawnwithseven-tined signature surface Ventral concavedorsalsurface. roughand irregular, pitted,withlargevoidsand gritsat surface.Lambda3/4, LambdaVII. fig.11.6. 1977,Structure of 8080. Pan-tile.Fragmentpreservingthree-fourths Th. W. L. 28.8. end. 21.1. (min.) (ex.) 1.7, (ex.) proximal (max.) 2.8. Wt. 1.85 kg. Veryhard,coarseclay firedto smoothed reddish yellow(5YR 6/6).Concavedorsalsurface and signedwithtwoparallelfinger-drawn groovesacross semicircles proximalend, withtwo double finger-drawn and roughwith surface attachedto them.Ventral irregular Lambda3/4, to surface. manylargebrowngritsadhering LambdaVII. fig.11.6. 1977,Structure 8081. Pan-tile. approximately preserving Largefragment halfof distalend. L. (ex.) 36.4. W. (ex.) 28.8. Th. (min.) 1.9, (max.) 2.8. Wt 2.6 kg. Veryhard,coarseclay with numerouslargegrits,grogand voids.Clay firedto light red (2.5YR 6/8). Concave dorsalsurfacesmoothedand Ventral psidrawnwithtwofingers. signedwithan inverted and rough,withnumerous surface largegritsand irregular Lambda3/4,1977, tosurface. occasionalpebblesadhering LambdaVII. Notillustrated. Structure

11. ROMAN, MEDIEVAL AND MODERN COINS R.Janko (i) Roman (8082) thatanyonevisitedAyiosStephanosbetweenLH IIIC Early Amongthefewstrayfindswhichsuggest Boththisand the Roman andtheMedievalperiod,8 imperialcoin8082 is datablewithcertainty. only w baulk of Area near the were found be which thepyramidal Hellenistic, 8063, may loomweight Zeta;fortheirfindspotssee fig.3.I.9 8 See

Chapter 3 §1 above.

9 For furtherdiscussion see Chapter 14 §5 (i) below.

482

G. D. R. SANDERS AND J. MOTYKA SANDERS, WITH R. JANKO

tournois: Fig. 11.7. Roman and Medieval coins. Roman bronze dupondius or as: FaustinaII 8082. Medieval billon deniers CharlesI ofAnjou 8084; Maud of Hainault8087. Scale 1:1. Bronze dupondiusor as. Faustina II, consort of 8082. Marcus Aureliusad 161-75. D. (max.) 2.4. Th. 0.3. Wt. not recorded.Worn.Obv. favstina [avgvsta]. Her draped bust right,withhair fastenedin chignonat back of head. Rev. [ιν Ν ο]. Juno,veiled, draped,standingleft,head left, holding patera in extended righthand and long vertical

sceptrein left;at her feet to left,peacock standingright withhead turnedto right,s c leftand rightin lower field. Mintof Rome. Cf. Cohen 1880-92, nos. 121-3; Mattingly 1940, nos. 913-17. AreaZeta 1973, #12. Surfacecontext, includingMH, LH, (?)Hellenisticand Medieval, ad 161*75 73OO5 FIG·11'7-

(ii) Medieval (8083-8087) evidencefirst The datingoftheMedievalphaseofthesite,indicatedbythenumismatic publishedby of the has beencorroborated theauthor,10 (Chapter7 above).Bothapproachesyield pottery bystudy toDr D. M. to c.ad 1320.1 am gratefiil in the13thcentury a terminus ad; thecoinscontinue postquern foradviceon theoccasionoftheiroriginalpublication. Metcalfand thelateProf.P. Grierson ofthetypeknownas denier and c. 3 mmin thickness, Therearefivecoins,18-19 mmin diameter rulersin southern in Franceand was thenimitated Thisoriginated tournois. by a numberofFrankish modernKilliniin Elis. Greece,notablythePrincesofAchaiawiththeirmintat Clarentia(Glarentza), The obversetypeis a crosspattée,i.e. withslightly splayedarms;thereverseshowsthecastle-like theissuesareofbillon,thefabricof8083-8085 appearsto tournois. Although designknownas a châtel ofbronze. be silver,whereas8086-8087 l°°k as ^ theyare madeentirely Louis VIII or IX, King of Billon deniertournois. 8083. France ad 1223-26 or 1226-70. Fabric and minting excellent; scarcely worn. Obv. +lvdovicvsrex·. Cross Coins ofthistype, pattée.Rev. +tvronvscivi. Châteltournois. withcivi not civis, cannotbe more accuratelydated than 1223-66 (Lafaurie1951, 22, no. 195); thelegend crvaswas in use by 1266, when St Louis used it on the new denier

gros(Metcalf1974, 122). Mint unknown.Alpha 10, i960, # 2. Mixed surfacecontext.Taylour 1972, 242, HS 250 (described as possibly Byzantine). 60-541. Not drawn; shown in plate 58. Charles I of Anjou, Prince Billon deniertournois. 8084. of Achaia ad 1278-85. Fabric and mintingvery good; slightlyworn. Obv. +«k[«]rtrinc'ac[1i·]. Cross pâtée in

10 Janko1982a.

THE ROMAN, MEDIEVAL AND MODERN SMALL FINDS §11 centreis overstruckon flan which had smaller cross at a 45o angle to the present one. Rev. ·οιαιιεντ[ια·].Châtel Mintof Clarentia.This typemay be datable to ad tournois. 1278-81 (Schlumberger1878, 315, pl. xii 16; cf. Metcalf 1971, 181, varietyb); forthedatingsee Metcalf1971, 180. The level in which it was found antedates, or is with,thebuildingof StructureLambda VII, contemporary as is proved by joins in the pottery;it is fromthe lowest Medieval stratumin the yard just outside it (see above, Chapter3 §4). Lambda 3, 1977, # 32. ContextLH IIA fill with a littleMedieval (make-upof yard surface).77-819. fig. 11.7. Billon deniertournois.Isabella of Villehardouin, 8085. Princess of Achaia ad 1297-1301. Slightlyworn. Obv. +ysabellap#ach:(tworingsafterthe h). Cross pattée.Rev. Mint of Clarentia. Since +decl[a]rencia'. Châteltournois. the Registri AngioinistatethatIsabella struckno coinage in her own name until 1299 (Metcalf 1979, 252), the coin dates fromad 1299-1301. For the type see Schlumberger 1878, 316; thisspecimenis probablyhis firsttype(ibid.pl. xii 19). Beta 12A, N baulk, 1963, # 93. Surface context includingMedieval,LH IIIC Earlyand MH. Taylour1972, 260, HS 301 (dated'Frankishperiod?').63-587. Not drawn;

483

shown in plate 58. 8086. Billon deniertournois. Philip of Taranto,Princeof Achaia ad 1307-13. Poor metal, corroded and cracked across; scarcely worn. Obv. +PHSPAch·t[ar]dr: (the s is retrograde). Cross pattée. Rev. +declarenc[ia]. Châtel dot in field,right.Mint of Clarentia.The type is tournois-, not exactlyparalleled: see Schlumberger1878, 317, pl. xii 21 (ours is presumably one of his 'autres variétés Beta 3, 1959, # 1; foundwith8087. Surface insignifiantes'). context,mostlyMedieval with some LH IIIC Early. Not drawn; shown in plate 58. Billon deniertournois. Maud of Hainault,Princess 8087. of Achaia ad 1313-21. Poor fabric,corroded and cracked at edge; scarcelyworn.Obv. +[M]AhAVTAP#Ach·. Crosspâtée, overstruck on a châtel tournois at a 45o angle. Rev. possibly +DECLARENCIA·. Châteltournoi^dot in field,right.Mint of Clarentia.For thedatingto 1313-21, ratherthanto Maud's sole rule in 1316-21, see Metcalfi960, 42. Again thetype is not paralleled precisely:cf. Schlumberger1878, 31 δι9, pl. xii 24. Beta 3, 1959, # 1; foundwith8086. Surface context,mostlyMedieval withsome LH IIIC Early,plate 58, fig. 11.7.

The discovery oftheseFrenchand Frankish deniers tournois and no othercoinsofMedievaldateat a in site Laconia has both numismatic and historical Byzantine implications. In thecontext ofseveralFrankish thepresenceoftheFrenchone ofLouisVIII orIX (8083) deniers, is notentirely Metcalfhas plausiblyarguedthattheAchaiancoinage,withitsidentical unexpected. was as a or replacement forFrenchissuesand startedperhapsas earlyas types, begun supplement In 1262 theFrankscededthecastlesofMistra,Monemvasiaand Le 1262 at themintofClarentia.11 GrandMagneto theByzantines, whoregainedtherestofLaconiatheyearafter.12 ButFrenchdeniers tournois have continued to reach Greece after coins of Louis are still found in hoardsof 1266;13 may deniers in the1320s,albeitveryrarelyandusuallyin worncondition.14 theFrenchcoins Alternatively, fromcirculation once theissuesfromClarentiabegan.15 Butitis notclear mayhavebeenwithdrawn whethersucha withdrawal could have appliedto the Byzantine province;the crucialearlyhoard evidenceeitherwayis lacking.The presenceofa Frenchcoinamongonlyfivedeniers and its tournois, excellentcondition, makeitlikelythatitwas lostat a relatively earlydate.Thiscoindoes notprove thatAyiosStephanos wasalreadyreoccupied thefirst halfofthe13Ü1century, butthatpossibility during is notexcluded.16 thisfindis froma different Moreover, partofthesite,fromAreaAlphaon thetop ofthehill,ratherthanfromitssw slopeliketherest(see figs,ii-iii). It is remarkable thatFrankish coinscontinued in use at AyiosStephanosafterLaconiabecamea withthefindsfromtheBritish excavations at Sparta,where Byzantine provincein 1263.Thiscontrasts coinsheavilyoutweigh Frankish and Venetian amountto only5% of Byzantine pieces,whichtogether thetotal.17 Thismaybe becauseAyiosStephanoswas occupiedmainlyin thelate 13thand early14th whereastheByzantine andVenetian coinsat Spartaarerespectively earlierandlaterin date centuries, thanthat.Perhapstheabsenceofthesedeniers at Spartais evidencethatitwas thenabandoned.18 Metcalfhas proposedthatthelow-valuedeniers wereusedprimarily in areaswheretherewas trade andindustry, andnotin theagricultural hinterland.19 Ifso,AyiosStephanoswaspresumably involved in coastaltradewiththeFrankish situated at the head of the Laconian it offered an principate; gulf, foraccess approachto MistrathatavoidedroundingCape Malea, and was thusmoreconvenient fromthe westthanwas Monemvasia.This observationhelps to explainthe inscribedstamnos handle8069 fromthefinaloccupationlevelin thecourtyard ofStructure LambdaVII; thisbearsthe lettersr f scratchedin Latinletters.Denierstournois have circulated moreextensively in the may Byzantine provincethanhas been realised;at laterperiodsthe Despotstendedto relyon foreign moneyof variouskindsand neverstruckany locally.Tradewas,to an ever-increasing degree,left in thehandsofWestern merchants.20 11Metcalf 1971,210 ff.;1979, 249-50, withn. 9. 12See Chapter14 §5 (ii) below. 13Metcalf 1074, 122. 14Metcalf1060, φ (hoardL); 1074, 122. 15Metcalf 1974, 122. 16See Chapter7 §4 above.

17Metcalf1060, R2; iq7Q, 238-Q. 18P. Grierson, comm. 19Metcalf pers. 1979, 234-6. 20 1975,π 245-69,especially256, 266-7; Metcalf Zakythinos

1979, 291-2.

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G. D. R. SANDERS AND J. MOTYKA SANDERS, WITH R. JANKO

in thelate 13thcentury; LambdaVII is datedto c. flourished Structure AyiosStephanoscertainly 1280 or laterby 8084, whichwas recoveredfromthemake-upoftheyardsurface.From1321 the coastsbecame a Byzantine provincedeclined;raidsby Catalansand Turkson the Peloponnesian attacks on the seriousproblemin themid-1320s,andUmur,emirofAydin,led especiallydevastating of thelatercoins8085-8087 in surface LaconianGulfand Vale of Spartain 1334.21The finding theirdatesand unworn levelsis mosteasilyexplainedas resulting fromthesite'sviolentdestruction; conditionsuggeststhatByzantineAyios Stephanos,exposed to sea-borneraids up the River metitsendin one oftheseraids.The arrowheads 8009-80125fromAreaZetasupport Vasilopotamos, had a longlife,wellintothe14thcentury;22 thishypothesis. sincethedeniers However,itis notcertain, butI doubtit. theabsenceofissuesafter1321 might justbe coincidence, (iii) Modern (8088-8089) at thesitebetweenthe forhumanactivity The sole datableevidencerecoveredfromtheexcavations thiswasthediscovery and thepresentdayis againnumismatic: destruction oftheMedievalbuildings or shepherds in surfacelevelsoftwo 19thcentury Greekcoins,probablychancelossesby farmers than of rather evidence occupation. 8088. Bronzetwo-lepta piece.KingOttoofGreece(ad D. 1.8. Th. 0.1; millededges. 1832-62).Good condition. Shieldbearingcrossof Obv.ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΑ| ΤΗΣ | ΕΛΛΑΔΟΣ. withlegendaround StGeorge,surmounted bylargecrown, in centreof edge.Rev.2 | ΛΕΠΤΑ| 1837 (inthreeregisters field,surrounded by wreath).Beta 1977, #14. Surface contextwithMedievaland some LH. ad 1837. 77-004. Notillustrated. 8089. Bronzeten-lepta piece.KingGeorgeI ofGreece

21

Zakythinos1975, 1. 90-1, 334; Runciman 1980, 52.

D. 2.7. Th. 0.2; milled (ad 1862-1913).Good condition. edges.Obv.ΓΕΩΡΠΟ[Σ]ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣΤΩΝΕΛΛΗΝΩΝ1869. His head left,with date below. Rev. Outer legend: ΔΙΩΒΟΛΟΝ.Innerlegend: 10 ΛΕΠΤΑ. Wreathof olive innerlegend.Trialtrench leavesand berriessurrounding VII, 1963, # 20. Mixed surfacelevel,ad 1869. 63-597. Notillustrated. 8090-9000.Numbersnotused.

22 Metcalf

i960, 39 n. 5.

Chapter12 The humanand otherorganicremains C. Duhig,G.Jones, C. Mourer-Chauviré, A. Nicodemus, D. S. ReeseandM.J.Rose 1. THE HUMAN REMAINS, 1959-77 C. Duhig (i) Source Material This reporthas been compiledfromtheinformation containedin thepublicationof the 1959-63 fromtheseyears,hisrecordsheetsforthe LawrenceAngel'slistsfortheskeletalmaterial excavations,1 andSaraBisel'sdraft 1973-74material, reporton theburialsfoundin 1977.1 havenotexaminedany of theremains,and I have not,therefore, been able to confirm or correctunclearor questionable It is thatwereunavailableto thepreviousinvestigators. details,norto applymethodsof recording of locations of clearthatrecording was hamperedbythegenerally condition the skeletons. [The poor tothe thebonesand skullsstoredin SpartaMuseumarelisted,whenknown,in table 12.7,according foundin 1963 were cataloguecompiledby E. B. Frenchand Clarissade Waal.A fewoftheskeletons are in in Editorial additions these are box and box 62 brackets.] 79. perhaps kept;2 ofthe1959,i960 and 1963 seasons3includesforeachburialtheage at death, Taylour's publication ofthebones.Angel'slists,on whichTaylourdrew,havesomewhat sexwhenapplicableand condition - forexamplethestateoferuption ofteethinjuveniles,fromwhichtheageswere fuller information - and a fewofthebetterpreserved are describedin detail.Fortheyears1973 skeletons determined orgroupexceptthoseuncovered a recordsheetforalmosteveryindividual and 1974,Angelcompleted and ofthe45 carboncopiesoflostoriginals, at theend ofa season.All therecordsare handwritten, withexhaustive measurements of every Institution sheetsonlyfourare thefullSmithsonian forms, records made Bisel were of No availablebone,theotherssimply available, beingslips paper. original by but her draftreportforpublication(Appendix7) is verydetailedand probablycontainsall the skeletons. thatcouldbe obtainedat thattime,at leastfortheimmature information (ii) Notes to the Catalogue and Correlation List a correlation list(table 12.7) As a preliminary to thecreationof a completecatalogueof skeletons, used Lord William was compiled,combining and ordering thenumbering Taylour(WDT systems by stateof in thecatalogueentries), LawrenceAngel(JLA)and Sara Bisel(SB). Becauseoftheconfused to takeaccountofthedateofexcavation, thelocationand formofthe therecords,itwas necessary whichcould conditions, details,suchas age at death,sex or pathological gravesand anyosteological an individual. Each individual was thengivena new,uniquenumber. unequivocally identify Together,the catalogueand the correlationlist amalgamateall publishedand unpublished information about the human remains;my additions,amendmentsand queries are given in andcomments todistinguish themfromthefindings ofAngel,Biselandtheexcavators. squarebrackets I have not includedAngel's exhaustivebone measurementsand morphologyscores forthe 1973 and 1974 material,whichcan be foundin the archive.Of theseI have used long-bone whenavailable,to calculatetheheightof adultsof knownsex, as describedbelow. measurements, The correlation listfieldsare as follows: number. Thisnewnumbering in 1992,runsfrom9001 to9163 overall introduced Catalogue system, Each numberrepresents one individual, whichhas necessitated someseparation yearsofexcavation. 1 Taylour 10,72. 2 Taylour 1972, 207.

3

485

Taylour 1972.

486

C. DUHIG, G. JONES, C. MOURER-CHAUVIRÉ,

A. NICODEMUS,

D. S. REESE, M. J. ROSE

to groupedor commingled ofHS or SK numbers(see below)relating bones,and somecombination to reunitepartsofthesameskeletonexcavatedin different years.Numbers9001 to 9099 coverthe seasons1959, i960 and 1963,and are orderedaccordingto thetextofTaylour's1972 publication, thus:AreasAlpha,Delta,TrialTrenchVII, Gammaand Beta.It is tobe notedthathispublishedtable theorderofAreasGammaand TrialTrenchVII. Numbers9100 to 9163 covertheseasons reverses arepublished 1973,1974 and 1977,and areorderedfirst byArea,in thesequencein whichtrenches in thisvolume(Epsilon,Zeta,Eta,Beta,Lambdaand Nu / Gamma),andwithineachAreabyyearof All references in thischapteruse thenewcataloguenumbers. excavation. In the 1959-63 seasons,the23 skeletons examinedby Angelwerenumbered HS number. by him in orderas he workedon them,fromHS 1 to HS 22 includinga HS 21a. HS standsforHagios as in thefindsnumbers(toavoidconfusion withthesiteofAsteri,denotedby AST), and Stephanos, not'humanskeleton'.Manyskeletons werenothandledby himand so have no HS numbers. This was in in continued and and Bisel but was an there inadvertent 1974 1977, system byAngel 1973 by overlapofnumberswiththeprevioussequence,so thissequencerunsfromHS 20 to HS 78, and withsub-numbers covers62 individuals. SK number. WhenTaylourpublishedtheresultsofthefirst wererecordedby seasons,theskeletons himwiththeArea letterfollowedby a skeletonnumber,withsome sub-numbers; twoindividuals werenotgivennumbers, as theycameat theend oftheworkon theirrespective trenches. Jankohas followedthissystem forthelaterseasons.It is onlyoccasionally and coincidentally thattheHS and SK sequencesrunin the same order,because the formerindicatesorderof examination by the and the latter the order of excavation. anthropologist The burialofa child,SK Nu 5 of 1974 (= Nu burial11),was deducedbyJankofromthesmallsize ofthecistandthepresenceofa toychariotwheel.No boneswerefound,however, so itdoesnotexist and is in not included the osteologically catalogue. Comments on numbering. This columnexplainsthecombination or separationof individuals, and exclusionofnumbers neededto producethecorrelation list. Date.Thisis thedateofexcavation, a combineddateshowing thatexcavationofone individual was carriedoutin twoseparateseasons(e.g.9147 shownas 1963-74).Angel'sownrecordsgivethedate whenhe workedon eachskeleton, whichcanbe up to a yearlater,and to avoidconfusion thesedates havenotbeenincludedhere. Trench. The trenchnumbers, fromtherecordsheets,or references suchas 'cist'or 'pithos',have been notedonlyto aid in thecorrelation ofinformation on specificskeletons. As above,twotrench numbersare givenfor9146, forexample,to indicateitspositionbetweentwoAreas(Beta 12A of 1963,and Lambda 1 of 1974). Period. Information as totheperiodofburialcomesfromjanko's current tableofburials(table2.3). an age,itis givenin square Age.Agesweredetermined byAngeland Bisel.WhereI havecorrected and thevariantmethodsare discussedin detailin thesectionon demography, below.The brackets, notation usedforreferring to each permanent or deciduoustoothis thatgivenin Brothwell 1972: 1, medialincisor;2, lateralincisor;3, canine;4, anterior first 6, molar; premolar;5, posterior premolar; 7, secondmolar;8, thirdmolaror wisdomtooth;the equivalentteethin thedeciduousdentition, whichonlycontains20 teeth,are indicatedby theletters 'a' to 'e'. of the earlier an skeletons were not examined andsomeothers weretoofragmentary Many by expert, and damagedforage to be determined so are in listed broad of'neonate', categories accurately, they 'infant','child' or 'adult',but it is not possibleto determinewhatages thesebands represent. a neonateis a newbornup to one month,an infant is less thanone yearold and a child Correctly, later to age up puberty. any Sex.All immature individuals are recordedas 'N/A ('notapplicable')in thiscolumn,withthesex in parenthesis. determination madebyAngelor Biselfollowing was The sex ofmanyadultskeletons and notdetermined, because of and/or condition of these are marked bones, presumably paucity poor 'N/D' ('notdeterminable'). A fewof theadultswithgenderindicateddo notappearto have been examinedbyAngel,and itis assumedthattheyweresexedon thebasisofthegravegoods:theseare numbers 9025, 9037, 9066-9067, 9076 and 9078. Biselcalculatedtheheightofthetwoadultwomenin the 1977 sample(9161-9162),and Height. to thesizeoftwoskeletons hertextmentions themuscular robustness ofone ofthem.Taylourrefers twoindividuals and describes without measurements or further comment,4 (9100, (9076,9086) Angel to calculate die from as his sheets me record tall, 9125) being long-bonelengths, height enabling 4

Taylour 1972, 228, 233.

THE HUMAN AND OTHER ORGANIC REMAINS §1

487

In no othercase is statureor buildmentioned, formulae ofTrotter.5 butI have usingtheregression numbers and usedAngel'srecordsto estimate for 9043, 9051 9137. height In the correlation conditions. list,pathologicalconditionsare onlymentionedto aid Pathological In addingfurther correlation ofspecimens. information to thefullcatalogue,I havefoundthatAngel tendedto makediagnoseswithlittleor no description, so his comments on pathological conditions are given almostin theirentirety, entries the use of certain well known only shortening by conventions such as the tooth notation mentioned under and reference anthropological 'Age',above, to cervical,thoracicand lumbarvertebrae as 'C's, 'T's and 'L's respectively. I discussthesignificance ofthepathological disorders below. Certainothermanifestations in theskeletonthatcannotstrictly be called'pathological' are noted as such the of tooth wear and the of certain anatomical variants called 'non-metric here, degree presence whichareusuallynotofclinicalsignificance inlifebutaresometimes heritable orenvironmentally traits', and can thus within a or the determined, suggest family relationships cemetery presenceofenvironmental Stressors the in These are also discussed more detail below. during development period. The catalogueentries(§1 (v) below)omitthedetailsofHS and SK numbersand do notmention was made by Angelor Bisel; as was mentionedabove, age, sex or heightunlessa determination sexes of in table immature individuals as possible suggested byAngelor Biselappearin parentheses in the entries and on the information list.In Otherwise the correlation 12.7. catalogue repeat expand the includes the state of of each skeleton and some comments on addition, catalogue general recovery and unusual condition of the burial discard from so once bones, on, positions, graves,mixing any to aid correlation oftheskeletonnumbering againprimarily systems. The condition and proportion recoveredofeach skeleton is notsystematically butitwas recorded, to find some as albeit somewhat to and on notes, anecdotal, possible preservation recovery all but threeindividuals, theexceptions theonlyclue to beingnumbers9149, 9151 and 9160. Frequently, It is clearthatpreservation thepresenceofa particular boneis a measurement. at thesiteis generally above:mostskeletons werecrushedto someextent, bad,as mentioned manyweredisturbed bylater burialsor structures, and some had suffered due to differential drainage partialdecay,presumably within is themostdestructive Thereis a highpercentage of thegraves(water-leaching decayprocess6). to all thesedestructive immature theseare somewhat morevulnerable individuals; processesbecause oftheirsmallsize and low bone-mineral content,7 thoughnotsystematically.8 (iii) Findings and Interpretation are discussedforthesiteoveralland foreach timeperiod.It is important to emphasisethat Findings we are not lookingat a singlecontemporary even when each siteperiod considering population, withtheir but a selection from the of the site over livingpopulations separately, manygenerations, in and and social which the environment economic circumstances, changing geneticheritage perhaps themoststableinfluence. ForthewholeperiodofBronzeAge use ofthesite,about1800 represents possiblethatalmostevery years,only 154 individualshave been recovered,so it is theoretically in is there must be timegroupings, but the one skeleton; reality generation represented by only of methods is sufficient to indicate those individuals who could,potentially, precision dating scarcely have knowneach other.The overallsamplesize is good comparedto manyothersites,particularly thosefromtheMediterranean area thatoftenhave bone in similarly butwhenit is poor condition, brokendownby periodthesamplesforeach are too smallto be consideredsignificant, and theyare small when broken down and sex. againby age dismally The selectionhas itsownbiasesdue to intrinsic and extrinsic factors betweentheliving operating and the recovered skeletal factors at lengthby discussed population ultimately population, in but the context of human Waldron:9 remains, archaeozoologists rarely exceptrecently by selectivity at theburialstage,lossdue to disturbance and poorpreservation, excavationofthewhole incomplete burialarea and post-excavation loss. The firstwe are unlikelyto be able to quantify, but at Ayios as at numbers of immature skeletons are so we can avoid thecommon found, Stephanos, Lerna,large where are the children and babies? The absence of osteological question:10 apparent veryold persons is discussedbelow.The secondand thirdfactorsare obviouslyoperating at thissite,onlythethird andthefourth also operatesin thesensethatthedatagathered fromthematerial is beingquantifiable, and less than it would have been two decades before. less, comprehensible, 5 Trotter 1970, based on Trotterand Gleser 1052 6 See Goffer 1980. 7 Von Endt and Ortner 1984.

8 Duhig 1998, fig.4.3. 9 Waldron 1994, 13-21. 10This is discussed, forexample, in Molleson 1993.

488

C. DUHIG, G. JONES, C. MOURER-CHAUVIRÉ,

A. NICODEMUS,

D. S. REESE, M. J. ROSE

remarked ofthedatamusttherefore be takenas tentative. as tothemeaning Angelhimself Suggestions and broad conclusions ten skeletons have thateven ancientcemetery of five or supported samples of the the authors of their musthavebeen considered therefore livingpopulations by representative from the skeletal material with caution. Even where but these should be treated great reports, reports to theinformation on itsown,however, gainedfromitcan contribute AyiosStephanosis insufficient widerstudiesofBronzeAge Greece. (a) BREAKDOWN OF SKELETAL REMAINS BY PERIOD

ofthatperiod,or whichare I haveincludedin each periodonlythoseburialsthatare unequivocally followed The latter are alternative without by a questionmarkin periodbeingsuggested. any queried thelistsbelow. (i) EarlyHelladic

numbered9003, 9004?, 9005, 9009?,9010, 9013, The remainsfromthisperiodare 16 skeletons, 9016-9017,9020?, 9038?,9039?, 9040?,9041?, 9043?, 9044?, 9045?. (ii) MiddleHelladic

fromthisperiodtotal59 in all,numbered9001-9002, 9006?, 9007, 9008, 9018?, 9019, Skeletons 9022?,9023, 9024?,9026?, 9027?, 9028?, 9032?, 9Ο33"9°34>9°35?> 9°36> 9°49> 9°5O?>9°51?> 9052?, 9°57?> 9°58?> 9°59?> 9o6o> 9°6i?, 9062?, 9066?, 9068?, 9070-9074, 9077, 9086-9087, 9090-9091,9096, 9098, 9100, 9104-9106, 9107?, 9108?, 9109?, 9110, 9112, 9115-9118,9131?, 9136-9137, 9162. [9148 can nowbe added.] HeUadictransition (in) MiddleHelladic/Late

Fourindividuals arefromthisperiod,skeletons numbered9025, 9031?, 9134? and theunexcavated skeleton from Lambda Burial (andunnumbered) 4. (iv) Late Helladic

66 skeletons, The remains fromthisperiodareaboutas plentiful as thosefromtheMH period,totalling numbered 9029?, 9030?, 9046, 9047?, 9048?, 9053?, 9054?, 9055?, 9056, 9063?, 9064?, 9079?, 9080?, 9081-9085, 9088-9089, 9092-9095, 9097?, 9099, 9101, 9102?, 9103?, 9113?, 9114?, 9119?,9121, 9123-9124,9125?,9126, 9128, 9129?,9130, 9132, θ1^?* 9*35>^»β-ΘΜ*» 9!43?> 9144?,9145?,9146?, 9147*9149"9154»9*56-9l6l> 9l63?· (v) Medieval

Skeletons Skeleton9067 is Medieval.11 9069, 9075-9076, 9078, 9122 and 9129 maybe Medieval. (vi) Perioduncertain

date.Numbers9011-9012 and 9014-9015 are EH or MH. 9037 skeletons are ofuncertain Twenty is MH or MH/LH transitional; 9111, 9021, 9037, 9120, 9127 and 9148 are MH or LH. 9069, 9075-9076 and 9078 areMH orMedieval.9122 and 9129 areLH orMedieval.9042 and9065 are unknowndate. ofcompletely (b) DEMOGRAPHY

ratios (i) Age/sex

evenwhenthemethod individuals are aged accurately, In generalI haveassumedthattheimmature in some ofhisnotesthathe indicated Forveryyoungindividuals, usedhasnotbeendescribed. Angel oftheskull,the bones and usedthestateoffusionofvariousareasofthesphenoid, temporal occipital when I have made someamendments, however, Angelnoted timingofwhichis wellunderstood.12 standards13 favoured as thecurrently and eruption, thestateofdentaldevelopment produceslightly are minimal, results fromhis.The differences different however, usuallyonlya monthor twoexcept in thecase ofskeletons 9005 (1 year)and 9113 (1.5 years),andnonearesignificant 9004 (6 months), 11See Chapter 3 §6 above. 12Redfield 1970; Weaver1979; Scheuerand MacLaughlin-Black 1994·

13Moorrees,

Fanning and Hunt 1963.

THE HUMAN AND OTHER ORGANIC REMAINS §1

Fig. 12.1. Age at death: all Bronze Age burials(total154).

Fig. 12.2. Age at death: EH burials(total16).

489

49O

C. DUHIG, G. JONES, C. MOURER-CHAUVIRÉ,

A. NICODEMUS,

D. S. REESE, M. J. ROSE

Fig. 12.3. Age at death: MH and MH III/LH I burials(total62).

Fig. 12.4. Age at death: LH burials(total66).

THE HUMAN AND OTHER ORGANIC REMAINS §1

491

Biselreports thatsheusedthedentaldevelopment method giventhelargerproblemsofdemography. ofSchourand Poncher, whichis a variantoftheSchourand Masslerstandard.14 Skeleton9112 isrecordedas 13+ yearsofagebecauseofthecompleteeruption ofthesecondmolars, whichare commonly calledthe' 12-yearmolars';butbecausetheacetabulum is unfusedtheage can thanthis,and I haverecordedthisindividual be greater as 12 to 13 yearsofage at death. scarcely The preciseages givenforthe adultswere obtainedby methodsno longerin use: the Todd methodof pubic symphysis and a systemof scoringthe skullsuturesfortheirdegreeof ageing15 fusion,probablythatof the AmericansTodd and Lyon16ratherthana Europeansystem.Suchey, Wiseleyand Katz17have modifiedthe Todd symphysissystem,and I have followedthemin reconsidering ages thatclearlyhave been determined by thismethod.Thereare onlytwo:skeleton which is as recorded and would fall intothenewcategory ToddΆ' (< 24 years), 9100, aged 24 years and 9137, whichis recordedas aged 52 yearsand wouldnow be in theTodd Έ' category(> 45 betweenthesystems is negligible, years).For thesetwocases,then,theage differences althoughit wouldnotnecessarily be so forotherexamples. As mentioned above,manyoftheagesare simplyrecordedas an age band,forexample'neonate', adult'. Someofthesebands,suchas 'neonate',arenarrowenoughto be informative in 'child','young I have out above that there is some confusion as to the actual themselves, although pointed ages indicatedby 'infant'and 'child'.Others,suchas 'adult',could coverseveraldecades,and veryfew haveagesgivenin years;butthisis all thedatathereis,and itis extremely thatmoreprecise unlikely could have been determined the condition of much of thematerial.I have consequently ages given thematerial intogroups:foetal/neonate, withall assumedto categorised up to one monthafterbirth, be atleast8/9foetalmonths(becauseAngelwouldundoubtedly haveidentified foetuses), anyyounger and thusall normalfull-term or slightly infants ratherthanmiscarried or abortedfoetuses; premature fromone monthto one year;child,up to adolescence(therewerenotenoughwithpreciseages infant, to justify separationintoearlyand late childhood);adolescent,frompubertyat approximately 13 to ofthethirdmolarandfusionoflong-bone at around18-20 years;adult1, years eruption epiphyses In tables up to 25 years;adult2, 25-35 years;adult3, 35-45 years;and adult4, over45 years.18 of thetotal,and thenumbersand 12.1-12.4,I showthenumbersin each group,theirpercentage forall immature individuals and all adults;thegraphs(figs.12.1-12.4) percentages groupedtogether as stackedcolumns.The Medievalburialsand thoseofcompletely unknown presentthepercentages dateare excluded.Becauseofthesmallsize oftheperiodsamples,onlythetotalsofthepercentages in eachgrouparegiven,and in thissectionI willonlydiscussthewholecemetery findings. in sixcasesfrom Amongthe54 adults,23 weresexed,eitherby theanthropologists or,apparently theearliest the excavator. Nineteen were and in these two excavations, by aged, general groupsoverlap: thosethatcouldnotbe sexedcouldnotbe aged either.I haveindicatedthesex ofall unsurprisingly, immature skeletonsas 'not applicable',as use of the rimsegmentratiosforsex determination of immatures is nowdiscredited. ofsexingimmature skeletons hasbeendeniedby Indeed,thefeasibility mostanthropologists in thelastcoupleofdecades,althoughMolleson19 has appliedtheFazekasand Kósa sciatic-notch method20 to infants, and Rösing'stoothdimensionmethod21 to childrenand withsomesuccessful results. adolescents, I emphasiseagainthattheskeletalpopulations tabulatedhereprobablyhave verydissimilar age/ sex proportions fromthe livingpopulations.The sex ratioof 11:12 male to femaleadultsis, closeto unity. unsurprisingly, The age distribution is also problematic, fromthecemetery giventheneedto extrapolate sampleto thelivingpopulation, butthereareage distribution tablesfordead populations, derivedfrommodern fromancientcemeteries.22 A normaldistribution data,whichcan be comparedwiththepatterns for an undevelopedcountry, whichwe wouldexpectto be mostcloselycomparableto oursample,is Unumberofdeathsin theyoungest and oldestage categories shaped,withthemaximum (as countries the curve to the as infant and child deaths decreaseand longevity It develop, swings right increases). is notpossibletoobservetheright-hand endofthecurveatAyiosStephanosbecauseofthedifficulties in ageingofadults,whichleads to thedominanceofthecategory The 'adult,age not-determinable'. absenceofolderadultsis partlyan artefact ofthemethodsused;itis also possiblethattheremainsof 14Schour and Massler 1044. 15Todd 1920; 1921. 16Todd and Lyon 1024; 102 κ. 17 Suchey, Wiseley and Katz 1086. 18This is based on Brothwell 1981; Steele and Bramblett1988,

6-7; S. Black, pers. comm. 19Molleson 199s 20 Fazekas and Kósa 1978. 21 Rösing 1983. 22 Waldron 1994, 16-21.

492

C. DUHIG, G. JONES, C. MOURER-CHAUVIRÉ,

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and consequently less old persons,especiallywomen,willbe morefragilebecauseof osteoporosis likelyto be found.Even takingthesepointsintoaccount,however,the fullcemeterysampleis thanLernaora moderncemetery toa greater extent dominated neonate)skeletons (including byinfant Table 12.5 presentsthe age balance of thesethree Peru.23 samplefroman undevelopedcountry, 13 groups,fromthePalaeolithic andratio.BrothwelPs tablepresents 'deadpopulations' bypercentage and theonlypopulationthat of adultand childmortality to moderntimes,forcomparison rates,24 is recentEgypt. exceedstheAyiosStephanoschildmortality or weremoreofthemburiedat thesite? die at AyiosStephanos, moreinfants Did proportionately excavationofthe which can The latteris an archaeological scarcelybe answeredwithout question, is thecase,possiblereasonsare discussedbelow.25 wholesite,butiftheformer werein the theLH humanremainsfromNichoria26 withLernaand AyiosStephanos, Bycontrast is common skeletons and 2.7 children to every10 adults.Thispaucityofsub-adult ratioof 1.7 infants burial as mentionedabove,and is morelikelyto be due to differential in archaeological material, than unusual immature bones and loss of small, mortality patterns. fragile practices (it)Height (table 12.6) as 159.59and 152.72cmrespectively. theheight ofskeletons Biselestimated 9161 and9162,twofemales, and Gleser,27 was thatofTrotter oflivingstature She notesthatthemethodshe used forestimation ± 3.55 and results: different inusetoday,butmycalculations whichis commonly 158.673 giveslightly made for a is reduction for the into account ± cm, everyyearan 152.63 3.66 taking adjustment age skeleton9161 as tallfortheperiodandskeleton9162 as average. is over30. Biseldescribes individual at Lernaas 154.2cm. whogivesthemeanforfemaleheights Thisis confirmed byAngel,28 itwouldbe measurements butwithout Skeleton9086,unsexed, is of'exceptional size',29 long-bone Numbers norms. female use male or to whether if we knew even to 9100 and impossible quantify oftheir calculation From notes. to 'tall' tall' and are both males, 'very my according Angel's 9125, cm and as measurements and tibial femoral recorded (± 177.6 2.99) respectively, 164.17 using heights, femoral as maximum thetallerofthetwo,particularly itcan be seenthat9125 is considerably length while number be used. had to was notrecordedand thelesser,bicondylar Thus, 9125 could length number9100 wouldbe average, be consideredtallfora manin mostlivingpopulations, certainly and probablywas so forhistime:maleheightsat Lernavaryaround166.8 cm. Skeleton9043 is thatofa femalewhoselivingheightwouldhavebeen 148.69± 4.45 cm,although onlythehuméruswas measuredand thebones of theupperlimbare knownto giveless reliable thanthoseofthelowerlimb;thisis shownby thegreater estimates stature rangeforthis plus/minus Number9051 is thatof a male of 163.75 - 2·99 cm>butthefactthatage couldnotbe estimate. couldnotbe made.Number9137 is thatofan meansthatanynecessary determined age adjustments resultsare givenin table 12.6,and those These ± cm. was whose olderfemale height 151.265 3.55 in are shown determined withheights (fig.12.5). diagrammaticallygraphformat fromsucha smallsamplewouldbe risible:thethree conclusions to draw Obviously,anyattempt The averageheightsofthewomen menare tallerthanthefourwomen,whichis scarcelysurprising. thanthosefromLerna are shorter men the and and menfromAyiosStephanosare 152.8 168.5 cm#> taller are the women and and LH Athens30 by 1.7 and 1.1 cm,quite by 1.5 and 2.6 cm respectively, in thegreatheightof EH to from in The apparentincrease height LH, culminating slightdifferences. The skeleton9125,is tantalising but,sadly,completely statistically. LH Nichoriapeople, insignificant and formen i7°-33 cm.31 cm werealso tall:theaverageforwomenwas 165.84 however, at least5 cm tallerthanthepeople of were thattherulingfamilyat Mycenae comments Angel32 musthavebeenenvironmentally oftheLernapopulation shortness thattherelative Lernaandsuggests differences at class social height Mycenae.Certainly, caused,ifa gainof5 cmcouldbe madebya higher to a attributed are and world classesin themoderndeveloped are evidentbetweensocio-economic that of as such In a Lerna, butnotdominated by,nutrition.33 population including, rangeoffactors deficiencies nutritional withseveralsignsofgrowth-disturbance, reducing probablyweresignificantly as is discussedbelow,nutrition butatAyiosStephanos, appearstohavebeenadequate.We do stature, 23 The latteris in Waldron 1994, 18. 24 Brothwell 1972, fig.29. 25 See§i (iii) (c). 26 Bisel 1992. 27 Trotterand Gleser 1952. 28 Angel 1971,87.

29 Taylour 1972, 233. 30 Bisel and Angel 1085. 31 Bisel 1992. 32 Angel 1971, 85. 33 Harrison,Weiner,Tanner and Barnicot 1977, 346"7·

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Fig. 12.5. Adultheightsof Bronze Age burials(total7).

notknowtheheightsofthe ordinarypeople at Mycenae,so we cannotcomparethewhole population withLerna or othercontemporarysites.Perhaps,followingthe patternat Ayios Stephanos,it is their relativelatenessratherthantheirsocial statusthatcaused the Mycenaean rulersto be tall. Since only threeimmatureskeletonshave long-bonelengthsless than 100% of US means forage (number9127, seven yearsold: 80%; 9128, seven monthsold: >88%; 9149, eightmonthsold: 90%), thepopulation'srelativeshortnesscomparedwiththatof a moderndeveloped countryappeared only afterchildhood. However, modern US (or, indeed, European) norms are probably unsuitable comparisonsfor any ancient human remainsbecause of the secular trend,which has produced a heightincrease of about 2.5 cm per generationin Europe and NorthAmerica over the last 150 years;34it is more usefulto compare ancientpopulationswitheach otherby referenceto theirrelative nutritional Withoutfurther deviationfroma standard.35 evidence,and withoutinvokingan extraordinary that the curve of the we should assume growth people of Ayios only adolescents, deficiencyaffecting their was normal for geneticcomposition. Stephanos (c) PATHOLOGICAL

CONDITIONS

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TRAITS

(i)J. LawrenceAngeland thalassaemia

Angel made a significantcontributionto palaeopathology with his work on ancient thalassaemia. The clinical and palaeoanthropological pictures of the disease are described below, as well as Angel'sapplicationoftheseto ancientEast Mediterraneanpopulations,beforewe considerthecase of Ayios Stephanos. The hereditary haemolyticanaemias The large numberof anaemic conditionscan be categorisedinto two groups,accordingto whether theyare hereditaryor acquired. The commonestacquired anaemia, and the commonestanaemia in the world today,is iron-deficiency anaemia,36caused by dietaryiron deficiencyand/orparasitism. The hereditaryanaemias include many disordersof haemoglobinsynthesisin whichred blood cells have a shortlifespan,eitherbecause they have a structureliable to collapse or burstin specific 34 Harrison,Weiner,Tanner and Barnicot 1977, 348-51. 35 Goode, Waldron and Rogers 1993, 321.

36 Davidson and Passmore 1969.

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unfavourableconditions,forexample sickle-cellanaemia, or because theyare of abnormalsize and shape, forexample thalassaemiaand glucose 6-phosphatedehydrogenasedeficiency('favism').They are called haemolyticanaemias,and itis theirimpairedcapacityto hold oxygen,sometimescombined withthe harmfuleffectsof a debris of dead cells in the blood, which causes the symptomsof this disease. Sickle-cellanaemia is probablythebestknown,affecting people ofblack Africanor American with with crises severe and when advanced medical care is fever and, heritage fatigue,periodic pain itfrombothparents(homozygotes), thoseinheriting unavailable,earlydeath.The severestformaffects while those inheritingfromonly one parent (hétérozygotes)usually have a less severe disorder. Thalassaemiais commonlyfoundin people ofMediterraneanorigin,hence thename,and is somewhat similarto sickle-celldisease clinically.There are severalformsof the disease withdifferent degreesof and can be or severity, hétérozygotes asymptomatic only slightlyaffected,althoughthey are still carriers- a key pointrelatingto Angel's work. Skeletalmanifestations The physiologyof the bone changesof the anaemias is well understoodthroughhaematologicaland clinical studies.37 Red blood cells are produced by bone marrow,which in childhood occupies the whole skeletonbut in adulthood is restrictedin distribution. When thereis a severe anaemia, the marrowspace expands at the expense of the otherbone layers,thinningthemby pressureatrophy, and eventuallybreaks through.In life,the thickened,radially-arranged bone columns (trabeculae) that comprise the central marrow-containing of the skull (the diploë) surroundislands of layer marrow. These trabeculae the distinctive 'hair-on-end' overdeveloped give appearanceradiographically, whichis valuable in the diagnosisof anaemia. In the dryskull,the diploë is visiblewherethe outer table has been destroyed,producingthe 'spongy' or 'sieve-like'appearance of cribraorbitaliain the orbitsand porotichyperostosis on thevault.Otherbones can appear on grossinspectionto be 'netted' or 'lacy', withloss of outer,corticalbone.38 Archaeologically,differential diagnosisis rarelycertain,but thereare certaindistinctive patternsof distribution and formof bone changes.Bone changes of all the anaemias especiallyaffectthe skull vault. In thalassaemiathe facialbones and those of the facial sinusesare also affected,producinga swollen appearance to the face,malocclusionof the teethand inhibitionof sinus development,and manyotherpartsof the skeletoncan be involved,sometimeswithdistortionof the bone contourand even prematurecessation of growth.39Sickle-cell anaemia causes lesser changes than those of thalassaemia:the thickeneddiploë rarelyshows throughthe outertable of the skull,but much of the withexpansionof marrowcavitiesand areas of infarction postcranialskeletoncan be affected, (death ofbone cells) followingobstruction ofblood vesselsby collapsed red cells.40Infarctions do not appear in thalassaemia.The signsof iron-deficiency anaemia are slightby comparisonwiththalassaemia:the vaultchangesare rarelyas extremeand do not involve the facialregion,41 and long-bonealterations are usuallyabsent.Other,less commonhaematologicdiseasesalso producethe'hair-on-end' appearance in the skullvaultand shouldbe consideredforindividualcases, but theyare less likelyto be relevant when significant numbersof cases are foundin a population. Angel's contribution It is knownthatthe defectivered blood cells presentin thalassaemiaand sickle-cellanaemia provide and thusthereis poor hostsformalariaparasites(ofwhichthemostvirulentis Plasmodium falciparurri), some adaptiveadvantagein havingthem.In pre-modern times,in areas wherethediseasewas endemic, the homozygoteswould probably all have died young, those who had not inheritedgenes for thalassaemiawould be likelyto succumbto malaria,but resistanceto malaria would have favoured the slightlyanaemic hétérozygotes. The moderndistributions of severalhaemolyticanaemias show a close correlation withmalariadistribution.42 theporotichyperostosis and aibra orbitalia Angelattributed he foundin prehistoricEast Mediterraneanskullsprimarilyto thaiassaemiaforthese reasons43and also because itsincidencedecreasedfromtheNeolithicperiodonwardsas irrigation practicesimproved, the assumptionbeing thatswampsand otherareas thatfavouredthe breedingof mosquitovectorsof

37 Caffey1937; Moseley 1965; Hengen 1971; Stuart-Macadam 1082, 10,85, 1087, summarised 10,0,4. 38 Steinbock 1076, 217-q; Ortnerand Putschar1085, 252-4. 39 Steinbock 1076, 220-25; Ortnerand Putschar1085, 252-4. 40 Diggs, Pullian and King 1937.

41 Except in one study:Aksoy, Çamli and Erdem 1066. 42 Lambrecht 1967, 143; Harrison, Weiner, Tanner and Barnicot 1977, 230-4, fig. 16.5. 43 for example, to Fessas Angel 1964a and 19660, referring, 1959 and Neel 1951.

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the diseasewerereduced.He preferred thalassaemiaas a diagnosisto sickle-cell anaemia,as the former is endemictodayin thearea of study.In addition,he speculatedthatthered blood cellsof thalassaemiasufferers were equallyinhospitable to the parasitesof amoebicdysentery, Entamoeba in a cause of death the histolytica, major young.44 AnaemiasatAyiosStephanos toomitdetaileddescription in hisrecords, so itis noteasytointerpret hisnotes Angelhad a tendency on pathological like eminent his excellent intuitive conditions, although many physicalanthropologists would have been more at the I have relied on diagnostic ability justified objectively publication stage. thedescription ofhisdiagnostic criteria.45 of cribra orbitalia, Onlyeightexamples porotichyperostosis, anaemiaor thalassaemia arerecordedforthesite.Theyare skeletons 9052-9053, 9112-9114, 9117, 9136 and 9157. Skeletons9052-9053 and 9157 are describedas having'hyperostotic diploë:this be and cribra anaemia, thalassaemia'; orbitalia'; may probably 'hyperostosis 'porotichyperostosis: ?thalassaemia' As mentioned to distinguish thalassaemia fromotheranaemiasin above,itis difficult skeletalmaterial, andtheskullchanges,foundalone,couldbe due toa numberofdisorders ofredcell or blood the commonest have been discussed production inadequate oxygénation (althoughonly so one of the anaemias could be for these cases. The first two individuals were above), any responsible that in their in limb bones adults,however,and it is possiblethatthalassaemic changes developed childhoodwereremodelledduringlifeas theredmarrowrecededto theskull,leavingonlythisarea affected. Skeleton9136 has 'porotichyperostosis (skullvaultbossing,"bonewithinbone"on femur): thalassaemia'. that mentions from Bamboulaand Nea Nikomedeia47 have Lerna,46 Examples Angel that have become thickened of the bone marrow in the central long-bones by over-development marrowcavity, withremnants oftheold bone cortexinsideproducing the'bone withinbone' effect. Thismakesa diagnosisofiron-deficiency anaemiaforskeleton9136 unlikely, butsickle-cell disease wouldnotbe excludedwereit notforitsmodernabsencefromthePéloponnèse;skeleton9136 is thusthemostlikelycase ofthalassaemia fromthesite.The threeremaining examplesare enigmatic: number9112, an olderchild,has 'traceofporosity', infant is 9114 simplydescribedas having'trace [of]anaemia',whileinfant 9113 has 'no porosity [ontheskullvault]buttrace[of]anaemia'.Thereis no indication ofwhatAngelsawon thebonesofthetwoinfants, thefirst is onlyrepresented although a skull and so presumably had porotichyperostosis or cribra orbitalia. In discussing theseseven by casesin thelightofAngel'swork,I shallbeginby assuming thatall are casesofthalassaemia. Skeleton9117, an infantof onlyone to twomonthsof age, had 'internalraying+ [oftheskull thatAngellookedforas a diagnostic vault]',whichis a feature signofanaemia,butitwas combined with'nutritional failure?: kneejointmayhavesharpbeadwithflare', whichdoesnotsuggest thalassaemia or anyotheranaemia.The flaring of thegrowingends ofbones,whichin some cases is combined withskullvaultporosity, is a markof rickets, but thisis an unusualdisorderin infants underfour months vitamin D frombeforebirth;itis alsouncommon old,becausetheystillhavea storeofmaternal in thispartof theworld,becausevitaminD is made in theskinby exposureto sunlight. Further, rachitic 'beading'('therachitic rosary')is foundon theribsand notat theendsofthelongbones.48 The noteis inscrutable. Skeleton9113 is also describedas havinga metacarpal witha 'flaring edge' with'traceof"bead"',butthepossibleevidenceofanaemiaon theskull,whatever thiswas,is mentioned as a separateentity, so once againanothernutritional or disorderis implied. deficiency It is clearfromAngel'stabulationof ten sitesfromAnatolia,Cyprusand Greece thatporotic decreasedfromthe EBA to the Classicalperiodand thenincreasedagain,49 but the hyperostosis locationofsitesis also takenintoaccount.The maximaforincidenceare over50% at Neolithic Çatal whichis marshy, theminimabetween5% and 10%atlatest Hüyükandover60% atNea Nikomedeia, Neolithic/EBA Karataçand Kephala,whichare drysitesthatwouldnotfavourthemalariamosquito and wouldnot,therefore, favourthemaintenance ofthethalassaemia About genein thepopulation. 20% ofindividuals fromthemarshy MBA siteofLernawereaffected. An elaboratestudy50 ofporotic in different 'families' at Lernain relationto theirfertility, thegeneticand hyperostosis demonstrating environmental mechanisms a thalassaemic in a is not considered further maintaining gene population, thathas sincebeenshowntobe weaklycorrelated here,as itis basedon an indexofparturition51 with 44 He cited Motulsky 1060. 45 Angel 1967. 46 Angel 19640; 19660; 1971. 47 Angel 19640; 19660.

48 Steinbock 1976, 265-70; Ortnerand Putscharιο8κ, 273-8. 49 Angel 19660. 50 Angel 1067; iQ7i. 51 Described in Angel 1967.

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knownparity.52 Bisel describes30% of the skullsat Nichoriaas 'thickened',53 to Angel's referring criteria foranaemicchange. Our sampleis too smallto makea significant butinitially itappearsthatouranaemic comparison, or thalassaemic individualscomprisean extremely smallproportion of the cemetery population: affected overall.Takingonlythoseburialsclearlyattributed toa siteperiod,anaemia/thalassaemia 4.9 °/o noneoftheEH burials,6.5% (4/62)oftheMH burialsand 6.1% (4/66)oftheLH burials.Theseare comparedwithLerna,whichis comparableto AyiosStephanosin bothtime verylow percentages of foetaland neonate is thattheveryhighproportion and environment. One possibleexplanation statesthatthebony disorders. Baker54 of anaemic remainsare notyetshowingcharacteristic signs to a 'curious in first referred marked the six months. of thalassaemia are not however, Angel, changes that from within frontal bone of some neonates the Lerna,55 suggesting thisis the rayedappearance' skullsby Williams,56 in ancient and modern as described manifestation of porotichyperostosis early and thathe lookedforthisappearancewhenexamininginfantskulls.Skeleton9117, mentioned withotherbone changesthatdo notindicatean anaemia. butin combination above,had thisraying, in all other absent' noted cases,includingthesupposedlyanaemicskull9114. If we Angel 'raying andexcludeinfants assumethatchangesdue toanaemiaonlyexceptionally appearbeforesixmonths, form10%ofthetotal(8/80).Brokendown individuals affected unlesstheyshowsignsofthedisorder, are still are: EH 0%, MH 9.5% (4/42),LH 14.3% (4/28).These figures by periodthepercentages and those from exceeds muchlowerthanLerna,and theLH percentage Karataç Kephala. barely in antiquity, One is thatAyiosStephanoswas malaria-free Two explanations suggestthemselves. but not in modern of the condition the whichwouldbe surprising, winters,57 plain given marshy not and would be would not that the thalassaemia This would mean advantageous gene impossible. the most and therefore malaria-free also be would non-thalassaemics be selectedfor(because healthy than in thispopulation so thatitwouldappearat a muchlowerproportion sectorofthepopulation), it find for than we a at need to be in othersfrommalarialareas.It would,however, higherproportion it.58 without selection in thepopulationat all favouring pressures simplyto be maintained didnot thispopulation ornottheareawasmalarial, It is morereasonabletoconcludethat,whether be to that skeleton thalassaemia, 9136 is theonlycase appearslikely carrythegeneforthalassaemia; If thischildmighthavebeenan incomer. so ifthegenereallywas absentfromthegeneralpopulation far most the thebonychangesofall or anyofthecasesare due to anotherhaematologic disorder, by and/ that incidence its low if and is so, anaemia, deficiency dietary suggests very likely iron-deficiency below. In mainlyagricultural were negligible,whichis confirmed or parasitism by the findings so theseneedtobe consumed from meat but from obtained iron is not cereals, primarily populations, ofAyiosStephanos, The and meat unlesssupplemented inlargequantities population vegetables.59 by wormsand flukes and otherinternal musthavehad a good mixeddiet.Intestinal parasitic therefore, fromthegut, anaemia and deathworldwide, area majorcauseofdebility bleeding through producing that hookworms states WaJdron of from and or food; (Ancylostoma bladder, malabsorption kidneys that then It is iron most the are endoparasites, likely deficiency.60 causing duodenale) parasites important wererareat AyiosStephanos. and in particular hookworms, (it) Dentalenamelhypoplasia

thelocationof is shownby surfaceand internal oftoothenamelformation irregularities,61 Disruption Enamel does not and thesize ofwhichcan indicateduration.63 whichcan indicateage at formation62 as to arereferred enamel manifestations life.The external remainthroughout remodel,so thedefects defects,or enamelsurfacedefects.Pindborghas reviewedthe hypoplasia,enameldevelopmental and severefebrileillnessare themostcommon.64 Angeldid not rangeofcauses,ofwhichstarvation causedby suchas porotichyperostosis, betweenhypoplasiaand otherconditions, findanycorrelation defects exhibit canines Incisorsand noris thisfoundin British environmental stresses;65 populations.66 material in teethare oftenlost archaeological thesesingle-rooted butunfortunately moststrongly,67 52 Suchey,Wiseley, Green and Noguchi 1979. 53 Bisel 1992. 54 Baker 1064. 55 Angel 1067. 56 H. U. Williams 1929. 57 LetterfromTaylourto Bisel, 1 1June 1907. 58 On theancientenvironment see further Chapter 14 §1 below. 59 Harrison,Weiner,Tanner and Barnicott1Q77. 60 Waldron 1989.

61 Dean 1087; Goodman and Rose 1990. 62 Moorrees, Fanningand Hunt 1963; recentsurveyby Dean, Benyon, Reid and Whittaker1993. 63 E.g. Hutchinsonand Larsen 1988. 64 Pindborg 1970. 65 Angel 1971. 66 E.g. Wiggins 1991; Duhig 1998, 176; 2000. 67 Condon and Rose 1992.

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and otherteethmustbe utilised;thisis also necessary becausedefects aremoreevidenton themiddle and cervicalthirdsof a tooth,so thatseveralteethare needed to coverthewholedevelopmental Althoughit is not possibleto establishthe exact cause of the defects, periodin one individual.68 cause. can suggesta likeliest combinedarchaeological evidenceand otherstressindicators at the site: skeleton have been found three cases of dental 9112, an olderchildof Only hypoplasia at abouttheage ofsix lineswereformed 12 to 13 yearsfromtheMH periodwhoseslighthypoplastic an male of theLH period(lines is adult skull skeleton which and who also had 9125, porosity; years an MH of the an adult female at abouttwoyears);and skeleton formed 9162, period.Theserepresent incidenceof 1.9%(3/154)overall,3.2% fortheMH period(2/62)and 1.5%(1/66)fortheLH period, lowwhencomparedwiththe61% incidenceofslightand markedcasescombined figures ridiculously As all threesiteswereexaminedby Angelor his student, at Lerna69 or the47% at Nichoria.70 Bisel, The unusually variation. arenotlikelytobe explicableas inter-observer thedifferences goodconditions ofteeth,butteethtendto remaineven at Lerna71 ofpreservation mighthaveled to greaterrecovery infant skullsare crushedirrecoverably. whensmall,fragile and adult enamelin bothimmature It seemsreasonableto suggestthattheabsenceof defective diet had a at that the was said above: what teethconfirms throughout good population AyiosStephanos theyearand did nothave anyepisodesof severeillnesswithfeverduringthetimewhentheteeth discussedbelow.This is quitesurprising weredeveloping, giventhe perhaps,theinfants excepting, an absence and resources food in of terms andimpliesa benignenvironment timeperiodrepresented, ofthatenvironment. controls ofinfective agents,or excellentcultural (Hi) Deathsofinfants

Far moreof the 'dead population'consistedof neonatesand infantsat Ayios Stephanosthanat someage-specific thewholeperiodofsiteuse. Severalcausativefactors, comparablesitesthroughout be considered. to need and interrelated multiplicative, butmostpotentially ornaturaldeathofneonates Infanticide based on the infanticide thatcan be usedto identify threefactors has defined archaeologically, Mays istherefore that their full social not are newborns that killing persons, premises ethnographically-derived thoseof from is differentiated burial that their and without and immediate undertaken delay, family by a neonate of location a differential are factors These burials, the othermembersof community.72 The weeks at to deaths of number in the a and offemalebabies, gestation. 38 40 peak predominance whereburialsofall agesaredispersed doesnotseemtoapplyatAyiosStephanos, first factor throughout carriedoutbyAngelandBiselon theimmature theexcavatedarea.Sex determination pelvessuggested thatthereweredoublethenumberofmaletofemalechildren which,evengiventhemodern interred, ofage at Whenthepattern situation. reverse the torepresent ofthemethods used,is unlikely rejection foetal/neonate the of the dominance is under12 months plotted, deathforthose76 individuals however, thana specific an agerangerather whom for 1 in fig. as shown 2.6. is agewere (Infants marked, category between' 'divided or recordedhavebeenplacedatthemedianpointoftherange ages.) the so not were neonates the of the determined, graphcannotbe ages gestational Unfortunately, theages 23 to which covered and Medievalsites, forRomano-British comparedwiththoseofMays73 It is onlypossibleto considerthebroadermortality infancy. throughout pattern 47 weeksgestation. The initialpeak ofneonatedeathsis followedby a steepdecline,withanothersmallpeak at seven becausenotprecisely wereuninformative Mostoftheinfants months. 'adjusted aged,so an alternative number'has been producedby dividingthemequallybetweenthespecificage bandsfromone to thatreducestheabruptneonatepeakat thelowerend ofthegraph; a pattern twelvemonths, forming theapparentpeakwouldbe reducedstillfurther. weretheyto be dividedproportionately, siteshas been mentioned skeletonsat manyarchaeological The shortageof immature funerary to thatwhichmightbe closer infant an does so pattern mortality AyiosStephanosrepresent already; and whichmighthave been normalforthepast?Data for foundin modernundevelopedcountries, butan infant mostofthemodernworldandfor19thcentury mortality EuropeandAmericais plentiful, to whichis impossible oflivebirths, rateis usuallyexpressedas deathsat a givenage as a proportion lack of at this site is and calculateforanyarchaeological contemporaneity by compounded population havealwaysdominated) deathsdominate(and,presumably, itis clearthatinfant ofburials.Nonetheless, 68 Goodman and Armelagos 1085. 69 Angel 1971, 84. 70 Bisel 1992.

71 72

73

Angel 1971, 1. Mays 10,0,5.

Mays 1993.

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Fig. i2.6.'Age at deathup to end of infancy,all Bronze Age periods (total76).

the mortality patternsin all but moderndeveloped countries,and even in those countriesare higher in lower-incomegroups.74 ratewithincomethatitprovides Indeed, so correlatedis theinfantmortality an indicatorof the level of socio-economicdevelopmentof a countryor community.75 For example, in 19thcenturyLondon 50% ofall deathswere ofneonates,whereasthemodernproportionis 2·5°/ο,76 and themortality rateofnewbornsin modernBrazilis nearly20 timesgreaterthanin modernSweden.77 Thus I concludethatit is not necessaryto invokeinfanticide as an explanationfortheinfantmortality natal and we should rather consider and high pattern, post-natalhazards dwindlingto the age of five to six months.Maternaland perinatalcauses and infectionproduce approximatelyhalfof all deaths in the Third World.78Deaths of newbornstend to be dominatedby birthasphyxia,only fatalwhen resuscitation methodsare not used, and low birth-weight, closelycorrelatedwithmaternalhealthand at Ayios Stephanos. in as elsewhere the ancient these were workload;79 world, probablysignificant Infection dominatedby diarrhoea!diseases,malaria and measles80 Infectionsin the Third Worldare currently and the sequelae of HIV. The firstwill be discussedbelow under 'nutritional hazards'; measles tends to affectolder childrenin industrialsocietiesand forunknownreasonsfavoursinfantsin undeveloped countries,but the antiquityof the disease is not knownotherthanfromreferencesin theArab writers of the Christianera.81 If thepopulationat Ayios Stephanoswere thalassaemic,a largenumberof homozygousindividuals to live on, butskeletal hétérozygotes mighthave died beforeone year,leavingtheless severelyaffected morethanwere in of the at least some to be found be hétérozygotes certainly changesmight expected found.Was therean infectiveagentoperatingregularlythatproducedan illnessof such shortduration Such mightbe thatthoseinfectedeitherrecoveredwithoutskeletalsignsofthedisease or died outright? thecase withmalariaitself.The disease takesmanyforms,dependingon thenumbersofgenerationsof plasmodia presentin the blood at any time,and these formsare well describedin the Hippocratic collectionand by Galen as quotidian,tertianand quartanfevers.Malaria itselfproducesanaemia by itshost'sredblood cells (althoughitdoes notproduceskeletalchanges),and in moderntimes destroying 74 Stockwell 1993, 225. 75 Gray and Payne 1993, 13. 76 Davey 1985,%. 7.1. 77 Gray and Payne 1993, fig.2.3.

78 Gray and Payne 1093, fig.3.1. 79 Cooke and Davies 1988, 51-2, 69. 80 Gray and Payne 1993, fig.3.2. 81 Hare 1967, 122.

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to as thehemitritaion, is fatal necessitates blood transfusions. The subtertian referred form,anciently A due to thrombosis of the brain and other virulent organs.82 particularly multiple primarily capillary could form, (ancientwriters fevers), recurring speakofautumnbeingtheseasonofrelapsing regularly in theabsenceofmodernmedicalsupport. havecarriedofflargenumbers ofinfants Malnutrition actssynergistically withinfection inhibits certain infectious but,ifsevereenough, diseases, malaria.83 Other evidence from the human remains that was notmarkedly nutrition including suggests so thepopulation was probablynotprotected inadequateat AyiosStephanos, againstsuchdiseases. Nutritional hazards Infants a nutritional suffer crisison weaning, becausetheirnutritional needsareparticularly frequently and the adult diet is reduced to foods of high weaning especiallypoor quality,usuallyweakcereal are also to new in the 20% of annualmortality gruels.They exposed pathogens.84 Approximately was of infants under one and the main known cause was diarrhoeal disease 1900s yearold, consequent on unhygienic foodpreparation andgeneralunsanitary conditions.85 Evenifthechildis notcompletely weaned but is obtainingadequate nutritionfrombreastmilk and additionalsolid foods,the to introduce infectious of supplementary feedingis sufficient agents.This mightbe theexplanation thesmallpeakin AyiosStephanosinfant deathsat aboutsevenmonths. Childrensurviving thedualhazardsofweaningcan exhibitseveredevelopmental defects, including dentalenamelhypoplasias as describedabove.The hypoplastic lineson thedentalenamelofskeleton wereformed at abouttheage oftwo,and thoseof9112 at aroundsixyears,so do not 9125,however, coincidewiththepeakofdeathsin thispopulationat or belowone yearofage. Theyare also widely spreadin termsof age of appearance,unlessweaningage had decreasedfromtheMH to theLH lateforweaning.Further, period;sixyearswouldalsobe exceptionally onlyone othercase wasfound, one would more defects although expectmany producedby weaningstressifthiswerea particular hazardin thepopulation. A similarobservation can be made regarding anaemia,to iron-deficiency whichtheinfant ofaboutfivetotwelvemonthsofage becomesparticularly as poor-quality susceptible It has alreadybeen weaningfoodscome to dominatethedietat thesametimeas a growthspurt.86 shownthattheincidenceofanaemia,ofwhatever low at AyiosStephanos. kind,is extremely Timevariation In theEH and MH periods,theimmature individuals makeup about56% and 50% ofthepopulation whereas LH the are respectively, during periodthey nearly77%. I wishto emphasiseagainthatthe are if but are of thereal 'dead population'of thesite,this samples verysmall, they representative indicate that there were disease hazards to theinfants and children in thelaterperiod. might greater (iv) Otherpathologicalconditions

otherpathological conditions aredescribed, in 15 individuals. Thesefallintovariousgroups. Twenty-one Arthropathies The terms'arthritis', andmanyothersofgreater 'degenerative jointdisease','osteophytosis' complexity and obscurity havebeen used in thepastto indicatea rangeofpathological changesin thejointsof thelimbsandspine,whichwe wouldnowattempt toidentify moreprecisely andclassify morelogically. For example,osteoarthritis, rheumatoidarthritis and gout all affectthejointsbut are unrelated thefirst ortrauma, thesecondtoan auto-immune aetiologically, beingduetoage degeneration response and thelastbeingin parta metabolicdisorder withdietimplicated. A schemefortheclassification of thearthropathies, to aid diagnosisand providea standardoperational has been definition, produced thisis theschemethatI follow. by Rogers,Waldron, Dieppe and Watt;87 Allskeletal material lacksthemedicalhistory andsofttissuechangesusedfordiagnosis byclinicians, butforjointdiseasethereis somecompensation in theaccessibility ofthejointitself.88 Angelusedthe term'arthritis' in thecase of fiveindividuals withjointchange,of whichfourhave changesin the skeletons male of spine: 9006 (MH 34 years),9010 (EH male of40 years),9043 (EH femaleof30 and male of 28 9044 (EH years) years).The commonestof all diseasesfoundon the skeletonis 82 Patrick 1967, 242-3. 83 1989, 50; 1999, 49, 146. Garnsey 84 E.g. Scrimshaw 1975; Rowland 1086. 85 Harrison,Weiner,Tanner and Barnicott 1977; Brahin and

Fleming 1082. 86 Garnsey 1989, 52; iqqq, 40 and passim. 87 Rogers, Waldron,Dieppe and Watt 1087. 88 Waldron 1994, 38.

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whichdevelops withage, tendsto favourmales and femalesequally and is mostclearly osteoarthritis, is whathas seen in the spine and thejointsof the hip and knee; so the likelihoodis thatosteoarthritis been observed,probably in the formof osteophytedevelopment,new bone 'lipping' around the cannot be marginsof the vertebralbodies, as noted at Lerna.89Other,less common,arthropathies excluded, however,and if re-examinationof the bones were possible I would especially consider which have some bone diffuseidiopathicskeletalhyperostosisand the sero-negativearthropathies, in with osteoarthritis. common changes in thevertebralcolumnis 63%.90The percentage The percentageofadultsat Lernawithosteoarthritis at AyiosStephanosappears to be less thanone-tenthofthis,but it mustbe borne in mindthatmostof the spine is relativelyvulnerablewhen preservationis poor: only 70% of the large lumbarvertebrae and not morethan20% and 30% Britishinhumationcemetery91 wererecoveredfroma well-preserved Withoutany record of how froma Mediterraneanand westernFrenchNeolithicsite respectively.92 If it appears surprising be estimated. cannot at the real the vertebrae were site, figure preserved many thatthreeof the fourskeletonsmentionedabove are of EH date,I would suggestthatthisis no more in thisperiod than of a proportionately likelyto be indicativeof a higherincidenceof osteoarthritis in the whom number of well spinal changeshad had timeto develop and in preservedadults, greater whose skeletonstheycould be observed.The EH and MH periodshad a greaterpercentageof adults. ofthisis discussedabove. Ifgood preservationcan be roughlyindicatedby the The healthsignificance thatcan be aged and sexed, EH burialsare betterpreservedthanthe others, of individuals proportion as a glance at the age graphswill show: about one-thirdof EH adultscould not be aged or sexed,but forMH and halfforLH. forthe otherperiodsthe fractionis about two-thirds whichcould be a partof a systemic had toe LH Skeleton9025, a arthritis', 'big 38 year-oldmale, to the an use or disorderor simplythe resultof recurrent joint. injury Dental disease Five individualshad some evidencefordentaldisease,ofwhom one is theEH woman,number9043, One of her six remainingteethwas carious. Two LH individuals,skeletons who also had arthritis. also had dentalcariesin one molar,but the totalnumberof teethpresentat deathis and 9142, 9046 'skeleton' notknown;indeed, 9142 is onlyrepresentedby thisone tooth!Two well preservedskeletons LH fromthe MH and periods,numbers9019 and 9161, both women,had considerableantemortem toothloss. Number9019 onlyretainedthemandibularincisors,buta noteby Angel questionswhether thisjaw belongswiththe skull(althoughit musthave belonged to someone buried at the site,and is stillusefulas an indicatoroftoothloss). Number9161 (plate A7.1), one ofthetwocomplete therefore skeletonsrecordedby Bisel,had verypoor dentalhealth,withsevere antemortemtoothloss (26/32), one carioustoothand fourabscess cavitiesin the six remainingteethand theirsockets,and marked alveolarrésorptionand periodontaldisease. It is impossibleto comparedentalhealthat AyiosStephanoswiththatat Lerna,or withthepopulations as the data is expressedas percentagesof available whose dentaldisease is summarisedin Brothwell,93 teethor sockets,whereaswe have scarcelyany knowledgeof how much of anyjaw is presentat our site.Dental cariesis presentin approximately7% of adultdentitionsand abscesses in about 2%. Trauma

wounds or Twentyper cent of individualsat Lerna had evidence fortrauma,halfhavingpenetrating from skeletons of the three and halfhavingotherfractures.94 skullfractures AyiosStephanos (1.9%) Only above, by the had any evidence of trauma.This is in partaccountedfor,as withthe cases of arthritis fracture not do bones readily largelycartilaginous greatnumberofinfantsand children,whose springy, and who have had littletimeto be exposed to hazards. Individualswho died immediatelyor shortly afteran injurywould not have sufficient developmentof fracturecallus forus to distinguishtheir frompost-mortem fractures damage. This said, however,the proportionis stillverylow. A tantalisingnote by Angel, most of which is lost at the top of the carbon-copyrecord sheet, describesan injuryto individual9100, a youngman fromtheMH period: '[...] wound hole [inhead]: not [?] _ club ?by r[igh]t-handed opp[onent].'This is presumablya head wound of the typeAngel found at Lerna, which he attributedto clubs or bronze swords because of theircrushed form,in

89 Angel 1971, 86-7. 90 Angel 1071, 86. 91 Duhig 1993.

92 Duhig 1995, 63-72. 93 Brothwell 1972, fig.56. 94 Angel 1971, 91-2.

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The locationofinjuriescan indicate to theclean-cut lesionsproducedby IronAge swords.95 contrast thehandednessof theopponent,and I assumethatskeleton9100 showsa crushedor depressed to theleftfrontal or parietal, whichwouldbe themostaccessiblearea oftheskullvaultto a fracture It is violencefromthesite,butit right-handed opponent. probablyouronlyexampleofinterpersonal to confirm thediagnosisand to determine thetypeofweaponused. wouldneedre-examination A ribfragment fromskeleton9017, a 30 year-oldwomanfromtheEH period,showsa 'diagonal and causedby violenceor whichcouldbe a well healedribfracture, depression slightconvexity', accident.The briskcomment skeleton 'fineinflammation' 9125, an olderLH male,but accompanies a further inflamedarea in partthrough cortex noteon therecordsheetexplainsit as a 'triangular at originreflected head rectus'.Angelis referring to therectus muscle abover[ight] acetabulum femoris thatstabilises whichin itsupperparthas twodivisions, thestraight thebodyuponthethigh, (anterior) and thereflected whicharisesfromjustabove thehip socket.It is one partofthelarge (posterior), musclethatformsthefleshofthethigh.Abruptseverestraincan causea rupture extensor quadriceps whichmight whichexplainsthekindofmovement oftherectus(sometimes knownas 'cricket thigh', but thiswouldbe expectedto producenew bone in the area of intra-muscular cause thestrain96), the partlythrough bleeding.It is clearthatAngelobservedan erosivechangethathad penetrated softtissuedamage,whichis not had enteredthrough outercortexofthebone,so eitheran infection if one partofa systemic or thebonychangesrepresent as themuscleis superficial, disorder; unlikely otherskeletalsigns. thedisorderwithout thelatter, thereis no wayofidentifying Gaitand activity ofthe ofthelowerlimbbonesas indicative a rangeofchangesin themorphology Angelconsidered the femur of The include or similar terrain.97 Greek flattening upper (platymeria) changes gaitrequired by thehip,straightening anduppertibia(platycnemia), producedbyincreasedmusclestressin steadying thefoot,and facetson thebonesoftheanklejoint('squatting theleg and flexing facets')producedby numbers on twowomenfromtheLH and MH periodsrespectively, extreme flexion.Bisel'sreport98 and to 'much which she attributes notes these and walking running', 9161 916« (plates63-64), changes, thatshebelieved withstrong deltoidcrestson theupperarmsand othermuscledevelopments together that there are other It must be ofheavywork. wereindicative said,however, possiblecausesforthe in from areaswherethereis are found populations changesin thelegs,and thatthesame changes summarised have been stress markers by scarcelya hillworththename.99Studiesof occupational as well as of and platycnemia as a possiblecause of platymeria and includesquatting Kennedy100 betweenmusculo-skeletal andWaldron103 Stirland102 facets.101 emphasisethepoorcorrelation squatting to theover-optimistic as a warning palaeopathologist. changesand modern,knownoccupations relatestothetracesofactivity-produced fromAngeltoTaylour104 A fascinating letter (parafunctional) wearon theteethof skeleton9017, a 30 year-oldwomanfromtheEH period.She 'has intriguing or process,likeholdinga bow-drill specialexcessivewearofthecentralincisorsfromsomeindustrial a on but more show similar from The wear,105 Karataç single special people spinning. contemporary TammieWheelerreports frompullingwool betweentheteethin spinning. incisor-pair, apparently thecauseof in theElmaharea ofLycia.'It is notalwayspossibleto determine thisforoldervillagers in this is case. It is thiskindof wearin ancientteeth,but Angel'sethnographic example helpful to that tend to be common that were no other found, given spinningpractices examples puzzling was thecause,unlessthisone womanhad a womenin thesamegroup,so perhapsanotheractivity uniquemethodofherownor one learnedfromhernatalgroup.106 Miscellaneous because theirpathologicalchangesare Threeremaining individualshave been groupedtogether EH classification. skeleton inscrutable to 9003 is a neonate with the prevent sufficiently ofseventoeight disorder of'thinjaw'. The skulloftheLH skeleton 9081, an infant incomprehensible whichmightbe indicative ofraised has a 'thinvaultwithbrainimpressions on innersurface', months, ofthebrain intracranial causedbya rangeofdisorders, theconvolutional markings although pressure 95 Aneel 10.71,Q2. 96 Pick and Howden 1088, 423. 97 This is described in, for example, Angel i960; 1964Ã; 1966& 98 See Appendix 7 § 1. 99 E.g. Duhig 1998. 100 Kennedy 1994, 148-51.

101 E.g. Turner 1887; Cameron 1934; Das 1959; Singh 1959. 102Stirland 1993. 103Waldron 1994, 92-101. 10421 ïune 1Q72. 105 Angel 1968, 262 withpl. 86.2. 106Cf. Duhig 1998, 188 and fig.4.26.

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A. NICODEMUS,

D. S. REESE, M. J. ROSE

is normal;thisfeature whoseintracranial arealsofoundon theskullx-raysoflivingchildren pressure An olderwoman,number9137 ofa pathological condition.107 shouldnotbe used as sole indicator on thepubicsymphysis, (MH), is supposedto have had six to eightbirths, judgedfromthepitting It has been mentioned withpregnancies.108 whichAngelcorrelated above,however,thatthereis no in withsomepitting and extentofpitting, betweenthenumberoffull-term correlation pregnancies with of in and an increase no known mothers women, age independent parity.109 changes nulliparous All thebone fragments ofskeleton Thus'scarsofparturition' are no longerusedby anthropologists. mm which is with ramus and the left show bone loss thick, 9137 compatible pubic only3 atrophy, withtheosteoporosis rarefaction ofold age. and pubicsymphysis traits (v) Non-metric

foundin theskeletonthatare notindicative ofany Non-metric or epigeneüctraitsare thosevariants ofthetraitmightbe disorderand have,mostly, someheritable element,althoughthemanifestation encouragedor suppressed by theenvironment. Theytendto be rathersmallchangesthathave no deleterious suchas additional canalsforsomebloodvesselsandnervesoftheskull;inlife,fewcan effect, be observedotherthantori(bonyridges)on thepalateandinternal additional mandible, cuspsonmolar at teethor 'shovelled'incisors(havingmarginal were found ridges).Eightexamples AyiosStephanos. thesecond, Carabelli'scuspsare additionalcuspsfoundmesio-lingually on thefirst, occasionally in this variant: molars and are common Three children had maxillary Europeanpopulations. fairly skeleton9005 (EH) and skeletons9112 and 9113 (MH and LH respectively), who bothhad the 'growtharrests'discussedabove. Skeletons9044 and 9059 (EH and MH respectively) mysterious haveincisorshovelling, and 9044 shareswith9053 (LH) wrinkled enamelon themolars. A patentmetopicsuture,the suturebetweentheleftand rightsides of thefrontal bone,which closesnormally in a EH two of is mature adult male of the by years age, present period,number Skeleton mentioned as a has head the namedInca wound, 9010. 9100,previously having charmingly bone.Thisis an additional bone oftheposterior skullvault,formed the unfused by upperpartofthe remains in which because of its cells andfusing occipital, separate delay embryonic precursor meeting withthoseof the mainoccipitalbone ('failureto coalesce'110). It is particularly commonin South Americanskullsbut appearsoccasionallyin mostpopulations, and itsheritability can be usefulin a noted that there is trace of artificial deformation on thisoccipital, populationcomparisons. Angel butas he also saysthatthereis a moderateamountof naturalasymmetry on thesame bone,it is difficult tounderstand howtheartificial elementcouldhavebeendistinguished. Ifthiswerea cultural its in than individual I one wouldbe expected,so regretfully discountit. practice presence more (iv) Summary 1800 years,theBronzeAge 'dead population'atAyiosStephanos Coveringa rangeofapproximately ofthesite'suse.The small consists ofonly154 skeletons, scarcelymorethanone foreachgeneration breakdown size ofthesampleand itswidechronological render span by periodsdangerousand all findings speculative. is roughly ofmalesandfemales, butitsproportion ofimmature The population equalinthenumbers is to other ancient or even modern when individuals, infants, large compared especially exceptionally I in evident that common the Mediterranean the blood disorder area, thalassaemia, populations.suggest at was absent from the in prehistoric andparticularly skeletalmaterial Lerna, prevalent contemporary those infant and child deaths are dominated It that the is by livingpopulation. tentatively proposed rifein and whichis otherwise frommalaria,againstwhichthalassaemia providessome protection in infant deaths time. is a rise the number of areas. There through possible damp and disease,andin thistheycontrast The groupis otherwise freeofmostsignsofdietary deficiency must ofimmature skeletons and predominance withthatfromLerna,although thepoorpreservation thatcan be calculatedare averagefor The fewheights to someextentmaskrealdiseasefrequencies. children's theirtimeandshowtheusualsexualdimorphism, heights appearto although, perplexingly, adulthood. their before must have slowed that some factor so be proportionately growth greater, intolifestyle, thereis onlyone exampleof a woundthatcould have been caused For insights wearproducedby a habitual violenceand one exampleof dentalparafunctional by inter-personal as such spinning. activity 107Hawkins 1983, 79-80. 108 Angel 1969.

109E.g. Suchey, Wiseley, Green and Noguchi iq7q. 110Barnes 1994, 140-3.

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(v) Catalogue C. Duhig,transcribing therecordsofJ. L . Angeland S. C. Bisel of theburialsand datingsare preservedbelow.For current information [The originalnumberings to inventory numbersand otherdetailssee table 12.7.] pertaining 9001. Fragmentsof vault and l[eft]molar; most of a postcranial skeleton. 9-12 years old. MH. Comments: postcranialskeletonc. 11 years,no reasonto supposedistinct fromskull.Alpha 4(2), 1959. 9002. Much disturbed,particularlylimbs. 8-9 f[oetal] m[onths](apparentlynormal full-terminfant,perhaps 8 ffoetal]m[onths]sincejaw is mere shell).MH. Pathological conditions:long-bonelengths85-90% ofUS mean forage. Alpha 3, 1959. l[eft]petrousand unmeasurable 9003. Vault fragments, of fragments long-bones. Neonate. EH. Pathological conditions:thinjaw. Comments:also adult rib fragments. Alpha 4(3) II, 1959. rib 9004. Verybadly preserved:many vault fragments, vertebralarchesand long-bones.3-6 monthsold fragments, (vert[ebral] arches unfused in midline, b roots almost complete, e crowns only [c. 1 year]). EH(?). Alpha 4 extension(1-2) III, 1959. 9005. Much-broken skull fragments, teeth, small fragments of long-bones and ribs. 6-7 years old (changing dentition, 6s roots partly formed, upper is and 2S roots begun [c. 5 years]. EH. Pathological conditions:huge Carabelli's cusps on upper 6s. Alpha 4 extension(2), 1959. 9006. Well preserved. 34 years old. Male. MH(?). lumbarregion.Alpha Pathologicalconditions:slightarthritis 6 cist,1959. 9007. Skull very poorly preserved,[postcranial]bones also in bad condition,hands and feet had not survived. Child. MH. Alpha 7, Burial 1, i960. 9008. Notwellpreserved,some bones out ofplace. Adult. EH. Alpha 7, Burial 2, i960. 9009. Not well preserved.Adult.EH(?). Alpha 8, Burial 1, i960. 9010. Fairpreservationexceptdisturbedlowerlimbs.40 years old. Male. EH. Pathological conditions:metopism. Slight vertebral arthritisin Cs to mid-Ts, medium in lower Ts, severe in C3-4. Comments: slight possible resemblanceto 9049 [skullform?;N.B. different period]. Alpha 8, Burial 2, i960. 9011. Poorlypreserved,skull only. Infant.EH or MH. Comments:in area of 3 sq. m thatincludes 9011-9016, close to 9012. Alpha 8, Burial 3, i960. 9012. Poorlypreserved,skulland a fewribsonly.Infant. EH or MH. Comments:in area of 3 sq. m thatincludes 9011-9016, close to 9011. Alpha 8, Burial 4, i960. 9013. Best preservedof 901 1-9016, but stillonly badly preservedskull,rib and leg bones. Infant.EH. Comments: in area of3 sq. m thatincludes901 1-9016. Alpha 8, Burial 5, i960. 9014. Poorly preserved,whole skeleton.Infant.EH or MH. Comments:in area of 3 sq. m thatincludes 90119016. Alpha 8, Burial 6, i960. 9015. Poorlypreserved,skull only. Infant.EH or MH. Comments:in area of 3 sq. m thatincludes 9011-9016. Alpha 8, Burial 7, i960. 9016. Poorlypreserved,skulland ribs only.Infant.EH. Comments:in area of 3 sq. m thatincludes 9011-9016. Alpha 8, Burial 8, i960. 9017. Well preserved. 30 years old. Female(?). EH. Pathological conditions: parafunctional wear of is (?max[illary] or mand[ibular]) from e.g. bow-drill or showsdiagonaldepressionand slight spinning.Rib fragment

convexity.Comments:very long-headed.Alpha 9, Burial 1, i960. 9018. Very badly preserved.Adult. MH(?). Alpha 10, Burial 1, i960. 9019. Skull crushed. 20 years old. Female(?). MH. Pathologicalconditions:much toothloss, apparentlyonly incisorsremained.Comments:does thejaw fragment belong withthe skull?Alpha 10, Burial 2, i960. 9020. Good preservation.Adult.EH(?). Alpha 10, Burial 3, 1960-63. skeleton,but some teethquite 9021. Very fragmentary well preserved.Infant.MH(?). Comments: close to 9022 and 9023. Alpha 10, Burial 4, i960. skull.Infant.MH(?). Comments: 9022. Veryfragmentary close to 9021 and 9023. Alpha 10, Burial 4, i960. skull.Infant.MH III. Comments: 9023. Veryfragmentary close to 9021 and 9022. Alpha 10, Burial 4, i960. 9024. No spine or ribs,otherbones in poor state.Adult. MH(?). Comments:trussed(??). Alpha 10, Burial 5, i960. 9025. Very badly preserved:middle part disintegrated, limbsa greatdeal weathered.Adult.Female(?). MH. Alpha 11 cist, 1963. 9026. Verypoorly preserved:legs, one arm and partof anothermissing,skull disturbed.Adult. MH(?). Alpha 11 cist(?),1963. 9027. Not verywell preserved.Adult.MH(?). Alpha 12 cist, 1963. 9028. Legs only.Adult(?).MH(?). Comments:legs only excavated,remainderin baulk. Alpha 12, 1963. 9029. Badly preserved.Adult. MH/LH. Comments:in cistwith9030. Alpha 12 cist,1963. than9029: fewribs,pelvis 9030. Even worsepreservation and rightleg only,in disorder.Child. MH(?). Comments: in cistwith9029. Alpha 12 cist,1963. 903 1. Poorlypreserved.Adult(?). MH/LH(?) . Comments: empty(child's?)cistto N. Alpha 13 cist, 1963. 9032. Fair condition. Adult. MH(?). Alpha 11/12 cist, 1963· 9033. Skullin bad condition,remaindernotmuchbetter. Adult. MH. Comments:took over cist of 9034. Alpha 2/ 14 cist, 1959-63. 9034. No skull. Adult. MH. Comments: discarded for 9033. Alpha 2/14 cist, 1959-63. 9°35- Very poorly preserved.Child. MH(?). Alpha 14, 1963· 9036. Skull fragmentsand a few otherbones. Adult(?). MH. Comments:discardedfor9037. Alpha 11/12cist,1963. 9037. Reasonably good preservation, no lower legs. Adult.Female. MH(?). Comments:took over cistof 9036. Alpha 11/12/14cist,1963. 9038. Skull only. Infant.EH(?). Comments: not shown on plan,butclose to 9021, 9022 and 9023. Alpha 10, 1963. 9039. Skull only. Infant.EH(?). Comments: not shown on plan,butclose to 9021, 9022 and 9023. Alpha 10, i960. 9040. Skull only. Infant.EH(?). Comments:not shown on plan,butclose to 9021, 9022 and 9023. Alpha 10, i960. 9041. Skull only. Infant.EH(?). Comments: not shown on plan, but close to 9021, 9022 and 23. Alpha 10, i960. 9042. Skull only. Infant.EH(?). Comments: not shown on plan, but close to 9021, 9022 and 9023. Alpha 7, i960. 9043. In rather poor state, skull too fragmentaryto restore, six loose teeth. 30 years old. Female. Height: [148.69 ± 4.5 cm]. EH(?). Pathologicalconditions:fractures

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C. DUHIG, G. JONES, C. MOURER-CHAUVIRÉ,A. NICODEMUS, D. S. REESE, M. J. ROSE

ofulna and clavicle.Slightarthritis of cervicalvertebrae. in tooth caries one tooth. of wear, Slight Slightasymmetry occipital.Comments:9043-9045 are close to theAlpha burials.Delta 1(3),BurialA, 1959. condition. 28 yearsold (skullsutures 9044. In moderate of open). Male. Pathologicalconditions:slightarthritis thoracicand lumbarvertebrae. Slighttoothwear;lower molarcusps5, 4 (wrinkled), shovelled; 4: incisorsslightly no caries.EH(?). Delta 1(7) BurialB, 1959. 9045. Skullfragments only,with26 loose teeth.3o(?) to close).Female.EH(?). beginning yearsold (skullsutures Pathologicalconditions:slighttoothwear, no caries. as end of remainder of skeletonunexcavated Comments: seasonreached.Delta 1(4),BurialC, 1959. fewpostcranial bonessurvived. 9046. Skullsquashedflat, 49 yearsold (skullsuturesclosed endocranially, visibly conditions: lower Male. LH I. Pathological ectocranially). discarded, 7 carious.Comments: probablyfor9053. Skull 9048 in samebag.Delta5, BurialA, 1960. bonesonly.30 yearsold 9047. Skullanda fewpostcranial LH I(?).Pathological to Male. close). (skullsutures beginning conditions:slighttoothwear. Comments:apparently discarded, perhapsfor9053. Delta5, BurialB, i960. 9048. Skullonly.5-8 monthsold. LH I(?). Comments: Delta5, BurialA, 1960. baggedwith9046 postcranial. 9049. Some warped skull fragmentsbut otherwise 25 yearsold. Female.MH III. goodcondition. reasonably conditions:maxillaryteethmoderatewear, Pathological mandibular teethslightwear;cusps5, 4, 4. Comments: to 9010 [skull stoneson skull.Slightpossibleresemblance Delta5, BurialD, i960. form?]. head 9050. Skulldisplaced.Adult.MH(?). Comments: no closeto femur, mutilated (jawin place,skullfragments otherdisturbance) [?].Delta6, BurialE, i960. lefttibiaandfibulaonly.Adult.Male. 9051. Rightfemur, ± cm].MH(?).Delta6, BurialF, i960. 2.99 [163.75 Height: 9052. Skull,femoraand armbonesonly.44 yearsold. conditions: Male.MH(?). Pathological diploë: hyperostotic Comments: thismaybe anaemia,probablythalassaemia. discarded, perhapsfor9055 or 9056. Delta 7, apparently BurialG, i960. distorted.28 9053. Poorlypreserved,skullfragments to close).Male. LH I(?). beginning yearsold (skullsutures and cribra conditions: [porotic]hyperostosis Pathological lowers orbitalia. Uppermolarcusps4, 4, 3 (all wrinkled), Comments: perhapstook 4, 4, ?; probablyslightoverbite. ofbones overgraveof9046 and 9047; someduplication belongto 9046]. Delta5, BurialH, i960. [probably 9054. Quite well preservedexceptface. 25 yearsold. Female.LH I(?). Delta 7, BurialI, i960. 9055. Fair condition.40 years old. Male. LH I(?). tookovergraveof9058.Delta7,Burial Comments: perhaps i960. J, and teeth 9056. Skullbadlydamaged,somefragments skeletonin foundhigherup maybelongto it,postcranial Adult.LH I. Comments: perhapstookover goodcondition. graveof9058. Delta7, BurialK, i960. 9057. Skullonly.Child.MH(?). Delta7, BurialL, i960. 9058. Skull and a fewpostcranialbones in disorder. Child.LH I(?). Comments: discarded, perhapsfor9055 or 9056. Delta7, BurialM, i960. fragment only.7 yearsold(1s 9059. Skullandonevertebral in crypt). is root 2s formed, MH(?). 1/3 maxillary erupted, shovel.Comments: conditions: discarded, slight Pathological onplan.Delta11,1963. for9067.Notrecorded perhaps MH. Delta11jar, Infant/child. 9060. Muchdisintegrated. i963· 9061. Completeskull,althoughbroken;postcranial skeletonmostlyin a good state.Adult.MH(?). Delta 15 cist,1963.

thetrunk;no feet. 9062. Poorlypreserved, particularly Adult.MH(?). Delta 11 cist,1963. column,some ribs,a clavicle, 9063. Partsof vertebral leftulna and radiusonly.Adult.LH I(?). righthumérus, Delta 15 cist(?j,1963. LH I(?). Comments: withsheep/ 9064. Skullonly.Infant. goatbones.Delta 11, 1963. 9065. Mandible and upper surfaceof skullmissing; skeletonpoorlypreserved exceptforlegsand postcranial somearmbones;pelviscrushed.Adult.Perioduncertain. Comments:hands and feetappear to have been tied: Delta 11, 1963. execution [CD: doesnotfollow]. suggested 9066. Quite well preserved.Adult. Female. MH(?). Comments: headpropped.Delta 11/7cist,1963. Adult.Male.Medieval.Comments: 9067. Goodcondition. perhapstookovercistof9059. Delta 11 cist,1963. 9068. Skull,limband someotherbones.Adult.MH(?). discardedfor9069. Delta 13, 1963. Comments: 9069. Goodpreservation exceptforskullandupperbody, tookover destroyed by roots.Child.MH(?). Comments: of Delta 9068. 13, 1963. grave 9070. Conditionnotrecorded.Adult.MH. Comments: as endofseason.Delta 14, 1963. excavation notcompleted Delta 14 pithos, 9071. Few bonesonly.MH. Infant(?). 1963· bones.Adult.MH. 9072. Skulland a few[postcranial] discardedfor9076. TrialTrenchVII, 1963. Comments: 9073. Lower limbs and leftarm only. Adult. MH. with9074 and 9075,whichwere Comments: commingled ofgrave.TrialTrenchVII, 1963. previousincumbents commingled 9074. Skullonly.Adult.MH. Comments: ofthegrave,and9075. Trial with9073,thelastincumbent TrenchVII, 1963. commingled 9075. Skullonly.Child.MH. Comments: ofthegrave,and9074. Trial with9073,thelastincumbent TrenchVII, 1963. upper 9076. Lowerhalfof skeletonin good condition, halfnot good, probablythroughwaterdamage.Adult. Female. Height: very tall: nearly 6 feet [long-bone tookovercistof measurements absent].MH. Comments: 9072. TrialTrenchVII cist,1963. skeleton 9077. Postcranial only.Adult.MH. Comments: discardedfor9078. TrialTrenchVII, 1963. 9078. Poorlypreserved,especiallythe skull.Adult. Female.MH. Comments:took over cistof 9077. Trial TrenchVII cist,1963. andseveralchild[?also ofan infant 9079. Skullfragments bones.Infant the or to infant, older] postcranial belonging or child.LH IIIA(?). Gamma1, 1959. LH IIIA(?). boneslost.Infant. unknown; 9080. Condition Gamma1, 1959. vaultfragments, r[ight] scapulaandhumérus. 9081. Skull7-8 monthsold. LH IIIA2-IIIC Early. Pathological on inner conditions:thinvaultwithbrainimpressions Comments: surface. possiblydiscardedfroma cistusedfor 9126 [but9126 was below,so couldnothavetakenover cist?].A fewribsof anotherindividual[couldtheybe of 9126?].Beta3(7) I, 1959. the andinverybad condition, especially 9082. Disturbed LH III. Beta4, i960. skull.Infant. Infant.LH and in poorcondition. 9083. Some disarray beside9084. Beta6, i960. III. Comments: Infant.LH and in poorcondition. 9084. Some disarray beside9083. Beta6, i960. III. Comments: theskulland legs. particularly 9085. Poorlypreserved, Child.LH III. Beta 11, 1963. 9086. No skull,upper part of skeletonvery badly preserved,lower limbs quite good. Adult. Height: forwhich size [CD: no sizegiven,exceptional exceptional I. Beta III/LH MH MH III or 11, 1963. sex?].

THE HUMAN AND OTHER ORGANIC REMAINS §1 with Infant. LH III. Comments: 9087. In greatdisorder. Beta 11, 1963. 9088. with Infant. LH III. Comments: 9088. In greatdisorder. 9087. Beta11, 1963. 9089. Part of skull and rib cage in good condition, LH IIIAi. Beta 11, 1963. otherwise poor.Infant. Infant. MH. Beta11, 1963. 9090. Verypoorlypreserved. MH. bones.Infant. 9091. No skull,onlya fewpostcranial Comments: 1963. maybelongwithskull9096.Beta11cist(?), bonesonly.Adult.LH IIIB. 9092. Skulland postcranial Comments:with9093, 9094 and 9095. Beta 11 cist(?), 1963· bonesonly.Adult.LH IIIB. 9093. Skullandpostcranial Comments:with9092, 9094 and 9095. Beta 11 cist(?), 1963· bonesonly.Adult.LH IIIB. 9094. Skullandpostcranial Comments:with9092, 9093 and 9095. Beta 11 cist(?), i963· bonesonly.Adult.LH IIIB. 9095. Skullandpostcranial Comments:with9092, 9093 and 9094. Beta 11 cist(?), i963· MH. Comments: 9096. Skullonly.Infant. mightbelong topostcranial bones9091. Beta 11, 1963. 9097. Skullonly.Child.LH I/II(?). Beta 11, 1963. MH. bonesonly.Infant. 9098. Skullanda fewpostcranial Beta 11, 1963. [bones]verybadlypreserved; 9099. No skull,postcranial nolowerlegsorfeet.12 yearsold.LH IIIC Early.Comments: skullreplacedbyintrusive pithos.Beta12B cist,1963. condition. 9100. Excellent 24 yearsold (Toddsymphysis) [± 24 years].Male. Height:verytall[164.17± 2.99 cm]. MH III Late. Pathological conditions: head wound.Inca bone.Epsilon1973. of limb bones, 9101. Crushedskullvault,fragments - neonate.LH ILA?. m[onths] scapulaandpelvis.7/8f[oetal] ZetaW extension, 1973. skeleton 9102. Crushedskullvault,mostofpostcranial butno complete old (incisors in long-bones. 13-15 months place, canines and molars erupting).LH IIIA2(?). conditions: unusualchinshape- Δ-shape with Pathological underalveolaeofsecondincisorsand deepfossaelaterally canines.Zeta 2/2A, 1973. most of postcranial 9103. Veryfewvaultfragments; skeleton. Neonate.LH IIIC Early.Zeta 2/2A, 1973. andsomepostcranial 9 104. Vaultfragments fragments only. MH I Late.Zeta2/2A, 1973. m[onths]-neonate. 7 f[oetal] vertebrae and mostlong-bones. 9105. Vaultfragments, Perinatal. MH I Late.Zeta 2/2A, 1973. oflegbonesonly,badlyburnt.1 week9106. Fragments 1 monthold. MH I Early.Zeta 2/2A, 1973. and some postcranialbones. 9107. Skull fragments Neonate.MH (MH I Late?).Eta 2 (S), 1973. 9108. Two petrousbones, two proximalulnae, one lefthumérus, old 2 months tibia,femur. proximal proximal than9107).MH (MH I Late?).Eta2 (S),1973. bigger (slightly 9109. One distalhumérus. Neonate(?).Comments:did notfitEta Burial3 (9111) whereitwas found.MH (MH I Late?).Eta 2 (S), 1973. of vault,most of 9110. Only one or two fragments skeleton. Neonate.MH I Late.Eta 2C, 1973. postcranial ofvaultand long-bones. Neonate.MH 9111. Fragments I Lateor LH IIA. Eta 2B, 1973. 9112. Skeletonalmostcomplete.13+ years (second molarserupted)[CD: butacetabulumunfused, so 12-13 conditions: trace years].MH. Pathological growtharrests, porosity[on vault]. Bilateralthirdoccipital condyle, Carabelli's cusp. Comments: trussed [CD: how Eta 2B, 1973. determined?]. 9113. HS 27c [see table 12.7] is a proximalleftulna. HS 31 is a crushed skullandmostofa postcranial skeleton.

505

c. 1 2-5 yearsold (secondmolarrootsstarting [younger, conditions: no [on vault] LH(?). Pathological porosity year]). has arrest as metacarpal buttraceanaemia.Possiblegrowth on traceof 'bead' on flaring Carabelli's edge. cusp upper first molar.Eta 2B/2C/1,1973. r[ight] skullonly.1-2 monthsold. LH(?). 9114. Fragmented conditions: traceanaemia.Eta 2B/2C/1,1973. Pathological 9115. Dozen piecesofvaultand radius(?).2-3 months old. MH I Late.Eta 2B/2C/1,1973. of skulland pelvis,some rib, 9116. Severalfragments radius.Neonate.MH I Late.Eta 2B/2C/1,1973. and somepostcranial bones.1-2 9117. Vaultfragments nutritional months old.MH I Early.Pathological conditions: failure(vault-raying absent,andknee-joint mayhavesharp bead,withflare).Eta 2B/2C/1,1973. 9118. Fewvaultfragments, scapula,ribsand somelongbones.Neonate.MH I Late.Eta 2D, 1973. 9119. Skulland muchbrokenl[eft]scapula,humérus, ischiumand pubis.6-9 monthsold (a roothalfformed). LH IIIC Early.Eta 3, 1973. humérus. Neonate.MH II- III. Eta3, 1973. 9120. R[ight] skeleton. 9121. Crushedskulland mostof postcranial molarin crypt, vertebral 5 yearsold (first Approximately archesabout to fuseto bodies). LH IIA. Pathological conditions: unusualchinshape- Δ shapewithdeepfossae underalveolaeofsecondincisors andcanines.Eta laterally 3» !973-

somelong-bones and part 9122. Manyvaultfragments, ofpelvis.Neonate.Medieval(?).Beta8, 1974. skullandmostofpostcranial skeleton. 9123. Fragmented 2-4 monthsold. ProbablyLH IIIAi. Beta9, 1974. 9124. Fragmentsof skull,pelvis and leg bones. 7-8 or neonate.LH I-IIB. Beta9, 1974. f[oetal] m[onths] 9125. Almostcomplete.38 yearsold. Male. Height:tall femoral LH I- II or [>ΐ77·6± 2.99 cm;bicondylar length]. LH IIIAi. Pathological conditions: muscleinflammation above hip. Trace of enamelgrowtharrests[hypoplastic defects]on incisors[at] ?age 2 [toothand positionnot Beta9, 1974. recorded]. Condition notrecorded.12 months old.LH IIIA2 9126. Early.Comments:[wasbeneath9081 so could nothave takenoveritscist?].BetaI, 1977. 9127. Conditionnot recorded.7 yearsold (upper6s lowersunerupted], MH erupted[presumably 3s unerupted. III/LH I. Pathological conditions: femoral length80% US meanforage.BetaI/II, 1977. 9128. Conditionnotrecorded.7 monthsold. LH IIBIIIAi. Pathological conditions: femoral lengthis US mean for6 months, 88% US meanfor8 months. BetaNE, 1977. notrecorded. 9129. Skullbadlypreserved;postcranial 1.5-3 vearsold·LH II-HIAi(?j. Beta9, 1977. notrecorded.Infant; LH I9130. Condition neonate(?). IIA. BetaSW, 1977. 9131. Skullfragments only.Neonate.MH III(?). Beta9, !9779132. No skull.Neonate-2monthsold. LH I-IIA. Beta SW, 1977. 9133. Skullonly.1 monthold.MH III/LH I(?).BetaSW, 1977· 9134. Skullfragments only.Neonate.MH III/LH I(?). BetaSW, 1977. leftischiumand somelong9135. Skullvaultfragments, bones.5-7 monthsold. LH IIIA2 Early.Lambda1, 1973. skeleton. 9136. Mostofskullandpostcranial 3 yearsold. MH III Late.Pathological conditions: porotichyperostosis (skull vault bossing, 'bone withinbone' on femur): thalassaemia chin.Lambda1,1973. ?homozygous. Δ-shaped and nothingabove pelvis.52 years 9137. Fragmentary old. Female.Height:[151.26 ± 3.55 cm]. MH III Late. conditions: 6-8 births. All fragments Pathological [CD: of

5θ6

C. DUHIG, G. JONES, C. MOURER-CHAUVIRÉ,A. NICODEMUS, D. S. REESE, M. J. ROSE

Lambda1, 1973. pelvis?]showbonelossand atrophy. 1-2 months. skeleton. 9138. Mostofskullandpostcranial LH IIIAi. Comments: in pitwith9139. Lambda1 / Beta i2A(N), 1974. and muchof postcranial 9139. Large skullfragments inpitwith9138. Neonate.LH IIIAi. Comments: skeleton. Lambda1 / Beta 12A (N), 1974. lefthumérusand radius. 9140. A fewskullfragments, Neonate.LH IIIAi. Comments:with9141 and 9142. Lambda1 / Beta 12A (N), 1974. femurand ulna. 1-2 9141. Scatteredskullfragments, with9140 and 9142. monthsold. LH IIIAi. Comments: Lambda1 / Beta 12A (N), 1974. halfofanupperfirst molaronly.Youngadult. 9142. Lingual conditions: caries. Comments: LH IIIAi orearlier. Pathological with9140 and 9141.Lambda1 /Beta12A(N), 1974. ribsand somelong-bones. 9143. Manyskullfragments, with9144 and9145 1 month old.LH IIIAi (?).Comments: of few combinations parts of three or more [why Lambda1 / Beta 12A (N), 1974. individuals?]. ribsand somelong-bones. 9144. A fewskullfragments, with LH IIIAi (?). Comments: 6 f[oetal] m[onths]-neonate. offewpartsofthreeor 9143 and 9145 [whycombinations Lambda1 / Beta 12A (N), 1974. moreindividuals?]. vertebrae. 6offrontal bone,mandible, 9145. Fragments 8 monthsold (deciduousincisorserupted[probably7-8 with9143 and 9144 LH IIIAi (?). Comments: months]. [why combinationsof few parts of three or more Lambda1 / Beta 12A (N), 1974. individuals?]. calcaneus 9146. Some vaultand long-bonefragments, 1 yearold. LH IIA(?). Lambda 1 / Beta and metatarsals. 12A (N), 1974. someribs, 9147. Badlypreserved: manyskullfragments, old some of (second 2.5 long-bones. years part pelvis, deciduousmolaralmostinline[almostatocclusalplane?]). LH IIIC Early.Beta 12A, 1963-74. atendofseason. unexcavated 9148. Skullonly,skeleton Child.MH III-LH I. Beta 12A, 1963-74. old. 8 months notknown(SB reported). 9149. Condition femoral conditions: LH IIIA2. Pathological length90% of US meanforage.Lambda3, 1977. 9150. No skull or teeth,few postcranialbones (SB 1 monthold.LH I-IIA. Lambda3, 1977. reported).

2. THE MAMMAL

notknown(SB reported). Neonate.LH 9151. Condition ΠΙΑ (LH IIIA2?). Pathological femoral conditions: length US meanforage.Lambda3, 1977. and most postcranialbones. 9152. Vault fragments Neonate.LH IIIA(?). Nu ιΑ, 1973. and postcranialbones. 9153. Some skull fragments Neonate.LH IIIAi. Nu ιΑ, 1973. 9154. Largevaultfragments, upperlimbbones. 8-10 old (deciduousmolarcrownsfully months formed) [correct ifes, 5-7 months ifds].LH ΠΙΑ. Nu iß, 1973. bones. andsomepostcranial 9155. Smallskullfragments Neonate.LH IIIA(?) (orMedieval?).Nu / Gamma1, 1974. 9156. Leftarmbonesonly.Neonate.LH IIIA(?) (orLH with9157, 9158 and9159. Nu / Gamma II?). Comments: i> 1974· 12 anda fewlong-bone fragments. 9157. Skullfragments conditions: months old.LH IIIA(?) (orLH II?). Pathological - thalassaemia(?). Comments:with porotichyperostosis / Nu Gamma and 1, 1974. 9159. 9156, 9158 9158. Skullvaultonly.Neonate(?).LH IIIA(?) (or LH with9156, 9157 and 9159. Nu / Gamma II?). Comments: i> 1974· deciduousincisor 9159. Skullonly.16 monthsold (first LH IIIA(?) caninesalmosterupted). rootsalmostcomplete, and with LH Comments: 9158. Nu / II?). (or 9156, 9157 Gamma1, 1974. notknownexceptthatnoteethpreserved 9160. Condition (SB reported). 1-1.5yearsold.LH ILA.Nu 2, 1977. notknown(SB reported). 49 yearsold. 9161. Condition Female.Height:[158.673 ± 3.55 cm] (SB says 'tall for period').LH I/IIA. Pathologicalconditions:platymeria, facets.Verypoordentalhealth. and squatting platycnemia before Sr averagebut Mg high:SB suggests'immigrant Nu 2, 1977. [plateA7.1.J puberty'. notknown(SB reported). 39 yearsold. 9162. Condition Female.Height:152.63 ± 3.66 cm (SB saysaveragefor period). MH II Early.Pathologicalconditions:slight lineson 3s. facets.Two hypoplastic squatting platymeria, Nu/Gamma after Srhigh:SB suggests puberty'. 'immigrant 1, 1977.[plateA7.2.] [9163. Conditionnot known(skullonly,in baulk; not excavated).Infant?Skullmeasuredc. 7.5 cm across.LH IIA-LH IIIC Early,probablyLH ΠΙΑ. Nu 2, 1974.]

AND REPTILE

REMAINS,

1973-77

A. Nicodemus [Editor'snote: no surveyof the modernfauna and floraof the localitywas undertaken,but smaller wildlife,includingsnakesand tortoises,were certainlyabundantand therewerejackals (Canis aureus) too in 1974 (personalobservation).Most of the remainsanalysed here were retrievedby the use of waterdrysievingwitha 7 mm mesh,whichwas applied to all the earththatwas excavated.Where this is 1 mm a with seemed that indicated; mesh, especiallyimportant, sievingwas used on deposits the bones of rodentswere rarelyrecoveredunless thismethod of recoverywas used. The remains were studiedat Aphyssouin the 1970s by D. S. Reese, who used early reportsof the stratigraphie contextsto compilethecatalogue.However,Dr Reese combinedthedata intoaggregations('deposits') ofexcavationunits('baskets').Since 1992 we have managed to refine,and oftento correct,thedatings of thebaskets,but the data could no longerbe disaggregated.Even the broad headingscontainsome materialthatfallsoutsidethe correctchronologicalrange: forexample, two of the basketslistedin The aggregation Appendix8 (a) underΈΗ I to EH II Late' containedsmallamountsofMH material. the finds of the of in the of loss in some ofbasketshas resulted majordomestic interpretation precision the on are based which tables in ox and mammals sheep/goat,pig catalogue.111 12.8-12.14, 111 Appendix8 (a), (h)-(j).

THE HUMAN AND OTHER ORGANIC REMAINS §2

507

Fig. 12.7. Abundance ofmammalianand reptilianfaunaby period.

The sameis trueofthebutchered and burnedbones analysedin tables 12.15-12.18.112 Moreover, sincebasketsofdifferent dateswerecombined,theMNI (minimum numberofindividuals) mustbe understated. broader trends still and finds of rarer were not emerge, species113 Fortunately many to the same extent The of this figs. and tables were 12.8-12.18 data, 12.7-13 aggregated analysis to whomI am mostgrateful. preparedby A. Nicodemus, to thecataloguecompiledbyE. B. Frenchand Clarissade Waal,thefaunalremainsare [According nowstoredin SpartaMuseumas follows: AreaZeta 1973,box 84; AreaBeta 1977,boxes84-5; bone EH to and box bone MH, 86; assigned assignedto LH I-IIIAi, box 87; bone assignedto LH III, boxes88; andboneassignedto theMedievalperiod,box 89. Faunalremainsfromtheexcavations of are as stored follows: Area box trenches Beta and box Area box 80; 81; Delta, 82; i960 5 7, Alpha, sourcenotstated,box 83. No suchremainsseemto have been keptfromtheseasonsof 1959 and theitemsweretoonumerous tobe assignedcataloguenumbers, one particular find,a 1963.Although a was pig'stusk, given separatedescription: [9164. Pig's tusk,unworked.Broken across one end. L. (max. ext.) 4.3. W. (max. ext.) 1.6. Th. (max.) 0.3. The fragmentis spatulateand shows evidence of wear along

both long edges. Eta 1973, #17. Context MH I, with a little LH I or LH IIIA2 perhaps from burial 5 or 12. 73-506. Not illustrated.]

The excavations of1973-77producedalmost16,000animalbonesandfragments. The exactnumber is unclearsincetheNISP (numberofindividualspecimens)totalsforeach contextwereroundedto thenearestmultiple offive.D. S. Reeseanalysedthemammalian andreptilian the remains, providing is availableforthemajor largedatasetfromwhichthisstudywas completed.OnlyMNI information domesticspecies (sheep,goat,pig, and cattle),so thismeasurewill be used forall taxonomic see also theEditor'snoteabove.As MNI figures are substantially smallerthanNISP quantification: themajority ofindividual contextual unitsdo nothavean adequatesamplesizeforcomparative counts, 112These depend on Appendix 8 (k)-(l).

113See Appendix 8 (b)-(g).

5θ8

C. DUHIG, G. JONES, C. MOURER-CHAUVIRÉ,

A. NICODEMUS,

Fig. 12.8. Ovicapridage-profileby period.

Fig. 12.9. Cattleage-profile by period.

D. S. REESE, M. J. ROSE

THE HUMAN AND OTHER ORGANIC REMAINS §2

509

Fig. 12.10.Pigage-profile byperiod.

individualcontextual unitshave been aggregated intolargerchronological purposes.Consequently, of periods(EH, MH, LH and Medieval),makingtheMNI samplesizessuitablefortheexamination trendsin animalexploitation. Unitswithprimary thatare mixedacrossthese long-term components broadertimeperiodsare notincludedin thesummary a numberofbaskets analyses.Additionally, werereassigned after initial MNI the calculations were made for the chronologically majordomesticates. The format oftheoriginaldataprevents therecalculation ofMNIs to reflect thesechanges. In theoriginaldataset,sheep(Ovisaries)and goat (Caprahircus) are classedtogether as ovicaprids There is no of domestic from their wild (sheep/goat). separation species (e.g.ovicaprids counterparts and pigs);thesetaxa are assumedto be domestic.Equids,deer,dogs,hares,and tortoises are not identified to speciesleveland remaingroupedin thesemoregeneraltaxonomiccategories. Because rodentsand insectivores burrowintoarchaeological frequently deposits,theywillbe excludedfrom thisstudyto avoid contextual This does not mean, however,thatthesetaxa werenot problems.114 commensal site during occupation. Therelative abundanceofmammalian andreptilian faunais remarkably stablethrough time(seefig. 115 and table The EH its in animal tolater 12.8). 12.7 period,despite generalsimilarity representation a has low size which tends to inflate the of taxa rare and (MNI=8), periods, very sample proportion statistical this is omitted from the discussion. precludes analysis.Consequently period subsequent thisperiod,thereisno statistically intaxonabundancebetweenperiods difference Excluding significant are themostfrequent (χ2=6.θ3ΐ,dß=8,p=o.64). The majordomesticates speciesin all periods,with and in and ovicaprids pigoccurring comparableproportions (25.o0/o-33.g%) cattleconsistently being lesscommon(12.8%-19.7%). Each taxondiffers in relativeabundancebylessthan10%through time, thelong-term in mammaland reptileexploitation at thesite.The proportion demonstrating similarity ofpigs,equids,dogs,hares,andtortoises arethemoststable,varying bylessthan5% betweenperiods. do not at until LH A singlespecimenappearsina times. Equids appearsecurely AyiosStephanos early mixedMH/LH context, butequidsarenotablyabsentfromunmixedMH levels,eventhough domestic 114See Appendix8 (f).

115These are based on Appendix8 (i)-(vii).

51O

C. DUHIG, G. JONES, C. MOURER-CHAUVIRÉ,A. NICODEMUS, D. S. REESE, M. J. ROSE

Fig. 12.1i. Ovicapridbody-part byperiod. representation

Fig. 12.12.Cattlebody-part byperiod. representation

THE HUMAN AND OTHER ORGANIC REMAINS §2

511

Fig. 12.13.Pigbody-part representation byperiod.

bc.116 horseswerecommonthroughout Equidsare Europeby thelatterhalfofthethirdmillennium abundance morecommonintheMedievalperiod(4.2%)thanintheBronzeAge(o°/o-i .8%).Therelative notsignificantly. Cattlearemost ofcattle, anddeeris morevariablethrough time,although ovicaprids, duringtheMH period(19.7%),becominglesscommonin theLH period(12.8%)butagain frequent infrequency increasing byMedievaltimes(16.7%).OvicapridabundancefallsbetweentheBronzeAge andMedievaloccupation(25.0%).Deer proportions time,from (30.o°/o-33.3%) nearlydoublethrough 6.i%-6.4% in theBronzeAgeto 12.5%in theMedievalperiod. Herdage profiles are constructed forthemajordomesticates fromepiphysial fusionstagesoflimb dataforeachperiodis elements(figs.12.8-12.10).Unfortunately, thesamplesizeofdentaleruption too smallto be utilized.Further, thereis no age assessment of axial elementsor toothwear,which wouldallowmorepreciseage estimates forlaterstagesoflife.AyiosStephanossurvivorship curves forovicaprids, andpigfromtheMH through theMedievalperiodarecomparedagainstPayne's cattle, in ordertointerpret animal theoretical herdprofiles forspecialisedmeat,milk,andwoolproduction117 time. management strategies through fromall periodsindicatesan emphasison secondaryproducts(i.e. milk, Ovicapridherdstructure or otheranimalresourcesthatcan be obtainedfroma live animaland are therefore wool,traction mostprobablywool production, as is demonstrated renewable), largenumberof by therelatively animalssurviving wellintoadulthood(fig.12.8,table 12.9).118 A meat-focused management strategy, in contrast, wouldhavethemajority ofanimalsculledduringthesubadultphase(c. 2 yearsofage),in orderto maximisethetrade-off betweeninvestment and energyreturn, as wellas producing higher A meat. mixed milk-wool a in that would similar to thewool profile, quality strategy yield pattern intoadulthood;accordingly, should manyanimalswouldbe maintained ovicapriddairyproduction notbe excluded.Age datadocumenting laterlifestageswouldfurther refineinterpretations, as wool can be maintained in ovicapridslongerthanhighmilkyields. production Cattleherdstructure fortheBronzeAge differs fromtheMedievalperiod(fig.12.9,table 12.10119). In MH andLH, 80-100% ofcattlesurvivepastreaching physicaladulthood(fouryearsofage),while 116Sherratt 1997. u/ rayne 1973.

118Thisis based on Appendix8 (a), (h). 119This dependson Appendix8 (a), (i).

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C. MOURER-CHAUVIRÉ,

A. NICODEMUS,

D. S. REESE, M. J. ROSE

of animalsfromjuvenilesto adulthood, in theMedievalperiodthereis a relatively steadycull-rate is attained(22.2%).Thesepatterns withfewsurviving once physicalmaturity suggestthatsecondary forMedieval BA resources, wasmoreimportant whilemeatproduction cattleproducts weresignificant a conform to at The do not Bronze milk-specialisation Age cull-patterns populations AyiosStephanos. a mixedmilk/traction ofmaturecattlesuggests curve,buttheexceptionally strategy. largeproportion all exhibita veryhighcullrateofyoung In sharpcontrast and cattle,thepigprofiles to ovicaprids withunderone thirdsurviving animals, past3.5 years(fig. past2.5 yearsand atmost13.3%surviving thanexpectedfromthetheoretical meatprofile. Thiscull-rate is greater However, 12.10,table 12.11).120 it is consistent withexpectations forthisspecies,sincepigsare particularly fecund,becomingfertile around6 monthsold and havingsix to thirteen offspring per litterwithup to twolitters per year. have no utilizable pigs Additionally, products. secondary The proportion ofparticular skeletalelements in a faunalassemblagecan shedlighton represented thenatureofanimalutilisation and thelikelycontextfromwhichtheassemblagewas derived(e.g. consumer refuse versusprimary NISP element datais notavailable debris). Although butchery complete forthe majordomesticates, an approximation of body partutilisation can be gleanedfromlimb elementsdocumented foragingpurposes.Based on theMNI figures foreach periodper taxon,the number of individual is elements calculated and expected comparedagainsttheactualnumberof elements in the present AyiosStephanossample(figs.12.11-12.13,based on tables 12.12-12.14). Forovicaprids, and cattlein all periods,skeletalelementsthatare associatedwiththemeatiest pig, of the the aremostnumerous. Thisprobablyreflects therecovery animal, upperlimb-bones, portions ofanimalbonesassociatedprimarily withfoodconsumption debrisratherthandepositswithprimary whichwouldcontainmoremeat-poor elementssuchas headsand feet. refuse, butchery few animal bones show evidence of human modification. andburning (Notethatthebutchery Very data121 all animal fish and In taxa,including birds.) termsof specimenswithbutchery incorporates thesiteaverageforall periodsis 0.7% (77 outof 11,135bones),ranging from2.4%in theEH marks, to0.4% in theLH period(tables12.15-12.16).Cattle-bones exhibitthegreatest numberofbutcherybecausetheirverylargesizerequiresmoreextensive marks, presumably processing priorto cooking. Forthemajordomesticates, minus highutility bodyparts,i.e. theupperlimbsand theaxialskeleton, thecranium elementsare thelowerlimbsand thecranium), of (thelow utility displaythemajority evidence.5.6% of theanimalbones are burnt,withonlya verysmallrangeof variation butchery betweenperiods,from4.2% in theMH periodto 6.6% duringLH (tables12.17-12.18).The number ofburntbonespermammalian taxonis roughly to thespecies'overallrepresentation at proportional thesite,withtheexceptionoftheanomalously largenumberofhorsebonesthatderivefroma single Medievalcontext.Thereare no burnedequid bones in BronzeAge contexts.For ovicapridsand two-thirds ofidentifiable burntbones are high-utility thatthese cattle,roughly elements, suggesting bonesaremostlikelyderivedfromconsumption-debris, burned either being duringcookingitselfor in post-meal into a hearth or similar context. disposal In summary, theanimaleconomyofAyiosStephanosdemonstrates time. striking stability through there are some in differences the relative abundance of this variation is taxa, Although particular notstatistically and are the most followed taxa, significant. Ovicaprids pigs consistently frequent by cattle.Otherdomesticates and wildfaunaare relatively rare.In termsof management strategies, ovicaprids(mostlysheep presumably)are survivingwell into adulthood,suggestinga strong emphasison secondaryresources, Pigs are culled probablywool or mixedmilk-wool production. as is for this cattle differ time.In the young, expected species.However, practices through husbandry BronzeAgethereis a greater on and as is indicated (milk traction), emphasis secondary products bythe of a older but there is subadult in cull the Medieval animals, large proportion heavy period, characteristic ofprimary meatproduction. thesituation at Nichoria,wheretheoverallproportions ofanimalspresent [Itis worthcomparing weresimilar.Cattlecomprisedsome 15-20% of theanimalsin theMBA and LBA, witha regime intheDarkAgetoa system theuseofmilkproducts, ofearlier favouring changing butchering eventually thatis characteristic all ofmeat-ranching.122 meat at and were for Pigs periods, weresecondin kept numberonlyto ovicaprids. In theMiddleByzantine ofcattlewas higherand periodtheproportion milk and and formilk;deerwere came while and were for wool cows second, sheep goats kept pigs huntedandoccasionally tortoises wereeaten.AtAyiosStephanostheproportion ofcattlewasgreatest in cattle in MH and Medievaltimes,and in thelatterperiodtheywereraisedformeat;thereduction 120This is based on Appendix 8 (a), (j). 121 Appendix 8 (k)-(l).

122Sloan and Duncan 1978.

THE HUMAN AND OTHER ORGANIC REMAINS §3

513

As at Nichoria,therewas a shift fromraising duringLH is paralleledat bothLernaand Nichoria.123 in MBA in LBA. in and the to the was the as is proved cattle EBA, Hunting significant ovicaprids pigs in the the of hares and and never ceased Hares increased somewhat deer, dogs, presence by entirely. LBA and Medievalperiods,and deerwereplentiful in the Medieval when their antlers again period, wereworked.Tojudgeby theburntand butchered wereeatenin theMBA bones,dogsand tortoises and LH I-IIA; likewise, MH I were eaten at and in LH and Medieval tortoises Nichoria, dogs during AtAyiosStephanostortoises Nichoria.124 werenoteatenin Medievaltimes,butchickenwereadded to thediet.Rabbitsare present, ifat all,onlyin theMedievalperiod.Although equidsseemto have beenknownat NichoriafromMH I, noneis attested at AyiosStephanosuntilLH I- II. The 45 burnt foundon thesurfaceoftheMedievalyardin Area Nu are best bones,all froma singleindividual, as a to horse that was caughtin thedestruction thata dead explained belonging by fire;itis unlikely horsewouldhavebeen leftthereundernormalcircumstances.] 3. THE BIRD REMAINS, 1959-77 C. Mourer-Chauviré, withD. S. Reese note:thissectionwas completed in 1992,and D. S. Reesesuppliedthecomparandain 2006. [Editor's Forthelocationoftheavianremainsin SpartaMuseumsee myintroductory noteto §2 above.] (i) Introduction and Commentary Thereare 71 birdremainsfromAyiosStephanos, with40 bonesof 27 individuals fromtheBronze and bones of individuals from the 28 Medieval Age 14 period.Therearealsotwounidentified eggshell fromthesitearelistedin §3 (ii)below; samplesfromtheMH II period.The 22 birdformsidentified thechronological distribution oftheremainsis presented in §3 (iii). The avifaunais mainlycomposedofbirdsthatlive in aquaticenvironments, i.e. wetlands, lakes, marshesand ponds;theseare white-fronted goose,variousducks,crane,crake,moorhen,coot and snipe.Theirpresencecanbe partly explainedbythefactthatthesiteis todayonlyabouttwokilometres fromtheMediterranean Sea; duringtheoccupationofthesiteitwas probablyon thecoast.125 somenestin Greecetoday,butnumerous othersnestfarther tothe Amongthespeciesrepresented, northand are presentin Greeceonlyas migrants or wintervisitors, the white-fronted namely goose and thesnipe.Thesebirdsmusthavebeen wintervisitors to AyiosStephanos. Whileall thebirdspresentmighthave been eaten,thisis thought fortheeagle,buzzard, unlikely hawk,kite,owland crowor rook.The cutmarkson thebonesofthedomesticfowland theMedieval LH IIA crane,and passerineand mallard,and theburntbones (MH II and Medievalpasserines, Medievalcoot),aregood evidenceto suggestthatthesebirdswereconsumed. Gallusgallus, thedomestic in BronzeAge levelsatAyiosStephanosbya fowl,mightbe represented cut marks(9167),froma basketthatproduced proximalpartofa femurwithnumerous, verydeep MH I, LH IIA butpossiblyalso Medievalsherds.The domesticfowlis otherwise notfoundin LH levelsbutis verycommonin Medievalcontexts at AyiosStephanos.Reesehas collectedevidencefor chickenin theBronzeAge Aegean.126 However,theisolatedBronzeAge bone fromAyiosStephanos comesfroma levelwithpossibleMedievalcontamination and maybe ofMedievaldate. The birdbones ofAyiosStephanosshowsome similarities withthoseof Neolithicto LH Lerna. Bothsiteshave in commonnumerousaquaticformsand possiblythedomesticfowl.127 MH Tiryns bird bones. From MH II 1 come 1 bones with one Gallus four Anas 17 produced gallus, platyrhynchos, oneAlectoris one Accipiter one Asioflammeus graeca, gentilis (goshawk), (short-eared owl),and one Corvus corax(raven).FromMH III come six boneswithtwo Gallusgallusand one Anasplatyrhynchos. From LH I- II comesonlyone Gallusgallus.FromLH IIIBi come 11 boneswithone Anasplatyrhynchos, four Alectoris and three Anser anser From LH come bones with IIIB2 nine Gallus graeca, goose). (greylag 32 fiveAnasplatyrhynchos, twoAnasquerquedula twoAnser twoAlectoris one gallus, anser, (garganey), graeca, Columba livia(rockdove),threeGrusgrus,one Larusargentatus one Buteo one buteo, (herring-gull), Athene noctua and one Corvus corone comix. From LH IIIC (littleowl),two Corvus corax, Earlylayers comeeightboneswithone Anasplatyrhynchos, one Anser one Alectoris one Grusgrus,one anser, graeca, Buteobuteo, and one Corvus FromLH IIIC Middlecome 14 bones,comprising one Gallus frugilegus. 123Sloan and Duncan 124Sloan and Duncan 1978,64. 1978,69, 72. 125See Chapter14 §1 (ii) below.

126Reese 19950,200-2. 127 Gejvall1969,47-9.

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C. DUHIG, G. JONES, C. MOURER-CHAUVIRÉ,A. NICODEMUS, D. S. REESE, M. J. ROSE

two Cygnusolor(mute swan), two Athenenoctua one Anas querquedula, gallus,fourAnasplatyrhynchos, (owl), one Fulica atra (coot), one Podicepssp. (grebe), one Aythya ferina(pochard),and one Alauda arvensis(skylark)or Galeridacristata(crestedlark). From LH IIIC Late come eightbones with six Gallus gallus, one Anseranser,and one Corvusfrugilegus.128

FrankishCorinthproduced 369 bird bones from22 MNI fromthe 1989-94 excavations: 319 fiveAnassp. (one MNI), Gallusgallus(tenMNI), 14 Alectoris graeca(threeMNI), one Anasplatyrynchos, olor(one MNI), one Corvussp., seven Otistarda(greatbustard, threeAnsersp. (one MNI), two Cygnus and one MNI), two Pavo cristatus (peafowl,one MNI), one Columbalivia,one Alcedoatthis(kingfisher), one Phasianidae (partridgeor pheasant).129 (ii) List of Species Present The followingformsare presentin the avifaunalremainsfromAyios Stephanos.Numbersin bold referto catalogueentriesin §3 below. nisus(L.), sparrowhawk.9171, 9181. Contexts:MH III Early-LH IIA; LH IIA respectively. Accipiter Alectoris graeca(Meisner),rockpartridge.9195. Context:LH III withMedieval(?). Anasclypeata L., shoveler(duck).9i8o(?), 9182. Contexts:LH; LH IIA respectively. MH I with Anasplatyrhynchos L., mallard (duck).9166, 9180(7), 9183, 9196. Contexts:respectively, LH IIA and Medieval(?); LH; LH IIA; Medieval. MH III Early-LH IIA; Anasquerquedula L., garganey(duck). 9172, 9i8o(?). Contexts:respectively, LH. cf.Anseralbifrons goose. 9165. Context:EH and MH. (Scop.), white-fronted (L.), golden eagle. 9197. Context:Medieval. Aquilachrysaëtos duck. 9 184-9 184a. Contexts:LH (Guld.), tuftedduck or ferruginous Aythya fuligula(L.) or A. nyroca IIA;LHII-(?)IIIAi. Buteobuteo(L.), buzzard. 9185. Context:LH IIA. comixL. or C.frugilegus Corvuscorone L., hooded crow or rook. 9191. Context:LH IIIA2-III B). MHIII/LH I; LH IIIC Early. coturnix Coturnix (L.), quail. 9173, 9193· Contexts:respectively, FulicaatraL., coot. 9198. Context:Medieval. Gallinagogallinago(L.), snipe. 9212. Context:undated. Gallinulachloropus (L.), moorhen.9213. Context:undated. Gallus gallus (L.), domestic fowl. 9167, 9199-9206. Contexts: (9167) MH I with LH IIA and Medieval(?); (9199-9206) Medieval (eightindividuals). MH III Early-LH IIA; Medieval. Garrulus (L), jay. 9174, 9207. Contexts:respectively, glandarius LH IIA. Grusgrus(L.), crane. 9186. Context: Milvusmigrans (Bodd.), black kite.9175. Context:MH III Early-LH IIA. Small passerines, song birds (six individuals). 9168, 9176-9177, 9187, 9194, 9208. Contexts: MH I; MH III Early-LH IIA; LH I/IIA; LH IIA; LH IIIC Early; Medieval. respectively, Porzanaporzana(L.), spottedcrake.9169. Context:MH II. turtur (L.), turtledove. 9188. Context:LH IIB-IIIAi. Streptopelia camelus(L.), ostrich.9214. Context:LH II-IIIA withMedieval. Struthio LH IIIB (LH IIIC Early?);Medieval. Tytoalba (Scop.), barn owl. 9192, 9209. Contexts:respectively, (iii) Catalogue

of Specimens (9165-9213)

(a) EARLY OR MIDDLE HELLADIC proximal right carpometacarpus, albifrons, 9165. cf.Anser part.Alpha7, i960, #4. EH withMH. (b) MIDDLE HELLADIC I II leftcarpometacarpus, proximal 9166. Anasplatyrhynchos, # burial 20. MH I withLH IIA and Eta 5, 1973, part. Medieval(?).

128Von den Driesch and Boessneck 1990, 114-6.

9167. Gallusgallus,leftfemur,proximalpart,with numerous deep cutmarks.ProbablyMedieval.Eta 1973, burial5, # 20. MH I, withLH IIA and Medieval(P).

129Lev-Tov 1999, 88.

THE HUMAN AND OTHER ORGANIC REMAINS §3 9168. Small passerine, ulna, distal part, burnt; Nu / Gamma1 baulk, passeriform, phalanx,incomplete. MH I. 1974,basketsnotspecified. 9169. Porzana porzana, rightcoracoid,upperpart.Nu /

515

Gamma1 baulk,1974,basketsnotspecified. MH II. Nu 2, 1977, bird,sternum 9170. Unidentified fragment. #57. MH I-II.

(c) MIDDLE HELLADIC III EARLY TO LATE HELLADIC I distalpart,large Gamma1, 1974,#5, 7, 8, 9 or 10.MH III Early-LHIIA. tarsometatarsus, nisus, 9171. Accipiter right 9176. Small passerine,righthumérus,proximalpart; (probablyfemale);claw, large (probablyfemale).Nu / ofdistalpart;lefthumérus, distal Gamma1, 1974,#5, 7, 8, 9 or 10. MH III Early-LHIIA. righthumérus, fragment leftscapula,anterior 91725. Anasquerquedula, part; righttibiotarsus,shaftand distal part; phalanx part.Nu / Nu / Gamma1, 1974,#5, 7, 8, 9 or 10.MH III Gamma1, 1974,#5, 7, 8, 9 or 10.MH III Early-LHIIA. fragment. leftscapula,anteriorpart.Nu coturnix, 9173. Coturnix Early-LHIIA. 9177. Small passerine, left tibiotarsus,distal part; 1977,# 13. MHIII/LHI. shaft. Nu 2, 1977,burial13, #51. LH I/IIA. distalpart. tibiotarsus 9174. Garrulus glandarius, righttibiotarsus, Nu 2, 1977, Nu / Gamma1, 1974,# 5, 7, 8, 9 or 10. MH III Earlybird,tibiotarsus fragment. 9178. Unidentified burial13, #51. LH I/IIA. LH IIA. anteriorpart.Beta and leftcarpometacarpus, bird,sternum, 9179. Unidentified 9175. Milvus migram, proximal distalparts;phalanxofalulardigit;leftulna,distalpart.Nu / 1977,#60. MHIII/LHI. (d) LATE HELLADIC humérus, part. incomplete proximal 9180. cf.Anas,right Beta4, i960, # 1 and 2.

bird(juvenile).Beta 6, i960, #22. 9180a. Unidentified LH IIIB (reallyLH IIIC Early?).

(e) LATE HELLADIC I-II nisus,rightfemur,proximalpart,large 9181. Accipiter female).Lambda 1 / Beta 12, 1974, # 69 and (probably 71.LHIIA. shaftand distalpart. righthumérus, 9182. Anasclypeata, Lambda1 / Beta 12, 1974,#73 and 75. LH IIA. rightcoracoid,incomplete 9183. cf.Anasplatyrhynchos, upperpart.Beta 1977,# 125. LH IIA. or A. nyroca, rightcoracoid,almost 9184. Aythya fuligula II-?IIIAi. # LH Beta 1977, 75. complete. and shaft orA. nyroca, humérus, right 9184a. Aythya fiiligula distalpart.Lambda/Beta 12, 1974,# 73, 75-LH IIA. shaftand clawofdigit lefttibiotarsus, 9185. Buteobuteo,

I or II. Lambda1 / Beta 12, 1974,#73 and 75. LH IIA. proximalpart,burnt. 9186. Grusgrus,righttibiotarsus, Eta 1973,burial15, #59. LH IIA. proximal 9187. Small passerine,righttarsometatarsus, part.Nu / Gamma1, 1974,#6. LH IIA. distalpart.Beta lefttibiotarsus, turtur, 9188. Streptopelia 1977,burial28, # 107.LH IIB-IIIAi. bird,rightscapula.Lambda1 / Beta 9189. Unidentified 12, 1974,#69 and 71. LH IIA. birdor reptile.Beta 1977,burial28, 9190. Unidentified # 107.LHIIB-IIIAi.

(f) LATE HELLADIC II-IIIA WITH MEDIEVAL Beta camelus, eggshellfragment. 9214 (seebelow).Struthio 10, 1974,#34. (g) LATE HELLADIC IIIA-IIIB 9191. Corvuscoronecomix or C. frugilegus,right distalpart.Lambda 2, 1974,#11. LH carpometacarpus, IIIA2-IIIB.

distalpart;unidentified alba,lefttibiotarsus, 9192. Tyto bird(juvenile).Beta 6, i960, # 22. LH IIIB (reallyLH IIIC Early?).

(h) LATE HELLADIC IIIC EARLY distalpart. coturnix, righttibiotarsus, 9193. Coturnix Lambda1 / Beta 12, 1974,#52; Room4, Floor5.

ulna,distalpart.Lambda1 /Beta 9194. Smallpasserine, 12, 1974,#50 and 51; Room 2, Floor4.

(i) LATE HELLADIC III WITH MEDIEVAl(?) leftulna,proximal part.Beta1977, 9195. Alectoris graeca, #54. (j) MEDIEVAL distalpart,with lefttibiotarsus, 9196. Anasplatyrhynchos, cutmarks.Lambda3, 1977,#7, 16, 21. claw.Zeta 1973,#31 (hearth). 9197. Aquilachrysaëtos, 9198. Fulica atra,rightulna, proximalpart,burnt.

Beta1977,#4. 9199. Gallusgallus,righthumérus,distalpart.Beta 6, i960, #12.

9200.

Gallusgallus,lefttarsometatarsus, proximaland

5i6

C. DUHIG, G. JONES, C. MOURER-CHAUVIRÉ,

distalparts;tarsometatarsus shaft(juvenile).Beta 8, 1974, # 3 and 4. leftfemur, distalpart.Beta9, 1974, #22. 9201. Gallusgallus, Gallus fúrcula 9202. gallus, fragment;pelvis fragment; righttarsometatarsus, proximalpart.Nu / Gamma 1, 1974, # 3, 4; yard. 9203. Gallus gallus,rightfemur,with cut marks; right withcut marks;rightfibula.Lambda 3, 1977, tibiotarsus, # 7, 16, 21. 9204. Gallusgallus,rightfemur,fragmentof distal part. Lambda 4, 1977, # 78 (Floor 2). 9205. Gallusgallus,mandiblefragment; rightulna, distal part;righttibiotarsus, proximaland distalparts(distalhas cutmarks);lefttibiotarsus,shaftfragment;fourfragments

A. NICODEMUS,

D. S. REESE, M. J. ROSE

of rib. Zeta 1973, #31; hearth. 9206. Gallusgallus,lefthumérus; leftradius, shaftand distalpart.Zeta 1973, # 36; pit. 9207. Garrulusglandarius,premaxilla; two mandible halves. Lambda 3, 1977, # 7, 16, 21. 9208. Small passerine,leftcoracoid,fragment; rightulna, burnt;leftcarpometacarpus,proximalpart.Nu / fragment, Gamma 1, 1974, # 3 and 4; yard. 9209. Tytoalba, rightcarpometacarpus,proximal part. Zeta 1973, # 36; pit. 9210. Unidentifiedbird, pelvis fragment,Pburnt.Nu / Gamma 1, 1974, # 3 and 4; yard. birdor mammalshaft(juvenile).Beta 92 11. Unidentified 8, 1974, # 3 and 4.

(k) UNDATED 9212. Gallinago gallinago, rightulna. Beta 5, 1960, Level 1. 92 13. Gallinulachloropus, rightcarpometacarpus, proximal partand shaft.Beta 5/2, i960, Level 3.

(iv) The Ostrich Eggshell (9214) D. S. Reese A mixedLH II-IIIA andMedievaldepositproduceda fragment ofostrich Thisis an imported eggshell. from either North Africa or the Levantine coast and as such confirms that object AyiosStephanoshad linkswiththeseareas.130 dimensionsnot 92 14. Ostricheggshell.Brokenfragment; recorded.No signsofuse detectable,butperhapsonce part

of a vessel. Beta 10, 1974, # 34. Mixed LH II-IIIA and Medieval context.Not illustrated.

Thisis notthefirst timethatostricheggshellshave been foundin theAegean.The evidencefrom and sites andfromNearEasterntombsandsanctuaries hasbeenrecorded elsewhere;131 Cypriot Aegean the known from the Greek mainland are considered here. only examplespresently In theArgolid,GraveCircleA at Mycenaeproducedexamplesfromtwoshaftgraves.ShaftGrave IV132and ShaftGraveV133each producedtwoeggshellscarefully made intovessels.Thereare also twospecimens fromtheacropolisat Mycenae.134 Theseareall fullydescribed, withfurther references, inSakellarakis Helleno-British in II excavations Room of the atMycenae 1990. (thebasement) megaron it measures18 x 13.5 mm.A pitin theLH IIBproduceda LH IIIB ostricheggshellfragment;135 III A 1 royaltholostombat DendranearMidea, also in theArgolid,producedan ostricheggshell made intoa vessel.136 A decoratedostricheggshellfragment, piercedwitha thinbronzewire,was foundin a LH IIIBi storeroom at Gla in Boeotia.137 Thereare a numberof post-Bronze Age examplesfromthePéloponnèse.The ArgiveHeraeum a 'bit of shell of bird's Twosamplesofostrich produced egg probablyostrich'.138 eggshell fragments, from the 6th and from the centuries were foundin theMiddleRoom(theTreasury) bc, dating 6th~5th of theunderwater of Apollo at Halieis in the Argolid.139 At leastone fragment in each sanctuary has a cut that it a have formed of vessel. Four ostrich sample edge,suggesting may part eggshell fromone or moreeggswerefoundin nearbyvotivefillsat TempleHill,Corinth,140 with fragments one fragment databletothelate7thto early6thcentury bc.AlsofromCorinth comesinglefragments froma shopin theLechaionRoad141 and fromtheGymnasium excavations.142 Delphialso produced in one broken ostrich was found at northern Greecebetween fragments.143 eggshell Lastly, Olynthus thethighsofan adultburialin Grave348; itdatesto thesecondhalfofthe5thcentury bc.144 130See further Chapter14 §§3 (vi)-(vii)and especially4 (iii) below. 131Reese 1985; 2000Γ,2008. 132Sakellarakis figs.24-30. 133Conwell 1990, 289, 1987, fig.10; Sakellarakis1990, 289, 295, figs. 31-9,57· 134Sakellarakis iqqo, 280, fies.41 and a<'. 135Cat. no. MM 11228. 1962-952, 136Sakellarakis 1990,289, figs.44-53.

137Iakovidis1082, 108; Iakovidisin Sakellarakis iqqo, ^08. 138Waldstein 1905, 353. 139Jameson1974, 117; pers.analysis. 140CorinthMuseumcat.nos. MF 72-136, 72-174 to 176. 141Cat. no. MF 142Cat. no. MF 73-84 (pers.analysis). (pers.analysis). 143Poplin1995,69-337 130,fig.3. 144D. M. Robinson 1942,71, 192.

THE HUMAN AND OTHER ORGANIC REMAINS §4

517

4. THE FISH REMAINS, 1973-77 M.J. Rose in 1992; M.J. Rose and D. S. Reese suppliedthecomparanda note:thissectionwas written [Editor's in 2006. Forthelocationofthefishbonesin SpartaMuseumsee myintroductory noteto §2 above.] (i) Introduction and Commentary Nearly500 fishboneswererecoveredfrom23 separatecontextsin the 1973-77 excavations(one itemcomesfromthei960 excavation). Sincethequantity ofbonefromeach contextis smalland the contexts arefromsucha widerangeofperiods(15 MH-LH, eightMedieval,one undated),one must be cautiousin drawingconclusions fromthematerial.Forthisreasonno attempt has been madeto calculateeitherthenumberof fishor the quantity of meatrepresented by thebone; suchfigures wouldbe oflittlerealvalue.The nomenclature used herefollowsthatin Hureauand Monod145 and Greekand othercommonnamesaregivenin Whitehead, Bauchot,Hureau,NielsenandTortonese.146 theindividual speciesentriesin thosereferences. Fishfromsixteleostfamilies havebeenidentified anguilla), amongtheremains:eel (Anguilla grouper fish(Balistes sea-bream wrasses(Labridae),greymullet(Mugilidae)andtrigger (Serranidae), (Sparidae), . In additionto thesefish,thepresenceofsharkor rayis attested carolinensis) by twocalcifiedcentra. Fourspeciesof sea-breamoccurin the collection:Pagruspagrus, Dentexdentex, Diplodussp. (either or Diplodusvulgaris), and Lithognathus The and Diplodus sargus genus speciesofthegrouper, mormyrus. wrasseand greymullethavenotbeen determined. Based on theremains, littlecan be said concerning theimportance ofthefishto theinhabitants of theBronzeAge or Medievalsettlements. Mostoftheremainsare ofsmallfish,all probablyundera inweight. Ofinterest arethefishbones9216-9218fromwithin theMH I LateDarkBurnished kilogram two-handled at all The bones derive from least three between 20 and 30 cm in length eels, jar 1849. andfrom13 to 36 gramsin weight.Eels ofthissizeareimmature whichinhabitriversor individuals, littoral watersuntiltheyattainmaturity and migrate to theAtlantic to spawn.147 The typesoffishidentified watercoastalfishery.148 The eel and greymulletin suggesta shallowin could be found or estuaries. Fishremains fromCarthage shallow, brackish, particular lagoons perhaps also reflect the and of both brackish marine coastal waters.149 exploitation may Eel likethoseat AyiosStephanoscan be takenby a varietyof means:activelyby usingspears, baitedhooksand dip-nets, or passivelybyusingtrapping devicessuchas fykenetsand eel potsorby baited hooks on lines.150 Traditional methods of forgreymulletin western Greece, using long fishing nets and reed for the methods used to capturethemullets enclosures,151 using mayprovideparallels foundat AyiosStephanos.Some of theSparidae,hereDiplodussargus, are also tolerantofbrackish water.The presence,in bone fromMedievalcontexts, of Pagruspagrus, Dentexdentex and a wrasse in indicates marine waters. For these which and are tend to be territorial, fishing fully species, predatory hook-and-line would be most fishing appropriate. EH II Perakhóraproducedfivesamplesof fish-bones, (bluefin includingone Thynnus thynnus one or smaller and one Serranidae tunny), Thynnus thynnus large (Epinephelus guazaor Polyprion tunny, americanus [wreckfish]).152 Lernaproduceda smallfish-bone collection. FromEH III-MH cometwovertebrae, one a holed MH vertebra. From come bones from a Thynnus thynnus eight eightdeposits,including Sparusaurata vertebrae dentale,twoshark/ray sea-bream) (one holed),and a raytailspine.The LH I- II (gilthead ShaftGrave2 produceda jaw fragment.153 LH Tirynsproduced61 fish-bones. FromtheLH I- II layerscomesone Morone labraxbone.From LH IIIBi come eightbones,withfourEpinephelus FromLH IIIB2 guazaand one Sphyrna zygaena. come33 bones,with26 Epinephelus one Mugilchelo, twoMorone and labrax, guaza,one Sphyrna zygaena, one Trigla lucerna FromLH IIIC Earlycome 11 bones,withnineEpinephelus (tubgurnard). guazaand one Sphyrna FromLH IIIC Middlecomesevenbones,withone Epinephelus zygaena. guaza,one Sphyrna 145Hureauand Monod iq7q. ne Whitehead, Bauchot,Hureau,NielsenandTortonese1087. 147See Deelder 1984, 19 forthe correlationof lengthand weightin eels,and Wheeler1969, 130-1 on thesize and lifestaeres oftheeel. 148Sketchesof the habitatsof all species foundat Ayios Stephanos maybe foundinWheeler1969and 1978;Hureauand

Monod iq7q; and Whiteheadetal. 10,87. 149Wheeler10.81.2*6-7. 150Deelder 1084, *2. 151GuestPapamanoli10,86. 152Rose ms. 153 additions. Gejvall1969,50 and unpublished

5i8

C. DUHIG, G. JONES, C. MOURER-CHAUVIRÉ,

A. NICODEMUS,

D. S. REESE, M. J. ROSE

FromLH IIIC Late one Mugilsp.,one Pagellus (pandora),and twoSerioladumerili erythrinus zygaena, comesone unidentified fish-bone.154 Frankish Corinth produced118 fishbonesfromat leastnineMNI fromthe 1989-94 excavations:

aeneus(whitegrouper,twoMNI), 20 Spamsaurata(one MNI), threePagruscoeruleneosticus 28 Epinephelus

three one MNI), twoDiplodus sea-bream, sp. (oneMNI), threeSparidae,sixSerranidae, (blue-spotted one three one bones, MNI), cephalus Mugil (sturgeon) Acipenseridae Scorpaena porcus(scorpion-fish, merluccius and one Merluccius (hake).155 mullet), (striped as indicatedby blackenedor whitened below.Burning, of thebones are presented Descriptions marked'MR' referto Moralesand Rosenlund1979; bone,is notedwhereit occurs.Measurements thosemarked'Desse' referto Desse 1984. (ii) List of Species Present Numbersin boldrefer fromAyiosStephanos. Remainsofthefollowing speciesoffishwererecovered in §3 below. to catalogueentries Context:MH I Late. 9216-9218 (atleastthreeindividuals). anguilla. Anguilla Medieval. Balistes carolinensis. Context: 9252. dentex Dentex (Sparidae).9248. Context:Medieval. Diplodus species(Sparidae).9245. Context:Medieval. Labridae(speciesundetermined). 9246. Context:Medieval. Lithognathus (Sparidae).9228, 9239. Contexts:LH II A, Medieval. mormyrus 9222, 9233, 9249, 9251. Contexts:LH I Early,LH IIIC Early, Mugilidae(speciesundetermined). Medieval. Pagrus pagrus(Sparidae).9238, 9242-9244, 9250. Contexts:Medieval. Serranidae 9226(?).Context:MH III/LH I. (speciesundetermined). MH III/LH I; Medieval. Sharkor ray.9219, 9237. Contexts: MH II, MH III-LH ILA, 9215, 9220, 9223 (?),9234 (?). Contexts: Sparidae(speciesundetermined). MH III/LH I, LH IIIC Early. (iii) Catalogue of Specimens (9215-9254) (a) MIDDLE HELLADIC I II 9215. One rightquadrate (Sparidae?). W. (MR qu. gr.) 6.1 mm. Nu / Gamma 1, 1974, #15. MH II. Fill over apsidal building. 9216-9218. The followingbones came fromat least three eels, Anguillaanguilla,between20 and 30 cm in lengthand 30-36 g in weight.Three vomer:W. (MR vo. gr.) 1.4 mm, 1.5 mm, 1.6 mm. One rightquadrate:W. (MR qu. gr.) 1.3 mm.Two righthyomandibular:L. (MR hyom.gr.)2.8 mm,

H. (hyom.gr.) 7.1 mm,H. (MR hyom.gr.)6.2 mm. Three left hyomandibular: L. (MR hyom. gr.) 2.7 mm, two unmeasurable.One proatlas. 127 vertebrae(5 thoracic,42 precaudal, 71 caudal, 9 uncertain): L. 1.6-3.0 mm. 41 Nu 2, 1977, # 56 (withinMH I Late jar 1849, fragments. the contentsof whichwere water-sieved).Floor of apse in apsidal building.

(b) MIDDLE HELLADIC II TO LATE HELLADIC I 9219. One shark or ray centrum.D. 15.6 mm. Nu 1, 1973, # 36. Foundationtrenchof wall nf. MH III/LH I. 9220. One molariformtooth(Sparidae), 6.6 x 4.7 mm. Nu / Gamma 1 Baulk, 1974, # 5, 7-13. MH II-LH IIA. 9221. One leftquadrate: W. (MR qu. gr.) 2.5 mm. 15 vertebrae(one precaudal, 14 caudal [one burnt]):L. 2.5Nu / Gamma 1 Baulk, 1974, # 5, 7.0 mm. 36 fragments. IIA. MH II-LH 7-13. 9222. One caudal vertebraof a greymullet.L. (nearly complete) 9.1 mm. From a fishperhaps 300 g in weight. Nu 2, 1974, # 44. LH I Early. 9223. One atlasvertebra,probablySparidae,froma fish

c. 20 cm in lengthor less. D. (horizontal)3.7 mm. L. 3.8 mm. Nu 2, 1977, #13 and 22. Foundationtrenchof wall nf. MH III/LH I. 9224. One vertebra (precaudal): L. 5.2 mm. Six Nu 2, 1977, # 13 and 22. Foundationtrenchof fragments. wall nf. MH III/LH I. 9225. Five vertebrae(one precaudal, threecaudal, one Nu 2, 1977, uncertain):L. (max.) 4.8 mm. Seven fragments. #51. Burial 13. LH I/IIA. 9226. One rightepihyal(Serranidae?).L. (MR ephy.gr.) 31.6 mm. H. (ephy.gr.) 25.6 mm. Beta 1977, # 90 (over Beta burial 29, LH I withLH IIIAi).

(c) LATE HELLADIC I II WITH MEDIEVAL 9227. One proatlas.Two vertebrae(one precaudal, one caudal): L. (max.) 4.5 mm. 37 scales (fragmentary

and unidentifiable).30 fragments.Beta 9, 1974, #41, burial 25.

154Von den Driesch and Boessneck 1990, 118.

155Lev-Tov 1999, 88.

THE HUMAN AND OTHER ORGANIC REMAINS §5

519

9228. One rightpremaxillarybone of Lithognathus toarticular mormyrus, depthofbone(justposterior process) 20 cm in lengthand 5.2 mm.The fishwas approximately weighedperhaps200 g. Nu / Gamma1 Baulk,1974,#6.

LH IIA, witha littleMedieval. 9229. Two vertebrae(one precaudal,one caudal): L. Nu / Gamma1 Baulk,1974, (max.)3 mm.One fragment. #6. LH IIA, witha littleMedieval.

(d) LATE HELLADIC IIIA (caudal):L. 2.4 mm.One fragment. 9230. One vertebra Beta8, 1974,# 25.

Beta 1977,#67 (burial26) and 9231. Threefragments. #68 (Floor1).

(e) LATE HELLADIC IIIC EARLY L. 2.6caudal,fiveuncertain): (four 9232. Ninevertebrae Beta8, 1974,#23, 24. Overlight 6.4 mm.23 fragments. brownfloor. 9233. Five greymulletvertebrae(threeprecaudal,two caudal):L 6.5-10 mm.Froma fish35 cm in lengthand 300 g in weightor less.Lambda 1 / Beta 12, 1974,# 50, 52. Slab floors4 and 5. 9234. One otolithfragment, possiblyfroma Sparidae. (f) MEDIEVAL Beta7, i960, #4. 9237. One sharkor raycentrum. L. pagrus(unburnt). 9238. One rightdentaryof Pagrus (Desseno. 2) 20.4 mm.Froma fishprobablyunder30 cm Zeta 1973,#31, hearth. in lengthand 500 g in weight. bone One left 9239. mormyrus: premaxillary ofLithognathus L. (Desseno. 4) 12.8 mm.Froma fishperhaps13 cm in Zeta 1973,#36, pit1. lengthand 100 g inweight. oneprecaudal[burnt (onethoracic, 9240. Fourvertebrae Zeta white],one caudal):L. 2.8-8.5 mm.Two fragments. !973># 36>Pit1· Beta8, 1974,#4. 9241. One fragment. bone ofPagrus pagrus(only 9242. One leftpremaxillary lesslikelybut thedistalendis preserved, Pagellus erythrinus possible).L. (est.)(Desseno. 1) 15 mm.Froma fishunder Nu / Gamma1 Baulk, and 150 g inweight. 20 cminlength 1974,#3 or 4. Yardsurface. 9243. One rightpremaxillaof Pagruspagrus{Pagellus lesslikelybutpossible).L. (Desseno. 1) 19.9mm. erythrinus Froma fishunder20 cm in lengthand 150 g in weight. Nu / Gamma1 Baulk,1974,#3 or 4. Yardsurface. orPagellus boneofPagrus pagrus 9244. One right dentary 10 mm. L. no. 2) (est.) (Desse (distal erythrinus fragment). Froma fishprobablyunder15 cm and 100 g in weight. Nu / Gamma1 Baulk,1974,#3 or 4. Yardsurface. bone ofDiplodus 9245. One leftpremaxillary sp. (either L. (Desse no. 1) 8.1 mm.Froma D. sargus or D. vulgaris). fishunder10 cm in lengthand 100 g in weight.Nu / Gamma1 Baulk,1974,#3 or 4. Yardsurface.

Lambda1 / Beta12, 1974,#50, 52. Slabfloors 4 and5. 9235. One leftquadrate:W. (MR qu. gr.)3.0 mm.20 L. 2.1twouncertain vertebrae [oneburnt]): (eight precaudal, Lambdai/Beta12, 1974,#50, 52. 6.4 mm.36 fragments. Slabfloors 4 and5. (caudal).L. (approx.)9 mm.Lambda 9236. One vertebra 3, 1977,#37 (withMedieval).

boneofa wrasse, Labridae. 9246. One right premaxillary L. (Desseno. 1) 13.2 mm.Nu / Gamma1 Baulk,1974,# 3 or 4. Yardsurface. L. (MR hyom.gr.)6.6 9247. One lefthyomandibular: mm. 17 vertebrae(fiveprecaudal[one burnt],12 caudal (threestained [fiveburnt]).L. 2.3-8.5 mm. 16 fragments Nu / Gamma1 Baulk,1974,#3 or4. Yard darkorburnt). surface. W. (max.of 9248. One rightmaxillaof Dentexdentex. articular head) 8.9 mm.Froma fishover500 g in weight. Beta9/10Baulk,1977,# 20. Pit. ofa greymullet.L. 16.6mm. 9249. One caudalvertebra Froma fishwellover35 cmin lengthand 300 g inweight. Beta9/10Baulk,1977,# 20. Pit. L. (Desse bone ofPagrus pagrus: 9250. One leftdentary no. 2) 35.7 mm.Froma fishover30 cminlengthandover 500 g in weight.Lambda3, 1977,# 12, 21. Floor2. (fourprecaudal,threecaudal):L. 9250a. Sevenvertebrae Lambda3, 1977,# 12, 21. 8.6-16.1 mm.One fragment. Floor2. 9251. One precaudalvertebraof a greymullet.L. 9.9 mm.Froma fishover35 cminlengthand300 g inweight. Lambda4, 1977,#78, 79. Floor2. D. 9252. One basioccipitaleof Balistescarolinensis. 10.6mm,(vertical) (horizontal) 10.9mm.Lambda4, 1977, #78, 79. Floor2. Lambda4, 1977,#78, 79. 9253. One largefinsupport. Floor2.

(g) UNDATED 9254. One atlas vertebra(Sparidae?). D. (posterior horizontal) 7.6 mm.L. 7.2 mm.Beta1974,#notrecorded.

5. THE MARINE AND FRESH-WATER INVERTEBRATES, D. S. Reese

1973-77

in 2000. According tothecataloguecompiledbyE. B. French note:thissectionwasfinalised [Editor's and Clarissade Waal,theremainsthatwererecoveredare storedin ApothekeB' ofSpartaMuseum as follows:Area Beta 1974,boxes 94-5; Area Beta 1977,box 91; Area Lambdaand Lambda/Beta 12, 1974,box 92; AreaLambda3/4 1977,box 93; AreaNu 1974,box 94; AreaNu 1977,box 93; sourcenotstated,box 90.]

52O

C. DUHIG, G. JONES, C. MOURER-CHAUVIRÉ,A. NICODEMUS, D. S. REESE, M. J. ROSE

(i) Introduction The siteofAyiosStephanosis todayabouttwokmfromthesea; whenoccupieditmayhavebeenon thecoast.156 Onlyshellsampleswerecollectedin 1959 (45 shells)andin i960 (135 shells),withDonax collectionoffaunabeganin 1963,butthis bivalvesbeingthemajorformsaved.Careful,systematic was first examinedin 1975 by KarlPetruso, who material has notyetbeenfound.The 1973 material In all his raw data. and watermade available to me his and 1977 1974 verykindly unpublished paper Thismaterial wassortedby introduced wasperformed on selecteddeposits. Rutter, sieving, byJeremy student andin thepresent removedbyhand. volunteers, studyithasbeencombinedwiththematerial A wordaboutmethodis requiredhere.Each excavation unit('basket')fromeachtrench wasbagged in the field and has been For basket the were identified and each shells separately analysedseparately. theMinimum NumberofIndividuals(MNI) foreach specieswas calculated(basedon valvesideand sizeforbivalves,and on selectedfragments suchas apicesand distalcolumellasforgastropods). Every baskethas been datedby theassociatedpottery. For each trench, all materialof a singledatewas combined(on paper),and a totalMNI forthetrenchforthatperiodwas calculated.The MNI for eachperiodforeachtrench wasthencalculated, anda reckoning ofthecombinedMNI acrossthesite was thenmade.All countspresented hereare ofshellindividuals, notfragments or valves.Thereare in thesamplesavedand studied. marineinvertebrates 8062 individual The collectionof marineinvertebrates fromAyiosStephanosis thelargestBronzeAge or later so far from the Greek mainland.The nextlargestsampleis fromLernain the sample published which a total of about 8600 shellfragments Table 12.19liststhe (notindividuals). Argolid, produced with their and their common and Greek names.Table scientific, speciespresent, quantities English, 12.20recordsthespeciesand theirnumbers Over of the 99% byperiod. speciespresentare edible.I do notknowifa fewforms[Tonna, wereeaten;someof these cowries,Conus, Fasciolaria, Turritelld) werecertainly collecteddead on thebeachand/orutilised. Therefollowsa description ofthemostsignificant shellsfound.The Murex shellsand shellpurplearedescribed. Thisis followedby a discussion oftheshellsutilisedand ofthosefrom dyeproduction The conclusions discussthemolluscsas foodand theiruse in a reconstruction ofthe specialcontexts. ancientcoastline. (ii) Principal Classes of Shells (a) donax (wedge shells) Donaxbivalvesarebyfarthemostcommonspeciespresent, for71.5%oftheentire collection accounting and from57.1% to 83.7% of the shellsfoundin each period.Table 12.21 recordsthe major concentrations oftheseshells. Thisspeciesis todayfoundburiedinsandyandmuddybottoms fromthelowwater-mark tooff-shore andatdepthsfrom10 to 15 m.Atleastone sourcenotesthatit'colonizesinlargenumbers thebrackish ditches andlagoonsofsaltmarshes' andhasa 'predilection formud'.157 Thisspeciesiscommonly drainage eatentodayin theMediterranean; at themouthoftheNileitis themostimportant bivalvefood.The bivalvesareeatenraworin soupsandaresaidtobe 'thebestofthewholecategory ofbivalvesoups';158 as Dance reports, 'enormous arecollectedand eatenbyhumanseachyear'.159 quantities DonaxarenotoftenfoundatmostMediterranean sites.Theyarecommonat siteson archaeological at Iron in Tamassos central as a at ArchaicGreek Age Cyprus,notably Cyprus, offering funerary at Salamis in easternCyprus,and at theTempleofApolloHylatesat Kourionin thesouth.160 pyres and 12thcentury (Arab) Theyare also themostcommonshellat the4thto 7thcentury (Byzantine) SiteC atJerusalem.161 (b) GLYCYMERIS(DOG COCKLES) (9255-9270)

This bivalvemakesup 4.2% of theentirecollection.Manyof theshells(79, 21.3%) are definitely water-worn or beach-worn, meaningthattheyhavebeen collecteddead on thebeachand havebeen smoothed naturally bywaveand wateraction. havea holeat theumbo('beak'ofa bivalve),and severalothersareholed dog-cockles Twenty-five on theshell;all wereprobablyused as ornaments. Detailsofseveralofthesefollow. elsewhere 156See Chapter 14 §1 (ii) below. 157Lutherand Fiedler 1976, 200. 158A. Davidson 1972, 226.

159Dance 1971, 74. 160Reese 19870. 161Reese 1995^, 266.

THE HUMAN AND OTHER ORGANIC REMAINS §5

(i) MiddleHelladicI Late

Holed umbo; detailsnot recorded. 9255. Glycymeris. Epsilon1973,#74. 73-121. andholedumbo.H. Fresh, 9256. Glycymeris. ground-down area4.5 χ 4.75 mm. 31.5mm.W.34.25mm;ground-down D. hole 1.25xi-75 mm.Nu 1, 1977,#56. Floorofapse. Water-worn, 9257. Glycymeris. hingeonly.D. hole 1.25 x 2.0 mm.Nu 1, 1977,#56. Floorofapse. and holedumbo. Worn,ground-down 9258. Glycymeris. H. 32 mm.W 33.75 mm;ground-down area 4.75 x 4.75 mm.D. hole 1.25mm.Nu 1, 1977,#62. Floorofapse. Waterworn,openumbo.H. 29 mm.W. 9259. Glycymeris.

(it) MiddleHelladicII

umbohole. Water-worn, 9263. Glycymeris. ground-down area 4.25 x 4.0 H. 28.25 mm.W. 29 mm;ground-down

(Hi) MiddleHelladicIll/LateHelladicI

holedumbo,brokenside. Water-worn, 9264. Glycymeris. H. 16.25 mm·D. hole 1.0 X0.75mm.Nu 2, 1977,# 22. trench ofwallnf. Foundation and holed Water-worn, ground-down 9265. Glycymeris. area umbo.H. 33.75 mm.W 34.25 mm; ground-down

521

30.75mm;opening 2.75mm.Nu 1,1977,#62.Floorofapse. holedumbo.H. 3 1 mm.W.33.75 Fresh, 9260. Glycymeris. mm.D. hole1.25x 1.5mm.Nu 1,1977,#62. Floorofapse. and holed Waterworn,ground-down 9261. Glycymeris. area umbo. H. 34.75 mm. W. 36.5 mm; ground-down 4.25 x 5.75 mm.D. hole 1.75 mm.Nu / Gamma1 and Gamma1, 1977,#49. Floorofapse. holedumbo.H. 3 1.75mm. Water-worn, 9262. Glycymeris. W. 31.25 mm.D. hole. 1.25 x 1.75 mm.Nu / Gamma1 and Gamma1, 1977,#49. Floorofapse.

mm.D. hole 1.5 x 1.75 mm.Nu / Gamma1 and Gamma 1, 1977,#54. Burial14. 5.0 x 5.5 mm.D. hole 1.75 x 2.25 mm.Beta,1977,#91. Holedumbo.H. 27 mm.W. 25.25mm. 9266. Glycymeris. D. hole 1.25 x 2.0 mm.Beta 1977,#91. D. hole Holed umbo,hingefragment. 9267. Glycymeris. 1.25 x 1.75 mm.Beta 1977,#91.

(iv) Late HelladicIIIA2-IIIB

and holed Waterworn,ground-down 9268. Glycymeris. area5.75 umbo.H. 24.75mm·W.27.75mm;ground-down x 6.75 mm.D. hole 1.5 x 1.75mm.Lambda2, 1974,#8.

(v) Late HelladicIIIB-IIIC EarlywithMedieval

umbohole (small Fresh,ground-down 9270. Glycymeris. area 3.25 hole).H. 43.25 mm.W. 47.5 mm;ground-down

Water-worn, 9269. Glycymeris. possiblyground-down umboandholed,brokendistal.W 27.25mm.D. hole.1.75 x 1.0 mm.Lambda2, 1974,#10. x 4.0 mm.D. hole0.75 mm.Beta9, 1974,# 26.

shellsdated to LH IutilisedGlycymeris In additionto the shellsdetailedabove, thereare two further each fromLH IIIB LH one II; twodatedto LH II-IIIA; one forwhichthecontextis exclusively ΠΙΑ; has been and IIIC; and twomore fromMedieval contexts.Anotherundatedshell grounddown at the in an ornamental used butunholedshellsmay have been umbo butis notholed there.The water-worn wornand oftenholed.162 sitestheyare foundwaterfashion.At mostcircum-Mediterranean or utilitarian This mollusclivesburiedin sand or mud fromthelittoralzone down intodeep waters.'Dead shells are oftenheaped in the thousandsalong the strandline and also forman importantconstituentof Lellák also notes that'the strongand durable shellsfar muddygraveldepositsin 20-50 m depth'.163 outlastthe animal thatinhabitsthem'.164 (c) COCKLES (9271-9274)

make up 3.9% of the total collection.Since and Acanthocardia) Two genera of cockles (Cerastoderma are not shells of these easily distinguishableand theylive in the same habitat,theyare fragments consideredtogetherhere. They live buriedin sand, mud and graveljust below the surface,fromthe mid-tidelevel down into deeper waters.They are todaycommonlyeaten in the Mediterranean,oftenraw,but may be cooked. Cockles are themostfrequentfoodbivalve at manyAegean sites:NeolithicNea Nikomedeia,Neolithic and LBA Neolithicand Bronze Age Pevkakia,Lerna, Asine166and Nichoria,167 and EM Knossos,165 and Iron Age AssirosToumba in Macedonia.168 Ten of the shells fromAyios Stephanos are ornaments,some naturallyholed at the umbo and holed there;fourare cataloguedhere. In additionto these,thereare two thatdate othersintentionally shell datingto MH I- II; two datingto LH IIA; and one undated.A numberof to MH II; a further otherAegean sitesalso have holed cockles.169 1(52 Reese, 1987^, 121-4; 1987^/202; 1992, 771. 1(53 Lutherand Fiedler 1975, 198. 164Lellák 1975, 156. 165Reese 19870.

166Reese 1082, 140. 167Reese 1992, 770-1. 168Reese, personal analysis. 169Reese 1987^, 124-5; 1992» 771·

522

C. DUHIG, G. JONES, C. MOURER-CHAUVIRÉ,A. NICODEMUS, D. S. REESE, M. J. ROSE

(i) MiddleHelladicI Late

holed umbo,left.H. Water-worn, 9271. Cerastoderma. D. hole 3.75 x 3.0 mm.Nu 1, 26.25 mm.W. 25.75 n1111· 1977,#56. Floorofapse.

(it) Late HelladicI-II

Holed umbo, brokenside and 9272. Acanthocardia. H. c.32 mm.D. hole2 mm.Beta9, hascolour,right. distal, 1974,#42.

(in) Late HelladicIIA

9273. Cerastoderma. Open umbo. Dimensions not recorded. Epsilon1973,#75. 73-122.

(iv) Late HelladicIIIA2-IIIB

Ground-down umbo hole, fresh, 9274. Acanthocardia. H. mm. W. mm; 24 24.25 right. grounddownarea3.75 x 4.0 mm.D. hole 2.0 x 2.25 mm.Lambda2, 1974,#54· (d) PATELLAAND MONODONTA(LIMPETS AND TOPSHELLS)

These twoformsare foundhighup on rockyshoresin shallowwaterand occurtogetherat manysites. Togethertheyaccountfor6% ofthe collection.Both are a commonfood itemat manyMediterranean archaeologicalsites.Theywerenotnecessarilyalwayscollectedtogetherat AyiosStephanos,sinceonly withoutPatella,and 73 PatellabutnotMonodonta. 94 basketshave bothspecies,while124 have Monodonta Patellaare a commonfoodsourceat Upper PaleolithicFranchthi cave and are foundin largequantities at NeolithicKnossos, Saliagos, Myrtos,Kommos and Palaikastro.170 Monodonta(and the similarand relatedGibbula)are also a commonfood source at NeolithicKephala on Kea, Saliagos and Kommos. (iii) Murex Shells and Purple Dye Production in Laconia The hypobranchialgland fromthree species of related marine gastropods(Murextrunculus, Murex Thaishaemastomd) was used in the Mediterraneanbasin to produce a colour-fast brandaris, purpledye. Archaeologicalevidencesuggeststhatshellpurpledye productionbegan in Greece in thelate MBA.171 The Laconian Gulfwas famousin antiquityforshell purple dye production.172 This area is said to have producedthe best purpleafterthatfromthe Levant (Tyreand Sidon). It was Murexbrandaristhat was used in Laconia, and a midden of shells opened throughthe In the 1980s Murexbrandariswere upper spire was visible at Gythionduringthe last century.173 found at Gythionand around the littleisland of Kranaë, also known as Marathonisi,thoughno heaps are recorded.174 The totalnumberof purple dye producingshellsfromAyios Stephanosis only 618, and most of theseare Murextrunculus, not Murexbrandaris. Recentexperimentalworkhas shownthat12000 Murex brandaris shellsare needed to produce 1.5 gramsof pure dye, enoughto dye onlythe trimof a single garment.The numberofMurexfromAyios Stephanosdoes not suggestthatpurpledye was produced at the site,as Bintliff nor is thereany increase in the numberof Murexin the LH ΠΙΑ proposed,175 period,as he also suggested.The largestMurexsamples (percentageof these shellsby period) come fromthe MH/LH I (15.5%), LH II-IIIA (13.6%) and LH I-II (10.1%) periods. (iv) Discussion of Shells Utilised at Ayios Stephanos In additionto theholed Glycymeris and cocklesnotedabove, a numberof othershellsare ornamentals or were used in some otherutilitarian manner. One MH depositproducednine Helixland snailsholed in the lowestpartof the whorl.They may have been used as ornaments.Three Conusare holed at the apex and were probablypendants;in additionto the two cataloguedbelow, thereis one froma LH IIIC Early context. 17(1 Reese 1987^; 19950,252. 171Fordiscussion oftheactualdyeindustry see Reese 1980; 1987^; 20000.

172See Horace, Odesπ 1 ix 60. 125-42, xxi 8.7; Pliny,NaturalHistory 6, 45; Statius,Silvaei 2.150; Pausaniasin. 21.6; Athenaeusν 198F.

173See de Saulcy 1864; Wyse 1865, 54; Gaillardot 1873, 759; Lenormant 1881, 107; Tristram1882, 48;Jackson 1916, 12; 1Q77tf, Thompson1047, 2 12; A. Davidson 10,72,2 1o; Bintliff 4^4-6. 174N. S. Stavrolakis,pers. comm. 175Bintliff 19770, 454-6.

THE HUMAN AND OTHER ORGANIC REMAINS §5 L. 20 mm.W. 15 mm.D. hole. Water-worn. 9275. Conus. mm. MH III Beta 2.75 1977,# 134. Early.

523

9276. Conus.L. 21 mm.LH I- II withLH IIIAi. Beta burial1. Beta3, 1959?# 23. Taylour1972,232,HS 233.

A MH II Murextrunculus Apicallyholed Conusshellshave also been foundat otherAegeansites.176 as and theMurexbrandaris below(9277) each have a hole in thebodyand mayhavebeen pendants, LH III at There is one Fasciolaria holed the of these two the Medieval examples species. may single distalend,whichis also probablyan ornament. Fresh.H. 52 mm(brokendistal). 9277. Murexbrandaris. W.41 mm.D. holeon upperbody5.25 mm.Hole inbody; LH IIIC Early.Beta8, 1974,#12. possibleuseas pendant.

Semicircleringfragment, turbinata. 9278. Monodonta grounddown.Curving.L. 16.75 mm·W. 4.75 carefully mm.Th. 2.75-3.25mm.LH II-IIIA. Beta9, 1974,#39.

inpreliminary other similar to9278 areknownfrom Monodonta Aegeansitesandhavebeenpublished rings Thereare fourexamplesfrom is providedhere.178 additionaland moredetailedinformation form;177 and one from twoLate Neolithic180, Franchthi cave in thesouthern Argolid:one MiddleNeolithic,179 LH IIIB Room from the in two one comes From 19 (the ring joiningfragments topsoil.181 Mycenae the1979excavations TwoLH III examplescomefrom withtheIdols)intheCitadelHouse.182 storeroom Theremaybe one examplefromtheLM IIIA2 UnexploredMansionat on Paros.183 at Koukounaries theothernow Crete(one,datedLM IIIB2,185 Twomorewerefoundat Khaniain western Knossos.184 theRoyal as from Knossos the from a Monodonta in is incorrect Karali Kommos, ring lost). ring recording from in two than one two thantheUnexplored Road rather Mansion, rings(rather fragments) LH IIIC Khania.186 from than two rather and one LH than rings IIIB) Mycenae, (rather Two are knownfromCyprus.Thereis a completeringfromEnkomidatedLate CypriotIIIA2IIIBi187and anothercompleteexamplefromHala SultanTekke.188 Finally,halfofa largeMonodonta bc at Settlement189 in the was found 15th-14thcentury al-Qitaron theSyrianEuphrates, Upper ring coast. the Mediterranean km from 175 One LH II-IIIA PatellafromAyiosStephanoshas a holein thecentreoftheshell,butthismaybe naturalbreakageand notmanmade.Thereis a holedNaticafroma contextcoveringLH IIIC Early Betaburial22). Thereis one LH IIIC Early and Medieval(Beta8, 1974,basket11,fromdisturbed 190 with fivebeads ofglassand carnelianin Beta found was cowrieholedat one end (HS 244). [This burial7 or 8 (infants)]. the FromtheMedievalperiodthereare a Mactrawitha hole drilledfrominsidetheshellthrough a small container make to the centre cut down 60 umbo (Zeta 1973, # 36), and a Tonna(L. mm) (Lambda3, 1977,# 14,fromtheremovalofa terracewall). (v) Shells from Special Contexts and areworthspecific In additiontotheshellsnotedabove,severalotherscomefromspecialcontexts One MH I Late deposit(Nu 1, 1977,basket56, theflooroftheapse) producedfourholed mention. and one holedat theumbo(twowithgrounddownholesand twowater-worn) shells,threeGlycymeris holedattheumbo.The LH I- II or IIIAi Betaburial25 (Beta9, 1974,#41) Cerastoderma water-worn fromthesite. producedtheonlyTurritella (vi) Conclusions collectionconsistsofDonaxbivalves,and it oftheAyiosStephanosmarineinvertebrate The majority eatentoday. as in or were consumed that these is suggested soups stews, theyare commonly thatit was mainly indicate and the collection of 80% for account and cockles Donax,Glycymeris crabs sea urchins, Murex and Patella The beach. or a collectedfrom sandy muddy Monodonta, trunculus, 176Reese 1083,fig.2a; 1992,773-4· 177Reese 1984. 178See also Reese 20080. 179D. 23.3 mm,Th. 5.3 mm:fromtrenchH2A: 54; Nauphon Museum16387. 180 j) 2 2 x lg mm? Th. 7 mm, and D. 21 mm, Th. 2.0-3.9 mm, Nauplion Museum 16368 and 16391. 181D. 23.4 x 11.1 mm, Th. 5.8 mm): trench H:9; Nauplion Museum 16338. 182D. (max. external) 19 mm, (max. internal) 13 mm, Th. 2.53.0 mm): trench Γ/ΜΒ 178; nos. CH 68-1570 and 68-1651.

183Nos. C6 #8,C4 #8.

184 Evely 1984, 246, pl. 222.9, top right, no. C17. 185D. (max. external) 24 mm, W. 2.0 x 4.5 mm: 16-Pit Ε middle layer, no. 1980 misc. 24. 186Karali 1999, 31, 40, 59. 187D. 15 mm: Area I, Room 12, Γ-Δ16-18 s, in the debris overlying Floor III; see Dikaios 1969, 294, pl. 168:48; 1971, 717, inv. no. 108; Reese 20080.

188D. (max.external)21.75 x 20.75 mm,(max.internal), 16.5 x 14.0 mm,H. and Th. (max.) 5 mm: 1988 excavationof Corridor74, Layer^b. See Reese 20080. 189AreaΫ, Building10, Room 5 (the'Temple'),no. 90288. 190 Taylour1972, 234, pl. 42h.4, top.

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thata rockyshorewas also exploited, butthisshorewas eitherless and someothermolluscssuggest in visited or was less desirable terms of its food The ofthefishbones offerings. majority frequently fromtheexcavation191 consists ofsea-bream, foundin shallowwateroverrockyground,and supports thesuggested ofa rockyshore. availability The malacologyof thepresent-day beach southof the siteis closelycomparableto thatof the it collection: has withrockyshoreformsfound archaeological mainlyDonax,cocklesand Glycymeris, further south-west of themainsandybeach.The majordifference is thefrequency of razorclams which are found but in are rare the excavated collection. (Ensis/ Solen)and cuttlefish (Sepia), today A wordon thefoodvalueofthecollection be of It is relevance. that may suggested 150-200Donax individuals wouldyield0.5 kgofmeat.All the5776 Donaxfromthesitewouldyieldonly29-38.5 kg ofmeat,theequivalentof one sheepor goat.The foodvalue of themolluscsis therefore minimal, thanat othertimes. thoughat certainseasonstheymayhavebeen moreimportant Bintliff notesthatthegeomorphological datasuggests thatin theBronzeAge AyiosStephanoswas on thecoastand functioned as a fishing and tradestationand port.192 The evidenceof themarine invertebrates and fishbones certainly indicatesthattheseresourceswerefrequently exploited,but does notshowwhether thesitewas closerto thesea thanthe2 kmdistanceoftoday,thoughitdoes notdisproveiteither.193 thisevidencedoes notsupportor disproveBintliff 's suggestion that Similarly, thesitewas occupiedonlyduringthesummer.194 6. THE INSECT REMAINS, 1974-77 D. S. Reese The insectsfromAyiosStephanoswerekindlyidentified in 1980 by membersof theDepartment of Entomology, NaturalHistoryMuseum,London,thanksto the efforts of Michael C. Day of thatDepartment. (i) Introduction and Commentary no doubtbecausethewater-sieve was not [No insectswererecoveredfromtheearlierexcavations, introduced at the siteuntil1974; all of the cataloguedremainscome fromwater-sieved deposits. Since the antscould have enteredthe chamberof the LH I/IIA shaftgraveat some laterdate, theirpresenceis uninformative. thestorageofvegetable However,thepresenceofweevilssuggests whichis quiteprobablein the case of the LH IIIC Earlyslab floor4, on whichwere foodstuffs, founda stone saddle quern (7276) suitableforgrindinggrainand a carbonisedwheatgrain, probablyemmerwheat(9285).] on Thera,195 Kommosin Only threeotherAegeansiteshave producedinsectremains:Akrotiri southern Crete196 and NewHalos in Thessaly.197 (ii) Catalogue (9279-9281)

wasmanni Krauss(Formicidae, 9279. Messorci. ants).Five to sixindividuals. Nu 1977,#51 (chamber ofshaftgrave burial13). ContextLH I/IIA. 9280. Family Curculionidae(?) (weevils). One

Lambdai/Beta12 (Beta12A/Bbaulk),1974, prosternum. #51 (slabFloor4). ContextLH IIIC Early. 9281. FamilyCurculionidae(weevils).One abdomen/ ContextMedieval. elytra.Nu 1974,#3 (yardsurface).

7. THE PLANT REMAINS, 1974-77 G.Jones note:Glynis to thecataloguecompiledby [Editor's Jonescompletedthissectionin 1978. According E. B. Frenchand Clarissade Waal,theresiduefromflotation is nowstoredinbox 100 in ApothekeB' ofSpartaMuseum.]

191See Chapterι2 §4 above. 192Bintliff 1976,271; 1977a,467, 476, maps3, 4, 6; 1977ε, fies.2B, qC. 193See further Chapter14 §1 (ii) below. 194Bintliff 1977e,476.

195 and Buckland1991; Panagiotakopulu et Panagiotakopulu al. 1QQ7;Panayotakopoulou 1007-8; 2000a; 2000e. 196Reese iqqrû, 277-8; 2000^,642. 197Schelvis 2003.

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(i) Introduction and Commentary A smallnumberofsamplesfromthe1974 and 1977 excavations andthe wereprocessedbyflotation, In addition, a fewsmallsamplesofsuspected material were collected flotsortedforplantremains. plant forfurther examination. Most of the plantmaterialrecoveredwas of modernorigin;the ancient is listedin § (ii)below. charredmaterial distichon One grainofbarley(a straight L, or grainthatcouldbe ofeithertwo-row barley,Hordeum a MH III H. and one were recovered from six-row L.) L.) grapepip (Vitisvinifera Early barley, vulgäre levelthatwas contaminated withLH IIA. One indeterminate largepulseseed was found,in a LH IHA pit,andtwowheatgrains, cf.dicoccum Schübl.),wererecovered probablyofemmerwheat(Triticum withwhatis knownofBronzeAge fromLH IIIC Earlyfloordeposits.All thesefindsare consistent in Greece.198 plant-use ofolivestone( Oka europaea One fragment L.) wasfoundin theyardofthelargebuilding(Structure ad. LambdaVII) datingto thelate 13thto early14thcenturies (ii) Catalogue (9282-9287) distichon L. or H. vulgäre L.). One {Hordeum 9282. Hordeum straight grain.Nu / Gamma 1, 1974, # 8. ContextMH III Early withsome LH IIA (Deposit D in Rutterand Rutter 1976)· Nu / 9283. Olea europaeaL. One stone, fragmentary. Gamma 1, 1974, # 3. Medieval context(yardsurface). 9284. Pulse, large, species indeterminate.One seed. Lambda 3, 1977, # 58 (pit).ContextLH I-IIA. Schübl. One grain.Beta 1974, cf.dicoccum 9285. Triticum

# 24 ('lightbrownfloor').ContextLH IIIC Early. cf. dicoccum Schübl. One grain.Lambda / 9286. Triticum Beta 12, 1974, #51 (slab Floor 4, Room 2). ContextLH IIIC Early. L. One pip. Nu / Gamma 1, 1974, # Vitisvinifera 9287. 9 (Deposit D in Rutterand Rutter1976). ContextMH III Early withsome LH IIA. 9288-10000. Numbersnot used.

198Hansen 1988.

Chapter13 The regionalgeologyand earlysettlement oftheHelos Plain J.L. Bintliff Author's note,2005: In summer1973,I was invitedby LordWilliamTaylourto makea studyofthe hills. regionaroundhis excavationat AyiosStephanos,namelytheHelos Plainand itssurrounding then settlement Bronze the was to The purposeof my investigation being Age important place ofthesite ofthearea,and torelatethehistory features in thecontextoftheenvironmental uncovered I wouldlike to recordmy of humanoccupationin theHelos district. to thegeneraldevelopment and to othermembersof to thelateLordWilliamforhishelpand encouragement, sinceregratitude the excavationteam (especiallyBiffYounger)fortheirsupportduringmy studybased out of the site.The initialversionofthisreportwaspublishedin thebookwhicharosefrommyPhD excavation it seemedto me and to theeditor(to Ratherthanrewritethatchapterfromscratch, dissertation.1 that me intothefinalexcavationreport)moreappropriate whomI expresswarmthanksforbringing to reflect wherenecessary, I retaintheoriginaltext,completedin 1975,butadd updatedcomments theregion on manypoints.WhatI was notable to do was to revisit increasedknowledge ourgreatly and reanalyseits settlement historyto takeaccountof new sitesor the reviseddatingof already addedin 2005 areinbrackets.] see Chapter14. [Updatedcomments knownsites:forsuchinformation AND PREVIOUS STUDIES 1. METHODOLOGY in Greeceto forma basisformydoctoraldissertation. Thisstudywas one ofa seriesthatI undertook withparticular ofpastsettlement The generalaimwas theinterpretation emphasison local patterns, of each region field examination an exhaustive make was to factors. environmental My technique all natural all of and extent nature the on features, visiting significant studied,usually foot,plotting and land-use of on information and knownarchaeological patterns present-day find-spots gathering and Hope Simpsonpublishedtheirarchaeological SinceWaterhouse settlement. surveyofLaconia,2 the does zone. in the Helos been have finds no notable greatserviceof Hope Simpson reported sites more that doubt I have no site. for each exactlocations prehistoric can be found many providing itseems than intensive. rather and extensive was intheplain,sincehissurveying Certainly pioneering to be remain centres the even of that several LBA the of sites, larger likely,frommyexamination have tracts that the fact and known centres important intervening located,giventhedistancebetween wouldmaketheirknownnumbereven burials.The problemofpickingoutthesmallercommunities in detected as generalthesettlement-patterns In viewofthis,I wasunabletoverify lessrepresentative. Bronze of hierarchies theArgolidand SpartaValley,whereit was possibleto suggestregular Age fordispersedand fornucleatedsettlement. overtimeofpreference and an alternation communities, [Theabsenceofnew sitesheldtruetill1973,butin thesubsequentdecadesnew detailshave been theanalysisand maininterpretations affect It does notseriously sitepattern. addedto theprehistoric evidenceappearsin Chapter14 below.] whilstthelatestsettlement here,however, presented Die Griechischen of Philippson, as usual themasterpiece For thelocal environment, Landschaften? article in his and rural settlement. local for Bölte, 'Sparta',4 lengthy tackling geology provedindispensable butis mymainsourceforLaconian forgeography, researches drawsheavilyon Philippson's long-lasting andancienttopography. MymapsoftheHelos Plain,figs.13.1-2,arebasedon thegeological history WhiletheInstitute's inAthens.5 Institute for the at 1 of GeologicalandMineralExploration :50,00o map thesheetsare of each the of a useful for is formation, expanses major general picture mapping very that common It is small areas. of examination surface for inaccurate experience my large-scale quite 4 Bölte 1929. 5 Dimadis and Taktikos1989 (1969).

1 Bintliff 19770,451-82. 2 Waterhouse and Hope Simpsoni960; 1961. 3 Philippson1959. 527

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canbe absolutely vitaltotheunderstanding ofthelocational natural features ofsmallextent preferences aresometimes andoftenquitelackingon theι:50,00ο ofpastsettlements. Thesefeatures misinterpreted series.A helpful wasobtainedfroman otherwise notparticularly map,witha briefnoteofexplanation, relevant of the Plain N. soils of the Helos Memmou.6 His shows the study map generalrelationof by thesediments oftheplaintothewatercourses thatcreatedthem,and also theformer extentofthetwo in marshes the area fig. (see below). 13.4 major 2. THE REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY It is worthwhile to summarise the regionalgeography(cf.fig. i). The chieffeatureof the briefly geologyofthesouth-eastern Péloponnèseis theexistenceof a riftvalleywhichrunsdue south-east fromthecentreofthepeninsulato theLaconianGulf.Overmostofitslengthitforms thecoursefor themainriver,theperennial Eurotas.Besidesthisand itsmajortributary, theKelephina,all theother streamsof theregionare wintertorrent beds (theVasilopotamos is derivedfromtheEurotas).On eitherside,thistrench is flanked also due and continuing into mountains, bylofty running south-east, out into the Gulf. These inland are to the west and longrockypromontories jutting ranges Taygetos Parnontotheeast;theirrespective in the sea are Taenarum and Malea. There is far more to the capes tectonics ofthearea thana simpledownthrust of the total Eurotas but in faulting valley(fig.13.3), the mountainous flanks have risen relative an to general intervening depressedtrough. The sequenceoftherockscomposing themountains aroundthetrough, and appearingalso in the hill-lands betweenSpartaand theHelos Plain,is as follows(cf.fig. 13.1): at thebase, crystalline withlots of marblesembeddedwithinthem;above this,massivecrystalline schists, metamorphic 'hard'limestone oftwoseries.Betweentheschistsand thehardlimestone at severalplacesis found Labradorporphyrite, a stonecomposedfromlabradoric and diabasiclavasand quarriedin prehistory and Roman timesas lapislacedaemonius.

Ifwe leave asidethemountains, dividesup thesunkenEurotasTrenchintofourzones, Philippson takenfromnorthto south: withtherelatedMegalopolisbasinto thenorth-west to Spartain the (i) Fromthelow watershed hill-land of hard limestones and with some soft limestone of later date. south, schist, inlandsea, but withthesoftlimestoneor (ii) The SpartaPlain,once filledby an UpperTertiary created this sea eroded and alluviumand colluvium. 'Neogen' by largely replacedbyPleistocene A diverse of two To the the hill ofVardounochoria or (iii) west, regionconsisting parts,(a) country tied to the of since this reaches across totheeastrimofthe Vardounia, directly geology Taygetus; southcontinuation oftheSpartaPlain,iteffectively cutsthelatterofffromthesea,to whichthe hill-land itself runsin thesouth-east, To the east,a plateauofNeogenwhichextendssouthto (b) thecoastalplain,butwhichis setofffromtheremnant NeogenoftheSpartaPlainby a ridgeof hardlimestone. ThisblockofNeogenis likelyto be ofoceanicorigin,as opposedto theSparta Neogen whichis derivedfromthe formerinland sea. It is composed of mainlycoarse withstretches revealedoftheunderlying conglomerates, sandymarls. The of the Laconian Gulfand theHelos Plain,consisting of (a) to thewest,hill-land (iv) depression to theTaygetus and (c) in between,thebroad rocks,(b) to theeast,Neogenhill-land, relating alluvialplainoftheRiverEurotasand smallerwatercourses. Thiswholesequencetakesup an area 70 kmin length.It is clearthattheimportant sunkenzone timesbetweentherangesofolderrocks,andwastheonlypartflooded alreadyexistedinpre-Pliocene duringthePliocene;theMegalopolisPlainand theSpartaBasinweresubmerged by an inlandsea, andtheeasternpartofzone (iii)aboveand oftheHelos Plainbyan oceanictransgression. Thusarose theextensivelayersof Neogenshells,sandsand conglomerates. the main south-east Subsequently faultcontinued tooperate,andthecentral sankrelative totheoriginalsurface ofthe partofthetrough pre-Pliocene valley,whilethewholeregionemergedfromthesea upwardsby about500 m. In the earlyPleistocenea sinkingof theland and/orrisein sea-levelresultedin manyareasin a coastal ofmarinedeposits,oftenwithwellpreserved shell-beds, fringe locallycalledporos.The combination ofrecenttectonics, world-wide changesin sea-leveland thenormalprocessesoferosionon thesoft limestones oftheNeogenled,accordingto acceptedopinion,to theremovalofmuchoftheNeogen in thefurrow and toitsburialunderalluviumderiving fromthesteepmountains besidetherift. Thus was createdthefertile alluvialplainofSpartaand thatofitssouthern Helos. partner, 6 Memmou 1967.

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of the [Far more workhas been done since 1973 on the marinecoastlinegeomorphology workwas alreadyavailable.7Formostofthelast 1 Mediterranean Sea, althoughmuchfundamental millionyears,theEarthhas succumbedto a longseriesofIce Ages,duringeach ofwhichsea-level sanktoa greatdepthas oceanwaterwasdrawnintotheexpanding globalice sheets.Correspondingly, that warm conditions of the time the ten (theInterglacial predominated during (on average) percent cycles),theseice sheetsshrank,and the oceans rose back to therelativeheightof previouswarm forcoastaldepositsofshells,corals, era wouldthenhavebeen responsible periods.Each Interglacial fauna evolvedover time,or speciesthe marine and since and sand around shorelines, pebbles eitherfora specificInterglacial can be distinctive coastal such former occurred, deposits replacement an or within a warm Glacial a sometimes Interstadial) evenfora partofit.Absolute (or episode ofsuch havenowallowedprecisepositioning measurements and other from radioactive dating decay a itis apparentthata givencoastlinewillhave accumulated in time.Fromthissummary formations as survival Their 1 last million the era of Pleistocene the sea-levels series of years. during high long ofthelandon which is ofcoursehighlydependenton thelong-term fossilcoastalformations stability As one and erosion thickness their own and on mightexpect,themost history. theyweredeposited, last of the Holocene own recenthighsea-levelsbeforeour 10,000years)are mostly (the Interglacial than more of fortheimmediately 100,000yearsago. Beachesfrom precedingInterglacial surviving backareextremely fromfurther and those are ofaround250,000bp thenextoldestInterglacial rarer, beach fossil Plain Pleistocene to myknowledgetheHelos rare.Although depositsor poroshave not ratherthan,as last to or next the last been dated,I wouldnow expectthemto be from Interglacial, in vital clues to statedabove,EarlyPleistocene. however, landscapechange ourregionon Theyform, as will and historic thatoftheprehistoric a muchsmallertime-scale, occupationofAyiosStephanos, be further explainedbelow.] arein order.The Vrondamasplateau,i.e. theeastern on theHelos district some particulars Finally, ofconglomerate sandymarls,and overlying consisting partofzone (iii)above,is a Plioceneformation is inclinedto these and to thew. Exceptin an areaby Geraki,itis mainlytheinfertile conglomerates thatdominate. However,to thesouth,as we enterzone (iv),theplateaubreaksoffwithan evenedge atabout150 m abovesea-levelandbyMyrtea(seefigs.13.1-13.2);outfromundertheconglomerate intotheHelos Plain, to thesouth-east thereappearsthesandymarl,whichformsa tongueprojecting in placesbeneath are hills hard limestone Some Asteri. near the sea-coast far as as exposed reaching whilea smallerone is exposedto its them.The mainplainis westofthistongueofPliocenedeposits, but at itsfootthererunsa east.On theΝ borderofthemainplainthehillsare ofhardlimestone, thereis someporoson the isles Trinisa the with seashells. smallseamoftheearlyPleistocene By poros towards marls the the west to afterwards and soon Gytheion. cropup coast, Neogen In theareaI hadpreviously ofa challenge. examined, The studyoftheHelosregionposedsomething and historic theSpartaValleyproper,i.e. zone (ii) above,thekeyto almosteveryknownprehistoric these ofsoilsderivedfromthesofter siteprovedto be thelocal availability Neogenmarls.In visiting removal of that the obvious become it soon had 'alluvial so-called in the degree locations, plain', mostly coverfromthesurrounding whilethesedimentai oftheNeogenhad been verymuchexaggerated, in theformofalluviumwas quiteslightin themainplain.Mostofthe'alluvium',e.g. in mountains ofIce Age morethanweatheredslope-wash thearea southofSpartain fig.i, provedto be nothing and depositedbetweenthesehillsonto a in mid-plain, date derivingfromthe Neogenhill-chain ifnotall,ofthe clearlyvisiblepedimentofNeogencoveringmostoftheplainproper.The majority, cameintoexistence mostprobably as suchalongthemainwatercourses thatI confirmed alluvium recent in and aftertheLate Romanperiod. notcreatedby itschief oftheSpartaPlainas essentially requireda reclassification [Myfieldwork outfromthestreamsat thewesternedge ofthe rivertheEurotas,or evenby alluvialfansradiating thehighTaygetosrange.Rather,a largepartof theCentraland East Plainwas Plainand draining hills and surrounding low of platformdepositsof the Neogen softlimestoneand composed hill the make which rangesat a higherlevelon theΕ edgesofthePlain.Onlyon up conglomerates in date,be Pleistocene of thew couldgiantpiedmont deposits alluvialand colluvialorigin,essentially and Keith Wilkinson carried out has been a detailed observed.8 by study geomorphological Recently alluvial and colluvial and Holocene Ice of Pleistocene in the extent which (mainly Age) colleagues9 hasbeenevaluatedat severalpointsoftheSpartaValley.Thisis considerable, sedimentation although fromthew at thesteep theroleoftheEurotasremainsnegligible, flowing comparedto thesediments 7 It is summarised in Bintliff 19770,35-58. 8 Bintliff 19770,371-450.

9

and Millington 2003. Pope,Wilkinson

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footoftheTaygetos chain.Causationis mainlyclimatic andtectonic: has risenrelative tothe Taygetos basinfloorby 300 m overthelast2 millionyears,with,in addition, localisedareasoferosionin the Holoceneas a resultofanthropogenic and climaticpressures. In conformity, withresearch however, publishedsince 1977,Holocenealluviain Laconia are notjustconfinedto Late Roman-Byzantine and Classical-Hellenistic times.10 is The implication times,butappearto be tiedto laterprehistoric that our in for alluviation the Helos Plain should in be likewise broader as is time, clearly expectation discussedbelow.] A correlation ofknownarchaeological sitesin theHelos area withlocal geology,based purelyon showed that a number of wereclearlyon theNeogenhillsoftheeastand north-east maps, find-spots of the main but an number wereon thealluviumoftheplainitself.Finallytwo fringe plain, equal on schists. The challengelay in theapparentcontrast between sites,including AyiosStephanos, lay thetwoadjacentplains,especiallyas regardsthealluvium. 3. CUMULATIVE SURVEY OF THE SITES OF THE HELOS REGION I shallnow describethedevelopment ofmyfieldsurveyin theHelos region:see fig. 13.1 forthe results ofmyexamination ofnaturalfeatures and fig.13.2 fortopography. (i) Ayios Stephanos The siteitselfis a rockyschistpromontory, tiedin to thehillocksat thewesternend oftheplainby limestone and schistcontinuations ofthepromontory to thewest.It is surrounded on thenorth, south andeastbydarkalluvium, to in black colour. The sea is about km due south of the site. 2 While grey theappearanceoftheschistfrombeneaththehardlimestone is a commonsituation fora springline, andinfactsucha springwasinuse atthesitein 1963,thefarming ofthepromontory is very potential low.Hard limestone a relief and weathers but hence gives rugged slowly; verylittlesoil is created fromit,andthisis ofpoorquality. Schistose rocks,on theotherhand,weather veryeasilyand contain useful for a soil in terms ofminerals ofclays.In addition, whilethelimestone many components good is porousand all of thescantyMediterranean rainfallsoon disappearsintoitsdepths,theschistis and surface as was noticedabove,thecombination ofthetworocks thrives; impermeable vegetation makestheschistan aquifer. and allowssuch However,theschistproducesso manyerodedfragments thatitsnormalsurfaceis one ofan unstablescree,prohibiting thatfurther rapidincisionby streams comminution and chemicalweathering thatwould producea good soil fromthe promising rock andgivingno support toa densegrowth ofthelesstenaciousplants.Onlyin depressions components, and on plateausurfaces closeto thelocal water-table, whereschistresiduesare morestable,can the oftheschistbe brought to fruition. Now bothourpromontory and themixedschist/hard potential limestone toitswestlackconditions forextensive soildevelopment, theschisthillsbeingsteep,while thelimestone lacksthosesolution-hollows whereitsmeagreand in anycase poor-quality residuescan a clayeyredsoil. gatherto contribute fromtheEBA through to theLBA; in the However,theoccupationofthesiteis quitesignificant MH and LH periodsthe wealthof finds,the evidenceforimportsand the suspectedsize of the hitherto has pointto thesitebeingone ofthemajorcentresoftheplain.My experience community beenthatonlyveryrarely andtemporarily willa community a location remote from occupy agricultural landofhighquality. The obvioussolution is totaketheappearanceofthepresent landscapeas similar to theprehistoric, in whichcase our sitedominatesa good partof thewesternhalfof thealluvial we thatitlieson a defensible andis withineasyreach plain; mightsaytherefore ridgeabovea spring, of a largearea ofveryfertile and moistalluvium.The same interpretation couldbe appliedto the othersitesknownin thishalfoftheplain. However,frommy own workin the south-western Argolid,the ArgosPlain,the SpartaPlain, and fromtheMediterranean-wide workofVita-Finzi,12 itis nowalmost Melos,Crete,and Euboea,11 certainthatthevastbulkof 'recentalluvium'is postClassicalin date.Whilethisrecentsediment forms a terrace oftenseveralmetres inheightbesidelargeandsmallwater-courses, inthecoastalplain it mayreachfargreaterdepthsoffill.In thecase ofa majorriversuchas theEurotas,withitsrare Classicaldeposition to be expectedis 10 or even20 m. flow,theamountofpostqualityofperennial Sincesomehintas to theunderlying was other sitesneededto be visited. needed, landscape 10See Bintliff 2000 fora reviewofthefieldin a Greek context.

11Bintliff 19770,173-450,521-88, 605-66. lz Vita-rinzi 1909.

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alluvialhistory is a vibrantfield,and thisis largelydue to thepioneering research [Mediterranean thelast and themanyprojectswhichhavefollowedhislead in takingseriously ofClaudioVita-Finzi, in 1973,I was entirely influenced thisfieldwork WhenI undertook 20,000yearsor so ofthishistory. recentand iconoclastic work,havinghad directexperienceofhis insights through by his relatively toMediterranean in andunchallenged contribution him Israel. Vita-Finzi's for lasting working previously butwas rare and unchanging feature alluvialhistory was to arguethaterosionwas nota permanent where to the model of 'Punctuated and violent,conforming long periodsof relative Equilibrium', and dramatic erosion of shorter are broken deposition.His further episodes landscapestability by weredue purelyto and slopedepositionoferodedsediments claimthattheshortcyclesofriverine or morerarelytectonicaction,has turnedoutto be fartoo simple.SinceVitaclimaticfluctuations, Finzi'swas themostrecentmodel,I triedin mythesisto fitall theevidenceI foundin Greekalluvial - an OlderFillfrom grandschemeoftwokindsofalluvialformation sequencestohisMediterranean times.Indeed,at manyplaces thelastIce Age,and a YoungerFillfromLate Romanand Byzantine Trinasoson thecoastwestofthe theinclusionofsherdsor buildingsofLate Antiquedate,including wellto thisprediction. Helos Plain,seemedto conform havetested as othergeoarchaeologists researchat regularintervals, [I havesummarised subsequent It remainsa hand.13 it of out in some cases Vita-Finzi's and modified scheme, rejecting unnecessarily Vita-Finzi's for as an cited14 I find that original apologist unrepentant myselffrequently curiosity in mypositionin mydecadal shift whohavenotfollowedthesubsequent scheme,by commentators revision. whichrequiredsubstantial revisits tothetopic,whereI madefulluse oflaterdetailedresearch the since is of alluvial of In thecontextofthisvolume,thequestion importance, history paramount coastal an alluvial three sides on surrounded ofthehilltopis one of a promontory plain, by setting of1973,itwasabundantly fieldwork In myoriginal formis clearlyofrecentorigin. whosecontemporary clearthatthemodernplainwas Holocenealluviumin itsupperlevels,witha previousstagewherea ofKraft, in beingalmostcertain.The drill-cores smallerplainexistedand thesea camemuchfurther ofthe and Rapp15confirmed Aschenbrenner this,withclearevidenceforthegradualencroachment onwards Eurotasdeltaintoa largersetofbaysovertheMiddletoLateHolocene,fromtheBronzeAge (see figs.13.5-13.6). I had assumedthatthisprocessof riverinealluviationwas largelyachievedin post[Naturally thedatingoftheYoungerFillto Late Antique-Byzantine Classicaltimes,following proposedin the that coastaldeltas scheme in Vita-Finzi the was also it Vita-Finzi However, well-argued chronology. formedan exceptionto his model and were activelyexpandingover the last 6,000 years,as an formation. river-terrace forhinterland alluvialfillspostulated to thetwo-phase formation independent been have to Thus theHelos Plainwas alreadypredictedby theVita-Finzi by represented theory oftheLate AntiqueYoungeralluvialFill,whichwould evenbeforethedeposition deltaicdeposition above theocean.16 further havelifteditssurface since has [What changed 1973 is thata seriesofmuchmoredetailedregionalstudiesthanVitathosein theArgolid,thePlainofArgos,Melos,Attica,Thessaly,eastern Finzi'sand mine,including haveclearlyshownthatthereoccurreda series Macedoniaand Euboea,to namethemostsignificant, betweenlonger as Vita-Finzi erosionalepisodesin Greece,sandwiched, ofshort-lived predicted, rightly erosional the more formation.17 and soil relative of important Amongst landscapestability phases in Late Classical another EBA is one of than in one more found times, Greece, during region periods, the other times. On in Roman to Late more and one or to EarlyHellenistic hand, times, Byzantine has there in human are that all such have claimed scholars some origin, episodes entirely although to be due more to are that a consensus to be consider what one likely they growing might developed fluctuations.18 and climatic human between interactions impact complex oftheHelos thealluvialhistory forrevising [Whataretheimplications regarding myearlierview19 Plain?In one respectI mustalterthe centralpostulateof post-Classicaldominance. Judgingfrom the Eurotas of in middle reaches the otherregionsof southern Greece,includingupstream Valley, is likelyto have occurredat morethan tributaries fromthatriverand itsTaygetus heavyalluviation one time,especiallyin theBronzeAge and Classical-Hellenistic times,as wellas in theLateAntique in documented. and I claimed as had toByzantine Exactlyhowthatmorecomplex part already period oftheBronzeAgesettlement wider environment the would have affected alluvialdepositional sequence 13Bintliff 1982; 1992; 2000; 2002. 14As Bintliff 10770. 15Kraft, and Rapp 1977. Aschenbrenner 16Cf.themodelriver 19770,497. sequence,map 6 in Bintliff

17Thesestudiesaresummarised anddiscussedinBintliff 2002. 18Cf. R. and Pope 2003 for J.J. Pope etal. 2003, Wilkinson theSpartaValley. 19Bintliff 19770,451-82.

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Fig. 13.1.Map ofthesurface EH andMH sites. geologyoftheHelosPlain,showing

at Ayios Stephanosrequiresus to factorin whatwere probablymore importantcontrollingvariables - namelysea-level change and deltaic coastal depositionalpatterns.I shall returnto considerthis totalinteractional nexus below.20] (ii) Skala: Ayios Nikolaos A shortdistancewest-north-west of the townof Skala is a sitethatgave evidence of occupationin the MBA and LBA. West of Skala a group of springsemergesfromthe interiorof the hard limestoneto forma river,the Vasilopotamos.This site,Ayios Nikolaos,is located betweenbranchesof itsstreams and on 'alluvium'. It should be noted that in practice two kinds of alluvium are met with in Mediterraneanvalleys.21 (a) First,and mostobvious to the eye, is the finebrownto black alluviumthataccompaniespresentday water-coursesas a terraceof several metresheight,and thatformsthe upper surfaceof all alluvialplains and depressions.In sectionit is well bedded and containslittlecoarse material.It is freshand the most importantland in the Mediterraneantoday,lyingclosestto the water-table, As was noted and horticulture all the lucrative to the centre of above,22 fruit-cropping. silty sandy, Fill. It as the in is known date. mostof it is definitely Classical Younger post(b) The otherkindof alluviumis reallyan alluvial-colluvialdeposition,i.e. much ofit stemsnot from red and ill-sorted, but frommassive slope-wash.This is characteristically regularstream-courses, and leaving of metres often tens hill and of at the vast thick, plain, junction forming pediments wide a and former terraces of remnant stream-beds above which,to valley-fill, deep high present 20 See

§4 (ii).

lx Ct. Vita-rinzi 196g and examples and discussions in

Bintliff1Q77Ö. 22See §3 (i).

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Fig. 13.2.ReliefmapoftheHelosPlain,showing LH and Classicalsitesandmodernsettlements.

judgebysurviving examples,is oftenconvexin form.Thisfillcontainsmuchverycoarsematerial and seemsto be due to periglacial duringglacialperiods,especiallythefinal processesoperating It is knownas theOlderFill. Wurmglaciation. Wherea sequencecan be observed, theearlierand coarseralluvial-colluvial thedarker, fill,underlies fill.The necessary and intervening thetwo finer historic tracesofa disconformity between weathering fillshavebeenperceived(e.g.in Atticaby Paepe 1980) to fillthechronological of gap 8,000 years. In Greece,after rarevolcaniceruptives theUpperPlioceneNeogen,withtheexceptionoftheporos, and thepresent bed-loadofstreams, all laterdepositscan be separatedintothesetwogroups,i.e. the and the Fill. Older and ofthe Younger Althoughthealluviummarkedon themapsofPhilippson23 Institute forGeologicaland MineralExploration24 is undifferentiated, on observation thealluviumon theHelos Plainitself, as expected,showsall thefeatures oftheYoungerFill. and divisionis now required, [Aswas notedin thepreviousupdate,a morenuancedchronology 25 althoughtheessenceoftheolderschemeremains.The Older Fillhad been seen by Vita-Finzi as to attribute itto several essentially depositedduringthepeak ofthelastGlacial,whereasI preferred The Holocene alluviaor YoungerFill are now consideredto have been multiple glacialphases.26 in discrete concentrated fromaround depositions periodsoftheMiddleto Late Holocene,essentially didnotadd a thirdequallysignificant alluvial 4000-1000yearsago.Importantly, myoriginal summary in theVita-Finzi formation In retrospect, thisformation now scheme,theCoastalDelta Formation.27 tothelaterHolocenedevelopment oftheHelos Plainthaneitherofthe appearstobe moreimportant first twojustmentioned, as willbe shownbelow.] 23 Philippson 1959. 24Dimadis and Taktikos 1989 (1969). 25Vita-Finzi 1969.

26Bintliff 19770. 27However, thiswas emphasised in Bintliff19770.

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The siteofAyiosNikolaos,to mysurprise, is on a hillockamidtheYoungerFill,noris themound markedon anyofthemapscited.The findswerecollectedon topofa knollc.6 m high.Belowitand to thewestis founda low plateau,whereI founda clueto thecomposition oftheeminence:yellow sandsandfossilshell-beds. to the and round toitseastend,I came knoll, Returning overgrown passing acrossa scarpfacerecently cutbackby thefarmer. This showeda sectionrightthrough theknoll: redand yellow,rarelywhite,sands,withplentyoffossilsofmarineplantsand shellfish. Mostofthis, then,is earlyPleistoceneporos;thoughabsentfromall publishedgeologicalmaps of the area, it on thenorthern However,some belongstothe'seam'ofporosnotedbyPhilippson edgeoftheplain.28 ofthelowerpartsofthehill,especiallythelow plateau,couldwellbe ofPlioceneNeogen.Since,in thatthe trueNeogen any case, theporoshas mostof the properties advantageousforagriculture we an have link to correlations of sites and soils.29 Butherethehill possesses, interesting myprevious is surrounded recent and the visible area of soil of marine is alluvium, by origin verysmall.Across the marshyYoungerFill to the edge of the hardlimestonehillsto the north,I noticedtracesof similardepositsof smallextentrunning intothealluvium;without doubttheylinkup to our knoll underneath. Further southintothealluviumanotherknollappeared,of aboutthesameheightand similarcomposition. shouldprobably [As was remarkedearlier,theporosmarinebeach-formation be attributed to themostrecenthighsea-levelsofthelastInterglacial and itsprecedingequivalent, rather thanto theEarlyPleistocene.] (iii) Ayios Ioannis and Xeronisi Further west,besidethemainroadbetweenSpartaand Skalaand on theedgeofthehardlimestone hillsabovethelevelsurfaceoftheplain,I foundthesiteofAyiosIoannis,describedby Waterhouse and Hope Simpsonas a 'smallterrace'witha fewMycenaeansherdsand someClassicalmaterial.30 The locationis a thinstripof yellowish-white the loweredge of the hard sandymarlsoverlying andagaindisappearing tothesouthunderthemarshy blacksoiloftheplain.A pattern was limestone, to this was a small area but on the and here beginning appear:again, ignored admittedly maps, just we getearlyoccupation. The remarkable siteofXeronisilies somewayoutintotheplains ofthelastsite.A considerable amountofEBA, MBA and LBA pottery is reported, withsomeClassicalsherds.As usual,it together wasnotpickedoutfromthealluvialplainon thegeologicalmaps.After I crossedtheseveralhundred metres ofintervening moistplainsoilwithitscountless a drainage-canals, longandlow'island'appeared toriseoutofthemuck:hencethenameXeronisior 'dryisland'.Of courseitscomposition turnedout to be yellowsandymarl.The moundis quiteextensivebutwas formerly a good deal higherthan beenartificially levelled.Thismaywellhavebeentoremove today,theuppersurface havingrecently theoriginal surface of that characterises thetopofmanyofthelesserodedmarly upper conglomerate hillsoftheeasternsideoftheHelos Plain.Atpresentthehighest sectionofthehillis only preserved a fewmetresabove themuckofthesurrounding and its axis plain, long mightmeasurec. 100 m. (iv) Lekas Panayiotis and Lekas South A numberofsitesare knownin a raisedarea thattakesup thenorth-west corneroftheplain,to the northof AyiosStephanosand separatedfromit by darkalluvium.The corneritselfis markedas 'alluvium'by Philippson31 butgroupedby theInstitute forGeologicaland MineralExploration as 1 spentsometimecriss-crossing etc.'.32 thiszone,whichconsists ofrolling 'slopewash,conglomerates hillsat themost15m abovetheflooroftheplain.An important naturalfeature foritsunderstanding is foundjustnorth-east ofit,where,by themainroad,a side-valley runsintotheplain.The deeply incisedstreamhereis accompaniedon eithersideby a heavilyconcreted redterraceoftypicalOlder at a steepishanglefromthehardlimestone hillsto theeastandwestofthevalley.This Fill,extending redalluvialterracecanbe followeda shortwaysouthbelowtheroad,tillitdisappears underthefresh darkYoungerFilloftheplain.Justbeforeitsdisappearance and on itswestern edge,whereitadjoins theLekashill-group, I founda well-shaft. The shafthadbeenfreshly redOlderFill, cutintothebright andthelatter wasvisibleforming thesidesoftheshaft fora depthof3-4 m intotheground.However, besidethewellwas theearthtipfromtheexcavationoftheshaft. The toplayerwas fineyellowmarl ofNeogentype;then,in reversestratigraphy, thereddepositsformed thebulkofthetip.Thoughthe itwas clear levelatwhichthemarlappearedwastoodarkto discernin thelowerreachesoftheshaft, 28 1959. 29Philippson See §2 above. 30Waterhouse and Hope Simpsoni960, 95.

31Philippson1959. 32Dimadisand Taktikos 1989 (1969).

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thatit had been penetrated notfarbelowmyestimated depthof 3-4 m. Now theLekas area has a marls softclayey-sandy consistsofalternating butitsmainstructure surfacecoverofporosshell-beds, thelatterPlioceneNeogen. beds shouldbe earlyPleistocene, The former and pebblyconglomerate. thediscovery todifferentiate Sinceitis difficult byeyethesandierpartsofthesetwomarineformations, sinceheretheclayierNeogenwaswelldown,andthecombinedheightofthe ofthewellis important, withthenormally is inconsistent quitethincoverofporos.On eithersideofthereddeposits hill-group andriseup ontothehills,whichshowthecharacteristic themarlscometothesurface ledgesofharder in places covered area is weathered this raised 1 that the bulk of conclude hillocks, Neogen Neogen.33 in and itslower at the sides covered and later and a thin of layer porosconglomerate shell-beds, by and streams from which are red alluvial/colluvial derived,respectively, adjacent deposits partsby once morethe The numeroussherdsfoundall overthesehillocksreflect fromitsown slope-wash. fortheRendsinasiltsformedon Neogen.34 ofearlysettlers preference withEBA and MBA sherds settlement a considerable The mainsiteis LekasPanayiotis, prehistoric and plentiful a and majorfindsoftheMycenaeanperiod,e.g. a thickdefensive wall, figurine pottery, timeswillbe ofthesesitesin historic The reoccupation material. withsomeClassicaland Hellenistic and stillin the forNeogensoil.200 m south-west, discussedbelow;35 againtheyexhibitthepreference continues surface LBA and Classical MBA and site another yielded sherds; among hillocks, pottery thehillockstill,at the southernedge of theraisedarea,wherethehillsare at theirlowest,a low EBA to LBA, and definite moundcalled'LekasSouth'is found,withprobableNeolithicoccupation, sink underthe m marls or the within situated Thislastsiteis Classicaland Hellenistic. so, where, 50 ofAyiosStephanos. dark,evenplainthatrunssouthto thepromontory (v) TSASI, ROMAÏKA AND KOKKINADA

ofSkala and travelling north-east up thevalleyoftheEurotas,one leavestheflood-plain Proceeding Fill on eitherside,is soonshutin byhillsofhardlimestone. of terraces with but narrow and, Younger Thisvalleyis,on 1 km,wherethemainriverveerstothenw,wetakea tributary After valleynorthwards. thelowhillson down from Fill with Older red filled little and thesurface, incised, sloping clayey dry thatis intotherectangular eitherside.Afteronlya shortdistancewe are at thewatershed depression the at this and Tsasi of the boundedon thenorthand north-east point soil Just villages Myrtea. by Archaic dateon the or of Geometric I a notice and red to from colour krater-fragment yellow, changes is on the west this that bounds to south-east north-west The composedofa core side-plain ridge ground. withan overlayofmarlthatreaches,on theeastandnorth-east ofhardlimestone sides,almosttoitstop. fromtheridge.Thisis calledRomaïka infact,a hillstandsoutsomewhat corner, Righton thenorth-east constituted and Hope Simpson36 and thosecollectedby Waterhouse withreference to itsantiquities, on theNeogenareas. as usuallocallyconcentrated tilesand sherds, ClassicalandHellenistic FromheretheNeogensweepsto thenorth,in itssoftformas faras thehamletof Phlision,and aroundto the east throughthe villageof Tsasi and acrossto the largevillageof Myrtea.Several tonguesofNeogendescendfromthearea ofTsasiintothealluviatedside-basinto thesouth,and a withthe majortonguereachesfromMyrteato themainroadthatmarksthejunctionoftheside-plain is thatthenatural mainplain.All theNeogenin thisareais dottedwithsites.Whatis quiteimportant i.e. wheretheVrondamasplateauofNeogenlosesits at aboutthelevelofMyrteais respected, frontier sandsandclaysbeneathitarepresented, thefertile here southwards From infertile cap ofconglomerate. of have traces line do we and onlybelowthis occupation. Notfarsouthoftheborderjustnoted,and builtintotheconglomerate scarp,thereis a chamber hillsroundaboutEBA, the of Tsasi. On m the east of tombofLateMycenaeandate,about500 village the south. to is known,especially LBA, Classicaland Hellenistic pottery AlongthemarlytongueofMyrteathereis a largeredhillnamedforitscolour'Kokkinada',about ofVlachioti.Late Mycenaeansherdswerefoundon it,and twopossiblechamber 1 kmnorth-west tombsarelocatedon a low Neogenknollbelowitto thewest.EH and Classicalpottery appearedon not visited a hill200 m northofKokkinadaalongthetongueofmarl.Myrteaitself, by Waterhouse in this sidefertile and Hope Simpson,maybe theanswerto thelackofa majorBronzeAge centre and a basin;forwe have one definiteand two possiblechambertombsforsuch settlement, my in otherregionshas shownthatlocal administrative units,at leastin theLBA, appearat experience LekasPanayiotis, i.e. AyiosStephanos, intervals overthelandscape.The nearestmajorcentres, regular Eitherthe centre are too remotefromthisnaturalpocketof fertility. Asteriand AyiosStrategos, 33Cf. ofSpartain Bintliff 19770,371-450. 34Cf.mystudy 19770. myotherstudiesin Bintliff

35See (iv). §4 36Waterhouse and Hope Simpsoni960, 94.

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detailedsurveyofthelocalities underlies as Hope Simpsonhas suggested to me,37 or further Myrtea, wherefindshavebeenmademayreveala majorconcentration ofsettlement. (vi) Vlachioti, Asteri-Dragatsoula, Asteri-Karaousi and Ayios Strategos NearthetownofVlachiotitheBritish Schoolin theearly1900sfoundancientcolumn-drums,38 while Kahrstedt a Roman villa.39 Waterhouse and locate Classical and Hellenistic reports Hope Simpson on a hilla littlewestofthetowncentre.40 This corneroftheHelos Plainconsistsofalluvial pottery to theeastand south,witha giantridgeofNeogenmarlsand conglomerate flood-plain descending fromtheVrondamasplateaudue south-east as faras thecoastalmarshes.Withinthehillocksat the is similarly edgeofthelatternestlesVlachioti,and thehillwithantiquities placed.Betweenthishill and Kokkinadaon theparallelbutsmallertongueon thewestrunstheBourbastream.The whole betweenthesehillshas been mappedas alluvium,but againwe findthatmuchof it is depression witha thinveneerofalluvium. In thecentreofthedepression the marls,sometimes undulating gently riverhas incisedintoitsownbed to a depthof 2-3 m,and in itswell-bedded YoungerFillsectionI recovered fromover2 m down,regrettably undateablebutat leastshowinghowrecently the pottery fillaccumulated here.Doubtlessthemarlsextendat no greatdepthunderthealluviumtojoin up the twotongueson thewestand east. A numberof sitesare knownamongstthe Pliocenehill-chain which,as was noted,runsdown VlachiotipastAsterito thesea, and cutsoffthemainplainfromthesmallerone to theeast through endofthechain,somehardlimestone (thisis leftoutofthepresent study).Atthenorthern appearsas a cliff underthemarl,butsoondisappearsas thehillsdecreasein sizetothesouth-east. Up on thehillofVlachioti, thereis fineplateauland,and bya farm-house topshere,justsouth-east Mycenaeanand Classicalpottery. a gorgein thehardlimestone has a fanofOlderFill Below,at thefootofthecliff, wherethetorrent meetstheevenplain;thisfanis incisedandpartly filledwithdarkYoungerFill,and is nowbeingincisedagain.2 kmnorthofAsteriand also up on thefertile thereis a small hill-tops MycenaeansitewithClassicalfindsand also possibleMedievalbuildings. Only200 m northofthevillageofAsteriis a largehill,Karaousi,witha longand richrecordof intheNeolithic, intheEBA,MBA andLBA,andwithProtogeometric occupation, beginning continuing or Geometric, Classicaland Hellenistic whileof coursepresent-day Asteriis immediately material, Here some would see Homeric Helos. surface collection adjacent. Unfortunately provedmoresuccessful thantrialexcavations,41 sinceheavyerosionaccountedforthewealthofsurfacepottery buthad also causedtheloss of settlement features. To theeast,a scarpof conglomerate witha good scatterof DarkAge and Classicalpottery containsa numberofcollapsed'caves'thatquitepossibly Mycenaean, a series of chamber tombs. represent Mycenaean Notfarto thesouth-east ofthevillageofAsteriand on top of a hillabove themarshyplainlies This site has EBA to LBA sherdsand,alongthetopofthemarls,a good surface Asteri-Dragatsoula. coverofporosshell-beds. In addition, to thewestoftheroadentering Asterifromthenorth, thereis a low surrounded a on which of very marlypromontory good quantity pottery by alluvium, appeared, someofwhichI identified as Classical.In thehillsto theeastofAsteriWace and Hasluck42 reported findsof 'antiquemarbles',tilesand sherdsat 'Sto Manolaki'.The locals referred thisname to the wholeareafromAsteritotheridgein thecentreofthemarlyhillstotheeast,thoughWaterhouse and in their visit to the site an actual within In location this zone.43 fact Classical, Hope Simpson suggest Hellenistic and Romanmaterial is abundantall overthisarea,fromthehinterland ofAsteridownto thecoastat thesouthern end ofthehills. Attheveryendofthishill-chain theheights descendlowerandlower;finally themarlshavealmost under alluvium a the of the when meet small marsh coastal disappeared plain they onlyabout200 m fromthesea. Atthispointa numberoflowhillswitha chapelmarkthemajorsiteofAyiosStrategos, withimportant findsfromtheNeolithic, EH to LH and Classicalperiods.The Mycenaeanmaterial includesa smalltholostomb,alwaysa markoflocal royalty and theonlyone knownfromtheHelos area. The siteconsistsof twoparts.The westernpartconsistsof theridgewiththechapeland has EH and Classicalfinds, theremainsofan undatedbuilding. Neolithic, with,on thehillsto thenorth, is an with EBA LBA betweenthetwo,andnorthwards, The eastern eminence to sherds. Somewhat part a theuppermost of the tholos out of hillock. Againbetweenthesetwo,butto the tip appears marly 37Pers. comm. 38Hondius and Hondius-van Haeften 1010-21, 150. 39Kahrstedt 1954, 212.

40Waterhouse and Hope Simpsoni960, 92.

41 Taylour iQ72, 262-^.

42Wace and Hasluck 1907-8, 161-2. 43Waterhouse and Hope Simpsoni960, 89.

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tosea-level;a lagoonentersthesmalldepression south,thegroundis verylowindeed,themarlsinking northandnorth-east, here,todayonly150 m fromthesite.The locationhasNeogentothenorth-west, ofYounger and,ifitwas a port,twobeacheson eitherside,sincethesmallerε plainis half-composed centrein theMycenaeanperiod, FillwithNeogenhillockstotherear.Ifthiswas a localadministrative inArgosandSparta,44 wouldhaveincludeditsharbours inthelightofmyterritorial studies its'territory', witha goodportionoftheNeogenin theupperpartsoftheε plain andall theNeogenup toVlachioti, to oursites siteis knownat aboutthelevelofVlachiotiand to itseast,corresponding as well.Another and from and at theouterlimitoftheeffective nearVlachioti, exploitation AyiosStrategos Asteri. (vii) Trinasos and the Lagio Site to the theplainis roundedoffby rockyhillsbelonging ofAyiosStephanos, Westofthepromontory their As was noted and hard limestone. above,45 general porphyrite Taygetuscomplex,i.e. schists, inthesteepscree-filled islimited andsoildevelopment tosettlement isunfavourable valleys, appearance theonly wherein factmuchofthesoilis clearlydevelopedon theterraceofYoungerFill.Stephaniá, halfoftheplain,andthenearbyhamletofSouli,havethemainpartoftheirfields villageinthiswestern ofolderrocksforpastureand very in theplainitselfand in theLekasNeogen,usingthehinterland i.e. withwidelyspacedtrees.However,twositesareknownin thishinterland. extensive olive-culture, ofAyiosStephanos.Herewe havereports is on thecoastseveralkmsouth-west The first, Trinasos, said to be of Classicaldate,on theplateauabove thecoast;I was unableto ofa largefortification, lies notfarabove theremainsofan ancientharbourby butit certainly locateitsexactwhereabouts a theTrinisaislands.Thesethreeisletsarelinkedup at a shallowdepthunderwater,and onceformed aidedby sea-walls.The name'Trinasos'occursas forboats,apparently naturalbreakwater anciently who harbouroftheSpartans, i.e. a subservient in theClassicalperiod,46 thatofa Perioeciccommunity the Helos we knowto havepersonally plain. occupied In a underwater sitenotedby Kraft.47 to be seenin thisarea is a remarkable Butthemajorfeature with courses and its surface three-island of the west of the remnants but narrow inlet harbour, long just fromthebeachoftheinlet8 m abovethewaves,therecan be seena largecomplexofwallsrunning and concretethatseemsto and built of stone or so intothesea. Theyforma regularrectilinear plan, be oftheRomanratherthanthemoderntype.On myvisitthereI was able to gatherpottery (Late as identified them G. RomanCombedWareamphoraesherds)fromthechambers. J. Youngerkindly ad. in centuries i.e. Late Roman to date, 4th~7th being EarlyByzantine terraceof darkYoungerFill,whichis at as theinlethas a well-preserved This siteis ofinterest, This terracecontainsLateAntiquepottery the sea. its and eroded incised stream by being by present and formsan abruptscarpabout1 m highat thelandwardend ofthebeach,whichwouldbe c. 2 m aroundtheterrace.However,since Sand has accumulated abovesea-leveland thebuilding-complex. it is clearthatthesea has risenrelativeto theland in thisarea,and thatthedepositionoftheFill withthebrokenscarpwitha lowerbase-levelat theseawardend,takentogether shouldcorrespond theYoungerFillhere we can safelyconcludethat,at theend ofthedeposition, faceoftheFillitself, out thanit is today.The extendedforsome distanceintothepresentinletand thesea was further theangleofthe shore-line exactformer mightbe indicatedby theangleoftheFill:ifwe extrapolate thesea, evenat would have entered to the old which are shore-line, fill-beds, they obviouslygraded the well beyond building-complex. today'slevel, is this:an inletofthesea receivedfroma streamsediment ofthesituation which, Myinterpretation ofa substantial was Roman or times, thickenoughtoallowtheconstruction building. Byzantine byLate thecomplex,butthiswas removedby themorerecentmarine alluviumoverwhelmed Subsequently side.The structure, frombehindon thelandward andtoa lesserextent transgression, bystream-incision sea fromcontinuing sand accumulation the nowmainlyunderwater,wasrevealedagain,but prevents attacks. Theseeventsmaybe closelyparalleledby itserosionofthefillintothescarleftfromitsformer identicaleventsin the Classical harboursof Melos and Aegina,48and pointsto Aegean-wide as alsotointensive humanactivity andmarinetransgression, contemporary processesofsedimentation this and on thelocal occurrence ofporos possibleNeogen ruggedcoastline alongthecoast.Whether I I cannot since did not locate theruinsinland. ancientcommunity wasconnected tothereported say, but a marine Butthearea is hardlylikelyto have provideda livelihoodforanything community, unlessthemaincentreofTrinasos layinlandnearLagio,whencea valleydoesindeedlead tothisinlet. 44Bintliff10770, 271-450. 45See §3 (i). 46Bölte 1929.

47Kraft 1972, 98-101. 48Cf. on Melos Bintliff 19770, 521-88.

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The sitenearLagiois a good houron footfromAyiosStephanos, as one headsup intothehillsto thewest.It is mostlywretched and infertile withverylittlesoil hard country, alternately limestone indeedand schistthatis too steepand scree-like forfarming. to thesiteI However,abouthalf-way foundmyselfemerging fromtheroughcountryontoa highbut flatdepressionof schistbetween to south-east fromKrokeaito towering ridgesof hardlimestone, runningas expectednorth-west Trinisa.Above,on thewestern is the of while walk minutes' 20 ridge, village Lagio, alongthefertile to the south is a where Waterhouse and collected a good hill, plateau conspicuous Hope Simpson amountof EH and Mycenaeanpottery.49 As was notedabove,50 certain conditions schistose given formations can produceveryfertile are rarelymet.In thisdepression, soils,buttheseprerequisites controlled bothbydifferential erosionincomparison totheharderlimestones andbytectonic however, the the closeness to the local water-table and theabsence sinking along regionalfault-lines, necessary of erosiveincisionallowedthe stabledevelopment of a matureschistsoil. The plateauis notably withoutparallelin fertility, and is clearlythe centreof the food-supply and farmland of modern as it was for the The in which the site dominates this Lagio, patently prehistoric community. way early oasis ofgood land,theabsenceof otherlocal sites,thequantity offindsand thedistancefromthe nearestcontemporary centresarguesstrongly foritsstatusas a local centrein itsownright.Its easy linksdownstream tothesea bysheltered Trinisagaveititsownport-facilities, andwe maylookup on thisplateaufortheClassicalcommunity ofTrinasos. (viii) Concluding Observations To completethepictureofmajorfeatures, humanand natural,observedin theHelos region,three low risespeepingabove theevennessoftheplain,and entirely unnoticed to the by previousvisitors area,willbe ofaid to ouranalysis. The first can be foundto theeastofLekasSouth.100 m intotheplainfromthelow Neogenofthe werevisible,and the site,I observeda verylow rise;on it a fewcoarsesherds,possiblyprehistoric, hillockofmarl,strikingly amid the black of the is alluvium, yellow surrounding perhaps20 m longby 1.5 m high. about140msouthoftheroadbetween SkalaandVlachioti, between theKokkinada Secondly, midway and is a small but hillock several metres above the It is Vlachioti, ridge steep rising plain. composedof and white with at its on sands, base, conglomerates yellowishporos possibleNeogen probably especially a smallledgeatitsnorthern In it is a case remnant of eroded or sunken edge. any pre-alluvial certainly marinedeposits, andbelongstothetwotonguesofNeogenfurther northacrosstheroad. Finally,to thenorthof the same road and thistimebetweenKokkinadaand Skala,withinthe alluviumoftheTsasiside-basin, low undulations in a hillockabout 1 m above theplain, culminate withremains, as I was told,ofa chapel.These couldwellbe submerged 'marine'sandsand marls, into the side-basin from the west and since the torrents north, east, running feedingthisbasinare all and the Fill and Older are to be here. The tectoniceffects insignificant Younger unlikely verydeep whichcouldbe involved,witha patternof regulartroughsand lateralfaulting withintheregional in south-eastern are shown fig. trend, 13.3.

4. ANALYSIS:THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE REGIONAL LANDSCAPE (i) The Regional Soils Withtheexception ofthelocallyremarkable schist plateauofLagio,theas yetunexplained promontory ofAyiosStephanos, and theharboursiteofTrinasos, I hope to have demonstrated that,despitefirst allknownprehistoric andpre-Medieval areconfined toPlioceneandPleistocene appearances, findspots marinesandsand marls.One has onlyto consideron themaps (figs.13.1-13.2),howmuchofthe no traceofoccupation, to see thatoursampleis no randomone,butshowsa very landscapeexhibits in theSpartaValley,in the and one whichis to be foundequallystrongly clearlocationalpreference, PlainandPeninsula ofArgos,in theAyiopharango ofCrete,andon theislandsofAeginaandEuboea. As I haveshownelsewhere,51 soilscan be putintothreebroadgroups: Mediterranean whichare,exceptin karstdepressions, calledterra rossa, soils,sometimes (a) thehardlimestone poor in quantity and quality; 49Waterhouseand Hope Simpson i960, 105. 50See §3 (i).

51Bintliff 19770.

THE REGIONAL GEOLOGY AND EARLY SETTLEMENT OF THE HELOS PLAIN §4

539

(b) the metamorphicand volcanic group,which generallyhave a high potentialin the parentrock but where favourableconditionsfor soil developmentand for the enteringinto availabilityof fertilepropertiesin the rock are veryrarelymet with,e.g. the schistdiscussedabove;52 (c) the softlimestonegroup,whichdeveloped on the sands and marlsformedin shallow seas, most commonlyofthePliocene period.This is highlyfertilesoil,the 'Rendsina' oftheold classification, and one whichveryeasilyweathersinto a favourablesoil, and is also verylightforthe purposes of cultivation.The Rendsinas have a particularabilityto retainmoistureand humus,i.e. the nitrogenso lackingin mostMediterraneansoils. [(d) a fourthgroupof soils mustof coursebe added, thosedeveloped on the older Pleistocenealluviacolluvia (theOlder Fill series)and on the Holocene alluvia (theYoungerFill series).] in the otherareas mentionedabove can obviouslybe shownto However,whilstthe earlysettlement fertilesoil,in concentrateon theRendsinas,because theretheyformextensivezones of easily-worked our area mostof the siteson the Neogen existmerelyas smallislandsof Rendsina amid the alluvium. I have alreadybegun above53to set out the evidence thatthisalluviumis, to a depthof manymetres in our plain, a post-Classical deposition.The potteryof the fillin the Bourba valley,the relationship betweenthe Late Roman or Byzantinebuildingat Trinisaand the fill2-3 m highbehind it, and the complete absence of any ancient or prehistoricfindsfromthe alluvium of the plain, are wholly predictable frommy own work on the Younger Fill elsewhere in Greece and fromthat of the citedabove.54[However,as was noted earlier,we now considerthe YoungerFill to geomorphologists have been depositedin discreteperiods duringthe last 4000 years,of which one, the Late RomanByzantine,may be evidenced at Trinasos.] ofthepre-Romanlandscape,essentialto set our sitesin theiroriginal The keyto thereconstruction environmental context,lies in regionaltectonics,whichis a long-termand fairlyconsistentmoulding force in landscape-evolutionall over Greece. The reader will no doubt have noticed, frommy geographicaldiscussionand perhaps fromthe maps (figs. 13.1-2), thatthereis a dominantsoutheasterlytrendto all the mountains,hill-chainsand valleysin Laconia. In thisdirectionsome areas are depressed,whereas othersare relativelyuplifted,i.e. experience relativeuplift.Again, consistently linethereis a consistent downwardfaulting towardsthesea. Although to south-east alongthisnorth-west in places the transitionbetween 'down' and 'up' areas is abruptand a cliffis found,e.g. where the Taygetusmassifmeets the Sparta valley,in most cases we can findexamples where the upliftedor remnantraisedzones are warped at the edges,i.e. to east and westthereare stepsleading down to the sunkenzones, fig. 13.30 illustratesthese threetendencies,and fig. 13.3ε shows schematicallytheir operationin the topographyof the Helos area. We knowthattheseprocesseshave consistently operatedfrompre-Pliocenetimes,and the factthat I foundPleistocenemarinedepositsonlyon thelowerhillocksoftheNeogen,namelythelowerLekas surfaces,Ayios Nikolaos, and Asteri-Dragatsoula,is a strongargumentthatalreadyby thattimethe patternof alternating'ridge and furrow'hill-chainsin a south-easternstrikehad been created by at the end ofthePliocene,a level plateau ofmarinebeds. faultingcontinuingfromwhatwas certainly, Now thelow Neogen featureson fig. 13.1 can be tiedintodown-warpingto east and westfromsoutheasterndipping and ordered ridges,and the bridgingsaddles and hillocksthat must connect the smallerto the largerhillsare certainlyto be foundat no greatdepth.We have alreadysuggestedthe necessityof picturingthe area minusthe top 5 to 15 m of recentalluvium,and thiswould definitely reveal these linkingdeposits.What I am puttingforward,then,on field data is the existenceof a buriedlandscape,whose formis in manyplaces barelyhiddenby latersedimentsof terrestrial origin. In the north-west, northand north-eastpartsof the plain, thislandscape was one of alternating high and low hill-groupsof fertileNeogen, which formedthe centre of all pre-Romanoccupation and agriculture, apartfromthe exceptionsnoted above. revision [The requiredhereis to expand more clearlymy originalcomments55 regardingtheEurotas Deltaic Fill. In the Vita-Finzischeme,duringInterglacialhigh-sea-levels, riversalwayshad bed-loads, and if the load was not very high,the bulk of it was deposited at the endpointof the riversystem all their concerned,i.e. thesea or a lake. But when erosionincreased,riversprovedunable to transport increasedload (technicallytheylost 'competence') and deposited this along theircourses,not least assistedin givingthe streamsmore energy.For increasingthe angle of downwardflow,whichfurther the 'normal' of Mediterranean streamsin an Interglacial Vita-Finzi, therefore, phase periodwas associated 52See §3 (vii). 53See §3.

54See §3 (i). 55Bintliff 19770.

J. L. BINTLIFF

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ofalluvia.Conversely, once inlandriverine withthecreation ofcoastaldeltas,andminimal deposition the hinterland stream-loads would would decline and erosion coastal erosion pileup along high began, we wouldexpecttheformation ofthisfortheHelosPlainwasstraightforward: valleys.The implication alluvialepisodes whichmightat timesofhinterland ofa Eurotasdeltafromlaterprehistory onwards, oftheYoungerFillwouldhavebeento thicken I had assumedthattheeffect havereduceditsgrowth. deltaicmarshintoa genuineplain,at leastin theinnerHelos Plain.The thecoastaldelta,converting was indeedsupported of this existence by theHomericname Helos or 'marsh'forthe proto-plain that severalalluvialphasesofEurotasalluviation there were entire One mustnowaccept probably region. have built in thelast4000 years,each ofwhichcouldalso up theinnerdeltato drierand potentially thiscertainly has Bronze land.SinceAyiosStephanos major cultivable impliesthat, Age occupation, alluvial the Holocene of the settlement there,parts plaincouldwellhave duringthemajorphasesof themucholdersoiltypeswhichI havejustdiscussed. resource a significant formed alongside agricultural to below.] in BronzeAge is a pointI shallreturn the existed Exactlyhowmuchofthealluvialplain in the small I noted fine Fill be considered. should The place oftheOlder valleynorthexamples in thesmall and also at a and the under whichsankrapidly eastofLekasPanayiotis, goodangle, plain I have noted that usual effect hills the Between fanat themouthof thegorgenearAsteri.56 marly Fillin the Older and hollows fills the elsewhere occurred:reddishslope-wash represents intervening than that of much lower a sea-level to to Neogendeposits.The Older Fill has been shown grade m c. 100 below to be this level we know was climaxWiirm, today;sinceitslastheightofdeposition 56See §§3 (iv) and (vi) above.

THE REGIONAL GEOLOGY AND EARLY SETTLEMENT OF THE HELOS PLAIN §4

541

could be used, smallsamplethoughit is, to thepresentsea-level.The steepnessof our valley-fill further outto sea thanitis today,witha far was much that at of its formation the Gulf the time suggest amountofthesedimentthatis now in it,whether and thata considerable lowersea-levelterminus, withc.40 m of did notthenexist.A coredrilledwithintheplainprovesthis,57 marineor terrestrial, filldatingfromafter7,000 bc (see coreEB-2 in fig. 13.5). wouldexhibitOlderFillwashoftheir In ourprehistoric then,theNeogenhill-chains occupation, in depressions, the Tsasi side-basin owncomposition where,as we know,58 e.g. onlya shallowYounger with Fillis suspectedand olderfeatures are almostvisibleon thesurface- a situation incompatible theabsolutely even surfaceof theYoungerFill; some of thisbasin shouldconsistof derivedmarls amongstlow marlyhillocks.The OlderFillshouldalso appearat no greatdepthbetweentheknolls notjoined at greatdepthand a withsitesnearto and westofSkala,wheretheseknollsare certainly in theplainthatcannot is lacking.In thisarea,in fact,I observedundulations directsediment-bearer In anycase, nowobscuredby ploughing. olderfeatures be due to theYoungerFillbutshouldreflect an extensive thedatefromcoreEB-2 ofafter7,000bc (fig.13.5)precludesanyolderfillfromcreating bodyoflandin ourplainafterthepost-Glacialrisein sea-level.The plainwas notcreatedtillearly Medievaltimes,longafterthistransgression. The Helos PlainattheendofthelastIce Agewouldhave [Thebulkofthisanalysisremainscorrect. ofundulating and consisted poroshills,betweenwhichhad been depositedGlacialOlderFill Neogen and to sediments, grading descending some 100 m belowmodernsea-leveland to a Glacialshoreline outto sea fromthatoftoday.DuringtheHolocene,thissteeperplainwasfilledbytensof considerably of alluvial sediment derivedchiefly from theRiverEurotas, whoselastphaseofdeposition metres occurred thuscreating a levelplaingrading downtocontemporary sea-level nearpresent sea-levels, veryslightly whicharestillbelowsea-level).] (exceptfortherecentlagooninfill-zones, (ii) Ayios Stephanos, Helos and Changes in Sea-Level Butletus return to theenigmatic siteofAyiosStephanos.On itsnorthern sidethepromontory drops sheerintothealluvium,and thereis over 1 kmbeforetheNeogenof Lekas slowlyrisesfromthe ofblackearthandfenas far,respectively, breaksthemonotony marsh;totheeastandsouthno feature as theEurotasand thesea. As can be seenon mymaps(figs.13.1 and 13.3),theschistat itseastern endthatforms theknollofthesite,separatedby a slightsaddlefromthelimestone ofthebulkofthe is hills continued schist to the and the same for the ourtectonic north-west, limestone; ridge, goes by all therocksofthearea equally.Removethehistoricalluviumand moreof theschist trendaffects oftheLekashillsto thispointwouldput However,theextrapolation mayappearto thenorth-west. themtensofmetresbelowthepresentsurfaceoftheplain. A crucialbutcomplicated factorto introduce nowis changein sea-level.It is generally agreedthat a relativerisein sea-levelsincetheClassicalperiod,and thereis theAegeancoastshaveexperienced someevidencethatthisprocessgoesbackintotheprehistoric period.Trinasosin ourarea,and sites aroundGytheion further the are of a along coast, part largebodyofsitesnowpartlyor whollyunder water.In nearlyall casesa 2-3 m relativerisesincetheClassicalperiodcan be accepted.Ifmorethan thisdepthofpostClassicalalluviumis presentat a coastallocation,thereis a strongpossibility that thatarea was at one timeocean. In thesecases theamountof alluvium, whichwe can now dateto historictimes,exceededthe transgressing sea. Well-known the examplesof thisare Thermopylae, Maeandercoastalplain,and the Thorikosand Brauronplains,whileI believethatit can also be demonstrated forancient harbours on MelosandintheArgosPlainandPeninsula. I willnowhypothesise thatthepace ofrelativerisein sea-levelthroughout theprehistoric of occupation ourareawas ofthe sameorderas thatattested overGreeceforthelast2,500years.Forthefirst at well-attested settlement then,sea-levelwouldhavebeen4-6 m lowerrelativeto thelandthanitis today. AyiosStephanos, theSea-levelEffect andtheDeltaicAlluvialEffect arethemostimportant inaccounting [Inretrospect, fortheHolocenedevelopment oftheHelos Plainand ofthetopography ofAyiosStephanos. In 1973, themostrecentstatement of changein Aegeansea-levelhad been thatof Flemming.59 He believed thattherecentapparentrisein sea-levelaroundtheAegeancoasts,backintolaterprehistory, was the resultofverylong-term tectonicdown-warping ofGreeceand Turkey, (geologicaltimescale) pushing thelanddownintotheocean,and withitformer coastalsites.Thisquitesoon appearedto me to be sinceat innumerable had mappedand dated impossible, pointsaroundtheGreekcoastsgeologists fossilcoastalformations of theLast and previousInterglacials, oftenat no greatverticaldifference 57Kraft, Aschenbrenner and Rapp 1977. 58See (v) above. §3

59 Flemming1972; cf.Bintliff 19770, 13-26.

542

J. L. BINTLIFF

fromthecurrent sea-levelheight.Giventheimmensetime-periods ofhundreds ofyears, ofthousands theseformations marineheight,had the simplycouldnothave remainednotfarfrompresent-day ratesobservedin recentmillennia(aroundι m risein sea-levelperthousandyears)beentheproduct ofa unilinear tectonic trend.The onlyalternative was to takethesunkensitesas essentially recording a riseofthesea itself('eustatic' ofthegreatice change)overtheland,in thecontextofthemelting thatEBA AyiosStephanoswouldhavebeen sheetsofthelastGlacialera. On thisbasisI suggested a its to marine which was c.6m below adjacent presentlevel. bay with earlier conclusion can now be ourlatestauthoritative reviewofAegeansea[My compared levelchange.60 On thetime-scale ofthelast 100,000yearsor so, theAegeanis foundto have been stablein termsoflong-term tectonicwarpingof coastlandsup or down,apartfromwellrelatively thatdo countin mobileseaknownhighly-volatile such as the Gulfof Corinth.The effects regions in and to levelsare thendue to ice-sheet balancingeffects long-distance melting Interglacial phases, due tothedisplacement ofequilibrium forceson landmasseswhenice sheetsbuildup orwasteaway, and to effects on off-shore coastswithvariablewaterloadingas seas riseand fallbetweenInterglacial at the movedrapidlyup froma low-point and Glacialperiods.Crucially, sea-levelsdue to ice-melt to around6000 yearsago, lastGlacialheight,c. 20,000 yearsago, of some 130 m belowpresent, naturalhigh-point. achieveditswarmest whenourcurrent Sea-levels,otherthingsbeing Interglacial this at their level for would then have been (i.e.theHolocene),wereit Interglacial highest equal, by ice-sheet whichhavehad the notforthelandand sea equilibrium withdrawal, following adjustments millennia effect fortheAegeanofallowingsea-levelsto continueto creepupwardsin thesucceeding tilltoday.The rateof thispost-7000yearsbp sea risefortheSouthAegeanis, as I had originally at around1 m permillennium,61 i.e. -6 m for6000 bp and -1.5 m for2000 bp. supposed,estimated Thisallowsme to staywithmyoriginalsea-levelreconstructions. As we haveseenearlier, contribution. [HeretheEurotasDeltaicFillmakesitsessential alreadyinthe Vita-Finzi schemethisFillwas assumedto have been pouringintotheHelos Plainfromprehistoric on thisprocessofthe theLast GlacialOlderFill.Now we mustconsidertheeffect times,overlying from a rise from scenarioforsea-level outlined 20,000-6000bp, -130 m toaround-6 m, rapid just till 1 m millennium a a mere or so followed per today.Duringthephaseofrapid by veryslowriseof so thattheseriverine with too thinto compete rise,DeltaicFillis normally deposits risingsea-levels, intoan encroaching sea thatis movinginland.Itis onlywhentherateofriseinsea-leveldropsto empty andgradually assertitsdominanceoverthesea, slowmodethattheDeltaicFillcan competeseriously, as theriverdelta interval thecoastline backandouttosea.Eventhen,therewillbe a significant pushing abovethe deltaicplaintotally fillsin the(tillrecently) risingsea basinand can emergeas a prograding citiesaroundtheAegeanis Thisis one ofthemainreasonswhytherecordof Greco-Roman seas.62 ofancientportsandhistoric remarkable casesofthelandlocking marked landscapessuchas the bytruly erosionhashelpedtoboost we cannowadmitthathumanly-provoked PassatThermopylae, although thedepthofDeltaicFillin ancienttimes. ofcombining thefastto slowsea-levelcurvewiththeDeltaicFillis to arguethatthere [Theeffect or Holocenetimes.In the wouldbe twoclearphasesin theinfilloftheHelos Plainduringpostglacial between than was much lower first sea-level 10,000and 6000 bp today,thoughrisingrapidly phase, Plain district thenconsisted The m to modern m -6 to around around (from height). -130 compared then ofa ringofNeogen,schistandlimestone hills,witha lowergirdleofrecentmarineporosdeposits, sea-level to a in thelowlanda steepseriesofOlderFilldepositsdescending point steeply deep glacial whichwas nowswallowedup by theadvancingsea. The riseofthesea was toorapidfortheEurotas Deltaicalluviato competewith,so thesewouldmostlyhaveemptiedintotherisingwatersofthebay as submarine pointoftheEurotasintothePlainwouldthedeltahavebeen deposits.Onlyattheentry to and enough maintaina subaerialpresenceas a visiblesurfacefan,the highenough replenished intothe Helos and further Plain. this whole Over periodthe sea encroachedfurther proto-Helos rise our of In the second its modern inland from well Plain, sequence, in sea-level phase position. and fromaround6000 bp to thepresentitrosea mere1 m or so on average sloweddownabruptly, been able to and has continually per 1000 years.Now theEurotasdeltaprovedfarmorepowerful, fill themarine had to Delta the At inlet. former oceanic at of the the however, first, expense expand the drill-cores results of with the This alluvial as a it could before basin, agrees plain. emerge dry-land sediments mixedmarineandfreshwater andRapp63thatc.40 m ofestuarine, Aschenbrenner ofKraft, 60Lambeck 1996. 61Lambeck 1996, fig.4C-d.

62Bintliff2000; 2002.

63Kraft, and Rapp 1977. Aschenbrenner

THE REGIONAL GEOLOGY

AND EARLY SETTLEMENT

OF THE HELOS PLAIN §4

543

havebeenlaiddownin theplainsincearound7000 bc,thebulkofitin itslowersectionsdepositedin a marineenvironment (see fig. 13.5). I sketchedout in 1977 remainsbroadlyvalid (cf.fig. 13.6): tilltheEBA, scenario [The general settlement whenAyiosStephanosdevelopsintoa significant (c. 4000-5000 bp),thesitestoodon a ofthePlainwere with whilst the other Bronze waters on three sides, Age settlements promontory bay in theNeogen-poros hillandor on theborderofthosesoft,fertile eithernestling soils,theproto-Delta landwhich andthesea.The sea wasmuchfurther inlandthantoday.TherewaslimitedDeltaicestuary so thattheoldersoilswere was dryenoughto farm,butmuchmoresuitedto grazingand hunting, the of theHelos Plain.Progressively morecentralto theagricultural of the settlements production EurotasDelta tookadvantageof the low rateof risein sea-levelto push itselfoutwardsoverthe tothewest,southandeast.The build-upofcoastalsandbars greater formerly bayandmarinemarshes, it alsoisolatedareasofopenwaterfromthesea as lagoons,on theextremities oftheDelta'sinfluence; in till that this Modern times. These remained ocean remnants inlets, appears happened early recently on thewestand eastoftheHelos Plainin theBronze ofharbourentries fortheimportant settlements times.] Age and Greco-Roman Letus nowbringintothediscussion anothersite,one thathas beenmythical forrathertoolongHelos. This city,afterwhichthe Plain is named,is citedin the HomericCatalogueof Ships as a 'cityon the sea'.64In earlyhistorictimesit forcesto theTrojanWar;it is explicitly contributing was conqueredby theexpandingSpartankingdom, havingbeen tillthena bastionof 'bronzeage' stockagainstthe intrusive Dorian settlers to the north.In the Classicalperiodit was considered and in the2ndcentury ad it important enoughand accessibleenoughforan Athenianfleetto raid,65 was visitedby Pausaniasin his tourof Greece.Pausaniasnotesthatthesitewas in ruins,thougha there.66 He quiteclearlylocatesit on theeasternedge ofthePlain,and, veryancientcultcontinued as we saw above,67 it was thecollectionof marbles,tilesand pottery in thehillsnearAsteriat the siteof Sto Manolaki(fig. 13.2) thatled Wace and Hasluckto its locationthere,together witha milestone on themainroadin itsvicinity.68 It is rathersurprising to see Waterhouse and Hope SimpsonsuggestthatHelos was in factAyios On the east of the atAsteriandAyiosStrategos, the finds withimportant Stephanos.69 plain, Mycenaean in the tholos the and evidence of theDark e.g. occupation, region, only probablecontinuity through the or Geometric material at common with findsof Asteri, Ages,e.g. Protogeometric veryfrequent Classicaland laterdateall overthesehills,leave no doubtin mymindthatHomericand Classical Heloslayin theareaofAsteriandAyiosStrategos. The Mycenaeantowncouldbe eitherofthesetwo withitsroyaltomband itsproximity evennow to thesea. sites,butmoreprobablyAyiosStrategos Wewouldprobablysearchin vainfortheClassicaltown,as itis normally acceptedthatareasdirectly underSpartiate rulelackednucleated monumental centres butwerecloselyspacedvillages.Themarbles and so on,as signsofcivicpretension, wouldreflect thecollapseofSpartiate traditions ofsettlement in theHellenistic and Romanperiods. We have nothingat AyiosStephanosbetweentheLBA and theMedievalperiodexcepttheodd findofHellenistic toRomandate,70 and a smallsiteofsimilardate,possiblya farm, on a terracetothe nor can Lekas finds. With the two west; sites,AyiosStephanos giveany significant post-prehistoric andAyiosStrategos, in mind,letus lookat themapofN. Memmou(fig.13.4).According tohisbrief it shows how the sediments of the Plain Helos have been note,71 accompanying depositedby the Eurotas river and the It minor Bourba. also shows the former extent of two that major largemarshes, ofTrinasosto thewest,and thatofHelos on theeast;thesehave been drainedonlyin thelastfew overtheplain, decades,and in factpatchesofmarshstillexistamongthemaze of drainage-canals in these areas. The two rivers their load of sediment on especially dumped reachingthelessened inclineoftheplain,in characteristic alluvialfanswiththetypicalradialand convexform.The radial factor is shownwellon fig.13.4.The markedconvexity oftheEurotasfanis a veryobviousfeature if one looks across the plain fromeitherits easternor westernedge: the centreof the plain is to Memmou,72 theareasleastaffected clearlyseveralmetreshigherthanitsedges.Againaccording by thisalluvialspreadwerethosemostremotefromit - clearlytheouterpartsof theplaintowards thesea (cf.fig. 13.4). These areasreceivedleastsedimentand last;in his view,theywereareasof sea or open lagoontillveryrecently. In supportof his argument, he mentionscoresgoingdown 64Homer,Iliadu 584. 65Boite 1Q13, 201.

66Paus,πι 22.3. 67See §a vi). 68Wace and Hasluck 1908-9, 161-2.

69Waterhouse and Hope Simpsoni960, 101-3. 70See below. Chapter 71Memmou 14 §5 (i) 1967. 72Memmou 1967.

J· L· BINTLIFF

544

at 20 and40 m abovesea level. Fig. 13.4.Generaldevelopment ofthesediments oftheHelosPlain,withcontours

no coresweremade near our zones of 'buried severalm intoall areas of theplain (unfortunately These met recent alluvium (cf.fig.13.5),butin thetwoareasofmarsh,levels landscape'). everywhere musselswerefoundonlyc. 1 m down. ofrecentsalt-water oftheplain,incidental dataon the Memmou'sotherserviceis to give,on a seriesofcross-sections Fromthisitis clearhowthecentralfanofthe actualheightsabove sea-levelofitsvarioussections.73 zonesofmarsh, Eurotasdescendsfrom11m abovesea-levelto c.3 m nearthesea,whileourformer areatpresent and the other around around theone curiously AyiosStrategos, AyiosStephanos exactly from 1 m These zones are almost down. areasofnegative sea-level, reverting negative onlyprevented thatactuallyconveywaterfrombehindthemarshesat an elevationover to oceanby drainage-canals at thecoast.The removalofonly2 m of ofsand-dunes 1 m abovethemtothesea,andbythebarrier in alluviumin thesetwoareaswould,ifwe allowforchange sea-level,putthesitesin questionin the Classicalperiodon oceaniclagoonsor even,iftheduneswereremoved,on theopensea. Memmou's ofmarineshells. coresshoweddarkrecentalluviumtodescend3 m in theseareas,withintercalations sea and a between of thesetwo depositsclearlyreflects rivalry The juxtaposition transgressing m than of alluvium accumulated more As we saw above,in all areaswhere alluvium. 3 accumulating Eurotas above theformer sea-level,theland won,e.g. in thecentreofthePlain,wherethemightly was as on the edges depositedmorethan10 m ofalluvium.However,wheresediment thin, certainly recoveredtheland.The sandthesea wontillsandand drainage-projects ofthefansin ourmarshes, a postClassicalbuild-upovertheAegean;one maycompare,forexample,the dunesseemto reflect wheretheyoverliean alreadyerodedYoungerFilland theLate Romanbuilding.74 case ofTrinasos,

73Memmou !967·

74See §3 (vii) above.

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(iii) The Evolution of the Eurotas Delta Itis normalforriverine deltastosinkas theirsediment Eurotasis likely also,theperennial compresses; Fillincreased tohavebeenemptying sediment intothePlainbeforetheYounger generalstream-alluvial I wouldsay,therefore, thatin theprehistoric there would accumulation. period alreadyhaveexisteda deltaaroundSkala,butitsthinner smaller versionofthepresent would have beenmoreprone expanses In otherwords,thesituation to marshiness. whichat presentprevailsin thelow areasoftheformer withthinsediment marshes andhighwater-table is transferred toan earlierstageoftheformation ofthe far Plain and moved further the as as and Helos Leimonas. This Plain,perhaps up present-day wouldaccountforthename'Helos',whichmeans'marsh'andseemsalreadytohavebeenusedforthe area in Mycenaeantimes.Sand-dunesdo, however,reflect on-shore winds;henceit is predominant that similar have affected our That the Plain hasfora long delta. likely ponding-up may proto-Eurotas timebeen an area ofalternating terrestrial and marinesediment is shownby deep coresanalysedby Bedrocknearthesouthern Aschenbrenner andRapp.75 endofthepresent deltawasnotreached Kraft, at69 m down;thisbearsoutourconclusions on thesteepfallofthehillstothenorth.76 The bulkofthe a c. m inthis seems to be but level of down reflects or conditions marine, lagoon estuary deposit peat 40 areain about7,000bc (drill-core EB-2 in fig.13.5).This,itshouldbe noted,is especiallydue to the as theglaciersmeltedin theperiodbetween8,000and4,000bc.Though risein sea-level, post-Glacial thispeatwas presumably soon swampedby transgressing sea, thedepthofthisfindshowsboththe lowerlevelstillat thattimeand mostprobablya good amountofsediment-compression. Mostofthe fill at I above this to the recent the seem of marine would like to top origin. deposits peat emphasizethe value of the date of thiscore. We have seen thatthe Older Fill ceased to be depositedover the at theend of theWurmperiod(c. 8,000-10,000bc), and thenextmajorphase of Mediterranean was thedeposition in the sedimentation oftheYoungerFill.So almostall ofthec.40 m ofdeposition Helos Plain after7,000 bc shouldbe eitherpost-Classicalalluviumor marinesediment.In both casesthiswouldleaveus withtheinevitable conclusion most that,previoustothehistorical deposition, ofthePlainwas sea. [I haverevisedthislastsectionin thepreceding note.The build-upofthedelta fromtheBronzeAge tomoderntimesrather thanbeing abovesea-levelis nowa steadydevelopment on postfocusedprimarily Classicaltimes.] thisreconstruction thatearlysettlers, One cansupport from severalpoints. tothosewhosuggest Firstly, inthesameareas,concentrated likepresent-day farmers on irrigated one can show howalmost crops,77 all sitesofallperiodsbeforeLateRomanorByzantine arefoundon theNeogenhills,whicharefirst-rate zonesandcentres ofmodernwheatandoliveproduction, butpractically uselessforirrigated dry-farming nor used for such the value of these. the main Moreover, irrigated crops today,despite high cash-crops thatareMedievalinnovations. arecitrus-fruits The reasonforthisneglectofthealluvialareasis simply, as we haveseen,thattheydidnotthenexistintheirpresent form. As canbe shownfrommyotherareathe farmer was confronted with filledattheiredgeswithNeogen studies,78 pre-Medieval valleysgenerally in and OlderFillpiedmont and their with remnants centres of otherterraces ofOlderFillof deposits, At the coasts that Fillled to the Holocene erosion followed the of the Older poorishquality. deposition thinalluvialsoil of a deltaicnature,i.e. thin,poorlydrainedand of littlevalue exceptforsummer thataccumulated in theLateRomanYoungerFill grazing. Onlywiththemassiveamountsofsediment didtherearisea largeareaoffreshalluviumofgood,fineconsistency; thecitrusbyluckycoincidence fruits andlatercottonarrivedtotakefulladvantageofit.Possibly thetime-lag betweentheearlystages oftheYoungerFillandthearrivalofthefruit-crops of mayaccountforthelateevidenceofexploitation thenewalluviallands.[I wouldnowallowan earlierdevelopment ofa cultivable innerEurotasDelta, butitwouldnothavebeena largeareacomparedtothemarshier estuarine moresuitable for component in and Bronze and Classical times the name The (hence regional Marsh).] grazing, hunting fishing Age Another factor wastheneedtoreacha highlevelofalluviumthatwouldbe easiertodrain delaying indeedwe knowthatin LateMedievaltimesalluviation and cultivate; ceasedandnaturalincisionand of the terraces thus revealed. The withconcomitant malariathat drainagebegan drainage-problems most of lowland Greece to account for the of Now communities. help siting many plagued peripheral thatirrigation and drainageis secureand theriverswell incised,the centresof exploitation have tothemoreeconomicalplain-centre, shifted wheremodernHelos and Leimonasareexpanding at the of the rim-communities. Souli and Vlachioti from their more concerned Skala, were, location, expense withthealluviumoftheplainthanwiththeNeogen,butin thepreviously fever-ridden and swampy 75 Kraft,Aschenbrennerand Rapp 1977, withfigs. 13.5-1 3.6. 7(iCf. §4 (ii) above.

"E.g. Loy 1967. 78Bintliff 19770, 171-666.

THE REGIONAL GEOLOGY AND EARLY SETTLEMENT OF THE HELOS PLAIN §4

547

Fig. 13.6.Geomorphic sitesandtheapproximate environments, mapoftheHelosPlain,showing present-day prehistoric oftheBronzeAge shoreline. position

conditions oftheplainmanyotherperipheral villages,suchas Stephaniá,Myrtea,Tsasiand Asteri, still have devoted much of their labour to thesurrounding marls.79 may (iv) The Pre-Medieval Settlement-Pattern Thusthepre-Medieval in theHelos areaaremostadequatelyexplainedas farming settlement-patterns settlements on Neogenhillsforcerealsand olives,withgrazingforsheepand goats concentrating further hillsof schistand hardlimestone out,and horseson the deltaicmarshesand the infertile roundabout,withthe exceptionalschistplateauat Lagio beinganothercentreforfarmers. Three coastalsettlements, and would have been Trinasos, AyiosStephanos AyiosStrategos, occupied,only one ofwhich,AyiosStrategos, had an immediate fertile thisperhapsexplainsitsoverriding hinterland; It is surelymorethana coincidence thatthetwomajorprehistoric importance. sites,AyiosStephanos an immediate without and hinterland, agricultural AyiosStrategos suspectedofbeingHomer's'city on thesea', are in precisely theonlytwoareasoftheplainofnegativesea-leveland knownmarine in thepast.The imported infiltration findsat AyiosStephanosand thecurious'tip'situation ofAyios the was associated in the lowest non-alluvial zones with small [The Strategos support picture. Neogen areasoffertile and in thecentreand northof porossoils,whichincludesareasnearAgiosStephanos, the Plain the innerpartsof the slowlyexpandingEurotasDelta could have been highlyfertile if unstableland.] The collectionoffaunafromAyiosStephanosconfirms theimportance ofmarineexploitation for thecommunity, sincefish-bones and seashellsareplentiful in thehabitation-levels.80 The sitecertainly 79Forfulldocumentation ofthissequencesee Bintliff 19770, 451-98.

80See Chapter12 §§4-5 above.

548

J. L. BINTLIFF

exhibits overseascontacts itsoccupation, strong throughout notablywithCrete.Sincethewell-known occurnearthesite,itwas mostprobablythecentrefortheexportofthe sourcesoflapislacedaemonius findsof thisstoneat BronzeAge Knossosand elsewhere.Trinasoswas probablythe centrefor inRomantimes,andwaswellplacedforsendingoutthestonequarriednearertoKrokeai, exportation wherewe knowthatthe Romanshad quarriesforthisstone,thenoftenused as an architectural ofAyios ofthisstonefortheestablishment ornament. However,I wouldnotstressthesignificance Nottill EBA lacedaemonius to be in the before after which, all, lapis began exploited. began Stephanos, of theexistence theRomanperiodis therea scrapofevidencethatthedemandforthestonejustified at in levels the the is a centreforitsexportation. lacedaemonius occupation Lapis actuallyinfrequent and of lapislacedaemonius are nowmuchbetterunderstood.81] site.[Theroleoffishing forthe LBA in boththe Spartaand the I was able to establisha tentative settlement-hierarchy for wereat aboutan hour'swalkfrom with tholos tombs Plain. royalty, Argos normally Majorcentres, were each other;smallercentreswithchambertombsforthe lesserlandownersand folk-leaders in thisarea distanceson foot.However,as was notedabove,82 and at abouthalf-hourly intermediate evidencein somepartsofthePlain,despitee.g.chambertombsin the thecleargapsin thesettlement to considerthesurvey-data and led both Waterhouse inadequate Hope Simpsonand myself vicinity, oftheLBA. However,one can saythatthereexistat eithersideofthe foreventhelargercommunities Plaintwopairedcentresofthisdate,eachpairbeingc. 25 minutes aparton foot.In thecase ofAyios latter a the has tholos and the former tomb, probablechambertombs;henceI suspect Strategos Asteri, None was dominant. We shouldthenlookforanothercentrefortheTsasiside-basin. thattheformer and the to be taken far there can known of the sitesso community largesettlements, represent to thechambertombsat Tsasiis so farlacking;perhapsit is to be foundby Myrtea. corresponding Again,thepossiblechambertombsat Kokkinadaarehardlyaccountedforby thescantyMycenaean nearVlachioti, one mightexpecttofindanothercentreofimportance findson thehillthere.In theory and to thelargemodernvillage,and thena smallercentreforKokkinada Tsasi,which corresponding based on is no morethanspeculation thisprediction are actuallyquitecloseto each other;however, numerous examplesofregularspacingofcentresin otherstudy-areas. mostof massconstituting A gap betweencentres, largeand small,is tobe expectedfortheinfertile hamlets farms and what are here of smaller area the thenorthern certainly supported Neogen plain; only,at AyiosNikolaos,AyiosIoannisandXeronisi.ButtheLekasareais,evennow,a largezone of arounda largecentreat evidenceof severalsmallerfarm-sites and the surviving fertile rendsinas, without even of the abundance is justified Lekas Panayiotis soil, my additionsto its preferred by whilethelatter on footacrossthePlainfromAyiosStephanos, is 25 minutes LekasPanayiotis extent. in as was areas of fertile lacksanysignificant above, and, (i) fields, §4 always probably suggested large centres makethetwocontemporary Classicalfillwas deposited.I wouldtherefore did so tillthepostof Lekas and tradingfunctions AyiosStephanoswouldhave exercisedthefishing complementary: settlements that both It is latter for on the but agricultural products. quitepossible Panayiotis, depended whichmay have movedto AyiosStephanosin summer, wereoccupiedby the same community, work and sailingin generalweremostfavourableand leastpressureof agricultural whenfishing Greece.83 in recenttraditional is verywellattested existed.Thisdual settlement-pattern [I am morescepticalofthisseasonaltheorynowthanin 1977. The pairingofinlandand coastal, used by the same community, intoa seasonalalternation and/oruplandand lowland,settlements centuries 18th to the 20th in Greece common ad, seemsto be tiedto early during althoughvery economics.It is unclear modern and levels of conditions historical early population security, specific if we can utilisesuch pairingsforpast millenniawithoutseriousmodifications. Moreover,the use ofthe to does not from available now evidence point temporary AyiosStephanos archaeological makeitslocation ofAyiosStephanos resources On theotherhand,thealwayspoorfarming settlement. oflife valuein termsofmarineaccess,beggingthequestionofhow thebasicnecessities ofprimary that of status wereobtained.The richerpotentialoftheeasternPlainsuitsthehypothesised higher between times.Attheveryleasta necessary areain Mycenaeanand Greco-Roman interdependence or locationsis required.] settlements agricultural AyiosStephanosand hinterland Finally,aboutan hourfromLekas and AyiosStephanos,lies theLagio centreat theheartofits locallyexcellentfields,and probablywithits own access to the sea and a harbourat Trinisa,or findsare known. perhapsat Paizouliajustdownthecoastwhereprehistoric 81On the lattersee Chapter 14 §3 (vi), §4 (iii) and §5 below. KlSee $3 (v).

83Cf. my discussion in Bintliff19770, 1 1 1-30.

THE REGIONAL GEOLOGY AND EARLY SETTLEMENT OF THE HELOS PLAIN §4

549

(v) A Note on the Classical Period In the lightof my commentson the notableinterestshownby the Mycenaeansin placingtheir land available,a noteon thelaterhistory local centresclearlyamidthemostfertile of thearea is thepolicyofDorianSpartawas to takepersonalchargeof calledfor.As I pointedout elsewhere,84 themostfertile landsin Laconia,whichwerefarmedby descendants of theBronzeAge stock,the the areas to her subservient the Perioeci. As Böltehas shown,85 the Helots,leaving poorer allies, includedthe SpartaPlain and the Helos Plain,but alreadyat Trinasos heartlandof the Spartiates to we are in Perioecicland. We knowthatHelos was partof Spartiateland,thoughits reduction in is be discussion86 on the location hamlets the Classical to period expected.[Myoriginal dispersed is summarised and of ancientHelos in connectionwiththe evidencefromancientgeographers addedto Chapterΐ4·87] was proposedby Flanneryin a stimulating The modelmostapplicableto thissituation paperon He arguesthatwhene.g. 1% ofthepopulationcontrols10% of theriseof elitesin Mesopotamia.88 thenwe have thebasis forcontrolby theelite.The theland,whichproduces30% of theharvest, thatthey must have ensured,in theirland policy,firstly, were aware of this and Spartiates certainly in the did did need to work the themselves notgo hungry(nor fields, surplusbeingenough), they forfoodon theSpartiates' butalso thatthesurrounding Perioeciweredependent surplus.In another are stilldependenton the thesecore-zonesof fertility surrounding way,the uplandcommunities In summerthe mountainsare good forpasture,but in lowlandstoday,namelyin shepherding. lowlandsandfeed whichmustdescendtothesheltered fortheflocks, winter theyaretooinhospitable in turnmanuring thelowlanders'fields.Bothin the offthefallowland,stubbleand olive-cuttings, of recentpast and in the Classicalperiodwe possessrecordsof the purchaseby hill-shepherds in theplains.Here againa meansofcontrolis availableto thelowlandpowers: winter grazing-rights setin animalproductssuchas wool,kidsand cheese.89 thepriceis normally (vi) The Role of Water-Supplies and the Need for Defence and defensive has oftenbeen seen solelyin termsof water-supplies The locationof settlements it as in field has own from agriculture, my experience alwaysbeen requirements. My analysisbegins for and mostoftensitesshowno greatconsideration to considerthisfactorfirst, farmoreinstructive eitherwateror strategy. overmuchofourarea,withtheperennialEurotasand the Wateris nota problematic commodity in the no settlement that underlies of schist permeabledepositsand createsa spring-line; presence Tsasi it. The Asteri hill-chain and the need about north and centre zone,however,are of west, worry we are cut off fromfreshwateron and down by AyiosStrategos really permeablesandymarls, all in the western has its thesurface. edgeofthe functioning 1963.However, spring, AyiosStephanos Plain has aquifer-lines, and the springwould be just anotheradvantageto add to the priority, which of schistunderhardlimestone, itscoastallocation.Lekas is close to the samejuxtaposition are The of the around its modern neighbour, Stephania. springs Vasilopotamos givesgood springs availableforthesiteswestofSkala,thoughtheactuallocationsand sizesofsite,as was notedabove,90 reflect the arablepotentialratherthanthe abundantwater.Skala,withits nice steephill and two and theEurotas,shouldon theold viewbe a finelocationfora settlement, theVasilopotamos rivers, in a findsat all; theexplanation liesofcoursein otherpreferences butherethereareno pre-Medieval Withthe exceptionof the Lagio site,again,no settlements are knownin different environment. hillsto thenorth-west and westofourarea.The sitesgroupedaroundTsasiand Asteri thewater-rich and water-carriers. wouldbe relying on wells,cisterns As fordefence,Lekas and AyiosStephanosare not loftyhills,admittedly not proneto surprise in attackand withfairlyextensiveviews around,but hardlychosenfortheirnotabledifficulty themtoapparently scaling.Bothsiteshavea saddlelinking unoccupiedhills,thusmakingtheenemy's job easier.Reportsof defensivewallsat bothsitesare somewhatsuspect,and thesewallsare not in any case clearlyancient.Asteriis a verylargehill to defend,as is Kokkinada,and bothhave accessibleslopes;at neitherare defensive worksnoted.AyiosStrategos, thoughobviouslya major site,showsa neglectalso of defensiveprovisions;it is on verylow hillockswithno signof walls. 84Bintliff 85Bölte 19770,371-450. 1929. 86Bintliff 1977e,475-6. 87See Chapter14 §5 (i).

88 Flannery1969,94. 89See also the discussionin Bintliff 1977^ witha model landscape. 90See (ii)-(iii). §3

55O

J. L. BINTLIFF

somewhat off-centre relativeto itsland, The Lagio siteis on a steephillon all sides,and itsposition, a slightconcessionto defence. nearthesouthern end ofthefertile plateau,couldreflect In conclusion, attackby whereassomelargesitesshowa concernforprotection againstsurprise a in a is selected of all are from limited area which chosen taking degree advantage height, primarily forexceptional arableor marinepossibilities. The questionofwater-supply is evenlessinfluential.

Chapter14 and historical conclusions Summary R.Janko Author'snote:thisChaptergivesan overviewofthespecialisedstudiesin thisvolume,whichwere shouldalsotrytoreconstruct thenon-material written ofone another. Suchan overview independently tofalsification The informed here advanced are liable the material evidence. hypotheses byinterpreting sum of our and that account more for the new evidence new theories knowledge. completely by by unlessour that,as in everyfieldofstudy,we willnotprogress Theyare proposedin theconviction I am most toJohn base of evidence. and inferences rest on the widest grateful possible interpretations drafts ofthis and Vance Watrous for Rutter Seth Bintliff, Button,Olga Krzyszkowska, reading Jerry is of for those from errors and omissions. have saved me remaining Responsibility chapter; many they was closedinJuly2005. coursemine.The manuscript 1. THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT dasTalgebirg, So vieleJahrestandverlassen indieHöhesteigt, Das hinter Spartanordwärts imRücken, Bach woalsmuntrer Taygetos unserTal HerabEurotas rolltunddann,durch nährt. AnRohren breithinfließend, eureSchwäne Faustii.3, 8994-8 Goethe, (i) Geology, Relief and Climate fromthecentreof about70 kmexactlysouth-east ofa greattectonic Laconiaconsists troughrunning thePéloponnèseto theLaconianGulf(fig.i).1Thistroughprovidesthebed fortheperennialRiver Eurotas,whichbroadensintotwoplains,theVale of Spartainlandand theHelos Plain.On either south-east. To thewestliesthemighty side,itis boundedbyhighrangesofmountains range running be seen fromAyios can on a clearmorning whosejaggedpeaks (the'fivefingers') ofMt Taygetus, horizon(plate above thenorth-west Stephanos, lyingbehindthevillageof Stephaniáand towering at a distance. massif of Mt less more the To the east there rises Parnon, 59 a). impressive gradually bothrangeseventually Becauseofa seriesoffaultsdownwardto thesouth-east, disappearunderthe in profile but theruggedTaenarum(Matapan)and Malea,gentler sea as capes:theseare,respectively, The isle of Kytheraformsan extensionof Cape Malea. The two morefearedby ancientmariners. enclosetheLaconianGulf. together promontories These rangesconsistof,at theirbase, Palaeozoiccrystalline schists,withmarbles metamorphic in in embedded and above massive of 'hard'limestone them, then, these, layers crystalline copiously in twoseries,laid downduringtheTriassicperiod.These werethrust above modern sea-level high andthe middleTertiary timesbythesameorogenicforceswhichcreatedtheAlps.Betweentheschists a distinctive limestone thereoccurTyrosigneousbeds withoutcropsof Labradorporphyrite, rock, inclusions. The mainoutcropsare at Alaï-Beynear darkgreenin colourwithlightgreencrystalline some6 kmto Krokeai,formerly Levétsova,and at thehillofPsephian hour'swalksouthofAlaï-Bey, thewest,north-west and northofAyiosStephanos;butthereare outcropstenminutes' walkfromthe This stonewas first site,and harddepositsofit at Stephaniá.2 quarriedin theLBA, thenin Roman it was in and when known as the Middle times, lapislacedaemonius, Ages,whenit was calledporfido

1 Cf. Chapter 13 §2 above; Bintliff19770, 452-4, 466; Cartledge1979,fig·2.

2

551

19770,477 n. 6. Philippson1959,460; Bintliff

552

R. JANKO

verde it is also knownas Spartanbasalt.3Nearbythereare also oxidisedcopperores,copper antico; and nativecopperitself.4 (CuFeS2) amongor underthelapislacedaemonius, pyrites Betweenthelateralmountain-ranges, wherethetroughsankin themiddleTertiary periodto create an inlandsea aroundSparta,softer marl of and werelaiddown 'Neogen'deposits sandy conglomerate in the limestone late these have often been eroded The hardrocksare times; upon Tertiary away. on theirlowerslopesand in depressions, withunconsolidated and alluvium, contrasted, slope-wash into two a series of in Pleistocene date Older Fill',depositedmainly glacialtimes (the falling types: overthelastone millionyears),and anotherof Holocenedate (the'YoungerFill'),a greyto black loamrichinhumus,brought downbytheEurotasand otherrivers. The 'YoungerFill',atfirst datedto lateantiquity,5 isnowthought insuccessive tohavebeendeposited datable to the EH, Hellenistic, phases LateRomanand Modernperiods.6 The hinterland ofAyiosStephanosconsistsofthehillylandscapelyingsouthoftheVale ofSparta andnorth-west oftheHelos Plain:see thereliefmap,fig.13.2.The hillcountry ofVardoúniareaches acrossthesouthern end oftheVale ofSparta,isolating it fromtheLaconianGulf.Here theEurotas flowsdownthrough difficult terrain fromtheformer lake aroundSparta.In itspathto thesea, the riverhas carveda shallowbutprecipitous thelimestone north-east ofSkala.To theeast, gorgethrough in thearea lyingsouthofGerakiand comprising modernVrondamásand alongtheeastedgeofthe Helos Plain,runsa band ofNeogen'rendsina'soils,consisting ofcoarseinfertile with conglomerates fertile marls below The Helos Plain south-east of the is itself, ('OlderFill'). site, composedof sandy recentalluvium('YoungerFill').At itsnorth-east around marl the Astéri, edge, projectsfromunder theconglomerates to providesomegood land.Limestonehillsformitsnorthern border,extending withat theirfeeta thinseam ofporos,fossilised beds of pastAyiosStephanosto the south-west, seashellswhichwereraisedabove sea-levelduringthePleistocene. In climatetheHelos Plainresembles therestofLaconia,witha longsummerdrought and rainfall concentrated intoheavydownpours, winds especiallyin late autumnand winter,whennortherly withtheexceptionof periodsof meltémi in midsummer, thewindis southerly.7 prevail.Otherwise, Messeniato thewesthas considerably morerain.InJulyand AugustAyiosStephanosreceiveseven in bothwinterand summeris less less,c. 1.25 cm,thanfallson Sparta;therangeof temperatures becauseofthemoderating influence ofthesea, whichmakesitsclimatemorelikethatof extreme, The site'smaritime locationcausesa strongon-shore breeze(μπάτης)thatcomesup in the Kythera. thisplayedan important The climatewas probablywetter in the afternoons; partin metalworking. middleHoloceneera (the'Atlantic' c. than it is now: cores from 7500-5500 vegetation phase, bp) near Khania in westernCreteshow thatpollenfromtreespresently confinedto centralEurope beforeitwas deforested.9 disappearedduringtheEBA,8and Messeniatoo was wetter (ii) The Location of the Coastline in Antiquity The sea is nowc.2 kmsouthofAyiosStephanos, In thepast, beyonda lineofmarshesandsand-dunes. a the site was headland to the mainland a saddle to the west but however, joined by lappedbythesea on itsotherthreesides.One ormoregeologicaleventsorprocesseshaveleftthesitehighanddry. The dateand natureofthischangehavebeen disputed.10 The landhas notrisen;11 on thecontrary, should have sunk relative to the sea. Ruins on the north-east shore oftheLaconian AyiosStephanos like Classical on the are at 1 m ofwater;on least Gulf, Asopus(Plytra) Xylipeninsula,12 submerged by therockynorth-west at the Late Roman walls Trinasos are now on the beach.13 The factthatthe shore, BronzeAgesiteatPavlopetri, km south-east of is now under m of water(fig. 48 2-2.5 AyiosStephanos, a at m.14 a in estimated there has been eustatic rise sea-level 14.4)implies yetgreater 4 change, Globally ofc. 2.7-2.8m since500 bc15and 4-5 m since1500 bc.16Modellingthattakesno accountoftectonic factors thatthesea-levelatAyiosStephanosoughttohaverisenby4.6-5 m since4000 bc.17 predicts 3 Warren thequarries 1992,285. Boryde StVincentidentified (1836-8,11282). See further §3 (vi) and §4 (iii)below. 4 Kiskyras1988, 119, 122, 125; Sakellarakis1996, 90. On whether theseoreswereexploitedin antiquity see §3 (vii)below. 5 See Chapteris §S (i) above. 6 The relieson analogywithstudiesofAttica(Paepe, redating Hatziotisand Thorez1980) and thesouth-western Argolid(Van Andel,Runnelsand Pope 1986, withVan Andeland Runnels !987> 135-53)· 7 Wagstaff 1082,40-4. 8 Moody,Rackhamand Rapp 1996.

9 Zangger1998,4-6. 10See Chapter13 above. 11

Pace Taylour 10,72,205.

12Banou 1996,75-6. 13See Chapter 13 §q (vii)above. 14Flemming1978,411. 15Hafemann1960a, 1960^. 16Fairbanks1080. 17Lambeck 1995, 1034 withfig.8.

SUMMARY AND HISTORICAL

CONCLUSIONS

§1

553

in Antikythera and westernCrete,one episodeofwhichwas Tectonicforceshave causedan uplift tectonicparoxysm'of c. ad 480-500.18However,itis notthesethathavemade the'EarlyByzantine buttheland-andsea-shelf subsideslightly, ofthePéloponnèse thesouthandeastpromontories loading far the the of caused Flemmingconcludedthatthecoastfrom melting glaciers away.19 changes by at thisrateitwillhave subsidedby is sinking Trinasosto Pavlopetri by 0.5-1.0 m permillennium;20 at almost2.5 m since500 bc and almost5 m since3000 bc. Lambeckcalculatestherateofsubsidence was Further theheadoftheLaconianGulfas 0.8 m permillennium.21 south,theislandofElaphonisos in antiquity a two-pronged 'donkey'sjaw', whichenclosedthe aptlynamedOnugnathus, promontory and in to themainland,23 In 1677 cattlecouldbe drivenacrossthestrait GulfofBoeae to thesouth.22 at m ruins are it is it in but now ford calm one could weather,24 3 deep.25Submerged reported 1829 and sunkencolumnsat AyiosElias on the coast PointHelena on the southside of Elaphonisos26 sitenearthe Thereis an underwater opposite,as also at Epideliumon theeastsideofthepeninsula.27 north.28 islandofRoditsaand anotherat Zaraxfurther Lambeck'scalculations, atAyiosStephanos. theriseinsea-level hasslightly Thissubsidence magnified at the site has risenby 1.6 m since that sea-level show into both geologicalprocesses account, taking ad 1,by 2.3 m since1000 bc,by3.3 m since2000 bc,by 5 m since3000 bc andby6.7 m since4000 and thosefortheArgoliddiffer forthecoastalplainsofMesseniaarealmostidentical, bc;29theresults onlyslightly.30 of theseprocessesmeansthatAyiosStephanosoughtnow to be closerto thesea, not The effect theslowingoftherise thistendency: fromit.Buta further further geologicalchangehas counteracted fill the in sea-levelhas reducedtheerosionofthedeltaic depositedby Eurotas,thereby allowingthe in c. ended deltato expand(see figs.13.5-6).The periodwhensea-levelroserapidly 4000 bc. As a the to create Helos Plain. and south-east extendedto thesouth-west thealluvialdeltagradually result, radiocarbon testing, by the supplemented Deep coresdrilledin theplainand datedby uncalibrated Three showthatc. 40 m ofsilthas been depositedsince7000 bc (fig.13.5).31 resultsofwell-drilling, coresweretaken:one nearSkala,thesecondby modernHelos and thethirdnearerthecoast.These millennium tothefirst bc,thesea wentmuch provethatfora longperiod,perhapsfromtheMesolithic the sectoroftheplainyieldedmarinesediments, Whereasthesouthern inlandthanat present. further and riverinesands and middlesectorsyieldremainstypicalof coastalswamp,flood-plain northern thatintheBronzeAge shoreranalongthesouthandeastsidesofAyios andgravels.The coressuggest the northborderedby a plaintothewestofit;thecoastthenturnedtorun with an inlet to Stephanos, shallower tojustsouthofmodernHelos,withanother, south-east bay nearAsteri(fig.13.6).32 and withknownpatterns withthecalculations ofLambeck33 accordsperfectly Thisreconstruction sincetheplainis a radialconvexdelta,withtheland highestand driestin its ofalluvialdeposition, and south-west to thesouth-east middleand lowestand wettest (fig.13.4). Muchofthewaterofthe and the limestone Eurotastravelsunderground emergeswithgreatforceas springsnear through downthe recentriver,theVasilopotamos, as a geologically Skala.It thenflowsevenmorevigorously to in antiquity. westside oftheHelos Plainto thesea. Suchwas thesituation According Ptolemy,34 reached'themouthsoftheRiverEurotas'(Ευρώταποταμού atTrinasos thetraveller theroadstead after A Byzantine scholiaston thispassagenotesthatthiswas 'now' calledtheIris(νυνΊριδος); έκβολαί). oftheriver'(ή αρχή reached'thebeginning traveller itsnamewas still'Iri'in 1829.35NextPtolemy's in 1389.36In 1829 ^e attested The nameis first oftheVasilopotamos. i.e. thesprings του ποταμού), as wideas the itselfhad twomouths,one southofthesiteand theothersouth-west; Vasilopotamos middlereachesoftheSeine,itdid notsiltup liketheEurotas.37 inland tomigrate andincidenceofmalariacausedthepopulation thehighwater-table Untilrecently Beforetheland was reclaimedin the 1930s onlytheupperand each summerto escape disease.38 flocksin winter. whereasthelowerand outerdeltawas usedforpasturing innerdeltawas cultivated, 18Priceetal. 2002. 19Lambeckiqq6, 600. 20Flemming1078,428-q withfig.8. 21Lambeckiqqr, 1041-2 withfis;.16. 22Strabo Geog.vin 5. 1; PtolemyGeog.m 16. 10; Pausanias

III 22. 1O.

23DiaryofT.Covel quotedin Bent1803, 130-8. 24Le Puillonde Boblaye1836,08. 25Hardingetal. 1969, 113-14. 26Waterhouse and Hope Simpson1061, 146. 27Wace and Hasluck1007-8, 174-κ. 28Christien 1982-3,65 n. 4, 67.

29Lambeck 1995, 1040 withfigs.15c and 15f; 1996,cf.599 withfig.4. 30Jamesonetal. 1994, 201; Kramer-Hajós 2005, 29-30. 31Kraft, Aschenbrenner and Rapp 1078,Q46-7. 32Differently Wagstaff 10,82,48-70 withfigs.3.1-3.8. 33Lambeck 1995, 1039. 34 Geog.in 16.10. 35Bory de St Vincent1836-8,11346. 36Bon 1969, 268 n. 1, 500 n. 1. 37 Boryde St Vincent1836-8,11344-6. 38Leake 1830,1 i95ff.;Wagstaff 1982,44; 1992.

R. JANKO

554

The extensive theAsterimarshto theeastand theTrinasosmarshto thewest, lagoonsin itscorners, whichhave, are now belowsea-level,protected frommarinetransgression onlyby thesand-dunes within thelast150 years,sealedtheirmouths.39 at leastin part,fromhuman This deltaicfillis likelyto have been causedby erosionresulting, erosionis Zeus'sway that the loss of fertile terraces Homer Indeed, through activity. alreadyimplies ofpunishing humanwickedness.40 The depositionoftheYoungerFillbeganas earlyas theBronze theplace-name Helos,listedbyHomeras a townin Menelaus'kingdom,42 Age;41 provesthatsouthern Laconiahad alreadyreceivedenoughdeltaicfillto createa significant area ofswamp(έλος),ifnotby thetimeoftheTrojanWar,thenat leastno laterthan700 bc.43 At first thisdeltawas notnearAyiosStephanos,butfurther (fig.13.6).44 awayto thenorth-east with a the Bronze site was a smallharbourin thebayto theeast the marine During Age promontory, enclosedbetweentwo smallpromontories at the north-east and south-east cornersof the hilltop; in m wide;thelonger the contours fig. iii. This an beach some excellent 200 compare bayprovided beach to thesouthwouldalso have servedas a harbour.A doubleharbouris typicalof Laconian BronzeAge sites.45 sideofthepromontory couldhavebegunto siltup bythis However,thenorthern marshes where the breed. The highinfant attested could time,creating Anophelesmosquito mortality atAyiosStephanos intheLBA is matchedonlyinthedeltasoftheNile,GangesandIndus.46 However, I suspectthattheadultswereprobablybeingburiedelsewhere, in a cemetery yetto be found,and thatmalariawas notthena majorproblemat thesite. The deltaicfillin thesouth-west partoftheplainwas certainly depositedafterclassicaltimes.This is shownby thelineofan ancientroadsome3 m widewithwheel-ruts whichrunsin a north-south direction rathermorethanone km south-south-west ofAyiosStephanos,betweenthefoothills and theedgeoftheformer Trinasosmarsh.47 Thattheroadranaroundratherthanacrosstheplainshows thatin antiquity thearea belowthesitewas not solidground.This reconstruction is supported by Pausanias'figureof 80 stades,i.e. 14.8 km,as thedistancefromTrinasosto Helos;48sinceclassical Helos was on the easternside of the plain,49thisimpliesa roundaboutroutefollowingfirm tothemouthoftheEurotas ground.50 Again,Strabo51 givesthedistancealongtheshorefromGytheion as 240 stades,i.e. 44.4 km,whereasitis now 14 km.Bintliff thatAyiosStephanos plausiblysuggests wasstillon a coastalinletuntilthe18thcentury, perhapswiththechapelofStStephen,shownon fig. landmark.52 iii,as a navigational (iii) Factors Favouring Settlement We mustnextask whatfactorsfavouredthe settlement of AyiosStephanos.Such factorscan be and unexpected complex.53 Our sitelay on important routesof communication alongthe coast by land and sea. Journeys towardsCapes Malea and Taenarumwereusuallyeasierby sea; bothpeninsulaswereisolatedfrom thenorthbydifficult acrossbarrenhillspastthequarriesof country. Byland,one routeled north-west lacedaemonius ran east throughthe foothills near Krokeai to the Vale of another of lapis Sparta; Mt Parnonto EpidaurusLimera.By sea, thosewishingto sail fromKytheraand westernCrete towardsthewesternPéloponnèsecould eithercrosstheLaconianGulfor followthe coast.In the Homeric HymntoApollo'CretansfromMinoanKnossos',on theirway to foundApollo'sshrineat first pass Cape Malea; thisimpliesthattheywentvia Kythera. TheythensailπαρΛακωνίδα Delphi, land of to reach the the Laconia', γαΐαν,'past άλιστέφανον πτολίεθρον, 'sea-girt city',and Cape the aural of this verse to Homer's Taenarum.54 Matthiae, 'Έλοςτ' εφαλον expression noting similarity If that he were right,this here.56 'coastal of πτολίεθρον phrase city Helos',55suggestedreading have been wouldprovethattheyfollowedthecoast,buttheexpression adaptedduring maysimply oralrecomposition-in-performance.57 S9 Chapter 13 §4 (iii) above; Bintliff19770, 470-3. 40 Homer, Iliad xvi ^80-02; Tanko iqq2, ^66. 41 See §1 (i) above. 42 Homer, Iliad 11 584. 43 For the date see Tanko 1082 c. 44 See Chapter 13 §4 (iii) above. 45 Banou 1996, 98. 4
108.

48 Pausanias in

22.3.

49 See §5 (i) below; Banou 1996, 92. 50 Bintliff 1977«, 475-6. 51 Geog.vin 5.2. 52 Bintliff 1977e, 473. 53 For valuable and detailed accounts of the reasons for sitechoice in the Helos Plain, to which my discussion owes much, see Chapter 1^ above and Waerstaff 1082, 7Q-84· 54 Horn. Hy. Ap. 393, 410. 55 Homer, Iliad 11 584. 56 Matthiae 1805 on Horn.Hy. Ap. 410. 57 Janko 1982c, 29, 129.

SUMMARY AND HISTORICAL CONCLUSIONS §1

555

in a Mediterranean A reliablesupplyofwateris alwaysimportant climate.One reasonwhyAyios was because the was founded schists, beingimpervious, trapmoisture underlying Stephanos presumably in a of thesurface, line of The theporouslimestones whichflowsdownthrough resulting springs. a in in few sherds the site was still use south-east of however, 1963; nondescript only spring ofitin i960 (seefig.iii).58 whenTrialTrenchPi was openednorth-west wererecovered However,this extendsrightalongtheedgeoftheplain.59 wouldonlyhavebeena minorfactor, sincethespring-line sea-food.Beforeit siltedup, thedeep bay to thenorthof The environs ofthesiteoffered plentiful whichlayonlya shortvoyageto musthaveprovidedfish,whilethedeltaicmarshes, thepromontory harbouredabundantfishand shell-fish, thenorth-east,60 perhapsincludingtheeels and mud-loving as the donax-shelh attestedas earlyas EH II. They also providedan ideal habitatforwater-fowl, show thatthere avian remainsattest.61 The plentifulremainsof fishand marineinvertebrates as well as thepossibility of brackishwaters,at all werebothrockyand sandyor muddyhabitats, Medieval.62 periodsincluding The agricultural since,priorto potentialofAyiosStephanoshas been consideredless important, it a lacked ofthealluvialplainwhichnow surrounds theformation it, apparently supplyofsuitable of a coastalsettlement the character the site to exhibit that we must it was above63 land; argued expect on theNeogen tend to be located sites around the Bronze than a one. Most rather plain Age farming were and hillsto itseastand north-east; onlyAyiosStephanos,Asteri-Dragatsoula AyiosStrategos in overlaid rests on schist chosenfortheircoastallocation(figs.13.1-13.2).AyiosStephanos places createsthespringsat thefootofthesite.The schistis infertile, thecombination by hardlimestone; A thinand poorred sinceitusuallyerodesintosteepscreeswhichdo notletmuchsoilaccumulate.64 reachedit. theexcavators bedrockwas foundwherever soilleachedfromthelimestone had a symbiotic Bintliff relationship proposedthatAyiosStephanos,as a fullycoastalsettlement, an important wherefertile 'rendsinas' withpeoplefarming permitted Neogensoils2 kmtothenorth-east, farmson theland slopingdownto thesouth-east. withoutlying at AyiosPanayiotis settlement Ayios but on and trade of for satisfied the needs would have depended Panayiotis, fishing Ayios Stephanos south of land once existed some fertile foragricultural thelatter However, Stephanos. Ayios products.65 ofTrialTrenchPi nearthespring(fig.iii)reacheda bedrockwhichtheydescribedas The excavators 'whiteshale'and 'harderthanshale';thiswas surelytheseamofporosthatrunsalongtheedgesofthe fertilesoil.66It lay at a depthof not muchmorethan 1 m below the hillsand yieldsa relatively butabovethelevelofthealluvium;itsbeddingplanesweretiltedat an angleof30% modernsurface Thisporosis likelyto have been exposedovera wide area in ancienttimes.The to thehorizontal. c. is now However,the 35 m abovethelevelofthealluviumand c.36-38 m abovesea-level.67 hilltop in of tectonic sincetheprevailing sea has risenby c. 5 m since3000 bc;68moreover, faulting pattern as at that it these soils is theareais towardsthesouth-east south-east, (fig.13.3), slopedgently likely the south of most of the indentation Lekas,filling promontory.69 oresin was metallicores.Laconiahas themostimportant Anotherpossiblereasonforsettlement GreeceafterthoseofLaurionin Atticaand Siphnosand Kythnosin theCyclades.Thereare several depositsofcopperand copperorenearKrokeai,nativecopperaroundApidia,copperand lead near therewas alluvialgoldand possiblysilverin Sykeaand Molaoi,and copperneartheVale ofSparta;70 The use ofLaconianoresin theBronzeAge has yetto be proven,but theEurotassouthofSparta.71 evidenceto thecontrary.72 shouldnotbe excludedwithout was theland-to-sea breezesthatblowat night, the site A further factor hindering thereby favouring and thestrongwindwhichblowsoffthesea on hotsummerafternoons. ofmosquitoes, theactivity themidday winds.AtNichoria, theexposureto chillywinter ofthesewouldoutweigh The advantages bronzeduringMH I,73and thiswas also doneat formelting breezeswereexploitedto supplydraught AyiosStephanosfromMH I onward. somedefensive viewsfromthesitein all directions Also,thedistant advantage. gavetheinhabitants To thenorth-west on cleardaysone can see acrosstherollinglandscapeas faras thepeaksofTaygetus theviewembracesCape Matapan(plate 59 b).To thenorthand east (plate59 a). To thesouth-west 58 Taylour 1972, 248. 59 Chapter 13 §4 (vi) above. 60 Bintliff 10770, 477. 61 Chapter 12 §3 above. 62 Chapter 12 §§4-5 above. 63 Chapter i<* §4 (ii). 64 Chapter 13 §3 (i) above; Bintliff10770, 454-5, 463. 65 Chapter 13 §4 (iv) above; Bintliff19770, 478-9.

efiSee 67 See 68 See 69 See 70

Chapter 13 §3 (ii) above. Introduction,§4. §1 (ii) above. Chapter 13 §3 (iv) above.

Kiskyras

1088,

liq,

122,

125.

71 Stos-Gale and Gale 1984, 59-64 withfig. 5. 72 See §s (vii) (b) below. 73 Howell 19920, 27.

556

R. JANKO

the one can lookacrossto Skalaand thehillsbordering theHelos Plain(plate59 c).To thesouth-east LaconianGulfextendsin a greatvistaundertheloomingbulkoftheKourkoularangetowardsCape theplainofNeapolisandtheformer ofElaphonisos;in thefardistance, Malea,including promontory theoutlineofKythera rises from the sea. occasionally misty Hope SimpsoncallsAyiosStephanosthe in on site the suitable for use as a fortress'.74 Thereis evidenceforfortifications region'naturally only thenorthand eastslopes,although theirdatingis notdetermined.75 wherea saddleconnects Onlytothewestandnorth-west, AyiosStephanostotheharshcountryside iii plate with was the settlement accessible land. Sucha saddleis a typicalfeature of (fig. 59 d), by LaconianBronzeAgesites.76 The hinterland withlittlesoilandschistthatis consists ofhardlimestones too scree-like forcultivation. Todaythesehillsofferonlyhuntingand roughpasturage,and are uninhabited. We do notknowwhatvegetation in antiquity; in Messeniatheclearance theysupported the Bronze of forests first of and then of deciduous oak77 shouldwarnus thatthis during Age pine too have suffered drastic The fact that the radiocarbon dates fromthesite(table region may changes. are almost all than much earlier should be that timbers wereusedand/ A9.1) suggests old-growth they orreusedintheBronzeAgebuildings, as atNichoria,78 wherean oak-forest grewnearby. Palynological wouldclarify in thisdrierregionwas once similarly whether thehinterland forested. investigation (iv) The Stone Age in Laconia discovered atan opensiteintheMani,whichresembles theskullfromPetralona Apartfroma cranium in Chalcidiceof c. 200,000bc or earlier,79 thefirst humanpresenceknownin theregionwas near Elaia to thesouth-east oftheHelos Plain(fig.i). Here,on a raisedbeachthatmaydatefromthelast was found.80 These interglacial period(c. 123,000bc) or before,an assemblageofflakedimplements toolswereprobablymadeby an archaicformofHomosapiens, as theyantedatetheMousterian phase whichmaybe associatedwiththeNeanderthals.81 Iftheirdateis correct, theendofthe theyrepresent LowerPalaeolithic sitesyetknownin thesouthern Age.ThesearetheonlyPalaeolithic Péloponnèse. Humanhabitation not have in become may permanent Greeceuntilafterc. 26,000bc.82It remained Mesolithicand Neolithic, untiltheadoptionoftheploughin sparseduringtheUpperPalaeolithic, FinalNeolithic.83 Thusno sitesareknownin Messeniauntilthattime.84 Neolithic at Lekas (South)justnorth-east ofthesite85 and at Apidiafurther occupationis reported offin thesamedirection. Suchoccupationis certainat Asteri-Karaousi and AyiosStrategos, on the south-east of the Helos at and cave to further the Plain,86 Goules-Plytra Alepótrypa south-east, edge and at Gerakito thenorth-east.87 Late and FinalNeolithicfindsare knownfromthefirst Kouveleïki caveatAlepochori,88 and FinalNeolithic material hasbeenexcavatedat Kouphovouno, a lowmound nearSparta.89 Somecoarsesherdsdecoratedwithimpressed cordonsfoundatPlatiaRachion Kythera and a largelithicsiteofthatphasewas locatedin 2001.91Neolithicsherds maybe FinalNeolithic,90 werefoundin Messeniaat Nichoria92 and probablyChalcolithic ones in Arcadiaat Asea,93while Neolithic sherdswerefoundin a surveyofeasternArcadia.94 thatsuchisolatedfinds Howellsuggests in the a absence of a withcoastalsites of settlement, may, permanent imply pattern transhumance, likeNichoriabeinginhabited in thewinter, whilepeopledrovetheirflocksinlandin thesummer. But theprobablepaucityof good grazingclose by makesone doubtwhethertheinhabitants of Ayios Stephanoslivedin thismanner.95 Thata Neolithic A sherdwhichcan be shownto settlement existedat AyiosStephanosis unlikely. havebeen EH I was at first deemedNeolithic:D. H. Frenchcomparedthefabricand shapeofthe brownbowl-rim 1 toNorthSlopewarefromtheAthenian 1 is thenconsidered Neolithic.96 Acropolis, EH in it A this since resembles the Red and Burnished bowl-rims îa-b. bowl surely I, closely Slipped A redburnished bowl wareis knownfromKouphovouno, whereitwas at first takenforNeolithic.97 74 Simpson1981, 105. 75Hope See §4 (v) below. 76Banou 1996,98. 77 1972; Zangger1998,5-6. Wright 78McDonald, Dickinsonand Howell 1992,758-9; Appendix 9 below. 79Pitsiosiqq6. 80Reisch 1980; 1982. 81Runnels 1995,710-12. 82Runnels 726, 728 withfigs.1-2. 83Johnson1995, 1996. 84Runnels2001, 258. 85 Hope Simpson1981, 105.

86Bintliff 19770,460, 462. 87 1979,32-4. 88Cartledge Koumouzeli1989. 89Renard1080. 90Broodbank1999,205, 211. 91C. Broodbank, pers.comm. 92Forsén1996,48-58. 93Maran 28. 94Howell1998, 19020,8-14. 95Cf.Dickinson1004, 36. 96 evenincludesEH material Taylour1972,268. The Athenian II (Zachos1987, 116). 97 Cavanaghand Crouwel1996,9 η. 27.

SUMMARY AND HISTORICAL CONCLUSIONS §2

557

withlug-handle fromEpidaurusLimeramayalso be EH I.98Perhapsthepossible'Neolithic'pottery at Lekas (South)nearAyiosStephanosis actuallyEH I too." reported 2. BEGINNINGS:

THE EARLY BRONZE AGE

(i) Early Helladic I (fig. 14.1) definite tracesofoccupationat AyiosStephanosappearin EH I or theearliestphaseofEH The first stratified remainsofthisperiod II (on thedatingsee below).The EH I settlement constitutes thefirst to be excavatedin Laconia;anotherEH I depositwas foundin 2001 in AreaA at Kouphovouno,100 in theMani in thecave at PyrgosDiroúcalledAlepótrypa, and 'Chalcolithic' occupationis reported EH I sherdsare NorthSlope warehave been found.101 wherecoppertoolsand pottery resembling in the south-east of the Helos Plain.102 The also knownat the Amyklaionand at AyiosEfstratios It is sincetheyincludeno sauceboats.103 EH sherdsat Gerakimaybe ofcomparableantiquity, earliest containedanyEH I. OtherEH I sherdsmay fromPavlopetri104 uncertain whether theEH pottery withNeolithic.106 in Laconia,105 sincestrayEH I sherdsareeasilyconfused havebeenfoundelsewhere Greece:theseareEutresis EH I pottery is knownfromfewothersitesin centraland southern Stratified nearCorinth, and Litharesin Boeotia,Palaia Kokkiniain Attica,Perachora-Vouliagmeni Tsoungiza EH I pottery of later are knownat nearNemea,and AyiosDemetriosin Triphylia.107 Assemblages KefalariMagoulaand Taliotiin theArgolid. The EH I depositwas foundin Area Eta, i.e. in the se quadrantof the hilltopnearestto the harboursand the springbelow,wherethe groundslopedgentlytowardsthe SE. Here, restingon bedrockand a thinlayerofred soil leachedfromit,EH I sherdsand debrisfromtheknappingof withno to EH II in thestrataabove was accomplished The transition obsidiantoolswerefound.108 or abandonment. of violent sign disruption thisis theonlycertainEH I occupation,anybuildingswereprobablyin thecentreof Although rims1 and ia werefoundin AreaAlpha.The first theplateau,sincetheRed Slippedand Burnished ofthethreeEH buildingphasestherewas probablyofthisdate (fig.14.1).This includeswallaa109 To and perhapstheisolatedwallan, whichis cutby theEH II burial10; bothare on a N-saxis.110 EH I sherds sherdswerefoundin AreaNu alongwithEH II Early.111 thesw,'slippedandburnished' burnishedsherdsreportedalong could have passed unnoticedelsewhere,like the reddish-brown withEH II in TrialTrenchIII to thene. of the Laconia Survey,remainsthesole In Laconia 'Red Slippedware',to use theterminology fromAreasAlphaand Eta comprise The 15 sherdssurviving criterion forEH I pottery.112 diagnostic no Urfirnis semi-coarse and plainwares.113 Red Slippedand Burnished, ware,termed'Dark Although sherds recordedUrfirnis Painted'at LernaIII, is published,theexcavatorofArea Eta,J. B. Rutter, Since YellowMottledware is a to the lack of YellowMottledware.114 thereand called attention thesesherdscouldinstead ofmaturebutnotearlyor finalphasesofEH II,115 characteristic defining thatthisis theearlieststageofEH II. Sherd4 maybelongto a 'sauceboat';itis unfortunate represent criterion forEH I116and theearliestphaseofEH sincethelackofthisshapeis a diagnostic doubtful, and openjars. II at Lernaalso lackssauceboats.117 Othershapesincludebowls,saucers,strainers, For therangeof waresand shapesat AyiosStephanosone may compareCaskey'sGroupV at surfacefinds Eutresis,118 phases5-6 at Lithareswithinciseddecorationfromtrench70 of 1976,119 The EH I assemblagefromAsea in and a fewunstratified sherdsat Lerna.121 fromeasternArcadia120 at The EH I pottery withthe'late'or 'Talioti'phaseofEH I, is verysimilar.122 Arcadia,contemporary 98Waterhouse and Hope Simpson1961, 136 n. 151 (they deemedit Neolithic). 99Waterhouse and Hope Simpson10,60,07. 100'y G. Cavanagh,pers.comm. 101Zachos 1987,8-9, 123-4 witnfig-71"»Maran 1998,25. 102Cavanaghetal. 2002, 130. 103Τ.Η. Crouwel,pers.comm. 104 Hardingetal. 1969, 133. 105Banou 190,9.

106See §1 (iv) above. 107Zachos 1987,17. 108See 1 §3 (viii)above. 109ThisChapter to appears have run under wall ap, whichitself predatesan EH II burial:see §2 (ii) below.

110Tavlour1072, 230.-40,210 fie.%. 111Chapter1 §8 (xi) above. 112Cavanaghand Crouwel1996, 15. 113See Chapter4 §1 above. 114This is called 'LightPaintedFine Polished'at Lerna.See Appendix1 withtables A 1.2,A 1.5. 115Wiencke2000, 634; Chapter4 above. 116Cavanaghand Crouwel1096, 15. 117Wiencke 2000, 2Q, 6^S· 118Zachos 1987, 260-3. ny Izavella-Evjen 1984, 107; Zachos 1987, 203-5. 120Howell iQ7o, 108. 121Wiencke 2000, 329-31.

122Forsén 1996,46, 66-7.

558

R. JANKO

a break.The in Greece,evolvessmoothly intotheEH II stylewithout as elsewhere AyiosStephanos, oftheEH DepositAlphaat Kastrakion Kytheraassignto EH I onlythewarewhichthey excavators withsurfaceseitherred,brownor black;123 call Slippedand Burnished, DepositAlpha apparently and do notinclude mixedEH I and EH II.124The shapesare thesameas thoseat AyiosStephanos, withincisedwhite-filled chevrons or zigzagsis notparalleled sauceboats. The technique ofdecoration thatthismaterial at oursite;itwas evensuggested mightbe Neolithic.125 as EH I ratherthanEH II; no None of thefewEH burialsfoundat the sitecan be identified EH I in as Greece. interments are definitely recognised anywhere (ii) Early Helladic II (fig. 14.1) siteat thehead oftheLaconianGulf.It had two DuringEH II AyiosStephanoswas an important an ofYellowMottledandCreamSlipped126 ceramicandarchitectural of the frequencies phases: analysis wares(seeAppendix1) enabledme to distinguish twophasesofEH II, herecalled'Early'and 'Late' Laconiansitewherethisdistinction can be drawn. (chart 14.1).Thisis thefirst EH in sites are Laconia.127 The 'farmstead' ofsettlement on now known dispersed pattern Seventy near lasted this lowhillsin all themaingeologicalsub-regions, the coasts, throughout long especially Thusthecoasts and prosperous era,whichwas characterised by sea.128 by activetrade,particularly EH II, have at thistime.EH sherds,presumably roundthemouthoftheEurotaswerewell-settled at at Peristeri near beenrecognised Paizoulia,Lagio,twosites Lekas,Xeronisi, Tsasi,Kokkinada, (East) elevensitesin all (fig.13.1).129 AroundtheGulf Asteri-Karaousi, Dragatsoulaand AyiosStrategos, themaincentreswereat Peristeri (East),Lekas (South),Lekas Panayiotisand AyiosStephanos,130 withAsteri-Dragatsoula.131 An houron foottothewestofAyiosStephanos, at thedepression together limestone subsoilcreateda fertile Lagiobetweentowering ridgeswithschistose plain.Thiswas settled in theEBA andto a lesserextentin theLBA; ithad itsownaccesstothesea atTrinasosorperhapsat Paizouliajustalongthecoast.132 Communications easierthanthosebyland.Thesewouldhavebeenbylongbysea werecertainly boator canoe; sincethesail had notyetbeen introduced, theroutesused wouldhavebeen coastal, The nearestmajorport and itwouldhavebeen difficult to reachplacesacrossopensea likeCrete.133 to thesouthwas Pavlopetri on thecoastto thesouth-east,134 then70 kmby sea (butnowonly48 km) and itselfsome40 kmfromKastrakion Kythera.The EH siteson Elaphonisos,whichwas thena Therewas oppositePavlopetri, promontory lay mainlyin the north,close to the thenisthmus.135 in extensive trade other items of trade include wine, oil,and (see below); possible certainly pottery witha linen.Inland,important whichwas fortified sitesincludeApidiaand Gerakito thenorth-east, in of Anthochori and the wall,136 megalithic plain Sparta,137 just to the Palaiopyrgi Kouphovouno south,and Pellanain thefarnorth.138 thathad arisenin south-central ofsettlements AyiosStephanoswas notat thetopofthehierarchy houses'liketheHouse oftheTilesat Lernaor thoseat Greecein thisperiod.Suchsiteshad 'corridor in Messenia,Thebesin Boeotiaand perhapsAsea in Arcadia,139 Kolonnaon Aegina,Akovitika large have roundbuildings likethatatTirynsorfortifications likethoseofLernaand Kolonna.No roof-tiles with beenfoundat AyiosStephanosor indeedat Geraki,buttheyareknownat Anthochori, together at manysitesin theArgolid,even a massivewall,140 at Akovitika, at AyiosDemetriosin Triphylia,141 beenfound, Norhavesealimpressions KolonnaandThebes.142 minorones,andatRaphina,Asketario, whichis at hightemperatures, as at Lerna,Petriand Geraki,143 buttheirsurvivaldependson burning The siteyieldsno is apparent. atAyiosStephanos. No highdegreeofsocialdifferentiation notattested forthirdmillennium connections tracesoftheastonishingly Kythera bythemarble suggested far-flung whose withthecartoucheoftheSun TempleoftheFifthDynastyPharaohUserkaf, bowlinscribed 123Coldstream and Huxley1972,77-9, 177. 124Maran 1998,27. 125Coldstream and Huxley1972,273. 126Thisis knownas at Lerna. 'LightPainted[unpolished]' 127Banou 1999,78. 128 Cartledge1979,35-6 withfig.4. 129Hope Simpsoniq8i, 105-6 withfig.10. 130Waterhouse and Hope Simpson1060, 101. 131Banou 1999,79· 132Bintliff 19770,464-5, 479. '" ßroodbank 2000, 207-qi with tig. 04. 134 Hardingetal. 1969.

135Waterhouse and Hope Simpson1961, 147. 136Crouweletal. 2000. 137Renard1080. 138 1999,35-7. 139Spyropouïos Forséniqq6, 47. 140Ch. Gallou, pers.comm. 141Zachos 1987,213; Rutter19930,762 fig.3. 142Pullenio86 withfier. 3: 1QQ5,%Q. 143ForGerakisee etal. 1999; Crouweletal. 2001, Weingarten toEH sealingssee Krzyszkowska references 20. Forfurther 2005, 37-8, 45-52.

SUMMARY AND HISTORICAL CONCLUSIONS §2

559

in theBronzeAge. Chart14.1.Chronological chart:AyiosStephanos PeriodatAyios Ceramic Stephanos

LernaPhase

Depositand Kythera Period

MinoanPeriod DietzPenod

EH I (= TaliotiKephalari)

II/III,III A early

alpha(EH I-II orEH II Early?)

EM I

EH II Early (= ThebesgroupA)

III A later-B

alpha(EH I-II orEH II Early?)

EM IIA Early

EH II Late

III C

EM IIA Late

abandoned

III D (= ThebesgroupB, Lefkandi I), thenTirynsg

beta(EM II-MM IA) -

abandoned

IV, 1-2

beta(EM II-MM IA)

EM II/III

EHIII(?late)

IV, 3

beta(EM II-MM IA)

EM III

EH III/MHI = MH I Earliest

IV/V

beta(EM II-MM IA)

EM III-MM IA Deiras1§

MH I Early

V, 1-2

gamma(MM IA)

MM IA

Deirasi§

MHILate

V, 3

gamma(MM IA)

MM IB-MM IB/II

Deiras2§

MH II

V, 4-5

delta,lowerlayers(MM IB-MM IIIA)

MM II

Deiras3§,MH II

MH III Early

V, 6

delta,upperlayers(MM IB-MM IIIA)

MM IIIA

MH II Final, MH IIIA

MH III Late

V, 7

epsilon(MM IIIB and LM IA); zeta, earliest lowerlayers(MM IIIBLMIA)

MM IIIBLM IA earliest

MH IIIB

MH III/LHI

V/VI

zeta,upperlayers(MM IIIB-LM IA)

LM IA Early

LH IA

LH I Early

VI

zeta,upperlayers(MM IIIB-LM IA),eta,theta (LM IA)

LM IA Late

LH IB

LH I/IIA(= LH I Late/LH VI IIA Early)

iota,kappa,lambda(late LM ΙΑ-earlyLM IB)

LM IB Early

LH IB

LHIIA

VII

LM IB Late

LH IIA

LHIIB

VII

mu,nu,xi (LM IB) -

LMII

-

LHIIIAi

VII

-

LMIIIAi

LH IIIA2 Early

VII

omicron(LH IIIA2)

LM IIIAi Late

LHIIIA2Late

VII

omicron(LH IIIA2); pi, rho(LHIIIA2-IIIBi)

LM IIIA2

LH IIIB 1 & LH IIIB2

VII

LM IIIB

LH IIIB2Transitional IIIC Early(=LH IIIC phase1 Rutter)

abandoned

pi,rho(LH IIIA2-IIIB1) -

LH IIIC Early(=LH IIIC phases2-3 Rutter)

-

-

LM IIIC Early -

abandoned

-

-

-

§ Deshayes1966,withRutter andRutter1976,26 n. 21

EM IIB

-

LM IIIB/C

-

560

R. JANKO

datedto 2494-2487 bc; said to have been foundin a tomb,thisis now in reignis conventionally It mayofcoursehavereachedKythera Athens.144 that later.The otherearlyinscription fromKythera, ofNarãm-Sín, EBA a MBA not the ruler of that name but of Esnunna.145 Sumerian designates king DuringEH II thesettlement expandedbeyondthecentreoftheplateau(fig.14.1).In AreaAlpha In additionto theearlierexcavations butsomewholepots.146 uncoveredwallswithlittlestratigraphy EH I, bothYellowMottledware,characteristic ofEH II Early,andCreamSlippedware,typicalofEH II Late,werefound.The first ofthethreeEH buildingphasesprobablygoes back to EH I.147The secondincludedStructure roomsome5 m longby 3.5 m widealignedon a AlphaI, a rectangular NNE-ssw and This of walls ab ac=ao. axis,consisting buildingwas probablyEH II Early,becauseit EH II with Yellow Mottled vaseHS 12.148 The thirdphase,on a slightly under the burial 17 lay Alpha different was EH II Late. To this Structure axis, AlphaII, withwallsam, ap, phasebelongs probably at m N-s Structure least av and aj forming twolargerectangular rooms, 7.3 by 5.3 m ε-w,overlying III.149 I. ε a Structure To the walls and formed the corner of ae al room, rectangular Alpha Alpha ofbothphasesofEH II was foundin trench Alpha5 to thew,and EH II sherds diagnostic Pottery In AreaDeltaon V and VII to thenw.150 possiblyassociatedwithwallswerefoundin TrialTrenches Delta 5 and 7 mayhave theΝ rimoftheplateau,piecesof 'whiteslippedware'foundin trenches ofwhichthefirst beenCreamSlipped,andthusEH II Late.Threebuildingphasescanbe recognised, which formeda crude Delta I, i.e. thenarrowwallsbc and bd, was EH. ThisconsistedofStructure bedrockat thesw corner; roomfacingne withitswallsat an obtuseangleto each otherand abutting thisphaseprobablyincludeda narrowwallto thes, theMH wallbi runsoverwallbc. In addition, wallbk, whichis apparently cutby theMH wallbj.151 walldo was built To these, in Area Eta,thereweretwophasesofEH II occupation.In thefirst, againsta sharprisein the bedrock.The buildingcomprisedat least one roomwitha minimum tobe used on theledgeofbedrockabove.Thisroomcontinued dimension of1.5 m2,withoccupation the Area it abandoned.152 Down when was II a was left on the floor EH saucer Late; slope> during wallis is eitherofthis The substantial ZetayieldedEH II Late sherdsin a pocketofthebedrock.153 periodor MH I Earliest. above On thes slope in Area Beta,EH II and MH I sherdswerefoundin a hardred stratum or at leastthe stereo.A wallofsmallstones,wallgr,mustbe EH II or MH I Early.The settlement cultivated area also includedthesw slope,in Area Nu / Gamma1, whereEH II Earlysherdswere in TrialTrenchIII on thene slope,and twoundatedwalls,amid found.EH II sherdswererecovered Thustheentirehilltop, EH and MH sherds,werefoundon a terracein TrialTrenchIV to these.154 EH II. inhabited have been nw its Ν and for sectors, during mayalready except Too littleofthesettlement, onlyc. 587 m2at most,was clearedto bedrockforanyoverallplanto extended dependson howfardowntheslopethesettlement emerge.The areaavailableforoccupation a 160 m settlement to m in would amount diameter at anygivenperiod.A settlement 13,000m2; 70 to have been wouldcover63,200 m2.Butthesteepν slopeis unlikely in diameter, themaximum, whichenclosesan areaof occupied.EH wallsmaybe foundin AreaZetaas low as the92 m contour, ofsherdscoversthehilldownto the91m contourto theΝ almost1.4 ha (fig.14.1),whilethescatter and w and the 83 m contourto thes and E, givinga totalarea of c. 26,500 m2or 2.65 ha. This downtothe use extending withzonesofintensive to a villageon thesummit distribution corresponds ha inhabited of of 112 inhabitants harbours to theΕ and s. Ifitis reasonableto assumea density per A c. 160. ha have been would a of of settlement the area,155 population higherdensityof 300 1.4 156 c. a of ha would yield population 420. peopleper as was usual,e.g. at Eutresisand Zygouries. The housesseemto havebeenrectangular Duringthe in EH II is known a similar the into was earlierphasesbedrock buildings; practice incorporated at structure small as the as is There nothing sophisticated Geraki.157 Building Pavlopetri, square unique withsmallapseson itsν and s walls(fig.14.3); tojudgefrom IX, whichis builtoflargeorthostates thiswas probablyEH.158 associatedpottery 144N.M. 4578; Coldstream and Huxley 1972, 33, 218, 266. 145See §3 (vii) below. 146Taylour 1072, 23Q-40, 210 fier.<λ. 147See §2 (i).' 148 Taylour 1072, 212, pls. 30g, 40b. 149The M H burial 19 lay over wall av, and the M H I Structure Alpha IV ran over wall ae (Taylour 1072, 23Q-40, 210 fig.a). 150 Taylour 1972, 248-9. 151 Taylour 1972, 244, 223 fig. 13, refersthe earliest phase

to early MH. 152See Chapter 1 %%(vi)-(vii) above. 153 Chapter 1 §2 (vii) above. 154Tavlour 1072, 248.

155McDonald,Dickinsonand Howell 1992, 758; cf.Zachos 1987, 287-8. 156Renfrew 1072, 240-55. 157T. H. Crouwel, pers. comm. 158 Harding et al. 1969, 120-1 withfig.5.

SUMMARY AND HISTORICAL CONCLUSIONS §2

Fig. 14.1.AyiosStephanos: andburials. theEH I-II settlement

561

56ι

562

562

R. JANKO

Fig. 14.2. Ayios Stephanos:the MH I settlement and burials.

SUMMARY AND HISTORICAL CONCLUSIONS §2

563

The EH II pottery resemblesthatfoundelsewherein thesouthern Greekmainland, likethatfrom Asea and thenorth-east Péloponnèse.159 Manypiecescan be assignedto theEarlyor Late phases;160 an EH II Earlycontexthas an EM IIA Earlyimport.To enlargethecorpusI referto thec. 17 vases fromthe earlierexcavationsof AreasAlpha and Delta,sincetheycomprisea widerrepertoire of in In than the items this volume ware there are saucers,161 bowls,162 (14-223). plain shapes pedestalled miniature In coarse wares bowls,sauceboats,and a strainer. bakingpans,165 plates,163 cups,164 jars,166 In Urfirnis therearejars,basinsand pithoi.In orangefabricthereis a lid withredpaint.167 ware,the 'DarkPainted'ofLernaIII, theshapesincludesaucers,sauceboats,168 miniature pedestalledbowls,169 a and In lids. Yellow Mottled ware there are basins, sauceboats, bowls,a cups,170largecup, jars,spoons a lid an In and askos. Cream ware the a handled bowls, Slipped cup,171 jars,spoons, shapescomprise a cup,172 and askoi. on bowl,saucers,sauceboats, askoi,jars,a bridge-spouted jar,spoons Impressions thebases ofpots173 showthatmatsand/orbasketswereused duringtheirmanufacture, presumably eitheras supports forpotsthatwerebeingbuiltup174 or as turn-tables to helptheirmakersrotatethe vesselsbeforethepotter'swheelwas introduced. The latterphenomenonis also attestedat Ayios in Elis,175 Demetrios at Tsoungizaand elsewhere in theArgolid,176 and on Kythera.177 The interior ofLaconiawasnotin themainstream ofceramicdevelopment,178 sinceYellowMottled wareis stillunknown in but the coast was full with contact other there,179 regions.The YellowMottled andgrey-green fabrics be the former from the itreachedAsea,180 whence the may imported, Argolid, latterfromCorinthia.181 in Twofrying handles are also fabrics of mainland one pan imported origin; ofthemhas impressed A pithossherdfromPavlopetri has similartriangles,183 as does an triangles.182 EH at found Kastraki on with Another is thatthe imported fragment Kythera.184 similarity Pavlopetri fabricthereusuallycontainssilvermica;atAyiosStephanosmicaceousinclusions occurin theorange fabric(160-205).A verysimilarfabricis knownat Kastraki.185 The EH II pottery fromAyiosStephanos, characterised byYellowMottledwarein bothphasesand in Cream the later one can be by Slipped (Appendix1), closelyrelatedtothesequencein theArgolid, wherefourceramicphasesofEH II havebeenidentified YellowMottledwareappears (chart 14.i).186 inphaseA late,remainsplentiful untilphaseC late(thetimeofBuildingBG) and diminishes inphase D (theera of the House of the Tiles); Cream Slippedware appearsin quantity in only phase C. LikewiseatTsoungizaEH I and ΈΗ II Early'pottery, whichis equivalent to LernaIII phaseearlyA and containsno YellowMottledware,is stratified below ΈΗ II developed'potteryequivalentto LernaIII phaseslateΑ-B.187 ThustheEBA occupationofAyiosStephanoslastedfromEH I (= EH I atLernaand/orLernaIII phaseearlyA) through EH II Early(LernaIII phaseslateΑ-B) untilEH II Late (LernaIII phaseC); itceasedbeforetheveryend ofEH II (LernaIII phaseD). In theirsurveyofsouthern and Hope SimpsonnotedCreamSlippedsherds, Laconia,Waterhouse whereastheysawYellowMottledonesatGeraki, typicalofEH II Late,onlyatApidiaandXeronisi,188 Peristeri Lekas (South),AyiosStephanos, Asteri-Karaousi, Xeronisi, (East),a hillnorthofKokkinada, and Mavrovouni.189 The burntdestruction levelbehindtheacropoliswallat Gerakicontainedvases toLernaIII phaseC, including CreamSlippedware.190 sherds, comparable Pavlopetri yieldedUrfirnis and Yellow Mottled no Cream sherds were noted.191 sauceboats, ware; perhapsincluding Slipped Even iftheseare harderto recognise, it seemsthatfewersiteswereoccupiedin southern Laconia

159D. H. Frenchin Taylour1972, 263-5. 160EH II Early:21, 46, 117-118, 129, 132, 134, 156, 159, 161, 164, 168, 175, 190, 193-194,207-209,211, 216-217 and 221. EH II Late: 16, 23-26, 31, 37, 43, 86, 110, 112, 126, ι*κ, 14K,140-iKi, i6k, 174, 184, 203 and 206. 161HS 6 in Taylour1072,200, 264.fisr. 36.16. 162HS 10 in 211, pl. 41a. 1972, Taylour 163HS 12 in Taylour10,72,212, pl. 39g. 164HS in pl. 41g,left. 165HS 39 in Taylour1972,240,with 41 1972, 241 Taylour fig.19.1,pl. 45g·3. lbt)HS 42 in TaylouriQ72, 241, pl. 4Pih. 167HS in Taylour1972,245 withfig.22.1,pl. 47d. 168HS 48A in 35, 37 Taylour1972, 240, pl. 45e. 169HS 5 (Taylour1972,209, 264 fig.36.1), HS 11 (Taylour 1972,212, AD 16 (i960) pl. 83.c), HS 36 (Taylour1972, 240, 264 fig.36.8). 170 HS 8 (Taylour1972,209), HS 14 (Taylour1972,213, pl. 39f, right). 171HS in Taylour1972,241. 172HS 43 44 in Taylour1972,241, pl. 451.

173 HS 15, 62-63 in Taylour1972, 213 fig.4. 1745003, Beloyianni 1989, 172. 175Zachos 1087, 210. 176Belovianniiq8q. 177Broodbank 1999,fig.12. 178Pace Cavanaghand Crouwel1096, 15. 179Banou iqqq, 70. 180Forsén 1996,nos. 92-4. 181Chapter 4 §2 (ii) above. 182 219, 223 (Taylour1972, 240-1 withfig.18,pl. 45f). 183 etal. 1969,pl. 32g. Harding 184Coldstream and Huxley1972,83, DepositAlpha,no. 98. 185Kiriatzi 2003, 186Wiencke2000.125. 187D. T.Pullen,pers.comm. 188Waterhouse and Hope Simpson1060,87, Q^. 189Waterhouseand Hope Simpson i960, 85-99; 19^1t 118 n. 22. 190Crouwel2001, 25. 191Howellin Hardingetal 1969, 133.

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a greater or a thisreflects nucleation ofsettlements duringEH II Late thanin EH II Early.Whether in Laconia.192 is knownfromanywhere declinein population is as yetunknown. No EM pottery at Kastraki; EH occupation is wellattested on Kythera by theKytheraSurveyand theexcavations rubbishpitfromKastraki, has closeaffinities withthatofElaphonisos.193 The unstratified thepottery containsno CreamSlippedsherds,butdoes includeRed Slippedand Burnished, DepositAlpha,194 and YellowMottledsherds,withsauceboats.As at AyiosStephanos,muchof the coarser Urfirnis butthereis an import in orangeclayis micaceous.195 Thereis no signofCycladicinfluence, pottery deemDepositAlphaa mixedlotof fromCreteand anotherfromthenorthAegean.The excavators in thePhase Ha EH I and EH II pottery.196 However,sincethesame waresare stratified together in EH II be in the date should from Demetrios (butnottheearliest early Triphylia,197 pottery Ayios Mottled because of the of Yellow ware). presence phase, and are referred to in Mostof theEH smallfindswerepublishedwiththe earlierexcavations, of this were more their were 8 since contexts probably period objects poorlydated, Chapter above; in Taylour1972. Metaltoolsdisplacedstoneones veryslowly:thesole foundthanare recognised metalobjectknownis the tweezersHS 203 fromAlpha burial10.198Apartfromthe toolsfrom butperhapsreallyfromLerna,thisis and a hoardsaidto have comefromThyreatis PyrgosDiroú199 a cortical Findsofobsidiancomprised theonlymetalitemknownfromEH Laconia.200 flake,bladelets in chert.As at at there are none in with the and retouched contrast bladelets; assemblage Geraki,201 a rawmaterial Melos as that was from shows some obsidian the of cores Kastraki,202presence brought ofCycladicoriginwereabsent.The smallnumberoftoolsin comparison eventhoughotherartefacts Stonetoolsofothermaterials withtheArgolidsuggests thatknappingwas onlya part-time activity. a disc. an and included adze,pestles phyllite someunusualfemaletypes;203 terracotta werefound,including anthropomorphic figurines Twenty EH are There also birdsandbovines.One ofthese,5011,may areveryrareat other sites.204 figurines and thesefigurines arethefirst haveworna yoke;modelsofyokedoxenwerefoundat Tsoungiza,205 at and other evidencefordraughtoxen in Greece.The birdsmaybe paralleled Kouphovouno,206 Terracotta and AyiosVasilios.207 animalfigurines are knownfromLaina near Goritsá,Palaiopyrgi areknownfromGeraki.208 ofwoolorlinen;flaxseedsandlinen-impressions whorls attest tothespinning forroasting terminal ofterracotta,209 buttons and a possible'fire-dog' Thereareterracotta presumably was an important sourceof The bonesofdeerand haresshowthathunting meaton woodenskewers. food,butovicaprids, notablyDonax,werealso eaten.210 pigsand cattlewerekept(fig.12.7).Shellfish, Betweensevenand nineteenEH burials,including adults,werefoundin AreaAlphaat thecentre datableto EH is a in cists,butno gravecertainly oftheplateau.Somewerein pits,others, probably, and shouldprobably all within the were theseareknownelsewhere.211 settlement, cist,although They as intramural.212 The bodieswereusuallylaid in a contracted be classified position.Almost50% of thanwaslaterthe thoseofadults,had somegravegoods;thisis a higherproportion tombs,especially whererichgravegoodsare veryrare. case.213 Theseburialsresemblethosein mostofthemainland, in cistswere and elsewhere;215 at Kouphovouno214 Bothcistsand pitsare attested singleinterments thegrave contrast also normalin theCyclades.All theburialsat AyiosStephanosare ofindividuals: burialsin cistsofCycladictype cistsoftheCyclades,themultiple circlesofLeukas,thedouble-decker tombsat Manikain Euboea,or theroundtombsformultiple at AyiosKosmasin Attica,therock-cut have alwaysbeen consideredEH, like tombsat Pavlopetri use in theCretanMesará.The rock-cut traits and be later.217 have Minoan thoseofManika;216 however, theymay wasnotunusualatthistimeelsewhere alsoknownatKouphovouno,218 burialofadults, Theintramural formostoftheBroneAge. A lackofdeep AtAyiosStephanosthispracticecontinued in Greece.219 192Rutterand Zerner 1084, 76 n. 5. 193Broodbank

iqqq,

211.

194Coldstreamand Huxley 1972, 272-4. 195Coldstreamand Huxley 1072, 272-4, Alpha nos. 33-81. 196So too Cavanagh and Crouwel 1996, 5η.!. 197Zachos 1087, 260, 260-70. 198 Taylour 1972, 211; AD 16 (i960) pl. 83. a. 199See §2 (i) above. 200 Branigan 1974, no. 1320. 201T. Carter 2002, 37. 202Coldstreamand Huxley 1972, 217. 203See Chapter 8 §2 (i) above. 204Dickinson 1994, 172. 205Pullen 1992, 50 fig. 1.

206Renard 1989, pl. 46.2. 207Waterhouseand Hope Simpson 1060, 76-8, 81. 208 Weingartenet al. 1999. 209HS 252 in Taylour 1972, 242, pl. 5 ij. 210See table 12.20.

211 Cavanaghand Mee 1998, 16-17.

212Forsén 1992, 107. 213 Chapter 2 §8 (ii). 214Renard 1989, 40-3. 215Rutter 19930, 766-7 withnn. 89-90. 216Harding et al. iq6q, 130; Cavanagh and Mee 1998, 17. 217See §3 (vi) (f) below. 218Renard 1989, 40. 219 Cavanagh and Mee 1998, 23 n. 3.

SUMMARY AND HISTORICAL

CONCLUSIONS

§2

565

soilin whichinterments couldbe mademayhave contributed to it;thislackhas alwaysfavoured the use ofossuariesin Greece,fromtheEM Mesarátothepresent. no evidence AyiosStephanosprovides forthereuseoftombs,funerary orthestuffing cult,burialtumulilikethatat PellananorthofSparta,220 ofskeletons intocleftsin therockas in centralGreece. (iii) Early Helladic III Extensivesurveysuggests aroundthemouthoftheEurotas,at that,oftheelevenEH II settlements leastfourwereabandonedat thistime.These weretheLagio site,AyiosStephanos,Peristeri (East) and Kokkinada(fig.13.1);Lagio and KokkinadawerenotreoccupieduntilLH IIIA-B. The difficult aboutthetransition questionofhowEH II endedat AyiosStephanosis partofthewidercontroversy fromEH II to EH III in betterknownregionsof Greece.221 Therewas no stylistic overlapbetween EH II Late did notevolveintoEH III or MH I Early,and was notused thetwotypesofpottery; also appearsin thewidermaterial sincefigurines ceasedto culture, alongsideit.A sharpdiscontinuity be used and apsidalbuildings wereintroduced. The answerdependsin parton thestratigraphy ofArea Zeta.A layerofhardred soilwithburnt humanbones suggests thatthebuildinginvolving wall is came to a fieryend. However,thisevent No signofdestruction In AreaAlpha probablydatesto MH I Earliest.222 byfirewas notedelsewhere. thismay simplybe owed to the lack of stratigraphy,223 but thatelsewherewas well preserved.A thatmixedEH II LatewithMH I Earliestsherdswas foundin AreaZeta.224 stratum In AreaEta the EH II buildingwas certainly witha abandoned;layersof tumbledstonesand decayedmudbrick, mixture ofEH II LatewithMH I Earlysherds,markthetransition.225 Theremayhavebeena similar inAreaBeta,whereEH II sherdswerefoundandwallgr,probablyMH I Earlyrather transition than EH II, laybesideand undera hardredstratum withEH II and MH I sherds,withstereobelow.226 AyiosStephanoswas abandonedbeforethefinalphaseofEH II at Lerna,i.e. LernaIII phaseD.227 Thisphasewas contemporary withthefirst EH III stylepottery in centralGreece(thatofLefkandi I, Manikaand ThebesgroupB), beforeEH III proper(LernaIV) beganat Lerna;228 therewas a gap in theoccupationthere,but a transitional phase at Tiryns(chart 14.1).229 AyiosStephanoslacksthe Pattern Paintedwareand otherstylescharacteristic ofcanonicalEH III in theArgolid,Corinthia, Elis and further north.At Gerakia severedestruction withburningduringa maturephase of EH II is followedby a gap untilMH I;230no EH III was notedat Pavlopetri. Nonewas foundby theLaconia but Pattern at Painted sherds are known Vouno Survey,231 Panagiasand AyiosGeorgios,bothnear Skourasouth-east ofAmyclae.232 of the second and thethirdphasesofEH III has also been Pottery in Arcadiaat Asea,233 identified and thethirdand lastphase of EH III is knownat twoMessenian sites.The firstis DeriziotisAloninear Pylos;thiswas excavatedby W. D. Taylourin 1958.234 At is betterparalleledin late LernaIV ratherthan Nichoria,whatis called'MH I groupA' pottery235 LernaV.236 Neitherplace had been settledin EH I- II or theearlierphasesofEH III. The new styleprobablyreachedsouthern Laconia verylate in EH III. A fewpiecesof EH III were found at Area Zeta produced1035-1053; a possiblePattern Painted pottery AyiosStephanos. sherd,2205, comesfromArea Delta; TrialTrenchIII yielded2214; and 2315 was foundat an unknownlocation.The siteformspartofa consistent in thesouthern wherea pattern Péloponnèse, siteunoccupiedduringEH III is settledat theend ofthatperiod.Thisphenomenon is widespread in the and Crete.237 On the situation is different. EH III The Greece, Cyclades Kythera,however, at Kastraki was succeeded local of central Cretan and EM II (?late)DepositAlpha by pottery type MM IA datein DepositBeta,238 foundimmediately above naturalat Kastri.Thisindicatesthearrival of Minoanson theisland,239 or seasonaluntil althoughthe settlement mayhave been intermittent MM IA.240 Intensive that an was at two other sites between usersofHelladic surveysuggests overlap and thoseofMinoanpottery, butalso revealsthatthesmallscattered settlements typicaloftheEBA had disappearedby thetimeofDepositDelta.241 220 Spyropoulos 1999, 35~7221See Maran iqq8. 222See Chapter 1 §2 (vi)-(vii) above. 223Tavlour 1072, 2<*q-ao. 224Chapter 1 §2 (vi)-(vii) above. 225Chapter 1 §« (v)-(vi) above. 226 Chapter 1 §4 (vj above. 227See §2 (ii) above. 228Rutter 19930, 763-6. 229Forsén 1992, 32-3; Maran 1998, 12-15. 230 Weingartenet al. 1999; Crouwel et al. 2001, 13.

231 Cavanagh and Crouwel 1996, 16. 232Banou 1999, 79, pls. i3a«7, 13c.3. 233Forsén 1996, 47, 66-7; Maran 1998, 29. 234Stocker 2003. 231Ho well 19920, fig.3.2. 236Rutter 19930, 773. 237Watrous 2001, 223. 238Kiriatzi 2003, 129.

239Coldstream and Huxley1972,275-7. 240Rutterand Zerner 1984,76. 241Broodbank 1999, 211-12.

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inthesouthern Theinterpretation is controversial.242 Does thelackofEH III pottery ofthistransition in and that the ceramic well attested central Greece thenorth-east new Péloponnèsesignify style, EH ΠΙ/MH I intoLaconia had evolved into Transitional before the introduction Péloponnèse, already and Messeniaoftheculture whichcreatedthem?Ifso,matureEH II pottery couldstillhavebeenin EH ΠΙ/MH I appeared,and therelatively use in theregionwhenTransitional highnumberofEH II EH II in thesouththanin sitesidentified a culture the Laconia would reflect longer-lived by Survey this thenorthern the evidence from makes Instead, However, Péloponnèse. AyiosStephanos unlikely. in thePéloponnèse, EH III was probablya periodof discontinuity as and depopulation just in the vis-à-vis the this with architectural accords the following period,which sharp discontinuity Cyclades; in with arrival Anatolia of new elements the coincided the from Indeed,these population.243 possibly in and the Near reflected the disorderof be related to the turmoil recession East, changesmight by in Palestine, and theFirstIntermediate Periodin Egyptand an analogousdownturn Anatolia, Syria for perhapsoccasionedby climaticchangewhenthe annualfloodingof the Nile was interrupted was to recur bc.244 abouta century towardtheend ofthethirdmillennium Suchseveredepopulation will and geneticarguments at theendoftheLBA. Perhapsa combination ofarchaeological, linguistic that the of in but unfashionable modified the venerable confirm, form, speakers the theory eventually at this that entered Hellas dialect was to become Greek time,245 movingintoa largely Indo-European this volume. But that the of debate lies emptylandscape. beyond scope

3. A COASTALENTREPOT OF THE MIDDLE BRONZE AGE (i) The Middle Bronze Age at Ayios Stephanos The relativechronology oftheMH periodon theGreekmainlandis controversial (see chart 14.1). the whole of Fewsiteshavebeen excavatedwithwell-stratified covering period,and deposits pottery this the reveal considerable variation. AlthoughAyiosStephanostypifies variation, regional they thestratigraphy thesedifficulties, fortworeasons.First, ceramics fromthesitearecrucialforresolving between andGeraki)liesata majorinterface coverstheentire thesite(likePavlopetri period.Secondly, of a Cycladicdimension,246 theHelladicand theMinoancultureswithouttheadded complication thatare commonfurther northon themainland; sinceit lackstheAeginetanand Cycladicimports Minoan in LH This its and never. I, gives assemblagea distinctively Aeginetan appearsonly Cycladic has the whole on with mainland. Zerner set when other sites on the chronology a firm tinge compared with that Lerna.247 Forfixedpointsshe from the from footing AyiosStephanos by correlating pottery fromCreteand on theevolutionofLustrousDecoratedware,whichoccursat reliesbothon imports theMBA at Ayios bothplaces.The Lustrous Decoratedand other'Minoan'wares,foundthroughout but in the eastern Asine and elsewhere Lerna,Kolonna, Péloponnèse notat Lefkandi,248 Stephanos, the this was surely bridgebetweenLerna and Ayios probablycame fromKythera(see below); and betweentheHelladicand Minoancultures. Stephanos, ofMH I at bothAyiosStephanosand Lerna.By was presentfromthebeginning Minoanpottery and westernCretevia MM IA theMinoanshad developeda traderoutefromKydonia(Khania)249 to the portsof the LaconianGulf. to Lerna and north-west whichbranchednorth-east Kythera, oftheCyclades theCretanpenetration antedated Network' Broodbank notesthatthis'South-western ofthesailingship,and in MM IB; he persuasively linkstheMinoans'expansionwiththeintroduction in the and nucleatedsettlements thatfearofthemmayhave causedtheincreasein fortified suggests are sherds Lustrous Decorated in MH and Messenia Minoan influence reached II,251 Cyclades.250 trade this at least Nisakouli off Methone.252 MH island of in levels on the late later, Thus, reported in MM IB, centraland easternCrete roundthesouthern routecontinued tipof Messenia.Starting and to theeastvia theDodecaneseto to via the to the north routes Lavrion, Cyclades developed traderoute The locationofAyiosStephanoson thewestern Anatolia,Cyprusand theNearEast.253 wealthis shownby the in theMBA. The inhabitants' to thesite'sprosperity contributed increasing oftheirhousesandtherichergravegoodsin theirtombs;thewealthiest moresolidconstruction grave 242Rutter 19030, 763-6. 243Maran iqq8, 460-q. 244NiizhetDalfes, Kukla and Weiss 1997. 245 Biegen and Haley 1928. 246Rutterand Rutter1076, 63. 247See Chapter 5 §§2-3. 248L. Spencer, pers. comm.

249Since thissite is called Ku-do-ni-jain Linear Β and perhaps Ku-do-nieven in Linear A (tabletsHT 13.4 and HT 85^4), I shall referto it by its ancient name. 250Broodbank 2000, 3^4-61 withfie. 120. 251McDonald, Dickinson and Howell 1992, 760. 252 Harding et al 1969, 135 η. 23. 253Watrous 1994, 748-9.

SUMMARY AND HISTORICAL CONCLUSIONS §3

567

at the site,Alpha burial23, datesfromMH III Late-MH III/LH I. But theirprosperity was as withCretebelow.254 nothing comparedwiththatoftheMinoans.We shallconsidertheirrelations in Laconiais hinderedby thefactthat,beforeC. Zerner'swork, patterns StudyofMH settlement no sub-phases wererecognisedamongthepottery thatwas found.However,thecoastclearlyhad thandid theinterior; moresettlements sites are now knownin all.255 Aroundthemouthof the 36 EurotasAyiosStephanoswasone ofthemaincentres, with Lekas Lekas(Southwest), along Panayiotis, AsteriandAyiosStrategos. Whereastwelvesiteswereoccupiedin EH II, elevenareknownfromthe MBA (fig.13.1).Ofthese,eighthadbeenoccupiedduring EH II, whilethree, entire Lekas(Southwest), Nikolaos and seem new. Kokkinia, Ayios One important localindustry knownfromMH I onwardswasthemanufacture ofshaft-hole axesof known in EH III Such earlier further are not found southern Greece until axes, north, greenstone. Late.256 One MH I axe was foundin Area Eta; another,presumably was from Area MH,257 Delta, whichalso yieldeda bored celt.258 The raw material,a gabbro,occursnear the depositsof lapis As it is amongtheharderstones(6.0-6.5 on Mohs' scale),it beganto be used for lacedaemonius.259 stonevasesin CreteonlyfromMM I onwards, and thenonlyrarely.260 Thismaterial was workedinto axes at thesite.Nine drill-cores werefoundin TrialTrenchIII and AreasBeta,Delta and Alpha, wherea limestone slabpockedwithdrill-impressions ofthesamediameter as someofthecores,c. 1.5 was also unearthed.261 Our cores to the of the axes (c. 2 cm) and surely cm, correspond perforations derivefromthelatter. The coresmustall consistofgreenstone, likethespecimens6100-6101,which wereat firstmistaken forlapislacedaemonius^ the confusion is common,262 but the latterstonewas worked until times.263 The cores would have been drilled out hardly Neopalatial byusingquartzsand and a bow-drill made of a hollowreed cane,Arundo in the same as donax, way theearlierclassof Minoanstonevases.264 at leastwithinLaconia.A 'bored The axes mayhave been widelyexported, celt'foundat AyiosIoannisnearKalyviaofVezani265 to thenorth-east was presumably ofthistype; otherexamplesare fromGeraki266 and Palaiopyrgi. Such axes occurelsewhereon the mainland, at Asine,267 buttheseweremadeat Asine,sincedrill-cores are also foundthere.268 including Obsidianand cherttoolsarecommonat thesitethroughout theMBA (tableA6.10).The materials weretypicalofsouthern Greeceas a whole.Denticulate used,91% Melianobsidianand9% localchert, bladesand hollow-based in wereintroduced later theMBA. Metaltoolsweremore projectile-points than common during theEBA; metal-working, overhearths fanned breezes, presumably bytheon-shore is attested at thesitefromMH I Earlyonwards. To turntofunerary revealsthatatfirst practices, studyofthec. 74 burials269 theyweremadein plots laterthecemetery was mainlyon thetopofthehill,in AreasAlphaand Delta, amongthebuildings; wherethehouseshad been abandoned,as at Asine,Argos,Berbati, Kirrhaand Pefkakia.270 Thereare morerectangular stonecistsandpithosburialsrather thanpits,andmoreextended thancrouched rather thanintheEBA. The increaseinextendedburialsisunusual.271 The factthatgravesbecame interments, builtsuggests thatpeoplebecamewealthier overtime.Infants weresometimes buried largerandbetter sometimes and received than more often adults. Grave together, grave goods intramurally, goodsare foundin 22% oftheburials,whichrecallsotherintramural cemeteries likeAsineat 15% and Lernaat Thusthereismoredifferentiation between ofadults, thanintheprevious burials, 3O%.272 especially period. Most of thesefunerary customsare paralleledelsewhere.273 The use of pithoior jars forinfant burialsis knownat,forinstance, notto mention Amyclae,Olympia,Korakou,Lerna,and Kirrha,274 theMinoan-style burial in near Lazarianika south-western In Crete pithos Kythera.275 pithosburials in the and this is true of the mainland also. The use for burials of shallowcists MBA,276 began single linedand coveredwithslabsis evenmorecommon,as at Geraki.277 At Pavlopetri thereare some37 slab-lined cisttombsamongthehouses;theseare probablyMH, sincethereare pithoi rectangular 254 See

(vi).

§3 255Banou 2000, iq6 withfig.1. 256Forsén Maran 1998, 286-8. 257Jorsén1992,227-32; 1992, 106-7. 258 6090, HS 284-285 in Taylour1972, 247; Forsén1992, 106-7.

259Blitzer 1QQ2, 727-8.

260Warren 1969,132, 145, 159-60.The cupHS 273 (Taylour 1072,24s) couldwellbe ofserpentine. 261 Taylour1972,244, pls. 46c, 5 lj, top. 262 Warren iq6q, 132. 263Rehak and Younger 1998, 111. See chart 14.2. 264Warren iq6q, 160-3. 265Wace and Hasluck 1908-9, 161 n. 4.

266Blackman îqqq, 31; Crouwel 2000, 65 pl. x. 267See Chapter q §5. 268Frödin and Persson 1938, fig. 175.7, at rignt>with247 and fig. 176.1. 269See Chapter 2 §8 (iii) above. 270Cavanagh and Mee iqq8, 24. 271 Cavanagh and Mee 1998, 30. 272 Cavanagh and Mee 1998, 31. 273 Nordquist ^87, 91-106; Älden 2001, iq-2q. 274 Cavanagh and Mee 1998, 26, 38. 275Petrocheilos 1984, 64. 276Watrous 1994, 728. 277Wace 1909-10.

568

R. JANKO

insidegraves22 and 29, a phenomenon The cists paralleledin MH gravesat Argosand Mycenae.278 a house-wall seemto havebeenplacedwithan awarenessofthewallsofthehouses,and sometimes withthehousesor lateris formsone side,as at AyiosStephanos;whether theywerecontemporary At Kirrha,slab-linedcisttombsrunfromMH to LH II;280at AyiosStephanosthey uncertain.279 in additiontothoseinwestern continue intoLH III. No burialtumulihavebeenrecognised, although, at and and centralGreece,281 in Messenia Nichoria282 Voïdhokoilia.283 are known they (ii) Middle Helladic I (fig. 14.2) threephases theareasin whichMH I layerswerereachedwereat mostc.650 m2in extent, Although at as do theresultsoftheexcavations Thissuggests thattheperiodwas lengthy, can be distinguished. MH I the down to the settlement Lefkandi and Nichoria.284 the end of probablyoccupied hilltop By the97 m contourat theΝ and the91m contourat thes, an area of c. 27,225m2;thusitwas already as largeas ithad beenin EH II. Apartfroma fewEH III sherdsfromAreasDelta and Zeta and TrialTrenchIII,285theearliest wherethreephasesofMH knownreoccupation wasinAreaZetaon these slopenearesttothespring, were I werefound(fig.14.2). Over an EH II Late stratum, sherdsdatedto PhaseI, MH I Earliest, a burial sherds of Thislayercontained ofan infant found.286 thebadlyburntleg-bones (Zeta 6); pithos lay beneathand piecesof a jar above. If thiswas a pithosor jar burial,theburningof thebones remainsunexplained;had it been exposedby erosionwhenthemaquiswas burnedoffto erecta buildingat theend of phase I? This buildingwouldhave includedwall it and perhapswall is. In an apsidal PhaseII, MH I Early,a solidterrace-wall io was builtoverwallit. It probablysupported like wattles and materials withitsentrance ofcombustible to these and a superstructure long-house thatch. Thisbuildingburneddown,and thedebrisfromit,containing carbon,ash and manysherds, was dumpedintotheterracebelow.In PhaseIII, MH I Late,a housewas builtwiththreeor four Zeta I. Another, Structure Zeta II againalignednw-se,was erectedoverwallio. rooms,Structure burneddown, Theirrectangular thatthesehouseshad flatearthenroofs.Bothbuildings planssuggest In AreaEpsilonnearby andpottery.287 burnedmud-brick, timbers theterrace belowwithtumble, filling MH I Earlysherdswerestratified underMH I Late sherds.288 In the first, Two MH I buildingphases were recognisedin Area Eta further up the slope.289 with a ne-sw axis. This over4.5 m was built II a to Phase wall, wall, above, dj, long corresponding one cannot its entrance to the an with to sw; guessits long,probablybelonged apsidallong-house, An with of It apparently totaldimensions. no malnourished, infant, possibly sign burning. collapsed, Eta I, houseon a different wasinterred axis,Structure duringthisphase.In MH I Late a rectangular a This had was built. house and reed witha superstructure daub canes, mudbrick, ceilingor including is noteworthy, since The presenceofcanes,Arundo roofofsmoothedmudlaid on reed-canes. donax, koin MycenaeanGreekin thederivative attested thisplantcamefromtheNearEast:itsnameκανών, this before infants buried under the floor were is Three or four of Semitic building no-ni-pi290 origin.291 aftera fire.Atleastsevenpotslayon thefloorand in an openareanearby;the collapsed,apparently ofsherdsshowsthattwoofthemfellfromtheroof,whichprovesthatitwas flat. distribution Nu I withits entranceto these, was erected Structure On thesw slope,an apsidallong-house, of the fromthe dimensions if we can extrapolate m wide MH I It was c. Late.292 and, 4.5 during It of mudbrick on a m was built c Structure excavated originally 14 long. AlphaIV,293 completely mudwithreed-impressions debriscontained coatedthewalls.The destruction stonesocle;mud-plaster andpebblesthatwereusedtoholdthatchin place.Thisbuildingmust roof-beams amongcarbonised wall witha central have had a pitchedroofwithoutan upperstorey.At the nw end, a mudbrick was at a higherlevelthan which The hall. the main from the woodenthreshold apse, separated apse themainroom,was usedforstorageand containeda numberofvasesthathad beenplacedon stone The buildingburneddownwithinMH I Late;thefloorwas coveredwithburntmudbrick pot-stands. The plankbuiltintothethreshold withmuchpottery. androof-timbers, providedthelowradiocarbon

278Alden 2001, 21 withn. 15.

279 etal. 196g, 123-5. 280Harding and van Effenterre Dor,Jannoray i960, 46-9. 281Cavanaghand Mee 1998, 29-30. 282McDonald,Dickinsonand Howell iqq2, 761.

283Korres iqqo, r-8. 284McDonald, Dickinson and Howell 1992, 760. 285See §2 (iii) above.

286See Chapter 1 §2 (vi) above. 287 Chapter 1 §2 (v) above. 288Chapter 1 §1 (v) above. 289 Chapter 1 §§3 (iv)-(v) above. 290Ventrisand Chadwick 1056, 329. 291Chantraine 1968, 493. 292See Chapter 1 §8 (x) above. 293 Xaylour 1972, 210 fig.3.

SUMMARY AND HISTORICAL CONCLUSIONS §3

569

thatMH I endedlaterthanhasbeenthought, dateof1838 BC+ 138.294 Thissuggests and accordswith thatMH I was a longperiodat thesite. thearchitectural and ceramicevidencein indicating On thes rimoftheplateau,wallgr made of smallstonesmayhave been MH I Early.Aboveit therewas anotherpossiblelong-house, Structure Beta I, on muchthesame orientation as Structure Nu I. ThisbuildingburneddownwithinMH I Late,leavingtwopotsamongthedebrisoftumble, mudbrick and beams.295 TrenchBeta 12A to thew producedMH I sherds,notably2219, perhaps fromthedebrisofa building.296 a largeapsidalbuilding, MH I (itoverlaytheEH On thesummit Structure AlphaIV, was evidently II wallae).297The buildinghad twophases,sinceitsoriginalapse as collapsedand was replacedby thenewapse ar. Thisentaileda slightincreasein itslength;itsfinalexterior dimensions were3.4 m 1 m. It a at it was entered between its se end. How was is antae by 1.25 by porch destroyed unknown. in Area Delta hardto understand. To theN,erosionand stone-robbing makethearchitecture Based on itselevation, thecornerformed walls bf and Structure Delta to this II, maybelong bj, period. by Wallbj ranunderwallbl, whichwasprobablyMH II, whilewallbfwas cutatitsswendbya pitthat containedonlyMH pottery.298 Theuseofapsidaldwellings withentrances oriented s,an architectural precedent roughly stylewithout in the EBA,299 is highlysignificant. This innovationprobablyreachedotherpartsof the southern at aboutthistime.Pavlopetri withentrances had twoapsidalbuildings, to Péloponnèse approximately thes, in areasF and B/D, bothc. 5 m wide and thelatterc. 10 m long;thefactthatone does not thatitis older.The MH I houseUnitV-i at matchtherectlinear planofthetown(fig.14.3) suggests arrival in Messeniaand Nichoriamayhavebeen apsidal.300 the ofthistypeofconstruction However, was first in Laconiaformed theend ofa longertrajectory. architecture seen central Greecein Apsidal EH II Euboea at Mourteri An apsidalhouse nearKymeand perhapsat Linovrochi nearLefkandi.301 5.5 m widewasdestroyed byfirein thefinalphaseofEH II atThebes,and a laterone (EH III), even was m these columns.302 dimensions larger, 7.5 wide; Apsidalhousesappear implytheuse ofinterior in EC III on SyrosandParos,andin EH III at ChasampaliinThessalyand atLerna,wheretheywere oftendestroyed andrebuilt.303 The MH apsidalhouse98A at Lernahas interior dimensions of3.25 x x that m in Xat 10 m;304 at Korakouwas 3.8 6 Eutresis.306 These size,305 comparableto housesCand dimensions resemblethoseat AyiosStephanos.The introduction ofapsidalconstruction is one ofthe centralarguments fortheintrusion ofa different elementintothepopulationat thistime. The inhabitants ofAyiosStephanosalreadyceasedto erectapsidalhouseswithinMH I, replacing theseremainedthenormdownto LH IIIC Early. them,as in AreaZeta,withrectangular buildings; The samedevelopment occurredat Lerna,whererectangular buildings superseded apsidalonesearly intheMBA.307 AtNichoriaapsidalconstruction probablywentoutofusebyMH III.308Thisevolution in theearlyIron Age, whenapsidalconstruction recurred had been reintroduced.309 Threefactors mayhave causedit.First,theapse mayhave tendedto collapse,as in Structure AlphaIV. Secondly, fireposeda gravethreatto buildings withpitchedroofscoveredwiththatch. The MH I Late firesin AreasBeta,Zeta,EtaandNu maywellhavebeena singleconflagration. Another furnished explanation, that of other is such fires were deliberate social acts a major related to cultures, by comparative study in the construction suits whereas settlements, change apsidal sparseopen-plan community.310 Thirdly, housesare morecompactand bettersuitedto a higherdensity ofhabitation. rectangular all handmade,can be dividedintoTransitional The MH I pottery ofAyiosStephanos, EH III/MH I (= MH I Earliest)311 and twoMH I phases.A fewTransitional come from Areas Eta and Zeta, pieces one bowl,1064,was imported fromthenorth-east MH I is more Nu;312 Péloponnèse. Earlypottery and MH I Late is commonest of all.314 Most of the is of local True plentiful,313 assemblage origin. Grey in Laconia;315 itis replacedby thelocal waretermedDarkBurnished or Minyanis rare,as elsewhere 294See Appendix ο %%. 295See Chapter ι §4 (v) above. 296See Chapter 1 §5 (vi) above. 297 Taylour 10,72,240, 210 fig.3, pl. 46a. 298 Taylour 1972, 244, 223 fig. 13. 299Cf. Hägg and Konsola 1086. 300 McDonald, Dickinson and Howell 1992, 759-60. 301Davis 1992, 720. 302 Symeonoglou 1985, 15-17. 303Banks in Rutter 1995, 10. 1957, 149, tig. 4. Caskey 305 Biegen 1021, 77, fig. 100. 306Goldman 1931, 35, figs.37, 39

307Werner 1003. 308Howell 1992, 79. 309Coldstream 1077, ^04 withfig.q6. 310Î. L. Bintliff, pers. comm. 311See §2 (iii) above. 312The EH ΠΙ/MH I sherdsinclude 1035-1053, 1064, 1196 and 18x6-18x7. 313The MH I Early sherds include 1001-ιοοκ, iok4-io6s. ιο6κ-ιο88, îiQi-iiQK and 1107-12^6. 314The MH I Late potteryincludes 1006-1018, 1089-1153, 1237-1287, 1325-1342, 1828-1855, 1858-1887, 1889-1907, 2273 and 2281. 315 Cavanagh and Crouwel 1996^, 17; Crouwel 2001, 26.

57O

R. JANKO

1 ci QJ en

ε .s CO

Oh QJ

J 'Oh +-> Ö

I Ο

1

CU

Β

1 6

SUMMARY

AND

HISTORICAL

CONCLUSIONS

§3

571

DarkMinyan.316 The incisedflasksin thisware,also knownfromLernaand Messenia,haveCycladic and Cretanantecedents, bothdatingto theEBA, butappearto havebeenmadelocally.317 The sherds with at a or fabric black schist included of gathered Pavlopetri many 'yellow-green lightyellow-buff down to i.e. Lustrous Decorated. The ceramic inclusions' times,318 assemblage going EarlyMycenaean therewas probablyidenticalto thatat AyiosStephanos. Zernersuggests on thebasis ofimportsthatMH I Earliestcorresponds to theend ofEM III on Crete,MH I Earlyto MM IA and MH I Lateto MM IB-MM IB/II (chart 14.1),sincemuchofthe MH I MH I Late LustrousDecoratedpottery looksMM IA butis in factlaterin Cretanterms.319 a at Kastri on where Minoan settlement had been to Gamma (MM IA) corresponds Deposit Kythera, EM IIIII. and Kastri have Lustrous Decorated and Both (eventually) plantedin AyiosStephanos butnotslavishly; but MicaceousMinoanwares.Theseare Minoanin styleand followCretantrends, at Kastrithereis no signofmainlandinfluence. andKythera ofbothLustrous Decoratedand MicaceousMinoanpottery The presenceatPavlopetri that the results of chemical which thesewaresare not Cretanbut south suggest supports analysis Both wares are also foundat Lerna,and both as Zerner or, suggests, Peloponnesian Kytheran.320 in thewallsofvases.Coldstream holes a distinctive for handles technique attaching bycutting employ mainland butZernerascribesittothesouthern andHuxleyattributed thistechnique tothemainland,321 in Creteor centralGreece.DickinsonobjectedthatAyiosStephanos or Kythera, sinceitis unknown and LustrousDark-on-Light warehas notbeen was ill placed to serveas a centreforexportation foundon Kythera;insteadhe suggeststhatLustrousDecoratedwarewas made at bothLernaand intheLaconian wareswerecertainly distributed The Lustrous bysea,as theirrarity AyiosStephanos.322 is Zerner is more shows.However,sincethishypothesis uneconomical, hinterland likelytobe right.323 Decoratedvases,seenatAyiosStephanosfromMH I Late(e.g. The use ofpurplepainton Lustrous feature. The islandwas famedin 1875) and on Kytherain MM IB-IIIA,324mayalso be a Kytheran This was done by boiling forthe production of purpledye fromthe murexsea-snail.325 antiquity of thesemolluscs;our word'purple'derivesfromthisprocess.326 (πορφύρειν)enormousquantities was calledPorphyroussa madethere',327 while 'becauseofthebeautyofthepurplegarments Kythera murexshellswere thecoastsofLaconiaproducedthebestpurpleafterPhoeniciaitself.328 Although of foundat Pavlopetriand Kranae,329 theywerenot numerousenoughto provethe manufacture snails some have whether the for which numbers of are needed; indeed, great questioned purple, butthemiddensof shellshave probablybeen purplepainton thesevases came fromthemurex,330 submerged by thechangein sea-level. at Kastriexceptforone possibleimport,331 also recallsMinoanrather Dull Paintedware,unknown ithas a different butrelatedtechnique thanmainlandstyle,butfollowedearlierKytheran traditions; handles.Sherdswiththecrazedpainttypicalof thiswarewerefoundat Pavlopetri.332 forattaching at Kastri.The The pottery documents theinfluence oftheearlyphaseofMinoanexpansionattested contrast betweenLustrousDecoratedwares,whichfollowedcontemporary Minoanstyles,and Dull warewas producedon Kytheraby Painted,whichfollowedearlierones,is explicableiftheformer within while the latter was madeon themainlandbypotters Minoan traditions, working potters fully and isolatedfromthelatestCretanfashions. on Zerner,relying chemicaland stylistic Jones analyses, that the similarities result from the movement ofpotters to AyiosStephanos.333 suggest One simplecistburialof an adult,Beta 6, is datedto MH I Late by pots2273 and 2281;334 the childburialAlpha1 is also MH I.335 Intramural infant burialsin pitswerenumerous. (iii) Middle Helladic II (fig. 14.4) Iftheremainsofthisbriefperiodseemlessinteresting thanthoseofMH I, thismaybe becausethey are ill preserved.336 No separatephaseswererecognised, and fewpurelevelswerefound.However, 316Rutterand Rutter1076, 6 withn. 8. 317See Chapter 5 §3 (i) (a). 318 Harding et al. iq6q, 135, nos. 13, 15-16, and 10-21. 319See Chapter 5 §2 (i) above. 320See Chapter 5 §2 (iii) and Appendix 2 §3. 321Coldstream and Huxley 1972, 278. 322Dickinson 1992, 110-11; 1994, 242. 323Cf. Mountjoy 1999, 1 248. 324Coldstream and Huxley 1972, 95-6, Deposit Delta nos. 9-10, 24. 21 Coldstreamand Huxley 1072, 36-7, 282. 326Chantraine 1968, 930.

327Aristotlefr.521 Rose. 328Pausanias in 21.6. 329Banou 1996, 69. 330Rutterand Zerner 1084, 76 n.7. 331Coldstream and Huxley 10,72,04, Deposit Gamma no. 30. 332 Harding et al. 1969, 135, nos. 18, 23. 333 Jones 1986, 420-4, 434; Zerner, Chapter 5 §4 (i) above. 334 Taylour 1972, 233 with fig. 16, pls. 45a-b; Rutter and Rutter10.76, 26 n. 22. 335It is dated by HS 1 (Taylour 1972, 208, pl. 39b). 336See Chapter 5 §2 (ii).

572

R. JANKO

the proportion of the siteoccupiedwas probablyno smallerthanbefore;the inhabitants clearly had thewilland thestrength to rebuildafterthefireor fireson thesw and se ofthehilltop.They used less flammableroofingmaterials,substituting forthe remainingapsidal houses oblong withflatearthenroofs. structures The introduction of rectangular housingwas surelyconnectedwitha changeto theplan of the Atsomepointtheoriginal'mainland'styleoffreestanding in Messenia settlement. retained buildings, untilMH III at Dorion/Malthi337 and neverabandonedat Nichoria,338 evolvedintoan 'agglutinative' The newlayoutof layoutbased on blocksofhouses,suchas was usualin Creteand theCyclades.339 must this time. The came to consistof an have around settlement originated AyiosStephanos with of with 6-10 rooms and laid out no centralised agglomeration rectangular buildings courtyards, The also had such a of Korakou be planning. plan may compared.340 Pavlopetri layout;thepresence a of two apsidalbuildings, one of whichdisruptsthe plan (fig. 14.3), suggeststhatit underwent similarevolutionat some date.341 Its layoutcould represent a laterstageof development, perhaps even Mycenaean,as has been arguedregardingMalthi,342 wherehouses were builtagainstthe wallwhichsurrounded thesettlement.343 to positthattheplansofbothsettlements However,I prefer derivefromMH I Late to MH II. At AyiosStephanosthestreets wereat firstpaved withpebblesfromthesea-shore;in theLBA schistslabswereoftenusedforcourtyards and passages,as at Nichoria344 and themodernCyclades. and terraces were used to accommodate terrain. The streets and Steps sloping alleysvariedfrom1 m to 2 m in width.The undatedstreets at Pavlopetri are 2 m to 4.5 m wide,withan averageof c. 3 m in AreaIII at Nichoriareaches3 m in width.345 (fig.14.4),and theLH street The architecture ofAyiosStephanos fortherestoftheBronzeAge,without remained unsophisticated stonecolumnbases,ashlarmasonryor thresholds madefromsingleblocks(thereis one stonedoorwallswereonlythestonesoclesofwallsmadeofsun-dried socket, probablyLH ΠΙΑ). Mostsurviving mudbricks. Floorswereofbeatenearth;roofswereflatand spannedby woodenbeamssupporting reed canes or wattlesand clay.The relativerarityof pithoiuntilLH IIIC Earlymay suggestthat storagewas centralised. The MH II remainsare scrappy(fig.14.4). On these slope,a rectangular buildingon a nw-se turnto Zeta III, adjoineda walledalley,StreetZeta I, whichmade a right-angled axis,Structure theNW.A stepwas added wherethealleymetanotherroad,StreetZeta II, presumably becauseof wearatthatpoint;a similartechnique canbe seenat Pavlopetri, e.g.whereStreet1joinsStreet2 (fig. disturbed floorlevels.346 14.4). Threecompletevases represent Higherup the slope in Area Eta, MH II occupationis attested On thesw slopein Area Nu by a wall,a cobbledroad and a pot.347 withtwofloors.348 an and a a nw-se axis On the MH II is represented adult burial on building by a a wnw-ene Beta with a floor on which south-central there was house on Structure II, axis, slope lay severalvases.Its south-facing doorwayopenedontoa walledalley,StreetBeta II.349As usual,the in datingtheMH strata. remainsare less clearon theplateau,becauseof erosionand imprecision In AreaDelta MH wall MH burial V was its ak is cut the Structure II; Alpha8.350 by Alpha perhaps Νtherewerefourbuildingphases,notthreeas was thought. The thirdphase,whichwas MH further is Structure Delta I- II, comprises The first tworectangular structures on thesamennw-ssealignment. wall to run over m at m Wall bl seems wide least of two rooms III,351 9.7 long.352 bj, 2.4 consisting by whilewallbb was cutbyburial7, whichcontainedtwoMM IIB-IIIA whichis assignedto MH I,353 and wallbi by theLH I burial14. Wallsbg and bh formedthecornerofa thirdroomon vessels,354 Structure Delta IV; StreetDelta I separatedit fromtheothers.In TrialTrench thesamealignment, was of VII nearby,a rectangular buildingon a N-saxiswas probablyMH, sincemostofthepottery thatperiodand nonewas earlier.355 337Howell 1992,79. 338McDonald,Dickinsonand Howell 1992,763. 339Dickinson 1994,61-7. 340 Biegen 1921, pl. vin. 341See §3 (ii) above.

342Darcque 1980,32-3.

343Valmin 1938, pl. 3. 344Walsh and McDonald 1992, 458. 345McDonald and Wilkie 1992, %%1withfig.7-11. 346Chapter 1 §2 (iii) above. 347 Chapter 1 §3 (iii) above. 348Chapter 1 §8 (ix) above. 349 Chapter 1 §4 (iv) above.

350 Taylour 1972, 240, 210 fig.3.

351Tavlour1072,244-f^,223 fiff. 13,pl. 46b. 352 thisas a Taylour1972, 244-5, 223 fig·X3>interpreted megaronwitha porchfacingse andlaterreuse,becauseLH IIIC Earlyvesselswerefoundaroundit. Butthesupposedantaeof the 'porch',walls bb and bi, finishin a raggedfashionand s as wallsbe and bl. reappearfurther 353The bythe junctionofwallsbl andbm hadbeendisturbed Medievalburial25, whichoverliestheMH jar burial18. 354HS 25-26 in Taylour1972, 224, pl. 46c; cf.Betancourt 79a, 81b. 1985, figs. 355 Taylour1972,248, 206 fig.3.

SUMMARY AND HISTORICAL

CONCLUSIONS

§3

and burials. Fig. 14.4. Ayios Stephanos:the MH II- III settlement

573

>73

574

574

R· JANKO

Fig. 14.5. Ayios Stephanos:the MH III/LH I-LH I settlement and burials.

SUMMARY AND HISTORICAL CONCLUSIONS §3

575

MH II pottery was scarce.356 Wheel-made cup.A sign piecesnowappear,butonlyin thecarinated MBA. to MM rare until the end of the The ofCretaninfluence, remain assemblage corresponds they and IB-II andto DepositDeltaat Kastri(lowerlayers), wherethisphaseis equallypoorlyrepresented at Lerna.Zernerplausibly hardto recognise(chart 14.1).MH II materialis morereadilyidentified thatMH I LateatAyiosStephanosoverlappedwithLernaeanMH II;357thismayexplainthe suggests of paucity MH II hereand othersignsthatthephasewas brief.The trendsseenin MH I continue, betweenmainlandand Minoanculture. showingthatAyiosStephanoswas a locus of interchange is a Dull Paintedsherdwhichmayhave However,on Kytherathesole signof mainlandinfluence orPavlopetri.358 Thepeaksanctuary aboveKastriatAgiosGeorgios beenimported from AyiosStephanos the Second Palace Period the smallscattered settlements touVounouwas foundedat thistime.359 By EBA the had while hamlets of Minoan character dotted the central and eastern of gone, parts typical AtNichoriaMinoaninfluence oftheisland.Kastriitself was c.9-10 ha in area.360 beganin MH II but and no clearsignofthepotter's was farweaker,withno distinct classesofMinoanpottery wheel.361 MH II, and up to fiveof theinfantburialsassignedto BurialsEta 14 and Nu 14 are definitely MH I Late couldinsteadbelongto MH II. An unusualtrussedburialofan adolescent, Eta burial6, from this date time. may (iv) Middle Helladic III (fig. 14.4) The MH III remainswerebetterpreservedthanthoseof MH II; indeed,layersof thisdatewere was first probablyreachedin c. 90% ofthetotalarea excavated.The earlierphaseofMH III pottery who deemedit MH II Late,contemporary witha laterphase of MM ΠΙΑ.362 identified by Rutter, Zernerhas now shownthatthispottery is MH III Early,363 and thata laterphase of MH III is in AreasLambdaand Nu.364 stratified On thesw slope,AreaNu/Gamma1 exhibited threearchitectural phases(fig.14.4).Attheend of MH II or beginning of MH III (MH II/III Early),a broadn-s road was laid,StreetNu I, witha on itsΕ flank.To theΕ wallsng and nx encloseda roomoryardwhichremainedinuse retaining-wall untilMH III Late.365 WithinMH III Earlytwoirregular walls,dd and nu,werebuiltovertheroad; w demarcated the of the Twogobletsand an amphorasurvived on a perhapsthey boundary property. MH III Earlyfloornearby.366 The wallswentout ofuse at theend of thisphase,whenthegravel surface oftheroad,nowcalledthe'UpperPebbledRoad' or StreetNu I, wasrenewed.In theΝithad a drainmadeoftilesofMinoantype.A rareMinoanseatedithyphallic datedtoMM III, was figurine, foundin itsmake-up.A MH III Late floorto theΕ had on it a jar and a dipper,withcruciblesand residuesthatprovethatbronzewas worked.367 LambdaI, on a nnw-sseaxis;itgoesbackto house,Structure Justtotheε therestooda rectangular at leastMH III Early.FourMH II or MH III Early(i.e. MH II/III Early?)cupsandjars lay on its lowestexcavatedfloorwhenitwas destroyed and a newfloor by fire.The buildingwas refurbished was laid,on whichwerefoundtwoMH III Late-MHIII/LH I drinking vesselsand a pithos.The thatgreenstone axesweremanufactured Thishousecontinued here.368 presenceofa drill-core suggests inuse untilLH IIA. Lowerdowntheslope,in AreaLambda/Beta12,Floor25 was databletoMH III Early,and a MH III Earlystratum yieldeda jar, a bowl and a crucible.Over thisa set of nine rooms on a similar Structure LambdaII, was built,probablyduringMH III Late, axis, rectangular 356 It includes items 1154, 1164, 1168, 1180-1182, 11871190, 1288-1315, 1343-1346, 1349-1350, 1365, 1381, 1386, 1395, 1406-1407, 1836, 1840, 1871, 1879, 1888, 1909-1911, i9*7> !924> Í931' X938> *944> !95°> X952, i96«, 1969-1970,

*975>*979>1989~1991' 1996~1999>2273 and Rutter Deposits Α-B (Rutter PeriodI). 357 Chapter5 §2 (ii) above. 3)8Coldstream and Delta no. 45. 359Sakellarakis Huxley1972,97, 277-8, 360Broodbank1996. 1999,212-13. 3blMcDonald,Dickinson and Howell 1992,760; fortheMH II materialsee Howell 1992^,whosesystemof classification is fromthatused here. verydifferent 362Rutterand Rutter1076,32, PeriodII. 31)3 The MH III Early potteryincludesitems 1347-1348,

i351"1364,iS^^S80» *382-i385>i387"1394,^Φ~^^^

1408-1414, 1479-1481, 1483, 1485-1512, 1908, 1912-1916, 1918-1923, 1925-1930, 1932-1937, i939-!943> 1945"1949> 1951> 1953~1961. i963~1968. 1971~1974> i976~19785 i98o~

1988, 1990a, 1992-1995, 2000, 2007, 2016, 2025, 2041, 2089, 2108, 2111-2112, 2116, 2124-2125, 2133, 2163, 2165-2166, 2175, 2186, 2194-2195, 2197, 2199, 2280, 3627 and Rutter

oftwophasesfollowed her DepositsC-D. Zerner'sidentification whichis whytheMH III pottery is largely studyofthepottery, in Chapterr above. publishedtogether 3b4Thg jyjfj m Late pottery includes items 1415-1416, 1419, i437-!439> !445> 1447-M52, i456> !459> 1482, 1484, 1513, 1702, 1709, 1470-1473, 1935, Í941? 2001, 2003, 2006, 2012, 2019, 2034, 2047, 2050, 2052, 2057, 2059, 2063, 2097-2099, 2119-2120, 2125, 2128, 21342158, 2177, 2185, 2192, 2193, R18 and

1421-1424, 1435, 1462, 1466-1467, 1719, 1730, 1734, 2026-2028, 2032, 2068, 2091, 2094, 2136, 2140-2143,

RutterDepositE. Rutter'sDepositF mixesMH III Earlywith MH III Late. 365See Chapter1 §8 (viii)above. 366Chapter 1 §8 (vii)above. 367See 1 §8 (vi) above Chapter 368See Chapter1 §7 (iii)above.

576

R. JANKO

sincea floorassociatedwithitswalls,Floor22, was found,on whichlaythejars 2288 and HS 32.369 Thisbuildingtoowas useduntilLH 11A. BetaIII, was probablybuiltin MH On thesouth-central slopea houseon a similaraxis,Structure III Earlyand certainly wentoutofuse duringthatphase;a walledalley,StreetBetaIII, ranpastit, andpresumably metup somehowwiththeold StreetBetaII.370In AreaEpsilonon these slopeburial inAreaEta,onewallwasprobably Nearerthesummit 1,laidon colouredpebbles,wasMH III Late.371 is obscure,sinceStructure MH III.372In theν halfoftheplateauthesituation AlphaV maybe MH II abandoned. or MH III,373 butby theLBA thatsectorwas apparently ofDull Paintedwareby thatofMH II. The replacement continues The copiousMH III pottery MH III. This wareappearsmuch start of in itsgritty defines the MattPaintedware,at first variety, in Laconia.374 Matt is still unknown elsewhere Painted laterthanitdoesfurther north; DuringMH III a to a from Lustrous Decoratedwaregradually style. changes style dark-on-light mainlylight-on-dark and redor ofMinoanripple-pattern, In MH III Late thiswarealso adoptedstripesor barsimitative purpleon a lightgroundwithbordersofdarkbands.MicaceousMinoanwarebeginsin MH III Early MH III Late,whenYellowMinyanis introduced. butonlybecomescommonduring Aeginetan pottery first arrivesin MH III/LH I and onlybecomescommonin LH I.375The presenceoflight-on-dark and of MicaceousMinoanat Pavlopetri377 sherdsat AyiosNikolaosand GanganiaeastofApidia376 can nowbe understood to showthatthesesiteswereoccupiedin MH III. MH III Earlycorresponds toMM IIIA on Creteand at KastritoDepositDelta (upperlayers).MH in DepositsEpsilon(MM IIIB andthe III Lateis coevalwithCretanMM IIIB, atKastriwithmaterial LM IA) andZeta (MM IIIB-LM IA), and at MycenaewiththemainphaseofGraveCircleΒ earliest (chart 14.1).378 wareborrowsseveralshapesfromMM III-LM IA stone DuringMH III thelocalDarkBurnished on Kythera, the in Crete,appearin serpentine vases. Since theseshapes,and not otherscurrent at resident via Ayios perhapsKytheranpotters borrowingtook place Kytheranintermediaries, which werefound, ofMM III type,apparently humanfigurines Twoterracotta imported, Stephanos.379 ofMinoantypesin thesouthern Péloponnèsethatis also visibleat Nichoria.380 explainstheinfluence seemslessunderMinoan ofwhichtwophasesare recognised, theMH III pottery, There,however, thanithad been duringMH II.381 influence resembles thatthesiteprospered, MH III and confirm nothing although Eightburialsaredefinitely Crete.A cistgrave,Delta burial7, thewealthof GraveCircleΒ at Mycenaeor of contemporary twoMM IIB-IIIA vases.382 contained (v) Middle Helladic III/Late Helladic I and Late Helladic I (fig. 14.5) thesamecontinuity fromMH toLH, heredividedintoMH III/LH I andLH I, displays The transition theMBA, save thatthefirst whichprevailedthroughout ofmaterialcultureand ceramicproduction aredistinct and stratigraphy equidsappearbyLH IIA (fig.12.7).SincetheMH III/LH I architecture a separateperiod. fromthoseofLH I in thesw partofthesite,MH III/LH I has been designated forthreereasons.First,the MH III/LH I lustrous However,I shalldiscussbothphasestogether, is the earliest Mycenaeanware,and itsevolutionfromLustrousDecoratedclarifies paintedpottery to Mycenaeanmoreclearlythanat any otherknownsite,as was hoped whenthe the transition whereasat LernaMycenaean all thestagesofitsevolutionare present, wererenewed;383 excavations LH I coevalwithGraveCircleA I were III/LH and MH arrives Secondly, fullydeveloped.384 pottery of Both eras Crete. of Minoan andwiththerichest atMycenae385 precedethetrueturning-point epoch in Creteand the theBronzeAge,namelythecollapseat theend of LM IB of Minoancivilisation theMyceneanwareofLH I dateis publishedin Chapter6 above,buttheMH wares Aegean.Finally, usedat thesametimearemostlypublishedin Chapter5.

369See Chapter ι §5 (v)-(vi) above; Taylour 1972, 234, pls. 45c, 45d (where it wronglyassociated witha burial). 370 Chapter 1 §4 (iv) above. 371 Chapter 1 §1 (v) above. 372 Chapter 1 §3 (iii) above. 373See §« (iii) above. 374 Cavanagh and Crouwel 1996Ã, 26. "' 1460, 2328, R723-725; see Chapter 5 §92 (ni)-(iv). 376Waterhouseand Hope Simpson i960, 95; 1961, 139. 377 Harding et al. 1969, 135 nos. 13, 15-16.

378Dietz îqqi, 106-31 withfis:.78. 379Rutter1070; cf. Bevan et al 2002, 03. 380 7002-7093, cf. 7086; see Chapter 7 §4 above. 381McDonald, Dickinson and Howell 1992, 760. 382 2290, 2296; HS 25-26 in Taylour 1972, 224, pl. 46Γ, cf. Betancourtiq8p;, fiers.70a, 81b. 383Rutterand Rutter 1976, 64. 384 Chapter 5 §2 (iv) (a). 385Dietz 1991, 247-50 withfig.78.

SUMMARY AND HISTORICAL CONCLUSIONS §3

577

- theMenelaion, NineofthesixtyknownMycenaeansitesin LaconiahaveyieldedLH I pottery and AyiosStephanos.386 Boza, Daimonia,Stena,Pavlopetri Palaiopyrgi, EpidaurusLimera,Phoiniki, at this this was a prosperous Thisprobably for three reasons: time, period;387 underrepresents occupation stillconsisted and MH III/LH I muchofthepottery ofMH wares,bothin Laconiaand elsewhere;388 has yetto be recognised outsideAyiosStephanositself. had retreated pottery ByLH I thesettlement to thes halfofthesite,althoughLH I pottery was foundin TrialTrenchesto theΝ and Ε (fig.14.5). AreasAlpha and Delta on the plateauseem to have been used onlyforburials.389 The apparent of the is remains of this settlement the have eroded shrinkage Perhaps period surprising. awayon the which the fills worn sherds on the sw mightexplain containing hilltop, EarlyMycenaean slopein the Lambdatrenches. Butifthedeltaicfillwas approaching fromthenorth-east, the causing bay to the northto siltup,siteson theothersideoftheGulfwouldhavegaineda competitive even advantage,390 ifan increasein malariawas nota factor,391 and thesettlement wouldhave declined. On these slope,sherdswerefoundin AreasEpsilon,392 and in TrialTrenchIV (fig. Zêtaand Eta393 a within MH III LH I in ordertoincrease On the s set of double walls were built Late to 14.5). slope, thesizeoftheterraceby holdingbackthesoilto thene. Thisterracenowbecamea courtyard some x m in in LH I extent. At first it had a it was with stone surfaced and schist floor; 5.5 5.5 yellowclay It wasusedforseveralinfant burials.On theswslopeStructure slabs,witha hearthin theswcorner.394 in use untilLH ILA.Its sw partwas remodelledaftera fireby theadditionof LambdaII continued twowalls,enclosingRoom 10; thismayhave had a floorwitha LH I jar and bowl.TwootherLH I vesselswerefoundnearby,possiblyin thesamecontextas LinearA inscription 6154.395 In AreaNu,396 Structure Nu II was builton a N-s alignment againsta longand massivewall,wall itfromStreetNu I. AtPavlopetri thew boundaryoftheproperty, too nf,thatnowformed separating houseswerebuiltagainstthemuchlongerwallsthatdelimitthestreets II Nu had (fig.14.4).Structure tworooms,withitsentrance to thes. The largerroomto thes had a stonebench,hearthand earthen floor,on whichlay severalpots.Thisroomgave ontoa smallerone to theN.The housecollapsedin LH I Early,withno signofburning. Itsruincouldhavebeen causedby an earthquake, possiblythe sameas thatwhichshookTheraat thestartofLC I397and thatat Triandaon RhodesduringLM IA sometimebeforetheTheraneruption.398 Itss wallwas cutbytheLH I/IIA ShaftGraveburialNu 13. LambdaI continued in use. In MH III/LH I Floor9 was replacedbyFloor8, JusttotheE,Structure on whichlaya LH I Earlyvase.Floor8 in theν roomwas renewedin LH I Early,withtheaddition ofa stepin thethreshold betweenthetworooms.399 MH III/LH I pottery is veryplentiful.400 The rangeofwares,formsand shapes,bothlocallymade and imported, now came to resemblethatofthecentralarea ofthemainland.Thereweretwonew LustrousDecoratedwarewas nowfirst wares,FineYellowMinyanand FineMattPaintedBichrome. in that LM resemble those of Zerner thatit maybe called thevery remarks IA; produced styles earliestLH I (chart 14.i).401In Cretanterms,MH III/LH I corresponds to LM IA Earlyand the of at Zeta Kastri IIIB-LM (MM IA). upperlayers Deposit Zernerrecognises twophasesofLH I pottery at thesite,LH I Earlyand LH I/IIA.402 LH I Early materialis verycommon,403 and includesthe only stratified LH I in of LH I Laconia. deposits after the start of LM IA: it LM IA on Crete to at Late and Kastri to began corresponds Deposits Zeta (upperlayers),Eta and Theta.

386Banou 1996, 120. 387 Mountjoy 1999, 1 243. 388Rutter 19930,787. 389Unless StructureDelta V was of this date ratherthan LH IIIC Early; see §4 (v) below. 390 L. Bintliff, J. pers. comm. 391See §1 (ii) above and Chapter 12 §1 (iii) (c). 392See Chapter 1 §1 (iv). 393See Chapter 1 §3 (ii). 394Chapter 1 §4 (iii) above. 395See Chapter 1 §r (v) above; §3 (vi) below. 396Chapter 1 §8 (v) above. 397I. L. Davis 1QQ2,Ί%ΐ'withnn. 1^0-2. 398T. L. Davis 2001, q^. 399See Chapter 1 §7 (iii).

400It includesitems 1432, 1443-1444, 1458, 1461, 14641465, 1517, 1524, 1527, 1632, 1685, 1763, 1764, 2009-2011, 2014, 2017-2018,2020, 2030, 2037, 2039, 2046, 2049, 2051,

2053-2056, 2058, 2062, 2065, 2067, 2069, 2072, 2079-2080, 2083, 2095-2096, 2105, 2110, 2114, 2117, 2123, 2130, 2138, 2144, 2151-2153,2155, 2157, 2160, 2162, 2168-2169,21702171, 2174, 2176, 2178-2180, 2187-2191, 2198, 2200-2201, 2203, 2221-2222; 3391, 3402, 3411, 3435, 3448, 3598-3637 and Rutter's DepositsG and T. 401Chapterκ §2 (iv) above. 402This recognitiontoo followedher originalstudyof the whichis whythesephasesarelargelypublishedtogether pottery, in Chapter5 above. 403LH I Earlypiecesinclude1710, 1743, 1751, 1779-1780, 2045, 2081-2082,2086, 2093, 2131,3381, 3392-3393,33953397. 3399. 34<>i, 34*>4(?)>34<>5>34*<>,34*2-3432, 3436> 3439-3443. 3445"3447>345°"3451> 3455~3456>3458>34^1, and Rutter DepositsH, K, L and M. In addition,someof3222, 3234-3244, 3649-3662, R973-1012 and RutterDepositF are LH I Early.

578

R. JANKO

LH I/IIA LH I/IIA pottery, LH I Lateor LH IIA Early,is equallycommon.404 whichis effectively in Creteto LM IA LH I/IIA corresponds materialwas foundin tombsat EpidaurusLimera.405 dates Late-LMIB Earlyand on Kytherato DepositsIota,Kappa and Lambda.Of tworadiocarbon a of but based on LH I/IIA is low from one strata, (1450 ±150) sample deriving extremely oftheSantorini withthelowthanwiththehighchronology reliablesize;thisresultis morecompatible Dynastyin eruption,whichaccordingto the low chronologyoccurredearlyin the Eighteenth in c. bc.406 1550-1525 Egypt The mostimportant paintedfabricknownas Myceneanware.The noveltyofLH I is thelustrous Its qualityand style materialfromtombs.407 in be caused the lack of the assemblagemay by gaps In this and Asine.408 Lerna like resemblethoseat sitesin thenorth-eastern Korakou, Péloponnèse is from decorated Lustrous Decorated the sole criterion for distinguishing Mycenaeanpottery period in thepaintbeingdull;409 FineYellowMinyan ofthesurface, whichresults theunburnished treatment YellowMinyanvesselsmaynowhave is practically fromunpaintedMycenaean.410 indistinguishable and MattPaintedis decoratedin light ofmetalrivets, minutepelletsappliedto therimsin imitation in first Matt Painted ware and bichrome. Fine appears LH I Early.Chemicalanalysisproves ground thatthiswarewasimported, thatpottery oftheMinoanSchistGroupcamefromKydonia(Khania),411 thesitefromtheArgolid.412 and thatLH I-IIA Mycenaeanwarewas reaching sheds The Cretanand Minoanising lighton the originsof Mycenaeanware.Some assemblage fromCretan features ofLH I Mycenaeanware,notablythesmallclosedshapes,cannotderivedirectly with motifs shared LM IA from Crete and LM IA.413 has both Kythera;414 imports AyiosStephanos Decorated. nowappearon FineLustrous LM IA patterns, notablythefoliatebandand ripple-pattern, it was ofthesouthern SincetheearliestLH I pottery Péloponnèseantedatesthatof theArgolid,415 that indicated in Laconia.417 either Messenia416 or that ware arose Clay analysis proposed Mycenaean Bothpetrological hada localsouthLaconianorigin.418 the'Minoanising' waresfoundatAyiosStephanos whenceit and chemicalanalysesnow suggestthatLustrousDecoratedwarewas made on Kythera, in southern That Mycenaeanwareoriginated was exportedto bothAyiosStephanosand Lerna.419 betweenLH I Mycenaeanwareand Kytheran Laconiais plausiblefortworeasons:thesimilarities LM IA,420 ofLustrousDecoratedin theArgolid.It breachesOccam'srazorto and therelativerarity As Laconia.421 in Lerna,foundedfromone in southern suggestthattherewas a separateworkshop a mainland on wastradedalongthecoastsofthe in historical timespottery observes, grand Mountjoy scale;thiswouldhavebeen equallytruein theBronzeAge.422 twoormoreadults,areMH III/LH I in date.Despitetheproximity Atleasteightgraves,including werestillused.A little traditions continue:pits,cistsand stonesurrounds ofCrete,Helladicfunerary ofthegreatwealthofthetimereachedthesite.The richest graveofanyphase,Alpha23, datesfrom MH III Late-MH III/LH I. Its occupanthad carnelianbeads and thepyxis2222, whichimitates LH I The wealthiest The adultburialDelta 7 was ofthesamedate.424 MM III-LM IA stonevases.423 in one case evolved The cist a bronze knife. with a and a man buried was Delta 4, grave cup grave This LH I/IIA grave,Nu 13, containedthebodyofa intoa ShaftGravewithmassivecover-slabs. markedthe forofferings of stoneswitha squareplatform womanwithout gravegoods.A rectangle and II-IIIB at Krokeai in LH used shaft the slab-covered resembles shaft. This tomb of the grave top coveredby sixschistslabs,at theMenelaion.425 another,

404LH I/IIA items1519,1529,1550-1551,1553, includes pottery 1645-1649,1661,1677,1687, 1570,1608,1611,1613-1614,16557, 1701,1709,1730,1735-1736,1759,1767,1769,1773,1804,1808, 1812, 1815, 1819, 1824,2045, 2064, 2066, 2081-2082,20852086,2093,2101,2118,2131-2132,3382-3390, 3394,3398»34OO> 34O3-34O4.3406-3409,3433-3434»3437~3438' 3444» 3449» 3452-3454,3457, 3459-3460,3466, 3522, 3638~3643>Rutter DepositN,andsomeof3222,3234-3244,3649-3662andR9731012. DickinsondeemedDepositΝ LH I ratherthanLH IIA (Dickinson 1979),butsee Chapter1 §8 (iii)above. 405 Mountjoy 1QQ9,1 248. 4<)tt See Appendix ο §§6-7. 407Mountioy iqqq, I 248.

408Chapter5 §2 (iv) above. 409Rutterand Rutter1976,53. 410Rutterand Rutter1076,r8. 411 Appendix2 §3.

412Appendix3. 413Dickinson 1979. 414Chapter6 §8 i.

415Coldstream and Huxley 1072, 201. 416Dickinson iQ74, ii4-ip>· 417Rutterand Rutter1076, 64. 418Tonesand Rutter10.77. 419Appendix 2. 420Dickinson 1074, 116-17. 421So Dickinson 1QQ2, 110-11.

422 Mountjoy1999,1 19, 248. 423Rutter 1979,465-6 withn. 5; on theassemblageburied withhersee Chapter2 §8 (iii)above. 424 Taylour 1972, 222-4, dated by the bevelled base of HS 26. Vapheio 425 cup 1981, 16 withfig.25. Catling

SUMMARY AND HISTORICAL CONCLUSIONS §3

579

mines(fl),sites(·) andfindsofLinearA outsideCrete(a). Fig. 14.6.ProbableMinoantraderoutesin theAegean,showing

(vi) Lapis Lacedaemonius,Linear A and Other Cretan Connections withthatof The widevarietyofwaysin whichthematerialcultureof AyiosStephanosinteracted MinoanCretefromMH I onwardsraisesimportant Whatformsdid thisinteraction take? questions. Did itintensify overtime?Wasitmediatedor direct,gradualor sudden?Did each sideinfluence the other,or did influenceflowlargelyin one direction?What motivatedthesecontacts,and what did theyoffer bothsides?WereMinoanslivingat thesite,and,ifso, on whatbasis?Who advantages controlled thesitein political, and economicterms? Beforetrying to answersuchquestions as military I shallreviewsixfieldsofmaterialculturewhichattestthesecontactsand besttheevidencepermits, theroutesalongwhichtheytookplace (fig.14.6).Theycomprisearchitecture, stone-working, pottery, and burial-customs. writing, religious expression (a) ARCHITECTURE

Thereare no paintedfloorsor wall-paintings AyiosStephanoshas no overtlyMinoanarchitecture. likethoseat Phylakopi on Melos,Akrotiri on Thera,Triandaon Rhodesor AyiaIrinion Kea. There is no ashlarconstruction withMinoan-style mason'smarks,suchas are knownat Mycenae,Kolonna

R. JANKO

580

in Messenia.426 on Aegina,or Pylosand Peristeria Thereare no polythyra (pier-and-door partitions), with baths cement hornsof floors, lavatories, wells, ('lustral basins'), light'pillar-crypts', adyta drain-tiles427 whichare paralleledat consecration or blocksofgypsum;thereare onlyMinoan-style and LM IB Kastri.431 Mallia,428 Phaistos,429 However,theplan ofthesettlement suggests Phylakopi430 housesin blockson Minoaninfluence. The apsidaldwellings ofMH I werereplacedby rectangular theCretanor Cycladicmodel,yieldinga layoutlikethatofPavlopetri (fig.14.4).As Hope Simpson than thatofAegeantownssuchas Phylakopi, rather theplanofPavlopetri 'mostresembles remarked, resemblance between ofanyMycenaeansettlement hitherto thereis a superficial excavated,although and one foundat Nichoria'.432 Butone mustdoubtwhether thetownwas as well-planned the"streets" and AyiaIriniin theCyclades.433 as Gourniaor Palaikastro on Crete,or evenAkrotiri (b) pottery atthesitefromthestartoftheMBA. The Minoans' Minoanstylesofpottery andimports werepresent MM north-west network back to theirtraderoutestothenorthandnorthIA, antedating trading goes sinceMinoansettlers colonisedKytheraas east.434 ofthesecontactsis notsurprising, The antiquity EM II styles EM II. Dull Painted ware from mediated as Zerner that local suggests potters adapted early via Kythera.435 UnlikeDull Paintedware,whichfellout of fashionat theend of MH II, Lustrous was already Decoratedwareremainedin touchwiththestylesoftheCretanmainland.Thispottery in to inland sites like or not Tsoungiza Zygouries) beingshippedto coastalsites theArgolid(although fromthestartof theMBA, and reachedinlandLaconiansiteslike Geraki;436 by LH I it was well in its distribution to the knownat the Menelaiontoo.437 AyiosStephanosmusthave participated first interior. reachedAyiosStephanosin MH III/LH I, farlaterthan Aeginetan pottery, by contrast, theArgolidandin muchsmallerquantities.438 place,apartfrom AyiosStephanoswasthewesternmost It musthavebeen shippedroundCape Malea via Pavlopetri Asea in Arcadia,to receivethispottery. In thiscase,AyiosStephanoswas at theend ofa trade on Kythera). (ithas notyetbeen identified remainedabsentthroughout. routeratherthancloseto itsorigin.Cycladicpottery in intheMBA. On Rutter's atAyiosStephanos TheamountofMinoanpottery statistics, grewsteadily sherds.In MH II theLustrous Decoratedwaresconstituted 27-33% ofall paintedor DarkBurnished MicaceousMinoan;inMH III/LH I itreached MH III Earlytheproportion roseto52-55%,including usedatthesitewasMinoaninorigin ThusformuchoftheMBA overhalfofthefinepottery 52-66%.439 as manyas fourare LM imports.440 ofonly40 sherdspublishedfromPavlopetri, or style;similarly, andKastellinear Minoanpottery isknownelsewhere on thegulfatPaizoulia,VardiesnearMavrovouni becameso popularthatLH I Mycenaeanware italsoreachedtheinterior.442 Suchpottery Daimonia;441 Decoratedware,as wasarguedabove.443 evolvedin thesouthern outofLustrous Péloponnèse a to site The sheeramountofpottery however,be an unreliableguideto whatwas can, imported andsocially reveal thepresenceofresident can there. The of household equal happening presence objects is a modern not. To draw of kinds whereas artefacts other orsuperior analogy,a briki foreigners,444 may since thanareotherkitchen ofEnglishculture as a markofLevantine ora tea-pot moresignificant items, ofconicalcups oflargenumbers Thusthefinding socialrituals. suchpiecesplayspecialrolesinparticular Iasos orMiletus.445 ofMinoansatsiteslikeKastri, isa reliable indexofthepresence Trianda, Akrotiri, Ialysos, andtheCycladesisa clearsignoftheadoption vesselsinKythera andpouring TheuseofMinoandrinking MM domestic thecommonest AtAyiosStephanos, ofMinoanideology.446 however, shapesofKytheran IIIB - lamps,braziersandaboveall conicalcups- areabsentor,inthelastcase,rare.447 Suchlegs AtPavlopetri manytripodor cookingpotlegsin MicaceousMinoanwarewerefound.448 rareon themainlandbefore arecommonin CretefromEM II onwards.However,theyareextremely theLBA; in accordwiththis,theearliestspecimenat AyiosStephanos,1519, is LH I/LH ILA. A 426Rehak and Younger 1998, 138 n. 334. 427HS 01 in Tavlour 1072, 21^2,2^0 fig. 14, pls. 47h, 47i· 428Dessenne and Deshayes 1959, 74-5, no. d and pl. XXII. 1. 429 They are still in situin the se quarterof the site (personal observation). 430Atkinsonet al. 1904, 61, fig.57. 431Coldstreamand Huxley 1972, 207-8. 432 Hope Simpson 1981, 108. 433Dickinson 1994, figs.4. 12-13, 4.16-17. 434Broodbank 2000, 354-5 withfig. 120. 435 Chapter 5 §3 (i) (c) above. 436Crouwel 2001, 26. 437 Catling 1996. KS

s

*-.» β

*S

V^

V,«'

-*-

χ

λ.

m

λ.

m

438See Dietz 1991, 304 with fig. 91; Rutter 19930, fig. 12; Zerner 1993, 48-50. 439Rutterand Rutter1976, tables 11-v. 440 Harding et al. 1969, 137, nos. 1, 3, 4, 7. 441Banou 2000, 185. 442Banou 1996, 1 18. 443See §3 (ν). 444For this distinctionsee Cadogan 1984, 14. 445Wiener 1084. 446Broodbank 2000, 354-5. 447Rutterand Rutter 1976, 65. 448 Harding et al. 1969, 137.

SUMMARY AND HISTORICAL CONCLUSIONS §3

581

a scuttleforhotcoals said to havebeen found similarvesselofMinoanshapeand micaceousfabric, withotherpottery ofLH I-IIA dateat Bouza nearAsopus,has a parallelin theVapheiotholostomb ofLH IIA.449 Fromtheabsenceofpeculiarly Minoandomesticutensilsand therarity ofconicalcups, that a Rutter concluded Minoan or rather than a Minoan two, larger potter rightly 'only community, was resident at AyiosStephanosat theend oftheMBA'.450 arerareon themainlandduringtheMBA,although loomweights Similarly, theyappearat Lernain MH I, andthereis an undatedspecimenfromPavlopetri.451 E. Barberhasproposedthatflatloomswith concavewhorlsorfield-stones as weights wereuseduntilwarp-weighted loomswithterracotta weights wereintroduced fromCrete.452 The use of suchhumbleobjectswouldhave been owed to Minoan residents.453 Thistype,known However,onlyone discoidweight, 6058,wasfoundatAyiosStephanos. in CretefromEM II onwards, is commonin MM contexts, as at Kastriin LM ΙΑ-B (DepositKappa). (c) STONE

In additionto pottery, stonewas anotherobjectof trade.The MM II- III cushion-shaped seal HS which has two sets in a of circles and striations the is of 249, angles,454 sign Minoan cylindrical influence. Minoan seals of similardate are knownfromMBA levels at Miletusand on Aegina, Kea, Kythera, Melos,Naxos,Rhodesand Thera,butnotelsewhereon themainland.455 Karpathos, Anothersuchsignis the cup-baseHS 273,456 foundin a mainlyMH contextand presumably of The rimof anotherstonebowl was foundat Asteri-Karaousi,457 and local pottersused serpentine. DarkBurnished wareto imitateMM III-LM IA serpentine vases.458 in theworld oftheonlyoutcropsof lapislacedaemonius AyiosStephanosliesjust 6 km south-east save in Labrador.This stoneoccursonlyas relatively smallblocks,whichin Roman timeswere to simplydug out like pebbles;459 theywouldhave been equallyeasy forBronzeAge quarrymen extract.460 and Hope Simpsonrecordedten Manypieceshave been foundat the site.Waterhouse threeofwhichwerepounders.Theynotedmoreat LekasPanayiotis and Lekas lumpson thesurface, (South),equallycloseto thesourcesofthisstone;otherpieceswerecarriedto KranaenearGytheion, to Apidia,and to KosmasbetweenGerakiand Leonidhi.461 However,thestoneis veryhard(6.0-6.5 on Mohs'scale)andhas a tendency tofracture; theRomansdeemeditdifficult towork.462 Apparently itdidnotreachCreteuntiltheNeopalatialperiod.It was notusedat AyiosStephanosforstonetools beforeLH I-IIA, and thenrarely.463 No carvedpiece ofitis knownfromthesite,sincetheseal HS is made not of lacedaemonius butofolive-green 'steatite'.465 249 lapis The earliest evidencefortheexportoflapislacedaemonius comesfromCrete,whereitwasworkedin theLapidary'sWorkshop at Knossos,at theKnossianharbourtownofTrypeti and possiblyat other a centres: for list of worked and datable of it chart It see 14.2. was rare,sinceonly palatial pieces of Minoan stone vases are made of it.466 It was sawn into 0.14% lumpsand blocksand carvedinto but was not used forinlaying seals,vases,votiveladlesand decorative tables,wallsor floors. spheres, The earliestsealsare MM ΠΙ/LM IA;467 votive ladles and are known vases, spheres by LM IB. Seals werealso producedduringLM II-IIIA1.468The industry continuedat Knossosuntilthepalace was in LM IIIA2 Early.469 destroyed The absenceoffinished in lapislacedaemonius at AyiosStephanoshas led to thesuggestion products all were were But the site was not home tolapidariesso skilledthattheycouldcarve they exported.470 thisstone.No sawn pieces of it have been found,nor any stonewedgeswithdrill-marks,471 and of it constitute 0.1% all of the flaked stone recovered while the drill-cores (tableA6.1), fragments only areofgabbroand derivefromthemanufacture ofaxes.472 SinceAyiosStephanoswas merelya depot fortheexportofrawstoneofluxuryquality,thiscannothave earneditsinhabitants muchprofit.473 449 Demakopoulou 1992. 450Rutterand Rutter iQ76, 65. 451Harding et al. iq6q, 138, small findno. 2 withpl. 33k. 452Barber 1991, 308, cf. 2ηι. 453So Rutterand Zerner 1084, 77-8.

454 Taylour1972, 236, pls. 42h.5, 42J;CMSV Suppl. ιΒ no. 346: forthemotifsee Youngeriqq^, fig.33. 455Krzyszkowska200F., 117-18, sor. 456 Taylour 1972, 243 (where dated ΈΗ?'). 457Waterhouseand Hope Simpson 1060, qi n. 118. 458Rutteriq7q. 459Pausanias in 21.4. 460Dworakowska 1975, 125; Warren 1992, 285-7. 461Waterhouse and Hope Simpson i960, 106-7 n· X77'

!96l> 135462

Pausanias πι 2 1.4. 463See chart 14.2. 464Pace Taylour iq72, 236.

465So CMSV Suppl. ιΒ no. 346.

466'Yarren !q6q 132-3, 145; iqq2. 467 Krzyszkowska2005, 123 n. 20. 468Warren iqq2, 287 withn. 12. 469See §4 (iii) below. 470 1972, 262. Taylour 471Cf. Warren 1969, 159. 472See 93 i) above. 473So already Dickinson 1992, 113.

R. JANKO

582 Ph >>

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SUMMARY AND HISTORICAL CONCLUSIONS §3

583

The tradein rawstonepassedthrough Kastri.474 Piecesofunworkedlapislacedaemonius, with together a ladle,have been foundat thepeak sanctuary of AgiosGeorgiosabove Kastri,alongwithsimilar blocksofrosso theredmarblequarriednearKyprianon on theeastcoastoftheMani;475 antico, pieces ofthelatterwereusedforstonevase manufacture on Crete.476 (d) WRITING

is anothervaluablecultural index,eveniftheunderlying Writing languagebe unknown. Exceptfora vasefromShaftGraveIV at Mycenae477 and themasons'marksmentioned above,478 AyiosStephanos is theonlyplace on theGreekmainlandto have yieldedan inscription in written in the certainly CretanLinearA script(6154,= HS Zg 1). Thisis a stonetabwithtwosigns,transcribed α-ma.It may wellderivefromMH III/LH I-LH I levels,i.e. MM IIIB-LM IA; thisaccordswiththeadvanced formsofthesigns,and coincideswiththetimeofthescript's diffusion. greatest LinearA inscriptions arewidelyfoundin areasunderMinoanhegemony (fig.14.6).Theyfallinto twoclasses,inscriptions on clayandthoseon othertypesofobject.Claytablets, roundelsandnodules withseal impressions are the onlysureproofsof a Minoanadministrative have system;fragments beenfoundin MM III or LM IA contexts at Phylakopi, Irini and Miletus.479 Roundels Akrotiri, Ayia and noduleshave evenbeen foundin a MM II/IIIA contextat MikroVounion Samothrace in the north-east ThesefindsshowthatLinearA wasused Aegean,alongwithevidenceofmetalworking.480 foradministration and easterntraderoutes;itsuse impliesparticipation alongtheMinoans'northern in theireconomicsystem, ifnotCretanmilitary or politicalcontrol. was diffused Cretanwriting traderoutealso,beginning alongtheMinoans'western fairly earlyin theMBA, sincea three-sided seal in theBritishMuseuminscribedin CretanHieroglyphic scriptis saidto be fromKythera; theearliestsuchsealsdatefromMM IIB.481LinearA is knownon Kythera too.A stoneladleofcentralCretantype(KY Za 2),inscribed withthesignsda-ma-te, wasfoundatthe at AgiosGeorgios;482 established no laterthanMM II, thisshrinecontinuedin use peak sanctuary untilatleastLM IB.483 MoreoverDepositEpsilonat Kastri(MM Ill-earliestLM IA), whichis roughly with the ladle,containeda brokenterracotta contemporary weight(KY Zg 1) inscribedwithwhatis the for This on thattheMinoanlanguagewas ideogram 'grain'.484 probably inscription clayconfirms usedon theislandforadministrative as wellas religious purposes. on othertypesof However,nothing provesthatthiswas trueofAyiosStephanos.Sinceinscriptions liketheinscribed sherdsfromNaxos485 andtheAeolianislands,486 couldtravelwiththeobjects artefact, theselackthesameprobativevalue.The stonetab 6154 belongsto thelattercategory; themselves, it served as somesortoftoken. perhaps (e) RELIGION

butdoesnottakeus far.Almostnothing is knownofthereligion indicator, Religionis anothercultural at the save for the of two Minoan male ofterracotta, both site, practised perhaps presence figurines MM III in none bronze has been found.487 Such often (7092-7093); probably figurines represent Thisvoidis typicalofMH Greece.The earliestreligioussiteknownon themainlandis worshippers. the sanctuary near Epidaurusin theArgolidwhichlaterbelongedto Apollo Maleatas.The finds, LH I- II, resemblethosefromMinoancultplaces,488 from The dating including manyconicalcups.489 title indicates that his cult came from the of the eastern branchof god's region Cape Malea,following theMinoantraderoutevia Kythera, wherea similarpeaksanctuary existednearKastri.I suggest that boththetitle'Maleatas'and thecultgo back to theBronzeAge. Mycenaeanconnections between lived there,490 Cape Malea and the Argolidare impliedby the storythatThyestesand Aegisthus whichsuggests thatsouth-eastern Laconiaonceformed a principality separatefromtheValeofSparta.491 We maycomparethetradition thatApollo'scultat Delphiwas foundedby someCretanswhowere theirshipand sailingfrom'MinoanKnossos'pastCape Malea toPylos,whenthegod commandeered 474Morris 1982. 475Sakellarakis 1996, 84, 90 withpls. 2AC-a. 476Warren 1969, 126. 4/7Grumach 1962. 478See §3 (vi) (a). 479Palaima 1082; Rehak and Younger iqq8, 137 n. %%%. 480 L. Davis 1992, 705-6; Matsas 1995. J. 481Coldstreamand Huxley 1972, 205; CMS VII no. 36; forthe datingof Hieroglyphicprismssee Krzyszkowska2005, 95-8. 482Sakellarakisand Olivier 1994.

483Sakellarakis iqq6, 88. 484Coldstream and Huxley 1972, 205; Godart and Olivier 1082, 166. 485Kontoleon 1065. 486Bernabò Brea 10^2; Pudiese Carratelli ιοκκ. 48/On bronze fieiirinessee §2 ivii^ (r) heinw 488Rutter îQQ^û. 70^-1. 489Wiener 1984, 21 n. 40. 490Homer, Odyssey iv κι 4- 18. 491Banou 1996, 97. *s

+s

-

'_^

%_/v^

'^r

584

R. JANKO

This traditiondepicts the foundationof a shrineon a Minoan trade route; a led them to Krisa.492 fragmentof a Minoan lion's head rhytonwas foundunder the temple of Apollo at Delphi.493Both sanctuariesare on slopes ratherthanpeaks. Peak sanctuariesofMinoan typecan be positedat Troullos near Ayia Irini,at Trianda on Rhodes, at Mikri Vigla on Naxos,494at Thera and on Kalymnos.495 However,none is as yetknownnear Ayios Stephanos. (f) BURIAL CUSTOMS

AyiosStephanosretaineditsHelladic burialcustoms,withpithosburials,cistgravesand a shaftgrave.496 is The use of cistswithinthe settlement It has no pithosburialsforadultsor cave chambertombs.497 as with several the Minoans used rock-cut tombs also knownat Pavlopetri.498 chambers, By contrast, No suchtombsare knownat AyiosStephanos, in theMM II-LM IB cemeteryat Porosnear Knossos.499 althoughitis conceivablethattombscould have been cutintothelow limestoneoutcropto the southwestofthe site,whereLH III sherdswere foundon the terracebelow.500 Small,roundrock-cuttombs are knownon Kythera,e.g. tombsB, F and G;501some were certainlyused in MM III-LM IA, when a numberoflargermulti-chambered tombswere also hewn fromthe rock.Such a tombat Palaiopolis thereare otherswithLM I potteryat Tholos.503 containedMM IIIB-LM I pottery;502 with shortdromoiand/orseveralchambers,appearon theMaleatic Similarrock-cut sometimes tombs, At about small round tombs,somewithsteppeddromoi,arecutintoa limestone peninsula. Pavlopetri sixty In smallerKytheranexamplesliketombsB, F and the settlement.504 form resemble above outcrop they G. No findsfromthemare known,but theymay well be MBA ratherthanEBA.505Chambertombs1 and 2 are believed to be Mycenaean,as theyhave only one chamber,but the dromosof tomb 1 is More chambertombs,some withsteppeddromoi,were steppedand thatoftomb2 is only 2 m long.506 km the sitehas yieldedEH II, MH III, LH foundat Ayios Yeoryios,c. 2.5 inlandfromPavlopetri;507 On theotherside ofCape Malea, at EpidaurusLimeranear Monemvasia IIIA2 and LH IIIC sherds.508 (fig.i), threegroupsofchambertombsare more Minoan thanMycenaeanin plan; some have stepped The earliestpotteryrecognisedin themwas 'LM IA or veryearlyLH dromoiand a second chamber.509 Tombsofthistypecontinuedin use untilat I, apparentlyofa local typeindependentoftheArgolid'.510 leastLH IIIC Middle. Minoan influenceofthiskindhas notbeen observedat Ayios Stephanos. (fig. 14.6) (vii) Laconian Metals and the Minoan Thalassocracy Our surveyoftheevidenceabove showsthatAyiosStephanoswas nota heavilyMinoanisedsettlement like Kastri,Akrotiri, Phylakopior Ayia Irini.However,the sitewas closelylinkedwiththe Minoans' traderoutevia Kytheraand Pavlopetri.During the MBA thisroutewas a conduitfortradethatwas indeed. veryfar-flung (a) KYTHERAAND MINOANTRADE The role ofKytherain Minoan tradeis shownby an extraordinary discoverymade there,a cuneiform runsas follows: Calucci511 Its first now lost (fig. 14.7). publicationbyJ. inscription piece of hardwhitestone,one inchin Latelyat Paleopoliswas exhumeda smallrectangular in it so as to formfivehalfits lowersurfacehas deep cuttings lengthand ten linesthick;512 infivelinesrepresented is the which is the On inscription highly polished, uppersurface, cylinders. in theannexeddrawing. Paleopolis was near Kastri; the term'exhumed' need not imply thatthe inscriptioncame froma tomb.It is in Akkadian,in the scriptof the Old Babylonianperiod; it has lost itsrighthalf.It is read and translatedas follows:513 492Homeric Hymnto PythianApollo391-439. 493Rehak and Younger iqq8, 115. 494Sakellarakis iqq6, 02-6. 495Rehak and Younger, 138 withn. 337. 496See §3 (v) above. 497 Hägg 1984, 120. 498 Harding et al. 1969, 140. 499Rehak and Youneer iqq8. 110. 500Waterhouseand Hope Simpson 1060, 100. 501Coldstreamand Huxley 1972, figs.66, 76-7. 502Tomlinson 1996, 8. 503Bevan et al 2002. 504 Harding et al 1969, 127-32 withfig. 13 and pls. 24b, 25.

They were surveyedin iq68-q by Dhelivorrias (unpublished). 505Contra Harding et al 1969, 140. 506Harding et al iq6q, fig. 10. 507 Hope Simpson 1981, 108. 508Banou iqq6, 130 withfig. 59. 509Chrestou iqf>6; Daux iqfí7, ^2-3; Demakopoulou 1068. 510Hope Simpson 1081, 107. 511Translatedin Leake ι8κ*, 2*7-8. 512Since 12 lines = 1 inch = 2.54 cm, its lengthwas 2.54 and thickness2.17. 513 Supplementsand translationare afterWeidner 1939, with conventionsoftransliteration updated afterFrayne1990, 554, text E4.5.15.2.

SUMMARY AND HISTORICAL CONCLUSIONS §3

585

Fig. 14.7.Inscription ofKingNarãm-Sín ofEsnunnafoundatPalaeopolis, Scale2:1. Kythera.

.1

.2 .3 .4 .5

α-nadxχ χ [

]

sax x.Ki[ ] mdna-ra-am-dEN.zv [lugal ès-nun-ηα.κι] DUMU [lugal ès-nun-na.Ki] di-pí-iq-diSKUR α-naba-la-m ti-su[i-qi-is]

Tothedeity notread] of[place notread] ofEsnunna], sonofIpiq-Adad, Narãm-Sín, [name [king [king ofEsnunna], forhisownlife[dedicated this]. itwasperhapsthelidofa boxforprecious drilledinitsunderside, Sincethestonehadfivehalf-cylinders itwasnotan amulet.515 Therewerepresumably threemore circular seals;514 objects,probablycylinder holesinthepartwhichwasbrokenaway;thesewereno doubtdrilledinthepattern :·:[·:].Thisbox was notdedicatedby thefamousNarãm-Sín, grandsonof SargonofAkkad,becauseit namestheking's as Ipiq-Adad.Instead,thedonoris Narãm-Sín c. father kingofEsnunna,i.e.TellAsmarinMesopotamia areknownfrominscriptions foundatEsnunna;516 80 kmnorth-east ofBaghdad.Thisrulerandhisfather ithas a votiveaspect;518 1 suspectthatit thebox wasprobablycarvedthere.LikethebowlofUserkaf,517 waseventually dedicatedatthepeaksanctuary ofAgiosGeorgiosnearKastri. The chronology of Narãm-Sín is secure.He maybriefly have held swayoverAssyria.Upon his deathitwasconqueredbySamsi-Adad I, whoruleditfor33 yearsand diedin the17thregnalyearof Hammurabi of Babylon; according to the low Assyrianchronology,which best matches evidencefromKiiltepeand AcemHöyükin Anatolia,he ruledin 1744-1712 dendrochronological BC.519 Samsi-AdadI also tookoverMari,520 whichcontrolled thedonkey-caravan routefortradein tin.521 ran lazuli and This route from Anshan and Susa via (Elam) Drangiana(Afghanistan), lapis ofZimri-Lim ofMarirecordsthatan Esnunna,Mariand Qatnato thesea. The royalcorrespondence ('dragoman'- our wordderivesfromAkkadian)at Qatna specialisedin tradingwith interpreter i.e. Cretans,one ofwhomwantedto obtaintin.522 In theoppositedirection, (Kap-ta-ra-i), 'Caphtorites' Zimri-Lim a commodity, sentHammurabi from An Crete.523 ofNaram-Sin's cloth, perhaps inscription servant Mãr-Estar wasfoundin thetemple-treasure ofKourionon Cyprus.524 ThusNaram-Sin's votive wasprobablya giftfroma distant rulerinvolvedin thetin-trade, via vital which was perhaps Cyprus, to theMinoans'abilityto makethebronzeessentialto theirmilitary and economicsupremacy. The merchants of Kanes attest this their tablets mention that trade; 11,000poundsof Assyrian (Kiiltepe) tin(annakum) was brought to Anatoliaby Assyrian traders.525 The presenceon Kytheraof a Mesopotamianseal box recallsfindsof importedcylinderseals, in Aegeancontextsfromthe MBA onwards,like thatfromTholos Β at whichoccursporadically Plátanosin theMesara,526 orthehoardof38 Orientalcylinder from seals,mainlyKassiteand Cypriot, LH IIIB Thebes.527 The box reachedKytherabecausetheislandwas locatedon theessentialtrade routetoAssyria, as we saw.To glancein theotherdirection, LM I sherdshavebeenfoundat Filicudi 514Weidner1939, 138. 515PaceFrayneiqqo, ^4. 516Frankfort etal. 10^2, 47; Weidnerîq^q, 1^7-8. 517See §2 (ii) above. 518Yakar 1972. 519 Manning1999,350-5 withn. 1544; thehighchronology himin 1830-1813bc. puts 520 1973,1-7. 521Küpper Herrmann1968. +*s

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522Dossin 1970,reeditedin Strange1980,90-1, text33 and in Bardet1984,528-9, as tablet556.28-30; on thetradein tin see also Bottéro1957,337-8; Rehakand Younger2001,467. 523Dossin iq^q, 111. 524Frayneiqqo, n&A-z,textE4.K.1K.2001. 525Macqueeniq86, îq n. q, 41-3. 526CMS II.i no. 306. 527 Symeonoglou1985, 227; Krzyszkowska 2005, 304 with further references.

R. JANKO

586

in theAeolianislandsbeyondtheStraits and analysishas linkedsherdsfromtheisletof ofMessina,528 that It is at suchdistances VivaranearProcidain theBayofNapleswiththesouthern Péloponnèse.529 we shouldseektheeconomicimpulsesforMinoantrade. (b)

THE

ROLE

OF AYIOS

STEPHANOS

IN MINOAN

TRADE

raneast-west Thusa Minoantraderouteofcardinal importance onlyc.50 kmsouthofAyiosStephanos and how,wouldsailorshave used its this site itself? How But did route reach the often, (fig.14.6). ofgoodsfromshipto shoreand viceversaiMuch harbours? thetransfer Indeed,was itsmainfunction due westacrosstheLaconian dependson whethershippingstruckout fromKytheraor Pavlopetri varied to theseason,thewinds, This choice could have or to the coast. according gulf, preferred hug and experience. theseaworthiness ofthevessel,and theskipper's confidence AyiosStephanoswould in itself. destination butwas also a trading havebeena usefulportofcall,especiallyin bad weather, found at the siteand and for the Minoan must have been exchanged pottery Something Kytheran fortheperishablecontentsthatwerebroughtin the closed vases. One possibletypeof payment ButAyiosStephanos wouldhavebeenintangible, e.g.therightto engagein tradeoruse theharbour. could not have exacted muchfromanyone. wasso poorthatitsinhabitants' navalormilitary prowess almostunknown Laconian ceramics are Norwasthepayment of the Throughout MBA, exports pottery. in Kytheraand Crete:Kastrihas onlytinyamountsin LM IA contextsof importedMattPainted Hence any goods whichtheMinoans ware,LH I Mycenaeanwareand BichromeMatt-Painted.580 in from raw were or reusable. stone, sought Laconia,apart perishable Theycannothaveneededcloth, ofwhichtheymade so much,and theycouldobtainagricultural or marineproductscloserto hand. neededmetalswhichtheycouldturnintofinished However,theycertainly goods. ofCape Malea Creteis almostdevoidofmetallicores,whereasLaconiais richin them;theinterior and and and ore near Molaoi containssubstantial of lead copperores are Sykea, deposits copper The abundantcopperand lead of mixedin withthelapislacedaemonius closeto AyiosStephanos.531 in thisarea.532 Thatthese south-eastern Laconiaprobablyplayeda centralrolein theMinoaninterest Laconian sources as ballast from has been doubted,533 but ore brought oreswereused in antiquity in LBA.534 In LBA the commonest leadthe mayhavebeensmeltedin smallamountsat Nichoria the in Greeceand Cretematchesthatof theoresfrom artefacts of copper-based isotopiccomposition Metalhavebeenidentified.536 Lavrionin Attica,535 butnotall thesourcesoftheCretanoxhide-ingots at AyiosStephanosfromMH I Earlyto LH IIIC Early,although overhearthsis attested working on the otherhand,was thereare no furnacesor slags to indicatesmelting.Lapis lacedaemonius, ofcopper.537 oftheextraction untilMM ΠΙ/LM IA; perhapsitwas evena by-product unimportant (c)

THE

SIGNIFICANCE

OF PAVLOPETRI

be calleda Minoancolony,and probablyhad oftheimagination AyiosStephanoscan by no stretch that in some sense,the tradition evidencesupports, Yet archaeological fewMinoaninhabitants.538 AsJ.L. Davis noted,heavilyMinoanised hissonsas governors.539 MinosruledtheCyclades,installing On theireasterntraderoute,they existedon each oftheMinoans'maintraderoutes.540 settlements settledon Karpathosand Kasos,on Rhodesat Ialysosand Trianda,on Kos at Seraglio,and on the In the Anatolianmainlandat Iasos and Miletus.In the centralCycladestheysettledat Akrotiri. and Ayia at Phylakopi direction oftheminesat Lavrion,therewereheavilyMinoanisedsettlements Irini.On theirwestern traderoutevia Kytheratheyhad longsincefoundedKastri.Davis also noted On theeastern thattherewas a pointalongeach routepastwhichtherewereno suchsettlements. traderoutethispointlayatMiletusorbeyond,in thecentralCycladesatNaxosandon theirnorthern routevia Kythera? lie alongtheirwestern Wheredid thisdividing-line traderouteat Kea.541 led in ofancientsailingare decisive.The routefromCretevia Kythera In thiscontext, therealities and theneitherdue westtowardsCape via Pavlopetri was to thenorth-west, The first twodirections. butsafervoyage.The secondwastothe a lengthier Taenarum or alongthecoastvia AyiosStephanos, 528Cavalier and Vagnetti1986. 529Re 1086, 16s. 530Coldstreamand Huxley 1972, 120, 123, 179 (Deposits Eta no. 73, Theta no. 25, Omega no. 19). 531Kiskyras1088, no, 122, 125, with§1 (iii) above. 532Stos-Gale and Gale 1984, 61, 63 withfig.5; Morris 1992, 101; Sakellarakis 1996, 90. 533Cooke, Hendricksonand Rapp 1972.

534Cooke and Nielsen 1978, 209-10. 535Stos-Gale and Macdonald 1991. 536Sayre, Yener and Toel iqq^. 537So Banou 1996, 116; see §3 (vi) above. 538See §3 (vi) above. 539 Thucydides, Hist. 1 4. 540 L. Davis 1992, 705-6. J. 541Davis 1992, 706.

SUMMARY AND HISTORICAL CONCLUSIONS §3

587

north-east, pastCape Malea and theneithereastto Melosor northup thecoasttowardstheArgolid. waswhether The greatest riskfacedbyCretanmariners theycouldgeta safestarton eitherroutepast An ancientproverb,evidently takenfromcomedy,putit thus: Maleae. . . caput.bA2 theformidatum aboutthefolksat home'.543 Μαλέαν δέ κάμψας έπιλάθου τωνο'ίκαδε,Once you pass Malea, forget made it very north-eastern The violentwindsaroundthe Cape, especiallytheprevailing meltémi, hardtopassin an ancientship.Evenin latertimesthesquallswhichoftenarise,evenifthesea is calm meantthatsailorsoftenhadtowaitfordaysorweekstoroundtheCape; Medievalvoyagers elsewhere, bad reputation.544 to preferred waitat MelosbecauseoftheMonemvasiots' trade the Cretans' zone ofcontrolcrossedCape Malea, HenceI suggest on their western that, route, its in the sensethattheyused a pair of heavilyMinoanisedportson bothsides of it to facilitate twin as used the Methoni and Koroni to control their trade route the Venetians ports passage,just on thewestern sideofthe aroundMessenia.I believethattheMinoans'mainportswereat Pavlopetri was found at while bothsites and near Limera to its east. Minoan Pavlopetri, Cape Epidauros pottery value:each Thesetwobayswereofenormouseconomicand strategic havetombsofMinoantype.545 withbeacheson bothsideswhichcouldserveas harbours. was onceprotected by a narrowisthmus was an settlement, beingatleast4.5 ha insize(fig.14.3).In theBronzeAgeitlay important Pavlopetri at thebase oftheOnugnathus whichhad othersitesat Elaphonisivillageand Panayia.547 peninsula,546 notethatOnugnathus wasonly40 stades,i.e. 7.4 km,fromthenorthern Romanwriters tipofKythera, km it is 118 to the Minoan now From cityofKydoniain Cape Platanistous,548 Spathi. Kythera only will and westernCrete;Antikythera is conveniently locatedhalf-way along, surelyturnoutto have km is now c. from tracesofBronzeAgeoccupation. Onugnathus Although only 23 Cape Malea,Strabo the must have been more indented beforeseathe distance as i.e. 150 stades, 28 km; Cape computes towards levelrose.Onugnathus loomedlargeinhismindwhenhe spokeofsailingfromCape Taenarum the neck of the where andMalea'.549 Tojudgebythethree-fathom line, peninsula Pavlopetri Onugnathus mustalreadyhaveformed finebeachesofsoft, lieswasoncec.2 kmwide.The localsandstone dazzingly forbeachingBronzeAge whitesandon eitherside,likethoseoftoday;thesewouldhavebeenperfect a promontory butnowan island,is exactlysimilar. The situation ofMochlosin Crete,formerly ships.550 itfromthewind; ThelocationofPavlopetri onthesouth-east sideofthisisthmus, facingCrete,protected whichis whyOnugnathus mattered so muchto Strabo.Ships hereone couldwaitforbetterweather, to roundCape Malea wouldhaveused thewholeofVatikabay fromPavlopetri to thesmall waiting withitsharbourtothenorth(plate60 a).551 headlandofPalaeokastro opposite, was wellplaced fortradein theotherdirection too. To sail roundOnugnathus would Pavlopetri haveaddedat least20 kmto thejourney;perhapsitwas easierto beachone's ship,crosstheisthmus on foot,muleor waggon,and thencontinuenorth.The localscouldhave profited from handsomely sucha trade,justas theTrojansdid by controlling thepromontory betweenBesikaBay and thedeep inletthatthenalmostreachedtheircity.552 is shownby the discoveryof a Pavlopetri's prosperity with its arm in bronzefigurine of Minoan raised suchfigurines werea perhaps right type, worship;553 Minoanspeciality.554 No fewerthan83 havebeen foundat theuniquelyrichpeak sanctuary at Agios Georgioson Kythera;theywerebeingcastfromingotsnearby.Was someofthemetalLaconian,555 Bronzecanbe rareatportsthrough whichitwastraded, as atKommos.556 shippedfrom AyiosStephanos? A uniquefindprobablymade at Pavlopetri in MBA: a date to the may early groupoftwostone a and in stone four beads of 'steatite' the Ashmolean Museum(plate seals, signet stamp greenish 60 b).557 The beadssuggest thattheobjectsformeda necklace.Theyarelabelled'sealsofHittite form foundatPalaeokastro nearBaia (Turkish the Isle of or Vatika),opposite Elaphonisi Cervi,Péloponnèse'. ThismeansthattheycamefromtheeasternsideofVatikabay at Palaeokastro southofNeapolis,but thissitewas unoccupiedin antiquity.558 One place on Vatikabay oppositeElaphonisidid have a The tombswerealreadyvisiblein 1805: majorBronzeAge cemetery, namelyPavlopetri.559

542Statius,Theb.π 33-4. 543 Strabo, Geog.vin 6.20; nobody has noticed thatit scans as a comic trimeter.See Tanko2007. 544Wace and Hasluck 1007-8, 174. 545See §3 (vi) (f). 546See§i (ii). 547 Hope Simpson 1981, 108. 548 Strabo, Geog.vni 5.1; Pausanias in 23. 1. 549 Strabo, Geog.vin 5. 2. 550 Harding et al. 1969, fig. 1 withpl. 24a. ■vA Baladié 1980, 245 withn. 58 and pl. xxin-i.

552 Kayan 1995, fig.8. 553 Harding et al 1969, 138, small findno. 7, withpl. 33m. 554Hood 1078, 112.

555Sakellarakis1996. 55bV. Watrous, pers.comm. 557Inv.no. 1887.2935-6;Matz1928,66, 102withfig.37,nos. 251-2; Hope Simpson1961, 144 withn. 198 and pl. 27c. They werepresented to theMuseumby theRev.BedderofStJohn's Oxford(S. Sherratt, College, pers.comm.). 558Waterhouse and Hope Simpson1061, 144. 559See § (vi) above.

588

R. JANKO

The strait betweenElafonisi and themainis threeto fourhundredyardsover,and so narrowthat nonebutthesmallest orwestern boatscanpass. . . The easternendofthestrait pointoftheBayof a a is low covered sand. near ruined are several ancientsepulchres Vátika, tower, Here, point by hewnin therock,and nearlyfilledwithsand.560 I suggestthatthe seals were foundin these tombs. Their formis unusual and theydo not closely resembleseal shapes foundin Anatolia; convincingAegean parallelsare also hard to muster.561 Two are ofa hammer-headedtypewithsquaredbase.562The thirdis conical,risingto a largeringby which it may have been hung froma cord. The design of each seal is a numberof dots,arrangedin neat rows.563 There is scant evidence forseal use or manufactureon the Greek mainlandin the between the end of EH II and the ShaftGrave era, while seals foundin the Aegean islands duringthe MBA are invariablyCretanimports.564 We cannotexclude thepossibility, however,thatthe Pavlopetriseals were local products,made under Minoan influence.565 (d) THE PORT OF MINOA

The equivalentlocale on the otherside of Cape Malea was, I believe, Monemvasia (plate 60 c). Like Pavlopetri,Monemvasia was once a peninsula'withonly one entrance',as its name indicates;it was stilla 'promontory'(άκρα)in the early 13thcentury.566 However,Cape Malea has sunkeven sincead Monemvasia was to the mainland 1677.567 By 1829 joined onlyby a line ofrockslevel withthewaves, witha poor harbourto the southof themole.568 Roman writersrecorda peninsulaimmediatelysouth ofEpidaurosLimera called 'Minoa';569thiswas the ancientname forMonemvasia.570 Pausaniaswrites that'by thetown[i.e. EpidaurusLimera]a promontory called Minoa projectsintothesea' (άκραδε ες το πέλαγοςκατά την πόλινάνέχεικαλούμενηΜίνωα).Frazerwas surelyrightto emend άνέχειto so thatthe Periegetesays 'a promontoryprojectsopposite the town',since he goes on to αντέχει,571 notethebeautyofthepebblesfoundon thelongbeach betweenMonemvasiaand EpidaurusLimera.572 an apt descriptionofwhatthe Franksnamed the 'Gibraltarof Strabocalls Minoa a fort(φρούριον),573 the East'; Medieval buildinghas presumablyobscuredany tracesof earlierfortifications. Monemvasiaonce had harbourson both sides ofitsisthmus,laterruinedby thechangein sea-level. harbour(λιμήν)afterCape Malea.574His terminology distinguishes carefully PtolemycallsMinoa thefirst a harbour from an anchorage (έπίνειον) such as he records at Trinasos. Likewise Epidaurus Limera now has only an anchorage,575but Ptolemy records the 'harbour of Zeus Soter',576 and Apollodorusof Athenswrotethat Pausanias mentionsa templeof Zeus Soter'by the harbour',577 In antiquitythe harboursof it had a harbour.578 Limera was so named because good Epidaurus Minoa and EpidaurusLimera would have been fullof shipswaitingto round Cape Malea. Pausanias or 55 km (perhapsthecoastline givesthedistancefromtheCape to EpidaurusLimeraas 300 stades,579 had manymore ins and outs than at present,when the distanceis c. 35 km). From thisbay one can eitherturneast to Melos, which is roughlyequidistant,c. 110 km, fromCape Malea and from Kydonia,or followthe coast northtowardsthe Argolid.This coast has severalharbours.The firstis the shelteredfjordof Zarax, Ptolemy'sZarex; an acropolis dominatesthe harbourfromthe north, but with no sign of Bronze Age occupation.580Beyond this, ships could put in at Kyparissi (Kyphanta),Leonidhi (Prasiae), where Mycenaean sherds are known, and Tyros before reaching Astrosin Thyreatis,Lerna and the ports of the Argolid. But the real importanceof Minoa and EpidarusLimera lay in the passage of Cape Malea. Several places The presence of the name 'Minoa' is no accident,but indicatesa Minoan port.581 a special instituted whereMinos was said to have were called Minoa in antiquity(fig. 14.8): Paros,582 and two places in Crete,the harbourofAptarain townson Amorgosand Siphnos;584 sacrificial rite;583 560Leake 1830, 1 509; Harding et al 1969, pls. 24b, 25a. 561Ο. Krzyszkowskaand I. G. Younger,pers. comm. 562Matz 1028, pl. XXIV no. 22-^, Type P.

563Cf. CMSY EM III-MM Suppl.1A nos.237-238,probably IA in date.

564Krzyszkowska2001^,^6, 116-18, 232 n. 1. 565O. Krzyszkowska,pers. comm. 566Nicetas Choniates, Chron.Reen.Man. II, part 2, p. 73.12. 5fi7 See§i (ii). rmLe Puillon de Boblaye 1836, 100. 569Strabo, Geog.vm 6.1; Pausanias m 23.1 1; Ptolemy,Geog.m

16.10.

570Leake 1830, 1 210, 509. 571Frazer 1808 ad loc. 572Baladié 1980, pls. xxiv.1-2.

573Strabo, Geog.vm 6.1. 574 Ptolemy, Geog.in 16.10. 57j Baladié 1080, 245 withn. 150. 576 Ptolemy, Geog.in 16.10. 577Pausanias in 23.1 1. 578It was εύλίμενον (FGrH 244 F 199, quoted by Strabo, Geog.

VIII 6.1).

579Pausanias m 23.1 1. 580Christien 1082-3, 6f^-6. 581So Warrenin Hägg and Marinatos 1984, 37; Huxley 1988; Hood 1992. 582 Stephanus of Byzantium,Ethnicas.v. 583 Apollodorus, Bibliothecam 15.7. 584 Stephanus of Byzantium,Ethnicas.w.

SUMMARY AND HISTORICAL CONCLUSIONS §4

589

Minoa was also a name oftheislandofNisaea in thewest585 and a settlement near Lyktosin theeast.586 thebay ofMegara,connectedin legendwithMinos.587 Lastly,Minoa was a name forGaza in Philistia,588 whichwas settledby Sea Peoples fromthe Aegean, surelyincludingCretans,earlyin LM IIIC.589 However thismay be, the name Minoa showsthattherewas once a Cretanportnear Monemvasia. which dominatesthe overlandrouteacross the Hood suggestedthatthislay at Epidaurus Limera,590 Maleatic peninsula.However, I findit more probable thatthe main portwas by the thenisthmusof shoreof the rockitself.Biegen is said Monemvasia,or underthe Byzantinetownon the south-eastern to have foundMycenaean sherdsnear the old village.591 Furtherexplorationis needed. (e) AYIOS STEPHANOS AND MINOAN HEGEMONY

In conclusion,Ayios Stephanos was neithera Minoan colony like Kastrinor a heavilyMinoanised settlementlike Phylakopl. But it lay only just beyond the Minoanised port of Pavlopetri,which controllednavigationaround Cape Malea, and it depended foritswell-beingon itstieswithKythera and Crete.The lack ofseriousdestruction or abandonmentat AyiosStephanosshowsthatitsinhabitants with relations their Minoan neighbours.There is no proofthatthe sitewas walled at enjoyedpeaceful as well as economicdomination thistime.592 ButtheCretanshad no need to establishpoliticalor military that was no of piracy,theycould have or its Provided there outbreak over Ayios Stephanos region. at and Their representatives maintainedcontrolthroughnetworksof intermarriage gift-exchange.593 the site,whethertheywere Cretans,Kytheransor local magnates,kept the crucial supplyof metal flowing.When Minoan prosperityfinallywaned the effectsat the sitewere palpable.594 4. DECLINE

AND RESETTLEMENT:

THE LATE BRONZE

AGE

(i) The Demise of Minoan Crete and its Impact (fig. 14.6) The fifth-century lyricpoet Pindar recountsa traditionin which the Greeks preservedfor over a thousandyearsthe memoryof a major historicalevent: Εύξαντίου λόγονανακτος επαίνεσα μαιομένων δς άνα[ίνετο] [Κρητ]ών πολιών δ' εκατόνπεδέχει[ν] μέροςεβδομονΠασιφ[ά]ας αύταρχειν, <σύν> υί[οΤ]σν τέραςδ' έονεΐπένσφι· 'τρέωτοι τε βαρ[ύ]κτυπον. πόλεμον ΔιόςΈννοσίδαν χθόνατοι ποτέκαιστρατονάθρόον πέμψαν κεραυνω τριόδοντίτε ες τονβαθύνΤάρταρονέμαν καιόλονοίκονεύερκέα.595 ματέραλιπόντες I praisethewordsofKingEuxantius, whorefused to rulewhentheCretansaskedhim, and to holdtheseventhpartoftheirhundredcities withPasiphae'ssons.He toldthemhisportent: Ί tremble at warfromZeus and therumbling Earthshaker. with once thunderbolt and trident, They dispatched, a landand armytogether downdeep to Tartarus, leavingmymotherand herwholehousesafe.' Euxantius,lord of Ceos, was in local legend the son of Minos by an island princess,Dexithea; he came to theislandin fifty ships,sireda dynastyand sailed back to Crete,leavinghalfhis men behind.596 This is myth;yetthe excavationsat Ayia Irinion Kea (in modernparlance)have revealed a Cycladic and Linear A. For a millennium,thememory portunderheavyMinoan influence,withwall-paintings of these connectionssurvivedon the island,to be made knownto us by the poets Bacchylides,who 585 Pliny,Hist. Nat. iv rq. 586 Strabo, Geog.x 4.3. 587 Diodorus, Hist,ν 84.2; Pausanias 144.3. The Sicilian colony Heraclea Minoa was named after its founders' Megarian homeland. 588 Stephanus of Byzantium,Ethnicas.v. 589See §4 (iv) below. 590Hood in Hägg and Marinatos 1984, 35.

591 Waterhouse

1956, 170 η. i2.

592If the site was fortified,I preferto assign the remains to LH IIIC Early (see §4 (v) below). 593 Huxley 1088, 70. 594See §4 below. 595 pmciar,Paean iv 35-45 (textof Rutherford2001, withmy translation). 596 Bacchylides,Epinician Ode 1.113.

5QO

R. JANKO

wasbornthere,andhisThebanrivalPindar.To thosewhodenythatsucha tradition couldendurefor so long,I can onlyreplythatitdid.Itssurvival is all themoreastonishing, becausea surveyofmuch thatitspopulationdeclinedgreatlyduringtheintervening Dark Age.597 But of theislandsuggests thereis more.Whatcataclysm does Euxantiusciteto explainwhyhe refusesto swaphis humble islandfora greatrealmin Crete?In thetimeofhisfather Minos,he says,ZeusandPoseidondestroyed a wholelandand army,butleftunscathed hismother's houseon Ceos. XenomedesofCeos,598 Othersources, historian goingbacktothefifth-century saythattheTelchines, metalVizards' is had the name from ν (their θέλγει 'enchant'), working blighted cropswiththeirpoisons, The heedlessofthegods,whothendestroyed them,sparingonlyDexitheaand hersisterMacelo.599 Irini: much of the of Telchines' to another fact about Bronze Age Ayia working 'poisons'correspond thecopperand silverfromtheminesat Lavriontookplace there,600 whichwouldhavecausedheavy to Pindar industrial later,according pollution (especially perhapsfromarsenicalbronze).A generation in a timeoftrouble. as citedabove,Minos'sonsvainlysummoned Euxantius backto Crete,evidently In 1939 Marinatos one ofthemostspectacular natural eruption, boldlypositedthattheSantorini in recordedhumanhistory, His hypothesis is incorrect. disasters endedMinoancivilisation.601 First, showsthatthevolcanoexplodedno earlierthanthemiddleofLM IA, i.e. in LH studyofthepottery I Early,mostprobablyduringmatureLM IA or evenat theend ofLM IA, and certainly beforethe startof LM IB;602buttheMinoanpalaceswereburnedat theend of LM IB. The circularcaldera existedlongbeforeHolocenetimes.603 ledhimtomakehisspectacular YetMarinatos' largely hypothesis discoveries on Thera,whichbroughtto lighta MinoanPompeiismothered undervolcanicdebris. The eruption was as violentas thatofTamborain 1816,theonlyotherone as largein thelast10,000 Index.604 Geologicalstudieshave years;itsviolencereached6.9 or moreon theVolcanicExplosivity to theeastand south-east, Rhodesin shownthatdebrisfromtheeruption raineddown-wind burying a Irini 1 km itself to of over whereas to the north-west, exposedonlyto 50 cm,605 70 places depth Ayia a genuinefolk-memory of thenorth-west, wasprotected fromtheash-fall. Pindarhas surelypreserved thiscatastrophe. Some aristocrats ofCeos,withwhomhe musthave spokenbeforehe composedhis Paeanforthem,recalledthattheirislandwas spareditsworsteffects; lackinga scientific explanation, Euxantius' blamed the disaster on the to longendured,since gods.According tradition, they family hisdescendants thisfamily theirancestors' includedAcontius;606 wouldhavepreserved story. km Did thiscalamity west-north-west ofthevolcano,sheltered affect which lies 255 AyiosStephanos, behindthelowerspursof Mt Parnon?Its physicalimpactwouldhave been farless severethanin Creteand Kythera, easternand centralCrete,whichwas only120 kmsouthofthevolcano;western fromtheash-fall ofthewind. whichlay 210 kmwest-south-west ofit,wereprotected bythedirection The ash was blowneast acrosstheAegean607 and has not been foundwestof Melos.608 Although pumicefromthe eruptionreachedNichoria,609 AyiosStephanoswas protectedfromthe tsunamis has tendedto ignoreitsseismic oftheeruption whichcarrieditto theLevant.610 However,discussion and shookCreteduringLM IA,611 sincethesearehardto verify. Severeearthquakes effects, certainly possiblyAyiosStephanosin LH I Earlyand LH I/IIA.612 butin the In theMBA onlyelevensitesare knownin thispartofsouthern Laconia (fig.13.1),613 a minimum ofthreeEarlyMycenaean LBA therewerenineteen(fig.13.2).Extensive surveysuggests ofnineand a maximum sitesand a maximum of 18,and in theLate Mycenaeanperioda minimum of 17. Occupationcontinuedat all the sitesinhabitedin thepreviousperiod,i.e. Paizoulia,Ayios threelocations atLekas,Xeronisi, Asteri-Karaousi, Kokkinada, Dragatsoula, AyiosStrategos Stephanos, andKokkinia. The Lagiosite,Peristeri (East)andVlachiotiwerereoccupiedafter beingabandonedin theEBA. Places whichappearto have been settledforthe firsttimeare Kranaenear Gytheion, Krokeai,AyiosIoannis,Peristeri (Solakos),a sitenearKokkinadaand anothersouthofVlachioti.614 in Laconia615 and therestofMycenaeanGreece,Creteexcepted,rose The numberofsiteselsewhere an at theend ofLH IIIB. Thisexpansionsuggests LBA until the the catastrophe throughout steadily LH IIIA-IIIB.616 itwas greatest increasein population; during 597 Cherryet al. 1991, 466 withtable 22.2. 598FGrHAA2 F 4. 599Rutherford2001, 288-9; Hornblower 2004, 120-3. 600Rehak and Younger 1998, 136-7. e<)1Marinatos îq^q. 602Manning iqqq, 16-17 v^ithfig. 15. 603Friedrich 1994. 604 Manning 1999, 268, 296. 605Marketou 1990. 606Callimachus,Aetiafr. 67.5.

607Manning îqqq, 71 fig.21. 608Rehak and Younger iqq8, q8 withn. 21. 609Rapp and Cook 10,73. 610Rehak and Younger iqq8, qq. 611Rehak and Younger iqq8, 100. 612See §3 (v) above. *13See §* (i). 614Bintliff1Q77Ö,4^6-6ρ.; Banou iqq6, 17-iQ· 615Banou 1996. 616See §4 (iv) below.

SUMMARY AND HISTORICAL CONCLUSIONS §4

591

Banouis probablyright toclassify AyiosStephanosin thesecondofherfourranksin thesettlement of Bronze Laconia. She included,as towns,20, including Age regards13 sites,Pavlopetri hierarchy 1 1 as a totalof 59.617However,Ayios as as hamlets and for farms, AyiosStephanos, villages,15 in in did not share the rise the inhabited the area,and presumably general Stephanos prosperity: in a nadir LH LH IIIB. to IIIA2 shrank, population, reaching The declineofAyiosStephanosmustbe ascribedto environmental, politicaland economicfactors, whichmayhavebeenlinked.First, ifdeltaicfillfromtheEurotaswasalreadycreating marshes nearby,618 evenifthisprocessdidnotcausean increasein malaria,someofthesite'sharbourfacilities mayhave siltedup. Secondly,Ayios Stephanosdepended on long-distancetradein pottery,stone and metalsbetweenKytheraand Creteto thesouth-east and Messeniaand placesfurther west.619 As we if the site suffered from the Theran this was from saw, However, damage eruption, only earthquakes. in a complexand interdependent likethatofthelaterMBA, no economyis whollyinsulated system fromtherest;troublesin the southern affect southern Laconia.Afterthe Aegeanwouldultimately there would a have been of if the was seen in eruption period confusion,620 especially catastrophe as a terms divine as Pindar's Euxantius seems to it. The of religious punishment, interpret eruption theislandcalledTheraor Therasiacertainly had religious these have included repercussions;621 may theworshipof thegoddess'Therasia',who appearsas qe-ra-si-ja amongotherdeitiesin LinearΒ tabletsat Knossos.622 ButonceAkrotiri was destroyed, between Creteand themainlandvia shipping could a have increased.623 Such shift would have benefited butifithappened Kythera AyiosStephanos, itis invisiblein thematerialrecord. occurredat theend ofLM IB, justaftertheend ofLH ILA, However,an evenworsedisruption whentheadministrative centresofMinoanCrete,Knossosexcepted,weredestroyed by fire,in what has been called'a decisiverejection oftheNeopalatialreligio-political Thisdisasterstruck system'.624 westernCretealso, sincetherewereconflagrations at Kydoniaand Nerokourou; indeed,in LM II The view thatthe 'warrior-graves' Mycenaean-style appear at Kydoniaas well as at Knossos.625 wascausedbywarorinsurrection, andthatmainlandGreekstookoverthereafter, spateofdestructions has yetto be disproved.It is suspiciousthatKnossosalone was notburned;itsrulerscould have invited thattherewastroubleon Cretea generation Tradition indicates MycenaeanGreeksintoCrete.626 afterthe eruption;whyelse, accordingto Pindar,wouldthe sons of Minos have offered to share CretewiththehalfGreekprinceEuxantiusfromthedistantoutpostof Ceos? In reply,he refusesa on Crete: greatbutinsecurefortune έπειτα τ' έπιχώριον πλούτου πείρων μακάρων τεθμον άπωσάμενος π[ά]μπαν έρήμον άλλοθι μέγαν εϊμοι[δέο]ςεμπεδον εχω;λίαν κλαρον κεν. εα,φρήν,κυπάριση σον,εαδε περιδάϊον νομόν. δέδοται έμοιδ' ολίγον θάμνου, ουπενθέων δ' ελαχον, <ού> στασίων. andleaveutterly forsaken 'Then,ifI aimatwealth local ordinance from the blessed my gods, amI tohavea greatestate elsewhere? Myfearwouldbe toogreatan obstacle. Letgo,dearheart, thecypress, letgo thecontested pasture. is a I gotno shareofgrief little norcivilstrife.'627 brush; Myportion dry Kastriwas largelyabandoned at the end of LM IB,628althoughsherdsattestsome continuing and thereare a fewLM II and Mycenaeanfindsat the peak sanctuaryof Agios occupation,629 laterthanLM IB/LH IIA. However,the KytheraSurveyfoundonlyone settlement Georgios.630 Whateverreasonscausedthefallof Minoancivilisation, theconcomitant loss of manyoftheskills artists and the or desertion of all sites overKythera and Crete developedbyNeopalatial depopulation 617Banou 1996, 100-2. 618See §1 (ii) and §3 (v). b19Cf. §§* vi-vii . 620Driessen and Macdonald 100,7. 621Rehak and Younger 1998, 101; Manning 1999, 146 with n. 711. 622Hiller 1978 (tabletsFp 1, Fp ia). 623Schofield 1982.

624Rehak and Younger 1998, 164. 625Rehak and Younger 1998, 152-3 withn. 430. 626So Rehak and Younger iqq8, 148. 627 Pindar, Paean iv 50-4 (text of Rutherford 2001, my translation). 628Coldstream and Huxley 1Q72, %±. 629C. Broodbank, pers. comm.

592

R. JANKO

are suresignsof collapse.The downturn in tradewhichinevitably ensuedmusthave damagedthe ofAyiosStephanos. as soldiers, couldhavemovedtoCrete,whether Indeed,someinhabitants economy merchants land and storesof wealthsuddenly or settlers, to takeadvantageof thefineagricultural availablethere.In anycase,thesitewas to farebadlyuntilthestartofLH IIIC. (ii) Late Helladic IIA (fig. 14.8) As usual,thefortunes ofAyiosStephanosweremorecloselyalignedwiththoseof Cretethanwith in theVale of thoseofitsLaconianhinterland. The sitedid notsharein theimmenserichesattested at at the Menelaion acrossthe the tholos tomb and the monumental building Spartaby Vapheio by Eurotasto thenorth-east, bothof whichbegan in LH IIA. Unlikethesesitesand Pellana,Ayios at theend of and abandonment Moreover,thedestruction Stephanoshad no Palace Stylevases.631 withthevirtualdesertion of LM IB ofall theCretanadministrative centresexceptKnossos,together As the Minoan element which relied.632 must have the trade on Kastri, disrupted AyiosStephanos Asteri structures whichfavoured theMycenaeans retreated, mayhavedevelopedregionalhierarchical overAyiosStephanos.633 whichsherds Thereis muchevidencefordeclineat thesitefromLH IIA onwards.The areawithin arefoundshrankfromc. 26,500m2in MH I-LH I to c. 15,500m2duringLH II-IIIA; LH II walls on thesw arelimitedto a zoneofperhaps730 m2on thes and sw slopesofthehill.Severalbuildings I a new In LH IIA s of Lambda received fell into disuse. the room Structure clayfloor, slope Early, a LH I/IIA gobleton Floor6 and datedby sherd3457, butthehousecollapsedsoon after, burying LambdaII went LambdaIV collapsedwithinLH IIA. Structure otherfindson Floor7·634 Structure it. in LH with a and on The collapseof outofuse early IIA, whena floorwas abandoned hydria cup with thetwo-roomed Structure of thiscomplex thesturdyN-s wall If occasionedthereplacement There LambdaIII.635In AreaNu threewallswerebuilt,butthesewentoutofuse withinLH IIA.636 wereno signsofburning anywhere. Thisexplainswhy I suggest thatthesw slope,verysteepevennow,becamesubjectto subsidence. whilethosefacingthesea disappeared, survived only onlythelandwardwallsofsuccessivebuildings on the to be supplanted The factthatthewallswereby now standing by newbuildingssoon after. ruinsofso manyearlieronescannothaveimprovedtheirstability. Landslipscouldhavebeencaused of suchevents.The or combinations violent marine torrential rains, surges, earthquakes by varying LH IIA in LH I/IIA could wellhavebeen in LH I and of several (= buildings Early) collapse Early connectedwiththeexplosionoftheTheranvolcano. causedby successiveearthquakes s slope.In LH IIA these terracewas cutaway Therewasnewbuildingin AreaBetaon thegentler drain.A crucible basinwitha stone-built to createa forgewitha bench,a hearthand a mud-plaster wasperfectly locatedtocatchthelandward wasworked. Thisinstallation showsthatarsenical tin-bronze It wasburiedin a thicklayerofash.The adjacent aidedthesmiths. breezeswhichwouldhavegreatly it was remodelledlaterin LH IIA or in LH had a succession of floors before profoundly courtyard IIB.637Area Epsilonto these yieldedonlysherds,and onlyburialsare knownin AreasZeta and Eta.638 The restoftheplateauwas empty. now consistsof Mycenaeanware. The In LH IIA 75% of the pottery,whichis plentiful,639 from someofitwas imported with class of is no of the vessels;640 sign palatial assemblage domestic, The Minoanising waresfoundat thesitearenotseeninlandor at EpidaurusLimera.642 theArgolid.641 motif and theLH III whorl-shell Minoaninfluence, was understrong The localMarineStylepottery on The closed this channel.643 enteredtheMycenaeanrepertoire shapes,paralleled Kythera through and otherislands,have some Minoantraits.644 AyiosStephanoshas also yieldeda bell cup, 3665, 630Sakellarakis 1996, 88. 631 Mountioy 1999, 1 254. 632 See §4 (0.

633T. L. Bintiiff. ners. r.omm. 634See Chapter 1 §7 (iii). 635See Chapter 1 §§5 (iv)-(v). 636See Chapter 1 §8 (iii). 637See Chapter 1 §4 (iii). 638See Chapter 1 §§1 (iv), 2 (ii), 3 (")· 639LH IIA itemsinclude 1321-1324, 1514-1516, 1518, 1521, 1523, 1528, ΐ536-!537> 1540-1541, 1543-1544, i546-i549> 1554-1563, 1565-1566, 1569, 1572, 1574, 1579-1588, 15921594, 1596, 1598, 1600, 1603-1604, 1607, 1609, 1612, 1616, 1617, 1620-1621, 1628-1637, 1639-1642, 1644, 1650-1656, 1658-

1660, 1662, 1665-1667, 1669-1671, 1673-1674, 1676, 16781679, 1681-1682, 1684, 1688, 1691-1696, 1700, 1704, 1706, 1708, 1713, 1715, 1717, 1719-1721, 1725, 1734, 1737, 1739, 1741, 1744-1746, 1749-1750, 1753, 1770, 1776-1778, 1782-1785, 1787-1790, 1792, 1794, 1797-1800, 1802-1803, 1807, 1816, 1818-1823, 1825, 1827, 3001-3010, 3020-3022, 3198-3205, 3223-3227, 3245-3288, 3490-3538' 3644-3646> 3663-367°> R166 and RutterDeposits Ο (exceptR8*6 and R887), Ρ and O. 640For this distinctionsee Dickinson 1972, 104; Mountjoy 1086, 17. 641See Appendix 3. 642Mountioy 1999, 1 248-9. 643Mountioy 1QQ2. 644See Chapter 6 §7.

SUMMARY AND HISTORICAL

CONCLUSIONS

§4

Fig. 14.8. Ayios Stephanos:the LH II settlement and burials.

593

HISTORICAL

CONCLUSIONS

§4

lanos: the LH II settlement and burials.

593

594

R· JANKO

Fig. 14.9.AyiosStephanos: theLH IIIA1-IIIA2 1

594

R· JANKO

and burials. Fig. 14.9. Ayios Stephanos:the LH IIIA1-IIIA2 Earlysettlement

SUMMARY AND HISTORICAL CONCLUSIONS §4

595

to LH IIB 'Ephyreanware'.ThisStyleis decoratedin thematureLM IB Alternating Styleancestral Nichoria and as wellas in lateLM IB Kastri,whereit foundat Phylakopi, Khania-Kastelli, Irini, Ayia whomovedfromCreteto the was have been made;645 perhaps style spreadby refugeeartisans may at this time.646 thesouthern Péloponnèse LM IB endedjust afterthe startof LH IIB on the mainland.647 The local LH IIA potteryis Xi with LM IB with Nu and on mature and Mu, Deposits Kythera(chart 14.1);these contemporary LM IA material, with likethe local containa minority ofLM IB and LH IIA imports together mostly IIA. mainland to and Trianda There are more destruction of eastern Crete imports Kastri deposits but also moreimports the mainland's thanin anypreviousphase,648 reflecting growingimportance, an influxofrefugees fromthetroublesthere. fromCrete,whichmayrepresent Onlychildburialsare knownduringLH IIA. The pithosgravesLambda 15 and Beta 24 are the cistEta lastsurvivals ofthisMH modeofburial;theothertombsarepitsor cists,liketheimpressive on LH I/IIA burial vases were to the shaft Burial Nu was cut next 12 13; grave put top ofits 15. and Lambda had vesselsin the with a Eta Nu cairn. Burials and covered stone-filled 2 12 15, pit withinthe cists for child burials even The use of stone-lined meals. from grave-fill, funerary perhaps settlement is seenat Nichoriaalso.649 (iii) Late Helladic IIB-IIIAi, Helos and Renewed Trade with Knossos (fig. 14.9) In LH IIIA-B theregionshared ofLaconiain theLBA was discussedabove.650 The settlement-pattern in thegeneralincreasein occupation.LH IIIA-B sherdsare knownat theLagio site,Lekas (South), Lekas Panayiotis, Lekas (South-west), Kokkinada, Xeronisi,AyiosNikolaos,twositesnearPeristeri, andAyiosEfstratios (fig.13.2).The maincentres Asteri-Karaousi, Asteri-Dragatsoula, AyiosStrategos whichwas probably and AyiosStrategos, Asteri-Karaousi wereAyiosStephanos,Lekas Panayiotis, Asteri-Karaousi km all the between finds continue for since Bronze 2 Helos, way Age Mycenaean and a smalltholos also knownas Elitsa,once had a harbour651 and AyiosStrategos. AyiosStrategos, itis the thiswas ofpoorconstruction,653 tombwithLH III sherds,probablyLH IIIA-B.652Although and at Laconia of on the other tholoi in Like known the one Kambos, Analipsis margins region. only Pellana,itsexistenceshowsthata local noble familyretainedsomepower,despitethecentralising atVapheioandtheMenelaion. architecture forcesin theValeofSpartaevidencedbythemonumental withthe communications but the difficult I doubtwhethertheHelos Plainwas fullyindependent, Laconiawas evena separate ValeofSpartaprobablykeptcentralcontrolweak.Perhapssouth-eastern Elsewhere livednearMalea.655 andAegisthus thatThyestes as is impliedbyHomer'sstory principality,654 in theregiononlychambertombsare known.Some maylie nearKokkinadaand eastofAsteri,one usedfromLH IIA to LH IIIC, hasbeenfound and another, is datedto LH IIIA-B,656 eastofPeristeri and Krokeai at are more there Mavrovouni, Pavlopetri.658 nearby;657 on Crete.The growing ofAyiosStephanoswerestilltiedto developments The fortunes prosperity withwhatwas contrasts tookplace at theMenelaion,659 oftheVale ofSparta,wheremajorreplanning ashlarmasonry, at besta modestrevivalhere.No wall-or floor-plaster, bathrooms, singlethreshold have been found;even Nichoriahad richerfinds.As forCrete,after materials blocksor high-value theruinofitsMinoancentresin LM IB, theKnossianrulersthewestand centreoftheislandnow untilLM IIIA1.660 in Greek,buttherewas no realrecovery beganto conducttheiradministration ofluxuryobjectsin lapislacedaemonius LaconiancontactwithKnossosis shownbythemanufacture there,whencetheyweretradedaroundtheAegean(chart 14.2).A storeofpiecesand sawnblocks whenthepalace was burneddownearlyin LM IIIA2.661Thisraw was in theLapidary'sWorkshop at anytimeafter couldhavebeenimported thana singleship-load, less to much material, amounting this seals werecertainly beforethedestruction.662 arrivedshortly MM IIIB, butprobably During period LM II-IIIAi or LM to are datable on since made of grounds stylistic lapislacedaemonius, many being were these motifs and bull-leaping IIIA1.663The engravers werefondof minotaurs scenes; closely 645 Jones 1986, 467. 646Coldstream and Huxley 1972, 302-3; 1984, 110. 647 Mountjoy 1999, 1 249. b4KColdstreamand Huxley 1072, 2Q2. 649McDonald and Wilkie 1QQ2,375-6. 650See §4 (i). 651Chapter 13 §3 (vi) above; Bintliff10770, 462. 652Waterhouse and Hope Simpson i960, 88 n. 3; it is now destroyed(Banou iqq6, 57). 653 Hope Simpson iq8i, 106. 654Banou 1996, 97.

655Homer. Odvsseviv f,14-18. 656BintliffiQ77fl,456-62. 657Ch. Gallou, pers. comm. 658 Harding et al. 1969, 125-7. 659 Catling iq8i, 16-17. 660Rehak and Younger 1998, 150. 661Merousis 2002 prefersa date later in thatphase. 662Warren 1992, 290 n. 30, 292-3. 663O. Krzyszkowskaadds: 'In all thereare only about 50 seals of lapis lacedaemonius,comparable to the number attested in amethyst,thus making it one of the rarer stones employed for

596

R. JANKO

associatedwithKnossos,whichsuggeststhattheycame froma Knossianworkshop.664 The artof in hard was was burnt. seals stones like lacedaemonius lost when the The sealsof lapis engraving palace thismaterial foundon themainlandmaywellhavebeenCretanimports, butthiscannotbe proven.665 The stonebeganto be carvedintovasesat Mycenaein LH III, wheresawnpiecesofitwerefound, butthereis no evidencethatthiscraftwas practisedelsewhere.Lapis lacedaemonius was apparently from as raw inhabitants it themselves, material.666 Since the never carved exported AyiosStephanos itsexportmusthaveprofited themlittle. trade,probablyvia Knossos,is also attestedby the ostricheggshell9214 foundin a Far-flung LH IIIAi context.At thistimepotteryfromKydoniawas being exportedto Italyand mainly as wellas tothesite,667 whileSardinian waresarefoundatKommosandAppennine waresat Sardinia, Knossos and Kastelli Pediadhas.668 The ostrich from contexts at Knossos, Kydonia, eggshells early and the ShaftGravesat Mycenaeare well known,but thereare Zakro,Palaikastro,669 Akrotiri,670 also LH III examplesfromMycenae,Dendraand Gla.671 Cretenowhad as muchcontact Evidently withLaconiaas withMessenia.672 Even so, AyiosStephanoswas now less prosperous thantherestof Laconia.673 ProvenLH ΠΙΑ wallsareattested overan areaofonlyc.625 m2,whilesherdsarefoundoverperhaps15,600m2,as in LH II (fig.14.9).Save foroccasionalsherds,theplateauwas disusedevenas a cemetery, whileArea Nu was used onlyforburials.Onlythes slopeswereoccupied.To these, Structure EpsilonI was erectedno laterthanLH IIIAi.674In AreaBetaon thes slope a plasterfloorwas laid,on whichLH IIB drinking vesselswerefound.The adjacentcourtyard underwent laterin LH majorrefurbishment ILAor in LH IIB: itwas walledoffto thenw,and was reachedfromthene by a narrowalley,Street BetaIV, withstonestepsleadingdownto a gatewaybetweenantae.In LH IIIAi a stonebenchwas builtagainstitsnw wall. But the courtyard was soon abandoned;it was strewnwith15 drinkingstone and other which accumulated Two LH vessels, finds, grinders by thebenchand gateway.675 IIIAi completevasessuggestan abandonment in trenchBeta4 also.676 To thesw,Structure Lambda HI wentoutofuse in LH IIIAi Early.It had twoassociatedfloors, Floor19 of 1963 witha LH IIB cup,and Floor3 of 1973 withLH IIIAi material.Thisbuildingwas succeededwithinLH IIIAi by Structure LambdaV, whichitselfwentoutofuse by theend oftheperiod.677 The siteyieldeda surprising numberofLH IIIAi terracotta theseareprevalent figurines; unusually in the southern as at Nichoria.678 Tworarestagfigurines are known(7114-7115), early Péloponnèse, and one or twopiecesofa verylargefemalefigure, ofa typeparalleledat Mycenaein theHouse of theIdols and at Phylakopiin the Shrine(7090-7091). However,like some of thosefigures, these couldhavebeenheirlooms in theLH IIIC Earlyshrine(s) thatsurelyexistedat thesite.679 LH IIB pottery is sparse.680 Twofloorsin AreaBetaaretheonlystratified in depositsofitanywhere Laconia.681 Its rarity cannotbe ascribedonlyto thebriefdurationof LH IIB, butaccordswiththe declineofthesiteseenin otheraspectsofitsmaterial record.LH IIIAi pottery is equallyrare.682 The assemblageis idiosyncratic;683 analysisshowsthatsome itemswere importedfromMycenaeand The onlystratified AtKastri,a LH Kydonia.684 depositsofthisdatein LaconiaareattheMenelaion.685 IIIAi jar and alabastron are ofprovincial, south perhaps Peloponnesian origin.686 Infant in and burials,eitherin pitsor in cistswithgravegoodslikeBeta 28 and Nu 11, continued neartheinhabited sectors. The predominance ofinfants withtheirusualunder-representation contrasts inAegeancemeteries, saveatLernaandAsine.687 The missing adultswereprobablyinterred in one or morecemeteries ofchambertombsfurther these are found in elsewhere the but away; region, a report seal engraving fewcome duringtheBronzeAge. Unfortunately fromdatable contexts, and many lack any provenance whatsoever. Nevertheless about25 examplescan be associated withCrete,comingeitherfromcontrolled orhaving excavations, beenacquiredtherebyearlycollectors likeEvans.Further details willbe foundinW.Müller(forthcoming); meanwhile forLM ΠΙΠΑ 1 see Krzyszkowska 2005, 196.' 6MHallaerer and Hallaerer iqqpv,Krzyszkowska 200F.,208. <>65 Krzyszkowska200 r, 2^7. 66(iSee §* (vi) (c). (1()7 See Appendix 3, sherd STEP 14. 668Rehak and Younger iqq8, 163 withnn. 4Q4-^· ('69Reese 2000c, 64 9.. 670Thera Museum, inv. nos. 18^3-4. 671Chapter 12 §3 (iv) above. 672Pace Bevan 2002, 246. r>73 Pace Dickinson 1992, 113.

674See Chapter 1 §1 (iii). 675See Chapter 1 §4 (iii). 676367K-3676; Taylour 1072, 2^3, 231 fig. 1fs-

677See Chapter1 §§ps(iii)-(iv). 678Dickinson1994, 286. 679See §4 (v) below. 680The LH IIB itemsare 3023-3025, 3289-3299, 35393543, 3647 and 3671-3674. 681 Mountioy iqqq, I 24Q.

682The LH IIIAi itemsare 3026, 3300-3315, 3544~3558> 3648 and 367K-S676. 683See Chapter6 §7 above. 684Appendix9.. 685 1999,1 249-50. 686Mountioy and Huxley1072,304.,DepositNu nos.4-κ. Coldstream 687Dickinson 1994, 209.

SUMMARY AND HISTORICAL CONCLUSIONS §4

597

is unconfirmed. Thishypothesis betterexplainsthelackofadultsthan ofone on thelowerhillslope688 wouldan increasein malaria.689 (iv) Late Helladic IIIA2-IIIB (figs. 14.9-14.10) waspartlydestroyed AyiosStephanos byfirein LH IIIA2 Early,perhapsaroundthesametimeas the at which had tradedwiththesitein LH IIIA1,690 and theconcomitant of the burning palace Knossos, riseofKydoniain westernCrete.A buildingin Area Epsilonon these slopeburneddownand was camein as An important LH IIIA2 Earlydeposit,consisting notrebuilt. mainlyofdrinking-vessels, After thiseventAyiosStephanos washfroman adjacentbuilding whichwasruinedatthesametime.691 was almostdeserted(fig.14.10). Occupationcontinuedsomewhereon thehill,butno LH IIIA2IIIB construction is attested. A LH IIIA2-IIIB fill, perhaps from terracing in Likewiserubblecontaining LH IIIC Early,was dumpedin AreasLambda/Beta12 and Lambda2.692 LH IIIA2-IIIB figurines, common LH IIIA2-IIIC Early sherdswas dumpedin Area Beta.693 LH and the burials be from LH IIIB are are rare.No IIIA2 elsewhere, graves known, may earlyin III ne Trial Trench on the corner of the theperiod;twoLH IIIA2 Earlybasinsfrom plateaumay derivefromgraves,sincehumanboneswerefound.694 withthegreatprosperity oftherestofthemainland, The tribulations ofAyiosStephanoscontrast numberofsettlements sinceLH IIIA2-IIIB1 is markedby thehighest duringtheentireBronzeAge. attheend nearAmyclaeuntilitsdestruction Laconianowhad itsmaincentreofpowerat Palaiopyrgi oftheage,theTreasury ofAtreusat monument ofLH IIIB i.695Laconianstonewasusedforthefinest but came fromthesame marbleof itsfaçadeis not lapislacedaemonius ,m(ò Mycenae:thegrey-green antico.697 Laconiahad tieswithothermajorcentres;thusthe thatproducerosso quarriesat Kyprianon in the Thebes tabletsis probablyan earlyformof man Ra-ke-da-mi-ni-jo name of the important In LH IIIB occupation Lakedaimonios.698 (fig.14.10); country spreadintouplandandevenmountainous with thepottery than the ease which rather of thisprobablydoes reflect merely density population had almost life-sized female at two The newly-founded canbe recognised.699 figures Amyclae sanctuary foundby extensivesurveyaroundtheEurotas in clay.700 To theclusterofsiteswithLH IIIB pottery we mustadd AyiosNikolaosnear withKranaeand Mavrovouninear Gytheion,701 delta,together still was Skala (fig.13.2).702 occupied. Pavlopetri therewas a major At firstCreteprosperedtoo,withan increasein thenumberof settlements; LH and of a at the end at until destruction administration IIIBi, possiblystillat Kydonia Mycenaean is international in LH at Kastri is attested Architecture IIIA2. Knossos.703 importance Kythera's again in in which whose at Kom-el-Hetan the attested III, reign Amenhotep Egypt, inscription funerary by Phaistos andKydonia betweenNaupliaandKnossos-Amnisos; hadendedby 1350bc,includesKythera over.705 whileforsomereasonthenameAmukla are also listed,704 'Amyclae'is defacedand written It is a it are rare.706 remarkable of sincestratified is significant, The LH IIIA2 Earlypottery deposits The Minoan-style kylikestermedGroupII are especially hybridofMinoanand Mycenaeantraits.707 scheme ofdecoration.708 have a local with Minoan notable;cups Manyshapesare purely shapesmay but not in the to Phocis across the a Péloponnèse paralleled paintedmonochrome, development a that Laconia was this some deem prone to regional assemblage sign Although Argolid.709 even inland.711 The renewedMinoan at other features the same sites, appear particularism,710 musthave been owed to therevivalof tradewithKnossosin influence whichpuzzledMountjoy712 AfterthefallofKnossosCretaninfluence ceased;thusnoneof luxurygoodslikelapislacedaemonius. from Β which were with Linear thestirrup exported Kydoniaand central inscriptions painted jars Thereare fewsherdsoflaterLH IIIA2;714save CreteduringLM IIIA2-IIIB has beenrecognised.713 one fromAreaEta,all are fromthes slope. 688Bintliff 19770, 455. 689See §1 (ii) above. 690See §4 (iii) above. 691See Chapter ι §1 (iii). 692See Chapter ι §§5 (ii), 6 (ii). 693See Chapter 1 §4 (ii). 694*68k-*686; Taylour 1072, 248. 695Banou 1996, 35. 696Pace Banou 1996, 115. 697 Higgins etal 1968. 698Shelmerdine iqq7, ^64. 699Cartledereiq7q, 62-7 withfier.7. 700 Demakopoulou 1082. 701 Hope Simpson 1981, 109.

702See Introduction§ 1. 70sMerOusis 2002, 168. 704Cline 1994, 38-40, 122. 705Latacz 2004, 131. 706Items ^027-^121, ^677-^688. 707See Chaoter6 §7 above: Mountiov10.88: iqqq. ι 2ro. 26F.-76. 1

708 Mountiov

/

IQQO, 2P.Q.

>

J

J

*J

'

*J U U >

kJ

'

*J

I

709Mountiov iqqq, 1 24^, 2p;o. 710Dickinson 1992, 112-13. 711Banou iqq6, 121; Crouwel iqq6, 32. 712Mountiov iqqq, I 24s. 713 Mountjoy once pondered such an identificationforthe LH IIIBi piece 3122 (P. A. Mountjoy,pers. comm.). 714These are 3206-3207, 3228, 3316-3341, 3559-3575

598

R. JANKO

in theAegean.The massivefortifications ofcentres LH IIIB2 was a timeofincreasing instability threats. Therewas likeTiryns,Mycenae,Athensand Gla provethattherewerepalpablemilitary oftheSevenagainstThebes. thetradition warfare surelyinter-state byland,likethatwhichunderlies The Menelaion,abandonedduringLH IIIA2-IIIB1, wasrebuilton a grandscale;sincethissiteis far It had administrative thanPalaiopyrgi, thismove indicatesincreasing moredefensible insecurity. in with and from western Crete functions, usingsealings paintedinscriptions importing stirrup jars LinearB; although without Linear Laconiaremainsthemostimportant surviving Mycenaeanregion Β tablets, a principality with existed.Evidently theMenelaioncontrolled archivesofthemcertainly wereviolently accesstothecoast.However,atthecloseoftheperiod,itsmajorbuildings destroyed.715 ), Occupationat Kastriceasedin LH IIIB1.716Attheend ofLH IIIB2 'womenofKythera'(Ku-te-ra eitherslavesboughtat a marketon theislandor localscapturedas a resultofsea-borne presumably forthepalace at Pylos.717 raids,weremakingtextiles itsMycenaeanadministrative After centres nestofpirates, as fell,Creteprobablybecamea hornets' the first bc.718 with Their those of other islanders and of during early together century depredations, theLukka(Lycians) ofsouth-western contributed to the of the network Anatolia, trading surely collapse betweentheAegean,Cyprus,Syriaand Egyptupon whichthe prosperity of the LBA worldhad ofcourse,to theraidsofthe'Sea Peoples',including thePhilistines, whoattacked depended.I refer, in the of in that πι. and of Ramesses Both tradition and reign Merenptah againearly Egypt archaeology showthatCretanswereinvolvedin theseattacks.Odysseustellsofa Cretanraidon theNile Delta thatendedin his defeatand resettlement in Phoenicia.719 Althoughthisis one ofhis falsetales,the it meant to be truer to life than the hero's in thelandsoffolklore, sinceOdysseusis poet wanderings to himself off as a Cretan to some of the'Sea Peoples' sources, trying pass prince.According Egyptian settledin Philistia. It cannotbe chancethatMinoa was anothername forGaza;720 biblicalsources the Philistines with the i.e. and that came from Cherethites, Cretans,721 say equate Caphtor,i.e. they Crete.722 The LM IIIC elementsin Philistine of the bc723 are best 12thcentury pottery explainedby thepresenceofCretansamongthePhilistines. LH IIIB pottery724 is as rareat thesiteas material fromlaterin LH IIIA2: publishedsherdscome fromAreasEpsilon,Zêta,Eta,Betaand Lambda 2, and morewerefoundin trenchBeta n.725The exhibits fewpecularities, itsscarcity LH pottery although mayconcealanythatexisted;no stratified IIIB pottery has been foundin Laconia.726 Kylikescontinuein use,whereasDeep Bowlsare rare.A Zygouries kylix(3352)is LH IIIBi, whiletwoDeep Bowls(3133-3134)areLH IIIB2; likethepottery fromApidia,thesebowlsprovethattheArgiveLH IIIB2 stylereachedsouthern Laconiaas wellas the Menelaion.None of theHandmadeBurnished called 'Barbarianware',has been ware,sometimes One pieceis knownin a LH IIIB 2 contextat Nichoria,727 anotherat Pellana,and a third recognised. itis commonat theMenelaionin depositsfromtheend oftheperiod.729 perhapsat Mavrovouni;728 (v) The Transitional and Late Helladic IIIC Early Phases (figs. 14.10-14.11) The existence ofthesephases,veryimportant at AyiosStephanos, has beenrecognised onlyrecently. the earlier excavations LH IIIB. Now,however, the of both was deemed the During pottery phases LH at of the end of which main in the the were can IIIB2, pottery period Argolid palaces destroyed, be distinguished fromwhatMountjoytermsTransitional LH IIIB2/IIIC Early,whenthepalace at In theTransitional of Pyloswas burned,and fromLH IIIC Earlyitself.730 phasethevirtualdesertion thesitewas dramatically in AreasEpsilonand reversed.Transitional sherdswerefoundin quantity Betaand in TrialTrenchVI, whilethescatterofLH IIIC Earlysherdsprobablycoveredan area at least26,500m2in total,as in EH II andtheMBA. Newbuildings coveredtheareadowntothe92 m contourto thes and the96 m contourto then. In AreasEpsilonand Lambda/Beta12,wheretheir At theend ofthisphase construction is precisely dated,theywerebuiltwithinLH IIIC Earlyitself. thesitewas abandoned,withpartsofitdestroyed fire. by 715Dickinson 1992, 113. 716Coldstream and Huxley 1972, 149-59, Deposits Pi and Rho. 717Ventrisand Chadwick icm6, ir6 (Aa, Ab and Ad tablets). 718Nowicki 2000, 222-35. 719Homer, Odyssey xiv 244-84. 720 Stephanus of Byzantium,Ethnicas.v. 721 Zephaniah 2:5; Ezekiel 25:16. 722Jeremiah47:4, withDothan 1082, 13, 20. 723Dothan 1982, especially 208-15. On the Sea Peoples' relationto the Aegean see Nowicki 2000, 249-65.

724 3122-3134, 3208-3209, 3229, 3342-3356> 3576~3582, 3680-3604. 725The depositsassignedto LH IIIB in Taylour1972 arenow LH IIIB2/IIIC Earlyor to LH knownto belongto Transitional IIIC Early;see §4 (v) below. 726Mountioy iqqq, I 250-1. 727McDonald, Dickinson and Howell 1QQ2,766. 728Banou iqq6, fis:.72.2.

729 Rutter 1QQ0&

730 Mountjoy1998; 1999,1 279-82, 309.

SUMMARY AND HISTORICAL

CONCLUSIONS

§4

599

The s slopewas denselyinhabited(fig.14.11). Structures ne-sw,were EpsilonI and II, orientated Area builtduringLH IIIC Early.Pottery, figurines, pins and whorlsattestdomesticoccupation.731 Structure ZetaIV was probablyLH IIIC Early,and theinfant ZetaproducedLH IIIC Earlypottery; Area Beta yieldedvases and otherfindssuggesting burialZeta 3 was presumably of thisdate.732 at leastsomeare Transitional. vesselsofbothphaseswerefoundin domesticoccupation;733 Drinking trench Betaφ734TwomoreareknownfromtrenchBeta5,735 probablyassociatedwiththelargeroom hi. m at walls and This was wide least formed 4.5 m longand had a floorofslabs, 2.5 gt,gv by by a three closedcoarsevessels736 andtwo Floor4 of1963; on it,amidsignsofheavyburning, krater, lay 1 1 a krater and bowls.737 finds from Beta Other eight pithoi. comprise LambdaVI, builtinLH IIIC Early.Thiscomplexofroomswasdifferently JusttotheswlayStructure betweensome walls,whichat first alignedfromthe roomin Beta 11. The peculiarrelationships erected.At seemedtoindicatethatthecomplexhad separatephases,suggest merelythatitwashastily leasttworoomswerepaved withslabs;whenabandoned,theycontainedLH IIIC Earlyvases in closed and open shapes,as well as a LH IIIB amphora.These were domesticareas,withstone Morepottery came a quern,figurines and relicsofspinning, weavingand bronze-working. pounders, fromotherpartsofthiscomplex.738 The plateau,disusedsincethe MBA, was reoccupied.Area Eta to the se yieldedsherdsand a On theν slope,AreaDeltayieldedcompletevases, AreaAlphahas sherdsfromthistime.740 burial.739 fromaroundwallsba and bb; thesewalls,builtmuchearlier,742 bothopen and closed,741 mayhave Delta V, withrubblewallsbn and bo alignednne-ssw,mayalso belongto been reused.Structure To theε therelayan irregular thisphase.743 alley,StreetDeltaII, witha stonedrainalongitscentrefor wall bq was conceivably The thick down the water partofa gatein a fortification slope. taking very At leastone Transitional further. wall.Theseremainsdeservedto be investigated sherd,3755, came fromtrenchDelta 15; theincisedbronzefibulaHS 277 was foundin trenchDelta 12.744 fullofTransitional On theε slopeTrialTrenchVI, dugin searchoffortifications, yieldeda stratum therewas also a LH IIIB and LH IIIC Earlypottery,comprisinghydriae,cups and bowls;745 kraterand the arm of a femalePsi-typeterracotta figure, paralleledin the House of the Idols at itspresence ΠΙΑ LH at Like the and the Shrine specimensfromAreaBeta,747 Phylakopl.746 Mycenae rubbish a at site. This that was once shrine the there dumpedoverthe depositmayrepresent proves a as into was worked the natural of fortification,at severalother outcrop poros edge;748 perhaps as wellas of an traces of discerned Waterhouse and sites.749 upperand lowerenceinte, Hope Simpson a stout even is fortifications unconfirmed. but the existence of wallsat LekasPanayiotis,750 However, of of the defenders as witness the massacre at this enceintecould not protectcoastalsites time, on ParosduringLH IIIC Middle.751 Koukounaries At Nichoriaan apsidalmegaron,UnitIII- 3, is datedto LH The buildingswerestillrectangular. oftheapsidalstyleusual ofHandmadeBurnished ware,thisharbinger IIIB2;752liketheintroduction called'allies' mercenaries thatit couldbe relatedto theforeign in theDarkAge is so anomalous753 of The detachments at Pylosemployedto guardthe Messeniancoastline.754 whomthe authorities in as epikorwoi 'allies'(επίκουροι arebestinterpreted different ethnicgroupswhoservedas e-pi-ko-wo 'watchers'.755 Suchgroupswouldhave to takethisas epikowoi mostscholarsprefer Homer),although formed who,I suspect,tookoverMesseniaafterthecollapseofitspalatial partofthenewpopulation on theregiontheirnameMetsãnai.756 administration, conferring 731See Chapterι §1 (ii). 732See Chapterι §2 (ii). 733See 1 (ii) above. 734 Chapter §4 3711' 3733' 3742; 3733 is Transitional. 7353737, 3758. 736 3718, HS 95, 97, 115 (in Taylour1972, 257-9 withfig. 30, pl. 49b). 737 371O>3729-3731,3734-3735. 3748,3756-3757; Taylour 1972, 255-6, 231 fig. 15. 738See Chapter1 §5 (ii) above. 739See 1 §3 (ii). 740'LH Chapter IIIB' in Taylour1972, 239-40. 741 3695-3699;Taylour1972,244-7,wheretheyaredatedLH Delta3, may IIIB2. The LH IIIA2 rhyton 3709, foundin trench havebeen an antique,liketheLH IIIB dipper2601. 742See §3 (iii)above. 743Sincewallbo wascut burial whichis on other 27, by thought tobe Medieval,itis unlikely tohavebeenofthatdate;it grounds is notclearwhether thewallwasalsocutbytheundatedcrouched

itranoverit. burial20 (so Taylour1072,226),or whether 744 1972, 246, pl. 5 id. Taylour 745 249-51. 74637°5~3754; Taylour1972, 3690, 7068. 747 7487090-7091. areas Taylour1972, 250 fig.26, pl. 46e. The hard-packed a tip,whilethe ofstonecalledwallsci andcj mayalso represent terrace-wall. undatedwallcd lookslikea field-stone 749Banou iqq6, qq. 750Waterhouse andHope Simpson1060,qfs-qwithfigs.13-14. 751 1983,47. Catling 752 Mountiov 1QQQ, I ^OFi. 753See Mazarakis-Ainian 1089. 754Driessen 1984,49-56; Drews 1993, 155-6. 755So Ventris andChadwick1956,188-9; X973>544' on Pylos tabletAn 657. 756Ventrisand Chadwick in Pylos 1973, 435, on me-za-na tabletCn 3.

6oo

R. JANKO

A fewburialsbelongto thisperiod.Theseincludetheinfant Eta 13 withthesteatite seal 7126 (the sole exampleof theMainlandPopularGroupknownfromLaconia) but not the 12 year-oldBeta The lackofinterments ofadults,whentheoccupiedareawas largerthanat anytimesinceLH 19.757 thattheyareburiedawayfromthehilltopin chambertombsyetto be discovered. I, suggests The Transitional to thatfromIria in theArgolid,can be recognised from pottery, corresponding varioustypesofDeep Bowl.758 LH IIIC Earlypottery Itexhibits isplentiful. someunusualcharacteristics, theabsenceofmonochrome thatmostofitwasmade notably Deep Bowls.Chemicalanalysissuggests there was with with in some contact Messenia and Nichoria It participates in the locally; particular.759 trend towards diversification.760 with Elsewhere added white Bowls general regional hydriae paint,Deep witha reserved bandbelowtheinterior rimand amphoriskoi thatarecompletely monochrome except fora narrowdecoratedband appearonlylaterin LH IIIC, in thelastcase muchlater.761 One krater a fish;although thePictorial depictsa mancarrying beginsin theearlierphaseofLH Stylegenerally IIIC Middle,762 at sherds occur the at Menelaion the end of LH IIIB763and thereis a LH pictorial IIIAi examplefromMelathria.764 To turnto theregionalcontext, in LH IIIC Laconia suffered a precipitous declinein settlement; knownsitesfallfromc. 52 in LH IIIB to c. 16, a dropof c. 66% (see fig. 14.10 and chart 14.3).765 Thedeclinewasgreatest intheValeofSparta.LH IIIC Earlypottery appearswithHandmadeBurnished warein thebriefreoccupation on AetoshillneartheMenelaion,beforeitsfinaldesertion duringthat The shrine at in with was contact the of the Close and sub-phase.766 Amyclae Style Argolid had LH IIIC Late,butlacksceramiccontinuity withProtogeometric.767 No LH IIIC sherdswererecognised On the duringtheLaconiaSurvey.768 Up in Mt ParnonPalaiochoriyieldeda LH IIIC Earlyvase.769 north-west the chamber tombs at Pellana of LH with Handmade IIIC, periphery, yieldedeveryphase Burnished ware,as wellas Sub-Mycenaean.770 AroundtheLaconianGulfmostsites,including lackLH IIIC pottery, butitis lessrare Pavlopetri, thanfurther north. in from Geraki and Koutifari the outer and from Mani, pottery Mavrovouni Figurines and KranaënearGytheion, Xeronisiand Goritsamaybe LH IIIC. Butnoneoftheseis certain:the lasttwomaybe eitherLH IIIC Earlyor LH IIIB,771whileGerakihas Protogeometric but pottery not LH IIIC or sub-Mycenaean.772 North-east of the Helos Plain,Apidia yieldedLH IIIC Early sherds773 and a LH IIIC Late vase is knownfromVrondama,774 unlessthisis somewhat At earlier.775 a TypeΒ shallowangularbowlis LH IIIC Early776 Asteri-Karaousi and a krater LH is IIIC Middle.777 On theMaleaticpeninsula, chambertombsat SykeanearMolaoi yieldedTransitional and LH IIIC witha swordof Sandars'typeC, presumably an antique.779 The tombsat together Earlyvases,778 LH IIIC Late is EpidaurusLimerawereused fromtheTransitional phase intosub-Mycenaean.780 knownattheinaccessible siteofPhoiniki south-west ofSykea,whichhasearlierMycenaeanoccupation and outcropsof oxidisedlapislacedaemonius.781 A vase datedLH IIIC Late is said to come froma buttheprovenance is doubtful.783 gravenearKrokeai,782 Thustheonlysitesin Laconiathatdefinitely continued intoLH IIIC are Palaiochori, Pellana,the AetoshillneartheMenelaion, Asteri-Karaousi, Amyclae, AyiosStephanos, Apidia,SykeaandEpidaurus Limera.The restwerepresumably deserted. Pellana,AyiosStephanos, Sykeaand EpidaurusLimera receivedinfluxes ofsettlers atthistime.Theywereapparently whomovedintomarginal refugees parts of Laconia;thecontemporary of theVale of Spartamayindicatewhencetheycame. depopulation Therewerecertainly in Messeniajustbeforethepalace at Pyloswas burned:a listofrowers refugees includes'refugees', sincetheMycenaeanwordpo-si-ke-te-re mustbe read as posikteres 'arrivals'from 757 Taylour 1972, 235-6. 758 Mountjoy 1999, 1 251. Transitional pieces from Ayios

Stephanosinclude3168, 3170, 3193-3194, 337°, 3374, 3376, 3586, 3724, 3733, 3743 and 3753-3755 /w bee Appendix 3. 760See Chapter 6 §8 (vii). The LH IIIC Early itemsare 3135-

3167, 3169, 3171-3192, 3195-3197, 3210-3221, 323°-3233> 3357-3369,337!-3373, 3375"338°, 3583"3585>3587"3597, 3695-3723, 3725-3732, 3734-3742, 3744-3752 and 375637*8·

761 3695, 3702; Mountjoy 1999, 1251. 762í17iq; Mountioy iq86, ip;fí-6. 763Dickinson 1992, 113. 764 Demakopoulou 1971. 765 Cartledge 1979, 67-70 with fig. 8; Demakopoulou 1982, 97-121. 766Dickinson 1QQ2, 113-14. 7fi7 Demakopoulou 1982, 79-96.

768Crouwel iqq6, «1. 769Mountioy iqqq, ι 244. 770 Demakopoulou 1982, 113-17 withfigs.56-9; Spyropoulos J999>37· 771 Demakopoulou 1982, 111-13. 772T. H. Crouwel, pers. comm. 773 Demakopoulou 1982, 109 withfig.55.124. 774Coulson iq88. 775Eder iqq8, qa n. 2^2. 776RMDP Laconia no. 213; HS 332 in Taylour 1972, 263, pl. p;oh. 777RMDP Laconia no. 223. 778Mountioy iqqq, ι 27Q-83. 779Demakopoulou 1082, ι6κ-6 η. αορ>. 780 Mountjoy 1999, 1 251-2. 781Banou 1996, 21, 65-6. 782 Mountjoy 1999, 1 293. 783Banou 1996, 48 n. 79.

SUMMARY AND HISTORICAL CONCLUSIONS §4

601

Fig. 14.10.LaconiaduringLH IIIB andLH IIIC.

'arrive'.784 Thereafter thewholeregionwaslargely abandoned;neither π(ρ)οσικνεΐσθαι earlynormature LH IIIC is knownat Nichoria.785 The centralareasofMycenaeancivilisation had suffered somegreat disaster. Aftercatastrophes liketheBlackDeath,moreadvancedand complexsocietiesexperience a 784Ventris and Chadwick1956, 186,on PylostabletAn 610.

785McDonald,Dickinsonand Howell 1992,767.

R. JANKO

6θ2

Chart 14.3. The durationof LH IIIC sitesin Laconia by phase. LH III C Early (= LH IIIC phases 2-3 Rutter)

LH III C Middle (= LH IIIC phase 4 Rutter)

LH III C Late (= LH IIIC phase 5 Early Rutter)

Sub-Mycenaean (= LH IIIC phase 5 Late Rutter)

Amyclae(not insitu)

Amyclae(not insitu)

Amyclae(not insitu)

Amyclae(not insitu)

Asteri-Karaousi {RMDP Laconia 213)

Asteri-Karaousi (RMDP Laconia 213)

abandoned

abandoned

AyiosStephanos

abandoned

abandoned

abandoned

EpidaurusLimera

EpidaurusLimera

EpidaurusLimera

EpidaurusLimera

Apidia

Goritsa(or

abandoned?)

Krokeai (or abandoned?) Menelaion-Aetos

abandoned

abandoned

abandoned

Pellana

Palaiochori Palaiopyrgi

Palaiopyrgi(Banou i996> 35)

Pellana

Pellana

Pellana

Phoiniki(?)

Phoiniki(?)

Phoiniki{RMDP Laconia 239)

Sparta-Acropolis (Banou 1996, 23)

abandoned

abandoned

abandoned

Sykea Vrondama Xeronisi(or abandoned?)

AfterDemakopoulou 1982, Coulson 1988, Banou 1996 and Mountjoy1999, 1 279-94. Phase of LH IIIC unknown:Ayios Kranae,Mavrovouni(Banou 1996, Abb. 71.3), Yeoryios(Banou 1996, Abb. 59.3, or is itLH IIIA2?), AyiosVasilios,Koutifari, VounouPanayias(Banou 1996, Abb. 61.6); Submycenaeanreportedin a chambertombat Peristeri(Ch. Gallou,pers.comm.).

sincesuch agriculture, steeperdeclinethanthosewhichhave remaineddependentupon subsistence was the case here. Such and havemorecraft societies interdependence. hierarchy specialisation, in theTransitional The influxof refugees phase belongsto a patternwhereinpalatialsiteswere ofPylosand Athens)duringtheTransitional the cases LH or at end of the IIIB2 phase, (in destroyed The expansionof AyiosStephanosis siteswereeitherdesertedor enlarged.786 whereasunfortified paralleledin othercoastalareas,suchas Peratiin Attica,Asineand Tirynsin theArgolid,Naxos, notto mention on Paros,Achaeaand theIonianislandsofKephaloniaand Ithaca,787 Koukounaries the Cyclopean Could on at Palaeokastro-Maa settlement LH the IIIC like Cyprus. Early places calledTigani wallwithgates(plate 60 d), whichrunseast-westacrossthepromontory fortification No (plate 60 e) oppositeMezapos on the westcoast of Cape Taenarum,date fromthistime?788 786Shelmerdine 1997,581-2. '*' Cartledge1979,08-70.

788See Waterhouse and Hope Simpson1961, 122-3, w^tna plan and pl. 2oa-c.

SUMMARY AND HISTORICAL CONCLUSIONS §4

IIIC Earlysettlement andburials. Fig. 14.11. AyiosStephanos: theTransitional-LH

603

6o3

6o4

6θ4

R· JANKO

and burials. Fig. 14.12. Ayios Stephanos:the Medieval settlement

SUMMARY AND HISTORICAL CONCLUSIONS §5

605

ancientsherdshave yetbeen foundthere,but therehas been mucherosion.In thatTiganilacks arableland,itmightresemblePalaeokastro-Maa.789 becamea staging-post forrefugees on a journeyto pointsfurther afield. AyiosStephanosin effect WhentheyarrivedduringtheTransitional to before the start phase,theysurelyhoped stay.However, of LH IIIC Middle something the an settlement to end. The inhabitants did not brought abrupt troubleorhavetimetotaketheireveryday but left them where their valuables possessions, theywere; wereremoved, whether orbyraiderswho,as usual,arearchaeologically almostinvisible. bythemselves Threesling-stones werefoundin theε partofAreaDeltanearthepossiblefortified gate,withanother in Area Alpha,790 and a dead dog was leftunburiedon the floorin Structure Lambda VI. A pit fouradultskullswiththeirneck-bones the slab floorof thelarge containing onlywas cutthrough roomin trenchBeta 11; thispitwas dated'LH IIIB', i.e. LH IIIC Early.791 Theseare surelysevered heads thatsilently attestto a massacre.792 It is perhapsno coincidencethatthisroomwas burned down,the sole place at the siteknownto have had heavyburning.In well-documented modern atrocities likethoseofBosnia,Rwandaand Darfur, theattackers killthedefenders and then normally burndowntheirdwellingsso as to deterothersfromreturning. Apidia and Sykeawereprobably abandonedat aboutthesametime.Asterilasteda bitlonger,whileEpidaurusLimeraand theinland sitesnearMolaoisurvived, withcontacts times.Then bysea toAsineand Perati,untilsub-Mycenaean eventhese,likeall otherknownsitesin Laconiaincluding suffer a break. Amyclae, complete A post-palatial koine oftheArcadoCypriotdialect,datableto LH IIIC, was spokenin theArgolid, The vitalpiece of evidencefortheearlyspeechof Arcadia,Laconia,Crete,Rhodesand Cyprus.793 Laconia is thesurvivalin laterLaconianof theformΠοίιοιδάν, derivedfromArcadianΠοσοιδάν rather thanfromMycenaeanPoseidãõn orDoricΠοτειδάν;theclassicalinhabitants ofHelos celebrated a festival namedΠοίιοιδαΐα, and Helotshad therightofasylumat Poseidon'sshrineat Taenarum.794 Thislinguistic evidencesuggests thatat leastsomeoftheinhabitants ofAyiosStephanosleftbysea to whosettledin Crete,Cyprusand perhapsevenPhilistia join one ofthewavesofmigrants duringthe fromc. 1190 bc,justas manyLaconiansfledfromtheSlavsto settlein century and southern Sicily ad.795 The archaeological recordhas a gap betweensub-Mycenaean Italyin the6thcentury and the earliestProtogeometric findsaroundthemid-iothcentury; of occupationis notproven continuity to tradition, theremnants oftheAchaeansofLaconiawithdrew anywhere.796 According to placeslike and Achaei,Pharis,Geronthrai Paracyparissii (Geraki) Helos,untiltheSpartansconqueredthemunder TeleclusandhissonAlcamenes.797 Southern Laconiawas sparsely inhabited untiltheclassicalera;798 it faredpoorlyunderSpartandomination, whenthenameofthesubjectedHelotswasthought to derive fromthepre-Dorian inhabitants oftheconqueredtownofHelos.799 5. EPILOGUE:

CLASSICAL

ANTIQUITY

AND THE MIDDLE

AGES

(i) Helos and its Region in Classical Antiquity (fig. 13.2) The environsof AyiosStephanoschangedconsiderably aftertheBronzeAge, as we saw above.800 Thereis no signofreoccupation atthesiteuntilatleastHellenistic whentheregionprospered.801 times, Eventhen,theonlyfindsarethepossibly Hellenistic orRomanloomweights 8063-8064,theastragalus 8071 and the wornRoman coin 8083 of ad 161-75, together withsherdsthatwerelikenedto WestSlopeware.TheseobjectscamefromAreasZeta,Lambda2 and Nu/Gamma1.802 Perhapsthere wasa hovelnearby, ortheseartefacts werelostbyshepherds ortravellers, ortheMedievalinhabitants themfroma sitein thevicinity. brought Therewas no largeGraeco-Roman settlement on thewestern sideoftheplain.Twominorsiteslie nearAyiosStephanos:a farm-structure, of apparently Graeco-Roman date,on thenexthilltopto the and a classicalsitejust over 1 km south-south-west west,803 of the sitenear the ancientroad.The ancienthighway fromSparta,markedbywheel-ruts ofstandard gaugecutintotherock,followedthe Eurotasto emergeat thenorthern of the Helos PlainbetweenPhlisioand Peristeri edge nearTsasi 789Karageorghis and Demas io88. 790HS 290-291in Taylour1972,247. Betaburials12-15,in Taylour1972,235, 239,pl. 441";see on qoq2-qoqk. commentary 792A Medieval dateis unlikely, sinceneitherthepitnorthe above it containedMedievalsherds. layer 793 Janko2002, 664. 794 Eder 1998, 116-17 witnnn·326-7. ' Chronicle Monemvasia of 95 Duicev; Armstrong2002, 351.

796Eder 1998, 107. rausanias tti2.^7 798 Wagstaff1082, κ«-4.

799 Hellanicus,FGrH4 F 188; Pausaniasin 20.6; Chapter13 (v) above; Luraghiand Alcock2003. §4800 See§i ii. 801 Polybius 5.10.7-8. 802See Chapter3 §1 above. «» Bintliff ig77a, 455.

6o6

R. JANKO

towardsthe classicaltownof Helos, whereit divided.804 One branchran south-east past Peristeri fromHelos whereitmeta roadfromEpidaurusLimera,tracesofwhichexistnearAyiosIoannis;805 towardsTrinasos theroadcontinued southtoAsopusand Boeae. The otherbranchturnedsouth-west Thisroad reappearsat thewesternedge oftheHelos Plain,about ι km and thenceto Gytheion.806 are cutinto north-south whererutsofthesamegaugerunning ofAyiosStephanos, south-south-west forhouses,with Trinasosmarsh.Thereare rock-cuttings above the former thelimestonefoothills ofroadshad been similar.808 theMycenaeannetwork sherdsand tilesofClassicaldate.807 Presumably tradein lapislacedaemonius underAugustusor Tiberius,says thata flourishing Strabo,writing The quarriesnearKrokeai,at firstownedby thenotableSpartanfamilyof had begun'recently'.809 becamean imperialmonopoly;thisis attested by a dedicationmadeby Eudoxus,a JuliusEurycles, The forthe quarries.810 and Domitian of a freedman been have would who responsible dispensator or through Trinisa, stonewas probablyexportedthrough Paizoulia,wherepiecesofit are known,811 on thebeachwithtilesin itswalls,built Late Romanbuilding-complex wherethereis a rectangular on topofa thickdepositofYoungerFill.812 The regionalcentre,Helos, was at Sto ManolakibetweenAsteriand Ayios Strategos2 km are densely south-east(figs. 13.1-13.2).813Classical and Roman finds,includinginscriptions, milestone Roman a saw Leake near Ioannis to over Manolaki Sto from Vezani;814 concentrated Ayios a sizable was there where same this in had been Helos Bronze area,816 Age nearbyat Priniko.815 that facts the with accords coast818 the was on Helos that statement Homer's hinterland.817 agricultural Strabo bc.819 in it raided fleet Athenian the that and mistakenly it had a festivalof Poseidon 424 itwas only30 stades,i.e. but at i.e. Eurotas the of mouth the Skala,820 was near it that gorge, implies whichlay at Kokkiniaon the easternside of the Laconian 5.5 km, fromHelos to Acriae,821 whichis confirmed Pausaniasfoundit in ruins,824 by thefact StrabocallsHelos a village;823 Gulf.822 accurate the on not it does appear thatPtolemydoes not list it in his itinerary.825 Similarly, to from road distance the where Gytheion Asopus Romanmapknownas theTabulaPeutingeriana, by thisdistanceimpliesa on theoppositeside of thegulfis givenas 27 Romanmiles,i.e. 40 km;826 themarshes. detourinlandto circumvent considerable (ii) Helos and Ayios Stephanos in the Medieval Period (fig. 14.12) Fromthelate6thcentury Laconia.827 The earlyMiddleAgeswerea periodofupheavalin southern intheswampyplain.HeloswascalledEzeros, settled i.e. lake-dwellers', onwardsSlavscalledEzeritai, survivein thearea.829 Slavictoponyms Manyoftheearlierinhabitants Slavicfor'lake' or 'marsh';828 to Sicily.830 fledinlandto Tsakonia(MtParnon)or sailedfromGytheion Middle the in by 878 control The Byzantines period.Helos had a navalstation Byzantine regained was lacedaemonius Laconia.832 of main the as Lapis had it time which port replacedGytheion ad,831 by to in Venice fromTrebizondin Anatoliavia San Marco againin use in the 11thto 13thcenturies, ruined I suspectthatthechapelat Krikelaby thequarriesand the Westminster Abbeyin London.833 The to be oftheTurkish considered is which periodin factdatefromthistime.834 buildingat Psephi stonemayhavebeentakenfromthequarriesalongan old roadto Skala,whenceitcouldhavebeen whosevigorousflowkeptitschannelto thesea open. shippeddowntheVasilopotamos, Instead,itwas,I nearthemouthoftheEurotas(fig.14.13).835 coast the MedievalHeloswasnoton by the identicalwithSkala,whichhas twoMedievalchurches thatoftheTransfiguration suggest, of the the above Nikolaos saint maritime the springs of and that Ayios viglaor watch-tower, 804Leake 1830, 1 195. 805Pikoulas 1988^ 277. 806Leake 1830, 1 105; Waterhouseand Hope Mmpson1900, 05. 807Waterhouseand Hope Simpson i960, 100. 808Banou 1996, 108. 809Strabo, Geog.vm 5.7. 810Le Roy iq6i; Dworakowska 1975, 91. 811Banou iqq6, 4Q· 812ÇppChanter 12 §a (vn) above; BintliffiQ77fl,464. 813Le Puillon de Boblaye 1836, 94-5. 814 Chapter 13 §4 (ii) above; Bintliff19770, 467-76. 815Leake 1830, 1 iqq. 8lfiSee §4 (iii) above. 817Chanter '% §§3 (vi),4 (ii) above: Bintliff 19770, 461, 474~7818Homer, Iliad π 584. 819Thucydides,Hist,iv 54.4. 820Strabo, Geog.vm 3.12.

821Pausanias πι 22.3. 822Banou iqq6, k8. 823Strabo, Geog.vm 5.2. 824Pausanias πι. 22.4. 825Ptolemy, Geoz. m 16.10. 826Pritchett1080, 23Q, fig-n· 827 Wagstaff1982, 54-7. 828Constantine Porphyrogenitus,De administrandoimpério £O.Q-2

1.

829 Wagstaff1982, 57. 830Lemerle 1063. 831 George Cedrenus, Hist. 11p. 235 Bekker;Joseph Genesius, Reeesiv 33; Doukas 1922, 565-6. 832Armstrong2002, 342. 833Warren iqq 2, 2q6. 834Le Roy 1961, 206-7 withfig. 1. 835Pace Wagstaff1982, 58-9.

SUMMARY AND HISTORICAL CONCLUSIONS §5

607

Fig. 14.13.The HelosPlainduringtheMiddleAges.

Helos was forcenturiesthe seat of an Orthodox Vasilopotamos.836 as was Skala at bishop,837 times.838 Skala's name,'landing-place', befitsits locationat the head of two navigablerivers,the and theEurotas.Skala also had a Medievalfortress,839 Vasilopotamos on thesiteofthe presumably vigla.In 1389 theVenetianscaptured'thetowerby theVasilopotamos',840 and in 1740 a traveller had to walkfromhisshipalongtheVasilopotamos to the'rockyfortress ofEleos' nearthesprings.841 In each case Skalamustbe meant. The Frankish whoconqueredtheMorea(Péloponnèse) knights after theFourthCrusadewoncontrol ofthecoastofLaconiaby 1209,or 1223 at thelatest.842 to theAragoneseversionofthe According Chronicle one Guyde Leis builta castleon theLaconiangulf;843 oftheMorea, thiswas inherited byhis son Hugo,ΟύγγοςντεΛέλεin theGreekversion.844 De Leis or de Lele is an errorfor'de l'Eles' 'of Helos', since'Helos' had become 'Eles' in French845 and 'Elos' or 'Eleos' in Greek.846 Thus Guy's castlewas at Skala.AyiosStephanoswas an outpostin his as a Medieval tower territory. Just guarded theapproachto Skalafromthenorththrough theEurotasgorge,847 so too thesitewas ideallylocated to guardtheharbourat themouthoftheVasilopotamos; thisformedthesouth-western approachto bkala,whichis easilyseenfromthesite(plate59 c). AyiosStephanosmayhave been reoccupiedby themid-13thcentury, sincea slightly wornsilver com ofLouisVIII or IX ofFrance,struck between1223 and 1266,was foundon thecentreofthe plateau(fig.14.12). Medievalwallsexistedin a rectangular area of c. 1,000 m2alongthes slope whilethescatter ofsherdsreachedtheΝ,ε and s sidesofthehilland probablycoveredc. 26,500m2' as duringLH HIC Early implying theuse of harboursto theΕ and s. A large building,Structure LambdaVII was erectedlaterin the 13thcentury. Its dateis givenby a slightly wornFrankish coin fromthe make-upof the extensivewalledyardwhichsurrounded thiswas a denier it; tournois of 836See W7Bon Wagstaff1982, 59, 103-7. 1969, 498. *MKatsori 1938, 64-5. as* Le bullion de Boblaye 1836, 95. 840Bon 1969, 268 η. ι,κοοη.ι. The diary of Marco Antonio Katsaïti, cited in Wagstaff 1982, 59 withn. 48.

842Bon 69-70. 843Libro1969, de los fechos1 10-20. 844Schmitt 1904, line 1940. 841Bon 1969, 498 η. 4· ' Chronicle 108-10, oftheMorea 2064, 2983, 3167, 5620 Schmitt. Personal observation, 1974.

6o8

R. JANKO

describedin Chapter3 above,maybe summarised CharlesI ofAnjou(ad 1278-85).The remains, here.The yardhad a stonebenchand a wellwitha stonedrainleadingtoit.The buildingwas stoutly withfoundation-trenches, stonepiersand a tiledroof.Animalswerekepton theground constructed less solidbuildings, with above. Other stables,a square floor, probablycomprising living-quarters and a walledenclosurewith on a stonesocle(perhapsa dovecoteor watch-tower) towerofmudbrick a stonebench,wereerectedto these in AreaBeta;therewas a floorwitha hearthin AreaZeta.Pits Beta6 andAreasAlpha,Epsilonand Eta.Theremayhavebeena smallcemetery weredugin trench foradultson theΝ sideofthehilltop;at leastone extendedadultcistburial,Delta 25, is Christian.848 ofthemaincomplex.The settlement wereperhapsinterred A fewnewborns amongtheoutbuildings look-outpost,farmand inn, a fortified of functions the combined harbour, customs-house, probably beasts. and their whichcouldaccommodate passingwayfarers barons established undera feudalsystem Laconiawasadministered bythe1220s,inwhichFrankish to at Geraki castle Nivelet's de castellans. Frankish of the ruledGreekvillagesthrough agency Guy the built Villehardouin II de William Tsakonia of thenorth-east (fig.i). guardedtherestiveregion theSlavicMelingiin the to tryto subjugate castlesofMistra,Le GrandMagne(Maina)and Beaufort i.e. Lacedaemoniaon La with Eurotas the Crémonie, he reservedto himself valley range;849 Taygetus of south Passava at thesiteofancientSparta.Jeande Nully'scastle guardedtheapproachto Gytheion avant.850 theMani;ittookitsnamefromtheFrenchcrypasse led by the EmperorMichael In 1259 the Frankslostthebattleof Pelagoniato the Byzantines, To obtaintheirrelease were barons andmanyleading captured. Palaeologos;Williamde Villehardouin Le GrandMagne(probably Tiganion thewestsideof theFranksagreedto surrender Monemvasia, The southofKalamata.851 or Gisterna Mistra,Gerakiand theregionofKinsterna Cape Taenarum), fleet the while all of of control Laconia, and MelingigavetheByzantines oftheTsakonians defection securedthecoastfromMonemvasiato theMani.852 AlexisPhilanthropenos oftheprotostrator led by Anselinde ToucyandJean The Franks, ThusAyiosStephanosbecameByzantine territory. in 1278'theEmperoreven advancescontinued; butByzantine de Katavas,raidedHelos in 1264,853 fromtheVenetianfamilyof theVenieri.Whenthe Frankssoughthelp regainedCerigo(Kythera) fromthe ambitiousand rapaciousCharlesI of Anjou,brotherof Louis IX and King of the Two moreacceptableto herGreek Sicilies,thisonlyhurttheircause.In 1289 Isabellade Villehardouin, division an all too shortperiod,theartificial fromNaples.As Cheethamwrites/for returned subjects, ofthe nature ... The indeterminate ofthepeninsulabetweenFranksand Greekslostitsimportance Frankish and is clear fromthe numberof Greeksholdinglands underboth Byzantine frontier control lordsretaining is likelytohavebeenweak,withlocalFrankish control Byzantine jurisdiction.'854 as fiefsof the Emperorunderthe Byzantinesystemof πρόνοια.Thus AyiosStephanosprobably ofGuyde L'Elesuntilitsdestruction. remainedin thefamily cultures. ofmaterial evincea mixture ofAyiosStephanos theinhabitants this with In accord situation, theyused deniers EventhoughtheywerewithintheByzantine Despotate,theircoinagewas Western: in Elis,theportofAndréville capitalof (Andravida), mintedat Toursor Clarence(Glarentza) tournois to markets oflow value,well-suited was a city-coinage ofAchaia.The denier theFrankish principality rulersofthe The Byzantine and merchants. itmusthavebeenusedby coastaltravellers and trade;855 is of great Morea nevermintedcoins,employing foreignmoneyof variouskinds.The pottery856 known are to late the of century 14th well-dated 13th early sincehardlyany assemblages interest, fine the with and from that Methone, resembles it Sparta fromthePéloponnèsesouthofCorinth;857 from than rather Stephanos central Ayios and regions.858 fromnorthern Byzantine waresimported Italy m ofWestern typeand a graffito also yieldeda bronzebuckleadornedwithfleursde lys,a firesteel Eastern the in used are as such for bread, Latinletters;but twoterracotta stamps,probably holy included'Gazmoules, thattheinhabitants intermixture Thiscultural werealsofound.859 suggests Church, theirmothers often Gazmoules the Frankish to adopted ofGreekwomenmarried knights; i.e.children and gradually society.860 mergedintoByzantine religion, 848See Chapter3 §6 above. 849Huxley1993. 850Bon 1969,509. %_ 851GeorgePachymeres, 1. 31 (Failler1984, 123). Un Chron. Konstantinides and Gioles 1978. MedievalTiganisee Drandakis, 852Bon 1969, i3o,498· . „„ , . , 853Bon 1969, 132; Longnon1969, witha map ot Prankish Laconiaat 214. 854Cheetham1981, 114.

8558083-8087; Metcalfi960, 50-1. 856 /inm-1102.

857The Medieval potteryfromKythera(Deposit Psi) is in Coldstream assignedto the early12thcentury(Coldstream and HuxleyiQ72, 308). 858See Chapter7 above. 8598001,8008,8069; HS 261 and 299 in laylour1972,253, see Chapter3 §4 above. 42Í.3· Fortheircontexts pl.860 Cheetham1981,69.

SUMMARY

AND

HISTORICAL

CONCLUSIONS

§6

609

In 1292 theCatalans,led byRogerde Lluria,admiralofJamesofAragon,raidedMonemvasiaand theMani,and carriedoffmanylocal peopleas slaves;861 theyseizedAtticaand Boeotiain 1310 and in 1312.Theirdepredations, sackedCorinth and thoseoftheTurkswhomtheyweresupposedto be repelling, severelyweakenedboththeEmpireand theFranks.The DespotAndronicus Palaeologus Asenkeptthemat bay,butafterhe leftMistrain 1321 Laconia fellintoa decline.862 The Catalans raidedtheMoreaagainin the1320s.The Venieri, whohad retaken CerigofromtheEudaimonoiannis familyof Monemvasiain 1309, turnedtheislandintoa base forpiracy,especiallyagainstCatalan Turkish themin 1347.863 Aboveall, shipping. piratesusedCerigotoo,untilNicoloVenieroexstirpated in el-Ghâzi,theSeljukemirofAydmand Izmirwhowas themostpowerful Umur-beg pirate-prince theLevant,captured thelowertownofMonemvasiain 1332 andravagedtheLaconianGulfandVale ofSpartain 1334.864 The BlackDeathsoonfollowed, preventing anyrecovery. The latestcoins foundat Ayios Stephanosare freshly minteddeniers of Philipof Tarantoand Maud of Hainault,datingbetween1307 and 1321. The sitewas burnedand abandonedafterthe removalofwhatever valuableshad been there.A horsemayhavebeen caughtin thefire;itsburned carcass was left in the yard, and four iron arrowheads were found elsewhere.865 These findsindicatethatCatalan or Turkishraidersdestroyedthe site between1321 and 1334. The terracotta stampssuggestthatan Orthodoxchapel existedat the site.The presentchapel of St or older.866 If itsoriginswereevenolder,one wouldliketo thinkthat Stephenmaybe 15thcentury survivors of thedestruction to the escaped inland,namingtheir greatersafetyof Stephaniáfurther newsettlement afterthepatronsaintoftheirformer home. 6. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF AYIOS STEPHANOS The importance of the site,1-2 ha in area and locatedon a coastalpromontory the throughout BronzeAge,maybe briefly stated.It is thefirst sitein Laconiato yielda stratified pottery sequence whichrunsfromthestartoftheBronzeAge almostto itsend,EH III excepted.It has EH I pottery and twophasesofEH II, as wellas architecture and burials.The siteattests a radicalbreakbetween thematerial cultureofEH II and thatoftheMBA, in accordwiththegeneralpattern in theAegean islandsandmainland. Resettled attheverybeginning ofMH I, therearethreeceramicandarchitectural was abandonedafterdisastrous phasesduringMH I, whentheuse of apsidaldwellings fires.Such whilethe street-plan of the settlement buildingswerereplacedby rectangular came to structures, resemble Minoanprototypes. Minoanimported and under Minoan are pottery, styles influence, evident fromthestartoftheMBA. The sitehas stratified remainsof MH II and oftwophasesofMH III. and Crete,has greatly Studyofitsceramicsequence,whencomparedwiththoseofLerna,Kythera, improvedtheprecisionwithwhichthevariousMH warescan be definedand thesuccessivephases dated.It has also clarified therelation betweenthemainlandsequencesandthoseofCrete.A ceramic betweenMH and LH I, hasbeenrecognised. phase,MH III/LH I, whichis transitional dated Pottery LH I Early,LH I/IIA and LH IIIA2 Earlyis also distinguished. theMBA AyiosStephanoswas a medium-sized Throughout and portwhichreliedon trade,fishing It was ratherisolatedfromtheinterior of Laconia,butmaintained close linkswith metal-working. axes and eventually therarestonelapislacedaemonius', Kytheraand Crete,and exportedgreenstone thisrawmaterial wasturnedintoluxurygoodsin Cretanpalatialworkshops. The siteimported Cretan andperishable Since has tombs as well as extensive pottery goods. architectural AyiosStephanos many how Minoanmaterialculturewas diffused remains,it well illustrates to themainland,without the addedcomplication ofanyCycladicintermediary. A LinearA inscription is known, butAyiosStephanos wasneither a Minoansettlement likeKastrion Kythera, nora heavilyMinoanisedone likePhylakopi on Melos.Minoanmerchants tradedin copperandtin,commodities vitaltotheBronzeAgeeconomy, a route which ran overland from Iran and thence along through Syria Crete,Kythera, bysea toCyprus, thePéloponnèse andthewestern Mediterranean. theCretansestablished Although heavilyMinoanised and Minoa (Monemvasia), so as to controlnavigation portsat Pavlopetri aroundCape Malea,Ayios Stephanoslayjust beyondthiszone and keptits mainlandculture.The sitedisplaysnone'of the wealthofcontemporary Creteand Mycenae. ofLM IA, itprobablysuffered Although AyiosStephanoswas notexposedto theTheraneruption fromtheassociatedearthquakes. Butas theinterior ofLaconiagrewin powerand prosperity, thesite 861Bon 1969, 862Runciman 167. 1980, 51-2. 8WThiriet 1959, 251 n. 3.

864 1975, 1 90-1, 334; Runciman 1980, 52. Mh)Zakythinos 8 b); 8000-8012. 866Appendixin Bintliff Wagstaff 19770, 47s.

6io

R. JANKO

attheendofLM IB ofsettlements all declinedgreatly. Trademusthavecollapsedafter thedestruction In addition, overCretesaveKnossos,and theabandonment ofmuchofKythera. theapproachofthe Eurotasdelta,afterwhichHomericHelos was to be named,mayhavecausedtheharbourto marshy to totherivalcentreatAyiosStrategos BronzeAgeHelos) begin siltup,givingan advantage (probably wasbriefly as the ontheothersideofthebay.In LH IIIAi traderevivedandCretaninfluence renewed, was exported to Knossos,andwasworked rawlapislacedaemonius localLH IIIA2 Earlypottery attests; thereuntilthepalacewasburnedin LM IIIA2. Ataboutthesametime,i.e. in LH IIIA2 Early,Ayios remained. waspartly burnedand almostabandoned;onlya fewinhabitants Stephanos Afterthedestruction oftheMenelaionat theend ofLH IIIB2, AyiosStephanosreceiveda large lastedlong ofLaconia.The greatly influx ofrefugees, expandedsettlement probablyfromtheinterior Butthen LH IIIC of and architecture substantial to leave behind Earlypottery. majordeposits enough aftera massacre. thesitewas emptiedofvaluables,partlyburnedand abandoned,apparently of thecenturies through AyiosStephanoswas leftto natureforthenext2,400years.It slumbered traveller or an occasional disturbed and Slavic rule,only shepherd by Byzantine Spartan,Roman, in the13thand early alongthenearbycoastalroute.The site,nowon an inletofthesea,wasresettled L'Eles. de Frankish the of followers By about1285 they ad, probablyby knightGuy 14thcenturies lookandfortified inn an as doubled This and stables. with a walled tower haderecteda houseor yard local the to River the theapproachup outpostguarding capital(MedievalHelos). Vasilopotamos Skala, However,in theyearsafter1321 a raidby Catalansor Turksplungedthesiteintoitsfinaloblivion.

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Index S. Button

Achaea,Achaeans602,605 Achaia,Frankish 482-4,607-9 210, 213-14,296-7,558,568,580, Aegina187, 581,00-92,-112,-113,-115,-117 Seeaboimports; wares 2, agriculture 530,534,537,538,539,546,548, 549. 553. 554. 556. 6°2, CD-134,-139 Akrotiri j^Thera Alepochori556 (Mani)556,557 Alepotrypa alluviation 7,527-49,553,554,555;^* aboOlder Fill Fill;Younger animalmanagement 108,151,154,511-13,CD156,-176 Amyclae1,557,597,600,605 Anthochori 558 553,587 Antikythera antler154,446,00-129,-166,-168 Apidia 555,556,563,576,581,598,600,605 apsidalbuilding7, 28,39,91, 112-19,565,568-9, 572,599. 6o9 architecture 13-119, 145-57,56°. 565. 568"9. 577. 579-80,592 Seeabo apsidalbuilding; bedrock;bench;construction doormethods; courtyard; cutting; way;floor;house;mudbrick; pier;roof;slabs; terrace Structure; wall;threshold Area 4-8, 10; seeaboburial;Street; Trench Structure; Alpha 391,411,483,557,560,577,599,608 Beta 2,3, 42-60, 122-30,147-50,238-46, 324-41,391,404-5,560,565,569,577,592, 596. 597. 598. 599. 6o8. CD-189,-208-20 Delta 156,377-8,411,565,577,599 Gamma3, 91, 155-6,391,CD-239-41,-250 Epsilon4, 13-21,121,156,214-17,299-320, 577. 592,597. 598. CD-192-7 Eta 4, 30-41, 122-6,156,158,229-38,557, 560,565,568,572,576,577,592,599,608, CD-85-8,-188-9,-204-8 Lambda261, 82-4,92, 150-6,246-64,344, 350-63,408,00-231-2 Lambda3/4 85-91,92, 134-5,!5°"6. 246-64, 344"5°. 360-1,4o6-8,577,CD-233-9 Lambda/Beta7, 61-82, 131-4,156,246-64, 34!-4. 35°"63. 577. 597. CD-221-31

Nu/Gamma7, 8, 10,91-119, 135-41,150-6, 265-85,368-9,391,409-10,557,572,575, 577,592,CD-86,-189,-190,-239-50 Zeta 4, 21-30, 121-2,146-7,217-29,391,3934, 403-4,481,560,565,568,572,577,592, 608,CD-86,-198-204 Argolid214,527,530,531,538,553,578,588,592, 605; seeaboimports Argos530,531,537,538,541,548,568,CD-89, -103-5,-113,-115 stone414,440-1,469,470,CD-136arrowhead, 137."143.-145.-146 iron 147,471,473,484,609 Arundo donax37-8, 56, 67, 117,450, 567,568 Arcadia Asea, 159,161,175,423,436, 556,557, 561,565,580 Asine(Argolid)144,174,427, 521,567,578,596, 602,605 536,539,555,558 Asteri-Dragatsoula Asteri-Karaousi 7, 12,285,457, 529,536,558,563, 567,581,590,592,595,600,605 Asterimarsh536,543,553,554 atomicabsorption CD-i 14-17 spectroscopy awl,bone 417-8,446 axe 75,414,434-7,567,575,581,609 AyiaIrini(Kea) 427, 583,586,589,595,CD-143 AyiosDemetrios 159,161,557,558,563, (Triphylia) 564 557,595 AyiosEfstratios tou AyiosGeorgios Vounou(Kythera)575,581,583, 585. 587. 591 AyiosIoannis(Skala) 534,548,567,590,606 AyiosNikolaos(Skala) 2, 7, 532,534,539,548,567, 576. 595. 597. 6o6"7 AyiosStephanos, chapelof 609 of geology 530,538-9,541-2,551-6 AyiosStrategos8, 535,536,537,543,544,547, 548. 549. 555. 556,558. 567. 59°. 595. 606,610 AyiosVasilios8, 564 AyiosYeoryios (Neapolis)584 ofCeos 589-90 Bacchylides 'Barbarian Ware' seewares,LateHelladic,HandmadeBurnished unit 1o basket,as excavation in impression clay 411,563 633

INDEX

634

bead,MiddleHelladic433-4,578,587 LateHelladic92, 125,127,129,135,136-7, 144,458-60,523,578 inarchitecture bedrock, 30,40, 560 benchmark11 bench48,49, 51, 52,56, 105,149-51,389. 577. 592,608 boat seeship bone,animalseefaunalremains human485-506; seealsoburials MiddleHelladic417-18,433,CD-168 worked, LateHelladic446,CD-168 Medieval150,476,CD-162,-166 remains524-5 botanical seeabo Arundodonax

Bourbariver536,539,543 Boza 577,581 seemetallurgy bronze-working bronze51,52,56,419,429,430,447,471-3,585. 599,CD-i 24-7; seealsocopper,metal,tin 595 bull-leaping burial7, 11,33,61,65,92-4, 112,121-45,158, 485-506,558,564,584,CD-150-5 ofadults52, 121,123,132-3,134,138-40, 141-4,485,554,567,584,600,608 ageof 122-3,142-4,488-92,CD-150 inAreaAlpha 141,142,143,411,427,470, 557. 567,571. 572,57s. CD-126-7,-155 inAreaBeta 127-30,141,156,324,373,374, 375.458,571. 600,CD-150-1 inAreaDelta 141,142,144,156,157,370,411, 567.572,576 inAreaEpsilon21, 121,576 inAreaEta 31,33, 38, 122-6,323,558,575, 600 inAreaLambda3/4 134-5,344~5. 360-1,458, CD-151 inAreaLambda/Beta61-2, i3*-5. 343. 374. 375 inAreaNu/Gamma92-4,98, 102,112,135-41, 458.577. 578.CD"154 inAreaZeta 22, 24, 27, 29-30, 121-2,568 dataof CD-153,-154-5 bonemineral burnt29,30,510,565,568 andchangesinmortuary practice141-4,564-5. 567-8,584 incist 125-6,128-30,134-6,141-4. X57.564. 567. 578. 584. 595. 600,608 contracted 124,133,142,143,564,567 anddemography 141-4,497,5O2.4g8,491, 489. 554 dentaldataof 486,489,496-7,500,CD-154 EarlyHelladic 141 extended142,143,567 ritesat 126,136,144,157,578,595, funerary CD-155 gravegoodsin 4, 127,129,142-4,458,564, 566,567.578. CD-155

dataof 486-7,492-3 height ofinfants29,33, 52,61, 122-3,125. 127. 129~ 31, 133-4,134-7. Η!-4. !57. 497-8,567, 595. 596-7. 600,608 ofjuveniles94, 98, 129,124,126,132,134,137, 142-3 LateHelladic 121-41,143-4 on 98, 137,142,144,578,595 marker Medieval 127,144,158,608 MiddleHelladic 121-37,142-3 of 11,485-6 numeration of 127-8,141,157 orientation of 487,493-7,499~5°2. conditions pathological 554,CD-154 on pebblebed 121,142 29, 38, 85, 122,124,127,135,142, inpithos/jar !44. 567. 568,584,595 inpit 121,141-4,564,567,578,595 tomb 144,564,584 inrock-cut sexof 144,486,489,CD-150 in shaft grave 137-8,144,275-6,578,595 of CD-151 skullmeasurements ofskulls143,605 of CD-152-3 measurements skeletal andsocialdifferentiation 142-3,567,CD-154 in stonesurround125-6,137-40,142,578 VII 157 inTrialTrench trussed124,142,144 Seealsochamber tomb;tholostomb period,Early530,531,537,539,546, Byzantine 552,553. 606 Middle 512,606; seealsoNichoria Late seeMedieval;seealsoCorinth, Sparta donax cane,canna-reedseeArundo 585,589 Caphtorites Caphtor, carnelian433-4,458,460 Catalans390,484,609 10-12,CD-251-67 catalogue-numbers tomb seeburial;chamber cemetery see ceramics figurine; model;pottery; spool;tile; whorl tomb 143,535,536,548,595,596,600 chamber CharlesI ofAnjou 154,390,391,405,608 chert42, 51,56, 143,416,438,440-1,470,567, CD-130,-138-43 chippedstone438-41,464-70,557,567,CD-128148 EarlyHelladic42,415-416,564 imports470,564,567^0-138-9 'killed'toolsCD-155 LateHelladic464-470 MiddleHelladic438-441,567 CD-131-3 remnants production toolsCD 133-48 obsidian seealsochert, Chronicle ofMorea607

BronzeAge 3, 8, 92, 178-88,565,566, chronology, 568-9. 571. 576,577. 585. 595. 598,609,CD-

INDEX 85-8, -i45~6> -186-91 Medieval 154, 391-5, 483-4 Seealsodestruction level; EarlyHelladic; Late Helladic; Medieval; Middle Helladic; radiocarbon cisternseedrain Classicalperiod 495, 530, 531, 534, 535, 536, 537, 538. 541. 543. 544. 546. 549. 605-6 climate 4, 552, 555, 587 and alluviation528-9,530-1 cloth seeloomweight, textile,whorl coin 145-6, 150, 154, 156, 390, 391, 405, 471, 4814, 605, 607-8, 609 construction methods 28, 37-8, 58, 75, 77, 80, 98, 104, 105, 114-17, 150-6,572 seealso architecture; bedrock;bench; doorway; threshold mudbrick;pisé; plaster;Structure; defined 10 contamination, context,defined 10 ofcontextsCD-192-250 repertory stone conulus, 448,461 cookingpot seeshapes;wares copper 428, 431, 551-2, 555, 578, 609; seeabo metallurgy Corinth,Medieval 145, 146, 155, 390, 394, 471, 512,518, CD-162 courtyard25, 27, 49, 51, 52, 56, 57, 75, 77, 92, 1503, 389, 572, 577, 592, 596, 608 Cream Slipped seewares,EarlyHelladic Crete 212-13, 427, 554, 566, 579-90, 591-2, 598, 605, 609, CD-i 14, -115 seealsoimports;Knossos; Kydonia (Khania); Minoan crucible 52, 56, 67, 81, 102, 108, 118, 429-31, 4501,CD- 124-5 forterrace43, 52, 102-4, 1O7 cutting, Cyprus 585, 602, 605, 609 Daimonia 577, 580 Dark Painted seewares,EarlyHelladic decoration(on pottery), EarlyHelladic burnish41-2, 159, 160, 165, 167, 174 hatching176 impressedtriangles173, 563 incision 41, 159, 167 rimband 162 monochromecoating 162, 165, 167, 169, 173, *74. !75 spots 176 Seealsowares,EarlyHelladic decoration(on pottery), Middle Helladic and Transitional189-90 added red/purple195, 205, 571, 576 added white 184, 186, 195, 196 applied band 189,206 arc 189 band 184, 190, 191, 192, 194, 196, 205, 210 barbotine27, 181, 202 bichrome 196, 197, 578

635

burnish 177, 178, 180, 184, 187, 189, 190, 193, 195, 196, 197, 202, 203, 210, 578; seealso wares,Aeginetan;wares,Dark Burnished chevron 190, 192, 199, 297 circle 190, 191, 192 d-o-1(darkon light) 177, 180, 181, 182, 184, 185, 186, 187, 195, 196, 197-8, 202, 203, 204,205,210,571,576,578 dottedsolid circle181 drip 205 dull paint 177, 189, 192, 193-4; seea^° wares> Dull Painted foliateband 184, 185, 186, 191, 205, 210, 211 garland 180, 189, 191, 194, 218, 227 hatchedtriangle180, 181, 182, 187, 190, 192, X93. *96. X98.205 knob 199 impression177, 180, 185, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 201, 206, 207, 209, 296 incision 177, 180, 184, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 195, 199, 200, 201, 203, 205, 207, 211, 212, 218, 222, 296, 297, 298, 571 1-o-d(lighton dark) 177, 180, 181, 182, 184, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 576 mattpaint 178, 189, 193, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 2 1o, 2 11, 2 12; seealsowares,MattPainted pendentloop 196 polychrome 196, 204, 205 quirk 205 rib,horizontal202 ripple 205,576 'rivet',applied 196,578 rosette205 semicircle 182, 184, 189, 192, 196, 199, 205 spiral 181, 182, 184, 186, 187, 188, 190, 193, 198, 199,201,205 stripe 196 wavyline 205 zigzag 196 decoration(on pottery), Late Helladic 369-87 added white 339, 343, 347, 355, 364, 600 Alternating Style 328,371,595 arch 306,328,361,386 burnish578 double axe 354, 355, 369, 370, 371 Ephyraeanstyle 373.595 foliateband 301, 302, 317, 33 1, 339, 355, 364, 366, 368, 369, 386 flower306, 311, 337, 338, 339, 361, 374, 375, 377.379 humanfigure600 ivy 353, 371 (LOD) 347, 364, 366 light-on-dark MarineStyle 328,371,593 monochrome 299, 301, 303, 304, 305, 306, 309, 311, 312, 314, 315, 316, 317, 320, 325, 329, 33°. 332, 333. 335. 336. 338. 339. 34°. 341. 355. 358. 36l> 363. 364. 3^6. 368. 371. 373.

636

INDEX

374. 375. 377. 378. 379. 597. 6o° octopus343 PalaceStyle592 347 polychrome Pictorial style600 quirk315,317,319,339,355,366,379,386 band 379-80,600 reserved rosette3 14,366,373,377 semi-circles 319,320,341,369,375,379,385, 386 spiral301,305,306,311,317,320,322,323, 326,334,352,355,358,366,368,369,371, 373. 374. 375. 38°. 385. 386 unpainted300,301,312-13,329-30,336-7, 339. 343. 355. 356. 358. 36°. 363. 37*. 376. 378 urchin326,369,371 wavyband 371 whorl-shell 306,314,337,339,361,377,379, 593 Medieval390,395,405 decoration (onpottery), deltaicfillseeEurotas 141-4,497,502 demography DepositAlpha(Kythera)558,565 Beta 565 Delta 180,182,565,575,576 Gamma 179,571 Epsilon184,185,187,576,583 Eta 188,577 Iota 578 Kappa 427,578 Lambda 578 Mu-Xi595 Omega 186 Psi 400 Theta 187,577 Zeta 185,187-8,576,577 Deposits)92 Deposits(Rutter DepositsA-B112,118,181,270 DepositsC-D 111-12,270 DepositΕ ιο8 DepositF 108,110,275 DepositsG-H 107,183,275 DepositΚ 98, 1O7 DepositL 183,187,275 DepositM 107 DepositΝ 98,275,368 DepositΟ 94, 98, 368 DepositΡ 98 DepositQ 98-102 DespotateofMorea 483,608,609 destruction level,MH I Early27-30,218,565,568 MHILate 26, 27,34,37-8,58-60,81-2, 11219,222,238,568-9 MH III Early91 MH III Late 91 LH I Early 102-8,577,590,592 LH I/IIA (= IIA Early)80, 86-7, 590,592

LH IIIA2 Early 17,20,597 LH IIIC Early65-7, 605 Medieval154,609 diet40, 147,499,502,564,CD-154-5 faunal animalmanagement; Seealsoagriculture; remains disc,phyllite40,413,435,437-8 doorway26,49, 65, 69, 75, 77, 80, 94, 105,116, 149,152,155,572; see alsothreshold Dorians,Doric 543,549,605 drain55, 109,145,151,154,155,156,389,391, 406,409,575,592,599,608 drillcore,geological531,541,542,546,552,553 75,91,414,434,435,567,575,581; greenstone seeaho axe

eagle 147,513 EarlyHelladicI 40, 41-2, 119, 159-61,242,557-8, CD-85-8 EarlyHelladicII 60, 91, 212,218,222,552,55865,CD-85-8 burials142,564-5 Early40, 119,161,411,00-85-8 faunalremains509,513 Late 21,28-31,39-40,161,00-85-8,-188-9 pottery161-76,563-4,00-85-8 settlements 534-5,536,538,558,561-2,565 III 118, 158,179-80,212,265,285, Helladic Early 436"7. 565"6 earthquake577,590,592,609 Egypt43°. 558"6°. 566. 597. 598 Elaia 556 Elaphonisos1,553,556,558,563,587-8,CD-143 Epidaurus(Argolid)583 Limera554,557,577,578,584,587, Epidaurus 588,589,600,605 erosion3, 30,43, 61, 69, 553,554 byfeetofanimals39, 150,154 Eurotas7, 528,529,530,531,535,540,541,544, 549. 551. 552,553. 555. 565 deltaof 531,539,540,542,543,546"7. 553"4. 577,591,610 gorgeof 535,552,607 Eutresis160,557,560,569,00-145 Euxantius589-90,591 of 3, 4, 7, 10-12,30-1, excavation, methodology CD-129 excavation-number 11-12,CD-251-67 Trench seealsoArea,basket, faience125,445,458-60 seeagriculture farming faunalremains40, 506-24,CD-156-85 bird 147,513-16,555 burnt156,512,513,609,CD-162,-163,-183-5 butchered512,CD-181-3 cattle511-13,564,CD-156-62,-176-7 chicken147,513 deer 39, 147,154,511,564,00-166,00-167-8 dog 67, 513,605,CD-163-5

INDEX donkey 512,576,00-162-3 fish 117, 147, 154, 516-19, 524, 547, 555 hare 40, 147, 513, 564, CD- 168-9 horse 147, 509-1 1, 512, 513, 576, CD-162-3 insect 524 marineinvertebrate21, 51, 82, 117, 125, 127, 129, 140, 147, 154, 519-24; seealsopersonal ornament pig 40, 507, 512-13, CD- 156-62, -178-81 rabbit 513, CD- 168 reptile511-12,513,00-171-3 rodent 506,509,00-170-1 sheep/goat40, 511, 547, CD- 156-62, -173-6 Seealsoanimalmanagement,bone, diet fibula 599 terracotta453, 454, 455, 596, 597, 599 figure, terracotta figurine, animal 414,432,453,455-7 bird 412, 414 EarlyHelladic 411, 412-14, 452, 564, 565 female 4 12-13,453-5 group 453.455 Late Helladic 136, 137, 144, 41 1, 452-7 Middle Minoan 108, 452, 455, 575, 576, 583, 587 fire,evidencefor 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 38, 53, 56, 69, 80, 114, 119, 154, 156, 565, 567, 575, 577, 591, 597,598,605,609,610 Seealsodestruction level; hearth;metallurgy construction methodsof 38, 39, 50-1, 52-3, floor, 56, 65-6, 69, 75, 81, 572, 577 defined 11 recognitionof 11, 66, 8 1 Floor 1, 1973 69,341 Floor 1, 1974 82-3,344 Floor 1, 1977 49-52, 147, 152, 324-5* 332, 461 Floor 2, 1973 77,80,342 Floor 2, 1974 82, 152,344 Floor 3, 1973 69, 75, 152, 341, 596 Floor 3, 1974 69, 75, 341, 342 Floor4, 1963 599 Floor4, 1974 65-7, 87, 248, 343, 462 Floor4, 1977 87, 248, 344, 345 Floor 5, 1974 65-7, 67, 343, 462 Floor 5, 1977 87 Floor 6, 1977 85, 87, 248, 344, 345, 592 Floor 7, 1963 77 Floor 7, 1977 85, 91, 248, 344, 345, 577 Floor 8, 1977 85, 91, 344, 345, 577 Floor 9, 1963 65,66 Floor9, 1977 91,246,344 Floor 10, 1963 65, 66 Floor Floor Floor Floor Floor Floor

10, 13, 18, 19, 20, 21,

1977 1963 1963 1963 1963 1963

91, 246 67 65,74,341 74, 75, 341, 596 75, 80, 81 80

637 Floor 22, 1963 80, 576 Floor 23, 1963 81

Floor 25, 1963 81, 114,575 Floor 27, 1963 81 flora seeplantremains flotationseewetscreening fortification 2, 535, 537, 549~5°> 556> 558> 566> 598> 599. 6°2, 605 Medieval 156, 606, 607, 608 foundationtrench43, 48, 52, 87, 102, 107, 108, 118, 150, 151, 155,608 Franks 145,481,483,607-9,610 geology 525-49,551-4,00-92 Geometricperiod 32, 535, 536, 543 Geraki 437, 529, 556, 566, 567, 580, 600, 605, 608 EarlyHelladic 159, 557, 558, 560, 563, 564, 565 glass 127, 129, 458, 460, 476 Goritsa 600 greenstone43, 60, 67, 75, 108, 436, 462-3, 567, CD- 149; seealsoaxe, drillcore GreyMinyan seewares,Middle Helladic groundstone 414,478,564,00-149 Late Helladic 67, 69, 460, 461-4 Middle Helladic 56, 75, 414, 433-8, 567 vases 414, 437, 567, 576, 578, 581-3 Gytheion522, 529, 541, 554, 606 haematite414,437,461,00-149 harbours537, 538, 541, 543, 548, 554, 586, 587, 588"9> 59^595. 6o7 hearth,51, 52, 55, 56, 80, 81, 102, 105-6, 107, 111, 140, 147, 577, 608 metallurgical52-6, 567, 586, 592 Hellenisticperiod 145, 481, 530, 531, 535, 536, 543, 552,605-6 Helos 1, 7, 536, 540, 543, 546, 549, 554, 595, 605, 606, 608, 610 Helos Plain 527-49, 551, 556, 595; see also geology; settlement patterns Helots 549, 605 herdmanagementseeanimalmanagement Homer 1, 144, 554, 583, 584, 595, 598, 599, 606 house 27,28,39,56,86,91,92, 105, 107, 112, 140, 141, 151, 152, 213, 218, 560, 568-9 Medieval 154-6, 389-90, 608 Seealsoarchitecture horncore CD- 162 humanremains 483-506, CD-150-5; seealsoburials huntingseediet;eagle; faunalremains,deer; faunal remains,hare imports Aeginetan 80, 187, 188, 191, 196, 209-10, 566, 576, CD-i 12, -113, -117; seealsowaxes, Middle Helladic fromArgolid 173, 180, 211, 218, 592, 596, 598, CD-i 19,-121 fromAsea 176 fromCorinth 172-3

INDEX

638 Cycladic 564, 566, 567 fromItaly 153, 390, 608 fromKydonia 596,00-117,-119 fromKythera 179,205 fromMessenia CD- 119 Minoan 179, 205, 566-7, 580-1, 595-6, 609 EM IIA Early 40, 176, 563 MM I 119, 180, 181 MMII/III 119,458,576,581,583 MM IIIB 185, 345, 349, 452 LM IA 185, 210, 345, 349, 366, 370, 578, 581,583 LM IIIA 305-6, 375 Medieval 48, 153, 156, 390, 608 inscription Akkadian 584-5 Egyptian 558-60, 597 Frankish 154,471,476,478,483,608 Minoan 8, 80, 432-3, 44*-3. 577. 583. 6o9 Mycenaean 8, 442, 443, 591, 595, 597, 598, 599, 600, 605 Roman 606 iron seearrowhead; metal Isabella of Villehardouin 145, 391, 483, 608

Italy 153. 39°. 585"6, 596,605,608 Kastraki 212-13,558,563,564,565 Kastri 212-13, 565, 571, 583, 584, 586, 589, 595, 596, 597. 598. CD-89, -103-5, -1 *3. -1 H. ~ll5 See also Ayios Georgios; Deposit; Kythera Kea seeAyia Irini Kephalonia 602 Khania ^Kydonia Knossos 523, 548, 554, 581, 583, 591, 592, 595, 597, 610, CD-121 Kokkinada 535, 536, 538, 548, 549, 558, 563, 590, 595 Kokkinia 567, 590 Kolonna 2 13, 558, 566; see aho Aegina Korakou 160,569,572,578 Kosmas 581 Koukounaries 523, 599, 602 Kouphovouno 159, 556, 557, 558, 564 Kranaë 522, 548, 551, 571, 581, 590, 597, 600 Krokeai 390, 548, 555, 578, 590, 595, 600 Kydonia (Khania) 523, 552, 578, 587, 591, 595, 596.597. CD"11 7 Kyprianon 583,597 Kythera 179, 181, 184, 185, 205-6, 207-8, 427, 442, 551, 554, 556, 558, 563, 565, 576, 578, 580, 584-5, 591, 592, 597, 608, 609, 610 See aho Ayios Georgios; Kastraki; Kastri Laconia 1,525-49,551-610,00-191 Laconia Survey 159, 390, 557, 565, 566, 600 Laconian Gulf 528, 551, 552-4, 586 Lagio 537-8, 547, 548, 549, 550, 558, 590, 595 language 583, 605, 608 lapis lacedaemonius1, 528, 548, 551, 554, 581-3, 586, 595-6, 600, 606, 609, 610

findsof 420, 440, 441, 458, 464, 548, 597, CD130* -χ49 Late Helladic I Early 91, 102-8, 248, 275-85, 344, 345-5°. 577. 59°. CD"1 9° Late Helladic I 21, 32-3, 49~56, 58. 75~8°. 82~3. 85-91, 102, 105-7, 129, 130, 140, 141,576-8 pottery 243-6, 248-64, 275-85, 295-6, 298, 301, 323, 325-6. 344. 35°-2, 369-71 Late Helladic I/IIA (= IIA Early) 50, 80, 87, 98, 107, 137-8, 577, 578, 590, 592, CD-190-1 pottery 248, 275, 276-85, 299-300, 344 Late Helladic IIA 21, 32, 33, 49-56, 58, 69-80, 823, 85-91, 94-102, 134, 135, 592-5 pottery 237-8, 301, 320-2, 323, 326-30, 352-6,366-8,371-3 Late Helladic IIB 52-6, 129, 302, 324, 330-2, 357, 368, 373, 453, 595-6 Late Helladic IIIAi 49-52, 69-75, 82, 92, 127, 129, X33. !35-6, 452, 595-7 pottery 302, 332-4, 357"8. 368, 373~4 Late Helladic IIIA2 Early 17-20, 131-2, 133, 597 pottery 302-14, 322, 323, 325, 334"7. 358" 6i,369.374-6 Late Helladic IIIA2 48, 82, 85, 92, 127, 129, 135, 369. 452, 597 Late Helladic IIIB 20, 82, 3i4"!5. 322, 324, 337-9. 361,377,452,597-8 Late Helladic IIIC 13-17, 20, 22-4, 32, 42-8, 65-9, 82, 121-2, 125, 452, 458, 598-605 pottery 315-20, 322-3, 324, 325, 339~4X. 361-3. 377"86,387 lead 419, 447, 474-6, 555, 586; see aho metal objects; metallurgy Lekas 534-5. 537. 538. 539. 54°. 541. 543. 548. 549. 555. 557. 558. 563. 567. 5Sl. 59°. 595. 599 Lerna,human remains at 491-2, 495, 500, 596 Lerna III 173-4, 41 1, 558. 563. 565. CD-86-8 Lerna IV 179-80, 212, 430, 436, 565 Lerna V 179-80, 418-19, 423, 424, 427, 434, 436, 441, 566, 567, 569, 571, 576, 578, 581, 609, CD-89, -92, -103-5, -1 1 1, -113, -115 Lerna III-V 206, 212, 444, 517, CD-138, -142, 143. -i45> "H6 limestone 2, 29, 528, 529, 530, 532, 534, 535, 536, 537. 538. 539. 541. 542, 547, 549. 551. 552, 555. 556, CD-149 Linear A 8, 80, 432-3, 44*"3. 577. 583. 609 Linear Β 8, 442, 443, 591, 595. 597. 598. 599. 600, 605 loomweight 427-8, 448, 476-7, 481, 581, 605 Louis IX of France 482,483,607,608 Maina, Castle of (Le Grand Magne) 483, 608 malaria 143, 546-7, 553, 577. 591. 597; see aho thalassaemia Malea, Cape 528, 551, 554, 580, 583, 586-9, 609 Malthi 419, 423, 436, 572, CD-142 marine invertebrates seefaunal remains Matapan, Cape seeTaenarum

INDEX Maud ofHainault 39 1, 483, 609 maritimeconnectionsseeimports,Minoan influence, sea-routes Mavrovouni 561, 580, 595, 597, 598, 600 Medieval period 3, 8, 22, 48, 144, 145-57, 389"410. 471-84, 536, 541, 543, 546, 587, 588, 606-9, 610

Melos 564, 567, 587, 588, 590, CD- 130, -143 Menelaion 577, 578, 580, 592, 595, 596, 597, 598, 600, 610, CD-92, -127 mercenaries390, 599 metalobjects,EarlyHelladic 142, 411, 557, 564 Middle Helladic 143, 419, 567, 578, 587, CD124-7 Late Helladic 143, 447, 470, 599, CD- 124-7 Medieval 154, 156,471-5 metallurgy51, 52-6, 58, 67, 81, 102, 108, 428-30, 45o"1' 552, 555. 567. 575. 583. 586, 587. 59°. 592, 599, 609, CD-i 24-7 Mezapos 602 Middle Helladic I Early 21, 26-8, 38-9, 60, 566-71, CD- 188-9 pottery179-80, 214, 217-18, 229-31, 285-95, 297-8 Middle Helladic I Late 21, 28-30, 34-8, 58-60, 812, 91, 112-19, 124-5, 566-71, CD-189 pottery179-81, 212-13, 214-17, 218-26, 2315, 238, 246, 265-70, 285-95, 297-8 Middle Helladic II 25, 33-4, 56-8, 80-2, 85-91, 112, 140, 566-8, 571-5, CD-189-90 pottery181-2, 227-9, 235. 238, 246, 285-95 Middle Helladic III 25, 33-4, 51, 129, 134, 141, 214, 297, 566-8, 575-7, CD-190 Middle Helladic III Early 56-8, 80-1, 91, 92, 10812, 130, 132, 133, 141 pottery182, 216-17, 227-9, 238-43, 270-5 Middle Helladic III Late 21, 80, 81, 91, 92, 107-8, 121, 132, 133 pottery182-5, 216-17, 227-9, 243-8, 275-85 Middle Helladic Ill/Late Helladic I 75, 77, 80, 91, 92, 102-8, 130, 133, 140, 576-8, CD-190 pottery182-5, 243"6, 248-64, 275-85, 295-6, 323. 325-6. 345-52, 364-6 miniaturevases 132, 140, 143, 330, 563 Minoa 588-9, 598, 609 Minoan influence1, 179, 208, 212-4, 297-8, 303, 374-5. 565. 579~89. 597. 609 seealsoimports;LinearA Minos 586, 588, 589 minotaur595 Mistra 154, 156, 394, 396-7, 608 model,clay 91, 94, 137, 432, 453, 486 modernperiod 471, 484, 527-47 Molaoi 555, 605 Monemvasia 483, 587, 588, 608, 609 Morea, Despotateof 483, 608, 609 ritualseeburial mortuary Mouchli 155

639

mudbrick26, 35, 39, 51, 53, 58, 59, 77, 80, 82, 98, 105, 108, 109, 1 12, 1 14, 148, 568, 572

murex 522, 571 museum,storagein 12, 485, 507, 524, CD-251 Mycenae 124, 128, 144, 516, 523, 568, 576, 583, 596, 597. 599. CDl X9.-121, -145 Mycenaean seeL&teHelladic; wares,Late Helladic Myrtea 529, 535-6, 547, 548 455, CD- 186 Myrtos-Pyrgos Naram-Sin 558, 585 Naxos 586, 602 Neogen soils 528, 529-30, 534, 535, 536, 537, 538, 539. 540. 541. 543. 546, 547. 548. 552, 555 Neolithicperiod 1, 158-61, 535, 536, 556-7, 558, CD-142,-145 neutronactivationanalysis CD-89, -117 Nichoria 10, 556, 569, CD-127, -130, -142, -160-1, Í91

Byzantine146, 157, 390, 396, 400, 471, 481, 5!2 Late Helladic 38, 444, 453, 512, 572, 586, 590, 595. 598. 599. 600, CD-i 19, -121 Middle Helladic 419, 423, 427, 430, 452, 512, 555. 565. 568, 569, 572, 575, 576, 580, CD!55 Nisakouli(Messenia) 566 numerationseeburial;catalogue-number obsidian 21, 28, 30, 34, 40, 42, 51, 60, 67, 107, 126, !29. X35. 143.4 15" 16,440- 1, 464-6, 467, 46970, 564, 567, CD- 130-43 Older Fill 531, 533, 534, 535, 536, 538, 539, 540, 541,542,546,552 olive 2, 525, 537, 546, 547 Onugnathus seeElaphonisos opticalemissionspectroscopyCD-92 organicremains 5^faunal remains;humanremains; plantremains ostrich445. 5 ! 6, 596 Paizoulia 558, 580, 590, 606 Palaeolithicperiod 556, CD-128, -142 Palaiopyrgi558, 564, 567, 576, 597 Parnon,Mount 551, 590, 606 pathologyseeburials Pausanias 543, 554, 581, 586, 588, 605, 606 Pavlopetri 1, 213, 552, 553, 558, 566, 581, 586-8, 589, 609 at 560, 569, 572, 580 architecture at pottery 563, 565, 571, 576, 577, 580, 597 tombsat 564, 567-8, 584, 587-8, 595 peak sanctuary575, 583-4, 585, 587 Pebbled Road (StreetNu I) 58, 107-1 11,112, 118, 27o-i,575.577 Pellana 558, 592, 595, 598, 600 Perati 602, 605 periods seeByzantine;chronology;Classical; Early Helladic; Geometric;Late Helladic; Medieval; Middle Helladic; modern;Neolithic;Palaeolithic; Roman; RutterPeriods Protogeometric;

640 Peristeri558, 563, 590, 595, 605 personalornament125, 129, 143, 144,433-4,45860, 462, 578, 587, CD-i 26 shellsas 51,82, 117, 140,417,444,521-3 phasing seeperiods PhilipofTaranto 390,483,609 Philistines589, 598, 605 Phoiniki389, 577, 600 Phylakopi427, 580, 583, 586, 589, 596, 597, 609, CD- 142 ; seeabo Meios phyllite40, 414, 435, 437-8 physicalanthropologyseeburials pier 7, 85, 87, 151-6, 389, 608 pin 417-8, 446; seealsobone, metal Pindar 589-90,591 piracy 589, 598 pisé 114, 116, 140, 389; seealsomudbrick pit 13,19,31,114,147,151,156,391 seealsoburial plantremains 524-5; seeabo Arundodonax plaster 20,37,51,52,53, 114, 116, 151, 152, 153, 155, 156,389,394,568,592 platform53, 144, 147, 148, 578 Plytra552, 556 population 390, 566, 590, 595, 597, 600 poros528, 529, 533, 534, 535, 536, 537, 538, 541, 542, 547, 552, 555, 599 porphyriteseelapis lacedaemonius post,post-hole 19, 59, 69, 107, 112, 152, 154, 464, CD- 189 defined 10 pot-range, pot-stand116-17,568 potter'smark 178, 190, 205, 207, 296-8 potters'wheel 178, 181,202,412,563,575 pottery anvil 56,431-2 chemicalanalysisof CD-89, -114-23 EarlyHelladic 159-76, 556~7, 558> 563"4, CD~ 85-8 Late Helladic 299-388, 592-5, 596, 597, 598, 600, CD-i 18-23 Medieval 146, 389-410, 608; seealsoshapes, wares,decoration Middle Helladic 177-298, 569-71, 575, 576, CD-89-117 analysisof CD-89- 113 pétrographie reused 430-1,451-2 seealsodecoration,Deposit (Kythera),Deposits, shapes,tile,wares projectilepoint seearrowhead;chippedstone period 600, 605 Protogeometric 606 1, Psephi 551, PtolemytheGeographer553, 588, 606 Pylos 583, 598, 599, 600, 602 PyrgosDirou seeAlepotrypa quern 19, 51, 67, 91, 147; see also groundstone radiocarbon34, 38, 39, 59-60, 91, 98, 106, 113, 116, 119, 553, 556, 568-9, 577, CD-186-91

INDEX reed-cane seeArundodonax refugees595,600-1,602,605,610 religion 151, 156, 583-4, 590, 591, 596, 599, 608, 609 ritesat; peak sanctuary; See alsoburial,funerary shrine rendsina 535, 539, 548, 552 retrieval10, CD- 129, -145 See alsowetscreening river seealluviation;Bourba; Eurotas;geology; Vasilopotamos rivet seelead roads 554, 605-6 Roman period 145, 481-2, 528, 529, 530, 531, 536, 537, 539, 542, 543, 544, 546, 548, 551, 5Sl, 605-6 Late seeByzantine,Early roof 37-8, 107, 114, 117, 146, 148, 152, 155,389, 406, 476-81, 568, 571, 608 rossoantico583, 597 routes seeroads,sea-routes RutterDeposits seeDeposits RutterPeriods 92; seealsochronology;Deposits Santorinieruption577, 578, 590, 591, 592, 609, CD-186-8,-190,-191 seealsochronology;radiocarbon;Thera schist528, 530, 537, 538, 539, 541, 542, 547, 549, 551, 555, 556, 57*, 577, 578, 599> CD-H9 slabs of 50-1,56, 75, 93-4 sea-level,changein 528, 529, 532, 534, 537, 539, 540,541-4,546,552-4 Sea Peoples 589, 598 sea-routes205-6, 213, 375, 554, 558, 566, 580, 584-9, 608, CD-i 22, -142-3 seal, Babylonian 584-5 EarlyHelladic 412, 458, 558 Late Helladic 125, 458, 600 Late Minoan 595-6 Middle Minoan 80, 458, 581, 583, 587-8 settlement, layoutof 569, 572, 577, 580, 609 size of 560, 572, 591, 592, 596, 598, 607 527-47, 55 1-6, 557, 558, 565, settlement-pattern

567,597,6o°

shaftgrave 102, 112, 114, 182-3,577,578 EarlyHelladic shapes (pottery), askos 165, 175,563 bakingpan 563 basin 563 bowl 159, 161, 174, 175, 557, 563 cup 175, 563 'fire-dog'412,564 'fruit-stand' 159 pan 176,563 frying jar 175,557,563 lid 175,563 pedestalledbowl 563 pithos 563 plate 563

INDEX saucer 161, 169, 174, 175, 557, 563

sauceboat 161, 165, 175, 557, 558, 563, 564 spoon 175,563 strainer 557, 563 shapes (pottery),Late Helladic alabastron 18, 331, 334, 343, 351, 353, 363, 369. 373. 38l> 3°2, 3°3. 3*5. 3*o, 325. 3*7 amphora 343, 363, 372, 373, 377, 379 amphora/hydria 299, 303, 305, 312, 332, 357, 365. 374 amphoriskos 65, 378, 379, 600 askos 33, 123, 129, 144, 235, 236, 324, 325, 330, 337. 375. 453. 458 basin 300, 301, 302, 303, 309, 312, 314, 334, 336. 346. 347. 35°. 366. 37°. 37 *. 375 bowl deep 314, 315, 317, 320, 322, 324, 338, 339. 34°. 343. 35*, 362~3. 377. 378. 379. 380, 381, 384, 385, 386, 598, 600 stemmed 303, 310, 317, 320, 323, 336, 339, 34°. 341. 359. 361. 363. 375. 37^, 377. 380, 384, 385, 386 cup

bell 592 carinated 347, 364, 365 ring-handled 332, 357, 373 rounded 347, 349, 350, 364, 369 semi-globular 345, 347, 348, 349 Vapheio 301, 302, 323, 326, 331, 347, 348, 349. 35°. 352, 355. 364. 365. 366. 367. 368, 369, 370 casserole 349 cooking pot 314, 322, 330, 349 dipper 305, 312, 316, 333, 339, 343, 356, 359, 360, 363, 374, 375, 376, 377, 379 goblet 299, 300, 301, 302, 305, 307, 309, 320, 321, 323, 328, 329, 330, 332, 333, 334, 342, 343. 345. 347. 355. 356. 358. 368. 37°. 371. 373. 374 hydria 377, 379, 381, 303, 305, 332, 337, 600 jar collar-necked 315, 317, 339, 378, 379, 381, 386, 387 hole-mouthed 301, 320, 327, 352, 353, 369, 371 piriform 18, 301, 302, 314, 326, 351, 352, 357. 358. 369. 37°. 377 jug beaked 302, 328, 332, 368 bridge-spouted 301, 320, 323, 327, 328, 353. 368.37* krater 18, 303, 317, 322, 324, 334, 338, 339, 358. 359. 361. 362, 368, 373, 374, 375, 377, 379. 385. 386, 600 kylix 2, 18, 303, 305, 308, 309, 312, 313, 314, 316, 317, 322, 323, 334, 335-6, 338, 339, 341. 343. 358. 359. 36°. 361. 363. 374. 375. 377. 378. 379. 38°. 3Sl. 597. 598

641

pithos 350 rhyton 379, 453, 599 stirrupjar 2, 303, 315, 320, 322, 343, 353, 363, 368,369,377,379,381,597 souvlaki dish 314, 341, 363 shapes (pottery),Medieval amphora 390, 391, 393, 394, 398, 402, 403, 406 bowl 395, 396, 398, 400 casserole 400 jug 39°. 39 !. 393. 394. 395. 398. 399. 4°°. 402, 403, 406 stamnos 396, 398 stewpot 400 shapes (pottery),Middle Helladic and Transitional bowl 200, 209 spouted 198 bowl or basin 191, 192, 198, 204, 207, 209, 211 with everted rim 190, 191, 194 with in-turnedrim 192,194-5 brazier 581 cooking pot 207 cup 200, 206 angular 191, 196, 202, 208 bridge-spouted 194 carinated 191, 198, 203, 208, 575 conical 203,209,580,581,583 rounded 190, 200, 202-3 semi-globular 196, 198, 203, 204, 206, 208 spouted 194, 207 straight-sided 191, 198, 203, 208 Vapheio 191, 198, 203, 208 cup or bowl double 194, 198 carinated 191 with everted rim 190, 194, 200 with in-turnedrim 194 egg-cup 202, 208 flask 60, 117, 192, 193, 571 goblet 191, 197, 198, 202, 208, 210, 211 footed 202, 208 hydria 199, 211 jar 197, 199, 200, 201, 202, 205, 207, 209, 211 barrel-jar 192 globular 195, 198 hole-mouthed 192, 199, 200, 203, 204, 207 necked 209 two-handled 192, 200, 207 wide-mouthed 192, 195, 200-1, 211 with everted rim 198 with horizontal belly handles 201 with narrow neck and flaringrim 195, 204-

5.207 jug 195, 197, 198, 199, 200, 202, 204, 207, 209 beak-spouted 195, 198, 209 kantharos 197, 198 krater 210 pithos 118, 201, 205 plate 195, 200, 204

INDEX

642 pyxis 192, 193 stand 201 tripodleg 191, 193, 207, 580 sheep seefaunalremains shells seefaunalremains,personaladornment ship,shipping558, 566, 583, 586-7, 591 seealsomodel,sea-routes shrine575, 583-4, 585, 587, 596, 599 Sicily 605, 606 sickleelement416, 440, 441, 467, 470, CD- 133-4, Skala 2, 7, 532, 534, 535, 538, 541, 546, 549, 6067,610 seealsoAyiosIoannis,AyiosNikolaos slabs 50-1,56,75,93-4 Slavs 390, 400, 473, 605, 606, 608 Souli 2,537,546 Souroukla 2 Sparta,Medieval 145, 395, 397, 389, 400, 483, 608 Vale of 484, 527, 528, 529, 530, 534, 538, 539, 548, 551-2, 555, 592, 595, 600, 609 spindlewhorl see whorl spool 424-7 spring21, 530, 532, 549, 555 stampforholybread 151, 156, 458, 608, 609 see also seal

statistical analysis,ofancientpopulation 486-93 ofbone mineraldata CD- 154-5 ofchippedstoneassemblages CD- 128-48 ofEarlyHelladic wares 558, CD-85-8 offaunalremains 507-13 ofLate Helladic fabricsCD- 118-23 steatite458, 461 Stena 577 Stephaniá 2, 537, 547, 549, 551, 609 Sto Manolaki 536, 543, 606 stone 67, 116-17, 551-2, 567, 605; seealsobeads, carnelian,chert,chippedstone,groundstone, limestone,obsidian,phyllite, lapislacedaemonius, rossoantico, schist,steatite storage 51, 116 Strabo 554, 587, 588, 606 3, 10-11, 13-119, 145-56, CD 192-250 stratigraphy seealsochronology, levels, Deposits,destruction Floors street572; seealsoroads Beta I 60 Beta II 57, 58, 108, 238, 576 Beta III 57, 576 Beta IV 49, 56, 58, 324, 596 Eta I 34 Nu I (= Pebbled Road) 58, 107-9, 111, 112, 113, 118,270-1,575,577 Structures Alpha I 560 Alpha II 560 Alpha III 39, 560 Alpha IV 568, 569

Alpha V 572, 576 Beta I 59, 569, CD-89 Beta II 58,572 Beta III 56, 576 BetaV 48, 148 Beta VI 48, 148, 150 Deitai 560 Dekali 569 Delta III and IV 572 Delta V 599 EpsilonI and II 13,599 Eta I 34-8, 231,568, CD- 189 Gamma I 155-6 Lambda I 85-7, 111, 246, 369, 575, 577, 592, CD- 189-90 Lambda II 75-80, 81, 91, 575, 577, 592 Lambda III 69, 592, 596 Lambda IV 82, 592 Lambda V 69, 596 Lambda VI 65, 599, 605 Lambda VII 2, 85, 92, 150-6, 389-90, 391, 393-4. 4o6"8> 484> 6o7 Nu I 28, 39, 91, 108, 112, 113, 114-190 265, 568-9, CD- 189, -190 Nu II 92, 102-8, 275-6, 364, 577, CD-190 Zetal 26,27,568 Zetall 26,27,568 Zetalll 25,572 Zeta IV 22, 599 ZetaV 146-7 subsidence 80, 102, 140, 552, 553, 592 Sykea 600, 605 Syria 585, 609 Taenarum,Cape 528, 551, 554, 586, 587, 605, 608 Taygetus,Mount 528, 531, 537, 539, 551, 608, CD191 Telchines 590 terracewall,BronzeAge 20, 28, 32, 39, 49-51, 567, 69, 75, 77, 112,572,577 modern 2, 20, 21, 61, 85 textile412, 420, 424, 427, 448, 461, 478 seealsoloomweight,spool,whorl thalassaemia 132,493-6 seealsomalaria Thebes 558, 565, 597, 598 Thera (Akrotiri)583, 590 eruption,seeSantorini thin-section microscopyCD-92-1 14, -124 tholostomb 8, 536, 543, 548, 592, 595, 597 threshold25, 51, 58, 69, 75, 77, 80, 86, 91, 116, 568-9, 577, 595 Tigani 602-5, 608 tile 109, 127, 145, 146, 150, 151, 152, 155, 389~9°> 476"9> 575. 6o8 tin 52, 56, 430, 585, 609, CD- 124-7 Tiryns 513, 517-18, 558, 565, 597, 602, CD- 160-1 model toy seefigurine, trade seeimports;Minoan influence;sea-routes

INDEX Trench and Areas 4-8, 10 Alpha 3 410 Alpha 5 560 Alpha 8 and 10 151,156 Beta 1 4, 10, 61, 75, 81, 134, 156, CD-2 20-1, -223-8 Beta 3 42, 51-6, 58-60, 62, 127, CD-208-10, -213-20; seeArea Beta Beta 4 42,61,75,596,599 Beta 5 61,599 Beta 6 4, 61, 67, 69, 75, 154, 156, 409, 608 Beta 8, 9 and 10 62, CD-21 1-20; seeArea Beta Beta 11 61, 65, 75, 156, 387, 598, 599, 605 Beta 12 10, 61, 134, 156, 387, CD-2 23-31; see Area Lambda/Beta Gamma 1 91, CD- 239-41; see Area Nu/ Gamma Gamma 2 155,00-250 Delta 4 377-8 Delta 5 and 7 560 Delta 12 156,387,599 Delta 15 599 Lambda 1 4, 7, 61, 69, 75, 81, 131-3, 361, 408, CD-2 2 1-3; seeArea Lambda/Beta Lambda 2 CD-23 1-2 ; seeArea Lambda 2 Lambda 3/4 CD-233-9; seeArea Lambda 3/4 Nu 1 CD-241-50; seeArea Nu/Gamma Nu 2 CD-243-50; seeArea Nu/Gamma TrialTrenchPi 555 TrialTrenchIII 557, 560, 565, 597 TrialTrenchIV 391, 560, 577 TrialTrenchV 41 1, 560 TrialTrenchVI 145, 156, 377, 386-7, 598, 599 TrialTrenchVII 156, 157, 391, 560, 572 Trinasos(Trinisa) islands 529, 537, 588 marsh 543, 554, 606 site 531, 537-8. 539. 541. 544. 547. 54^, 549. 552, 558, 606 Trypeti581 Tsakonia 606, 608 Tsasi 535, 538, 541, 547, 548, 549 Tsoungiza 557,563,00-88,-145 Turks,Turkishperiod 145, 389, 390, 484, 606, 609, 610 tuyère56,67,450 Urfinisseewares,EarlyHelladic Vapheio (site) 1, 581, 592; Vapheio cup seeshapes, Late Helladic Vardounia 528, 552 vases,stone 414, 437, 567, 576, 578, 581-3 Vasilopotamos2, 484, 528, 532, 549, 553, 606-7, 610 VatikaBay 587-8 Venice,Venetians483, 587, 606, 607, 608, 609 Vlachioti 535, 536-7, 538, 546, 548, 590 Vrondamas 529, 535, 536, 552, 600

643

wares,EarlyHelladic

bufffabric 161-9, 173 coarse 168, 169, 170, 171, 563 Cream Slipped 30, 40-1, 167-8, 169, 174, 558, 560, 563, CD-85-88 Dark on Light 176 Dark Painted seeMonochromeCoated (below) LightPaintedFine Polished seeYellowMottled (below) MonochromeCoated 162, 174, 557, 563, 564, CD-85-88 orangefabric 169-71, 173, 563 Patterned173-4 Pattern-Painted 285, 565 Coated 173-4^0-85 Partially 161, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 563 plain Thin Red or Black CD-85-8 (Red) Slipped and Burnished41, 119, 158, 159, 556-7. 563. CD-85 statistical seriationof 40-1, 558, CD-85-88 UrfinisseeMonochromeCoated (above) YellowMottled 30,40-1, 119, 165-7, *72. *74. 557. 558. 561. 563. CD-85-8 Whiteor Yellow Slip seeCream Slipped (above) wares,Late Helladic Aeginetan 246, 261-2 chemicalanalysesof CD-i 14-23 coarse 246, 262-4, 282-5, 314, 322, 330, 333, 35°. 363 Dark Burnished243, 248-51, 275-6, 345, 347 GreyMinyan 243, 285, 345, 347 Handmade Burnished598, 599, 600 LustrousDecorated 243-6, 258-60, 279-82, 345. 347-9. 364-6* 576. 577. 578 LustrousPainted seeMycenaean (below) MattPainted 237, 243, 251, 253-7, 278-9. 3^4. 332, 342, 343. 345. 347. 357. 369. 373. 586 Micaceous Minoan 238, 261, 282, 345, 349 Minoan 246, 260-1, 282, 305, 345, 349-50, 366; seealsoimports Mycenaean 10, 235, 299-345, 35°"87. 576. 578, 586, 592, CD-93-5, -114, -118-23 pétrographie analysesofCD-93-1 14 YellowMinyan 238, 243, 253, 251, 278, 345-6, 347 wares,Medieval ArchaicMajolica 390, 391, 394, 395 Whiteware 389, 395-6 Constantinopolitan Fabric2 398-9 Geometricware 391, 394 Green and BrownPaintedware 390-1, 394, 395,

4°5

Glossyware 390,395 Late Sgraffito390, 39 1, 395 mattpaintedware 393 Metallicware 395 Olive Brownware 395 Taffyware 156, 390, 393, 395-8

644

INDEX

Spongyware 399-400 ware 390,395 Zeuxippus Middle Helladic wares, coarse 189,209-10,211,262,296, Aeginetan 297 Green/Yellow 189,209-10 Aeginetan Matt Aeginetan Painted210-11,217,261,296-7 Red SlippedandBurnished178,187, Aeginetan 210,242,246,261,576 chemical analysesof CD-i 14-17 coarse 199-201,206-7,214,215,217,218, 226-7,229,235,236,238,242-3,246,248, 262-4,269-70,275,282-5,293-6,CD-1035,-107-11,-112-13,-115 DarkBurnished1, 189-93,214,216,218-19, 222,229,230-2,235,236,238,240-1,242, 243,246,248,249-51,261,265,271,275, 276-7,285-7,296,298,569,576,581,CD93-100,-112-13,-115 DullPainted193-5,214,218,219,222,229, 231,232,233,235,238,243,265-6,268, 277-8,288,298,571,575,576,580, CD-93-5 GreyMinyan177,189,211,214,218,219,243, 271,277,296,569 Decorated1, 10, 118,178,179,188, Lustrous 201-6,297-8,566,571,576,577,578,580, CD-89,101-5,-111-13>-1H. ~ll5 Fine 202-3,221,224,229,238,241,243, 246,258,271,279,289,578,CD-93-5 Medium-coarse 185,188,203-5,207,214, 215,217,218,221,225,229,231,234, 235,238,241,244-6,247-8,258-61, 267,271-5,279,289-92 coarse205-6,229,235,282 MattPainted1, 10,195-9,211,217,261,271, 295>297>576>586>CD-93-8,-100-1,-10810,-113,-115 Fine 195-7,241,243,251-3,278,288,CD93-5

FineWhiteSlipped271,^-95-8 Gritty195-7,217. 241,243,253-7,278-9* 288,296,CD-io8-io WhiteSlippedCD-100-1,-115 Gritty MicaceousMinoan 182,185,187,189,195, 204,206,207,208,209,212,217,218,222, 225,229,235,241,261,275,282,291-2, 293,296,298,571,576,580-1,CD-107-10, -112-13,-114,-115 Minoan 1,209,214,566,CD-101-3,-108-10, -115; seealsoimports Fine 208-9,222,225,231,235,241,246, 248,268,275,282,291 Medium-coarse 209,215,217,225,231, 235,246,261,266,268,275,282,291, 295-6. 297 Decorated(above) MinoanizingseeLustrous see OatmealMinoanizing Lustrous Decorated, Medium-coarse (above) analysesof CD-89-114 pétrographie YellowMinyan195-9,576 Fine 197-9*243.251,577,578 Gritty197-9,243,253,278,288 Seealsowares,LateHelladic 427-8,430,431,476,481 weight(loomweight) wetscreening7, 92, 98, 506,520,524-5,CD-129 whorl EarlyHelladic411-12,564 MiddleHelladic420-4,430,431,434,438 LateHelladic448-50 Medieval476,477 CD-124-7 spectrometry X-rayfluorescence XenomedesofCeos 590 Xeronisi534,548,558,563,590,595,600 YellowMinyanseewares,LateHelladic;wares, MiddleHelladic YellowMottledseewares,EarlyHelladic Fill 531,532,533,534,535,536,537,539, Younger 540,541,544,546,552,554 Zygouries160,173,377

Plates

Plate ι

(a) Ayios Stephanosseen fromthe Helos plain in 1959, fromse; (b) Area Epsilon. Walls ka (top left),kb (top right)and kc (centre),froms; {c) Area Epsilon. Walls kc (left),kb (top) and ke (centre),froms.

Plate 2

(a) Area Epsilon.Walls ka (top centre),kb (lowerleft),kc (leftcentre)kd (middlecentre),kf (top left)and kg (centre,by rangingrod),fromne; (b) Area Epsilon. Wallskf (lowerleft),kc (bottom)and ka (upperright),withburial ι removed, frome; (c) Area Zeta. Wall id (top) overlyingMH I Late pots 1122-1123 and 1140 (centre),withif step (right),fromse; (d) Area Zeta. MH I Late pots 1108, 1117 and 1150 among tumble(above), withwalls ib (left),if step (centre),ig (lower right),ih (centreright)and ii (bottom),fromnne.

Plate 3

(a) Area Zeta. Wall ia (extremeleft)withM H I Room 3 definedby walls ij (top left),ik (uppercentre),il (right),ir (bottom right),im and iq (left),fromnw; (b) Area Zeta. Top and face of wall io (upperright)overlyingwalls is (lowerright),it and bedrock(centreleft),frome; (c) Area Zeta. Top of wall io (left)overlyingwalls is (top) and iu (right),fromsw; (d) Area Zeta. Top of wall ih (bottomleftcorner)overlyingwalls io (lowerleft),is (top left),iu (top right)and bedrock (bottomcentre),fromw.

Plate 4

(a) Area Zeta. Wall io (top) runningover wall is (right)and bedrock(lowerleft),fromese; (b) Area Eta. Medieval pit (right centre),walls dj (uppercentre)and dk (top right),withdg (left)and dh (top) meetingat upper left,fromsse; (c) Area Eta. Wallsdj (left)and di (centre)withcistofburial 15 (right),fromne; [d) Area Eta.Junctionof walls dg (below) and dh (above), froms.

Plate 5

on (a) AreaEta.MH I Latevases1237, 1247 and !^79 foundamongtumbleΝofwalldh, froms; (b)AreaEta.Pottery EH II pot MH I Earlyfloornwofwalldj (lowerright), withwalldg (top),froms; (c)AreaEta.EH walldo (right centre), withMH I wallsdg (upperleft)anddj (topright), fromese; (d) AreaEta. ofranging rod)andfloor(centre), 31 (infront with with Viewwithwallsdg (topleft), dh (topcentre), di (centre slab), (centre, rod)anddk (lower dj ranging right large to showEH walldo (centre fromne. left), right),

Plate 6

fromsw; (b)Area ec (upperleft),ed (lowerleft)andeb (topcentre), SW Sector.Wallsea (centre), (a) AreaBeta3/8/9/10, fromsw; (c)AreaBeta Beta3/8/9/10, SW Sector.Pavedareaseu (above)andeq (below)withwallsej (top)andep (right), to showanglewheredipper withbenchew (topright), SW Sector.Stonesev (leftandcentre)andwalled (right) 3/8/9/10, Wallsem (foreground), CentralandNE Sectors. fromne; (d) AreaBeta3/8/9/10, ep 3310 andkylix3314 werefound, withcistburials23 (top)and 25 (neartop),fromsw. andfcbehindej (atcentre), (right)

Plate 7

withep behind),em (left), centre Wallsey (foreground, ed and es (top)and ej, fc,ef (leftto right, (a) AreaBeta3/8/9/10. to right SE Sector.Wallsem (below)and ey (leftedge),withLH IIA hearth edge),fromse; (b) AreaBeta3/8/9/10, anddrain(topleft)andMH I wallfa (centre in cutting), fromssw;(c)AreaBeta3/8/9/10, SW Sector.Cistof (centre) right, burials30 and32, withwallfd(right), fromsw; (d) AreaBeta3/8/9/10, SW Sector. ofwallfd (centre) withwall Junction fb (torear)withcistofburials30 and 32 (foreground) andwallem (topleft), fromw.

Plate 8

drainunderwallex (top SE Sector.Wallsey (left), em (bottom (a) AreaBeta3/8/9/10, left)andfa (centre showing right), from ex (right) andfa (robbed,toptobottomleft), fromsw; (b)AreaBeta3/8/9/10, SE Sector.Wallsem (topleft), centre), withwallsgl (top)overem (centre e; (c)AreaBeta3/8/9/ 10,SE Sector.Viewof 1959sounding, left)overgr (above hu (topleft), ld/ht 12A.Wallslq (upperright), rod)andbedrock(belowit),fromsw;(d) AreaLambda/Beta ranging sw. hr with of from slabs Floor left), (bottom), (bottom 4 againstlq,

Plate g

(a) Area Lambda/Beta12A. Walls lm (top left)and hu (acrosstop),showingtheirrelationto walls Id (lowerleft),ht (lower right)and hr (below),withslabs of Floor 4 (underrangingrod),froms; (b) TrenchBeta 12B. View of Room 4 withFloor 5 removed,showingwalls lq (top right),ga (centreright),hq (top left),hm (left),hw (horizontalat centreleft)and hy (verticalat centreleft),fromnne; (c) Area Lambda/Beta 12A. View to show walls ld/ht (top left)and hr (centreleft,against ld/ht),and theirrelationto walls le (top right),hx (lowerright)and lq (bottom,betweenrangingrods),fromε (notesteep slope); [d) Area Lambda/Beta 12A. Walls lm (top centre)and ld/ht(bottom),withslabs of Floor 4 (to right),froms.

Plate ίο

(a) Area Lambda i/Beta 12A. Slabs of Floor 4 in Room 2, withskullof dog and saddle-quern7276 againstedge of wall lm (left),froms; (b) TrenchLambda 1. Floor 1 of 1973 (top) runningover wall le (upperright)withwall lc (left)and Floor 2 of 1973 (centre),fromsse; (c) Area Lambda/Beta 12A. Walls la (right),lo (top right)and lp (bottom)withFloor 3 of 1974, fromn; [d) TrenchBeta 1. Wall lq (n) (topright)over wall gc (top centre)over walls gd and ge (centre),fromsw.

Plate ι ι

and le (centre),withmodernterracewall (upperleft),froms; (a) TrenchLambda ι. Walls lc (lowerleft),Id (foreground) A. wall Id Area Lambda/Beta Slabs of Floor of above end of 12 (b) (centre)abuttedby stephr 4 1974 (top) squared (bottom),froms; (c) Area Lambda 2. Walls 11(top),lh (centre)and lj (bottom)issuingfromunderwall lg (right),fromne; (d) Area Lambda 2. Cornerof walls 11(top) and lh (centre)afterremovalofwall lg, fromn.

Plate 12

(a) Area Lambda 2. Walls'g (top),lh (centreleft)and lj (centreright),withFloor 1 (centre)and Floor 2 (below),fromse; (b) Area Lambda 3/4. Wallsly (bottomleft)and me (centreleft),withslab over burial 16, froms; (c) Area Lambda 3/4. Wallsmb (right)and mi (lowerleft),froms; (d) TrenchesNu 1-2. Medieval pit,stonesni (upperleft)and tumbleof wall nl (right),overlyingwalls nf (bottomcentre),nd (bottomleft,withhearthin angle) and nc (centreleft)of StructureNu II, with Area Lambda 2 behind,fromnw.

Plate 13

(a) TrenchNu 2. Stonesni (left)overjunctionof walls nk (right)and nm (bottomright),froms; (b) TrenchNu 2. Terracotta tubR967 (centre)on floornextto wall nl (upperright),withcistof Burial 11 (lowerleft)and Medieval pit (bottomcentre), frome; (c) TrenchesNu 1-2. StructureNu II, Room 2, showingwall nm (bottomright)bondingwithwall nk (right),wall nd (uppercentre),hearth(upperleft)and wall ne (top),withfaintoutlineof pit of ShaftGrave Burial 13, froms.

Plate 14

Nu II, hearthin Room 2 (lowerleft)withwall nf (centre),end of bench no (againstnf) and walls (ö) TrenchNu ι. Structure Nu IL View nd (lowercentre)and ne (right),withface of wall ny in baulk (top,centreright),frome; (b) Area Nu. Structure 1 and Room with wall nf bench hearth Room no 2 (centre) (left), (lowercentre), showing (foreground) (uppercentre),with wall ng (top),froms; (c) TrenchesNu 1-2. StructureNu II, Room 2. Walls nf (uppercentre),nd (lowerright)and nk (bottom),withkantharosR297 in situbetweenbench no (leftcentre)and hearth(centre),fromne; [d) TrenchesNu 1-2. Nu II, Room 2. KantharosR297 in situagainstbench no (top),fromne. Structure

Plate 15

(a) TrenchesNu 1-2. StructureNu II, Room 2, withwall nf (left),bench no (againstnf),wall nd (top),hearth(by nd) and wall nc/nk (right),showingremovalof ε partto expose surroundof ShaftGrave burial 13 (lowercentre),froms; (b) Area Nu/Gamma 1. View showingrelationbetweenRoom 1 of StructureNu II (wallsnfabove, ne at centreand nc at bottom left)and earlierwall ng (centreright),fromse. StructureNu II was builton a terracecut below the level of wall ng (see Section,fig. 1.56); {ή Nu/Gamma 1 baulk. Dipper R168 and pounder6109 in situat base of wall ng, fromse; [d) Trench Gamma 1. Wall dd (centre)withwall nf (left)and Minoan draintilesHS 91 (lowerright),fromnne.

Plate 16

Nu II Rooms ι and 2 (left,withRoom 2 above) withsoundingto w ofwall nf (centre), (a) Area Nu/Gamma ι. Structure Nu I, showingapsidal wall de/nh Nu I (bottom),fromn; (b) Area Nu/Gamma 1. Structure exposingwall nh ofStructure Nu I, destruction debris nz (centre)and burial14 (centreleft),fromne; (c) Area Nu/Gamma 1. Structure (right), partition-wall from Area Nu/ nz and main room with on floor of sse; left), (d) centre) (burntmudbricks) apse (top partition-wall (upper wall nz (centre)and burial 14 (centreright),fromsse. Nu I, showingapsidal wall de/nh (top),partitionGamma 1. Structure

Plate ιη

(a) Area Nu/Gamma ι. Southern part of apse of Structure Nu I, with MH I Late jar 1849 anc*pot-stands in situ by partitionwall nz (centre), debris on floor of main room (above), stringbaulk (lower left) and pit of burial 13 (top right),from nw; (b) Area Nu/Gamma 1. Plaster with reed-impressions from Structure Nu I; (c) Trench Gamma 1. Walls nf (lower left)and de (centre right),with outlines of pithos (centre) emerging from M H I surface ν of apsidal building, from sw; (d) M H III Late burial Epsilon 1 on bed of pebbles, with base of wall ka (top), from s.

Plate 18

(a) LH IIIC EarlyburialZeta 3, froms; (b) MH burialsEta 1, Eta 2 and Eta 3 lyingon socle of wall dj wherewall dg (top) runsover it,fromne; (c) MH trussedburialEta 6 withMedieval pit (below),fromse; (d) LH (?) burialEta 7 (centre),near ΜΗ Ι Latejar 1255 (neckis above rangingrod) lyingagainstwall dg (top right)and over wall dj (centreleft),withwall dh (bottomright),fromn.

Plate 19

(a) Cist of LH IIA burialEta 15, withwalls di (right),dm (left),dn (top) and fallencover-slab(lowerleft),fromssw; (b) burialEta 15 afterremovalof cover-slab,withwalls di (right),dm (left)and dn (top),fromsw; (c) skullof displacedLH IIIAi burialBeta 1 lyingon cistof LH IIIA2 Earlyburial 26, fromse; (d) LH IIIAi (?) burialBeta 23 withcist,fromne.

Plate 20

(a) LH IIB (?) burialBeta 24 on stonesof wall fc, fromse; (b) LH IIIAi (?) burialBeta 25 afterremovalof cover slabs, fromse; (c) LH I II A 2 burialBeta 26 afterremovalof cover slab, froms; (d) M H III Late-LH I burialBeta 27 againstwall ej (at left),fromnw.

Plate 2 1

fromese; (b)LH IIB-IIIAi burialBeta28 (a) LH IIB-IIIAi burialBeta28 withgravegoodsagainstwallem (atright), after removalofgravegoods,fromese; (c)LH IIIC EarlyburialBeta20, froms; [d) LH IIIA2 burialLambda1 with gravegoods,fromssw.

Plate 22

fromnw;(c) (a) LH II burialLambda2 in baulkunderwallle, froms; (b)LH ΠΙΑ burialLambda3 underwallId (right), LH IIIA2 burialLambda14 withMedievalPierII (topleft), fromwsw;[d) LH II burialLambda15 withpithos, fromse.

Plate 23

(a) LH IIIA burialLambda 16 withcist,fromn; (b) LH ΠΙΑ (?) burialNu 3 withcistremoved,fromw; (c) LH IIIAi burial Nu 4 withcist,froms; (d) Slabs of cistof LH IIIAi burialNu 11 projectingfroms baulk (upperright),withMedieval Pit I (below),fromn.

Plate 24

wallnf(upperleft)andbenchno (uppercentre), froms; (b)Stone (a) Cairnnn overLH IIA burialNu 12 (bottom), cutting roofofLH I/IIA burialNu 13,froms; at topofLH I/IIA shaft surround graveburialNu 13,froms; (c)Slabsforming fromN. slabsremoved, (d) LH I/IIA burialNu 13 withroofing

Plate 25

(α) ΜΗ II burialNu 14, withwalls de/nh (bottom)and nz (right),fromne; (b) Area Zeta. Room 1 withcircularstone platformagainstwall id (below) and Floor 1, fromnw; (c) Area Zeta. Medieval pots 4012a, 4014 and 4017 in situon Floor 1 againstwall ib (right),fromsw; [d) TrenchBeta 10. StructureBeta V, showingwalls eh (centre)and ei (left)withwall ec (above), fromnw.

Plate 26

frome; (b)AreaLambda3/4.Structure Beta3. Walleb (top)withjunctionofwallsee, gl and qa (foreground), (a) Trench fromne; (c)AreaLambda andwallsly (right) andlz (left), LambdaVII, showing PierII withfoundation-trench (centre) itto PierI (above)andwall withwallmfconnecting coveredin whiteplaster, LambdaVII (right), 3/4.PierVI ofStructure Area Lambda In at and me from walls me e; (d) (below), (centre) 3/4.PierIV ofStructure ly (topleft). deepercutting left, lv (upperright), fromw. withfoundation-trench andabutment LambdaVII (foreground)

Plate 27

(a) Area Lambda 3/4. StructureLambda VII. Destructiondebriswithstamnos4066 by wall lz and Pier III (upperleft), withmodernterrace-wall along line of wall ma (top),fromnw; (b) TrenchGamma 2, 1959. Medieval ashlarwalls pa (left) and pb (right),fromΕ (?); (c) TrenchBeta 6. Medieval pit withjug HS 125 in situand walls hd (top right)and he (lower left),fromE.

Plate 28

EH II pottery: finebuff ware,124,130. plainware,17; finebuffcoatedware,30, 39, 79; finebuffcream-slipped

Plate 29

EH II pottery: finebuffcream-slipped ware,185; ware,i46-i46a; fineorangeplainware,160; fineorangecream-slipped semi-coarse warewithredslip,195. Singular fabrics, 222-223.

Plate 30

Area Zeta, MH I Earlypottery:1066, 1085. MH I Late: 1108, 1117, 1122, 1123 frontand back, 1124-1125.

Plate 3 1

AreaZeta,MH I Latepottery: 1136, 1140, 1150.

Plate 32

AreaZeta,MH II-LH I pottery: 1237, 1247, 1255· 1163,1166, 1173.AreaEta,MH I Latepottery:

Plate 33

AreaEta,MH I Latepottery: 1265, 1277,1318.MH II: 1288a. LH IIA (burial15): 1321-1323.LH IIA: 1324. LH III(?), 1319-1320.AreaBeta 1977,MH I Latepottery: 1327, 1334.

Plate 34

AreaBeta1974-77,MH l Latepottery: 1337, 1342.MH II: 1343, 1344, 1346.MH III: 1351, 1379. MH III/LH I: 1417.LH I-II: 1427.

Plate 35

AreaLambda1973-77,MH I-II pottery: 1475.MH III Early:1487, 1507-1508.MH III Late: 1484, 1498, 1509, 1513.LH IIA: 1514.

Plate 36

AreaLambda1973-77,LH I/IIA pottery: 1519, 1614, 1649.LH ILA: 1693, 1781.AreaNu 1977,ΜΗ I Late: 1830-1831,1849, 1851.

Plate 37

AreaNu 1977,EH ΠΙ/ΜΗ Ι (?) pottery: 1856.MH I Late: i860, 1889-1890,1901.MH III Early:1933,2007. Asteri1959,MH-LH: 2331.

Plate 38

MiddleandLateHelladicsherdswithpotters' marks.MH I Lustrous Decorated:1015,1077,1081.MH II- III Dark MattPainted:1791-1792. Burnished: 1162.LH I-IIA Aeginetan

Plate 39

AreaEpsilon,LH IIIA2 pottery: 3027, 3040-3041,3048-3050.

Plate 40

AreaEpsilon,LH IIIA2 pottery: 3051. AreaBeta,LH I: 3240. LH ILA:3253, 3259. LH IIB: 3289-3291.

Plate 41

AreaBeta,LH IIB pottery: 3292. LH IIIA2: 3338-3339.LH IIIC Early:3357. AreaLambda,LH ILA:3511, 3522. LH IIIA2: 3572.

Plate 42

AreaLambda,LH IIIA2 pottery: 3573-3575.LH IIIC Early,3593, 3597·TrenchBeta7, i960, LH I pottery: 3658.

Plate 43

LH IIIC Earlypottery: Earlierexcavations, 3698, 3707. Medievalpottery: Fabric2 amphora4017,ArchaicMajolicajug 4053.

Plate 44

females5004-5005,front andbackviews; Terracotta: whorls5001-5002.Terracotta figurines: EarlyHelladicsmallfinds. disc5025. females5006-5008,animals5010-5016,5018-5019;handle5021; birds5022-5024. Groundstone:phyllite cortical flake5041. Chippedstone(obsidian):

Plate 45

MiddleHelladicsmallfinds.Bone:pins6001, 6003-6008.Copper:punch6010. Bronze:borer6011; pin6012a, with andbeadsHS 210-212. Lead: rivet6015. earrings

Plate 46

MiddleHelladicsmallfinds. Terracotta: whorls6017-6018,6025-6026,6032 (twoviews),6035-6036;spools60386039, 6044,6047,6053-6054;loomweights 6058-6059.

Plate 47

crucibles 6061 (twoviews),6062-6064;reusedsherds6072-6073. MiddleHelladicsmallfinds. Terracotta:

Plate 48

MiddleHelladicsmallfinds. Terracotta: anvil6077 (twoviews);(?) toyboats6078, 6081 (twoviews); (?) pottery claynodules6082-6083.

Plate 49

MiddleHelladicsmallfinds.Personalornaments: stonebead 6084; schistpendant6088. Groundstone:shaft-hole axe drill cores celts 6100-6101; 6102, (three views); 6104. 6090 greenstone

Plate 50

MiddleHelladicsmallfinds.Groundstone:pounders6106-6108,6110, 6112; phyllite discs6115-6116,6117, 6118 (bothsides).

Plate 5 1

blades6138-6141; MiddleHelladicsmallfinds.Chippedstone:chertsickleelements 6135, 7316 (LH); chertdenticulate A inscription stone: Linear lacedaemonius denticulate blade obsidian Carved 6142; 6154. 6145-6150. lapis projectile points

Plate 52

smallfinds.Bone:points7002, 7004-7007.Copperandbronze:rings7011-7012,tweezers 7013,pins Mycenaean biconical whorlsandconuli,MiddleHelladictype7026,EarlyMycenaean 7014-7015,knifeblade7017. Terracotta: 7053 (twoviews); 7032,LateMycenaean types7046, 7048; (?) tuyère7052a (twoviews);cruciblefragments reusedpottery, 7055 (twoviews).

Plate 53

naturalistic and Proto-Phi smallfinds. Terracotta, femalefigurines: Mycenaean types7061-7066 (twoviews); laterexamples7067-7070;stemsandbases 7073-7081.

Plate 54

heads7082-7089; femalefigure smallfinds. Terracotta: femalefigurines, 7090 (twoviews);spoutorfemale Mycenaean bodies7094-7098,7100-7102,7104; 7091, Minoanfigurines 7092 (male),7093 (hator foot).Animalfigurines: figure heads7105-7106,7108,hornsandlegs7109-7113.

Plate 55

animalfigurines, smallfinds. Terracotta: headofstag7114, antler7115, bird7116; headofanimal7117; Mycenaean bovidprotome handle7118; animalfigure orrhyton-nose 7119; chariot-horse 7120 (threeviews);noseofhorse(?) 7121; fromAsteri:female7124,animal7125. chariot-wheel 7122 (twoviews).Figurines

Plate 56

smallfinds.Personalornament: steatite sealstone7126,withimpression; faiencebeads 7135-7162;carnelian Mycenaean bead 7214. Groundstone:conuli7234, 7240 (from whetstone above);pestles7247-7248, 7249,cobble7273. Raw material: 7279. Chippedstone:chertsickleelements 7317-7318;cherthollow-based lapislacedaemonius projectile-point 7325; obsidianhollow-based 7326-7329,7330 (twoviews),7331; obsidianbarbedandtanged projectile-points 7333. projectile-point

Plate 57

Bronze:embossedbuckle8001,(?) harnessorlantern Medievalsmallfinds. 8002, (?) armourorharness8003. fragment Iron:fire-steel netweight 8008; projectile-points 8009-8012;knife8013; donkeyshoe 8016. Lead: weight8047,fishing 8048, (?) button8049 (LH). Bone: (?) awl 8057; pins8058-8060.

Plate 58

Medievalsmallfinds. Terracotta: whorls8065-8066;bead (?) 8062 (orMH whorl?), 8063 (Hellenistic); loomweights sherd8069; astragalus 8068; inscribed 8071 (twoviews);palette8072. Groundstone:(?) palette8075. Clay:cloth andback.Coins:billondeniers tournois ofLouisVIII orIX ofFrance8083,IsabellaofVillehardouin 8076 front impression 8085,PhilipofTaranto8086, MaudofHainault8087.

Plate 59

towardsCape The viewshedofAyios Stephanos,(a) North-west towardsStephaniáand Mt Taygetus;(b) south-west east west towards Vardounia. towards Skala; [d) Matapan; (c)

Plate 6o

(a) View south-eastfromPavlopetritowardsVatikaBay and Neapolis. (b) Beads and seals (withimpressions)probablyfrom Pavlopetri.(c) View southfromEpidaurusLimera towardstowardsMonemvasia,i.e. Minoa. [d) Southside ofgate in ofTigani fromVenetianfort,lookingwest. .fortifications, Tigani near Mezapo in the Mani. (e) Fortifications

Contents Listoffigures Listoftables Listofplates

CD- 1 CD-2 CD-2

Tables 1.1-12.21

CD-3

ofEarlyHelladicpottery Statistical depositsbyR.Janko ware-analysis Helladic andLate of Middle and chemical analysis Pétrographie andR. III I. K. Whitbread Helladic E.Jones pottery, by The PerlmanandAsaroanalysesofLateHelladicI- III sherdsfrom re-evaluation a statistical the1963 excavations: byΕ. Β. French, andV.J.Robinsonf,with].E. Tomlinson S. M. A. Hoffmann Metallurgical analysisofMiddleandLateHelladiccrucibles H. andZ.A. Stos N. Gale by fluorescence analysisofMiddleandLateHelladicbronze X-Ray objectsbyR.E.Jones Statistical andmaterials analysesoftheobjectsin flakedandground stonebyP. N. KarduliasandM.J.Ijdo, withH.Blitzer witha catalogueof Bonemineralanalysesofselectedskeletons, thepeopleof 1977 byS. C. Biself remains:catalogueandcomparanda andreptilian The mammalian Reese David S. by Data byR.Janko AnalysisoftheRadiocarbon

Appendix1 Appendix2 Appendix3 Appendix4 Appendix5 Appendix6 Appendixη Appendix8 Appendix9

CD-85 CD-89 CD-i 18

CD- 124 CD-i 26 CD-i 28 CD- 150 CD- 156 CD- 186

tomuseumboxesofkeptsherds CD- 192 witha concordance ofstratigraphie contexts, Repertory

fyR.Janko

andmuseumboxes to catalogue-numbers Concordanceofexcavation-numbers byR.Janko

CD-251

Concordanceofpreviously publishedfindsbyR.Janko

CD-268

Plates

CD-270

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig.A2.1 Fig.A2.2 Fig.A2.3 Fig.A2.4 Fig.A2.5 Fig.A2.6 Fig.A2.7 Fig.A2.8 Fig.A2.9 Fig.A2.10 Fig.A2.11 Fig.A2.12 Fig.A3.1 Fig.A9.1

chart:Set1 Class 1 (variouswares). frequency Composition WhiteSlipped chart:Set2 Class 1 (DarkBurnished/Fine frequency Composition MattPainted). WhiteSlipped chart:Set2 Class2 (DarkBurnished/Fine frequency Composition MattPainted). chart:Set2 Class3 (DarkBurnished). frequency Composition MattPainted). chart:Set3 Class 1 (WhiteSlippedGritty frequency Composition 1 Class chart: Set Decorated). (Minoan/Lustrous 4 frequency Composition chart:Set5 Class 1 (Lustrous Decorated/Coarse). frequency Composition chart:Set5 Class2 (MinoanSchistGroup). frequency Composition chart:Set5 Class3 (MicaceousMinoan). frequency Composition chart:Set5 Class4 (variouswares). frequency Composition chart:Set6 Class 1 (CoarseLocalGroup). frequency Composition MattPainted). chart:Set6 Class2 (Aeginetan frequency Composition sherds. for the Method Ward's obtained AyiosStephanos using thirty Dendrogram radiocarbon data of the calendar OxCal calibrated by ranges showing Multiplot context. stratigraphie CD-i

CD-94 CD-96 CD-97 CD-99 CD-100 CD-102 CD-104 CD-106 CD-107 CD-109 CD-i 10 CD-i 12 CD-i 20 CD-188

CD- 2 LIST OF TABLES

AreaEpsilon.WallsofStructure CD-3 EpsilonI (LH IIIC Early). ThewallsofthecistofEtaburial15 (LH IIA). CD-40 ZetaV (Medieval). AreaZeta.Earlierwallsreusedin Structure CD-45 A comparison ofTaffy WareandConstantinopolitan WhiteWares. CD-52 at for the Bronze death (total154). CD-53 Agecemetery Ages population CD-85 OriginsoftheEarlyHelladicbasketsinAreaEta. inAreaEta. ofEarlyHelladicpottery Statistical CD-86 analysisofthelowestdeposits inAreaEta. ofEarlyHelladicpottery Statistical CD-87 analysisofthemiddledeposits inAreaEta. Statistical CD-87 analysisoftheuppermost depositsofEarlyHelladicpottery ofEarlyHelladicbasketsbywareanalysis, AreaEta. Statistical seriation CD-88 ofstatistical seriation ofEarlyHelladicsherds, results AreaEta. CD-88 Stratigraphie andZerner's AS samplenumbers, withdescription.CD-90 Concordance ofcataloguenumbers andRiley'ssamplenumbers, Concordance ofRutter's CD-90 cataloguenumbers withdescription. classification. TableA2.3 A summary ofthepétrographie CD-94 ofZerner'ssamples, CD-i 15 TableA2.4 The chemicalcompositions as percentage oxides expressed (AASresults). TableA2.5 The chemicalcompositions ofRutter's as percentage CD-i 16 oxides samples, expressed (OES results). TableA3.1 LBA sherdgroupsfromthemainlandandCreteanalysedbyAsaroandPerlman. CD-i 19 TableA3.2 Groupings three CD-i 19 ofthesherdsfrom AyiosStephanos by analysts. ofsherdsin GroupA (latematerial) andGroupΒ (early CD-i 21 TableA3.3 Elementconcentrations withthevaluesforSTEP 12,whichprobably fromMycenae. material), originates TableA3.4 Perlman/Asaro CD-122 samplesthatmatchAyiosStephanos GroupΒ (LH I andII). oftin,arsenic, leadandothermetalsinMH andLH copper/bronze CD-i 27 TableA5.1 The contents objects. andblanks(earlier andlaterexcavations), CD-i 30 TableA6.1 Lithics bymaterial andlaterexcavations). TableA6.2 Tooltypesbymaterial (earlier CD-134 TableA6.3 Tooltypesonblades(laterexcavations). CD-139 TableA6.4 Obsidianblades(earlier excavations). CD-140 TableA6.5 Chertblades(earlier excavations). CD-140 TableA6.6 Obsidianflakes(earlier excavations). CD-141 TableA6.7 Chertflakes(earlier excavations). CD-141 ofVariation forbladesexcavatedatAyios TableA6.8 Standard DeviationandCoefficient CD-144 andothersites. Stephanos ofchippedstoneobjectsbyArea(laterexcavations). TableA6.9 The distribution CD-146 CD-147 ofchippedstoneobjectsbyperiod(laterexcavations) TableA6.10 The distribution TableA7.i Skulldataof9161 and9i62 (platesA7.1-A7.2). CD-151 areinmmunlessotherwise TableA7.2 Skeletaldataof9161 and9162 (measurements stated). CD-152 datafromselectedburialsatAyiosStephanos. TableA7.3 Bonemineral CD-153 deviations forAyiosStephanos andother CD-154 TableA7.4 Bonemineral meansandstandard LH III sites. TableA8.1 Majordomestic foodmammals atMH-LH IIIB Nichoria. CD-161 foodmammals TableA8.2 Majordomestic CD-161 (NISP) atEH II-LH IIIC Tiryns. MH-LH tableA8.3 food mammals at Midea domestic (Greek-American excavations). CD-161 Major foodmammals TableA8.4 Majordomestic CD-161 (NISP) atEH-LH III Eleusis. CD-187 TableA9.1 The radiocarbon datesbystratigraphie phase.

Table1.1 Table2.1 Table3.1 Table7.1 Table12.1 TableAi .1 TableAi .2 TableAi .3 TableAi .4 TableAi .5 TableAi .6 TableA2.1 TableA2.2

LIST OF PLATES

PlateA2.1 PlateA2.2 PlateA7.1 PlateA7.2

fabrics: ofthinsections. MiddleHelladicpottery photomicrographs fabrics: ofthinsections. MiddleHelladicpottery photomicrographs Skull9161 (NuBurial13,LH I/IIA).Fromfront, side,rearandabove. Skull9162 (NuBurial14,MH II). Fromfront, side,rearandabove.

CD-270 CD-27 1 CD-272 CD-273

Table ι.1. AreaEpsilon.WallsofStructure EpsilonI (LH IIIC Early). Name

Axis

Length

Width (avg.)

Height

Courses (max.)

Buttor bond

Datingevidence

ka

NE-SW

2.35

0.72 (max.), , , 0.5 (avg.)

0.2

1

abuts(?) kd

contains wornLH IIIC Early(#83),over#84 (LH IIIC Early)

kd

NNW-SSE

0.12

0.51

Ο·44

3

abuts(?)ka

as ka (butnotremoved)

Table 1.2.AreaEpsilon.WallsofStructure EpsilonII (LH IIIC Early). Name

Axis

Length

Width (avg.)

Height

Courses (max.)

Buttor bond

Dating evidence

kb

NE-SW

2.4

0.60

0.14

1

bonds(?)withkc

under#26? (LH IIIC Early)

kc

N-S

2.75

0.62

0.3

3

bonds(?)withkb

under#37 (LH IIIA2 withLH IIIC Early)

Table 1.3.AreaEpsilon.SmallfindsfromLH IIIC Earlycontexts. No.

Description

Basket

7006

Boneburnisher (?)

#5

7014

Bronzepinortool

#3

7019

Lead rivet(?)

#23

7045

Terracotta whorlorconulus;LH IIIA-IIIB

#26

7046

Terracotta whorl;LH IIIC type

# 18

7048

Terracotta whorl;LH IIIC type

# 18

7059

Sherdwithknob,pierced;LH III (inMedievalpit)

# 10

7087

(?)head;LH Figurine,

#8

7088

head,female Figurine

#8

7108

Animalfigurine head;LH

#4

7109

Animalfigurine (horn);LH III fragment

#23

7111

Animalfigurine LH III fragment;

#78

7115

Animalfigurine ; LH

#26 CD-3

TABLES

CD-4

Table ι.4. AreaEpsilon.LH IIIA2 Earlypottery andsmallfinds thewashdepositin sectordeltaunlessotherwise (from stated). No.

Description

Basket

3027

Alabastron (FS 85); LH IIIA2 Early

#38,45, 62, 66, 68, 77

3033

Krater(FS 8); LH IIIA2 Early

#23, 24,47, 48, 65

3037

Mug(FS 227); LH IIIA2 Early

# 13

3038

Dipper(FS 236); LH IIIA2 Early

#38, 62, 66, 68

3040

Kylix(FS 257); LH IIIA2 Early

#5 1,53

3041

Kylix(FS 257); LH IIIA2 Early

#30, 3 1,36, 38, 53, 56, 73

3042

Kylix(FS 256); LH IIIA2 Early

#66, 73, 77

3043

Kylix(FS 256); LH IIIA2 Early

#9, 5 1,53, 56

3048

Kylix(FS 256); LH IIIA2 Early

#5 1,53

3049

Kylix(FS 256); LH IIIA2 Early

#5 1

3050

Kylix(FS 256); LH IIIA2 Early

#53

3051

Kylix(FS 256); LH IIIA2 Early

#9, 51, 56, 66, 68, 77, 79

3067

Goblet(FS 263); LH IIIA2 Early

#62, 66, 68

3069

Kylix(FS 264); LH IIIA2 Early

#59, 70, 8 1*

3079

Kylix(FS 267); LH IIIA2 Early

#72

3082a

(?) ; LH IIIA Piriformjar

#53, 62, 66,73

3091

Stemmed bowl(FS 304); LH IIIA2 Early

#51, 53

3108

Bowl(cf.FS 279); LH IIIA2 Early

#27,47, 48, 51, 53, 56

3112

Liplessbowl(FS 204); LH IIIA2 Early

#52, 56

3114

LH IIIA2 Early Dipper(FS 236),unpainted;

#62, 66, 68

3121

Coarsewaresouvlakidish;LH IIIA2 Early

#77

7043

Terracotta whorl;LH

#77

7069

Femalefigurine; LH IIIA-IIIB

#38

7075

Femalefigurine; LH IIIA

#72

7084

Femalefigurine; LH IIIA2

#57

7095

Animalfigurine

#53

7127

Faiencebead

#57

7275

Saddlequern

#68

Pottery

Smallfinds

* Froms ofwallke

TABLES

CD-5

Table 1.5. Area Epsilon.Wallsprobablydatableto LH IIIA2 Early. Name

Axis

Length

Width (avg.)

Height

Courses (max.)

Butt or bond

Dating evidence

ke

E-W

1.25

0.62

0.12

1

?

under# 59 (LH ΠΙΑ 2 Early containslate MH destruction); (#82)

kf

NE-SW?

1.1

0.45

0.4

2

?

under# 30 (LH IIIA2-IIIC Early)

0.1 2(?)

1

?

under# 77 (LH IIIA2)

(max. ex.) kg

NE-SW

2.6

0.62

Table 1.6. Area Zeta. Walls of Structure Zeta IV (LH IIIC Early?).

Name

Axis

Length

Width (avg.)

Height

Courses (max.)

Butt or bond

Dating evidence

ic

NNE-

1.7

0-38

0.26

1

?

containsMH II- III (#69),overburial 2v (LH IIIA2)}

ssw id

NE-SW

4·°5

°·5

°·23

2

?

containsLH ΠΙΑ 2 and a little Medieval (#38), over# 40 (LH IIIC Early)

ie

NE-SW

2.2

0.5

0.14

1

?

containsLH III (#74), overif

Table 1.7. Area Zeta. Potteryand smallfindsfrommixedLH IIIC Earlyand Medieval contexts. Description

Basket

Lid; LH or Medieval

# 64

7002

Bone point

#10

7082

head Terracottafigurine

#14

7085

Terracottafigurine head; LH IIIC Early(?)

#25

7254a

Stone rubber

#18

7283

Obsidian blade

#19

7324

Cherttinderflint

# 12

No. Pottery

4003a

Small finds

TABLES

CD-6

Table 1.8. Area Zêta. Walls of Structure Zêta III (MH II-III?). Name

Axis

Length

Width (avg.)

Height

Courses (max.)

Butt or bond

Dating evidence

ia

NW-SE

3.6

0.48

Ο·35

3 (with footing)

abuttedby ib

abuttedby ib

ib

NE-SW

2.6

0.45

0.5

3

abutsia, bonds withif

containsMH I- II (#85)

if

NW-SE

1.4

0.4

0.2

1

bonds withib, abutsstepNWof if

cutbyie, containsMH (#86)

Step NW c if of

NW-SE

1.1

025

0.2

1 (one face only)

abutsif,ii

containsMH (#82), over MH I Late (#84), abuts tfü

ii

NE-SW

1.60

0380.55

0.22

3

abutsstepNWof if

abutsstepNWofif,over pot 1123 (MH I Late)

Table 1.9. Area Zeta. Potteryand smallfindsfrommixed MH II-III contexts. No·

Description

Basket

1162

Dark Burnishedsherd,marked

#72

1163

Dark Burnishedbowl

# 39

1166

Dull Paintedplate

#75

1173

LustrousDecoratedjar

#64

1190

Coarse warejar

#78$*

6025

Terracottawhorl

# 64

6070a

Dark Burnisheddisc,pierced

# 73

6071

Dark Burnishedsherd,pierced

# 39

6084

Carnelianbead

#8 1

6115

Phyllitedisc,pierced

#49

6145

Obsidian hollow-basedprojectilepoint

# 87Φ

Pottery

Smallfinds

$ *

MH I-II or MH II context contextnot containinglatermaterial

TABLES

CD-7

Table 1.10. Area Zêta. Walls of StructureZêta II (MH I Late, = ΜΗ I thirdphase).

Name

ig ih

Axis

Length

Width (avg.)

Height

Courses (max.)

Butt or bond

Dating evidence

NW-

1.6

Ο·55

Ο·35

2

bonds withih

bonds withih

2.75

0.6

0.42

2

bonds withig

under# 58 (ΜΗ I Late)

SE

NE-

sw

Zeta II level of Structure Table 1.11. Area Zeta. Potteryand smallfindsfromthe destruction (MH I Late, = MH I thirdphase).

Description

Basket

1122

Dull Paintedjar

# 37, 38, 40, 45, 60

1123

Dull Paintedjar

# 37, 38, 40, 45, 58, 60

1124

LustrousDecorated barbοtineangularcup

#98

1125

LustrousDecorated barbοtineangularcup

#76

1136

Coarse ware cup

# 38

1140

Coarse wareroundedbowl

# 37, 38, 45

6026

Terracottawhorl

#76

6134c

Chertflake

# 76+

No. Pottery

Small finds

+ Fromunburntlevel se of StructureZeta II * Fromunburntlevel ne of StructureZeta II

level of Structure Zeta I (MH I Late, = MH I thirdphase). Table 1.12. Area Zeta. Potteryfromthe destruction

No.

Description

Basket

1108

Dark Burnishedtwo-handled jar

# 79, 89

1117

Dull Paintedjug

# 79, 89

1150

Coarse Ware pithos

# 89, 90, 96

TABLES

CD-8

Table 1.13. Area Zêta. Walls of StructureZêta I (M H I Late = ΜΗ I thirdphase). Name

Axis

Length

Width (avg.)

Height

Courses (max.)

Butt or bond

Dating evidence

ij

NW-SE

1.5

0.5

?

1?

bonds withik, abutsiq

bonds withik

ik

NE-SW

1.7

0.5

0.38

1?

bonds withij, il, abutsiq

bonds withil

il

NW-SE

2.8

0.5

?

1?

bonds withik, ir

under# 92 (MH I third phase)

im

NW-SE

2.1

0.55

0.35

3

reusesiq

under# 92 (MH I third phase)

ip

NE-SW

1.15

0.63

0.37

1?

formsdoorway withil

formsdoorwaywithil, under# 99 (MH I third phase withLH IIIC Early)

iq

NW-SE

0.6

0.37

?

2?

abutsij, ik, reusedin im

under#92 (MH I third phase)

ir

NE-SW

1.75

0.2 (max.

?

1?

bonds withil

under# 92 (MH I third phase)

I

Iex.) I

I

|

|

Table 1.14. Area Zeta. Walls ofMH I Earlydate (MH I first(?) and second phases).

Name

Axis

Length

Width (avg.)

Height

Courses (max·)

Butt or bond

Dating evidence

in

NW-SE

1.7

0.45

?

?

?

under# 94, 99 (mainlyMH II-III)

io

NE-SW

1.67

0.7

1.05

9 (lowest3 of largestones)

?

top containsEH II as latest(# 113), under# 97 (MH I Late), abutsand runsoveris, restson itinSWandon# noinNE(EH II Late)

iq

NW-SE

0.6

0.37

?

2?

?

under* 92 (MH I Late), reused later

TABLES

CD-9

Table 1.15. Area Zêta. Walls ofEH II Late and/orΜΗ Ι Early (ΜΗ I firstphase) date.

Name

Axis

Length

Width (avg.)

Height

Courses (max.)

Butt or bond

Dating evidence

is

NW-SE

1.18

0.9

1.00

6

abuttedby and lies underio

under# 100 (MH I Early) and io, containsEH II Late (#112), on bedrock

it

NE-SW

1.20

0.26 (max. ex.)

0.12

1

?

underio and # 111 (MH I EarlywithEH II Late), on bedrock

iu

NE-SW

1.57

0.5

0.48

1

?

under# 106 (MH I Early); on bedrockor perhapspart ofit

Table 1.16. Area Eta. Late MH or LH I-IIA walls.

Name

Axis

Length

Width (avg.)

Height

Courses (max.)

Buttor bond

Dating evidence

di

NE-SW

2.20

0.52

0.86

4-5

abuttedby dl, dn

cutswalls dh, dk and dq, abutted by walls dl and dn ofburial 15 (LH IIA)

dr

NE-SW

1.75

0.73

0.17

1(2?)

abutsdi

abutsdi

TABLES

CD-ίο

Table 1.17. Area Eta. Potteryand smallfindsfromLH contexts. No.

Description

Basket

1319

Birdaskos; LH ΠΙΑ

# 34t

1320

Bird askos; LH ΠΙΑ

#3

1321

Yellow Minyangoblet;LH ILA

# 59

1322

Yellow Minyanglobularjug; LH II A

#59

1323

MattPaintedbiconicalbeakedjug; LH ILA

# 59

1324

Micaceous Minoan globularjar; LM I

# 49, 56( ?)

3222

Vapheio cup; LH I

#43

6106

Stonepounder

#6

6129

Obsidian blade

* 55

6143

Obsidian end scraper

* 55

7126

Steatiteseal; LH IIIA-IIIB

# 55+

7163

Faience bead; LH

# 55"*"

7255

Stonepounder

#2

7280a

Obsidian core

#notrecordedf

7334

Obsidian blade, retouched

#8

7335

Obsidian blade, retouched

# 56(*?)

Pottery

Smallfinds

* + § t

fromburial 15 (LH IIA) fromburial 13 (LH IIIC Early) perhaps fromburial 13 (LH IIIC Early) butprobablyMH II surfacecontextincludingMedieval

Table 1.18. Area Eta. MH II-III walls.

Name

Axis

Length

Width (avg.)

Height

Courses (max.)

Butt or bond

Dating evidence

dk

NNE-SSW

1.6

0.57

o.2(?)

1

?

cutby wall di, containsMH II-III (#64),overMHII(#7i)

TABLES

CD-ii

Table 1.19. Area Eta. ΜΗ I walls,includingStructure Eta I (MH I Late). Name

Axis

Length

Width (avg·)

Height

Courses (max.)

Butt or bond

Dating evidence

dg

NW-SE

3.15

0.42

0.3

2

bonds with walldh

containsMH (#62)

dh

NE-SW

2.35

0.47

0.17

2

bonds with wall dg

containsMH (#62)

dp

ESE-WSW

1.65

0.4

0.17

1

?

under# 55 (MH II)

dq

ENE-WSW

1.5

0.3

0.24

1

? (singlerow of fivestones)

under# 3 (MH I Late above level of destruction), floorassociatedwithwall dj (MH I Early)

Table 1.20. Area Eta. Potteryand smallfindsfromMH I Late contexts. No*

Description

Basket

1237

Dark Burnishedkantharos;MH I Late

# 3, 7, 45

1247

Dark Burnishedshoulder-handled bowl; MH I (?)

#3

1251a

Dark Burnishedjar orjug; MH

# 18+

1255

Dull Paintedjar; MH I Late

# 10, 14, 40

1265

LustrousDecoratedjug; MH I Late

# 1, 3, 7, 17, 45 +

1279

Coarse Ware cookingpot; MH

#3

1287a

Coarse Ware pithosrim;MH

# 14, 40

1287b

Coarse Ware pithosrim;MH

# 14, 40

1287c

Coarse Ware pithosrim;MH

# 14, 40

1318

Coarse Ware cookingpot; MH

# 17"*"

6002

Bone pin

#17"*"

6003

Bone pin or awl

#20

6032

Terracottawhorl

#3

4c

6044

Terracottaspool

#3

4c

6090

Shaft-holeaxe fragment

# 47 ^

6135

Chertsickleelement

# 2O+

Pottery

4c

4c

Smallfinds

* Deposit fromnw of StructureEta I, i.e. nw of wall dh + Deposit frominside StructureEta I H From extremese cornerofArea § Fromburials 1, 2, 3 °/oFromsw of StructureEta I, i.e. nw of wall dg

4c

TABLES

CD-i 2

Table 1.21. Area Eta. Wall ofMH I Earlydate.

Name

Axis

Length

Width (avg.)

Height

Courses (max.)

Butt or bond

Dating evidence

dj

NE-SW

5.0

0.52

0.14

2

?

under# 19, 36 (mainlyMH); underwall dg (MH I Late)

Table 1.22. Area Eta. Potteryand small findsfromMH I Early contexts. Description

Basket

Coarse Ware roundedbowl

# 54

6004

Bone pin

# 63

6060

Terracottacruciblefragment

# 63

6070

Pithosrimsherd,pierced

# 38

6107

d?) cobble (unworke Lapis lacedaemonius

# 58t

6117

Phyllitedisc,pierced

# 21

6127

Obsidian blade

# 25§

6128

Obsidian blade

# 2g§f $

6130

Obsidian blade

# 58t

6131

Obsidian blade

# 63

6132

Obsidian blade

#63

6132a

Obsidian blade

# 58t

6134

Obsidian flake

#63

6134a

Obsidian flake

# 58t

6134b

Obsidian flake

# 58t

No. Pottery

1277 Smallfinds

§ * f φ

fromse of wall dj fromNWof wall dj contextmixed withLH material contextnot mixed withEH II material

* *

TABLES

CD-13

Table 1.23. Area Eta. Potteryand smallfindsfromEH II Late contexts. No.

Description

Basket

31

Monochromecoated saucer; EH II

# 28

217

Coarse Ware platter;EH II

# 53+

219

Red coated 'wishbone'handle of'frying pan'; EH I- II

# 50*^

5026

Obsidian blade

# 27"1"

5027

Obsidian blade

#28

5028

Obsidian blade

#31

Pottery

Smallfinds

* + §

fromfloorsw of wall do (EH II Late, mixed withEH I material) contextwitha littleM H I Early material fromMedieval pit (rangeEH I-Medieval)

Table 1.24. Area Eta. Wall ofEH II date. Name

Axis

Length

Width

Height

Courses (max.)

Butt or bond

Dating evidence

do

NW-SE

1.15

0.53

0.26

1

abutsbedrock; otherend unknown

under# 25 (EH II Late withM H I), associatedwith floorofEH II Late

Table 1.25. Area Eta. Small findsfromEH I contexts. No.

Description

Basket

5027

Obsidian blade

#28*

5028

Obsidian blade

#31

5034

Obsidian blade

# 68 +

5035

Obsidian blade

# 68 +

5036

Obsidian blade

# 68+

5037

Obsidian blade

# 68+

5040

Obsidian blade

# 68+

5041

Obsidian corticalflake

# 68+

* sw of wall do, mixed withmaterialof EH II Late + ne of wall do

TABLES

CD-14

Table 1.26.AreaBeta3/8/9/10, SW and CentralSectors. and smallfindsfromLH IIIA2-IIIC Earlyfill. Pottery No,

I Description

Year and Basket

Pottery

3253 3287a 3326 3342

Beakedjug; LH IIA LH IIA Cup withhighhandle,unpainted; LH Basin; IIIA2 Hydria;LH IIIB

1977# 16,28+ 1977# i6+ *974#6, 8 1977# 16,28, 1959#4+ Χ974#9

Collar-necked jar; LH IIIC Early Kylix;LH IIIC Early Souvlakidish,coarseware;LH

1977 #48* X974#9

Terracotta whorl;MH(?) Terracotta spool;MH

1974#24"*" X977#29 1959*15^

7007

Bonepoint Boneburnisher

7010 7015

Boneobject;LH IIA-IIIAi context Bronzepinorneedle

7021 7035 7036

Lead sheetfrom(?)box Terracotta whorl;LH I- II(?) Terracotta whorl;LH I- II(?)

1974#14^ X974# !3+ X974# l5

7050

Terracotta whorlorconulus

7055 7061

basedisc,pierced;LH II, reused Pottery Femalefigurine; LH IIIAi Femalefigurine; LH

X974#9 1977#29 !974 #9

3357 3380 3380a Smallfinds 6018 6051 7001

7065 7102 7116 7214 7217 7232 7234

Animalfigurine; LH IIIB-IIIC Early Birdfigurine Carnelianbead,biconical Bead,(?)stone Steatite conulus;LH III Steatite conulus;LH III

7247

Steatite conulus;LH III Stonepestle

7254 7278

Greenstone polisher Rockcrystal nodule

7290

Obsidianblade

7291 7317

Obsidianblade Chertsickleelement

9214 9270

Ostrich eggshell PiercedGlycymeris shell

9277

Pierced Murex brandar isshell

7239

1974#14"*" X974#33 1974#14"·"

1974 #9 1977 # 16+ 1974 #7 *974#7 1974* 13"1" 1959#16^ 1974#7 1977#29* 1977# 13"1" 1959*18^ X974# 12+ 1977# 16"*" 1977# i6+ 1974 # 13"1" 1974#34t 1974*26 1974* i2~*~

* sw cornerofBeta8, sw oflineofMedievalwallea + se cornerand centreofBeta8 and extreme sw cornerofBeta3, i.e. ne oflineofwallea butsw ofswface ofStepI = Medievalwalleb § sw cornerofBeta9 and centreofBeta3, i.e. ne oflineofwalleb t WithMedieval(NW Sector)

TABLES

CD-15

Table 1.27.AreaBeta3/8/9/10. ΜΗ III Late-LHΠΑ wallsdelimiting theSW andSE Courtyards andStreetBetaIV fromswcorner). (clockwise Name

Axis

ed

NE-SW 3.2

ew

Length Width (avg.)

Height

Courses (max.)

Butt or bond

0.8

0.55

4?

bondswithStepI; LH IIA (topcontains LH II, abutted byer; cuts 1977#62, andrestson LH ΠΑ layer,1977#93, cutset) et

NE-SW 0.82

0.46

0.12

2

abutsed

LH II- IIIAi (under1977# LH 59 (LH IILAi),contains II-(?)IIIAi, 1977*75)

er

anta only

0.36

0.54

0.18

1?

abutsed

LH ΠΑ (abutsed, StepI)

StepI

NW-SE 0.72

one face only

0.18

1

abutseo, er, bondswithed

LH ΠΑ (contains LH ΠΑ, 1977#83); reusedineb

StepII

NW-SE

one face only

0.9

1

abutseo, es

LH ΠΑ (contains LH ΠΑ, 1977*84)

es

NE-SW 4.3

0.51

0.12

1

abutted byStepII, abutsed

LH IIA (cutsMH III road, overej/fc)

eo (= ek,fe)

NE-SW 5.45

0.350.5

0.11

1

abutted byStepI, StepII

LH IIA (overej/fc, abuts StepsI andII)

ej

NW-SE 2.4

0.6

atleast 0.72

?

uppercourse bondswithep

(?)LHI (undereo and es, basebelowthoseofem and ep)

fc

NW-SE 2.75

0.37

toponly exposed

?

uppercourse bondswithey

(?)LHI (undereo, es,burials 24 and31, and 1977#116, (?)MHII)

ep

NE-SW 3.25

0.51

0.39

4+

uppercourse bondswithej, but baserunsoverej

(?)LHI (overMH III Early em andfb,base abovethat ofej andMH III Latelevels 1977#91 and96)

ey

NE-SW 3.6

0.45

0.27

1

underex, upper (?)LHI (overem) coursebondswith fc

1.08

Datingevidence

TABLES

CD-16

Table 1.28.AreaBeta3/8/9/10, SW Sector.Pottery and smallfindson theLH IIIAi Floor1 (forfind-spots see fig.1.23). No·

Description

Year and Basket

3305

Dipper(FS 236); LH IIIAi

1974 #21

3306

Dipper(FS 236); LH IIIAi

X977#59

3313

Kylix(FS267); LH IIIAi

1977*59

3314

Goblet(FS 272); LH IIIAi

1974#21

3315

Basin(?) (FS ?294);LH IIIAi

1977#69

5002

Terracotta whorl;EH II

1974*16

7012

Copperringwithattachment

1974 # 16

7013

Bronzetweezers

1974 #21

7023

Terracotta whorl;(?)MH

1974*16

7026

Terracotta whorl;(?)MH

1974 #21

7029

Terracotta whorl;LH

1974*16

7031

Terracotta whorl;LH I-II

1974 # 16

7033

Terracotta whorl;LH I-II

1977 #68

7041

Terracotta whorl;LH I-II

1977 #63

7054

Piercedrimsherd

1977 #72*

7058

LH IIIAi Kylixbasereusedas stopper;

1974 # 16

7064

Femalefigurine; LH I-IIIAi

X977#59

7114

Animalfigurine head

1977 #63

7238

Stoneconulus;LH III

1974 #21

7240

Stoneconulus;LH III

1977 #63

7257-7262

Sixsmoothed stones

1974*16

7273

Greenstone pounder

X977#74

7277

Saddlequern

1959*19

7330

Obsidianhollowbasedprojectile point

1974 # 16

7339

Obsidianblade,retouched

1977 #63

HS 316

Workedstone(?)pommel orgrinder

1959 #27

Pottery

Smallfinds

*

Exactfind-spot unknown

TABLES

CD-17

Table 1.29. Area Beta 3/8/9/10,SW and CentralSectors.Potteryand small findsfromLH I- II contexts. No.

Description

Year and Basket

1468

Vase, shape uncertain

1977 # 89t

3239

Vapheio cup (FS 224); LH I

1977 # 45, 51, 53*

3240

Vapheio cup (FS 224); LH I

1977 #82

3292

Rounded alabastron(FS 82); LH IIB

X974* 37*

6016

Terracottawhorl;MH type

1977 # 89t

6027

Terracottawhorl;MH type

*977 # 96

6038

Terracottaspool; LH I- II

X974* 42*

6112

Greenstonepounder

1977 # 9 1*

6142

denticulateblade Lapis faedaemonius

1977 # 89t

7004

Bone point

1977 #82

7009

Bone object

*974 # 42*

701 1

Copper ring

*974 # 37*

7042

Terracottawhorl;LH I- II

1977 #82

7086

Female figurine head

1977 #82

7279

cobble Lapis lacedaemonius

1977*82

7280

Obsidian tabularblade core fragment

X974* 37*

7293a

Obsidian blade

1977 #104*

7316

Chertsickleelement

1977 # 89t

7327

Obsidian hollowbased projectile-point

*974 # 39*

7333

Obsidian barbed and tangedprojectile-point

*977 #82

9265-9267

Three pierced Glycymeris shells

1977*91*

9272

PiercedAcanthocardia shell

1974 # 42*

9278

turbinata shell Ring ofMonodonta

1974 #39*

Pottery

Smallfinds

* t

Fromcentralsector MH III Late to LH IIA context

TABLES

CD-18

Table 1.30. Area Beta 3/8/9/10,SE Sector.Potteryand smallfindsfromLH I- II contexts. No.

Description

Year and Basket

3268

Goblet; LH ILA

1977 * 49

3281

Goblet (FS 270); LH ΠΑ

1977*49

3295

Ring-handledcup (FS 237); LH IIB

1977 * 78

3296

Ring-handledcup (FS 237); LH IIB

1977 # 49

6015

Lead(?) rivet(?)

1977*60*

6063

Cruciblefragment

*977 # 71

6089

Terracottabead

1977*60*

7332

Ob sidianbarbed and tanged projectilepoint

1974*43

7338

Obsidian blade, retouched

1977 * 55t

HS 303

Terracottawhorl

1959*29

Pottery

SmallFinds

* t

MH III/LH I withLH I-IIA context mixed contextincludingMedieval

Table 1.31. Area Beta 3/8/9/10,SW and CentralSectors.MH III Earlywalls.

Name

Axis

Length

Width (avg.)

Height

Courses (max.)

Butt or bond

Dating evidence

fb*

WNWESE

3.6

0.55

0.38

3?

bonds withfd

under 1977 * 94, 96 (MH III Late), ep and ey (MH III-LH I)

NNE-

0.45

0.7

0.4

3?

bonds withfb

bonds withfb

4.6

0.48

0.21

3

?

underash layerand ep and ey (LH IIA), associatedwithMH III Earlyfloor(1977 * 106), restson MH III Early stratum( 1977 * 134)

fd

SSW

em (= ez, gq)

WNWESE

* Walls of StructureBeta III

TABLES

CD-19

Table 1.32. Area Beta 3/8/9/10,NW sector.ΜΗ II walls. Name

Axis

Length

Width (avg.)

Height

Courses (max.)

Butt or bond

Dating evidence

en

ENEWSW

2.38

0.65

?

2(?) (including (?)socle)

?

under 1977 # 31 (LH III), associatedwithMH II floor(1977 # 103), definesMH II-III road

threshold againsten

ENEWSW

0.70

0.34

?

1

abutsen

abutsen

et(=hg)

ENEWSW

2.05 (et) +1.25

0.75

0.21

2?

?

parallelto en, cutby ed, definesMH II-III road

I(hg) I

I

|

|

Table 1.33. Area Beta 3/8/9/10,NW sector.Potteryand smallfindsfromMH II-LH ILA contexts. Description

Year and Basket

1343

Dark Burnishedroundedbowl; MH II

1977 # 103^

1344

Fine LustrousDecorated carinatedcup; MH II

1977 #103^

1346

Coarse-warebowl; MH II

1977 # 103^

1351

D arkBurnishedcarinated cup;MHIII

1977*38

1427

Fine Yellow Minyanopen strainer;LH I- II

X977# 3 l

3284

Goblet; LH IIA

1977 # 38*

6029

Terracottawhorl;MH

1977 # 85^

6147

Obsidian hollow-basedprojectilepoint

1977 # 88

7040

Terracottawhorl;LH I- II

X974# 3$

7325

Cherthollow-basedprojectilepoint

*974 # 4°

7337

Obsidian blade, retouched

1977 # 35

9275

Pierced Conusshell

1977 #134$

No. Pottery

Smallfinds

§ * φ t

FromwithinStructureBeta II (MH II) From surfaceof road to s (MH II-LH IIA) SW Sector(MH III Early) Medieval contamination

TABLES

CD-20

Table 1.34. Area Beta 3/8/9/10,SE sector.EH II to MH I walls. Name

Axis

Length

Width (avg·)

Height

Courses (max.)

Butt or bond

Dating evidence

fa(=fg. gp)

NW-SE

2.7

0.5

at least 0.44

3

?

gr

WNWSSE

1.0

at least0.9 (onlyone faceseen)

not recorded

?

?

under 1977 # 81 (LH IIA), 1959 # 3 1 (MH), 1977 # i2o(MHILate) under 1959 # 40 (MH I); rougherconstruction

Table 1.35. Area Beta 3/8/9/10,SE sector.MH I potteryand smallfinds. No,

| Year and Basket

I Description

Pottery 1327

Dark Burnishedincisedflask;MH I Late

1337

Coarse cup; MH I Late

X977# 4^t 1977 # 120*

1342

Coarse plain 'thimble'cup; MH I Late

1977 # 127*

Greenstonepolisher Obsidian end scraper

1959 #36^ 1977 # 120*

Smallfinds 6114 6144 § * t

Froms of StructureBeta I From destructionlevel inside StructureBeta I FromLH IIB floorover StructureBeta I

Table 1.36. Area Lambda/Beta 12. Walls of StructureLambda VI (LH IIIC Early). Name

Axis

Length

Width (avg.)

Height

Courses (max·)

Butt or bond

Dating evidence

hn

N-S

1.56

0.52

0.42

3

abutshu

abutshu, contains(?)LH IIIAi-2(i974*57)

hu

ENEWSW

3.2

0.62

030

2

abuttedby Im, bonds withlq

bonds withlq, containsLH IIIC Early( 1963 # 126), (?)LH IIIAi (1974*58,60), LH IIIA2 (1974 # 36, 38), cutslo

lq

NNW- 4.6 SSE

0.6

0.70

6

abuttedby hq, lq (n), bonds withhu

containsLH IIIC Early( 1974 #61,74)

lq (n)

NNW- 0.08 SSE

0.6

°-44

2

bonds withga

bonds withga, containsLH II or (?)LH IIIAi (1974 # 67)

ga

ENEWSW

315

0.52

0.46

5

bonds withhm, lq (n)

containsLH IIIAi (1974 # 64); over 1963 # 135 (LH IIIC Early?),overgc

hm

NNW- 2.4 SSE

Ο·54

Ο·47

3

bonds withga

bonds withga

hq

ENEwsw

0.35

?ο·3

ι?

abutslq

abutslq, containsLH IIA or (?)LH IIIAi (1974 # 62)

2.8

TABLES

CD-21

Table 1.37. Area Lambda/Beta 12. Potteryand small findsfromRoom 2 of StructureLambda VI (LH IIIC Early). No·

Description

Year and Basket

3562

Dipper (FS 236); LH IIIA2

1974 #41,51

3596

Cup (FS 220), unpainted;LH IIIC Early

1963 #127, 1974 * 51

3597a

Coarse ware bowl

1963*57

3704

alabastron(FS 98); LH IIIC Early Straight-sided

1963 * 88, 89

HS 106

Shallow bowl (FS 295), unpainted;LH IIIC Early

1963 * 87

HS 111

Mug (FS 226); LH IIIA-IIIC Early

1963 * 57*t

6059

Terracottaloomweight;MH (?)

X974* 51

6102

Stone celt;MH

X974* 51

7047

Terracottawhorl;LH IIIC type

1974 #39

705 1

Terracottawhorl;LH IIIC type

1974 * 5 1

7076

Female figurine;LH IIIA-IIIB(?)

1963 * 6o*t

7121

Animalfigurinefragment; LH IIIA2

1974 #39

7245

Stone (?)pestle

X974* 5°

7264

Stonepounder

1974 #50

7265

Stonepounder

1974*50

7266

Stonepounder

1974*20

7267

Stonepounder

1974*51

7268

Stone (?)rubber

1974*51

7276

Saddle quern

X974* 5°

HS 31 1(?)

Terracotta(?)tuyère

1963*65

HS 326(?)

Black stone,(?)incised

1963 * 62

Pottery

'

Smallfinds

* t

mixed surfacelevel fromRoom 2 or 4

TABLES

CD-22

LambdaVI (LH IIIC Early). andsmallfindsfromRoom4 ofStructure Table 1.38.AreaLambda/Beta 12.Pottery Description

Year and Basket

3593

(FS 62); LH IIIC Early Amphoriskos

!974 #45>52, 61, 74

3597

Deep roundedcup(FS 288);LH IIIC Early

!974 #52

3694

Amphora(FS 69); LH IIIB

i959#3>4

3707

Stirrup jar (FS 174);LH IIIC Early

1963#110

HS 122

Lid;LH IIIB-IIIC Early

1963*110

7016

Bronzesheet(knife blade?)

*974#45

7017

blade Bronzeknife

!974 #45

7052

whorl Terracotta

1963*74

7053

crucible Threeterracotta fragments

!974 #52

7053a

residue Lumpofmetallurgical

1974 #52

7062

LH IIIAi Femalefigurine;

^63 #110

7089

LH IIIC Early Femalefigurine;

1963#119

7100

LH IIIB-IIIC Early Animalfigurine;

^63 #70

7123

LH IIIA-B fragment (legofthrone); Figurine

X974#52

7235

Steatite conulus;LH III

1974*52

7246

Stonepestle

1974*52

7250

'Greenstone' pounder

1959*9

7251

'Greenstone' polisher

1959*8

7269

Greenstone pounder

1974*52

7270

Stonepounder

1974*52

7271

Greenstone pounder

1974*52

HS 302

whorl Terracotta

1963* 140

HS 315

Stonepestle

1963 * 11ο

No. Pottery

Smallfinds

TABLES

CD-23

Table 1.39. Area Lambda/Beta 12. Potteryand small findsfromothersectors(LH IIIA-IIIC Early contexts). Description

Year and Basket

Location

3569

Bowl, monochrome;LH IIIA1-IIIA2 Early

*974 # 37

Room 1

3570

Dipper (FS 236), unpainted;LH IIIA2

X974# 44

overwa^ h111

7071

Female figurine;LH IIIA-IIIB

*959 # 7+

Room 3

7252

Greenstonepounder

1959 #4+

Room 3

7253

Greenstonepounder

1959 #4+

Room 3

7277a

Stone socketfordoorpost

1973 # 14**

Room 1

7309

Obsidian flake

1973*6^

Lambda 1 (n)

7310

Obsidian flake

1973 # 7^

Room 1

7314

Obsidian flake

1973 # 27^

Room 1

HS 313

Lapis lacedaemonius pounder

*959 # 4+

Room 3

No. Pottery

Smallfinds

* + § $ °/o **

mixed surfacelevel LH IIIC Early withLH I-II wash LH IIIA2 fill LH IIIA2-IIIC Early LH I-IIIAi context(probablyfromburial 7) LH IIIAi context(over Floor 1 of 1973, in tumbles of wall lb)

Lambda V (LH IIIAi). Table 1.40. Area Lambda / Beta 12. Walls of Structure

Name

Axis

Length

Width (avg.)

Height

Courses (max.)

Butt or bond

Dating evidence

lb

ENEWSW

2.07

0.42

0.33

3

bonds with lo

cutsla (LH IIIAi), containsLH IIIAi (1973 # 24, 1974 # 59)

lo

NNWSSE

1.0

Ο·35

ο. 24

2

bonds with lb

containsLH IIIAi (1974 # 56), cut byhu(LH IIIC Early)

TABLES

CD-24

Table 1.41. Area Lambda / Beta 12. Walls of Structure Lambda III (LH IIB-IIIAi). Name

Axis

Length

Width (avg.)

Height

Courses (max.)

Butt or bond

Dating evidence

gc

NNWSSE

1.3

0.50

not recorded

?

?

containsLH ILA and (?)LH ΠΙΑ ι ( 1974 # 68), associatedwith Floor 19, 1963 (LH IIB)

la

NNWSSE

1.2

0.49

at least0.60

3

bonds withlp

containsLH ΠΙΑ 1 (1974*63), associatedwithFloor 3, 1973 (LH IIIAi)

lp

ENEWSW

2.14

0.64 (min.,only one facecleared)

0.40

2

bonds withla

bonds withla

mj

NNWSSE

1.6 (min.)

0.25 (min.,only one facecleared)

0.47

3

?

associatedwithFloor 3, 1973 (LH IILAi), underLH IIIA2 fill (i973*3)

Table 1.42. Area Lambda/Beta 12. Potteryand smallfindsfromLH II-IIIAi contexts. No.

Description

Year and Basket

1597

MattPaintedbichromesemiglobularcup; LH I-IIA

1973 #5, 13, 19, 23*

1791

Markedsherd,Aeginetanware

1792

Markedsherd,Aeginetanware

*974 #72 *974 # 62*

3497

Hole-mouthedjar (FS 101); LH ILA Bowl,unpainted;LH ILA

1973 # 13, 21* X974# 62

Kylix,unpainted(FS 264); LH IIIAi Ring-handledcup (FS 237); LH IIB

1973 # 13* 1963 # 138e!

Terracottaspool; MH Terracottaspool: MH

*974 # 75s *974 # 74r

Greenstonedrillcore

Pottery

3538 3558 3672 Smallfinds 6048 6049 6101 7018

Lead rivet

X974# 32~*~ 1974 # 7 ir

7025

Terracottawhorl;(?)MH (LH IIIAi context) Terracottawhorl;LH I- II

1973 #21* X959# X3

7030 7120 7244 7286 73 11 * + ^ Ρ ^ r s t

Chariot-groupfigurine ; LH III A 1 Greenstonepestle

1973*13*

Obsidian blade

1974 #30"*" 1973 # 19*

Obsidian piercing/incising tool

1973*13*

Floor 3, 1973 (w of wall la) Floor 3, 1974 (e of wall la) Level 8, 1959 = Floor 3, 1974 (w of wall gc) over wall ht Floor 19, 1963 (underwall ga) over wall gd over wall lr in or underwall hq

TABLES

CD-25

Table 1.43. Area Lambda / Beta 12. Walls of Structure Lambda II (ΜΗ III/LH I-LH I). Name

Axis

Length

Width (avg.)

Height

Courses (max.)

Butt or bond

Dating Evidence

gd

ESEWSW

3.04

0.48

c. o.35(?)

4

abuttedby ge

abuttedby ge, underga, gc and 1974 # 74 (LH IIA-B)

ge

NNESSW

1.55

0.37

0.14

1

abutsgd

underhu, abutsgd, under Floor 18, 1963 (LH ΠΙΠΑ 1), associatedwithFloor 20, 1963 (MH III/LH I)

he

NNESSW

1.1

0.30 (min.)

not recorded

?

abutshe

abutshe

he

E-W

7.2

0.50

not recorded

?

abuttedby he

abuttedby he

hr

E-W

2.0

0.44

0.40

4

abutsht/ld

under 1974 # 40 (LH I wash),alignedwithht/ld

ht

E-W

1.55

0.70

0.41

5

bonds with lr, abutted by hr

bonds withlr, continuesId, has doorwaywithslabs

hw

E-W

1.2

0.35 (min.)

? (notdug)

2(?)

bonds with hy

associatedwithFloor 22, 1963 (MH III/LH I) ; bonds withhy

hx (= le)

WNWESE

3-74

°·43~°-55

0.71

3 (5 when bonds with ofslabs) lr

bonds withlr, has doorway withslabs,under 1973 # 10, 27, lc and Floors 1 and 3, i973(LHII-IIIAi), associatedwithFloor 20, 1963 (MH III/LH I)

hy

NNESSW

1.2

°-75(?) (onlyone face exposed)

? (notdug)

?

bonds with hw

under 1963 # 143 (LH III A), associatedwithFloor 22, 1963 (MH III/LH I)

lc

NNWSSE

1.70

0.55

0.42

3

abutsle

containedMH III Late to LH I, withLH IIIAi and Medieval (1973 #33); associatedwithMH III/LH I burning(1973 #20); above MH III Late levels (1973 # 22, 26)

Id

E-W

2.75

0.70

°-3°

2

forms doorway withht, abuttedby hr (doorstep)

bonds withlr, continuesht, overburial3 (MH III Late)

If

NNESSW

1.1

0.60

not recorded

3

?

underla and 1973 # 14, 21 (Floors 1 and 3, 1973, LH II-IIIAi); possible doorway withle

lr

N-S

i-s(?)

°-5°

? (notdug)

?

bonds with ht,hx

bonds withht, hx; under i974#75(LHIIA)

It

?N-S

i.7(?)

o.4(?) (not cleared)

? (notdug)

?

?

alignedwithhx, Id

TABLES

CD-26

Table 1.44. Area Lambda/Beta 12. Potteryand small findsfromStructureLambda II (MH III-LH ILA contexts).

No.

Description

Year and Basket

Room/Sector

1595

MattPaintedBichromesemi-globular cup; LH I-IIA

X973#32

6

i6i4(?)

GrittyYellow Minyanroundedgoblet; LH I-IIA

1963 # 79, 1974 #31, 40*

8 (wash)

1649(?)

MattPaintedgoblet;LH I-IIA Gritty

1974 #37, 40*

7 (wash)

1693

MattPaintedhydria;LH I-IIA Gritty

1973 # 12, 22

10A

1774(?)

Micaceous Minoanjar; LH I-IIA

!974 # 41? 51*

8 (wash)

2288

Pithoidjar;MH III/LH I

1963 # 146, 150; 1974 #43

9 (Floor 22, 1963)

2322

Basin; MH

1963 # 146, 150

9 (Floor 22, 1963)

3511

Cup (FS 21 1); LH ILA

1973$ 12,22

10A

3667(7)

Goblet,monochrome;LH ILA

1963* 110*

8 (wash)

3670 (?)

Goblet,unpainted;LH ILA

1963 #104

8 (wash)

HS 32

Polychromejar; MH III/LH I

1963 # 146, 150

9 (Floor 22, 1963)

HS 100

Largegoblet;(?)MH III/LH I

1963 ?# 146, 150

9 (Floor 22, 1963)

6o36(?)

Terracottawhorl;(?)MH

1977 # 8^

unknown(cleaning)

6108

(?)Sling-stone

!973#34

i2 (w)

6154

Stonetabletinscribedin LinearA; MM III-LM I

X973# 5

10A-B or 12 (wash)

7263

Stonepounder

1974*40

12 (centre)

7272

Greenstonepounder

1974*76^

5 (cleaning)

73o8(?)

Obsidian blade

!973#5

1oA-B or 12 (wash)

732 ia(?)

Obsidian blade, notched

1973 # 5^

10A-B or 12 (wash)

HS 249

Steatiteseal; MM II-III

1963 # 6o§

12 (Beta 12B S ofwall ld/ht)

HS 3O2(?)

Terracottaconulus;MH-LH I

1963 # 140

5 (Beta 1/12B baulk)

HS 3o6(?)

Terracottawhorl;LH I-II

1963 # 62§

? (Beta 12A)

Pottery

Smallfinds

* §

wash over Floors 4 and 5, 1974 (?)wash (surfaceor cleaninglevel)

TABLES

CD-27

Table 1.45. Area Lambda / Beta 12. Wall of ΜΗ III or earlier.

Name

Axis

mk

NE-SW 1.65 (min.)

Length

Width (avg.)

Height

Courses (max.)

Butt or bond

Dating evidence

0.60

? (notdug)

? (notdug)

?

under 1973 # 34 (MH III/LH I)

Table 1.46. Area Lambda / Beta 12. Potteryand small findsfromMH contexts. No.

Description

Year and Basket

1494

Medium-coarseLustrousDecoratedjar/jug;MH III Early

*973 # 22~*~

1509

Coarse-warejar; MH III Early

1973 # 22+

HS 94

Dark Burnished(?)bowl;MH

1963 # 152*

6045

Terracottaspool; MH

1973 # 26^

6052

Terracottaspool

1973 #31*

6061

Terracottacruciblefragment

1973 #31, 33^

6133

Obsidian flake

1973 #28"*"

7310a

Obsidian flake

1973 #26^

7319

Chertsickleelement

1973 # 26^

7322

Chertscaled piece

1973 #22"*"

7326

Obsidian hollow-basedprojectilepoint

1973 # 26^

HS 330

Bone awl

1963 # 152*

Pottery

Smallfinds

+ S

Soundingin Room 7, se corner Soundingin Room 10A (MH III Early context) Soundingin Room 10B (MH III context)

TABLES

CD-28

andsmallfinds. Table 1.47.AreaLambda2. BronzeAgepottery Description

Year and Basket

1485a

DarkBurnished sherd,marked;MH

!974 #4^§

1716a

Lustrous Decorateddeepbowlorbasin,pierced (?)Medium-coarse lugonly;(?)MHIII

1974#2t

6031

Terracotta whorl;(?)MH

!974 #54$

6058

MH Terracotta weight;

1974 # 181

7022

Lead (?)base

!974 #4$

7028

Terracotta whorl;(?)MH

1974# i8f

7110

LH III Animalfigurine fragment;

X974#25§

7119

orrhyton; LH III Animalfigure

1974 #481

7237

Stoneconulus;LH III

!974 #2t

7319a

blade Obsidiandenticulate

!974 #25§

7329

Obsidian hollow-basedprojectile-point

1974*15

7336

Obsidian blade, retouched

X974* 5t

7340

Obsidian blade, retouched

1977 # if

9268

shell PiercedGlycymeris

1974#8f

9269

shell PiercedGlycymeris

1974* ιοφ

9274

shell PiercedAcanthocardia

1974#54$

No. Pottery

Smallfinds

* t § $

withsomeLH III EarlyMycenaeancontext Medievalormixedcontext LH IIIC Earlycontext LH IIIA2-IIIB fill

Table 1.48.AreaLambda2. LH walls. Courses

Buttor Bond

DatingEvidence

0.41

£.0.30

2

bondswith11

2.75

0.46

0.57

5

bondswithlh

under1974# 12,54 (LH IIIA2-IIIB) bondswithlh; tumble

1.85

0.48

over0.42

3 ormore unknown

Axis

Length

Width

lh

E-W

1.92

NNEESE-

11 lj *

Height

Name

SSW

WNW

StructureLambda IV

(aygO

(max-)

has LH II (1974 #26)

under1974 # 14 (LH IIA)

TABLES

CD-29

Table 1.49.AreaLambda3/4.LH II-IIIA wall. Name

Axis

Length Width (avg.)

Height

Courses (max.)

Buttor Bond

DatingEvidence

me

NNESSW

1.2

atleast 0.23

not recorded

unknown

under#47 (LH I-IIA withLH ΠΙΑ,perhapsLH IIIA2,and Medieval)

0.42

Table 1.50.AreaLambda3/4.BronzeAgepottery andsmallfindsfromMedieval/mixed contexts. No.

Description

Basket

1514

DarkBurnished roundedcup,incised;LH ILA

#23

3536

(FS 236); LH ILA Dipper,unpainted

# 16

3597k

CoarseWaresouvlakidish;LH III

#5

7052a

Terracotta (?)tuyère

#36

7057

Piercedsherd;LH

#37

7113

Animalfigurine; LH III

#28

7241

Stoneconulus;LH III

#16

7249

Whetstone

#31

7282

Obsidiancrested blade

#50$

7294

Obsidianblade

#32

7295

Obsidianblade

#32

7297

Obsidianblade

#37

7298

Obsidianblade

#37

7300

Obsidianblade

#47

7302

Obsidianblade

#48

7304

Obsidianblade

#50$

7305

Obsidianblade

#50$

7307

Obsidianblade

#50t

7312

#36

7318

Flintpiercing/incising tool Chertsickleelement

#16

7321b

Obsidianblade,notched

#42

7341

Obsidianblade,retouched

#12

7343

Obsidianblade,retouched

#36

7344

Obsidianblade,truncated

#48

Pottery

Smallfinds

Medievalmaterial φ ContextMH III/LH I withLH IIIA2 without § ContextMH III/LH I withLH IIIA2 withMedievalmaterial contexts containMedievalmaterial Remaining

TABLES

CD-30

Lambda I (MH III Early-LH IIA). Table 1.5 1. Area Lambda 3/4. Walls of Structure Butt or Bond

Dating Evidence

over 0.21

Courses (max.) at least 2

abuttedby mi

0.30

?

(?)i

(?)abutsmb

1.82 (3-56 withmg)

0.45

unknown, bottomnot reached

at least4

abuttedby mh

under# 44 (mixed, mainlyLH I-IIA) and burial i5(LHIIA) under* 54 (MH III/LH I, presumably withLH I Early) under# 68 (LH I Early)

0.30

over 0.15 (onlyone face exposed)

over 0.5, bottomnot reached

at least4

unknown

under# 91 (MH III/LH I withLH I Early)

NW-SE 1.20

0.48

0.20

1

abutsand lies overmh

under# 57 (MH III/LH I-LH I/IIA), containsLH (# 100)

NW-SE 1.06

0.46

bottomnot reached

2

abuttedand overlainby md; abutsme

under# 92 (MH III/LH I withLH I Early)

Name

Axis

Length

Width (avg.)

Height

mb

NNESSW

2.08

0.44

mi

NW-SE 0.53

me Hmg)

NNESSW

mg Hme)

NNESSW

md

mh

Lambda I (LH I-IIA contexts). Table 1.52. Area Lambda 3/4. Potteryand smallfindsfromStructure Description

Floor no.

Basket

1475

Dark Burnishedflask,incised;MH I- II

1519

make-upofFloor 6 overFloor 7

#89

Dark Burnishedcarinatedcup withtripodbase; LH I/IIA

3401

Yellow Minyancarinatedcup; LH I Early Gritty Hole-mouthedjar (FS 101); LH IIA

use ofFloor 8

# 9i> 93§

overFloors6 and 7

# 62, 75

3522 Smallfinds

Goblet (FS 254); LH IIA

use ofFloor 6

#85

5003 60 14

Sherdwithbasketimpression;EH

make-upofFloor 6 overFloor 6

6050 6056

Terracottaspool; MH Terracottaspool; MH

#89 fromone of# 56, 59, 61, 62, 64 # 50t

overFloor 6

6078

Terracottanaviform(?)toyboat

use ofFloor 7

#83 # go§

6079 6080

Terracottanaviform(?)toyboat

use ofFloor 7

# go§

Terracottanaviform(?)toyboat

use ofFloor 7

# go§

6081

Terracottanaviform(?)toyboat

use ofFloor 7

# go§

7027

over Floor 7

#57

7034

Terracottaconulusor whorl;(?)MH Terracottawhorl;LH I- II

over Floor 6

#59

7056

Piercedsherd;LH

overFloor 7

7248

Stonepestle

use ofFloor 8

#29 # 68§

7306

Obsidian blade

7331

Obsidian hollow-basedprojectilepoint

overFloor 4 overFloor 7

#5i§ # 73§

No. Pottery

3495

* φ §

SherdofMattPaintedjar mended withlead clamp

also containsMedieval also containsLH III LH I Early context

overFloor 7

#57

TABLES

CD-31

Table 1.53. Area Lambda 3/4. Potteryand smallfindsfromStructureLambda Ι (ΜΗ contexts). No.

Description

Floor no.

Basket

1478

Fine LustrousDecorated barbotinesherd;MH I- II

use ofFloor 8

#88

1484

Dark Burnishedgoblet;MH III Late

use ofFloor 9

* 97, 99

1487

Medium Coarse LustrousDecoratedjar; MH II or MH III Early

use ofFloor 10

#104

1507

Coarse Ware one-handledcup; MH III Late

make-upofFloor 9

#98

1508

Coarse Warejar; MH III Late

make-upofFloor 9

#98

1513

Coarse Ware pithosrim;MH III Late

use ofFloor 9

#99

3391

Dark BurnishedMicaceous roundedcup; MH III Late

use ofFloor 9

#97

Stone drillcore

use ofFloor 9

#97

Pottery

Smallfinds 6100

Table 1.54. Area Nu / Gamma 1. Concordance ofpotterydeposits,Helladic periods and RutterPeriods. Deposit

Helladic period

Basket numbers

Rutter Period

~Ã

MHII

1974 # 14

Ϊ

~B

MHII

i974# 12, 13

Ϊ

~C

MH III Early(withMH III Late R18)

1973*23,34

Ϊ

~D

MH III Early(withLH IIA Ri 65-1 67)

1974*8,9

II withIV

~E

MH III Late withsome LH IIA

1974*5

II withIV

F

MH III Earlyand Late withsome LH I Early

1973 * 20, 22, 25

II

G

MHIII/LHI

1973 * 14, 21, 31, 32, 36; 1974 * 20

III

~H

LH I Early

1973* 13

III withIV

~J

MH III/LH I

1974* 10, 16

Hi

~K

LH I Early

1974*7

ÏÏÏ

L

LH I Early

1973 * 24, 35; 1974 * 44, 45, 46

III

~M

LH I Early

1973*27

ÏÏÏ

~N

LH I/IIA

1973*5,6,8,9

IV

~Õ

LH IIA withLH IIB R836 and LH IIIAi R887

1974*25,29,31,32,33,35

IV

~P

LHIIA

1974*6

IV

~Q

LHIIA

1974*43

ÏV

LH I Earlyand LH I/IIA

1973 * 28, 29; 1974 * 37, 38, 40, 41

between

R973-1012

III and IV

TABLES

CD-32

Table 1.55.AreaNu / Gamma1. BronzeAgepottery and smallfindsfromMedievalandmixedcontexts No. Pottery

2273a 3648a 3717a Smallfinds 5006 7049 7236 7328

Description

Year and Basket

Trench

Medium-coarse Lustrous Decoratedbowl(?), piercedlugonly;MH (?) Stirrup jar; LH III Conicalkylix(FS 274); LH IIIC Early

X974#4

Nu/Gamma 1,Ε ofwallnf

1973#1 1959#4

Nu 1 Gamma1 (whalf)

(?)Femalefigurine; (?)EH Terracotta whorl;(?)LH IIIC Early Stoneconulus;LH III Obsidianhollow-based projectile-point

X959#4 1973 # 1 X974#27 1974*3

Gamma1 (whalf) Nu 1 (w ofwallna) Nu 2 Nu/Gamma 1 baulk

Table 1.56. Area Nu/Gamma 1. LH ILA walls.

Name

Axis

Length

Width (avg.)

Height

na

NNESSW

2.30

0.51

ni

N-S

0.86

ESE-

1.85

ni

WNW

Butt or Bond

Dating Evidence

0.26

Courses (max.) 1

unknown

0.45

0.14

1

unknown

overne, containsLH (1973 # 26), associatedwithLH I/IIA Deposit Ν

0.60

0-36

2

unknown

overnc, contains LH IIA (i974*34) overnf,contains LH IIA (1974*42)

TABLES

CD-33

Table 1.57. Nu / Gamma 1. Potteryand small findsfromLH I-IIA contexts. No.

Description

Year and Basket

2313a

Coarse Ware miniaturecup

*974 # 4^c

3644

Beakedjug (FS 148); LH IIA

1974 # 28*, 29, 31, 33a

3645

Vapheio cup (FS 224); LH IIA

X974#25 , 32e

3646

Conical cup (FS 204); LH I

1973 # 8b

3660

Miniaturecup; LH I (?LM IA import)

Χ959 # ioor 10a*

HS 89 (?)

Conical cup, unpainted;MH III/LH I or later

*959 # 5

HS 90 (?)

Conical cup, unpainted;MH III/LH I or later

R655

MattPaintedbowl; LH IIA Gritty

1959 # (?) 19 1974 # 3 1a

R966

Medium Coarse Warejug, unpainted;LH IIA

X974# 6

R967

Terracottatub,coarse; LH IIA

X974# 35a

6116

Phyllitedisc; LH I or earlier

1973 # 5b

7032

Terracottawhorl;LH I- II

X974* 25

7060

Yellow Minyan(?)rimsherd,sawn

X974# 32e

HS 298 (?)

Terracotta(?)burnisher

X959#21

Pottery

Smallfinds

a b c d e f

e

Nu 2, floorbetweenwalls ni and nl (LH IIA) Nu 1, floorε of wall na (LH I/IIA) Nu 2, floorΕ of wall ni (LH IIA) over fill(LH I/IIA) Gamma 1, ne Extension Nu 2, fillover wall ni (LH IIA) Gamma 1 containssome Medieval material

Table 1.58. Area Nu/Gamma 1. Walls of StructureNu II (MH III/LH I to LH I Early). Name

Axis

Length

Width (avg.)

Height

Courses (max,)

Butt or Bond

Dating Evidence

ne

E-W

1.95

0.40

0.58

3

bonds withnc; abutsnf

nc Hnk)

N-S

4.70

0.44

0.45

4

bonds withne, nm; abuttedby nd

containsMH III (1977 # 15) containsMH III/LH I (1977 # 26)

nd

ENEWSW

1.88

0.58

0.42

3

abutsnf,nc

nf(=da)

N-S

8.15

0.50

1.05

6

nm

ENEWSW

0.39 (e) 0.44 (w)

0.62

4

no (bench)

N-S

3.26 originally 1.60

0.35

0.29

2

ny

Ε-W

unknown

0.40

c. 0.70

5

containsMH III (1977 # 16) abuttedby nd, containsMH III/LH I ne,nm (i973* 28, 1977 #18) bonds withnk; containsMH III/LH I abutsnf,no (1977 # 26) abutsnf; abutted containsLH I (1977 # 25) bynm dated unknown; by depthonly; squaredend only notcleared

TABLES

CD-34

Table 1.59.AreaNu/Gamma1. Pottery andsmallfindsfromStructure Nu II (ΜΗ III/LH I toLH I Early). No.

Description

Year and Basket

Sector

2309a

MicaceousMinoancookingpot;LH I Early

X974#7

Nu/Gamma 1,Wofnf

3660 (?)

Miniature cup;LH I (?LMIA import)

Χ959# ίο or

Gamma1

R297

FineWhite-slipped MattPaintedkantharos; MH III/LHI

!974 #45

Nu 2,Room2 nearhearth

R319

MediumCoarseLustrous Decoratedbeak-spouted jug; MH III/LHI

1973#27

Nu 1,Room 1 (underna)

R488

Conicalcup,unpainted; MH III/LHI

1973#27

Nu 1,Room 1 (underna)

R514

CoarseWarehandmadekantharos; MH III/LHI

1973#35

Nu 1,Room2 nearhearth

HS 89 (?)

Conicalcup,unpainted; MH III/LHI orlater

!959 #4

Gamma1,Ε ofnf

HS 90 (?)

Conicalcup,unpainted; MH III/LHI orlater

!959 #(?) 21

Gamma1,Ε ofnf

6010

Copperpunch

!974 #41

Nu 2, Room2

6017

Terracotta whorl

X974#7

Nu/Gamma 1,Wofnf

6028

Terracotta whorl

X974#44

Nu 2, Room2

6043

Terracotta spool

1973# 13

Nui,Wofnf

6054

Terracotta spool

!974 * 7

Nu/Gamma 1,Wofnf

6088

Phyllite pendant, pierced

!974 * 7

Nu/Gamma 1,Wofnf

6113

Stonepounder

1977# 18

removalofnf

6122

Obsidiancore

1973#27

Nu 1,Room 1 (underna)

HS 298

Terracotta (?)burnisher

!959 * 21

Gamma1,Ε ofnf

Pottery

10a

Smallfinds

TABLES

CD-35

Table 1.60.AreaNu / Gamma1. Pottery andsmallfindsfromthefoundation trench ofwallnf(MH III/LH I). No.

Description

Year and Basket

Trench

R243

FineYellowMinyan jar; MH III/LHI

1973#32

Nu 1

R246

MattPaintedkantharos; MH III/LHI Gritty

1973 #31,32

Nu 1

R247

MattPaintedkantharos; MH III/LHI Gritty

1973 #32

Nu 1

R412

FineLustrous Decoratedroundedcup;MH III/LHI

1973* 13, 14,21

Nu 1

6001

Bonepin

1973#32

Nu 1

6005

Bonepin

1977# 13

Nu 2

6006

Boneawl

1977*32

Nu 1*

6009

Boneawl

X977# l3

Nu 2

6011

Bronzeorcopperborer

1974#10

Nu/Gamma 1

6021

Terracotta whorl

1974#16

Nu/Gamma 1

6023

Terracotta whorl

1977*13

Nu 2

6042

Terracotta spool

1973*32

Nu 1

6043

Terracotta spool

1973*13

Nu 1

6057

Terracotta spool

1977*13

Nu 2

6067

Bronzemetallurgical residue

1977* 22

Nu 2

6068

Bronzemetallurgical residue

1977* 22

Nu 2

6074

Piercedcoarseware sherd

*977# 13

Nu 2

6086

Carnelianbead

*977* 22

Nu 2

6087

Stoneorbonediscbead

1977* 13

Nu 2

6110

Stonegrinder

1974*10

Nu/Gamma 1

6123

Obsidiancore

1973* 32

Nu 1

6149

Obsidianhollow-base projectile point

1977* 22

Nu 2

6153

Obsidianretouched blade

1977*22

Nu 2

7005

Bonepinorawl

1974 * 1o

Nu/Gamma 1

9264

PiercedGlycymeris shell

1977*22

Nu 2

Pottery

Smallfinds

TABLES

CD-36

Table 1.61. Area Nu / Gamma 1. Potteryand smallfindsprobablyfromΜΗ III Late contexts. Description

Year and Basket

Sector

Ri 68

Coarse Ware dipper;MH III Late

1974 #5

A

2125

Medium Coarse LustrousDecoratedjar; MH III Late

1977 # 10, 24, 31, 39, 40, 47, 55

Β

6047

Terracottaspool

1974 #5

A

6062

Terracottacruciblebase

!977 #48

Β

6064

Terracottacrucible

!977 # 5> 24, 28, 31, 48, 55

Β

6076

Piercedsherd

1977*48

Β

6082

Clay nodule withstraw-marks

*974 #5

A

6102

Greenstonecelt

!977#3

Β

6io9

Greenstonepounder

1974*5

A

6118

Phyllitedisc,pierced

*977 #5

Β

6138

Chertdenticulateblade

1977*3

Β

6148

Obsidian hollow-basedprojectilepoint

1977*5

Β

7092

Minoan male figurine;MM III(?)

!959 * 29

C

No. Pottery

Smallfinds

Key to Sectors: A Nu / Gamma 1, MH III Late floorsw of wall ng Β Nu 2, east-centralsector,filland walls of LH I/IIA shaftgrave burial 13 (cut throughMH III Late floor) C Gamma 1, fillbelow Upper Pebbled Road Table 1.62. Area Nu / Gamma 1. MH III Earlywalls. Courses (max.) not recorded

Butt or Bond

Dating Evidence

unknown

c. 0.16 (?)

2

unknown

O-59

°·25

2?

unknown

1.40

0.70

0.31

3

bonds with nx

overLower Pebbled Road (MH III Early,1959 # 22), under Upper Pebbled Road (MH III Late, 1959 # 15) containsMH III Early(1974 #11), associatedwithMH III Late floor(1974 # 5) and MH III Earlyfloor(1973 # 20, 22, 1974*8,9) containsMH III Early(1977 # 37), robbedin MH III/LH I (1977 #32, 33), over Lower Pebbled Road (1977 # 43, MH III Early),underUpper Pebbled Road (MH III Late) containsMH III Early(1977 # 44), robbed in MH III/LH I (1977 #9, 11, 14), bonds with nx

1.50

0.26

0.40 (min.)

3-4

bonds with nw

Name

Axis

Length

Width

Height

dd

NNESSW

1.50

0.50

0.65

ng

WNWESE

3.0

£.0.64

nu

NNWSSE

1.51

nw

N-S

nx

WNWESE

robbed in MH III/LH I (1977 # 36), bonds withnw

TABLES

CD-37

Table ι.63.AreaNu / Gamma1. Pottery and smallfindsfromΜΗ III Earlycontexts. No. Pottery

R62 R63 1933 2OO7 2280 HS 91 Smallfinds 6020 6024 6030 6039 6069 6075 6125 6126 6139 6140 6146 6150

Description

Year and Basket

Sector

DarkBurnished goblet;MH III Early DarkBurnished goblet;MH III Early FineLustrous Decoratedcarinated cup;MH III Early DarkBurnished carinated cup;MH III Early MediumCoarseLustrous Decorated jar; MH III Early Minoandraintilefragments; MM III

1973 #22 1973 #22 *977#22,34 1977#26 Χ973#2o, 22, 25 X959#20

A A Β C A Β

Terracotta whorl Terracotta whorl Terracotta whorl Terracotta spool Bronzemetallurgical residue Piercedsherd Obsidianblade Obsidianblade Chertdenticulate blade Chertdenticulate blade Obsidianhollow-based projectile point Obsidiantangedprojectile point

1973*23 1977*43 1973*20 1974*9 1977*43 1977*34 1973*20 1973*22 1977*34 1977*43 X974* 9 1977*45

D Ε A F E Β A A Β Ε F Ε

Keyto Sectors: A Nu 1,MH III EarlywashoverfloorofRoom 1 (MH III/LH I) Β Gamma1,Nu 1 and Nu 2, MH III EarlyfillbeneathUpperPebbledRoad C Nu 2, remainsofMH III Earlyfloorunderwallnm (e) D Nu 1,remainsofMH III EarlyfloorunderfloorofRoom 1 (MH III/LH I) Ε Nu 1 and Nu 2, ΜΗ III EarlyLowerPebbledRoad F Nu / Gamma1,MH III Earlysurface ne ofwallng

Table 1.64.AreaNu / Gamma1. MH II andMH II-III Earlywalls. Name

Axis

Width

Height

nv

NW-SE 0.82

0.40

0.12 (min.)

oa

N-S

? (one face

0.36 (min.)

Length

?

I

I only) I

I

Courses (max.) 2 (min.)

Buttor Bond unknown

2 (min.)

unknown

I

DatingEvidence underMH II fill(1977* 35),cut byShaftGrave(burial13), associated withMH II floor(1977 #35) undernw (MH III Early), associated withLowerPebbled

I Road(MHIIIEarly)

TABLES

CD-38

Table 1.65. Area Nu/Gamma 1. Potteryand smallfindsfromΜΗ II contexts. No.

I Description

| Year and Basket

| Sector

Pottery 1888

I Coarse Ware pinch-pot;MH II

| 1977 #50

|A

1973*23 1977 # 40

Β

1977 # 35

C

Smallfinds 6020

Terracottawhorl Terracottawhorl;(?)EH or MH Terracottaspool

6o33 6041

C*

Key to sectors: A Nu / Gamma 1, probablyfromMH II burial 14 Β Nu / Gamma 1, MH II fillunderwall ng (MH III Early) C Nu 2, se sector,MH II floorassociatedwithwall nv * contaminatedby LH I/IIA shaftgrave burial 13

Nu I (MH I Late). Table 1.66. Nu/Gamma 1. Walls ofStructure Name

Axis

nh (=de)

WNW-ENE 1.50 (NE)plus 7.6 (apsidal) (apse, outeredge), plus 3.86 (SE) (min.) NNE-SSW 4.66

nz

Length

Width (avg.)

Height

Courses (max.)

Butt or Bond

Dating Evidence

0.43-0.55

1.04

5

abutted by nz

associatedwithMH I Late floordeposit

0.40 (sw) to 0.43 (ne)

0.70

2

abutsnh

associatedwithMH I Late floordeposit

TABLES

CD-39

Table 1.67. Area Nu / Gamma 1. MH I Late potteryand smallfinds. No.

Description

Year and Basket

Sector

1830

Dark Burnishedcarinatedcup; MH I Late

!977 #62

A

1831

Dark Burnishedcarinatedcup; MH I Late

1977 # 49, 56, 62

A

1849

Dark Burnishedtwo-handled jar; MH I Late

*977 #52

A (s)

1851

Dark Burnishedflask,incised;MH I Late

1977 * 49, 56, 62

A

1855

Dark Burnishedflask;MH I Late

1977 #49

A

1856

Burnishedlug-handledbowl; (?) EH

!974 * 57

Β

186o

Dull Paintedspoutedbowl; MH I Late

1977 # 60, 6 1

C

1889

Coarse ware roundedcup; MH I Late

*977 # 56

A

1890

Coarse warejug; MH I Late

1977 #49

A

1901

Coarse ware wide-mouthed jar withevertedrim;MH I Late

1977 * 49, 61

A and C

1902

Coarse-warewide-mouthed jar withevertedrim;MH I Late

!977 # 49? 52, 56, 62

A

6007

Bone pin

1977*41

C

6008

Bone pin

1977*52

A (s)

6022

Terracottawhorl

1977*41

C

6046

Terracottaspool

1974 #12

C

6055

Terracottaspool

1977*50

C (n)

6065

Clay cruciblefragment

1977*41

C

6066

Clay cruciblerim

1977*60

A/C

71 18(?)

Animal-headprotome;MH/LH(?)

'Eta' 1973 * 22+

D

9256-9262

Seven pierced Glycymeris shells

1977 * 49, 56, 62

A

9271

Pierced Cerastoderma shell

1977*56

A

Pottery

Smallfinds

Key to Sectors: A Floor of apse in StructureNu 1 Β s of StructureNu I in trenchNu 2 C Floor of main room in StructureNu 1 D Ν of StructureNu I in trenchGamma 1 * destructionlevel + contaminatedlevel (backfillof trenchGamma 1)

TABLES

CD-40

Table 2.1. The walls of the cistof Eta burial 15 (LH IIA). Name

Axis

Length

Width (avg.)

Height

Courses (max.)

Butt or Bond

Dating Evidence

di

NE-SW

2.25

0.52

0.86

4-5

abuttedby dl, dn

under# 9, cistof burial 15

dl

NW-SE

0.85

Ο·37

°-7l

3~4

abutsdi, dm

cistofburial 15

dm

NE-SW

2.12

0.40

0.65

3-4

abuttedby dl, dn

cistofburial 15 (under# 46)

dn

NW-SE

0.65

Ο·37

Ο·65

3-4

abutsdi, dm

cistofburial 15 (under# 46)

Table 2.2. The walls of the surroundof the shaftof Nu burial 13 (LH I/IIA).

Name

Axis

Length

Width

Height

Courses (max.)

Butt or Bond

Dating Evidence

np

N-S

2.04

0.22

0.20

1

bonds withnq, nt

containsMH III (1977 # 39)

nq

E-W

1.35

0.16

0.21

1

abutsns, bonds with nP

containsMH III (1977 # 39)

ns

N-S

2.06

0.23

0.17

1

abuttedby nq, nt

containsMH III (1977 # 39)

nt

E-W

1.29

0.19

0.17

1

abutsns, bonds with

containsMH III (1977 # 39)

I

I

I

I

|_np

I

TABLES

CD-41

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TABLES

CD-42

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CD-43

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TABLES

CD-45

Table 3.1. Area Zeta. Earlierwalls reused in StructureZeta V (Medieval). Name

Axis

Length

Width (avg.)

Height

Courses (max.)

Butt or Bond

Dating Evidence

ia

NW-SE

3.6

0.48

0.35

3 (with footing)

abuttedby ib

MH III or MH II-III (see TABLE1.8)

ib(NE)

NE-SW

2.6

0.45

0.5

3

abutsia

MH II-III or MH III (see TABLE1.8)

ic

NNESSW

1.7

0.38

0.26

1

unknown

LH IIIC Early (see TABLE1.6)

id

NE-SW

3.9

0.5

0.23

3 (with footing)

unknown

LH IIIC Early (see TABLE1.6)

ie

NE-SW

2.2

0.5

0.14

1

unknown

LH IIIC Early (see TABLE1.6)

TABLES

CD-46

Table 3.2. AreaZeta.Medievalpottery and smallfinds. No.

Description

Basket

4001

Plainwarelekane

#29

4001a

Plain-ware hydria

#29

4002

#29,31, 32

4002a

Mattpainted jug Coarsewarestewpot

4002b

Coarse ware stewpot

#29

4003

Coarse ware stewpot

#29

4003a

Plainwarelid;possibly LH

#64

4004

bowl Green-glazed

#34,36"1"

4012

Warestamnos lid Taffy

#34"*"

4012a

#29,31, 32, 36 +

4013

Warestamnos Taffy Warestamnos Taffy

#36"1"

4013a

Warestamnos Taffy

#36"*"

4014

Plainwarejug

#32

4017

Fabric2 amphora

#29,(?)si, 32, (?)s7

4019

Cookingwarecasserole

#35"*"

4020

Cookingwarecasserole

#34"1"

8009

Ironarrowhead

#16 or 18?

8010

Ironarrowhead

#16 or 18?

8011

Ironarrowhead

#16 or 18?

8012

Ironarrowhead

#16 or 18?

8046

Lead cupfragment

#2

8047

Lead weight, conical

#3

8058

Bonepin

#28§

8059

Bonepin

#32

8062

Terracottaloomweight

#21

8065

Terracottaspindlewhorl

#36"*"

8068

Terracotta bead(?)

#36+

8073

Saddlequern

#28§

8074

Stonepestle

#29

Pottery

+ ^

#29

FromFloor 1 Frompit in Floor 1 Over Floor 1 Basketnot recorded,presumablysurface:cf. # 16 ('ironnail head'), # 18 ('iron ore chunks')?

TABLES

CD-47

Table 3.3. AreaBeta3/8/9/10. WallsofStructure BetaVI (Medieval). Name eh ei

Axis

Length

Width (avg·)

ENE-

2.94

0.64

1.44

0.82

WSW

NNW-

SSE

Height 0.1 (0.23at

corner)

0.1 (0.23 at

corner)

Courses (max.)

Buttor Bond

DatingEvidence

1 (3 at

bondswithei

Medieval(1977#21)

1 (3 at

bonds witheh

Medieval (1977 # 21)

corner) corner)

Table 3.4. Area Beta 3/8/9/10. Walls of Structure Beta V (Medieval). Name

Axis

Length

Width (avg.)

Height

Courses (max.)

Butt or Bond

Dating Evidence

ea

NW-SE

4.08

0.55

0.27

2

abutsec

Medieval (1977 # 23)

eb

NW-SE

6.16

0.64 (NWend), 0.44 (middle), 0.55 (SE end)

0.75 (NW 2 end), 0.45

abutsec

incorporatesLH ILA Step I (1977 # 83); restcontains

LH III (?LH IIIC Early)(1977#36); see Chapter1 §4

(rest)

MW

0.55

0.32

1

abuttedby ea, eb(Nw)

Medieval (1977 #22)

NE-SW 2.7

0.70

0.08

1 (with mudbrick superstructure)

abutted bygl (SEext),ef(se), gl,bondswith ex, ff

Medieval(1977 #28)

ef

NW-SE 2.90

0.4

0.31

2

bondswithex,

LH ΠΙΑ 1 orlater

eg

NE-SW

1.45

0.55

0.28

2

abutsef

el

NE-SW

2.62

0.5

0.32

2

(?) abutsef (se), bonds withgl

Medieval (1977 #28)

ex

NW-SE

1.78

0.68

0.31

2

bondswithee, ef,el, if

Medieval probably (under1977#60, LH I-IIA)

ff

NW-SE 0.5

0.90

notrecorded

notrecorded

bondswithee, ex

bondswithee

fh

NW-SE

1.38

0.42

notre-

notre-

abutsef,eg

gl

NW-SE

2.5

0.70

0.12

1

abutsee, bonds withel

qa

NW-SE,

1.12

0.90

notre-

2

abutsee

ec(=gf)

NE-SW

ee

bench

NW_SE

5.24

corded

corded

corded

abuttedby fh

(cutsLH IIA road, overfe)

LH IIIA 1 orlater (abutsef,over steppedroadand fe)

contains LH IIA

(1977 # 125), abuts ef and eg bonds withel abutsee, under

Medieval (FIG. occupation 1.24stratum 3)

TABLES

CD-48

Table 3.5. Area Beta 3/8/9/10.Medieval and modernpotteryand small finds. No.

Description

Year and Basket

Plain-warestand

1977 #23

8002

Bronzeobject,perforated

X974# 5

8003

Bronzeobject,knobbed

*974 # 5

8016

Iron donkeyshoe

1977*20^

8020

Iron nail

1977*4

8021

Iron nail

1977 * 5

8022

Iron nail

1977*6

8043a

Iron nail

1959*1

8043b

Iron nail

1959*1

8048

Lead fishingweight

1974 * 2

8049

Lead (?)button

1974*39"·"

8064

Pyramidalloomweight;(?)Hellenistic

1959*2

8077

Clay lumpwithclothimpression

1977*9

8086

Billondeniertournois ofPhilipofTaranto;AD 1307- 13

1959 * 1

8087

Billondeniertournois ofMaud ofHainault;AD 1313-2 1

1959 * 1

8088

Bronzetwo-leptapiece; AD 1837

1977*14"*"

Pottery

4042 Smallfinds

Area of Room 2 + Area of Room 4 § Area of Room 1 Remainderare fromarea of Room 3

TABLES

CD-49

Table 3.6. Walls of StructureLambda VII (Medieval).

*

Width (avg.)

Height

Courses (max.)

Butt or Bond

Dating Evidence

NE-SW 7.4

0.80

0.53?

4

bonds withIk

Medieval (1974 # 48)

h (bench)

NE-SW

0.61

0.40?

2

abutslg, Ik

Medieval (1974 # 24, 49)

Ik (=nj)

SE-NW 5.2 (min.)

0.96

Ο·53?

4

bonds withlg

Medieval (1974 # 53)

lv (blocking ofPierIV)

NW-SE 0.34

0.70

0.41

3

abutsPierIV

containsLH (1977 # 60)

lw (blocking ofPierV)

NW-SE 0.36

0.64 (min.)*

c. 0.40?

3

abutsPierV

notremoved

lx

NE-SW 2.18

0.70

c. 0.40?

4

abutsPiersIII, V

notremoved

ly

NW-SE

1.46

0.76

c. 0.40?

2

abutsPiersI, II

notremoved

lz

NW-SE

1.46

0.57

c. 0.40?

2

abutsPiersII, III

notremoved

mf

NE-SW 2.16

0.36

c. 0.1?

1

abutsPiersI, VI

notremoved

PierI

NE-SW 0.83

0-83

£.0.50?

3

abuttedbyly,mf

notremoved

PierII (= lu)

NE-SW 0.74

0.74

c. 0.50?

3

abuttedbyly,lz

notremoved

PierIII

NE-SW 0.80

0.70

£.0.50?

3

abuttedbylx, lz, ma

notremoved

PierIV

NE-SW 0.76

0.70

0.50

4

abuttedbylv

containsLH (1977 # 60)

PierV

NE-SW 0.76

0.45 ^ (min.)

c. 0.50?

4?

abuttedby lv and lx

notremoved

PierVI

NE-SW 0.79

0.78

c. 0.50?

4

abuttedby mf

notremoved

Name

Axis

lg(=ma)

Length

1.7

Only partiallyexposed

Table 3.7. Medieval potteryand small findsfromStructureLambda VII. Description (date is Medieval unless stated)

Area, Year and Basket

4048a

Plain-wareamphora

Lambda 3, 1977, # 48"*"

4051

stamnos Matt-painted

Lambda 3, 1977, # 29, 31, Beta 12/Lambda 1, 1974 #20, Nu 2 1974, # 26

4053

ArchaicMaiolicajug

Lambda 3, 1977,* 16, 17, 18, 21 +

4066

TaffyWare stamnos

Lambda 3, 1977, # 11

4073

Plain-wareamphora

Lambda 3, 1977, #9, 11, 14, 15

4077

Cooking ware casserole

Lambda 3, 1977, # 11, 18

4093

Brown-glazed jug

Nu/Gamma 1 and Nu 2, 1974, # 4, 26

8005

Bronze or copper (?)fillet

Lambda 3, 1977, # 26~*~

8007

Tin (?)button

Lambda 3, 1977, #13

No. Pottery

Smallfinds

TABLES

CD-50

Table 3.7. Continued. No.

Description(date is Medieval unlessstated)

Area, Year and Basket

8014

Ironknife

Nu/Gamma 1, 1974,#3

8015

Ironhook

Lambda2, 1974,# 19

8017

Ironhorseshoe

Lambda3, 1977,# 12

8018

Ironnail

Nu/Gamma 1, 1974,#3

8019

Ironnail

Nu/Gamma 1, 1974,#4

8023

Ironnail

Lambda3, 1977,#7

8024

Ironnail

Lambda3, 1977,#7

8025

Ironnail

Lambda3, 1977,#7

8026

Ironnail

Lambda3, 1977,# 11

8027

Ironnail

Lambda3, 1977,# 11

8028

Ironnail

Lambda3, 1977,# 11

8029

Ironnail

Lambda3, 1977,# 11

8030

Ironnail

Lambda3, 1977,# 11

8031

Ironnail

Lambda3, 1977,# 11

8042

Ironnail

Lambda4, 1977,#71

8043

Ironshaft ofnail

Lambda4, 1977,#78"1"

8044

Lambda3, 1977,# 15

8045

Iron(?)hinge Iron(?)baseofbox

8050

Lead fragment

Lambda3, 1977,# 16

8051

Lead lump

Lambda3, 1977,#37+

8052

Nu/Gamma 1, 1974,#3

8053

Glassfragment Glassfragment

Nu/Gamma 1, 1974,#4

8054

Glassfragment

Nu/Gamma 1, 1974,#5

8055

Lambda2, 1974,#3

8056

Glassfragment Glassbowlrim

8057

Horncoreusedas awl(?)

Lambda4, 1977,#78"1"

8060

Bonepin

Lambda3, 1977,# 12

8061

Bonewhorlorbutton

Gamma1, 1959,#7^

8069

Warestamnos handle,inscribed Taffy

Nu 2, 1974,#26

8070

Piercedsherd

Nu/Gamma 1, 1974,#4

8072

Terracotta 'palette'

Lambda3, 1977,# 11

8084

Silverdenier tournois ofCharlesI ofAnjou;AD 1278-85

Lambda3, 1977,#32

HS 297 (?)

Gamma1, 1959,#3

HS 298

Terracotta whorl;(?)Bronze Age Terracotta (?)burnisher; (?)Bronze Age

HS 299 (?)

Terracotta stampforholybread(?)

Gamma1, 1959,#11^

Medieval surface + Floor2 yard ^ Soakawayofdrain Remainder arefromsurface or destruction-level

Lambda3, 1977,#20

Lambda3, 1977,#21+

Gamma1, 1959,#2i§w

TABLES

CD-51

Table 3.8. Walls of StructureGamma IV (Medieval). Name

Axis

Length (min.)

Width

Height

Courses (max.)

Butt or Bond

Dating Evidence

pa

NW-SE

1.7

0.90

c. 1.0 (min.)?

at least4?

bonds withpb

associatedwith Medieval tile and plaster

pb

NE-SW

2.0

0.90

c. 1.25 (min.)?

at least5?

bonds withpa

as previous

pc

NW-SE

1.7

0.32

0.95 or less?

?

abutsρ d

as previous

pd

NE-SW

1.5

0.40

0.95 or less?

?

abuttedby pc

as previous

Table 3.9. Medieval and modernpotteryand small findsfromotherAreas, includingthe excavationsof 1959-63. No.

Description (date is Medieval unless stated)

Area, Year and Basket

4081a

TaffyWare stamnos

Beta 6, i960, # 10

4081b (?)

Cookingpot (coarseware);possiblyLH

Beta 12B cleaning,1973

4102

Plain-warelid or lamp

Alpha 3, 1959, # ? (?Medievalpit)

HS 125

Plain-warejug

Beta 6, 1960,* 11

8001

Bronzebeltbuckle,embossed

Beta 11, 1963, sectorgamma,# 6, 7

8004

Bronzeringand hook

Beta 6, 1960, # 11

8006

Bronzefillet(?)

Beta 6, 1960, # 2

8008

Iron fire-steel

Beta 11,1 963, sectorgamma,# 3

8012a

Iron knifeblade

Beta 7, i960, # 3

8013

Iron knifeblade

Epsilon 1973, # 21 (Medieval pit)

8015a

Iron horseshoefragment; (?)modern

TrialTrenchVII, 1963, # 10

8017a

Iron nail

TrialTrenchIII, 1963, # 4

8019

Iron nail

Beta 6, 1960,* 1

8019b

Iron nail

Beta 6, i960, # 17

8045a

Lead disc

Beta 6, i960, # 1

8066

Terracottaspindlewhorl

Epsilon 1973, # 21 (Medieval pit)

8071

Terracottaastragalus;Hellenistic(?)

Lambda 2, 1974, # 17

8083

Silverdeniertournois ofLouis VIII or IX ofFrance; AD 1223-66

Alpha 10, i960, # 2

8085

Billon deniertournois ofIsabella de Villehardouinof Achaea; AD 1297-1301

Beta 12/1 baulk 1963, # 93

8089

Bronzeten-lepta piece ofKing George I of Greece; AD 1869

TrialTrenchVII, 1963, # 20 (surface)

HS 261

Terracottastampforholybread (?)

Alpha 8, i960, # 1

Pottery

Smallfinds

TABLES

^

1

iI

11 iílliííif! «fie ni^ll lyilíí i| l|

1 1 I

I W2

i !

|

!

1 1 11 5m fü^isi ι! 5-1«A li I ivllit -aaleflil 11 ! μ 111Ilíiá-fΙ^-ιιιΙιil .

Ö Ο

II e

IS

·Ε*..1ί

ÏÏ iHíl· íttfWli ||

Ig -ö 8

!

i 1 f=|

I

Ö

a*

CD-52

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^

s

Hf

I ífí o££e

e

1S| lia οία

I«

Ο oj Ο)

I

1

■§^

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i£

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Ο Ο

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a pq

^

w

g

a

g

ffil^^

a

II

CD

^ ï

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o

a

a

I

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i

i

O

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I

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TABLES

CD-53

Table 12.1. Ages at death forthe Bronze Age cemeterypopulation(total 154).

Age Band

Sex n/a

Male

Female

Sex n/d

Total %

Foetal/neonate

28 (18.2%)

-

-

-

18.2

Infant

48 (31.2%)

-

-

-

3!-2

23 (14.9%)

-

-

-

14.9

1 (0.65%)

-

-

-

0.6

Child Adolescent Adult 1

-

1(0.6%)

2(1.3%)

ο

2-9

Adult 2

-

4 (2.6%)

4 (2.6%)

ο

5.2

Adult3

-

4(2.6%)

1(0.6%)

ο

3.2

Adult4

-

1(0.6%)

2(1.3%)

ο

1.9

Adultage n/d

-

1(0.6%)

All immature

100(64.9%) -

_

3(1.9%) _

31(20.1%) _

64.9

12(7.8%)

31(20.1%)

35.1

All adult

11(7.1%)

Table 12.2. Ages at death forthe EH population (total 16).

Age Band

Sex n/a Male

Foetal/neonate

1

Infant

7

Child

1

Adolescent

ο

-

-

-

ο. ο

Adult 1

-

ο

ο

ο

ο.ο

Adult 2

-

13o

250

Adult3

-

100

6.2

Adult 4

-

000

0.0

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-

o

o

2

-

-

-

All immature

9

All adult

-

Female Sex n/d

-

-

-

-

-

-

Total % 6.2 43-8 6.2

23

2

12.5 56.2 43-8

22.7

TABLES

CD-54

Table 12.3.Agesat deathfortheΜΗ and ΜΗ III/LH I population(total62). Male

Female Sex n/d

Total %

Foetal/neonate11

-

-

-

17.7

Infant

10

-

-

-

16.1

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9

-

-

-

14.5

1

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Sex n/a

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10

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1

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01

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-

1

2

21

38.7

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-

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31

50.0

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4

6

21

50.0

Alladult

1

Table 12.4.Agesat deathfortheLH population(total66). Male

Female Sex n/d

Total %

Foetal/neonate14

-

-

-

21.2

Infant

26

-

-

-

39-4

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11

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16.7

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1

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8

12.ι

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77-8 8

22.2

TABLES

CO-κκ

Table 12.5. Age balance of the ΒΑ cemeterypopulationcompared withtwo other'dead populations'. Site/location %

Infants ratio

%

Children ratio

%

Adults* ratio

Ayios Stephanos

49-4

14

*4-9

4

35-7

1O

Lerna

35.0

8

21.0

5

44.0

10

Modern Peru

27.0

5

9.5

2

55.5

10

*

includesadolescents

Table 12.6. Heightsof adults. Cat no.

Period

Sex

WDT/JLA/SB height (cm)

CD height (cm)

9043

EH(?)

Female

148.69+4.45*

9051

MH

Male

'145' (trenchnotebook) -

9076

MH or

Female

'verytallwoman (nearlysix feet)' (WDT); '160' (trenchnotebook)

Medieval

163.75+3.27** -

9086

MH

n/d

'exceptionalsize' (WDT)

9 100

MH III Late

Male

Verytall' (JLA)

164. 17+2.99

9125

LHIIIAi(?)

Male

tall' (JLA)

177.60i2.99t 151.26+3.55

9137

MH III Late

Female

-

9161

LH I/IIA

Female

'159.59' (SB)

158.67+3.55

9162

MHII

Female

'152.72' (SB)

152.63+3.66

* ** t

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CD-77

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Period:

MH

LH

Medieval

Total

% butchered

6

5

12

15.6

Ovicaprid

01

Pig

2

4

5

2

13

16.9

Cattle

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16

15

16

48

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26

27

77

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2730

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0.4

4.4

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Table 12.16. Summaryby elementof butcherymarkson major domesticates(%).*

Element:

Cranial

Axial

Upper limb

Lower limb

Ovicaprid

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18.2

36.4

18.2

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23.1

30.8

23.1

Cattle

4s

4^5

37

Total

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28.3

34.7

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* Includes only bones identifiableto specificelement

Table 12.17. Burnedbones by period,includingbirdsand fish. EH

MH

LH

Medieval

Total

% burned

Ovicaprid

ο

6

17

4

27

21.4

Pig

ο

3

20

2

25

19.8

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45

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10

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114

410

92

623

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2730

6205

2075

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4.2

6.6

4.4

5.6

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CD-78

Table 12.18. Burnedbones by skeletalelement(%).*

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Cranial

Axial

Upper limb

Lower limb

Ovicaprid

13.3

40.0

26.7

20.0

Pig

31.8

9.1

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CD-84

Table 12.21. Major concentrations of Donax (individuals). Date

Provenance (trench,year, basket numbers)

EH II

Eta 1973, #30

ΜΗ I Late

Eta 1973, # 36-42, 45, 47

148

Nu 2, 1977, # 57 (outsideapsidal house)

102

MH III/LH I

Nu 2, 1974, # 44-7 (floordepositofRoom 2)

LH I-IIA

Beta 9 and 10, 1974, # 33, 35-43 Lambda i/Beta 12, 1974, # 59, 63, 69 Nu 2, 1974, #25, 28-9, 31-7 (LH IIA floordeposit) Lambda 3, 1977, # 44, 47, 49-50

Number 38

42 350 50 155 61

LH II

Lambda i/Beta 12, 1974, # 66, 71, 73-5

118

LH IIIA2-IIIB

Lambda 2, 1974, # 6-9

210

Lambda 2, i974>#54 LH IIIC Early

Beta 8, 1974, # 8, 10, 12-14 (floordeposit)

688

Beta 8/3/9Baulk, 1977, # 16-17 (floordeposit)

208

Beta 8, 1974, # 18 (floordeposit) Beta 1977, # 48 (floordeposit) Lambda i/Beta 12, 1974, # 36-7, 39, 41-3, 45, 50-5 (floordeposits) Medieval

73

88 128 81

Zeta 1973, #31, 34-6 (hearth,pit)

541

Epsilon 1973, # 6 (pit)

207

Beta 8, 1974, # 2-3

160

Beta 9, 1974, #28

149

Lambda 3, 1977, # 16-33 (yardsurface)

123

[Those basketsthatcontainwhole pots or small findsregisteredduringthe excavation are labelled 'floordeposit'. Their frequencyshows thatthereis a strongcorrelationbetweensuch depositsand concentrationsof Donax]

Appendixι STATISTICAL WARE-ANALYSISOF EARLY HELLADIC POTTERY DEPOSITS

R.Janko in AreaEta derivefromstratified The depositsofEH pottery levelsthatranin everydirection from theEH wall do, exceptto theε and s ofitsse end.1Becauseoftheirpotentialsignificance forthe in thisregion,and in orderto clarify evolutionofEH pottery theirrelativechronology, a seriation was undertaken. This was based on the extensive data recorded the analysis by excavator, J. B. Rutter. Those sherdsthathad no features bases or were discarded (rims,handles, decoration) subsequently in the of the Neither the discarded sherds nor the records were available ('papsed', terminology time). toJ. A. MacGillivray whenhe studiedtheEH pottery, whichis whyhe stated2 thatthekeptmaterial was insufficient fortheconductofa seriation study. In whatfollows, theexcavator's forthewaresis maintained. 'Urfirnis' to terminology corresponds 'Monochrome Coated'in Chapter4 and 'DarkPainted'at Lerna;'WhiteorYellowSlip' corresponds in Chapter4 and 'LightPainted[unpolished]' to 'Cream-Slipped' at Lerna.3'YellowMottledware' to what used to be called 'Faience and is now known at Lernaas 'LightPainted ware', corresponds 'ThinRed or Black'and MacGillivray's FinePolished'.4 Rutter's Coated' waresseemnotto 'Partially in each other'sclassification. I haveomitted findan exactcorrespondent thecategory 'coarseslipped or withwash'fromthetotalsforEH finewaresherds.Rutter'sstatistics are valuablebecausethey werecompiledby a singleexpertobserver;as theyare internally consistent, theyshouldbe fully Since the total of the sherds is the arebased on sherd known, figures weight dependable. only gross in EH finewares. and the are calculated the total number of all sherds counts, against percentages in table The stratigraphie of the baskets are A1.1, and the sherd given relationships respective in tables Ai. These are into the middle and lower, 2-4. frequencies grouped upperdepositsofEH sherdsaccording to theirstratigraphy. The mainuncertainty aboutthegroupingin tables A 1.2-4 concernsbaskets28 and 31, which EH I contained sherds.5 The highproportion ofSlippedand Burnished sherdssuggests an certainly but the of some Yellow Mottled and of White or Yellow a earlydate, presence Slippedpiecessuggests lateone,comparableto thatofbasket27,whichlayimmediately above.Baskets28 and 31 aresurely a mixture oftheearliestandlatestEH phases,with,as one mightexpect,moreearlymaterial(notably and Burnished Slipped pieces)in basket3 1, whichlieson bedrock. Table Ai .1. OriginsoftheEarlyHelladicbasketsinAreaEta. Sector

Description

Baskets

A

Trench2B (s) (= areaswofwalldo)

# 27 over#28 over#31 on bedrock

Β

Trench1 (s) (s ofwalldg,betweenwallsdi anddj)

C

Trench2C (n ofwalldg,betweenwallsdi anddj)

#30 over#32 #33 (cleaning walldj = #30, 32) #65 (underwalldg,dh = #30, 32) #66 (under#65) on bedrock #53 over#66 on bedrock

D

Trench2B (e) (areane ofwalldo)

# 29 over#67 over#68 on bedrock

Ε

Trench2,Burial12 cist(n ofwalldi)

#69 on bedrock

1 See Chapterι §§3 (vi)-(viii)above. 2 See Chapter4 §2 above. 3 Wien eke 2000, 322-3, withChapter4 §2 above.

4 Wiencke2000, 321-2. 5 See Chapter1 §3(viii)above.

cD-85

APPENDIX I

CD-86

Table A 1.2. Statisticalanalysisofthelowestdepositsof EarlyHelladic potteryin Area Eta. Basket no. and location Weightof sherds(kg) No. of sherds:Coarse Coarse slippedor withwash

#28 (over #31)

#31 (under #28, over bedrock) 1.0

2.65

1.45

Thin red or black as °/ooffinewares

27 20.9%

78 2 6 10.7%

Slipped and Burnished as °/ooffinewares

24 18.6%

19 33 .9%

34 44.1%

12 21.4%

29 37-7°/° ο

Incised as % offinewares Urfirnis(MonochromeCoated) as % offinewares

130 11

#68 (under # 67) 173 2 3 3-9°/°

200 1.5%

Whiteor Yellow Slip (Cream Slipped) as % offinewares

39 30.2% 10 7.7%

Yellow Mottled as % offinewares

15 11.6%

Fine Plain as °/ooffinewares MHorLH

12 9-3°/° 003

7 12.5% 11 19.6% 1 1.8%

ο 11 14.3%

Total EH sherds

270

136

252

Total EH fineware sherds

129

56

77

41.2%

30.5%

EH finewares as °/oofEH sherds

47.8%

Ifbaskets28 and 31 arediscounted as mixed,thefollowing trendscanbe observed:(i) Slippedand in Burnished most the lowest level declines and thenvirtually ware, (44%), plentiful disappears;(ii) YellowMottledware,absentin the lowestlevel,becomesverycommonin the layersabove; (iii) 'WhiteorYellowSlipped'ware(CreamSlipped),whichwas absentin thelowerand middledeposits, in theupperones. is frequent Hence we can arrangethebasketsintoa chronological series,fromearliestto latest(tableA 1.5). Threephases,one ofEH I andtwoofEH II, areevident. toJ.A. MacGillivray, fivesherds According ofCreamSlippedwarewas foundin thetwolargestbaskets(65 and 66) oftheearlierEH II phase, viz. nos. 117-118, 129, 132 and 134; two,118 and 134, werefrombasket66, whichwas below basket65. Therewaspresumably a slight admixture oflatermaterial, butitis notstatistically significant. Iftheanalysisis generally we the correct, mayrepresent schematically datingofthevariousEH layers I havedesignated as intableA1.6. Forconvenience theEH II phasesΈΗ II Early'andΈΗ II Late'.6 This analysiscan be appliedelsewhere.In Area Nu, the excavationof the MH I Late apsidal Structure Nu I yieldeda numberofEH cast-ups, thatEH levelswerenotfarbelow.The indicating in sizes the baskets concerned are too small for statistical butthesherdswererecorded sample analysis, in the same observer as Area Eta. a consistent that by Theyyield pattern accordswithourprevious conclusions. the sherd material from within and outside thebuilding, Rutterconsistently Throughout recordedtheoccasionalpresenceofSlippedandBurnished sherdsandregularly notedthatofUrfirnis and YellowMottledpieces,butdid notrecordanysherdswithWhiteor YellowSlip.This suggests thattheunderlying stratabelongedto EH II Early.In Area Zeta,thepresenceof CreamSlipped waresin theEH levelsshowsthattheydatefromEH II Late.7 withthesituation at Lernais illuminating ofwhich (chart 14.1).8The EH I pottery, Comparison in in sherds were found later resembles that from the coarseness of 20 contexts, only AyiosStephanos thefabric, thenatureofthefinishand theabsenceofYellowMottledware.Thisware,called'Light 6 See furtherchart 14.1. 7 See Chapter 1 S2 (vi) above.

8 Wiencke

2000, 631-9.

APPENDIX I

CD-87

Table A 1.3. Statisticalanalysisof themiddledepositsofEarlyHelladic potteryin Area Eta. Basket no. and location

Weightof sherds(kg) No. of sherds:Coarse

#65 (under walls dg and dh) not recorded(over 5.85) 564 6

Coarse slippedor withwash

Thin red or black as °/ooffinewares

3.65

0.47

462 32 8.1%

19 4.4%

7 1.8%

9 2.1%

29 7.4%

73 16.8%

0.45

42 ο

14

10 2.3%

#69 (under LH 11A, over bedrock)

59 ι

4 9-7% ο

83 21.1% ο

95 6.2% ο

15 36.6% ο

233 59-l0/° 10 2.5%

42 5.0% 1 6.2%

21 51.2% ο

1003

870

433

394

58 16

Incised as °/ooffinewares Urfirnis(MonochromeCoated) as °/ooffinewares Whiteor Yellow Slip (Cream Slipped) as °/ooffinewares Yellow Mottled as °/ooffinewares

ο 279 64.4%

Fine Plain as °/ooffinewares

43 9-9%

Total EH fineware sherds

#67 (over #68)

ο 2.4% 21 2.5% ο

Slipped and Burnished as °/ooffinewares

Total EH sherds

#66 (under # 32, 33, 53, 65)

EH finewaresas °/oofEH sherds

43.2%

45-3°/o

ι

101 41

27.6%

40.6%

Table A 1.4. Statisticalanalysisof theuppermostdepositsofEarlyHelladic potteryin Area Eta. Basket no. and location Weightof sherds(kg) No. of sherds:Coarse Coarse slippedor withwash

Thin red or black as °/ooffinewares

Slipped and Burnished as °/ooffinewares Incised as °/ooffinewares Urfirnis(MonochromeCoated) as °/ooffinewares Whiteor Yellow Slip (Cream Slipped) as % offinewares Yellow Mottled as °/ooffinewares Fine Plain as °/ooffinewares MHorLH Medieval Total EH sherds Total EH fineware sherds EH finewares as °/oofEH sherds

# 27) (over # 28) 2.3 207 2 ο

#29 (over # 67) 1-025 105 3 5.1%

404 2.7% 000

#30 (over # 32) ΐ·35 127 1212 ίο 6.8%

#32 #33 #53 (under # 30) (= # 30, 32) (over # 66) ΐ·75 264

13 17.1%

10 5 .9%

2.7%

533 2.2% 000

3 .9%

1.8%

5 6.5%

32 19.2%

23 30.2% 26 34.2% 6 7·9°/° ο

39 23.3% 64 38.3%

17 28.9%

25 17.0%

34 i5-3°/o

51 34-9% 56 38.3%

91 5.2% 13 22.0%

63 42.8% 40 27.2%

42 18.9% 67 30.2%

9 6.2%

17 28.9% 8

5 3·4°/° 1

70 3ΐ·5°/ο ο

19 11.4% 3

000

040 355

164

275

146

59

147

41.1%

ΐ·ΐ5 133

4 1.8%

26 17.8%

22

O-71 85

36.0%

53-4°/o

488 222 45-5°/°

162

302

76

167

46.9%

55-3°/o

APPENDIX I

CD-88

Table Α ι.5. StatisticalseriationofEarlyHelladic basketsby ware analysis,Area Eta. Phase

°/oSlipped and Burnished

°/oUrfirnis

EH I

44%

38%

0%

0%

77

#68

EH II Early

12% 10% 4% 2% 4%

56% 37% 17% 21% 20%

25% 51% 64% 59% 61%

0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

16 41 433 394 884

#67 #69 #65 #66 all

2% 3% 0% 4% 2% 3% 2%

5% 18% 29% 6% 19% 17% 17%

30% 38% 22% 34% 38% 27% 33%

19% 35% 15% 30% 23% 43% 28%

222 146 59 76 167 147 817

#32 #27 #29 # 33 #53 #30 all

Avg./total EH II Late

Avg./total

°/oYellow Mottled

°/oWhite Slipped

No. of sherds (fine wares)

Basket

Table A 1.6. Stratigraphie resultsof statistical seriationofEarlyHelladic sherds,Area Eta. Phase

Sector A

Sector Β

Sector C

Sector D

Sector Ε

EH II Late

#27 # 28, 31 (mixed) -

# 30, 32, 33

#53

#29 (mixed with Medieval pit)

(cutaway by burial 12)

#65,66

#65,66

#67

#69

# 28, 31 (mixed) over bedrock

bedrock

bedrock

# 68 over bedrock

bedrock

EH II Early EH I

PaintedFine Polished'at Lerna,is also absentin the earliestof the fourmajorphasesrecognised withinLernaIII (EH II), namelyphaseearlyA, According to Wiencke'stables,9 fromwhichI have excludedthevariousCoarsewares,YellowMottledwarereaches8,1% of thetotaloffinewaresin 'lateA' and fluctuates between10,1and 17,6%in phaseΒ and between13,5and 144% in phaseC, beforedecliningto 9.2% in phaseD. Thiswareis muchmorecommonin bothphasesofEH II at The proportions of'Urfirnis ware'(Wiencke's 'DarkPainted')arealso inconclusive; AyiosStephanos, atLernatheserangefrom86% offinewaresinphaseearlyA, to 64% in lateA, to66-74% i*1phaseB, declining duringphaseC from58% to40% andrisingagainto 50% in phaseD. CreamSlippedware, Wiencke's'LightPainted[unpolished]', is presenttherein smallamountsthroughout all thephasesof EH II However,'theapplication oflightpaint,without or is really subsequent polishing burnishing, in phaseC, sincejarsaloneseemto havehad suchtreatment introduced earlier',10 Presentas 3-5% of thefinewaresin phasesΑ-B, thiswarebecomescommononlyin phaseC, whenitreaches11-15%; itthendeclinesto 3% in phaseD. In conclusion, ourEH I shouldcorrespond to LernaeanEH I. No depositequivalent to LernaIII A EH II has been but such existed, to distinguished, phase early pottery surely Earlycorresponds LernaIII phaseslateΑ-B, and EH II Late is equivalentto LernaIII phaseC, thetimeofBuilding BG. Hence occupation probablyendedat AyiosStephanosbeforeLernaIII phaseD, thetimeofthe House of the Tiles,11Our EH phases shouldalso correspondto the sequencewhichPullenhas established atTsoungiza nearNemea;however, he candistinguish whathe callsEH II Early,equivalent to LernaIII phaseearlyA, fromEH II Developed,whichis contemporary withLernaIII phaseslate Α-B andwithourEH II Early12 9 Wieneke 2000, 717, tables4a-b. 10Wiencke2000, 636.

11See Chapter14 §2 (ii)below,withchart 14.1. 12D. H. Pullen, pers.comm.

Appendix2 PETROGRAPHIC

AND CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF MIDDLE LATE HELLADIC I-II POTTERY I. K Whitbread and R. Ε Jones

HELLADIC

AND

note:thissectionwas largelycompleted in 1995.Rutter's OES samplesarenowin Box 29 in [Editor's SpartaMuseum.] 1. INTRODUCTION (i) Previous Work and Methodology A fewseriesofanalysesofpottery fromAyiosStephanoshave alreadybeen undertaken, mainlyfor the all have been reviewed Rutter' s studyof provenancepurposes; earlyones, chemical, byJones.1 MH and EarlyMycenaeanpottery fromthe 1973-74 excavations2 led to a programme ofchemical of 'Minoanising' at thesite- Fine,Oatmeal' and analysisthatfocusedon threecategories pottery forwhatis now called 'LustrousDecorated'.The Micaceous;3Rutterused the term'Minoanising' resultsindicatedthattheFine and OatmeaP categories wereprobablymade locally,althoughother couldnotbe excluded.The compositions ofa fewexamplesofDarkMinyan sources,suchas Kythera, werefoundto be atypicalofthesite,as werethoseoftheFineWhite (nowcalled'DarkBurnished') andthelatterseemedto SlippedMattPaintedware;bothwerecharacterised bylowcalciumcontents, matchin composition theWhiteSlipand someotherwaresfoundat Khania.The composition ofthe local Mycenaeanwareswas foundto be typicalofthatelsewhere in Laconiaand Kythera.4 Greekpottery, whichwas establishedat Southampton Riley's pétrographie studyof prehistoric in the late included material from andRutter 1970s,5 University AyiosStephanospublishedin Rutter much of it that taken and Rutter.6 Since was unable to 1976, duplicating byJones Riley completehis his have been into the analyses, samples incorporated presentstudy. in theFitchLaboratory in Athens,at Temple Duringthelastfewyearsworkhas been in progress in and elsewhere on a more characterisation and University Pennsylvania, systematic bypétrographie chemicalmeansof some of theprincipalclassesof MH pottery, based on examplesfoundat the excavations at Lerna.The projectwas initiated and coordinated by C. Zerner,and theresultsofthis workare beingpreparedforpublication.7 It is withintheframework of theLernaprojectthatthe of is ceramic classes are at bothsites,and presentprogramme analysis placed. Many represented of the asked of their are similar. The difference between thetwostudiesis many questions analysis one ofsize and scope.The initialseriesof samplesfromAyiosStephanos,only2 1 in number,was selectedby Zernerwithlimitedgoalsin mind.8Theseare calledtheAS samples.At a generallevel, theaim oftheanalyseswas to examinetheextentto whichpétrographie and chemicalcomposition corroborated some of her fabric More there (ornot) groupings. specifically, werequestions regarding theconnection betweenmacroscopically relatedwaresas well as theirorigin,especiallyamongthe dark-faced coarsepottery richin schistandMattPaintedpottery. ButwhenRiley's collection, pottery, mentioned became available for it was to attention to above, reinvestigation, possible pay particular LustrousDecoratedwaresand theirsources;examplesof LustrousDecorated(nowin the Sherd CollectionoftheBritishSchoolat Athens)foundat Kastrion Kythera, Argosand Lernawerealso selectedby Zernerand analysedconcurrently. The incorporation ofRiley's samplesintotheproject was also desirableforotherreasons:it allowedthepétrographie characterisation to extendintothe and almost with and Rutter'schemical EarlyMycenaeanperiod therebyoverlap completely Jones characterisation. there be of contact or with the Furthermore, might points overlap Mycenaeanpottery, includingspecimensofLH I-II date,analysedby neutronactivation by Perlmanand Asaroat the ofCalifornia, Thisdatasetand itsinterpretation are setoutin Appendix3. University Berkeley. 1 1986, 212-13. 2Jones Rutter and Rutter1976. 3 and Rutter1977. Jones 4 1986, 213. 5Jonesetal. 1981. Riley

6 and Rutter1977. ' Jones òee ferner, ßetancourt and Myer 190b tor the hrst results. pétrographie 8 See Chapter5 §3 above.

CD-89

APPENDIX

2

Table A2.1. Concordanceof cataloguenumbersand Zerner'sAS samplenumbers,withdescription. Cat no. 1831 2206 2216 2217 2224 2233 2234 2265 2282 2288 2289 2302a 2303 2305 2310 2311 2319 2321 2322 2323 2324 2325 2326 2327 2328

Sample no. 1 2 19 18 3 21 20 4 17 ga 8 5 14 10 12 7a 13 6 15 9b 9c 9d 16 7b 11

Description and date Dark Burnishedcarinatedcup/kantharos (incised),MH I Late Dark Burnishedroundedcup (incised),MH I Dark Burnishedbowl (incised) Dark Burnishedbowl (incised) Dark Burnishedflask(incised) Dark Burnishedjar(?) (stamped) Dark Burnishedbowl White Slipped GrittyMattPaintedjug/jar(lightground) LustrousDecorated (mediumcoarse)jar (darkground) LustrousDecorated (mediumcoarse)jar (lightground),MH III/LH I LustrousDecorated (mediumcoarse)jar (lightground),late MH Micaceous Minoan basin Micaceous Minoan jar (darkground) Micaceous Minoan jug/jar(darkground) Minoan SchistGroupjug/jar(darkground) Minoan (?) jug (plain),LH I Coarse Local Groupjar WhiteSlipped GrittyMattPaintedsherd(bichrome),MH-LH I Early Coarse Plain orangebasin,M H III LustrousDecorated (mediumcoarse) sherd(BSA Collection) LustrousDecorated (mediumcoarse) sherd(BSA Collection) LustrousDecorated (mediumcoarse) sherd(BSA Collection) Minoan (mediumcoarse)jar (lightground),M H III or LH I Minoan SchistGroupjug/jar(darkground) AeginetanMattPaintedjug/jar,MH III/LH I

Table A2.2. Concordanceof Rutter'scataloguenumbersand Riley'ssample numbers,withdescription. Rutter cat no. Riley sample no. R19 R20 R23 R24 R29 R30 R31 R33 R37 R40 R41 R43 R44 R45 R201 R2 17 R2 23 R233 R246 R247 R254 R279 R28 1 R287 R29 1 R292 R293 R294

2389 2390 2391 2392 2393 2394 2395 2396 2397 2398 2400 2403 2404 2407 24 12 2413 24 16

Description (RutterDeposit, Date) LustrousDecorated (mediumcoarse)jar (C, MH III Early) LustrousDecorated (mediumcoarse)jar (C, MH III Early) LustrousDecorated (mediumcoarse)jar(?) (A, MH II) LustrousDecorated (mediumcoarse)jar(?) (B, MH II) LustrousDecorated,fine,carinatedcup(?) (C, M H III Early) LustrousDecorated,fine,carinatedcup (C, M H III Early) LustrousDecorated,fine,roundedcup(?) (B, MH II) LustrousDecorated,fine,cup (C, M H III Early) Dull Paintedjug/jar(B, MH II) Dull Paintedjug/jar(B, MH II) Dull Paintedclosed shape (C, MH III Early) Dull Paintedclosed shape (C, MH III Early) Dull Paintedclosed shape (B, MH II) Dull Paintedjug/jar(C, MH III Early) Dark Burnishedgobletor kantharos(G, MH III/LH I) Dark Burnishedlug-handledbowl (G, MH III/LH I) Dark Burnishedgobletor kantharos(G, MH III/LH I) Dark Burnishedgobletor kantharos(G, MH III/LH I) GrittyMattPaintedkantharos(G, MH III/LH I) GrittyMattPaintedkantharos(G, MH III/LH I) GrittyMattPaintedopen shape (J,MH III/LH I) GrittyMattPaintedopen shape (J,MH III/LH I) GrittyMattPaintedclosed shape Q, MH III/LH I) Fine MattPaintedkantharos(?)(J,MH III/LH I) Fine MattPaintedkantharos(?)(H, LH I Early) Fine MattPaintedkantharos(?)(K, LH I Early) Fine MattPaintedkantharos(?)(L, LH I Early) Fine MattPainted(imported)Vapheio cup (G, MH III/LH I)

CD-90

APPENDIX 2

CD-91

Table As.2. Continued. 2417 2419 2420 2423 2425 2426 2427 2428 2429 2430 2431 2432 2433 2434 2435 2436 2437 2443 2444 2459 2460 2461 2462 2463 2464 2478 -

R295 R296 R297 R298 R299 R304 R307 R315 R320 R323 R368 R376 R381 R384 R385 R411 R412 R414 R417 R430 R431 R432 R439 R443 R451 R462 R580 R581 R592 R714 R717 R718 R720 R722 R723 R724 R725 R825 R830 R833 R834 R835 R836 R865 R866 R867 R894 R968 Ri o 13 Rio 14 Ri o 15

white-on-red FineMattPainted(imported) juglet(G,MH III/LH I) closedshape(G,MH III/LH I) FineMattPainted(imported) FineWhiteSlippedMattPaintedkantharos (L,LH I Early) FineWhiteSlippedMattPaintedkantharos (G,MH III/LH I) FineWhiteSlippedMattPaintedkantharos (G,MH III/LH I) FineWhiteSlippedMattPaintedkantharos (G,MH III/LH I) FineWhiteSlippedMattPaintedkantharos (J,MH III/LH I) Decorated(mediumcoarse)beak-spouted Lustrous jug (J,MH III/LH I) Decorated(mediumcoarse)beak-spouted Lustrous jug (G,MH III/LH I) Decorated(mediumcoarse)beak-spouted Lustrous jug (G,MH III/LH I) Decorated(mediumcoarse)jug/jar(L, LH I Early) Lustrous Decorated(mediumcoarse)jug/jar(J,MH III/LH I) Lustrous Decorated(mediumcoarse)jug/jar(G,MH III/LH I) Lustrous Decorated(mediumcoarse)jug/jar(L, LH I Early) Lustrous Decorated(mediumcoarse)jug/jar(G,MH III/LH I) Lustrous MicaceousMinoan,closedshape(G,MH III/LH I) Lustrous Decorated,fine,roundedcup (G,H, MH III/LH I-LH I Early) Lustrous Decorated, fine,roundedcup(G,MH III/LH I) Lustrous Decorated, fine,roundedcup(G,MH III/LH I) Lustrous Decorated, fine,roundedcup(L,LH I Early) Lustrous Decorated,fine,roundedcup (G,K, MH III/LH I-LH I Early) Lustrous Decorated, fine,Vapheiocup(J,MH III/LH I) Lustrous Decorated, fine,Vapheiocup(L, LH I Early) Lustrous Decorated, fine, jar orpyxis(G,K, MH III/LH I-LH I Early) bowl(J,MH III/LH I) Lustrous Decorated,fine,lug-handled Lustrous Decorated, fine,openshape(L, LH I Early) Coarselughandle(K,LH I Early) Coarsevertical loophandle(J,MH III/LH I) Coarsetripodleg (G,MH III/LH I) FineMattPaintedgoblet(O, LH IIA) FineMattPaintedhandle(O, LH IIA) FineMattPaintedgoblet(O, LH IIA) FineMattPaintedgoblet(N,LH I/IIA) FineMattPainted(imported) openshape(N,LH I/IIA) Matt Painted krater (N,O, LH I/IIA-LH IIA) Aeginetan MattPaintedkrater (O, LH IIA) Aeginetan MattPaintedkrater (N,LH I/IIA) Aeginetan Monochrome goblet(O, LH IIA) Mycenaean piriform jar (O, LH IIA) MycenaeanMonochrome goblet(O, LH IIA) MycenaeanMonochrome goblet(O, LH IIA) MycenaeanMonochrome Monochrome (Q, LH IIA) jug/amphora Mycenaean MycenaeanLineargoblet(O butLH IIB) roundedcup (O, LH IIA) MycenaeanPatterned Patterned Vapheiocup(O, LH IIA) Mycenaean Vapheiocup(N,LH I/IIA) MycenaeanPatterned jug (O, LH IIA) bridgespouted MycenaeanPatterned LH Coarse-ware IIA) cooking jug (Q, andRutter1976) MicaceousMinoan (notpublishedinRutter andRutter1976) MicaceousMinoan(notpublishedinRutter andRutter1976) MicaceousMinoan(notpublishedinRutter

well Notonlyis muchofthematerial hereis pétrographie. The primary characterisation presented I. K thin sections of the butthepétrographie suitedtothiskindofanalysis, Whitbread) (by description The resulting followslogicallyfromthe sherds'macroscopicappearanceas presentedby Zerner.9 is thenexaminedfromtheviewpoint classification ofthesamplesbased on pétrographie composition thecomparative where oforigininthelightofthegeologyoftheHelosPlain10 relevant, and, (ceramic) 9 See

Chapter 5 §3.

10 See §1 (ii) below.

APPENDIX 2

CD-92

datafromotherregions.It mustbe understood, thattheavailablecomparative data-set for however, In Laconia, theMiddleBronzeAge is as yetlimitedto Lerna,Aeginaand someCycladicislands.11 besidesAyiosStephanos,thereare pétrographie of LBA pottery fromthe Menelaion descriptions MM IA WhitenearSparta.12 On Creteitis restricted to Neopalatialstorage from central Crete,13 jars on-Darkware14and Minoanimportsat Lerna.15 Thereis an additionallimitation: the absenceof from the of the site. (modern) comparative claysamples vicinity The corresponding chemicaldata-set is intended to supplement thepétrographie results and,where to some statements about of these statements lack for origin.Many possible, provide may precision, thereasonsjust explainedconcerning thepétrographie chemical data; theFitchLaboratory's large forinstance, is biasedheavilyin favouroffine,decoratedMycenaeanpottery. data-bank, (OES); they usingopticalemission Riley'ssampleswereoriginally analysedchemically spectroscopy werenotreanalysed atomic because insufficient (AAS), by absorption spectrometry samplesremained. (ii) Geological Background Bintliff16 hasdescribed thesiteofAyiosStephanos as follows (fig.13.1):itOccupiesa rockypromontory, of schist with lesser areas of hard limestone and outofthehillockzone of mainly eruptives, projecting olderrocksat thewestern end ofthemainHelos plainthrough limestone and schistcontinuations of thepromontory to thewest.It is surrounded on thenorth,southand eastby darkrecentalluvium The sea is about2 kmdue southofthesite.' (grey-black). in thevicinity Threeformations have been mapped17 ofAyiosStephanos:theTyrosbeds,which consistofa Permian(?) series and a seriesoflightly sediments volcano-sedimentary metamorphosed to the Carboniferous and a series of Triassic dolomites. The sitelies belonging period, Middle-Upper in the immediatevicinityof the volcano-sedimentary series.This formation containsbasic to intermediate and tuffites withshale intercalations. Alteredandesiticrocks(i.e. lapis tuffs, tuffites, in occur this but are rare. The sediments are formation, they lacedaemonius) lightly metamorphosed situated to thesouthofthesite.Theyareprobablythesourceforthealluviumnotedby Bintliff. The sediments are composedofshaleswithquartzitic sandstoneand darkgreymicro-crystalline marlyor in limestone intercalations. Elsewhere the these sediments are region, sandy accompaniedby sericitic dolomitesand sericiteschists.Beyondthemetamorphosed marbles,ankeritized sediments, to thesouthand southwest, are theMiddle-Upper Triassicdolomites. Theyincludemarlylimestone in thelowermembersand arefossiliferous. intercalations (iii) Material in Chapter5 by Zerner,wheretheyare also The AS sampleslistedin table A2.1 are introduced inthistableandthoseofRiley'ssamplesintableAs.2 conform illustrated. The descriptions toZerner's and Rutter's nomenclatures that Rutter used for what is now called 'Minoanising' respectively, except 'LustrousDecorated'.Bold numbersare AS samples(see Chapter5 above); bold numberswithR are publishedunderthatnumberin Rutterand Rutter1976. prefixed 2. PETROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS I. K. Whitbread The presentation of thisreportis based on a formatpreviously agreedwithG. Myerof Temple so thatresultsof pétrographie University, analysesby thewriterand Myerof EH and MH fabrics fromLerna can be easilycompared.18 The thinsectionsof Riley'ssamplesand 2323-2325 were examinedpetrographically forGeologicaland MineralExploration by Dr Ph. Pomoniat theInstitute inAthenspriortobeingseenbyme.Notethattheterm'optically inactive'is usedin preference tothe term'optically Therearetwocommonabbreviations: tcf= textural concentration feature isotropic'.19 rockfragment. (mostly claypellets);arf= argillaceous 11 1989; 1990. 12Vaughan Whitbread 13Day 1988. 1992. 14Betancourt 1984. 15Zerner,Betancourt and Myer1986.

16Bintliff 1977«,454~5>seefurther 13 and14§1 (i)above. Chapters 17Dimadisand Taktikos 1989. 18 and Vaughn1995; forthemethodology Myer,Betancourt usedby thiswriter, see Whitbread1989. 19Whitbread 1986.

APPENDIX 2

CD-93

(i) Procedures To facilitate thepresentation ofthefabricdescriptions, thefabricsare groupedintosix sets,each set interms one or more classes. The sets are based on similarities ofcomposition. containing generalfabric in thetextto '3-1' signifies Forexample,reference Set 3 Class 1. inthisstudyareapproximations basedon comparator charts. Thusthefigures Frequencies expressed are onlysemi-quantitative and thisshouldbe takenintoaccountin anycomparative estimates, study. whilemoreaccurate,requirea considerable investment oftime.Moreover,thelimited Point-counts, numberofsamplesmeansthatstatistically results wouldnothavebeenpossibleformostof significant the fabricclassesin thisstudy.The frequency chartsaccompanying thisreportare also based on To make the calculation of relative amounts of inclusions (eithersideofthesilt/ readings. comparator sandboundary, more consistent the are classed (seegraphs)in the among samples,frequencies 62.5p) and 70-100%. Thus following groups:0-0.5%, 0.5-2%, 2-5%, 5-15%, 15-30%,30-50%, 50-70% of or would both a bar on the between Where thebar is 30-50%. frequencies 31% 49% plot graph into two the lower the minimum for that inclusion split parts, partrepresents frequency typewithin theclass.The toppartofthebarrepresents therangeofvariation within theclass.Although grouping in thisway providesonlya relatively of thefrequencies coarseindicationof thecharacter of each servestwousefulpurposes:(a) tosomeextentitallowsfortheinherent class,thiscoarseness variability offrequencies estimated fromcomparator and (b)giventhelimitednumberofsamplesstudied, charts, thecoarsenessofthefrequencies makessomeallowancefortheslightly variation thatmaybe greater foundamongpotential membersofeachfabricclassin ceramicassemblages to be studied. yet It shouldalsobe notedthatthefrequency estimates arebasedon area.Thusa singlelargeinclusion in an otherwise fabricwilldominatethefrequency record.Forthisreasonconsiderable fine-grained in thefrequencies fluctuation of certaininclusionscan occur,especiallyamongfine-grained fabrics i~i A fabrics of where tcfs fluctuate between ο and or factor to the 70% more). contributing (e.g. fluctuation offrequency resultsis thesamplesize; one largegrainin a sampleofsmallareawilltend to dominate theinclusionassemblage. Thisproblemis particularly noticeablewheresamplesprefixed R (published in Rutter and Rutter1976 underthesamenumber)occurin a class,giventhatmanyof thesesamplesare small(often1 cm2or less). (ii) Results Set 1 containsfabricswithsilt-sized inclusions. Set 2 consistsoffabricsthatcontainpredominantly in in grain-size sand inclusions the classes reflect variation and sorting. Thus while, largepart, quartz in theseclassesareoftechnological since differences result from the significance, grain-size commonly of the Set consists of fabrics that contain sand and fossils. 3 potters' processing clay. primarily quartz In Set 4 thefabricsare characterised inclusions and by a distinctly bimodalgrain-size by mudstone in grainsize. Fabricsin Set 5 all distribution. The twoclassesin thissetreflect distinct differences have an appreciablequantity ofmetamorphic inclusions. Althoughsomeoftheclassesin Set 5 are characterised the of of thedivisionsalso reflect grain by predominance particular types inclusions, A summary sizeandsorting. Set 6 consists offabrics volcanics. containing igneousinclusions, especially oftheresults is givenin tableAs.3. The detaileddescriptions appearbelow. (a) set 1 class 1 (plate A2.1 a, fig. A2.1) Name: Quartz-feldspar-mica silt.Samples:2233, R29, R31, R33, R37, R40, R45, R287, R291, R294-295, R412, R417, R431, R834, R835-836, R865-867. /.Matrix(groundmass) A. Optical propertiesand colour 1. Planepolarisedlight(X45):pale brown(faintly mottled darkand light),non-pleochroic. and inactive. 2. Crossedpolarisedlight:mottled pale yellowish-brown darkbrown,optically B. Overall grain size and modalityof inclusionsand voids. Grainsoccupyc. 2.5-10% ofthe field.Sizesrangefromsiltto veryfinesand,reachingup to mediumsand.The grainsize frequency distribution is unimodal.Voidsoccupya 10% ofthefield.Sizes rangefrom40p to 4000p,mode c 200p.

C. Overall preferredorientationof inclusionsand voids. No preferred orientation noted. D. Silt sized inclusions(less than 62.5p). 1. Monocrystalline quartz.Size range:up to 62p. Shape: angularto subangular, equant.

APPENDIX

2

CD-94

Table A2.3. A summaryofthepétrographieclassification.

Set

Class

Description

Samples (Wares)

1

~i

Quartz-feldspar-silt

2

~1

Quartzandmicaofmoderately sortedsandandsiltsize Quartzandbrowntefsin

2233 (DarkBurnished), R45 (DullPainted),R29, R31,R33, R37, R412, R417, R431 (FineLustrous Decorated), R287, Matt R294-295 (Fine'imported' R291 (FineMattPainted), Painted),R834-836,R865-867 (Mycenaean) 1831,2206,2224 (DarkBurnished), R297 (FineWhite SlippedMattPainted) 2216-2217,R201, R217 (DarkBurnished), R298,R307 (Fine Whitemoderately sortedsandandsiltSlippedMattPainted) 2234 (DarkBurnished) MattPainted) 2265,2321 (WhiteSlippedGritty

~2

3

~3 ~1

4

~i -2

5

-1 ~2 ~3 ~4

6

~i ~2

Well-sorted quartzsand ofcoarse Quartzandmicrofossils sand-size mudstone and Coarse-grained chertfabrics chert mudstone, Medium-grained andlimestone fabrics tefsandquartzin Schist, matrix fine-grained Schistandquartzinfinesand to siltymatrix Whitemicaofcoarsesandsize Quartz,schistandphyllite, poorlysorted Weathered igneousrock Volcanicfabric

2282, 2288-2289,R320, R323, R368, R381, R384-385 Decoratedmediumcoarse),R30, R414 (Fine (Lustrous Lustrous Decorated),2326 (Minoan,mediumcoarse) Decoratedmedium 2323-2325,R 19-20,R23-24 (Lustrous coarse) Decoratedmediumcoarse) 2322 (Coarse),R376 (Lustrous 2310-2311 (MinoanSchistGroup) 2302a, 2303, 2305 (MicaceousMinoan) MattPainted),R411 2327 (Minoan?), R246 (Gritty (MicaceousMinoan),R430 (FineLustrous Decorated),R580581 (Coarse) 2319 (CoarseLocal Group) 2328 (AeginetanMattPainted)

'->τ^ί ι υιαοο

ι

Plagioclase- Fine 1 Whitemica - Fine Ι =

^^

Μ-quartz- Fine ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^Bllll Dk br tefs - Coarse

d Yell-grtefs - Coarse

~

111

j| '

I '

I

'

' ^

0

Ξ :

I Plagioclase- Coarse |§j ]

Ρ-quartz- Coarse ^^^^^ M-quartz- Coarse ^^^^B

::::::::::::::

Chert- Coarse θ 0

20

40

60

80

and range) Percentage(minimum Fig. A2.1. Compositionfrequencychart:Set 1 Class 1 (variouswares).

100

APPENDIX 2

CD-95

2. Whitemica. Size range: up to 40p. Shape: angularto subangularlaths,prolate. 3. Plagioclase.Size range:up to 6ομ. Shape: angular.Veryrare,freshappearance,polysynthetic twinning. //.Voids A. Size range. Up to 4000p by 2200p, generallyc. 120p and 400p. Β. Shape. Predominantly ovoid, fewlenticularand fewirregular. ///.Inclusions abovesiltsize A. Chert. Size range: up to 500p, mode about 380p. Shape: subrounded.Comment: microquartz withfewmegaquartz(Folk 1980, 79). B. Monocrystalline quartz. Size range: up to 200p, mode about 140p. Shape: subangular. C. Polycrystallinequartz. Size range:up to 400p, mode about 120p. Shape: subangular.Comment: frequently equigranular. D. Plagioclase. Size range:up to 260p, mode about loop. Shape: subangular.Comment:commonly weathered,thoughfreshexamples do occur. E. Yellowish green tcfs(texturalconcentration features)(Whitbread1986). Size range:up to 1000p. rounded. Comment: with dark brownmottles,clear to sharpboundaries,highto Shape: yellowgreen neutralopticaldensity,up to 50% chert. F. Dark brown tcfs. Size range: up to 2000p, mode about 250p. Shape: ovoid. Comment: dark brown to black, clear boundaries,high optical density,up to c. 5% inclusions,predominantly well silt. sorted,quartz IV Discussion A. Additional features. The Riley samples are small (each is about 0.25 cm2to 1 cm2),and it is thereforepossible thatsome of the examples placed in thisfabricclass belong to coarserfabricsand in frequency thatnone ofthecoarserinclusionsare represented. The wide fluctuation ofthecomposition chartis, in part,a resultofthefinegrainsize ofthemajorityoftheinclusionsand the smallsizes ofthe Riley samples.Thus a largetcf,forexample,willhave a majoreffecton theamountofquartzrecorded as one large inclusioncan dominatea sample. B. Interpretation and comparison. Representedin thisfabricclass are Fine LustrousDecorated, Dull Painted,Fine Matt Painted,the Mycenaean wares and one Dark Burnished.This fabricclass is characterisedby a pale to dark yellowish(mottled)brown micromasswithwell sortedquartz and mica silt,rarelywithcoarserinclusionsand withfewvoids. Given thefinegrainsize ofthesefabrics,it is unlikelythatany oftheinclusionswere added as temper.Mixingofclayscannot,however,be ruled out. Moreover,the finegrainsize means thatlittlecan be said in termsof the provenanceof these regions. samples.Indeed theymay representmaterialfromseveraldifferent (b) SET 2 CLASS 1 (PLATE A2.I

3, FIG. A2.2)

Name: Quartz and mica of moderatelysortedsand and siltsize. Samples: 1831, 2206, 2224, R297. /. Matrix(groundmass) A. Optical properties and colour. 1. Plane polarisedlight:(X45) yellowish-brown (greyishwhereverythin). 2. Crossed polarisedlight:darkyellowish-brown (brightthroughoptical activity). B. Overall grain size and modality of inclusions and voids. Grains occupy c. 10-20% of the field.Sizes range fromsiltup to 1400p witha mode at about 100- 150p. The grain size frequency distribution is unimodal. Overall the size distribution is moderatelysorted,but grainsup to c. 150p better Voids c. 10% of the field. Sizes range from40p to 2000p, mostly sorting. display occupy ioo-2oop. C. Overall preferredorientationof inclusions and voids. Stronglydevelopedpreferred orientation noted in verticalsections,but poorlydeveloped in tangentialsections. D. Silt-sized inclusions. 1. Monocrystallinequartz.Size range: up to 62p. Shape: angular,equant. 2. Biotite.Size range: up to 62p. Shape: angularlaths.Comment:oxidized. 3. Whitemica. Size range: up to 40p. Shape: angularto subangularlaths,prolate. 4. Black opaques. Size range: up to 62p. Shape: rounded. Comment: typicnodules (Bullock et al, 1985, 104), brownishat the edges.

APPENDIX 2

CD-96

öei ζ oiass ι

Ξ

Opaques - Fine ||| White mica - Fine ^^^^| Biotite- Fine ^^^J Fine M-quartz ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^B Browntcfs Coarse ||| Opaques - Coarse

=

Carbonate - Coarse

1

d

Chert- Coarse

I

-

Epidote - Coarse

1

2 Qtz-bt±ep schist - Coarse

||j

^ 5

λ

^

Biotite- Coarse White mica - Coarse

a

I |

Ρ -quartz - Coarse

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^J M-quartz Coarse ^^^^^^^^Mj 0

20

40

60

80

100

Percentage (minimumand range)

Fig.A2.2. Composition chart:Set2 Class 1 (DarkBurnished/Fine WhiteSlippedMattPainted). frequency

//.Voids A. Size range. Up to sooop, most ιοο-2θομ. Β. Shape. Ovoid to irregular. ///.Inclusions abovesiltsize A. Monocrystalline quartz. Size range: up to 500p, mode about ιοομ. Shape: subangular. B. Polycrystallinequartz. Size range: up to 8οομ, mode about 300p. Shape: subangular,equant to ovoid. Comment:dominantlyequigranular. C. White mica. Size range: up to 300p, mode about 22ομ. Shape: thinlathsand sheaths. D. Biotite. Size range: up to ιοομ. Shape: shortlathsand sheaths.Comment:oxidised E. Quartz-biotite±epidote schist. Size range: up to Ξοοομ, mode about 1400p. Shape: subangular to subrounded. F. Epidote. Size range: loop. Shape: subangular.Comment:verypale green. G. Chert. Size range: 340p. Shape: well rounded.Comment:varied subgrainsizes. H. Carbonate. Size range: 200-500P. Shape: angularto well rounded,lenticularto ovoid. Comment: in voids,whereastheroundedexample (400p) angularexamplesare coarse-grained secondaryinfillings is limestone/dolomite. I. Black opaques. Size range: 500p. Shape: subangular,rectangular. Comment:typicnodules. Brown tcfs. Size rounded. Comment: smaller range: 100-750P. Shape: J. examplestendto be opaque; are well-rounded with to clear boundaries,c. 5% inclusions largerexamples highopticaldensity,sharp and white and have no internal orientation. mica), (frequentquartz preferred IV Discussion A. Additional features. None. B. Interpretation and comparison. This class is made up of three examples of Dark Burnished incisedvesselsand one Fine WhiteSlipped MattPaintedexample. These fabricsare characterisedby theirdark greyto reddish-brown, opticallyslightlyactive micromass,withwell-sortedfinesand and

APPENDIX 2

set ζ uass

^ .9.

CD-97

ζ

Epidote- FineJ Opaques- Fine1 - Fine Carbonate J Whitemica Fine ^BEEll Fine ^^KJ^^^^KI^^^ÊK^^^^^Ê^ M-quartz-

tcfs- Coarse |j J Dk grey-br Orthoclase- Coarse g "g SerpentiniteCoarse || - Coarse I Microfossils ο -I (Λ Carbonate Coarse | g Qtz-ep- Coarse | ^ Chert-Coarse 1 .0 tcfs- Coarse ^^^^J Red-br -=5 ~~ - Coarse Phyllite [Ü) Biotite- Coarse 1

'

- Coarse P-quartz ^^B^^^^B^^^B^^^ - Coarse ~^^B^^^^^[^^^BBÍ M-quartz 0

20

^^

' |

60 80 and Percentage(minimum range) 40

1

WhiteSlippedMattPainted). chart:Set2 Class2 (DarkBurnished/Fine Fig.As.3. Composition frequency

commonmediumsand. The fabricsare coarserin grainsize thanthoseof 1-1. More distinctive, is thecloserpackingofthegrainsand theclearerpresenceofmicaamongthefinesand.At however, to splitparallelto thewall ofthe themacroscale,thesefabricsare characterised by theirtendency micaparticles. orientation of clayand,in particular, vessel.Thisis mostlikelydue to thepreferred added as to have been None oftheinclusions temper. appears (c) SET 2 CLASS 2 (PLATE A2.I

C, FIG. A2.3)

sortedsandand silt.Samples:2216-2217,R201, R217, Name:Quartzandbrowntcfsin moderately R298,R307. /.Matrix(groundmass) A. Optical propertiesand colour. 1. Planepolarisedlight:(X45)yellowish-brown. aroundgrains,clay withtracesof opticalactivity 2. Crossedpolarisedlight:darkyellowish-brown in matrix. and voids, thoughsparse pellets(granostriated) B. Overall grain size and modalityof inclusionsand voids. Grainsoccupyc, 10% ofthefield. sorted.Voids Sizes rangefromsiltto 6ο-8ομ, reachingup to 850p. The inclusionsare moderately 1 c. and with a mode at c, of the field. Sizes between 5% range ιοομ. 30p ιοομ, occupy orientation noted C. Overall preferredorientationof inclusionsand voids. Tracesofpreferred in theoptically activematrix. D. Silt-sizedinclusions. 1. Monocrystalline quartz.Size range:up to 62p,modeabout4θ-6ομ. Shape: angularto subangular, equant. 2. Whitemica.Size range:up to 6ομ. Shape:angularlaths. 3. Carbonate.Size range:up to 62p. Shape:angular,equant.Comment:probablycalcite. 4. Red opaques.Size range:up to 62p. Shape:rounded,equant.Comment:typicnodules. toverypale green. colourless 5. Epidote.Size range:up to62p. Shape:subangular, equant.Comment:

APPENDIX 2

CD-g8

//.Voids A. Size range. Up to ΐ2θομ, most 240p, Β. Shape. Ovoid to lenticular, ///.Inclusions abovesiltsize A, Monocrystalline quartz. Size range:up to 300p, mode about ιοομ. Shape: angularto subangular, B, Polycrystallinequartz. Size range: up to 8οομ, mode about 400p, Shape: angularto subangular. Comment:equigranular, C, Biotite, Size range: up to ιθομ, mode about ιοομ. Shape: subangularlaths.Comment:oxidized, D, Phyllite (white mica). Size range: 26ο-8οομ, mode about 300p, Shape: rounded, E, Reddish brown tcfs.Size range: up to 850p, mode 140p, Shape: well rounded.Comment:dark reddish-brown, highopticaldensity,clear to diffuseboundaries,withveryfewto rarewhitemica and silt, quartz F, Chert, Size range: up to 500p, mode about 8op, Shape: subangular.Comment:equigranular, G, Quartz-epidote rock fragment.Size range: 120p, Shape: subangular.Comment:occursin 2217H, Carbonate, Size range:up to 450p, mode about 200p, Shape: subangularto rounded.Comment: equigranular,micriteto microcrystalline, I, Microfossils,Size range: 120-300P, Shape: see below. Comment:predominantly withtwo or more chambers, J, Serpentinite,Size range: 6oop, Shape: rounded.Comment:greenwithmachenstrukture. K, Orthoclase, Size range: 320p, Shape: rounded.Comment:cloudy, L, Dark greyish brown tcfs. Size range: 300-7 oop. Shape: rounded. Comment: occur in 2216; opticallyinactive,highoptical density,clear to diffuseboundaries,containfewsilt-sizedquartz, IV Discussion A, Additional features. Reddish-browntcfsstand out. The Riley samples are small and, in some cases relativelythick,makingcomparisonwith2216-2217 difficult, B, Interpretation and comparison. Dark Burnishedand Fine White Slipped Matt Paintedwares in thisclass.These fabricshave a darkreddish-brown, are represented activemicromass opticallyslightly withwell-sortedfinesand,common (2216) to veryraremediumsand and commonto frequent(2217) coarse sand (3 or 4 grains).The group consistsof oxidised,or more fired,versionsof fabricsin 2~i and 2~3- 2217 is finergrainedand containsrare microfossils. None of the inclusionsare likelyto have been added as temper.Fabricsof 2~2 are slightlycoarserthanthose of i~ 1, and the grainsare ~ generallyless denselypackedcomparedwithfabricsof2 1, thoughfinergrainedthan2 ~3- In addition, the reddish-browntcfsof 2~2 stand out in comparisonsbetween these fabrics.See also 3~i for fabricswithquartzand microfossils, (d) SET 2 CLASS 3 (PLATE As,1

d, FIG, A2.4)

Name: Well sortedquartzsand. Sample: 2234. /,Matrix(groundmass) A, Optical properties and colour, 1, Plane polarisedlight:(X45) pale brown (faintly mottleddark and light), %,Crossed polarisedlight:dark yellowish-brown, opticallyinactiveto active, B, Overall grain size and modality of inclusions and voids. Grains occupy c, 10% of the field. Sizes rangefromιοομ to 300p, reachingup to ιδοομ. The grainsize frequencydistribution is unimodal. Voids occupy c. 10% of the field.Sizes range from3θ-ΐ2ομ, reachingup to %ιοομ, C, Overall preferred orientation of inclusions and voids. Some preferredorientationnoted at low magnification (2ox) in the alignmentofvoids paralleland subparallelto thevesselwall and in the in veryfinemicasand relicclaymineraldomains, local occurrenceofwell-developedparallelorientation D, Silt sized inclusions, 1, Monocrystallinequartz.Size range: up to 6 %μ. Shape: angular,equant, %,Whitemica. Size range: up to 4ομ, Shape: angularlaths, 3, Biotite,Size range: up to 62μ. Shape: shortlaths.Comment:oxidized, 4, Epidote, Size range: up to 62μ. Shape: equant,subangular.Comment:pale green, 5, Dark brownopaques. Size range: up to 6ομ, Shape: rounded.Comment:typicnodules (Bullocket al 1985, 104)

APPENDIX 2

CD-99

Set 2 Class 3 Opaques - Fine | Epidote - Fine 1 Biotite- Fine

^ S

|

White mica- Fine^^J^^^^J^^^^Jll - Fine ^^^^^Γ M-quartz

|

I

Browntcfs- Coarse ||| Opaques - Coarse i schist- Coarse | § Qtz-wm-bt - Coarse 1 2 Wm-qtz-chl ο =! -

ë ~

g, g g -

Siltstone Coarse

| Plagioclase - Coarse | Phyllite- Coarse I

Crystlimestone - Coarse | | Chert- Coarse ^^|J|||||||| Ρ -quartz- Coarse ^^^^^^^^^11

|

-Coarse M-quartz ^^^^^^^J^^^^j 0

20

40

60

80

100

Percentage (minimumand range)

Fig.A2.4. Composition chart:Set2 Class3 (DarkBurnished). frequency

//.Voids A, Size range. Predominantly 30-500P, mode c 140p, Β, Shape, Predominantly ovoid; fewlenticularand fewirregular, ///,Inclusions abovesiltsize A, Monocrystalline quartz. Size range:up to 1000, mode about 300p, Shape: subangular.Comment: extinctionslightlyundulose,rare grainscontainmicrolitesof rutile(?), B, Polycrystallinequartz. Size range:soo-8oop, mode about 300p, Shape: subangularto subrounded, C, Chert, Size range: coarser grainsrange from6οομ to 1400p, finerrange from240p to 300p, Shape: subangular to subrounded, with coarse grains reaching rounded. Comment: frequently equigranular,rarelywithspheruliticstructures, D, Crystalline limestone. Size range:up to 500p, mode about 200p, Shape: subangular.Comment: coarse grainedwithinterlocking subgrainboundaries, E, Phyllite (white mica). Size range: up to 8oop, mode about 450p, Shape: rounded. Comment: rare quartzinclusions, F, Plagioclase, Size range: up to 200, mode about 100p, Shape: subangular.Comment:fresh,with Carlsbad and polysynthetic twinning, G, Siltstone, Size range: up to 1450p, Shape: well rounded. Comment: containsequigranularsiltsized grainsof quartz,black opaques and mica, H, Metamorphic rock fragments.Size range: up to 1760p, mode about 900p, Shape: rounded. Comment:veryfinegrainedwithsilt-sizedwhitemica, quartzand chlorite;possiblyassociatedwith the phyllite(E above), I, Quartz-white mica-biotite schist.Size range: up to 8oop, Shape: subrounded, J, Black opaques. Size range:62-500P, mode about 100p, Shape: subangularto rounded,equant to ovoid. Comment:typicnodules,frequently brownisharound the edges, K, Brown tcfs.Size range: 150-iooop, mode about 250p, Shape: well rounded,equant. Comment: dark yellowish-brown, high optical density,sharpto clear boundaries,5-20% inclusions;frequentto white mica and frequentto veryrare quartz,no internalpreferredorientation. predominant

APPENDIX

CD-ioo

2

Set 3 Class 1 Whitemica - Fine 1 Biotite- Fine [| Carbonate- Fine ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^p

i

Opaques - Fine wf=' M-quartz- Fine ^^^^^^^^^n rock- Coarse g Argillaceous

g ce

Plagioclase- Coarse | Chert- Coarse 1 -J

5= 2

as

•H.0 -^

|

_

- Coarse Microfossils B||||l M-quartz- Coarse Bl^j Carbonate- Coarse Hl||||

- Coarse Phyllite B|^( schist- Coarse Qtz-wm±bt B||||| Ρ-quartz- Coarse ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^p 0

20

| 40

60

80

10C

and range) Percentage(minimum

MattPainted). chart:Set3 Class 1 (WhiteSlippedGritty Fig.A2.5. Composition frequency

IV Discussion A. Additionalfeatures.None. hasa darkgrey/brown B. Interpretation and comparison.In summary, thisfabric ofDarkBurnished sand-sized with well-sorted fine to medium micromass thatisoptically active, grainsandcommon slightly and calcareous material. The of with rare coarsesandgrainspredominantly composed quartz phyllite of white mica to its well-sorted sand and the fabricis distinctive, owing grains patches biréfringent the thanthefabrics of1~ 1 to 2,~ 2. Withrespecttocomposition, aroundthegrains.Itis coarser-grained of the and the and metamorphic The inclusions indicatesedimentary origins. rounding sedimentary source.Giventhe thatbothwerederivedfroma sedimentary rockfragments suggests metamorphic with other fabrics ofa sedimentary of the this fabric has been classified source inclusions, sedimentary distribution The unimodal character rather thanwiththoseofmetamorphic grain-size suggests origin. wereaddedas temper. thatnoneoftheinclusions However,thewellsortednatureofthecoarsefraction forexample. processedtheclaypriortouse,perhapsbysieving, mayindicatethatthepotter(s) (e) set 3 class 1 (plate A2.1 e, fig. As. 5) ofcoarsesand-size.Samples:2265, 2321. Name:Quartzand microfossils /.Matrix(groundmass) A. Optical propertiesand colour. 1. Planepolarisedlight:(X45)darkyellowish-brown. inactive. 2. Crossedpolarisedlight:darkyellowish-brown, optically B. Overall grain size and modalityof inclusionsand voids. Grainsoccupyc. 15% ofthefield. distribution Sizes rangefromsilt(40p) to 1400p.The grainsize frequency probablyis bimodaland Voids c. of the field. Sizes sorted. range8ο-()θομ. occupy 5-10% moderately C. Overall preferredorientationofinclusionsand voids.Tracesofparalleltosubparallel preferred in elongatequartz,phyllite and micagrains. orientation

APPENDIX 2

CD-ιοί

D, Silt sized inclusions, ι. Monocrystallinequartz.Size range: up to 6 %p. Shape: angularto subangular,equant 2, Red opaques. Size range: up to 6op, Shape: rounded.Comment:typicnodules, the fabricas 3, Carbonate,Size range: about 30p, Shape: subrounded.Comment:occursthroughout a kef(crystalline concentration boundaries, feature;Bullocketaï 1985, 118) in largepatcheswithdiffuse 4, Biotite,Size range: 3o-6sp, Shape: laths.Comment:oxidized, 5, Whitemica. Size range: 3o-6sp, Shape: laths, //,Voids A, Size range. Up to 900p, mode about ioo-2oop, Β, Shape, Ovoid to lenticular, C, Comment, Few have carbonatecoatings, ///,Inclusions abovesiltsize A, Polycrystalline quartz. Size range: 100- 1200p, mode about 3θομ, Shape: subangular to subrounded.Comment: few have carbonatein them,withand withoutred opaques, and few have whitemica, intergranular B, Quartz-white mica±biotite schist.Size range: 200-1 ιοομ, mode about 6οομ, Shape: angularto rounded, C, Phyllite(whitemica). Size: 3θομ,Shape: rounded.Comment:withquartzand reddishbrownopaques, D, Carbonate, Size range:200- 1400p,mode about 55ομ, Shape: roundedto well rounded.Comment: micrite, E, Monocrystalline quartz. Size range: 80-900P, mode about ιοομ. Shape: angularto subangular, F, Microfossils,Size range: 80-400P, mode about 200p, Shape: see below. Comment:foraminifera, fewsurroundedwithreddish-brown opaques, and fewhave chambersfilledwithcarbonate, G, Chert, Size range: up to 4θομ, Shape: angular.Comment:equigranular,megaquartz, H, Plagioclase, Size range: up to 4θομ, Shape: subrounded.Comment:withbiotiteinclusions, I, Argillaceous rock fragment (arf). Size range: 400-1 ιοομ, mode about 700p, Shape: rounded. Comment:occurin 2321; some containwhitemica schist,some containquartzbiotiteschistassociated withcarbonate,some possiblygraphitic, IV Discussion A, Additional features. None, B, Interpretationand comparison. These fabrics,appearingin WhiteSlipped GrittyMattPainted, in darkbrownishmicromass,2265 is slightly consistprimarily ofpolycrystalline quartzwithmicrofossils finergrainedand well-sorted,withfewfossils,and whitemica and biotiteschist.The fabricsin this class are verysimilarto those of Set 2 exceptthatthe quartzis much coarserand the fossilsare more prominentthan those in 2~2, Analysisof a largersample of sherdsmay show Sets 2 and 3 to be related.In the contextofthepresentstudy,however,ithas been decided to keep thefabricsin 3 ~ 1, It is possible thatat least partof the coarse fractionhas been added as temper,giventhe bimodal grain size distribution and the degree of roundingin the quartz,schist,phylliteand carbonate, (f) SET 4 CLASS 1 (PLATE As,1 f, FIG, As.6)

Name: Coarse grainedmudstoneand chertfabrics.Samples: 2282, 2288-2289, 2326, R30, R320, R323, R368, R381, R384-385, R414, /,Matrix(groundmass) A, Optical properties and colour, 1, Plane polarisedlight:(X45) pale yellowish-brown, oftenslightlymottled,optically 2, Crossed polarisedlight:yellowishto slightlygrey/greenish-brown, inactive, B, Overall grain size and modality of inclusions and voids. Grains occupy c. 10-20% of the field.Sizes range fromsiltto 4000p, The grain size frequencydistribution is stronglybimodal, one mode at about 40p and the otherat about ιοοομ, and well sorted.Voids occupy c. 10% of the field. Sizes rangefrom30p to 3800p, mostly8op, C, Overall preferredorientationof inclusions and voids. Tracesofparallelto subparallelpreferred orientationof some of the largerinclusionswithrespectto the vessel walls.

APPENDIX 2

CD-102

Set4 Class 1 Carbonate - Fine 1111111 White mica - Fine g "ο ^

|

Opaques - Fine Η ^ M-quartz - Fine ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^M;;;

I ι

Ê -^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ tcfs - Coarse MÏ111111 "g Dk red-br/yell-gr ^ ο Q

Ρ -quartz- Coarse PI Be]

c

M-quartz- Coarse I

ü

Sandstone- Coarse il

., ==

-L"

Chert- Coarse B1111ÏÏÏ Mudstone- Coarse

^^^^^^^Blllll 0

20

40

60

80

10C

Fig.A2.6. Composition chart:Set4 Class 1 (Minoan/Lustrous Decorated). frequency

D. Silt-sized inclusions. 1. Monocrystallinequartz.Size range: up to 62p. Shape: angularto subangular,equant. 2. Red opaques. Size range: up to 6ομ. Shape: rounded.Comment:typicnodules. 3. Whitemica. Size range: up to 40p. Shape: angularto subangularlaths,prolate. 4. Carbonate.Size range:about 30p. Shape: subrounded.Comment:carbonatetendsto occur around voids (hypocoatings;see Bullock et αϊ, 1985, 99) and (in some samples) in clustersup to 6οομ in diameter(mode c. 2θομ), whichhave raggededges and are verylocalised. //.Voids A. Size range. Up to 3800p, mode about 8ομ. Β. Shape. Equant to ovoid withirregularwalls. C. Comment. Frequentvoids around large inclusions.A few voids contain secondarycarbonate derivedfrompost-burialdeposition. ///.inclusions abovesiltsize A. Mudstone. Size range: 3θθ~38οομ, mode about Ξοοομ. Shape: subangularto well rounded. Comment: coloured grey to reddish-brown, very fine grained with chert,other silt (quartz,white mica) and radiolaria;manygreyexampleswithbrownishrims. B. Chert. Size range: 200-ιοοομ, mode about 4θομ. Shape: angularto subangular.Comment:varied subgrainsizes,fewspheruliticexamples. C. Sandstone. Size range:500-1 4θομ, mode about7οομ. Shape: subangularto subrounded.Comment: well sorted(ιοο-2θομ), containingquartz,whitemica and biotitedenselypacked in a dark reddishbrowncement. D. Monocrystalline quartz. Size range: ιοο-^οομ. Shape: angularto subangular. E. Polycrystallinequartz. Size range:up to Ξοοομ,mode about ΐ4θομ. Shape: angularto subangular. F. Dark reddish-brown/yellowish-green tcfs.Size range: 6ο~36οοομ, mode about 6οομ. Shape:

APPENDIX 2

CD-103

well rounded,frequentlydistorted.Comment: high to neutraloptical density,boundaries clear to diffuse,containfrequentsiltof yellowand whitemica. IV Discussion A. Additional features.None. B. Interpretationand comparison. This fabricgroupis composedofMinoan and LustrousDecorated fineand medium-coarsewares.These fabricsconsistofmudstoneand chertwithveryfewto veryrare veryfinesand to silt-sizedinclusionsof quartz.2326 has rathermore siltto veryfinesand thanthe otherfabrics.The remainingsampleshave rareto veryrare siltto veryfinesand, and 2289 is slightly more yellowishin micromasscolour than 2282 and 2288. At the macro scale, the fabricsin thisclass are readilydistinguishedby the large grainsof mudstone.Traces of mudstonehave been foundin in Set 5. In such cases the mudstoneand chertform otherfabricsexaminedin thisstudy,particularly while it is the of a broad of range inclusions, predominanceofmudstoneand chertthatcharacterises part in compositionbetweenthe coarse and finefractionsand the the fabricsof4-1. Given the difference it is mostlikelythatthe mudstoneand chertwere added by bimodal grainsize distribution, distinctly the potter(s) as temper. (g) SET 4 CLASS 2 (NOT ILLUSTRATED)

Name: Medium-grainedmudstone,chertand limestonefabrics.Samples: 2323-2325 (samplesfound at Kastri,Lerna and Argos),R19-20, R23-24. /. Matrix(groundmass) A. Optical properties and colour. 1. Plane polarisedlight:(X45) pale yellowish-brown. oftenslightlymottled,optically 2. Crossed polarisedlight:yellowishto slightlygrey/greenish-brown, inactive. B. Overall grain size and modality of inclusions and voids. Grains occupy c. 20% of the field. is bimodal,one mode at about Sizes rangefromsiltto c ΐ2θομ. The grainsize frequencydistribution c. 10% of the field.Sizes rangefrom and well sorted. Voids and the other at about occupy 500p, 40p to 30p 700p, mostly2θομ. in voids. C. Overall preferredorientation of inclusions and voids. Tracesofsubparallelorientation D. Silt-sized inclusions. 1. Monocrystallinequartz.Size range: up to 6 2μ. Shape: angularto subangular,equant. 2. Red opaques. Size range: up to 6ομ. Shape: rounded.Comment:typicnodules. 3. Whitemica. Size range: up to 4ομ. Shape: angularto subangularlaths,prolate. 4. Biotite.Size range: about 3ομ. Shape: angularto subangular. //.Voids A. Size range. Up to 7οομ, mode about 2θομ. Β. Shape. Lenticularto ovoid withirregularwalls. ///.Inclusions abovesiltsize A. Mudstone. Size range: 3θθ-ΐ5θομ, mode about 5θομ. Shape: subangular to well-rounded. Comment: coloured grey to reddish-brown, very fine grained with chert,other silt (quartz,white mica) and radiolaria;manygreyexampleswithbrownishrims. B. Chert. Size range: 2θθ~9θομ, mode about 4θομ. Shape: angularto subangular.Comment:varied subgrainsizes. C. Sandstone. Size range: 2θθ~75ομ, mode about 5θομ. Shape: subrounded to well rounded. Comment: well sorted (ιοο-^οομ), containingquartz,white mica and biotitedensely packed in a dark reddish-brown cement. D. Monocrystalline quartz. Size range: ιοο-^οομ. Shape: angularto subangular. E. Polycrystallinequartz. Size range:up to 25ομ, mode about 2θομ. Shape: subangularto rounded. F. Dark reddish-brown/yellowishgreen tcfs. Size range: 6ο~3θοομ, mode about 6οομ. Shape: well rounded, equant. Comment: clear to diffuseboundaries,high to neutraloptical density;they containfrequentsiltof yellowand whitemica. G. Carbonate. Size range: ιοο~7οομ, mode about 3θομ. Shape: subangular to well rounded. Comment:micritic,theyonly occur in R23.

APPENDIX

2

CD-104

Set 5 Class 1

- Fine Carbonate ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^HÍÍÍÍÍÍÍÍI

-Fine^^^Bfffffffffl M-quarz Opaques - Coarse I

g ο

■*= ^ ^ Q

g õ

Dr red-brtcfs - Coarse Dk yell-brtcfs - Coarse

τ

H|||||| ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^B|

Ρ -quartz- Coarse H||||||

_^^*- - - '

Phyllite- Coarse || Carbonate - Coarse

B|||||

M-quartz- Coarse g Qtz-Musc-btschist - Coarse f

ι

ι

1

1

0

20

40

60

80

100

Percentage (minimumand range)

Fig. A2.7. Compositionfrequencychart:Set 5 Class 1 (LustrousDecorated/Coarse).

IV Discussion A. Additional features. None. B. Interpretation and comparison. This Set is comprisedof LustrousDecorated (mediumcoarse). These fabricscontain mudstone,chertand limestoneas predominantlywell-sortedmedium sandsized inclusions.Fabricsof 4-2 were initiallyisolatedas a subsetof 4-1, but theyare presentedas a separateclass since theyoccur both in Riley samples and in 2323-2325 (notfromAyios Stephanos). Compared withthe otherfabricsin thisstudy,those of 4-2 are characterisedby the mudstoneand but theyare chertcompositionof the coarse inclusionsand by theirbimodal grainsize distribution, the coarse finer size of well-sorted and fabrics of the from 4-1 by grain consistently distinguished fraction.This impliesthatthepotter(s)who producedthefabricsof4-2 were usinga slightlydifferent fromthat source fortheirtemperor thattheywere processingtheirtemperin a manner different in of fabrics of the 4-1. production employed (h) SET 5 CLASS 1 (PLATE As.2

fl, FIG. A2.7)

matrix.Samples: 2322, R376. Name: Schist,tcfsand quartzin fine-grained /. Matrix(groundmass) A. Optical properties and colour. 1. Plane polarisedlight:(X45) pale yellowish-brown. 2. Crossed polarisedlight:dark yellowish-brown, opticallyslightlyactive. B. Overall grain size and modality of inclusions and voids. Grains occupy c. 10% of the field and have a maximumsize of sooop (excludingtcfs)witha mode of about 500p. The grainsare well sortedand probablybimodal at c. 8ομ. Voids (a 5%) reach a maximumsize of c. 500p witha mode of c 70p. C. Overall preferred orientation of inclusions and voids. There is no preferredorientation. D. Silt-sized inclusions. 1. Monocrystallinequartz.Size range: up to 6sp. Shape: angularto subangular,equant.

APPENDIX

2

CD-105

//.Voids A. Size range. Maximum is c. 500p, mode is c,70p. Β. Shape. Ovoid to lenticular. abovesiltsize ///.Inclusions A. Quartz-muscovite-biotiteschist Size range: maximum750p, mode c, 500p. Shape: equant to columnar,subangular.Comment:well sorted,equigranular,biotiterelativelyfresh. B. Monocrystallinequartz. Size range:maximum2000p, mode c. 110p. Shape: subangular.Comment: cloudy and withundulose extinction. C. Carbonate (limestone/dolomite).Size range:up to 400p, mode c,260p. Shape: roundedto well rounded. Comments:microspariteto micrite,formerwith monocrystallinequartz inclusions (well sortedfinesand). D. Phyllite. Size: 1300p. Shape: subangular,rectangular.Comment:whitemica (muscovite). E. Polycrystalline quartz. Size range:maximum68op, mode c. 500p. Shape: equant to rectangular, subangularto well rounded.Comment:equigranular. F. Dark yellowish-browntcfs.Size range: 6op-s8oop, mode c. 8oop. Shape: well rounded,high apparent sphericity.Comment: high to neutral optical density,sharp to mergingboundaries. whitemica silt,veryfewto veryrare monocrystalline Constituents:up to 5%. Predominantly quartz. No preferredorientation.Dominanttype;faintto distinct. Comment: G. Dark yellowish-browntcfs.Size: 3300p. Shape: subrounded,low apparentsphericity. limestone and common c, Constituents: boundaries. 20%, frequent high optical density,sharp limestone well white mica few sorted, poorlysorted, (60-450P); quartz quartz,very monocrystalline no internalpreferredorientation.Common and distinct. H. Dark yellowish-brownopaques. Size range:6o-6oop. Shape: rounded.Comment:noduleswith clear to diffuseboundaries. b-fabric. I. Carbonate. Size range:c.30p. Shape: subrounded.Comment:poorlyimpregnated crystallitic IV Discussion A. Additional features. None. B. Interpretation and comparison. This Set is composed of one Coarse, plain and one Lustrous micromass Decorated, medium-coarse.The fabricsof 5~i consistof relativelyfineyellowish-brown withlargegrainsofschist,a littlequartzand limestoneand tcfs.Althoughthefabricshave theappearance ofbeingbimodal,itcannotbe ruledoutthattheyare simplypoorlysortedunimodalin size distribution. Thereforeit is not clear whetherthe coarse fractionhas been added as temper. (j) SET 5 CLASS 2 (PLATE A2.2

b, FIG. A2.8)

Name: Schistand quartzin finesand to siltymatrix.Samples: 2310-2311. /. Matrix(groundmass) A. Optical properties and colour. 1. Plane polarisedlight:(X45) yellowish-brown. 2. Crossed polarisedlight:darkyellowish-to reddish-brown, opticallyinactive. B. Overall grain size and modality of inclusions and voids. Grains occupy about 30% of the is bimodal at thesand-siltboundary(62.5p). field.The maximumsize is c. 3420p. The size distribution In thefinerfractionthegrainsare well sorted.In the coarserfractionthegrainsare poorlysorted,with a mode of c. 750p. Voids occupy c 10% ofthe fieldand have a maximumsize of 2000p, witha mode of c 120p. C. Overall preferred orientation of inclusions and voids. The fabricsdisplay weak preferred orientation. D. Silt-sized inclusions. 1. Monocrystallinequartz.Size range:up to 62p. Shape: angularto subangular. 2. Whitemica. Size range: up to 62p. Shape: laths,subangularto angular. 3. Polycrystalline quartz.Size range: up to 62p. Shape: angularto subangular. //.Voids A. Size range. Maximum 2000p, mode c, 120p. Β. Shape. Ovoid to lenticular.

APPENDIX 2

CD-106

Set 5 Class 2 P-quartz - Fine P| Whitemica - Fine IE _ ο

M-quartz- Fine ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^M^ Plagioclase - Coarse I

£=

M-quartz- Coarse ^^

i£

Opaques - Coarse f='

φ

C/)

o

g 2

V dk red-brtcfs - Coarse ^^^^^^^^ _^M~~~~~:;

eld - Coarse Opaques -qtz-f |||

;;;;;;; |

||

I

-Coarse^pffffffl | Carbonate Chert- Coarse 1

P-quartz- Coarse | schist- Coarse Qtz-wm±bt K|||||| Mudstone- Coarse Μ|11Ι1Ι 0

|

20

40

60

80

100

Percentage (minimumand range)

Fig.A2.8. Composition chart:Set5 Class 2 (MinoanSchistGroup). frequency

///.Inclusions abovesiltsize A. Mudstone. Size range:maximum1500p, mode c. 6οομ. Shape: roundedto well rounded,equant to rectangular.Comment: stronginternalpreferredorientation(probablyslate or shale), yellowishbrownin colour (xpl) withveryfew,well sorted,monocrystalline quartzsilt.Also greyexamples (xpl) with none to internal orientation. especially2310 verystrong preferred B. Quartz-white mica±biotite schist.Size range:up to 3000p, mode c. 1ιοομ. Shape: subangularto rounded,rectangular. C. Polycrystallinequartz. Size range:maximumc.700p, mode c.400p. Shape: roundedto subangular. Comment:equigranular,fewwithcommonwhitemica. D. Chert. Size: 650p. Shape: rounded.Comment:megaquartz. E. Carbonate. Size: 1350p. Shape: subrounded.Comment:micritic,containsveryfewinclusionsof quartzsiltand phyllite. F. Opaques-quartz-feldspar rock fragment. Size range: maximum 3000p. Shape: rounded. Comment:simpletwinnedfeldspar,opaque is verydarkbrownto black (xpl). G. Verydark reddish-browntcfs.Size range:2 100-3420P,mode a 2500p. Shape:wellrounded,medium to highapparentsphericity. Comment:sharpboundaries,highopticaldensity.Constituents: 5-10% preconcordantto discordorientation; dominantly monocrystalline quartz,100-300P, no internalpreferred ant(wheretracesofgranostriated b-fabricoccuraroundtcfs)distinct toprominent and predominant type. H. Black opaques. Size range:maximum100, mode c,6op. Shape: angularto subangular.Comment: typicnodules. I. Monocrystalline quartz. Size range: up to 300p, mode c. 100p. Shape: angularto subangular. J. Plagioclase. Size: 6oop. Shape: subangular.Comment:cloudy. IV Discussion A. Additional features. None. B. Interpretation and comparison. Fabrics of thisMinoan class are characterisedby theirdark micromasswithcommon,well sorted,finesand to siltand frequentcoarse inclusions: yellowish-brown ~ schist, dominantly polycrystalline quartz,feldsparand mica. The most strikingfeatureof 5 2 is the

APPENDIX 2

CD-107

Set 5 Class 3 Opaques - Fine ||

-^

I

^

White mica- Fine ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^Klllllll

1

- Fine M-quartz ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^Bjjjjiil

1

-^^^^^^^^^^

Scapolite - Coarse |||||||^

I

Orthoclase - Coarse

^

Wm-chlschist - Coarse

~ -

ι

I

||| ^j|||||

M-quartz- Coarse pi Qtz-bt phyllite- Coarse

H|||||||

P-quartz - Coarse ^^^^K

White mica-Coarse^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^Blllllllj 0

20

40

| 60

80

100

Percentage (minimumand range)

Fig.A2.9. Composition chart:Set5 Class3 (MicaceousMinoan). frequency

densepackingofgrainsin thefinefraction. Thisis in markedcontrast to fabrics of5- 1,wheregrains are sparselydistributed. The roundingof some of the coarsefraction withthe inclusions, together in distinct of the size distribution and the difference between the coarse grain bimodality composition in and finefractions this at least a function of that the coarse (though is, grainsize) suggest part, fraction was addedas temper. (k) SET 5 CLASS 3 (PLATE As.2

C, FIG. A2.9)

Name:Whitemicaofcoarsesandsize.Samples:2302a, 2303, 2305. /.Matrix(groundmass) A. Optical propertiesand colour. 1. Planepolarisedlight:(X45)darkreddish-brown to darkbrown. inactiveto active(monostriated). 2. Crossedpolarisedlight:darkgreyto brownish grey,optically B. Overall grain size and modalityof inclusionsand voids. Grainsoccupyc. 30% ofthefield. Maximumgrainsizeis 3000p.The grainsizedistribution appearstobe bimodalwitha boundaryat c, In the coarse fraction the mode is a Voids 50p. 500p. occupyc. 10%ofthefield.Theyhavea maximum size of c. 8οομ and a modeof c. 300p. C. Overall preferredorientationof inclusionsand voids. Internalpreferred orientation is very in the of the vessel wall. strongly developed plane D. Silt-sizedinclusions. 1. Monocrystalline quartz.Size range:up to 6sp. Shape: equant,angularto subangular. 2. Whitemica.Size range:up to 62μ. Shape:rectangular laths,angular. Comment:typicnodules. 3. Blackopaques.Size range:up to 6ομ. Shape: angularto subangular. //.Voids A. Size range. Maximumc. 8οομ,mode c 3θομ. Β. Shape. Ovoid to lenticular, fewwithraggedboundaries.

APPENDIX

%

CD-108

///.Indusionsabovesiltsize A, White mica. Size range: 6ο-8οομ, mode c 2θομ, Shape: long thinlaths,angular. Comment:sheathsand singlelaths, B, Polycrystallinequartz. Size range: up to 22θομ, mode c. 750p, Shape: subangularto rounded. Comment:equigranular, C, Quartz-biotitephyllite.Size range:up to 1300p, mode c. 8οομ, Shape: roundedto well rounded. Comment:especiallyin 2302a and 2305, similarto greymudstonein 5~2; strongpreferred orientation is common, D, Monocrystalline quartz. Size: up to 700p, Shape: angularto subangular, E, White mica-chlorite schist.Size range:up to 1750p, mode c. 500p, Shape: ovoid to rectangular, subangularto subrounded, F, Orthoclase, Size: 6oop, Shape: angular.Comment:relativelyfresh, G, Scapolite(?), Size: 3000p, Shape: subangular.Comment:firstordergreyinterference colour, IV Discussion A, Additional features.None, B, Interpretation and comparison. These fabrics,all Micaceous Minoan, are readilydistinguished to grey,opticallyinactivemicromassin conjunctionwiththe dominant by theirdark reddish-brown whitemica,commonquartz(predominantly and well developed preferred orientation. polycrystalline) It is difficult to determinewhetherany ofthe coarse fractionhas been added as temper.The rounding of some of the coarse inclusions,togetherwiththe bimodal grainsize distribution, certainlypointto the presence of temper.Nevertheless,one cannot rule out the possibilitythat the coarse fraction includes re-workedsedimentarymaterial(hence the rounded inclusions),given thatthe whitemica lathscut across the bimodal size distribution, (1) set 5 class 4 (plate As, 2 dyfig, As, 10) Name: Quartz,schistand phyllite,poorlysorted.Samples: 2327, R246, R411, R430, R580-581, /,Matrix(groundmass) A, Optical properties and colour, 1, Plane polarisedlight:(X45) pale yellowish-brown, 2, Crossed polarised light: slightlyactive, stipple speckled, monostriatedand granostriateddark yellowish-brown, B, Overall grain size and modality of inclusions and voids. Grains occupy c. 20% of the field. and are poorlysorted.Maximumsize is 2900p, with They appear to have a unimodalsize distribution a mode of c. 400p, Voids occupy c. 10% of the field.They have a maximumsize of ιοοομ, witha mode of c 250p, C, Overall preferred orientation of inclusions and voids. No preferredorientation, D, Silt-sized inclusions, 1, Monocrystallinequartz.Size range: 3θ-62μ, Shape: equant,angularto subangular, 2, Polycrystalline quartz.Size range: 45 -6 %μ. Shape: equant,angularto subangular, White mica. Size 3, range: 3θ-62μ, Shape: angularlaths.Comment:individuallaths, Black Size 4, range: 3θ-6^μ, Shape: equant,angularto rounded.Comment:typicnodules, opaques. //,Voids A, Size range. Maximum ιοοομ, mode c. 25ομ, Β, Shape, Ovoid to lenticular, ///,Inclusions abovesiltsize A, Polycrystallinequartz. Size range:up to 1 ΐ5ομ, mode c. 3θομ, Shape: equant to ovoid, rounded to angular.Comment:varied subgrainsizes, B, White mica and biotite schist. Size range: maximum ΐ4θομ, mode c 4θομ, Shape: ovoid, roundedto subangular, C, Chert, Size range: 4θομ maximum, most c. 3θομ, Shape: rounded. Comments: mega- and microquartz;some has whitemica in it and is similarto phyllite, D, Monocrystalline quartz. Size range:maximum4θομ, mode c. 8ομ, Shape: angularto subangular, E, Biotite,Size range: ΐ2ομ maximum,mode c.7ομ, Shape: angularlaths.Comment:slightly oxidised.

APPENDIX 2

CD-109

Set 5 Class 4

Opaques - Fine ^^^^j Whitemica - Fine ^^^^J P-quartz- Fine ^^^^J

^ .2 O

jz φ

Glaucophane? - Coarse I -|

Feldspar - Coarse WE -EËz

2 ο o^ g

Whitemica - Coarse I

"I

-g ~~

|

- Fine M-quartz ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H^^M^^MI

Opaques - Coarse Β V dk red-br tcfs- Coarse ^J Pale yell-br tcfs- Coarse ^^^^K - Coarse -^^^™ Bt-wmphyllite Η

j^

|

I

|'

Biotite- Coarse p|

M-quartz- Coarse J Chert- Coarse ^^^^(

Wm±btschist- Coarse

^^^^j Coarse P-quartz ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H^^^^^^l 0

20

40

60

80

100

and range) Percentage(minimum

Fig.A2.10.Composition chart:Set5 Class4 (variouswares). frequency

F. Whitemica. Size range:250p maximum, mode c. ιοομ. Shape:longthinlaths,angular. G. Biotiteand whitemica phyllite.Size range:1ιοομ maximum, mode c.400p. Shape:rounded, ovoid.Comment:frequently veryfine-grained. H. Pale yellowish-browntcfs.Size range: i5oo-2goop. Shape: subrounded.Comment:sharp mediumapparentsphericity. Constituents: c. 5-40%; boundaries,neutralto highopticaldensity, rockfragments containing opticallyactivemicromass(monostriated) predominant phyllitic (mostly orientation is strongand chertyquartz)and rare monocrystalline quartzsilt.Internalpreferred dominant and distinct. discordant, I. Very dark reddish-brown tcfs.Size range:600- 1500p.Shape: well rounded.Comment:sharp mediumapparentsphericity. Constituents: boundaries,highopticaldensity, 5-50%; predominant orientation discordant, polycrystalline quartzandcommonmonocrystalline quartz.No internal preferred distinct and frequent. tosubrounded. Comments: J. Black opaques. Sizerange:i2o-6sop. Shape:subangular typicnodules. K. Feldspar.Sizerange:2θθ~7οομ.Shape:subangular tosubrounded. Comment: inR^jo untwinned, also occurin association withwhitemica,and in 2327 plagioclase. L. Glaucophane(?).Size: 760p.Shape:subangular. Comment: one columnar examplefoundinR411: biaxialnegativewithsmall2V angle(c. 20o). pale pinkto greycolour,slightly pleochroic, IV Discussion A. Additionalfeatures.None. B. Interpretation and comparison.ThisClasscomprises Minoan(Zerner's'MinoanSchistGroup'), MicaceousMinoan,FineLustrous Matt Painted andtwocoarsewares.Thesefabrics Decorated,Gritty arecharacterised their active micromass andpoorlysortedinclusions reddish-brown, by optically slightly of polycrystalline white mica and whitemica. The schist,mudstone/phyllite fragments quartz, nature of the inclusions fabrics from those of other Sets,whilethepoor 5-4 distinguish metamorphic them from other fabrics of Set The are 5. sorting grains quitecloselypacked,thoughnotso separates muchas in 5 ~ 2, andthiseasilydiscriminates betweenfabrics of5-4 andthoseof5- 1. Although 5-4

APPENDIX 2

CD-no

Set 6 Class 1

Opaques - Fine El Epidote?- Fine I Biotite- Fine El Whitemica - Fine ^^^J Plagioclase- Fine B||||l

^n ■g

"Jjj !£ φ

-Fine M-quartz ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ÈÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊi

Opaques - Coarse E| Biotite- Coarse i

Epidote?- Coarse I _|j Chert- Coarse ^^^B|||||||| g - Coarse phyllite I Qtz-Chl±bt ^^^^H^H~~^~^ Qtz-wmschist- Coarse ^^^^^^^^J|| ο ο

|

M-quartz- Coarse Β Plagioclase- Coarse i

Ρ-quartz- Coarse H||||l 0

20

40

60

80

100

Percentage (minimumand range)

Fig.A2.11. Composition chart:Set6 Class 1 (CoarseLocal Group). frequency

in thesefabrics fabrics containwhitemica,itis farlessprominent comparedwith5~3. Severalofthe coarsergrainsare rounded,butgiventhepoorsorting, itis notpossibleto determine whether these inclusions addedtemper. represent (m) set 6 class 1 (plate As. 2 e9fig. A2. 11) Name:Weathered igneousrock.Sample:2319. /.Matrix(groundmass) A. Optical propertiesand colour. 1. Planepolarisedlight:(X45)darkyellowish-brown. 2. Crossedpolarisedlight:inactiveto slightly active,stipplespeckleddarkyellowish-brown. B. Overall grain size and modalityof inclusionsand voids. Grainsoccupyc. 10% ofthefield. The sizedistribution appearstobe unimodalandpoorlysorted.Maximumsizeis 1300p,witha mode at α 6ομ. Voidsoccupya 5% ofthefield.Theyhave a maximumsize of6οομ and a modeof c.40p. C. Overall preferredorientationof inclusionsand voids. No preferred orientation seen. D. Silt-sizedinclusions. 1. Monocrystalline quartz.Size range:up to 62μ. Shape:equant,angular. Size Comment:simpletwinning, fresh. 2. Plagioclase. range:up to 6ομ. Shape:equant,subangular. White mica. Size to 6 2μ. Shape:laths,angular. 3. range:up 4. Biotite.Size range:up to 62μ. Shape:laths,angular.Comment:oxidised Comment:colourless. 5. Epidote(?).Size range:c. 6ομ. Shape: equant,subangular. 6. Blackopaques.Sizerange:upto6^μ. Shape:equant,subangular torounded. Comment: typicnodules. //.Voids A. Size range. Maximum6οομ,mode c.4ομ. Β. Shape. Ovoid to lenticular.

APPENDIX

2

CD-ill

///.Inclusions abovesiltsize A. Devitrified volcanic rock. Size range:400p maximum,mode c. 2θομ. Shape: equant,subrounded. darkreddish-brown Comment:frequently opaque (xpl)withtraces cherty(i.e. silicified)and frequently of porphyritic textureand laths. B. Igneous rock fragments.Size range: ΐ2θομ maximum,mode c. 8οομ. Shape: subrounded,ovoid. Comment:coarse texture,quartzand plagioclase,not equigranular. C. Polycrystallinequartz. Size range:maximumιοοομ, mode c. ΐ5ομ. Shape: angularto subrounded, boundaries. equant to ovoid. Comment:equigranular,straight D. Plagioclase. Size range: maximum3θομ, mode c. ι8ομ. Shape: subangular,equant. Comment: Carlsbad and simpletwinning, cloudy. frequently E. Monocrystalline quartz. Size range:24θμ maximum,mode c. ΐ5ομ. Shape: angularto subangular, equant. F. Quartz -white mica schist.Size range: ΐ3θομ. Shape: rounded.Comment:fine-grained. G. Quartz-chlorite(?)±biotite phyllite. Size range: ΐ2θομ maximum,mode c. 7οομ. Shape: ovoid, tosubrounded.Comment:chlorite(?) subangular maybeazeolitewhichistoofineforaccurateidentification. H. Chert. Size: 2θομ. Shape: rounded.Comment:microquartz. I. Epidote(?). Size: ΐ2ομ. Shape: equant,subrounded. J. Biotite. Size: c. 8ομ. Shape: equant laths,subangular.Comment:oxidised. K. Black opaques. Size range:maximumιοομ, mode c.6ομ. Shape: equant,subangularto subrounded. Comment:typicnodules. IV Discussion A. Additional features.None. B. Interpretation and comparison. This Coarse Local group fabricis distinguishedby its dark micromasswithfinesand to siltgrainsand coarse inclusionsof weatheredigneous yellowish-brown volcanics.The coarse fraction rockfragments; some appear to be plutonicwhile othersare devitrified mixture of rock have been added as the typespresentand commonoccurrenceof may temper,given rounded grains.It is possible thatthisfabriccontainsmaterialfromthe local volcano-sedimentary series,but similarfabricshave been foundin MH Minoan importsto Lerna. (n) set 6 class 2 (plate A2.2 f, fig. As. 12) Name: Volcanicfabric.Sample: 2328. /. Matrix(groundmass) A. Optical properties and colour. 1. Plane polarisedlight:(X45) darkbrownish-green. 2. Crossed polarisedlight:opticallyinactivedarkbrownish-green. B. Overall grain size and modalityofinclusionsand voids. Grainsoccupyc.20% ofthefield.Maximum size is 1050p,witha mode at c.8ομ. The grainsize distribution appearsto be unimodaland moderately sorted.Voidsoccupy a 20% ofthefield.The maximumsize is c. ιοοομ, witha mode at c.6ομ. C. Overall preferred orientation of inclusions and voids. There is no preferredorientation. D. Silt-sized inclusions. 1. Monocrystallinequartz.Size range: up to 62μ. Shape: equant,angularto subangular. 2. Feldspar.Size range: up to 62μ. Shape: equant to rectangular,angularto subangular.Comment: plagioclase,fresh;sanidinemay be presentbut was not detected. 3. Clinopyroxene.Size range:up to 62μ. Shape: equantto rectangular, subangular.Comment:colourless. to Black Size to 4. range:up 62μ. Shape: equant ovoid, angularto well rounded.Comment: opaques. nodules. typic //.Voids A. Size range. Maximum ιοοομ, mode c. 6ομ. Β. Shape. Ovoid to lenticular. ///.Inclusions abovesiltsize A. Feldspar. Size range: maximum95θμ, mode c. 25ομ. Shape: equant to rectangular,angularto rounded. Comment: predominantlyplagioclase with common sanidine, both twinnedand fresh, plagioclase commonlyzoned.

APPENDIX 2

CD-i 12

Set 6 Class 2 Opaques - Fine 1|| - Fine Clinopyroxene 1|| ^

σ) S

Feldspar- Fine ^^^^J

| _^^^Μ^Β=ξξ I - Fine M-quartz ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^Bllllll

φ

Μ-quartz- Coarse |

Ε

Opaques - Coarse BEEEE

CO

'

^^^^^^^^

^ Verydk brtcfs- Coarse B||||||j ^ ο j§ ο

Chert- Coarse

| _p M-quartz- Coarse m=' m='

- Coarse WE Clinopyroxene Volcanicrock- Coarse B||||||j Feldspar- Coarse ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^Bllllll 0

20

40

' 60

80

100

and range) Percentage(minimum

Fig.A2.12.Composition chart:Set6 Class 2 (Aeginetan MattPainted). frequency

B, Volcanic rock fragments. Size range:maximum1050p,mode c,350p,Shape: roundedto well ingroundmass rounded.Comment:clinopyroxene andfeldspar offinerfeldspar andopaquematerial; all (withsingleexception ofa feldspar arerelatively fine;rarevesicular fragments, phenocryst) crystals C, Clinopyroxene,Size range:maximum200p, mode c, ιοομ. Shape: subrounded.Comment: colourless, D, Monocrystalline quartz.Sizerange:maximum 650p,modec. 150p,Shape:angulartosubangular, E, Chert,Size range:maximumιοομ, mode c. 65p, Shape: subangular. Comment:equigranular, microquartz, F, Verydark browntcf.Size range:300-ιοοομ,Shape:wellrounded.Comment:sharpboundaries, mediumapparentsphericity. Constituents: 5%, predominantly highopticaldensity, monocrystalline orientation, quartzsiltwithfewplagioclasesilt,well sortedand angular.No internalpreferred and prominent, predominant G, Black opaques. Size range:maximumιθομ,mode c. 6ομ, Shape: subangular to subrounded. Comment:predominantly typicnodulesand fewhypocoatings 4ομ thick, IV Discussion A, Additionalfeatures.None, B, Interpretation and comparison.The fabricofthisAeginetan MattPaintedjar is characterised by itsdarkbrownish-green micromass(xpl)withfrequent and volcanicinclusions. It is unlikely quartz thatanyof theinclusions wereadded as temper.The fabricis distinguished from6~i by itsfiner the absence of weathered inclusions and inclusions of andby thegreen grainsize, plutoniccharacter, A sourcein theAegeanvolcanicislandarc,probablyAegina,is mostlikely, colourofthemicromass, (iii) Discussion of the Petrographic Analysis FabricsofSets 1, 2 and 3, thatis fabrics containing predominantly quartz,couldhavebeenproduced in almostanyregionof Greece,Althoughchemicalanalysismayprovidemoreinformation on the

APPENDIX

2

CD-113

data in termsof grain-size possibleoriginsof thesefabrics(see §3 below),use of thepétrographie distribution and grainpackingmayprovideusefulinformation fortheclassification of vessels.The of in well microfossils Set fabrics serves to themfrom 3 presence relatively preserved distinguish fabricsofSet 2. The microfossils be derived from local limestone/dolomite sediments. LikeSet may Set 3 fabrics aredominated and unless 2 fabrics, however, therefore, by quartz micropalaeontological evidencefromthefossilscan narrowtherangeofpotential remains sources,theoriginofthesefabrics Fabrics in mudstone inclusions are common southern with the result that Greece, containing open. theexamplesinSet 4 cannotbe easilyprovenanced on thebasisoftheinclusions exceptbycomparison withotherfabricsofidenticalcomposition and knownsource.The presenceofshalesand quartzitic in thevicinity sandstone ofthesitemakesa local origintenable. TheLustrous Decoratedsamples(4- 1,4-2) havebeencomparedpetrographically withcomparable from Kastri in on Lerna and There are variations (in 2323-2325 4-2) specimens Argos.20 Kythera, therangeofinclusions, thetexture and theappearanceofthemicromass the from among specimens each locality.Nevertheless, all are conceivablyvariations on the same fabricset,i.e. Set 4. Most in each localityofspecimenswithfabricsso similarthattheyare virtually is theoccurrence striking - limestone, the radiolarian mudstone, indistinguishable, despite presenceofa varietyofinclusions sandstoneand chert.Moreover,in thesesamples,thetextureand opticalactivity of the mudstone, micromass are identical, as are thetefs,whichindicatesthattheclay(s)probablycamefroma single sourceor severalsimilarsources.Giventhissimilarity, itis probablethatat leastsome,and possibly all oftheLustrousDecoratedfromeach oftheselocalitiesweremadeat one centre.The source(s)of thefabrics cannotbe determined on presentevidence.However,thecharacteristically highdegreeof and wellsortedgrain-sizes towards a beach or streamrounding amongthecoarseinclusions points bed sourceforthesandtemper. One exampleof a micaceousMinoanfabriccomparableto 5-2 and 5-3 is knownamongMH Thisfabriccontainswhitemicaand biotiteschist,monosamplesfromLernastudiedby thewriter. and polycrystalline white mica and chert.The Minoan Fabricwithphyllitereportedby quartz, Betancourt and Myer(in Zerner,Betancourt and Meyer1986) has affinities withfabrics5-2 and micaand quartzhas finermicathanthemicaceousMinoan 5~3, thoughtheirFineFabriccontaining fabrics discussedhere. In contrast to5 ~ 2 and5-3, whichareattributed toa Minoanoriginonstylistic thesource(s) evidence, offabrics toidentify, in the common occurrence of schist 5-1 and5-4 aremoredifficult given deposits theregionas whole.R376 and R430 haveunusualfabrics forLustrousDecorated,but,as was noted therangeof above,thesmallsizesoftheRileysamples(often1 sq. cm or less)couldhave distorted in inclusions the Further will of Lustrous Decorated sherds be represented samples. analyses necessary to determine in fabricproperties. whether thesesamplesrepresent a significant variation 2326 (4- 1) is identified as a Minoanimport on stylistic in§3) andhasmudstone and grounds(cf.thechemicalresults chertina siltymatrix. Similarfabrics areknownfromLerna,wherethesiltymatrix seemstocharacterise theMinoanmudstone fabrics ofsamplesidentified as MinoanwhencomparedwithMattstylistically PaintedandLustrous Decoratedfabrics, whichalso containmudstone. Fabricsbearingsomesimilarity to 6~i (see nextparagraph) havebeen isolatedamongMH Minoanimports to Lerna.Theycontain inclusions ofaltered volcanicrock,quartz-plagioclase rockfragments, schist andphyllite. Minoansamples fromMH Lernathatare notrepresented the material with among AyiosStephanos comprisefabrics and fabrics with siliceous inclusions fine-grained quartz biogenic (spongespicules). The fabricof6~i contains weathered Theweathering andsubrounded character igneousinclusions. of the inclusionsindicatesthata sedimentary have been the source of the raw depositmay material. Minoan fabrics of similar character are known from this fabric Lerna, Although mightalso have been producedat Ayios Stephanos,giventhe local occurrenceof the volcano-sedimentary formation. Clearly,it would be usefulto conductpétrographie analysison samplesfromthe if formation to determine in 6~i. The there is to theinclusions volcano-sedimentary anysimilarity fabricof6~2 is comparableto fabrics foundin ceramicsfromislandsoftheAegeanvolcanicarc,in fabricsfromAegina,althoughtheseare usuallycharacterised particular by amphiboleratherthan This does not rule out other volcanic but the volcanic islandsoftheAegeanare sources, pyroxene. the best for starting probably point testing provenance. Finally,potentialadditionof temper(by thepotter)has been notedwhereverit appearedto be on thebasisoffabricproperties. in Bimodalgrain-size distributions and markeddifferences justified 20See§i above.

APPENDIX

2

CD-i 14

and/orroundness(depending on composition) ofthecoarserinclusions can all sorting composition, be interpreted towardsthisend.The advantageofmakingthesedistinctions lies in thepossibility of definingtechnologicaltraditionseven when fabricsdisplaysimilargeological characteristics. itshouldalwaysbe bornein mindthattempering is a processofchangeintroduced Nevertheless, by thepotterand,as such,cannotbe securely identified without oftheproperties oftheraw knowledge beforeand afterthechangetookplace.Sometimes material(s) changesofthisnaturecan be identified whensimilarfabricscontaindifferent courseinclusions, butin mostcaseswhererawmaterials have notbeen identified, has to be demonstrated fabric and these tempering through specific properties, offer orprobability, rather thancertainty, baseduponthespecified criteria. onlya degreeofpossibility 3. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS R. E.Jones Zerner'sAS samples,publishedin Chapter5 above,wereanalysedbyatomicabsorption spectrometry in a numberofrecentpublications.21 thathavebeendescribed The percentage (AAS)usingprocedures concentrations ofnineelementsin theiroxide formweredetermined. Ti Two additionalelements, and Si, whichare normally measuredby theFitchLaboratory, wereomittedfortechnicalreasons; theirabsencefromthepresentdata set,although is unlikely to affect thevalidity ofthe unfortunate, classification. samples' The presentdatasetis treated means,thatis byunivariate means,as also bythevisual-comparative is thecomparison withreference obtainedbyAAS orOES.22Itis important toemphasise data,whether at thispointthat,first, theavailablereference forCreteor thePéloponnèse, concerns data,whether III Late Bronze and the of Late Bronze fine wares atAyios second, mainly pottery, Age compositions and Kastri on cannot be differentiated with confidence. and discuss Stephanos Kythera Vagnetti Jones theissueofcomparability ofAAS andOES datafromtheFitchLaboratory andtheResearchLaboratory forArchaeology at Oxford.23 The compositions ofZerner'sAS samplesare setoutin table A2.4; theOES composition datafor in Rutter's table are As. 5. samples presented The first betweennon-calcareous and calcareous gainedof thedata is thedistinction impression with few the micaceous and other fabrics On compositions, represented exceptions by respectively. thebasisofthepreviouschemicalanalyses,thecalcareouscomposition accounts for the 'local' type fabric, Mycenaeanfinewares; despiteits contrasting Jonesand Rutterfoundthatthe Oatmeal' to thistype,albeitwithwiderconcentration Minoanising(i.e. LustrousDecorated)also conformed in several elements than the fine wares.24 This in ranges type,whichis notnormallyencountered LM III potteryin centralor westernCrete,is takento be the 'canonicallocaP compositionat AyiosStephanosand itsenvirons. Set 1 forms, withtheexceptionofthe'imported' chemical R295, a ratheruniform Pétrographie the 'canonical locaP in What variation there is lies calcium and group,having composition. magnesium,25 2233, R37, R287, R291, R834-835 and R867 havinglowervalues in theseelementsthanthe in Set 1. R295 has a typicalnon-calcareous remainder The Set 2 compositions stand composition. to their low calcium with the of low the classes within and, apartowing manganese; exception 2216, thissetare not,and wouldnotbe expectedto be, chemically differentiated. 2265 and 2321, which makeup Set 3, forma pairin chemicalterms,whichbelongsto the'canonicallocaP composition. The Set 4 chemicalcompositions also belongto the'canonicallocaP type,a notablefeature being in calciumand magnesium thattheirvariation whichcutsacross4~i and 4~2, compares contents, verycloselywiththatin Set 1. The metamorphic character ofSet 5 is reflected in generally low calciumcontents. 5~i chemically is something ofan exceptionin thisrespect, since2322 can be assignedto the'canonicallocal' type, as is R376 butwitha muchhighercalciumcontent. 2310-2311 in 5~2, on theotherhand,havevery low calciumcontents and forma pair exceptin manganese.Two examplesof Micaceouswaresin of highmagnesiumand veryhighmanganese(>o.2O% 5~3> 2302a and 2305, sharethe features whiletheothermemberoftheClass,2303,resembles theMicaceousMinoananalysed MnO) content, in 1977 (R411, R592, 1013-1015).26 in 5-4, ranging Thereis littlechemicaluniformity from2327, whichis verysimilarto 2311, toR430, whichhas a 'canonicallocaP composition. 21 Liddy1989;Jonesand Vagnetti1991;Jones1995. 22 1986,224-5, 256-7. Jones 23 Jonesand Vagnetti1991.

24Tonesand Rutter1077. 25See Tones1086,fier, κ.αά, 26 Jonesand Rutter1977.

APPENDIX

CD-i 15

%

Table A2.4. The chemicalcompositionsofZerner's samples,expressedas percentageoxides (AAS results). Cat no.

Al

Ca

1831 2206 2216 2217 2224 2233 2234 2265

17.8 11.7 19.5 19.3 15.9 ι9Λ Χ9·3 ΐ2·9 16.4

2282

2288

2289

14.6

14.6

2302a 2303 2305 2310 2327

16.1 23-6 ΐ5·9 ΐ7·6 Χ7·9

2319 2321

11-5

2322 2323 2324 2325 2326 2311 2328

1^·1

ΐ7·6 ι6·4 ΐ3·2 ΐ4·9 15.9 ι6·3 11.5

Mg

Fe

Na

0.5 0.5 <ι 3.5 0.5 6·4 3·1 9-8

1.9 1.3 2.0 1.7 1.6 3·° 2Λ 2-9

7.9 5.2 7.4 8.2 6.6 7-4 7-4 6.6

Q-8

3-5

8. ο

0.68 0.44 Ο·44 0.59 ο·43 ο·9* ο.8ο ο·59

3·°

6.g

3-2

7·°

6.4

ΙΟ.2

Ο·43

0.43 1·1^

Κ

Μη

Cr

Ni

2.97 1.81 2-99 2.63 2·54 3-55 2.88 2.63

0.028 0.023 °·°99 0-059 °·°43 °·°53 °·°39 0.138

0.021 0.018 0.036 0.025 0.022 ο'ο4ι 0.025 ο.θ2ΐ

0.011 0.011 o.oi6 0.010 0.014 °·°2ΐ ο.οίο 0.013

0.040

0.030

3·29

4-34 2-54

ο. ι ίο

0.083

O.1O2

0.5 <ι <* 2.ο °·5

4-2 ΐ·5 7Λ 1.8 1·2

10.0 9-7 7-2 7-6 7-9

0.59 ο·94 ο.8ο ο·57 Ο·86

3·°5 2.96 3·19 2.57 2.87

ο·27 0.098 Ο·25 0.130 0.047

12-9

ΐ·7 2-5

5·^

ΐ·35 Ο·7Ο

2.33

0.049 Ο.Ι29

2.1

6.3 6.6 11.6 9·8 3-9 ο.5 115

2.8 3-2 2.8 3-3 2.6 ΐ·9 4-2

8.6

8.7 7-9 6.6 7·6 6.4 7-6 6.6

°·3^ 1·°1 0.42 °·61 ο.6ι Ο·43 1.36

2.ι6

3·Χ3 3·25 3·23 3-49 3-62 3-47 2.28

0.138 °·°99 0.142 ο·ΐ59 ο. ιοί °·°43 0.078

0.029 O.O29

o.oié 0.025 ο.ο2ΐ 0.026 0.015

ο.οι8 Ο.Ο21

0.034 °·°39 0.031 Ο·Ο42 0.040 ο.οΐ2 0.051

0.021 O.O23

0.010 ο.οι ι 0.013 ο.οι ι ο.οίο ο.οο8 Ο.Oll

ο.ο2ΐ 0.025 0.025 0.034 0.028 ο.οίο 0.032

The chemicalcomposition of2319,containing is notat all distinctive; itis nonigneousinclusions, calcareous.The othermemberof Set 6, 2328, comparessatisfactorily withexamplesof the same warefromLerna,as wellas withsomeMH reference material fromAeginaitself.27 now to a discussion of 2265, 2321 (WhiteSlippedGritty Moving origin,2233 (DarkBurnished), MattPainted),2282, 2288-2289 (Lustrous Decoratedmediumcoarse)and 2322-2326 (Minoanand Lustrous thatcanbe accommodated within therangesofthe'canonical Decorated)havecompositions local' composition some or all of these be type; piecesmay,therefore, classedas 'local' products. to this are the Lustrous Decorated Belonging type examples2288 and 2323-2325,whichin a separate are with fromKastrion Kythera, LernaandArgos.28 report compared chemically comparable specimens in theirpétrographie The uniformity as discussed extends to theirchemical above, compositions, characterisation. The chemicalcompositions at thefoursitesare sufficiently similaras to suggest that eitherLustrousDecoratedwas made at one centre(orregion)- and southern Laconiacouldbe this usedinthisstudy is incapableofresolving thesmalldifferences region- orthetypeofchemical analysis in composition consistent withlocal production at sitesin Laconiaand theArgolid.A centralorwest CretanoriginforLustrous Decoratedseemsmostunlikely on chemicalgrounds. A probablelocal originfor2321, WhiteSlippedGritty MattPainted,contrasts withtheresultfor anotherMattPaintedfabric, Rutter's FineWhiteSlippedMattPainted(Set 2), whichbelongsto the non-calcareous typeand whichthewriter (Jones1986,424) has claimedwas imported. As faras thesampleswithnon-calcareous are concerned, suchas 1831, 2206, 2216, compositions 2224 (DarkBurnished), 2302a, 2303,2305 (MicaceousMinoan),2327 (Minoan(?))and 2319 (Coarse Local Group),atleastsomecouldhavebeenmadeinthevicinity ofthesite;theyincludethemembers of Set 5~3, namely2302a, 2303 and 2305, whosemetamorphic inclusions couldbe linkedto the of w mixed schist and hard limestone to the of the as well as site, 2319 (seethepétrographie presence discussion aboveof6~i). The writer has assigned2303 and a one-handled spoutedbowl(no. 19081) foundat Koklain theArgolidwithdarkredclayand muchsilvermicato a commonsourcein South Laconia.29 2327 is similarto 2310 and 2311 (MinoanSchistGroup),bothofwhichnotonlyhave a 27 Jones, Whitbread and Zerner forthcoming. ίϋ Jones, Whitbreadand Zerner forthcoming.

29 Jones 1993.

APPENDIX

CD-116

2

Table A2.5. The chemicalcompositionsof Rutter'ssamples,expressedas percentageoxides (OES results). Rutterno.

Al

Ca

Mg

Fe

Ti

Na

Mn

Cr

Ni

R19 R20 R23 R24 R29 R30 R31 R33

18.7 19.8 19.5 19.0 24.0 18.5 21.0 21.0

9.5 17.8 16.5 8-4 12.5 7.3 13.5 10.0

2.4 2.5 2.2 2-7 3.8 1.9 3.8 2.8

1.01 0.75 0.81 ο.75 1.02 0.80 0.88 0.85

1.01 0.59 °·55 ο.6ι 0.78 0.52 0.80 0.84

0.148 0.132 0.072 0.070 0.068 0.050 0.081 0.068

0.094 0.071 O.O28 0.031 0.036 0.032 0.039 0.032

0.047 0.023 O.O29 0.031 0.042 0.032 0.031 0.030

R37 R40 R41 R43 R44 R201

17.9 23.0 18.8

7.0 12.2 12.2 12.0

2.6 2.6 1.6 2.8

10.3 7.6 6.1 6.7 8.0 7.0 8.7 6.5

0.96 0.90 0.80

1.36 O-55 1.10

15.6 2.5 0.5 ο·5 ο·5 5-6 13·7

3.3 1.5 0.9 ο. 9 ο. 7 ο. 7 2·3

7.0 5.5 6.7 4.6 8.5 7.4 7-8 6.2 6.2

0.65 0.84 0.90 ο. 88

1.52 2.05 1.95 0.76 1.2O

0.065 0.050 0.072 0.065 0.084 0.084 0.073 ο.ο8ο ο.ο8ι

0.034 0.030 0.041 0.029 0.017 0.010

0.013 0.020 0.008 0.006

8-4

ΙΟΛ

ο·97

°·8°

0.75 1·3°

°·°57 0.076

13·° ιΐ·3 8.1

2.2

8. ο 8-4 8.1

9-4 12-7

ΐ·9 2-7 2·7 3·°

ο·75 Ο·92 0.89 0.96 0.85

17.8 13.5 15.0 11.4 13.5 1Ο·8

R217 R223 R233 R246 R247

17-6 24Λ

R279 R281

14·° ι6.2

R287 R291 R292

19·° ΐ3·8 19·1

R254

1^·2

9-5

R293 R294 R295 R296 R297 R298 R299

ι6·5 23·5 ι8.ο 15.5 25·7 13-2 *7-3

7-6 17·2 ο·5 12·9 °·5 Ο.5 °·5

R304

151

2Λ

2-2 3·1 ο. g 2-5 1·1 ο. 8 °·9

8.0

7-8 8.3

0.88

0.98 ο. 68

7-2 9-5 5-6 7·° 7-3 6.2 4-5

°-92 °·91 ι.ι6 °·8ο 1·4° 1.O7 1·17

2.10

1.2O

1·1° 1·1° ΐ·3° 2.30 ΐ·8ο

1·9° 1·1° 1.13 1.17 1·2θ ΐ-33 1·^°

0.092

0.046 0.035 0.028 ο.ο68 °·°35

0.021 0.016

°·°33 0.028 0.022 0.009 0.023

0.036

O.O24

O.O94 °·°99 0.078 0.135 0.113

°·°33 °·°34 0.041 0.042 °·°35

0.031 0.019 O.O28 ο.ο6ι

ο.ο68 ο·1^ ο.ο6ι ο.ο8ο 0.038 0.058 °·°33

0.036 °·°43 ο.ι8ο 0.038 O.11O 0.023 ο.οι8

0.024

0.019 0.028 0.019 ο.ο2ΐ ο.οι8 ο.οιθ 0.015 ο.οο6

ΐ9·9 24·9

°·5

°·5 Χ5·^

°·7

°·7 2-9

5-6

7·° 8.2

Ο·97

1·°6 ο·95

1·75

°·71 1·°°

0.025

0.021

R307 R315

0.036 0.078

O.O17 0.030

ο.οΐ2 0.029

R320 R323

17.3 ΐ3·4

ι8·4 1Ο·2

3-2 2-7

7-2 8. ο

0.90 0.87

O.94 ΐ·8ο

°·°95 0.138

0.044 °·°39

°·°34 0.044

0.105

0.025

ο.ιι8

0.059

R368 R376

ι6.ο 2Ο·4

R381

14-2

R412

ΐ7·6

R384 R385 R411 R414 R417 R430 R431 R432 R439

R443 R451 R462 R592 R714 R717 R718 R720 R723 R724

ι6·7 19-8 ι6.8 ι8.ι ΐ4·5 22-5 2O-5 ΐ9·4 12·6

22.ο 23-5 21-4 *5·5 ι6·7 23·Ο ι6·7 ι8·5 ΐ5·8 ι8.ο

ίο. 5 ΐ3·4

3·1 2-7

7-7

3·°

12.6

4·1

ίο. 5 ιΐ·5 5-7 ΐ7·8 1ι-7 8.6 ι6.6 ι&·5 ίο. ο

ΐ5·5 17·1 24-2 °·5 9·° 1.2 6.2 ίο. 2 ι8·5 ι8·5

2.2 2.8 2.ο

8.8 8.2 8.1

8.1 8.2 7-5 9·1

0.84 ο.86 ο. 8ο

ο.88 0.92 Ο·82 1·17

3-8 3·° 3-2 2.8 3-7

74 9-3 Í3·1 8.g 8.9

°-Φ Ο·93 ο·99 1.13 0.90

3·°

9-7

Ο·73

4·° 3-7 5-2 °·8 2-7 0. 3 2-4 3-8 3-4 3-4

9-6 9·° 1Ο·3 8.7 ίο.6 6.6 8.ο ίο. 8 8.4 9-2

ο·99 1·°2 1·°3 ι.οο ι.ι8 1.2O ο.86 1.23 0.72 ο.88

0.67 0.67 ι.2θ

ο. 122 ο.ο8ο

ι.οο ο.8ι ΐ·97

0.124 0.103 0.087

2·4Ο ι·22 χ·^4 1·4° 0.95

ΟΛ35 ο.2οο ΟΛ95 0.105 0.108

1·^°

χ·45

°-^5 0.78 Ο-92 2.οο 1.90 O.64 ι. ίο 1.67 ι.οο 1.90

ο. ι ίο

0.094 0.091 Ο·175 0.029 0.092 O.O52 ο.ο66 ο.ι8ο 0.087 0.094

0.040 0.030 0.036 0.036 0.029

0.040 0.050 °·°37 0.038 0.051 0.047

0.042 0.040 Ο·Ο55 0.023 0.051 O.O22 0.039 0.033 ο.ο6ο °·°57

0.043 0.028 ο.ο66

0.033 0.041 0.023 0.028

0.034 0.044 0.029 0.031 0.041 0.042

°·°39 O.O34 0.038 0.007 0.030 Ο.ΟΙΟ 0.027 0.038 0.044 °·°54

APPENDIX 2

CD-i 17

Table A2.5. Continued.

Rutterno.

Al

Ca

R725 R7*2 R825 R830 R833 R834 R835 R836 R865 R866 R867 R894 R1OI3

12·3 20.5 14.7 19.6 13.0 14.2 16.8 16.0 17.8 16.7 16.2 17.0 24.Ο

!2·7 15.5 7.1 7.0 5.2 8.1 5.4 13.0 12.2 14.6 9.2 9.9 8.5

Rioi4 R1015

13.9 χ4·5

3.5 4·3

Mg 3-1 4.3 2.1 2.5 1.7 2.1 2.0 3.4 3.0 3.0 1.9 3.0 1.8

1.0 !·2

Fe

Ti

6.8 9.2 7.2 7.7 6.8 6.6 7.7 8.2 7.3 6.3 5.8 7.7 lO.l

0.69 0.92 0.88 0.86 0.84 0.83 0.81 0.88 0.78 0.83 0.88 0.90 I.07

6.9 8.4

0.67 0.78

Na

Mn

Cr

1.90 1.95 1.70 1.85 1.90 1.60 0.92 1.60 0.32 0.50 0.85 0.76 I.45

O.O75 0.107 0.074 0.073 0.092 0.090 0.064 0.100 0.078 0.106 0.082 0.076 Ο.Ο69

0.039 0.028 0.032 0.027 0.045 0.028 0.022 0.032 0.025 0.027 0.024 0.038 °·°34

1.98 3-9°

0.092 ο.ο8ο

0.022 ο.ο2θ

Ni 0.041 0.035 0.031 0.021 0.020 0.029 0.024 0.023 0.040 0.040 0.016 0.045 Ο.Ο22

0.013 0.015

Minoanconnection on stylistic butcanbe linkedchemically toRed waretypecompositions at grounds Khania.30 The Aeginetan connection for2328 lookslikely. therelation betweenthepresent datasetandthatobtainedbyneutron activation Regarding analysis forthelocalLH III pottery, itis gratifying tofinda measureofconsistency in Despitethedifferences thedateandtypeofpottery as wellas inthetechniques used,thecalcium, analysed, sodium,chromium, in GroupA inAppendix3 lie within thebroaderranges manganeseandnickel(oxide)content-ranges in theAAS/OES 'canonicallocal' typecomposition. encountered In conclusion, thisstudyhasprovideda satisfactory in characterising start a numberofMBA ceramic classesat AyiosStephanos, and somestatements abouttheiroriginshavebeenpossible.The valueof thestudywillbe greatly enhancedwhen,firstly, theresultsare fullycomparedwiththoseobtained fromthe corresponding but muchlargereffort at Lerna and, secondly,when a programmeof has been accomplished at AyiosStephanos. geoprospection

30 Jones1986, 2s8f.

Appendix3 THE PERLMAN AND ASARO ANALYSES OF LATE HELLADIC I-III SHERDS FROM THE 1963 EXCAVATIONS: A STATISTICAL RE-EVALUATION E, B, French,S, M, A, Hoffmann and V.J.Robinsonf,withj,E, Tomlinson in 2004,The samplesarenowinBox 29 inSpartaMuseum,] note:thisAppendixwasfinalised [Editor's 1. INTRODUCTION In the early1970s at theUniversity F. Asaroand I. Perlmananalysed30 of California, Berkeley, at AyiosStephanosfor27 chemicalelements, as part sherds,3801-3830,fromthe1963 excavations of a majorprogramme of chemicalanalysisof Mycenaeanpottery. These sherdsare abbreviated STEP forthepurposesofthisanalysis.Apartfromone sherd(STEP 17 = 3817), thefirst of twenty these(STEP 1-20 = 3801-3820) wereLH III, whiletherest(STEP 17, 21-30 = 3817, 3821-3830) wereLH I and LH IL TheywerecollectedbyRogerHowelland cataloguedmuchlaterby Elizabeth French, checkedand annotated thecatalogue, a coordinated version PenelopeMountjoy subsequently ofwhichappearsabove,1 As part of a detailedstatistical evaluationof the Asaro/Perlmandata usingcomputer-based multivariate we have examined the data fromAyiosStephanosby itselfand also in procedures,2 relationto thedatafromall theothersitesshownin table A3.1. The primary purposeofthiswas to examinetheinitialhypothesis oftheexcavatorthatmostofthematerialfromAyiosStephanoswas probablyoflocal origin.Sincethen,thechemicaldata discussedherehave also been evaluatedby and by Mommsen,Beier and Hein,4In orderto bringthisstudyup to date, J, E, Tomlinson3 E, Tomlinson has added a listofthegroupings obtainedby theseotheranalysts to table A3,2, and J, in whichtheresultsofthethreeevaluations has written a newsection5 are compared, 2, PROCEDURE multivariate and it is oftendifficult even foran Many different proceduresare used in thisfield,6 to understand different methods discordant results. Our has been to use a give expert why approach statistical which a number of different methods of Cluster gives package,CLUSTAN,7 Analysis,A of Cluster is that it no initial about the of assignments majoradvantage Analysis requires assumptions to but leaves the to be determined the concentrations of the samples groups, groupings solelyby chemicalelements. thegroupings obtainedbyCluster havea cleararchaeological If,therefore, Analysis it can be maintained that this has valid scientific intepretation, interpretation support.The methods usedherewereWard'smethodandtheRELOCATE procedure. Othermethods ofmultivariate analysis werealso used;by and largetheseconfirmed theconclusions arrivedat by ClusterAnalysis, 3, RESULTS (i) The Data from Ayios Stephanos Ward'smethodproducesa usefulvisualinterpretation of the groupings presentin the formof a in fig, this is shown for the sherds from A3,i 30 dendrogram; AyiosStephanos,The dendrogram indicates two broad and these were confirmed RELOCATE, The members ofthese clearly groups, by in table A LH III are summarised consists of all the material from STEP 2, A3, Group apart groups 12 (3812),butincludesSTEP 30 (3830) fromtheearlygroup.GroupΒ containsall therestofthe for earlymaterialexceptSTEP 29 (3829), Table A3,3 givestherangesof elementconcentrations A Β and and the values for STEP 12 (3812), Groups 1 See 6 §9. 2 See Chapter Robinsonand French1992; Hoffmann and Hoffmann, Robinson 1993; Hoffmann, Robinson,Frenchand Jones in preparation. 3 E. Tomlinson 1997; 1998«; 1998ε; 2ooo; in preparation. J. CD-i 18

4 Mommsenetal 2002. 5 See §s (iii)below. 6 Harbottle 7 Wishart 1976. 1989.

APPENDIX 3

CD-i 19

Table A3.1. LBA sherdgroupsfromthe mainlandand Crete analysedby Asaro and Perlman. Site/area

Map reference*

Achaea Aegina Asine Ayios Stephanos Berbati Chania Chania and exports(creamware) Chora, Ano Englianos Eutresis Gla Kallithea Knossos Korakou Mycenae Nichoria Olympia,Kolosakosf Palaiokastro(Arcadia) Perati Peristeria(Tholos 2) Phaistos PlátanosRenia Tanagra Tell Abu Hawam (imports) Thebes Tiryns Zygouries * t

No. of samples

A 45 A 20 C 17 A5 D 1 G 33 G9 G 26 A 50 A 1 D 100 Β 72 Β 32 F 34 D 200 Β 78 F 63 G 23 A7 A 67

20 1 61 30 38 32 24 20 4 3 4 20 45 67 100 2o 2O 25 20 60 2o 4 108 48 45 40

Range of dates LH IIIB-C LH III LH I-IIIC LH I-IIIC Early Neolithic-LH IIIB LM IIIB-C LM IIIB LH IIIB LH IIIB LHIIIA/B LH II-IIIA LM IA-IIIB LH I-IIIB LH I-IIIC LH I-IIIC LH IIIB LH IIIC LH IIIC LH IIIA-B LMIIIA-C LH IIIB-C LH II-III LH IIIA-B LH II-IIIB LH I-IIIB LH II-IIIB

Map referencenos. fromHope Simpson and Dickinson 1979. This is presumablyOlympia: Kaiosaka (AD 29A (1974) 30-2).

Table A3. 2. Groupingsof the sherdsfromAyios Stephanosby threeanalysts. 1. French et aL (this paper): Group A Group Β Odd (outlying)samples

STEP 1-11, 13-16, 18-20, 30 (3801-3811, 3813-3816, 3818-3820, 3830) STEP 17, 21-8 (3817, 3821-3828) STEP 12, 29 (3812, 3829)

STEP 12 fitsthe chemicalprofileof a Mycenae group 2. Mommsen et al. (2002): Group STP Group EMBP (EarlyMycenae-Berbati) Odd (outlying)samples

STEP 1-9, (10), 11, (13), 15, 18-20, 30 (3801-3809, (3810), 3811, (3813), 3815, 3818-3820, 3830) STEP 17, 21-8 (3817, 3821-3828) STEP 12, 14, 16, 29 (3812, 3814, 3816, 3829)

STEP 12 (3812) fitsthe chemicalprofileof Group MBP (Mycenae-Berbati) STEP 14 (3814) is associatedwithGroup CHAP (Chania) 3. Tomlinson (1997): Group 1 Group 2 Odd (outlying)samples

STEP 1, 4-6, 8-11, 15, 18-20, 30 (3801, 3804-3806, 3808-3811, 3815, 3818-3820, 3830) STEP 17, (21), (22), 23-8 (3817, (3821), (3822), 3823-3828) STEP 2, 3, 7, 12-14, 16, 29 (3802, 3803, 3807, 3812-3814, 3816, 3829)

STEP 2-3 (3802-3803) are associatedwith,and STEP 7 (3807) fits,the chemicalprofileof Group 9 (Nichoria) STEP 12 (3812) is associatedwithGroup 3 (NW Péloponnèse; similarin chemistry to Argolid) STEP 13 (3813) and STEP 16 (3816) are associatedwithGroup 10 (Messenia)

APPENDIX

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APPENDIX 3

CD-121

Table A3. 3. Elementconcentrations of sherdsin Group A (latematerial)and Group Β (earlymaterial),withthevalues for STEP 12, whichprobablyoriginatesfromMycenae. Element Na Al Κ Ca Sc Ti Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Zn Rb Cs La Ce Nd Sm Eu Tb Dy Yb Lu Hf Ta Th U

Group A .773 + .142 8.77 ± .63 2.99 ±.39 6.24+1.72 20.76+1.64 «484 i -029 278 + 32 574+154 5.12 + .47 23.9 + 3.3 209 + 46 122 + 13 148.9 + 20.9 7.67 + .81 36.8 + 2.0 74.9 + 5.5 35.5 + 2.7 6.11 +.39 1.42 + .13 .942 + .086 5.27 + .38 3.00 + .17 .453 ± .030 5-52 ± -83 1.112 + .097 12.72 + .62 2.97 + .32

Group Β .434 + .074 8.03 ± .52 3·3Ο±.52 8.01 + 1.77 21.56+1.18 .431 + .024 297 + 28 820+145 5.03 + .32 34.10 ±2.91 338 + 40 107 ± 22 167.2 + 22.3 12.32 + 2.13 32.4 + 2.1 62.3 + 5.2 29.5 + 3.3 5.30 + .22 1.22 +.08 .834 + .090 4.78 + .20 2.76 + .18 .416 ± .022 3.33 ± .39 .817 + .051 10.85 + .718 2.57 + .112

STEP 12 (3812) 1.19 9.20 1.89 9-5° 23.94 .446 257 897 6.20 3Ο.1Ο 208 138 99 10.92 34.5 66.9 27.8 5.18 1.29 .81 4.78 2.78 .376 3.79 .829 11.62 2.40

Dealingfirstwiththesetwoodd sherds(STEP 12, 29 = 3812, 3829), comparisonof STEP 12 toa groupofsherdsfromMycenae, (3812) withtheothergroupsintableA3.1 showedgreatsimilarity LH IIIAi of sherds from the Atreus Bothros largelycomposed deposit;therefore Mycenaeis themost of STEP On the other STEP shows no to any 12 hand, (3812). 29 (3829) likelyorigin greatsimilarity ofthegroupsin table A3.1,and itsoriginremainsuncertain. (ii) Comparison with Other Groups ofthesamples Apartfromthesetwosherds,theresultsof ClusterAnalysisshowa clearseparation fromAyiosStephanosintolate(LH III) and early(LH I and II) material. Forcomparison withother these are now considered data, separately. to any of the otherAsaro/ GroupA (theLH III sherds)was foundto have no greatsimilarity Perlmansherds.It is a ratherhomogeneous of distinctive and is therefore almost group composition of local It seems at this in the was self-sufficient origin. certainly likelythat, period,AyiosStephanos in of fine ware but did not extensive production engage exportation. The case of theearlygroup(B) is muchmorecomplex.Here thereare clearand unambiguous associations LH I or LH II, and theseassociations withsherdsfromothersites,exclusively are so close that,in our view,theypointstrongly towardsa commonsourceof production. The sherds associatedwiththeearlygroupfromAyiosStephanosare givenin table A3.4. An important point to note is that,wherea siteis represented in thisgroup,a significant fraction of the LH I and LH II materialanalysedbyAsaroand Perlmanis included:Nichoriahas 7 outof40 analysed, Asine has 5 out of 20, and Mycenaehas 10 out of 19. Tirynshas a singlesherdin thegroupout of 7, but none of the othersites(notablyBerbati,Korakouand Zygouries)have any at all. We have testedthisgroupwiththe LM I and II sherdsfromKnossos (notthe Asaro/Perlman data,but sherdsanalysedby us), and thereis no associationwiththis,or indeed withany otherCretan material fromtheAsaro/Perlman data.

APPENDIX 3

CD-122

Table A3 .4. Perlman/Asaro samplesthatmatchAyios StephanosGroup Β (LH I and II). Site

Samples

Asine Mycenae Nichoria Tiryns

ASN 36, 45, 49-51 MYC 46, 49-51, 54, 55, 61, 63, 65, 71 NICH 11-13, 16-18, 20 TIR 17

(iii) Evaluations of the Data by Other Analysts The AyiosStephanosdatahavealso been evaluatedbyJ. E. Tomlinson andbyMommsen, Beierand Hein,8Tomlinson considers theAyiosStephanosdatawitha further 220 Asaro/Perlman analysesof Late Mycenaeanpottery fromsitesin thePéloponnèse,whileMommsenetal evaluatethewhole Asaro/Perlman databaseofMycenaeanpottery analyses(878 samplesfromsitesins mainlandGreece, and the Crete,Cyprus Levant), intable A3.2. Each evaluation The respective ofthethreestudiesaresummarised shows groupings thesame separation oflate (LH III) and early(LH I and LH II) samples.Indeed,theresultsofthe threestudiesareidenticalfor21 ofthe30 sherds(STEP 1, 4-6, 8-9, 11-12, 15, 17-20, 23-30, i.e. three 3801, 3804-3806, 3808-3809, 3811-3812, 3815, 3817-3820, 3823-3830),witha further = on considered 'associated with' 21-22 3810, 3821-3822) differing samples(STEP 10, only being ratherthan'coremembersof a groupin one ofthethreestudies. The remaining sixsherds(STEP 2-3, 7, 13-14, 16 = 3802-3803,3807, 3813-3814,3816) areall to BeierandHein also assignSTEP 2-3 (3802-3803)and Mommsen, assigned GroupA in thisstudy. to the late with STEP rather (LH III) group, 7 (3807) 13 (3813) associated.Tomlinson assignsSTEP 7 to a from and has STEP and 16 Nichoria, (3807) 2-3 (3802-3803),13 (3813) (3816, which group Beier and Hein see as an associated with this and another of Mommsen, outlier) group Messenian STEP is Beier and Hein to a 14 (3814) assignedby Mommsen, origin.Finally, groupfromChania, whileforTomlinson itis an outlier. That 80% (24 of 30) of the sherdshave essentiallyidenticalassignments to groupsin three - is evaluations of the data each different statistical methods and utilisng independent procedures Each identifies the same between and late material encouraging. extremely study separation early theoutlier, STEP 12 (3812) is in each case shownto have a chemicalcomposition and,furthermore, withthatoftheArgolid. compatible 4. CONCLUSIONS The differences betweentheearlyandlategroupsofmaterial fromAyiosStephanos, seenin all three evaluations ofthedata,are startling. The lategroupis almostcertainly oflocal production, and there is no evidenceofanyexchangeor trading withanyothersiteat thisperiod. theearlygroup,it is statistically thatAyiosStephanositselfwas thecentreof Regarding unlikely sinceso manyothersitesare represented. On theotherhand,it mustbe admitted that production, thereis no compellingevidenceto supportany one of the othersitesas the actualsourceof the Beierand Hein9believeitto forma partoftheirEarlyMycenae-Berbati Mommsen, (though pottery oftrading is intriguing: whatever thesource,therewas clearlyextensive trading Group).The pattern withsome settlements, but littleor none withothers.This wouldbe consistent witha pictureof in whichtherewas a limitednumberofcentresofmanufacture, ceramicproduction each one having a groupoffavoured or 'tied'markets thatlargelyexcludedotherproduction centres. On ourpresent, evidencethegrouping withAyiosStephanospartofa south limited, admittedly maybe geographical, Morework,including further Peloponnesian groupin whichthecentralArgolidsitesalso participate. is neededto see whether thisviewhas a generalvalidity. analysesofearly(LH I and II) material,

8 E. Tomlinson 1997; Mommsenetal 2002. J.

9 Mommsenetal 2002.

APPENDIX 3

CD-123

5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AND NOTES We aregrateful to theInstitute fortheStudyofAegeanPrehistory (INSTAP)forthefinancial support neededto carryoutthiswork. Thisprojecthasbeentreated as a separateentity, butotherchemicalanalysesfromAyiosStephanos are discussedbyJones.10 Atthetimeofwriting thisappendix,thegreater partoftheAsaro/Perlman datawas notyetpublished, butas partofourINSTAP-funded all project theelementconcentration in table A3.1 had been enteredon the Manchester data forthe materialsummarised University mainframe MuchoftheAsaro/Perlman datais nowpublished,11 and thedatais available computer. theFitchLaboratory oftheBritish Schoolat Athens. through

10 Jones1986,212-13, 416.

11 E. Tomlinson 1997; 19980; 1998Ò;2000; in preparation. J.

Appendix4 METALLURGICAL

ANALYSIS OF MIDDLE AND LATE HELLADIC N. H, Gale and Z, A, Stos

CRUCIBLES

[Editor'snote:thisAppendixwas completedin 1992-] The fragments ofcrucibles wereexaminedvisually, and semi-quantitative slagor analysesofadhering metalfragments weremadeusingmicrobeam fluorescence More information could have X-ray analysis. beenobtainedifthefragments hadbeensectioned foropticalthin-section and microscopy quantitative madeusinganelectron buttheinvestigation waslimited tonon-destructive methods. analyses microprobe, In thesemi-quantitative which the metal contents are the follow, analyses only heavy reported; slagswill have contained also and so on. silicon,aluminium, calcium,magnesium certainly The analysesshowthatcrucibles6063 and 6062 (fromAreasBetaand Nu) wereusedformelting arsenical10-15% tinbronze.Such tinbronzes,containing also about 1-5% arsenic,were almost made tin as the metal or as to arsenicalcopper.Crucibles6061 cassiterite) certainly by adding (either and 6064 (fromAreasLambda 1 and Nu) wereused formeltingtinbronzewithverylow arsenic content.The upperregionsof crucible6064 have adheringslag withno tincontentand varying formelting and purifying coppercontents. Possiblythiscruciblehad been usedfirst (byfirerefining) a largeamountofcoppermetal,and subsequently formelting a smalleramountoftinbronze,which thattinbronzewas actuallymade occupiedonlythelowerpartofthecrucible.It is notinconceivable in one or moreof thesecrucibles, the addition of tin metal or cassiterite) to moltencopper, (as by in are ordered to the two into which are classified [These according types they Chapter9 above,] (a) Type 1 6061. (a) Fourjoining rimfragments. These have a region ofcopper slag adheringnear thespout.This slag has copper as main component,with about 10% iron, about 1% tin and less than0.1% ofarsenicor lead, (b) Small,non-joining of base. This showsintenseslaggingand reaction fragment ofthe'copper'withthecruciblewall.The slag layercontains about 10% ironwithcopperas themajorcomponent,about 10-15% tm and less than 0.1% of both arsenic and lead. The crucible was used for melting a tin bronze that contained very littlearsenic. Lambda 1, 1973, # 31, 33. Context MH III Early withMH III Late fromburial 2. 73-821. PLATE 47 (tWOViews),FIG.9.5.

6062. Base fragment.This contains thickishlumps of adhering'slag', 3-4 mm thickat thickestpart,and a piece of adhering completely corroded metal. The major component of the metal is copper, containing 0.5-2% arsenic,2-4% tin,about 5-10% iron and 0.5% lead. The 'slag' is low in iron contentwith a major component of copper, 5-10% of tin, 2-5% of arsenic,less than 0.1% of lead and some sulphur.It seems thatthe cruciblewas used formeltingtinbronzethatcontainedarsenicand some iron. Nu 1977, # 48. Context LH I/IIA (fillof shaftof Burial 13) withEH II Early and MH I-II down to MH III/LH I sherds.77-218. plate 47, fig. 9.5.

(bj Type 2 This was coveredon itsinternalface 6063. Body fragment. witha thinlayer of slag about 1 mm thick.The slag has copper as main component,withabout 2-5% iron,5-10% tin, 1-2% arsenicand less than0.1% lead. Clearly the slag is heavilyimpregnatedwithan arsenicaltinbronze,which thecruciblewas used formelting.Beta 1977, #71. Context LH IIA (forge)withonly M H III sherdsrecognisable.77060. PLATE 47, FIG.9.5. 6064. Thirteen sherds mended into six non-joining (i) Rim fragmentshowingheavy interiorglassy fragments, slagging,owing to reactionwiththe contentsof crucible. This slag has iron as its major component,withabout 36% copper, less than 0.5% tin and less than 0.1% arsenic and lead, (ii) Fragmentshowingheavyinteriorslagging.The slag has iron as its major component,withless than 0.5%

tin and copper and less than 0.1% arsenic and lead. which,by reactionwiththe contentsof (iii) Small fragment crucible,has almostentirelybeen convertedto a pumiceous slag. This has iron as itsmain componenttogetherwith510% copper,about 10% tinand less than0.5% arsenicand lead, (iv) Small fragment witha region,about 1.5 mm thick, ofadheringglassyslag.This has ironas itsmaincomponent, withabout 0.5%- 1.0% copper and less than0.5% arsenic, tinand lead, (v) A medium-sizedrimfragment coveredwith a layer,roughly1.5 mm thick,ofglassyslag havingironas its major component,withabout 2-5% copper, less than 0.5% arsenic and tin and less than 0.1% lead. Nu 1977, # 5, 24, 28, 31, 48, 55. Context MH I Late to MH III mixed withLH I/IIA (shaftand walls of LH I/IIA burial 13). 77-602. plate 47, fig. 9.5 (threeprofiles).

CD- 124

APPENDIX 4

CD-125

[Thedropsofmeltedbronzeor copperfromMH III-LH I levelsin AreaNu (6067-6069)havenot been analysed.Neitherthepossiblerim6060, froma layerin Area Eta withMH I Earlyand some EH II Late sherds,northefragments fromtheMH I Late apsidalbuildingin AreaNu (6065-6066), have been subjectedto analysis.Further studyis neededto enableus to comparethemetallurgical used at the site the different during phasesofMH I withthoseemployedin MH III-LH processes IIA. Appendix5, wherea numberofMycenaeancopperorbronzeobjectsareexamined,showsthat in LH III the tincontentof bronzeincreasedand the arsenicdisappeared.No analysishas been undertaken of crucible7053 fromtheLH IIIC EarlyFloor 5 in Area Lambda/Beta12 or of the residue7053a fromthesamefloor.1]

See Chapterι §5 (iv)above.

Appendix5 X-RAY FLUORESCENCE

ANALYSIS BRONZE

OF MIDDLE OBJECTS

AND LATE HELLADIC

R. E, Jones [Editor'snote: thissectionwas revisedin 2003,]

In 1977 the writercarriedout in Sparta Museum a non-destructive analysisby X-rayfluorescence ofsome 20 bronze objectsfromthe excavationsat Ayios Stephanos,The purposeofthe spectrometry analysiswas to determinethe compositionof the bronzes withrespectto the main alloyingmetals, and with this data to look for possible correlationsbetween compositionand functionor type of and typologically similarbronzesanalysed object,as well as to make comparisonswithchronologically fromothersites.The resultsreportedhereformpartofan ongoinginvestigation by theFitchLaboratory (BritishSchool at Athens)into the compositionpatternsof prehistoricand Early Iron Age bronzes fromsiteson the Greek mainlandand Crete,some resultsof whichhave alreadybeen published,1 1. METHOD The analyseswere made non-destructively usingan Isoprobe,2An Americium by X-rayfluorescence, 241 gamma-raysourcewas used to excitetinfluorescenceat 25 KeV, whilean X-raysource(operating at 15KV, o.7ma) was used forall theotherelements.The writerhas describedtheanalyticalprocedure and performancecharacteristics of thissystem,3 Only the followingpointsneed to be emphasised: (1) The state of preservationof the bronzes varied considerably,as did the quality of the small area cleaned on each object in advance of analysis. The quality of the prepared surface, whichgreatlyaffectsthe abilityto obtaina reliableestimationof the composition,was graded on a scale fromA, no corrosion(good metallicsurface)to E, heavycorrosion(greenmalachitepatina The intermediateC representeda metalsurfaceshowingcorrosionto the extent predominating). of a red cuprousoxide layer, (2) The detectionlimitsforSn, Fe, Zn, Ni, Pb and As were 0,5, 0,5, 1, 0,5, 0,5 and 0,5% respectively, of the tin content(in the range 0-15%) was ± 15% forA (3) The overall errorin the determination and Β grade surfacesand ± 20% forC and D gradesurfaces.Above 15% tincontentand/orin the presenceof more than 5% lead, the tincontentestimationhad an error± 20%, In the lightofthesepoints,whichhighlightsome ofthe limitationsofthe non-destructive approachto all the below should be as regarded semi-quantitative, analysis, analysesreported 2, RESULTS The resultsof the analyses,presentedin table A5,i, make a small contributionto the corpus of compositiondata forGreek prehistoricbronzes. The principalfeaturesof the MH objects at Ayios Stephanos are the predominanceof low tin bronze and detectableamountsof arsenic.The visual similarity between the two earrings,HS 210 and HS 211,4extendssatisfactorily to theircompositions.It is striking thatthe same characteristics of low tin and detectablearsenicextend into LH I, Thereafter,apart fromthe two copper rings7011 and 7012, the compositionschange markedly:the LH III objects,albeit threeof thembeing sheet metal,are tinbronzeswithno detectablearsenicor lead. On thisbasis, the pieces of strip7012a and 7017a are more likelyto be of MH or earlyLH date ratherthan later.Overall, thereis littleor no betweentheobjects'alloyingmetalcontentand theirprobablefunction. apparentevidenceofcorrelation 1 Catlingand Jones 1976, 1977; Rapp,Jones,Cooke and Henrickson 1978;Jones1980. 1 Hall,Schweizer and loller1973. CD- 126

3 1980; Rapp etal. 1978. 4Jones AD 19 (1964) Bi pl. 148a; Taylour1972,217.

APPENDIX

5

CD-127

Table A5.1. The contents(expressedas °/o)oftin,arsenic,lead and othermetalsin MH and LH copper/bronzeobjects (- = not detected). Context and objects

Catalogue no.

Alphaburial23 (MH III Late-MH III/LH I) Pin (MH III LateHS 208 MH III/LH I) HS 210 Earring(MH III LateMH III/LH I) HS 211 Earring(M H III LateMH III/LH I) Bracelet(MH III LateHS 213 MH III/LH I)

Excavation no.

63-585

Sn

As

Pb

trace

trace

-

Other

Grade

Β

63-503

1

-

2

Fe trace

B/C

63-504

2

1

2

Fe trace

B/C

63-613

10

1

-

Β

63-623 60-616

trace

0.5 1

-

B/C

-

B/C

trace

-

B/C

0.5 -

0.5

Β

0.5 -

Β

trace trace

-

Β

1

-

B/C Β

OtherMH Pin(MH)

6012

Wire(MH) Ring (late MH to LH IIB)

6013 7011

74-032

2 -

HS 215a HS 215b

63-624

1

63-624

trace

HS 216 HS 225

63-607 60-612

HS 226 6010

60-615 74-215

7012

74-022

4 2 trace trace -

7O13 HS 277

74-026

10

2 trace -

63-563

6

-

-

Β

7016

74-820

-

Β

7017

74-821

9 6

-

-

Β

7017

74-821

6

-

-

Β

7012a

63-538

-

trace

-

Β

7017a

74-030

13

-

Β

LH Dagger (LH I?) Dagger rivet(LH I?) Tweezers(LH I?) Knife(LH I) Small chisel(?)(LH I?) Punch (LH I) Ring (LH IIIAi) Tweezers(LH ΠΙΑ ι) Fibula (LH IIIC Early)

Knife(?)(LH IIIC Early) Knife,frag,a (LH IIIC Early) Knife,frag,b (LH IIIC Early)

Β

-

Β Fe trace

Β

Date uncertain Fillet Fillet

The generaltrendsobservedin theresultsas a wholeaccordwiththoseoutlinedby Mangouand in thePéloponnèse.5 The writer6 has ofBronzeAge metallurgy Ioannouand withKayafa'ssynthesis in the same of the results relation to those obtained discussed by technique analysis, present recently attheMenelaion(onLH ΠΙΑ bronzes)andatNichoria(onMH andLH bronzes). X-rayfluorescence,

5

Mangouand Ioannou1999; Kayafa1999.

6 Jonesforthcoming.

Appendix6 STATISTICAL AND MATERIALS ANALYSES OF THE OBJECTS IN FLAKED AND GROUND STONE P. N. Karduliasand M.J. Ijdo,withH. Blitzer in 2003,doesnottakeaccountofcontextual note:thisstudy, whichwasfinalised information. [Editor's Wheretheircontexts areknownfromtheexcavationrecords, thepieceshavebeenincludedas small findsabove,1wheretherelevant information is given.Whereitemsarenotpublishedelsewhere in the volume,theyhavebeen assignedcataloguenumbersin therange10001-10113; in suchcasestheir contexts cannotnowbe ascertained.] Authors' note:we wouldliketothankthelateLordWilliamTaylourforoffering us theopportunity to in his powerto facilitate this studytheAyiosStephanoslithiccollectionand fordoingeverything research.For the materialfromthe laterexcavations, Anna Tragademonstrated greatpatiencein AnitaIjdo-Roelandassistedcapablyin thepreliminary drawingtheillustrations. analysisofmaterial fromtheearlierexcavations. Munsellcolourreadings includedin thetextarefromnotesprovidedby StevenDiamant.CurtisRunnels, ofthispaperand JoostCrouwelandJ. Deeben read earlierdrafts offered and suggestions; thatremain manyhelpfulcomments anyerrorsofomissionor commission areoursalone.Finally, we aregrateful totheUniversity ofAmsterdam andYoungstown StateUniversity fortheuse oftheircomputer in thestatistical facilities analyses. 1. INTRODUCTION TO THE FLAKED STONE ASSEMBLAGE The production ofstonetools,orlithics, is theoldestknownhumantechnology in theworld,datingin Greecetoas earlyas theLowerPaleolithic inthearchaeological The of these artefacts period. importance recordliesinlargepartintheirdurability; to some alteration due tonaturalorhuman although subject stonetoolsgenerally survive well.In addition, is agents, flint-knapping perhapsuniqueamongprehistoric in providing substantial evidenceoftheintermediate technologies stagesin theproduction process, referred to as die reduction Whereas commonly sequence. technologies pyrotechnic (metallurgy, pottery alterorconsumetheconstituent thusobliterating muchoftheevidence elements, production) chemically ofthemanufacturing leavesbehindsubstantial residueoftheentireproduction process,flint-knapping in One the behavioural context of these artefacts occurswhena finished sequence. problem interpreting toolismovedfromtheproduction site,an actionthatseversthelinkbetweenthemanufacturing process and itsresult.Nonetheless, analysisoftheentirereduction sequenceis feasiblebecausethematerial remainsofthevariousstagesarepreserved. Wheregapsexist,comparison ofmaterial fromothersites actsto enhanceourknowledge ofthereduction sequence. The variousproperties ofstonethatmakecertainmaterials moretractable thanothers,as wellas theactualmechanics offlint-knapping, havebeendiscussed various authors and arewellunderstood.2 by In general,themostappropriate rocksare thosethatexhibitconchoidalfracture, a highdegreeof a silica and internal with few or no inclusions. content, high elasticity, homogeneity Amongthemost used rocks are the silicates chert, (flint, basalt, commonly fine-grained andobsidian; jasper,chalcedony), theserocksare isotropic, siliceous and have microto internalstructure, highly crypto-crystalline characteristics thatfacilitate controlled Flakes can be detached smooth, regular, flaking. bypercussion or pressure. Percussion and thehammermaybe hard(a stone)or flaking maybe director indirect, soft(antler, of flakestheknapperwishesto bone,wood),dependingon thesize and configuration remove.Pressure involvespressing offflakesbytheapplication ofconsiderable forceatprecise flaking locations witha pointedtool.3Thegreater control overtheknapping made process possiblebypressure allowsthecreationofa widerangeoftoolsin a variety ofshapesand sizes. flaking Examination ofthelithicindustry revealsinformation aboutthespecificadaptivestrategy adopted a resource craftspecialisationand including by past society, exchangenetworks, procurement, 1 See Chapters9 §6 and 10 §7. 2 1994. Hodges 1964,98-107; Crabtree1972; Whittaker

3 Crabtree and Patterson 1968,446-78; 1972, 14; Sollberger 1976,517-31. CD- 128

APPENDIX 6

CD-129

Variousstudieshaveattempted tooutlinethesecultural subsistence subsystems bypinpointing patterns. and determining theevidenceforspecialisedtool-makers,5 thesourcesof rawmaterial,4 examining Since the presentstudylackedthe meansto stonetool usage by meansof micro-wear analysis.6 mustbe viewedas tentative. or use-wearanalysis, statements undertake geochemical comparative 2. FIELD METHODS AND THE FLAKED STONE SAMPLE in the earlier were collectedby area and by trench.The fieldcollectionstrategy Lithicartefacts in of the later and and the first two of excavation (1959-60 1963) phase (1973-74) years phase The portionoftheassemblage as retouched. retrieved onlyflakedstonethatwas identified selectively ofthematerial, therepresentativeness fromthoseyearsthusexhibits bias,distorts significant sampling and is notfullycomparablewiththatfrom1977,whenall lithicmaterialwas kept.As a result,the in favouroftheearlieryears.The small ratiooffinished toolsto debriswillweighdisproportionately littlelithicmaterialwas retrieved this error. size ofthecollection mightmitigate sampling Relatively offtakes seenbutnotrecovered so that it seems that the number the entire excavation, throughout likely in the earlyyearsis not extensive.Anotheraspectof samplingbias derivesfromthe failureto in quarter-inch meshassistsin therecoveryof smallartefacts, screenexcavatedsoil.Dry screening without it is more that smallflakesand toolswillbe overlooked. lithics; screening including likely if was from not onwards, earlier.)Onlyin 1974 and 1977 was soil (Suchscreening practised 1973 in the a watersieve,resulting fromAreaNu,passedthrough fromselectedexcavation units,especially of flaked stone. of small pieces recovery thenumberofsmallpreparation Thus,theassemblagefromAyiosStephanosmayunder-represent thefinal and trimming flakesand smalltoolsactuallypresentat the site.Such smallflakesreflect in the of of stone and their absence the tools, mightsuggest importation completed stages production artefacts as opposedto on-sitemanufacture. 3. METHOD OF ANALYSIS OF THE FLAKED STONE orobsidian) thestonewassortedaccording tothetypeofmaterial After (chert cleaningandnumbering, andthenbyblanktype(seetable A6.1).Next,eachpiecewas examinedbyunaidedvisualinspection retouch orutilisation. todetermine thepresenceofanyflakescarsindicating Anyevidenceofsuspected more withtheaid of or of flake or surfaces was examined alteration edges thoroughly (purposeful not) removalof is definedas thesystematic a 10-15-2ox handlens.Forthepurposesofthisstudyretouch fora particular orsurface(s) ofa blanktoshapethepieceinpreparation smallflakesfromthemargin(s) Utilisation scarsoccuras theresultofactualuse ofa blankand do notentail use or setoffunctions. scarsrestson theregularity, retouch. The distinction betweenretouchandutilisation as does planning, of the blankthatcomprisethe size of the and extent and scars, larger greater purposeful reshaping animals8 and spontaneous events humans and former.7 Sincevariousforces,including trampling by to the definition for retouch. can flakes from a we adhered blank, duringknapping9 dislodge rigidly thenumbers oftoolsbymaking thepossibility ofoverestimating Thisconservative approacheliminates If in a category whether flake scars constituted there was inclusion retouch, unambiguous. anyquestion ofall retouchon toolsis as unmodified. The terminology forthedescription thepiecewas categorised borrowedfromvariouscommonsources.10 4 Dixon and Renfrew 1964, 111-33; Renfrew,Cann and Dixon 1965,225-47. 5 Torrence1979. 6 Semenov 1964; Hayden1979; Keeley1980; Vaughn1985. 7 observation oflocalsusingglasssherdsforscraping Through wood in the southern Argolid and by subsequent withglassand obsidian,C. N. Runnels(1975, experimentation 29-30; 1976, 27-31) notesthatedge damage fromuse can appear to be deliberateretouch;in some cases, notchesare formedthatresemblepurposeful working.He cautionsagainst and makinghastyjudgmentsabout retouchversusutilisation Such a proposesthe adoptionof strictcriteriaforthe former. position has been adopted forthis study.Recent testsby betweenretouchand edge M.J. Ijdo suggestthatthedifference damage fromuse is clear. Priorto classifyingartefactsas wereconducted and retouched orutilised, bycutting experiments obsidian scrapingwood withbothretouchedand unretouched blades and flakes.The marginsof a blade that was both retouched and subsequentlyheavily utilised are clearly

distinguishedfromthe edges of one thathas been altered bythegreater remaining edgethickness exclusively byutilisation in calling oftheformer. We havebeencautiousand conservative an artefact retouched. 8 have been conductedto assessthe degreeof Experiments thathave lain on the modification suffered by stoneartefacts Cooper,Odell, Voytekand groundforsome time.Tringham, lithicanalyst Whitman (1974, 171-96)arguethatan experienced retouch from theeffects shouldhavelittledifficulty distinguishing of humantrampling.Miller (1982, 281-3) suggeststhatthe hoovesof livestockcan duplicateor eliminatethe evidenceof Other relevantliterature purposefulhumanflint-knapping. includesMallouf1982,79-98; Moss 1983,231-42. 9 In an by Moss (1983, 231-42), flakesdropped experiment onto a pile of debrisacquired burin-likefacets,continuous and notches. retouch, 10Movius, David, Brickerand Clay 1968; Bordaz 1970; Brézillon1968; Crabtree1972; Andrefsky 1998.

APPENDIX 6

CD-130

Table Ao. 1. Lithicsby materialand blanks(earlierand laterexcavations), Tool type Cores CrestedBlades Debris PrimaryFlakes SecondaryFlakes TertiaryFlakes Blades UnknownBlank Total * + *

Ν 13 31 113 17 92 264 534 4 1068

Obsidian %* %+

%♦

Ν

1.1 1.2 86.7 2 ιοο.ο 2·6 2·9 1Ο·6 88.3 9-6 15 !·6 8 1.ο 1.5 ' 8.6 7-8 94·$ 5 22.5 247 ^3-3 52 45-5 5°·° 95-9 23 °·3 °·4 57·1 3 9°-9 1Ο° 1Ο4

Chert %* %+ 0.2 ΐ·3 0.3 °·5 4-4 2Ο °·3 9·°

%♦

Lapis lacedaemonius Ν %* %+ %♦

1.9 133 Χ4·4 3·^ 4-8 5°·° 221 2·9 99*9

Χ1·7 19·° 5·2 χ6·4 4·1 42·9

χ °·1

1Ο°

λ °*τ 1Ο°

°·3

Ν

Total %* %♦

*5 1·3 2·6 31 12$ 1Ο·9 1& 21 97 $-3 3Χ7 27·° 557 47-5 °·6 7 * *73 *οο

1Ο° 1Ο° 1Ο° 1Ο° 1Ο° 1Ο° 1Ο° 1Ο°

in the assemblage percentageofthetotalof artefacts of the total of artefacts for each categoryofmaterialseparately percentage withineach artefactcategory percentageofthetotalnumberof artefacts

All obsidianis presumedto be Melianin origin,based on colourand quality.The chertused by ancientinhabitants of thesiteis generally of highquality11 and rangeswidelyin colourfromlight to and dark reddish-brown, green, grey grey grey,pinkish,yellowish,brown,chocolate-brown, whiteandblack.Wedo notyetknowthesource(s)ofthesematerials. The situation atAyiosStephanos 1%potentialsourcesof chertwithinan maybe similarto thatat Nichoria,whereBlitzeridentified hour'swalkofthesite,12 Measurements weretakenon all retouchedpieces,blades,cores,completeflakesand fragments of flakeslargerthan 1 cm. The axis of orientationand placementof measurementsfollow All lineardimensions standardconventions,13 weremeasuredwitha metriccaliperwithan accuracy of 0,05 mm. Refitting was attempted on mostblades and coresbut withoutmuchsuccess.The smallblade fragments largenumberof relatively hamperedthisexperiment by makingrefitting difficult and lessreliable. Alldatawererecordedon lithicanalysis sheetsinthedighouseatAphyssou andtheSpartaMuseum, in numericalformatforuse The information on the completedsheetswas coded and transferred in the withdBASE III and SAS on an IBM mainframe at theUniversity ofAmsterdam computer in Netherlands and withSPSS on an IBM mainframe at State computer Youngstown University theUnitedStates,SAS and SPSS bothprovidebasicdescriptive statistics and a rangeofsophisticated testsforanalysisofdata, 4, FINDINGS AND CATALOGUE OF FLAKED STONE The presentation ofdatabelowfollowsa technological format. The varioustypesofblanksare listed and described, thenumber(rawcountsand percentages) madefromeachtypeofmaterial. including The varioustypesof toolsand retouched since treatment, piecesreceiveseparate,moreexhaustive theseitemsare,together withtheunretouched desiredproducts ofthereduction blades,theultimate an outlinebasedon typeofblankemphasises theseriesofdecisionsandactions sequence.Employing in creating undertaken an arrayoffinished tools, by thecraftsman A totalof780 piecesofchippedstone(725 obsidian,92,9%;55 chert,7,1%)was recoveredin the 1959, i960 and 1963 fieldseasons,and an additional393 lithics(343 obsidian,87,3%; 49 chert, 0,2%;)in 1973, 1974 and 1977.The grandtotalis 1173 (1068 obsidian, 12,5%;1 lapislacedaemoniuSy 1 ofobsidian 0,1%;see table A6,i), The predominance 90,9%; 104 chert, 9,0%; lapislacedaemonius, All dimensions reflects a similarpreference at otherBronzeAge sitesin the Péloponnèse,14 given belowarein centimeters. The colouroftheobsidianis uniformly verydarkgrey(Munsell2,5YRN/ 3), whilethechertsvaryin colour. 11The difference betweenchertand flintis notreallyclear. Chertis usuallyconsidered to have a coarserinternal structure, oftencontainingimpuritiesand exhibitingflaws.Since the distinction betweencoarseand fine,pureand impureis rather no distinction hasbeenmadebetweenchertand flint subjective, forthe purposesof thisstudy.The reddish-brown and brown

chertsometimesexhibitedflawsthatmade the materialmore brittle. Suchlow-grade materialis widespreadthroughout theΕ (see Blitzer1991). Péloponnèse 12Blitzer1992,713· 16Runnelsiq8k, fig.<*;Addington 1086. 14See Blitzer 1992 foran exception.

APPENDIX 6 (i) Cores

and Core

Fragments

(6122-6123,

CD-131 728o-728oa,

10101-10113)

A coreis definedas anyblockor noduleofstonefromwhichat leasttwoflakesor bladeshavebeen A coreservesas thesourceofflakesthataresubsequently detached. utilised orretouched. Thiscategory includescompleteflakeandblade cores,segments ofbrokenones,and smallerpiecesremovedin an to rejuvenate the core.The production of standardised blades requiresthe preparation of attempt cores to facilitate removal of uniform called that are flakes, blades, specialsymmetrical long, prismatic removedin onlyone direction. thereare 13 ofobsidian Amongthe 15 coresfromAyiosStephanos, inthecollection arecompletely (12 bladeandone flake)andtwoofchert(bothflake).Mostspecimens exhausted.The blade coresare nevermorethan3.1 cm long and 2.3 cm wide,witha maximum thickness of 1.4 cm. On thebasisofthelengthofninecompleteobsidianbladesand one preserved crestedblade,theinitialsize ofthesmalltabularblade corescan be reconstructed at 5 to 5.75 cm. Van HornandRunnelshavesuggested that some kind of device have beenneededto separately may holdsuchcoresso theycouldbe worked.15 Sincecoresareimportant forunderstanding thetechnical of and in detail. each is described networks, aspects flint-knapping prehistoric exchange specimen contextdescribedbelowmustcorrespond to 6122-6123 above.] [Twoofthepiecesofunknown tabular. Obsidian.L. 1.05.W. 0.94.Th. 7280. Fragment, 0.23. The fourparallelblade scarsindicatethatthisis a smallsegment ofa bladecore;itmayhavebeenremoved torejuvenate thecoreandwasthenusedas a notchedtool.

tabular. Obsidian.L. 2.43.W. 2.26.Th. 10105. Fragment, 1.39. This medialsegmentis froma blade core thathas beenworkedon one sideonly.Notillustrated. 10106. Fragment, conical.Obsidian.L. 1.7.W. 1.27.Th. FIG. 1O.8. 0.6. This specimenpreserves thedistaltipof a corethat Obsidian.L. 3.79.W. 2.90.Th. 7280a. Fragment, irregular. probablywas workedaroundthe entireexterior.Not 2.30. The specimenis a brokenflakecore of amorphous illustrated. removed inthreedirections. Notillustrated. 10107. Nearlycomplete,semiconical.Obsidian.L. 2.9. shapewithflakes 10101. Complete, tabular. Obsidian.L. 2.18. W. 1.51.Th. W. 1.8.Th. 1.7. Onlytheproximal endis missing, probably 0.6. This smallblade core is workedon one side and in struck offtorejuvenate thecore.Bladeremovalscarscover one direction blades.The onlytodetachprismatic 75% of thesides,withtheresttakenup by threewider, pressure flakescars.Notillustrated. specimenis so exhaustedthatnothingof the platform irregular remains.Overlapping scarsofeightbladesarevisible;the 10108. Fragment, tabular. Obsidian.L. 1.58.W. 0.66.Th. hasfiveoverlapping blade onlycompletescaris 0.55 cm wide.The oppositesurface 0.3.Thissmallmedialfragment is 40% cortical,and a singlewide flakescar coversthe scars.Notillustrated. remainder. Notillustrated. tabular.Obsidian.L. 2.87. W. 1.2.Th. 10109. Fragment, tabular. Obsidian.L. 2.35.W. 1.52.Th. exhausted andbearsthe 10102. Fragment, 0.53.The specimenis completely scarsofseveralblades.Notillustrated. 0.78. This core exhibitsninesmallblade scars(one with irregular butin 10110. Fragment, tabular. Obsidian.L. 1.71. W. 0.47.Th. completewidthof0.5 cm).The distalendis broken, thisexhausted condition thelength couldnothaveexceeded fromthesideofa bladecorehas 0.23. Thissmallsegment thegeneralappearanceofa blade,exceptthatitbearstoo (L. 1.1, W. 0.3) was preparedby 3.5 cm. The platform carefulmicro-flaking. The back of the core has three manydorsalscarsand is too thickin relationto itswidth. horizontalirregular Notillustrated. percussionflakescars;30% of this surface is cortical. Notillustrated. 10111. Fragment, Obsidian.L. 4.38. W. 2.34. irregular. tabular. Obsidian.L. 2.69.W. 2.11.Th. Th. 0.89. Thisbrokenflakecoreis partlycorticaland has 10103. Fragment, bladecorehasnineblade severallargeirregular flakescars.Notillustrated. one-sided, 0.64.Theflat, prismatic Blackchert.L. 3.08. W. 1.8. 10112. Fragment, scars,severalofwhichareon theedgesandthreeofwhich irregular. Th. 1.4. Thisflakecorebearsthemarksofirregular preservecompletewidths(0.53, 0.5 and 0.72 cm). The flaking is flatandthedistalendis missing. Notillustrated. on bothsurfaces. Notillustrated. platform tabular. Obsidian.L. 2.33.W. 1.26.Th. Pinkish-red chert.L. 2.7. W. 10104. Fragment, 10113. Fragment, irregular. 0.8. Irregular blade scarsindicatethatithas beenworked 2.29.Th. 1.46.Thisspecimenis eitherpartofa flakecore in one direction ora preparedflakethatwasstruck offto createa platform. only,butthebackhas beenpreparedby one blow in theoppositedirection. The proximalend is Notillustrated. notpreserved. Notillustrated.

(ii) Crested Blades (7281-7282) The 3 1 crestedblades,all ofobsidian,represent an intermediate ofprismatic stagein theproduction blade cores,and includebothtraditional crestedblades and blades withtabularcore preparation scars.16 Afterthe cortexis removed,the surfaceis further prepared.One way of doingthisis by a series of small flakes to the axis and alongone ofthesidesofthecore, detaching long perpendicular a sinuous that becomes the arris of the first blade removed.The aim of this forming long, ridge is to and standardise willbe struck the of the blades thatsubsequently procedure predetermine shape fromthe core by creatinga seriesof smoothpolygonalfacets.The 'cresting' is accomplished by theflakeshorizontally, thescarcausedbythepreceding flakeremovalis usedas a detaching whereby to detachthenextflakein theoppositedirection. After thecrestedbladehasbeenremoved, platform 15Van Horn 1976; Runnels1985.

16Van Horn 1976, 80-114.

APPENDIX 6

CD-132

twonew ridgesare availableto guidethedetachment of subsequent blades.Thistraditional way of is usuallyappliedto conicalor ovoidcoresthatareworkedall around.Although itis possible cresting to createa numberofcrestedbladesto preparea core,one is normally sufficient. ina different Thepreparation ofa tabularcoreresults kindofpreparation blade,whichis distinguished fromcrestedbladesby thefactthat(a) itrarelyhas flakescarson morethanone ofitstwoor three dorsalfacets;(b) theseflakescarsformonlya smallpartoftheoriginalpreparatory scarson thecore, whichmeansthattherearefewernegative bulbscarsthanon a traditional crestedblade;and (c) these flakescarsareusuallylargerand muchshallower thanthoseon typicalcrestedblades.A tabularcore willproducemorepreparation bladesthana corethathas been crested. All 31 corepreparation bladesaremadefromobsidian.Nine(29%)belongtothetraditional crested theother22 (71%) piecesare fromtabularcorepreparation. One ofthecrestedbladesis category, almostcompleteandis 5.1 cmlong.Twelve(38.7%)ofthespecimens havetracesofutilisation on one or bothedges.All ofthespecimens havetriangular cross-section. 7281. Obsidian. L. 2.72. W. 1.16. Th. 0.63. Medial bladesegment, bothendssnapped.Triangular cross-section. FIG. 1O.8.

(iii) Unretouched Blades (so26-5O4oa, 6124-613^, 7283-7308) Forthepurposeofthisstudy, a bladeis definedas a piecewitha lengthequalto or greater thantwice itswidthand usuallyhavingone or moredorsalridgesthatare moreor less parallelto thelateral Sincethereis no generalagreement aboutthedefinitions of a blade and a bladelet,the margins.17 lattertermis avoided.18 Obsidianbladescomprise474 (97.9%)ofthe484 piecesofthiscategory, thechertbladesonly10 Most are medial and distal or a combination of these(see (2.1%). specimens proximal, fragments, tables A6.4-A6.5).Only 13 unretouched blades (all obsidian)are complete.The dimensions ofthe blade L. are: W. Th. cm. 5.35; 1.24; 0.36 longest In thetotal(557) ofbothretouched andunretouched variesfromtrapezoidal blades,thecross-section to and (375,67.3%) triangular (11,2%); occasionally (157,28.2%) (14,2.5%)thecross-section multiple is notrepresentative becausetheridgesacquirean irregular due to theremovalofadditional appearance flakesfromthedorsalsurface. Mostfacetsaresmooth, and the are curvedtowards 7 pieces only O 1 J slightly J thedistalend.Seventeen bladeblanksexhibitcortexon 2-50% ofthedorsalsurface. The standardised ofbladeblanks(47.5%ofall blanks,50.0%ofobsidian shapeandpreponderance in the the existence ofan obsidianbladeindustry atAyiosStephanos;178 blanks) assemblage suggests unretouched obsidian blades exhibit that of utilisation, (37.6%) indicating many theseitemsweremeant tobe usedas struck fromthecore.Although thepercentage ofchertbladescomparedwithotherchert artefact is also rather the existence of a blade forthismaterial is lesscertain. categories high, industry blade 7287. Obsidian.L. 3.32.W. 1.22.Th. 0.37.Proximal withdihedralplatform. cross section. segment Trapezoidal Evidenceofuse on bothlateraledges,fig.10.8.

(iv) Debitage (tables A6.1, A6.6-A6.7) All theextraneous flakesand chipsproducedin theprocessofmanufacturing thedesiredblanksand finished toolscomprisethisgeneralcategory of481 items,whichtotaled432 obsidianpiecesand 49 chertones.Some ofthelargerpieceswereutilised, butmostevidently werediscardedas waste.This materialcomprises thefollowing fourtypes. (a) PRIMARY FLAKES

Includes17 pieces: 14 obsidian,threechertTheseflakesare thefirst to be removedfromthecore and includeall flakeson whichcortexcovers80% or moreofthedorsalsurface. Averagedimensions L. W. Th. included): 1.62. 1.35. 0.44. (fragments 17In fact,thethickness ofa blade shouldbe includedas well. Forexample,a blade 5.1 cm longand 1.1 cm wide,butwitha thickness thatexceeds0.5 cm,seemsbettercategorised as a core fragment. 18Tixier (1974) asked several typologiststo separate a collectionofunworked bladesfromWadiChercharain Tunisia

intothreegroups- blades,bladeletsand borderlinecases withoutusingmeasuring tools.The resultsweregraphedand consistent. Thus,a piece willbe appearedto be convincingly calleda bladewhen(a) thelengthis morethantwicethewidth; than5 cm;and (c) thewidth (b) thelengthis equal to or greater is equal to or greater than1.2 cm,forcompletespecimens.

APPENDIX 6

CD-133

(b) SECONDARY FLAKES (5041)

Comprises82 pieces: 79 obsidian,threechert.This categoryincludesall flakeswithcortexpresenton less than 80% ofthe dorsal surface.Such flakesare the resultof continuedshapingof a core. Average dimensions(fragments included):L. 1.98. W. 1.77. Th. 0.56. (c) TERTIARYFLAKES(6133, 6134C, 73Ο9-73Κ>) Includes 254 pieces: 226 obsidian,28 chert.These flakeshave no cortexand bear flakescarson their dorsal surfaces.Averagedimensions(fragments included):L. 1.83. W. 1.52. Th. 0.41. (d) Debris (10927-11054) This comprises 128 pieces: 113 obsidian, 15 chert.Any piece with a blocky,irregularshape and bulb of percussionor otherdiagnosticflakecharacteristic fallsinto thiscategory. lackinga platform, Such debrisis createdboth duringpercussivecore preparation,as many fragments of unusual shape are detachedwhenthecore shatters, and whenflakesare truncatedaccidentally,thusremovingtypical flakelandmarks. (v) Tools (table A6.2) The ensembleof 162 implementsand weapons constitutes thisgeneralclass. A tool is definedas any amountto modifynoticeablythe shape of the blank and/orat piece exhibitingretouchin sufficient least one marginfora minimumdistanceof 0.25 cm. Retouch requiresat least threeadjacent flake scars orientatedin the same direction.The tools are divided intotwo groups,each witha numberof types.The firstgroupincludesall typesbearingfunctionalnames,althoughtheselabels shouldnotbe construednecessarilyas inferring a particularuse. Techniqueshave been developed to determinethe but we lacked the requisiteequipmentand precise functionsthat create particularwear patterns,19 expertiseto conductsuch studies.Therefore,the typenames in thissub-categoryare a compositeof morphologicaland presumeduse traits;thesetermsare familiarto mostarchaeologistsand have been adopted as conventions.The second groupconsistsoftypesclassifiedon thebasis ofretouchlocation. These artefacts,collectivelycalled retouchedpieces, do not fitthe common categoriesof the first group and so are designatedby descriptivetechnicalterms. (a) piercing/incising tools (7311-7315) Sixteenpieces: 14 obsidian,two chert.Included in thiscategoryare flakesand blades withpointsor on two specimens.In tipsformed,usuallyon the distalend, by convergingretouchthatis alternating several cases the tip is slightlycurved; on two pieces the point is broken.These implementsoften exhibittracesof crushingand roundingfromtheirputativeuse as drills,piercingtools and gravers. Four are made on primarydecorticationflakes,ten on tertiaryflakes,and two on blades. Outlines varyfromrectangularto nearlyround. Most of the pieces are relativelysmall and can only be held betweenthumband forefinger. The slightdimensionsofthesepiercingtoolsmakeitdifficult to ascertain the precisefunction.Suggestionsforthe use of such tools include carvingofbone, antler,shell,wood or softstones,cuttinghides,and incisingpottery.20 7312. Chert,red. L. 2.12. W. 1.35. Th. 0.41. Complete non-cortical flake.Medium,directscalarretouch tertiary formsa smalltipat right fig.10.8. proximal, 7313. Obsidian.L. 1.50.W. 1.12.Th. 0.48.Toolis formed on a brokentertiary flake.Converging retouchalongthe brokendistaledge and at rightdistalforma distinct tip, FIG.10.8. obliqueto right.

7315. Obsidian.L. 1.95.W. 0.99. Th. 0.30. Medialblade withtrapezoidal cross-section. Leftdistaledgehas fragment thatforms truncated direct, irregular flaking margin. Right distaledgeexhibits retouch direct, steep,marginal leading to distinct tipat rightdistal.Rightlateraledgeis utilised.

FIG. 1O.8.

(b) Sickle Elements (6135, 7316-7319) Twenty-three pieces, all chert.This class includesall chertpieces withso-called'sickle/silica gloss' on one or bothlateraledges. The sickleelementsare made on 12 broad blades and 11 thick,non-cortical chertflakes,and mosthave one denticulatededge formedby the removalof a seriesof small lunate 19Semenov 1964; Hayden1979; Keeley1980. 20Yerkes1983; 1987, 126-8, 134-5, 166-7; Karduliasand Runnels1995.

APPENDIX 6

CD-134

Table A6.2. Tool typesby material(earlierand laterexcavations).

Tool type

Obsidian quantity

Chert

%

tools Piercing/incising Sickle elements Denticulates

14 1

0.6

Scrapers Notchedpieces Truncatedpieces Backed blades Scaled pieces Bifacialtools Tinder flint Hollow-basedprojectilepoints Barbed and tangedprojectilepoints Retouchedpieces

5 14 14 3 2

3.1 8.6 8.6

16 3 48 120

Total

8.6

quantity

%

2 23 5 2

1.3 14.2 3.1 1.2

9.9 1.9 29.6

2 1 1 1

1.3 0.6 0.6 0.6

4

2.5

74.1

41

25.3

1.9 1.3

Lapis Lacedaemonius quantity %

1

0.6

Total quantity

%

16

9.9 14.2 4.3 4-3 8.6 8.6

23 7 7 14 14 3 4 1 1 17 3 52

1

0.6

162

1.9 2.6 0.6 0.6 10.5 1.9 32.1 100

flakesby inverseand directretouch. Theiroutlineis rectangular to trapezoidal, and thecross-section is triangular, or irregular. one endis snappedor crudelytruncated, trapezoidal Typically, probablyto accommodateeach elementin a haftwithsimilarpieces.Most specimensexhibitabruptor semibutthreehave invasivecoveringretouch.Thisworking formstheserrated flaking, abruptirregular silica edgewiththreeto seven'teeth',whichare quitewornand polishedin mostcases.Substantial glossis evidenton thisworkedmargin, equallydividedoverboththedorsaland theventralsurfaces. The sheenmaybe producedbycutting thestalksofsiliceousgrassesandis a clearfunctional indicator butall are ofhighquality. (see §5 (i) below).The colourofthechertsvariesconsiderably, 6135. Chert,reddishbrown.L. 3.02. W. 1.42. Th. 0.61. Roughlytrapezoidal,withright,distaland proximaledges bifaciallyworked. Right edge serrated,with seven teeth formedby carefulbifacialretouch;heavysickleglossvisible on both faces of edge, plate 51, fig. 9.1 1. 7316. Chert,reddishbrown.L. 2.16. W. 1.75. Th. 0.65. Thick flake snapped at both ends, with rectangular outlineand wedge-shapedcross-section. Leftmarginroughly thinned bifacially. Entire right margin has small to medium,direct,scalar, subparallel,steep retouchforming threenotches and fourteethwith extensivegloss on the (c) DENTICULATE

BLADES (6138-6142,

dorsal surfaceand some polish on the ventraland right distal,fig. 10.9. 7317. Chert, reddish brown (2.5YR 5/2). L. 3.92. W. 1.63. Th. 0.68. Complete tertiaryflake with trapezoidal outline.Left edge has five distinctteethformedby both direct and inverse, continuous, low, medium, scalar, irregularretouch.The retouchformsa verysinuous edge, withmanypatchesofgloss, plate 17.8 e, fig. 10.9. 7319. Chert,dark reddishbrown (5YR 2/2). L. 3.33. W. 2.10. Th. 0.65. Semi-circularoutline.Entirerightedge is retouchedon both faces,formingnine teeth,fig. 10.9.

7315a)

Seven pieces:one obsidian,fivechert,one lapislacedaemonius. The blanksare similarto the sickle ingeneralconfiguration elements andtype.Six aretertiary non-cortical flakes(fivechertandone lapis and one is a decortication flake The lacedaemonius), (chert). serrated secondary edge is less carefully formed thanon thesickleelements. in the difference the two is thelackof However, major categories on the denticulates. total of nine in denticulate blades is [A gloss published Chapters9-10 above;the arose because two of these were as sickleelements andwerecounted discrepancy recognised probably as suchin thepresentstudy.] L. 3.72. W. 2.73. Th. 0.87. Thick 6142. Lapis lacedaemonius. flake with rectangularoutline and wedge-shapedsection.

Distal end roughly truncated. Left edge exhibits low, sixteeth,plate 51, fig.9. 11. medium,scalarretouchforming

APPENDIX 6

CD-135

(d) SIDE SCRAPER

One piece,obsidian,A scraperis a toolwithat leastone marginthatis shapedby abruptand/or scaledretouch,21 Scraperson theendsofbladespresenta roundedappearancein planview.The only side scraperis on a thickobsidianprimary decortication flake.Inverseretouchon theleftmargin createsa steepworking facet.Somelightutilisation is evidenton theproximalend.Notillustrated, (e) END SCRAPERS(6143-6144,

732θ)

Six pieces:fourobsidian,twochert.Twospecimensarefashioned on thickcherttertiary non-cortical two on medial obsidian blade with cross-section. The distal end ofeach flakes, fragments trapezoidal has on the chert and one of the obsidian and low on the retouch, blades, marginal piece steep pieces otherobsidianblade.The fifth is a end made on a obsidian flake. specimen proximal scraper tertiary The sixthpieceis madeon theproximalend ofa corticalobsidianbladeby abrupt, retouch irregular thatextendsto therightedge; thisspecimencan be classified as an end/sidescraper.None of the pieceshas a reallywell made roundedscraperfacet,as is foundin classicUpperPalaeolithicendThisfactmayindicatethatothertoolsperformed mostscraping functions. scrapers. 7320. Obsidian.L. 1.10. W. 1.03. Th. 0.37. Incomplete non-cortical flakewithdirect,continuous, tertiary straight,

scalarretouch a proximal endscraper. flat, medium, forming fig. 10.9.

(f) NOTCHES (73^1-732lb)

Fourteen flakesand 11 on blades.The pieces,all obsidian.Threespecimensaremade on secondary in outline;twonotchesareon lateralmargins, flakesaremoderately thickandsub-rectangular butone is inverseand theotherdirect,whilethethirdspecimenhas a directnotchnearthedistalend.The nineare trapezoidal, one is bladesare all fragments (sixmedialand fiveproximal);in cross-section and one is Both inverse and direct notches are evident on the blades. Two triangular heptagonal. bladespossesstwonotcheseach,twoothershaveone notchand additional and seven blades retouch, have onlythesinglenotch.The concavities exhibitirregular generally steepretouchand varyfrom shallowto quitedeep. The mostpronouncednotchappearson one of theflakes.These toolsmay havebeen usedto shavesoftmaterials suchas wood,e,g,in thepreparation ofarrowshafts. Several otherpiecesthatalso exhibitindentations are notincludedin thiscategory becausetheflakescars seemfresher ratherthandullblackin appearance)and thusofrecentcreation;perhaps (i.e.lustrous thepieceswerenickedby excavationtoolsor duringstorage. 7321. Obsidian.L. 2.1o. W.0.74.Th.0.24.Proximal segment withplainplatform and trapezoidal cross-section. Medium,

scalarretouch formsa notchfromrightdistalto marginal, medial.Smallretouch alsoalongleftmargin, fig.10.9. right

(g) TRUNCATEDPIECES (73447345)

Fourteen withthe pieces,all obsidian.Thereare ι%bladesand twoflakes.All are singletruncations, of one flake trimmed at both ends. One truncated blade has additional and another retouch, exception a facet. the blades there are ten medial and two and ten çoir per Among proximalsegments, possesses in the with and two with cross-section. There are no true triangular geometries pieces trapezoidal collection.Most of the truncations are crude.The pieces may have been shapedto be partof a is unclearbecauseoftherather tool,buttheprecisenatureofsuchan implement composite haphazard natureofthetruncations. Mostpiecesexhibitsomedegreeofutilisation, (h) BACKED BLADES (7343)

Threepieces,all obsidian.Thiscategory includesbladeswithan edgebluntedbyregular, direct, steep All specimensaremedialsegments and continuous retouchto createa backing,22 ofobsidianblades, one triangular and twotrapezoidalin cross-section. One specimenhas severallargethinning flakes removedon bothsurfaces neartheproximalend, (i) SCALED PIECES (7322)

Fourpieces:twoobsidian,twochert.Twospecimensaremadeon obsidiansecondary corticalflakes, one completeand one shearedin halfalongthelongitudinal axis.The othertwoarenearlycomplete 21Runnels1985,370.

22See Tixier1974.

APPENDIX 6

CD-136

in outlineand exhibitscaling(i.e. long cherttertiary non-cortical flakes.All are sub-rectangular flakescarson eachface)on bothsurfaces. The function ofscaledpiecesis notcertain, but convergent thisscar patternmay reflectuse of the pieces as intermediate tools.23 Runnelssuggeststhatsuch theconvergent scarswouldresultfromstriking alternate scalingis similarto thaton 'strike-alights';24 endsofa flakeagainstmetalto createa spark. L. 1.96.W. 1.10.Th. 0.51. 7322. Chert,honey-coloured. scaledon bothfaces.FIG.10.9. Sub-rectangular; (j) BIFACIAL TOOL (7323)

One piece,chert.The blankis a largeprimary decortication flakewiththerightedge snapped,suboutline and with cross-section. The workedby rectangular trapezoidal specimenis roughly bifacially retouch on A sinuous the ventral surface and largeirregular covering partialtoinvasivedorsalretouch. on the left use as a knife. cutting edge marginsuggests possible 7323. Chert,beige. L. 3.79. W. 2.19. Th. 1.28. Large outline,rightedge primaryflakewithsub-rectangular

broken.Crudebifacial retouch, mostly large.Leftanddistal formsinuousedges,fig.10.9. margins

(k) TINDER FLINT (7324)

One piece,chert.Thisthicktertiary non-cortical flakeofhighqualitylight-coloured chertis snapped at bothends.In addition,severallargeflakesweredetachedfromtheleftdistal,makingtheoutline cross-section is trapezoidal. Bothlateralmargins exhibitcrudepartialbifacialretouch. sub-rectangular; in lithicassemblages. It is a representative ofa tooltypenotoftenrecognised 7324. Chert,lightbrown.L. 3.53.W. 2.42.Th. 0.77.Thick non-cortical flakesnappedat bothendsand with tertiary severallargeflakesdetachedfromleftdistal.Outlinesubcross-section. Crudepartialbifacial rectangular; trapezoidal

retouchon bothlateraledges.Crushingalongleftedge indicatesheavyuse, perhapsfromrepeatedstriking to fig.10.9. producesparks,

(1) HOLLOW-BASED PROJECTILE-POINTS (6145-6149,

7325-7331)

Seventeenpieces:16 obsidian,one chert.Projectile-points in areamongthemostdiagnostic artefacts theassemblage becauseoftheirdistinctive and These flaking. shapes shapingbypressure implements were used as arrowheadsor spear/dart points.Of the 16 obsidianpoints,fiveare complete,ten blanks, extant).All are made on non-cortical nearlycomplete,and one is broken(abouttwo-thirds mostof whichare clearlyflakes,but severalmay be blades. Cross-section is ovate to bi-planar. to haphazard, rangesfromexcellent,withfinecoveringretouchon both surfaces, Workmanship witha noticeabledorsalkeelevidenton threespecimens. Blade edgesare straight to slightly curved. One smallcompletepointis made on a brokenflake;the shearededge is unmodified, whereas retouch is atbestinvasiveon eithersurface. barbsareformed Obliqueproximal by a centralproximal notchor concavity thatprobablyassistedin hafting thepointsto arrowor dartshafts. Mostbarbs are brokenbut stillexhibitsignificant retouch.The one chertpointis finelymade on a tertiary non-cortical and a flake,despitethepresenceofa smalldorsalridge;theblade edgesareverystraight shallow the wide, concavity separates tangs. 6145. Obsidian.L. 1.70. W. 0.88. Th. 0.29. One barb broken.Coveringretouchon dorsalsurface, unretouched sectionon ventral face,plate 51, fig.9.11. 6148. Obsidian.L. 1.89.W. 1.24.Th. 0.41.Tip ofonebarb broken.Invasivebutnotcovering retouch on bothsurfaces. plate 51, fig.9.11. Highkeelon one surface, 6149.Obsidian.L. 1.17.W. 1.00.Th.0.20.Madeonbroken flake.Leftside sheared.Retouchis small and tertiary to invasiveon bothsurfaces. PLATE 51, FIG.9.11. marginal 7325. Chert,red. L. 2.09. W. 1.22. Th. 0.33. Complete retouch on bothsurfaces. Dorsal specimen. Nearlycovering

23 Semenov

1964.

keelremains, plate 56, fig.10.9. Obsidian. L. 1.21. W. 1.01. Th. 0.32. Bothbarbs 7326. broken,plate 56, fig.10.9. 7329. Obsidian.L. 1.71.W. 1.10.Th. 0.40. One barband distaltipbroken.Nearlycovering retouch on bothsurfaces.

PLATE56, FIG. IO.9.

7330. Obsidian.L. 1.43. W. 0.83. Th. 0.22. Bothbarbs broken. Bifacial coveringretouchexhibitsexcellent plate 56, fig. 10.9. workmanship, Obsidian. L. 1.41.W. 1.00.Th. 0.27. Complete, but 7331. barbsslightly plate 56, fig.10.9. assymetrical.

24 Runnels

(1985, 374, n. 27).

APPENDIX 6 (m) BARBED AND TANGED OR CONTRACTING-STEM PROJECTILE-POINTS (5042,

CD-137 7332~7333)

Threepieces,all obsidian.The one completepointand two stemsare made on tertiary obsidian is ovate.The blade edgesof the flakes;one of thestemshas a smallpatchof cortex;cross-section in roundedshoulders. sinuousin outlineand terminate The stemtapersto completepointareslightly a roundedbase thatexhibits a plainplatform. Retouchis onlypartialon bothsurfaces, witha medial dorsalridgeintact.The twofragmentary stemsexhibitfinermoresymmetrical bifacialretouch.The sidestaperto flatbases. In general,thecompletespecimenpresentsa cruderappearancethanthe 6150.] fragments. [Comparealso theobsidiantangedprojectile-point 7332.Barbedandtangedprojectile point.Obsidian.L. 1.36. W. 1.08. Th. 0.37. Stemwithflatbase thatexhibitsfine retouchon bothsurfaces, fig.10.9. covering 7333·Barbedandtangedprojectile point.Obsidian.L. 2.45.

W. 1.17.Th. 0.38. Complete.Made on tertiary flake.Plain evidentat base. Retainsdorsalridge.Retouchis platform plate 56, fig.10.9. partialon bothsurfaces,

(vi) Retouched Pieces (5042-5045, 6153, 7334734s) Thisclassof 52 pieces(48 obsidian,fourchert)includesretouched bladesand flakesthatdo notfit intotheabove tooltypes.Morphological characteristics (i.e. quantity, typeand locationofretouch) the classification of these artefacts into ten govern categories. (a) opposed Fivepieces,all obsidian.Bilateralretouchthatis direct(flakesremovedtowardthedorsalsurface) on one edge and inverse(flakesremovedtowardtheventralsurface)on theotheris evidenton these specimens. (b) DIRECT, STEEP, UNILATERAL

Eighteenpieces: 16 obsidian,twochert. (c) DIRECT, STEEP, BILATERAL

Fivepieces,all obsidian. (d) DIRECT, OBLIQUE, UNILATERAL

Fivepieces:fourobsidian,one chert. (e) INVERSE, UNILATERAL

Eightpieces,all obsidian. (f) DISTAL AND ONE LATERAL

Threepieces,all obsidian. (g) DISTAL ONLY

One piece,obsidian. (h) PROXIMAL AND ONE LATERAL

One piece,obsidian. (i) ALTERNATING(DIRECT AND INVERSE ON SAME EDGE)

Fivepieces:fourobsidian,one chert. (j) ENTIRE PERIMETER RETOUCHED

One piece,obsidian.

Of all thetoolsin theabove categories, 83 weremade on flakes,72 on bladesand sevenon blanks thatcouldnotbe determined due to thenatureoftheretouch. As at Lerna,themostnumerous tools atAyiosStephanosarethosewithsimpleretouched Tools of the edges. comprise13.8%(162) chipped

APPENDIX 6

CD-138

withLerna (LernaIII, 9.0%; LernaIV, 13.9%; a figurethatcomparesfavourably stonecollection, LernaV, 22.i%).25 5. COMMENTARY

ON THE FLAKED STONE ASSEMBLAGE

(i) Functions and Materials a smallbutimportant The flakedstonefromAyiosStephanosconstitutes assemblage.These lithics to ourunderstanding ofvariouspracticesat thesite,including contribute subsistence, exchangeand limitthe The smallsize of the assemblageand the selectivecollectionstrategy craftspecialisation. at two levels: but be of statements of this sort, (a) significant insights may garnered scope interpretative theprocurement areasinwhichno otherlevelofevidenceis applicable(e.g.exchangesystems involving but and (b) aspectsofthesiteforwhichlithicsprovidea supplemental ofnon-locallithicresources), with a effort The is consonant line of evidence general (e.g.chronology). presentreport independent factors fromlithicsinformation on economyand chronology. to extract Analysisofthetechnological cultural second-order inferences aboveis thestarting for described behaviour, concerning point drawing of the of theirimmediate function to an understanding i.e. goingbeyondthesimpledetermination in lithics their role a trade context within which the system). largersystemic operated(e.g. all phasesofthe In termsoftechnology, theflakedstoneassemblagefromAyiosStephanosreflects in favour skewed is The distribution of blank reduction however, type, disproportionately sequence. flakes(316, 26.9%) and blades (538, 45.9%).The 15 (1.3%) core ofthelattertypes,i.e. non-cortical flakes,128 (10.9%) piecesof debris 31 (2.6%) crestedblades,118 (10.1%) decortication fragments, Thissituation oftheassemblage. and 19 (1.6%)corticalbladesmakeup a ratherlowproportion may to severalfactors. eachcorecanyielda greatnumberofflakesandblades,so that be attributable First, and reduction theratioshouldbe weightedin favourof thelatter.Second,initialcore preparation accurate reflection of and finished are an have occurred so that the later off-site, stages products may in excavatedzones.This wouldhave involvedtheimportation of preparednucleirather activities A thirdpossibility to consideris samplingerror; ofunprocessed rawmaterial. thanon-sitereduction is not missed lithic but such a negativeargument the excavated units at the site workshops, perhaps if conclusion that seems to the The of core most, types justify preparation verycompelling. quantity Sheetsand Mutoproduced83 notall, obsidianbladesweremade on thesite.In one experiment, thata tabularcorecan yieldat leastas many bladesfromone polyhedral core.26 Assuming pressure c, 1079 blades,a bladesas a polyhedral one,the 13 obsidiancoresfromAyiosStephanosrepresent The coresalso may retrieved that far exceeds the number of blade (534). fragments figure actually havebeen preparedat thesite,butitis possiblethatsomewereproducedelsewhere. tothatatsitesnearthecoastinthenorth-east The situation atAyiosStephanos is similar Péloponnèse. At Lerna,thenumberof coresand typeof corticaldebrisindicatethatnaturalchunksof obsidian The paucity holdat siteF-32in thesouthern Similarconditions werepreparedat thesite.27 Argolid.28 at AyiosStephanos, whereonlytwochertcoresand nine ofchertcorticalpiecesat Lernais mirrored of corticalflakeswereidentified (see tables A6.1 and A6.7). Runnelsarguesforthe importation at Ayios On-siteblade production chertbladesto Lernaon thebasis of similarevidence.29 finished to thesiteas eventhoughsomebladesmayhavebeenbrought possibility, Stephanosseemsa distinct core cores and the absence of chert The small number of chert finished prismatic preparation products. debrisat the sitesuggestthatmostblades of thatmaterialwere imported.Still,the evidencefor no chertblade coreswerefound,itis possible ofchertbladesis notverystrong. Although importation ofAyiosStephanosimported thattheinhabitants preparedchertcores,whichwouldexplainthelack and offlakesand debris.Table A6.1 indicatesthat58.7% ofall chertconsistsofprimary, secondary for and that consists of debris flakes for the (10.6% obsidian). obsidian), 14.4% 34.9% tertiary (only remainsa possibility. Thesefigures implythatthereis no lackofflakesanddebris,andlocalproduction flintwitheitherdarkor whiteto bluishveins. Severalofthesickleelementsare made ofred-brown nodules.30 as rawunworked Thiskindofchertoccurselsewherein Laconiain verysmallquantities number of chert artefacts Since the limited be the same around Thissituation AyiosStephanos. may fromAyiosStephanosexhibitatleasttendifferent colours,itseemslikelythat (104) in theassemblage In weremade of locallyfoundchertand thatthe materialwas workedat the site.31 the artefacts 25Runnels1985,366, 388, table8. 26Sheetsand Muto 1972,632-4. 27Runnels1985. ^ö Ivardulias and Kunnels1995.

29Runnels1985,360. 30M. Ijdo, personalobservation. 31Cf.J. Blitzer1992,713-14.

APPENDIX 6

CD-139

Table A6.3. Tool typeson blades (laterexcavations). Tool type tool Piercing/incising End scraper Notchedpiece Denticulate Truncatedpieces Backed blades Tinder flint Retouchedpieces Unretouchedblades Total

Obsidian % quantity 1 1 4 1 12 2 ο 11 86

0.8 0.8 3.3 0.8 10.0 1.7 ο 9.2 71.7

118

98.3

Chert quantity

°/o

ι

ο.8

1

0.8

2

1.6

Total % quantity 1 1 4 1 12 2 ι 11 87 iço

0.8 0.8 4.4 0.8 10.0 1.7 ο.8 9·2 72.5 100

or locallyproduced,it is perhaps chertbladeswereimported relationto theproblemas to whether sitesthatyielda largerquantity of of refitting on well stratified necessaryto stresstheimportance chippedstonethanwas foundat AyiosStephanos. in the reflected of blades was the primary The production goal of the flakedstonetechnology of blades (50% of all obsidian;47.5% of all fromAyiosStephanos.The predominance inventory AtLernaobsidianbladesnevercomprisemorethat50% of material) clearlypointsto thispreference. andbythetimeofLernaV thisportion had droppedtoabout25%.Although theobsidianassemblage, flakesand tertiary flakescomprisea sizableportionoftheassemblage(413, secondarydecortication 35.2%),thenumberoftoolsmadefromtheseblanktypesis few.Ifwe considerthedesiredultimate all bladesare included,but elementin sorting outtheassemblage, productas thekeydiscriminating butitis undeniable onesarecounted.Bladescouldbe further oftheflakesonlytheretouched modified, The factthatonly73 blades(13.1%ofall blades)were thatproduction ofbladeswas an endin itself. further modification thattheseblankswereprimarily intended tobe usedwithout retouched maysuggest (seetablesA6.3-A6.5).32 flakes wereevidently ishighlighted The stress onbladeproduction bythefactthatmanylargecortical had particular discardedunused(seetablesA6.6-A6.7).It seemsthatthesiteinhabitants shapesand in mindforstonetools.The desireto obtainbladesled themto ignoremanyothergood functions usablepiecesor to employtheseflakesin onlyan ad hocmanner.These circumstances mayhave In withparticular derivedfromtheneed to servespecialisedfunctions typesof lithicimplements. use ofrawmaterialand may ofpressure -struck bladesmakesmoreefficient theproduction addition, forbladesis againunderlined Thispreference accountforthedominanceofbladesin theassemblage. - 178 obsidianand ofunretouched bladesthatexhibittracesofutilisation by thehighpercentage fourchert,32.7% ofall blades. is theselectionof thathas a bearingon exchangeand subsistence Anotheraspectof technology and denticulates aremadeon all sickleelements chertforcertaintools.In additionto somescrapers, from largechertflakesor thickwideblades.As describedabove,sickleelementsare distinguished ofthedenticulates The morphology denticulates suggests bythepresenceofsilicaglosson theformer. wereprobablyalso haftedand servedin harvesting theseimplements crops,but the lack of gloss is a matter of The precisecauseofthesheenon sickleelements categorisation. precludesa definitive obsidiandominates fromcutting somedebate,butitis clearthattheglossresults Although plantstems.33 naturemakesit somewhatless durablewhenused forsicklingand thelithicassemblage,itsbrittle tooltypesthat,in we haveevidencefortheuse ofchertforspecific reapingthanchertConsequently, A of plants(presumably turn,indicatesystematic harvesting grains). clearselectiveprocesswas in 32Fromthelaterexcavations33 of 120 blades,27.5%,were lowfigure. retouched (see TABLE 18.3),butthisis stilla relatively 33Meeks,de Titeand Cook (1982,317-40) listthe Sieveking, from threebasictheoriesconcerning (a) itforms glossformation: abrasionbetweenthetool edge and soil particlesand/oropal phytolithsfromplant stems; (b) it is an additive surface accumulation ofsilicaceousplantmaterial;and (c) itis theresult

betweenthe flakesurface,waterand of a chemicalinteraction Basedon extensive experimentation, they plantstemphytoliths. arguethatglossresultsfromabrasivepolishingand is not an accumulativelayer.Unger-Hamilton (1984, 91-8) however, suggestson the basis of the resultsof her examinationof toolsseems flint bladesthatuse-wear polishon flint experimental to be a combination ofabrasionand deposition.

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CD-142

operationrelativeto raw material,tool typeand specialisedfunction.Runnelsnotes a similar phenomenonat Lerna. Whilethe percentageof obsidianin the assemblageremainedveryhigh theBronzeAge at Lerna(ranging from94.2% in LernaIII to 87.8% in LernaV),34chert throughout in everyphase. was alwaysthepreferred material forsickleelements, anditsuseincreasedsignificantly The 41 'denticulated tranchets' thatVan Horn identified at fiveArgolidsitesmay also be sickle ifso,theselection ofmaterial twoobsidian)clearlyreflects a preference forchert elements;35 (39 chert, in theassemblages andforitssuperior hardness. Blitzerhasfounda similardistribution fromNichoria twoobsidianones)36 and fromMalthiin Messenia(35 chertdenticulates).37 (65 chertdenticulates, The typeofmaterial forothertoolsexhibits no changebetweenthemajorphases employed virtually at AyiosStephanos. an efficient was established Evidently, pattern earlyin theoccupational sequence andmaintained thereafter. The unaltered relianceon particular materials mayalsoreflect uninterrupted accessto stoneresourcesthroughout theBronzeAge, and mayspeakto theproblemof transition in theexchangenetwork betweenthedefinedperiods.Thatis, iftherewas littleor no contraction betweenvariousperiods,as a continuous flowofimported materials thenwe mayhave mightsuggest, to rethink ideas aboutdisplacement ofpopulations at thebreakbetweenEH and MH and at other times.The smallsizeoftheassemblage fromAyiosStephanosobviously limitstheextenttowhichwe incontexts cangeneralise fromit,butthishypothesis isworthconsidering wheredataaremoreplentiful. Otherthanthe sickleelementswithgloss,thereis littledirectevidenceforthe function of the varioustool types.As mentionedabove,experimentation and use-wearanalysishave provedvery ineliciting inthisinstance. suchdata,38 butstudies ofthissortcouldnotbe undertaken Therefore, helpful theprecisefunction ofvarioustoolsis difficult to ascertainexceptby comparison and ethnographic notchesandretouched analogy.The scrapers, piecescouldhavebeenusedtoworkwoodor hide,the backedpieces,bifaceand bladesforcutting fruit, (e.g.butchering, shearing, harvesting perhapseven or military The percoirsor piercing/incising shaving),and theprojectilepointsforhunting activity. toolsare one of themostnumerouscategories but are quiteproblematic. These pointedtoolsare madeon smallobsidianflakesorblades.The smallsizeofthetipssuggests thesewereused generally to workrelatively softmaterials, perhapswood or bone,butthelack of a bevellededge mayhave A numberoftools,similarin appearanceand dimensions madeeventhesesubstances intractable. to fromAyiosStephanosbutfoundat theBronzeAge siteofTepeHissarin Iran,areknown theperçoirs to havebeen usedin shapinglapislazulibeads;39perhapssomeoftheLaconianpiercingtoolswere used to worksoftstone.The smallsize and relativeabundanceofthesetools(9.9% ofall retouched in thesouthern In bothareas,smallflakesorbladeswere is similartothesituation artefacts) Argolid.40 selectedforretouchto createsmalltipson blanks.The pieces usuallycan onlybe held between thumband forefinger, and thereis no hafting element.Once againsome specialisedfunction was becauseat bothAyiosStephanosand thesitesin thesouthern envisaged, Argolidmanygood large flakeswereignoredby theknappersin favourofsmalltertiary non-cortical flakes. (ii) Sources of Material The rawmaterials usedformanufacturing stonetoolsat thesitetellus something abouttheresource in of the inhabitants. The obsidian seems to be Melian black origin.The lustrous procurement system bands and translucent of thin flakes are consistent with colour,homogeneous texture, greyish quality thisassumption, trace element would be for confirmation. although spectrographic analysis necessary in GreeceduringtheNeolithicandBronzeAge.41 Thismaterial was widelydistributed Itspresenceis inLateUpperPalaeolithic attested andMesolithic levelsatFranchthi Cave.42 scholars 20th Early century in that trade this useful was controlled the suggested commodity by Phylakopithroughout Bronze and contributed to the wealth of this town.43 More îbrrence44 has arguedthat however, Age recently, extraction ofrawmaterial fromthequarries wasneversystematically controlled. Rather,shepostulates thatindividual fromvariousislandsandthemainlandprobably obsidiandirectly. expeditions procured Thissystem ofacquisition wouldcertainly havebeeneasyenoughfortheinhabitants ofmanymainland coastalsites,suchas Lernaand theFournoifocusin thesouthern to implement. Argolid,45 34 Runnels 1985, 369, table 1. 35Van Horn 1977. 36Blitzer 1992, 712, 719. 37Blitzer iqqi. 38Semenov 1064; Hayden iq7q; Keeley 1080. 39Bulgarelli iq77, 30-1^4. 40 Kardulias and Runnels iqq*. 41 Runnels 1983.

42 Dixon and Renfrew 1973.

qi 1904,210-33. 44Bosanquet 1986, 214-16. 45A clusterof Bronze Age sitesin and aroundthevillageof Fournoiexhibitsconsiderableevidencefora well developed obsidianindustry in the Hermionis.This focushas by farthe ofcores,debris,and flakesintheentireregion. greatest quantity Van Andeland Runnels(1987, 90-93) arguethatobsidianwas

APPENDIX 6

CD-143

itisunlikely thatinhabitants ofsitessuchas AyiosStephanos However, engagedinsuchdirect journeys. it was then situated on the lies on a less directroutetoMelosthanthe coast, Although AyiosStephanos sitesmentioned above.It is moreplausibletopositan exchangenetwork a central involving processing in whose residents collected the obsidian it to the mainland and thendistributed Melos, depot transported ittosites,suchas AyiosStephanos, thathadlessdirectaccesstotherawmaterial· Local resources, such as lapislacedaemonius andfoodstuffs, couldhavebeenexchanged fortheobsidian.Sucha system would smallamountofobsidianatAyiosStephanos, It is ourimpression thatobsidian, explaintherelatively in theArgolid46 andchippedstoneingeneral, is muchmoreabundant thaninLaconia47 andelsewhere in thePéloponnèse,48 It is possiblethatsuchcentralprocessing depotsexistedin theseareas.Although theinhabitants ofAyiosStephanosthemselves not have collected obsidianon occasionaltripsto may on the islandofElaphonisi, whichlies Melos,inLaconiatheremayhavebeena central processing depot ona moredirect routetoMelos,Hope SimpsonandWaterhouse notedconsiderable of quantities obsidian on thesurface at sixof 13 siteson thisislandandthemainlandopposite,49 The precisesourceof the highqualitychertat the siteis moredifficult to determine, because varioussourcesexistandcurrent testscannotclearlydiscriminate them. It is however, among unlikely, thatchertquarrieswereas distant as Melos,Yetobsidiandominates theassemblage, an indication of theinhabitants' desiretofulfill certainneedsin a specific fashion. The exchangeofchertandobsidian was probablyonlya minorpartof the economicnetworkand was undoubtedly ancillaryto the distribution ofvitalcommodities suchas metaland foodstuffs,50 The cavalierdiscardofunusedlarge flakes(118, 18%)suggests thesupplywas plentiful and couldbe directed to specific i,e,the functions, could select the blank desired to create a tool. On the other the hand, knapper precisely particular in of utilised blades and the small amount of stone indicate highpercentage generalmight chipped in thatthesupplywas notso abundant.The presenceofa substantial numberof ad hocimplements, theformofutilisedbutunretouched tendedto blanks,does notdisprovetheidea thatlithicartisans be selectivein choosingblanksforspecificpurposes.Obviously,theremusthavebeen a numberof in thesecases a plainblankserved functions forwhicha specificretouchedtool was unnecessary; well.The morespecificthepurpose,however,thegreatertheneed forretouch.Thisobservation is true for which are easier to more and are less haft, especially projectile points, penetrate deeply, likely ifthepiecesarebifacially to bounceoffa target worked,51 (iii) Artisanship Table A6,8 presentsan empiricalcomparisonof blade widthand thickness forAyiosStephanos, and certain sites,53 The rather The Coefficient ofVariation Lerna,52 figures Cycladic correspond closely. indicates a of variation of dimensions for the blades from Lerna and (CV) tighter range AyiaIrini thanforthosefromAyiosStephanos, butthedifference is notgreat.These statistical resultssuggest in blade dimensions betweensites,fromwhichfactwe can inferthatartisansat various similarity in producing locationsemployedessentially identical stonetools.Thiscanbe explainedin techniques severalways.One explanation be that the same werewidespread throughout may knapping techniques theAegeanas theresultofsharingin a generalcultural milieu.Forsitesthatare reasonably closeto one anotherand forwhichothertradeconnections can be demonstrated, the further implication mightbe thatthe same artisanor workshopproducedthe blades foundin bothplaces.Another is independent oftechniques due to purelytechnological factorsassociated possibility development A combination withtheefficient use ofrawmaterial, ofthesetwoexplanations is probablycloserto A tradition in theAegeanby theprehistoric situation, ofblade production was certainly established theBronzeAge,butindividualartisans had to makethechoicesconcerning theprecisetechniqueof in blade dimensions in table A6,8 manufacture. The differences amongsomeofthesitesrepresented reflect local variation on a regionalthemein stonetoolproduction,54 The tightclustering ofvaluesaroundthemeansin table A6,8 maysuggestpreciseskilland may thusindicatethatstonetoolsat thevarioussites,including wereproducedby fullAyiosStephanos,

fromMelostothesouthern seafarers brought Argolidby'intrepid whotradedfarand wide',buttheactualproduction was limited toa restricted numberofsites(primarily F32,whichyieldedover aroundFournoi. 2100 piecesofobsidianin a surfacecollection) From there, prepared cores and blades were distributed throughoutthe regionby means of a reasonablycomplex network. exchange 46Van Horn 1976, 11; Karduliasand Runnels1995.

47M. J. Ijdo, personalobservation. 48Blitzer 1992; Parkinson 1999; Cherryand Parkinson 2003. 49Waterhouse andHopeSimpsoni960, 67-107; 1961,114-75. 5UKardulias 1999. 01Udell and (Jowan bi Runnels1905,304.190b,195-212. 53Torrenceiq7q, 7*. 54Kardulias 1992.

APPENDIX 6

CD-144

Table A6.8. StandardDeviationand Coefficient ofVariationforblades excavatedat Ayios Stephanosand othersites. Site and type of tool

Ν

Width

X

SD

CV

Thickness X SD

CV

Ayios Stephanos 1973, 1974 (all)

120

Ο·93

Ο·29

31.2

0.26

0.09

34·6ο

Ayios Stephanos 1959, i960, 1963: all obsidianblades unretouche d obsidianblades utilised(and some retouched)blades utilisedobsidian (retouched=o)blades utilisedobsidian (and retouched)blades plain obsidianblades plain completeobsidianblades plain proximalobsidianblades utilisedproximalobsidianblades plain proximal-medialobsidianblades utilisedproximal-medialobsidianblades all medial obsidianblades plain medial obsidianblades utilisedand retouchedmedial obsidianblades utilisedmedial obsidianblades utilisedmedial-distalobsidianblades plain distalobsidianblades all chertblades retouchedand utilisedchertblades all blades plain blades all unretouched blades

416 388 185 143 170 245 5 50 18 25 35 229 142 14 72 10 8 21 12 437 251 397

0.89 0.88 1.00 0.98 0.99 0-83 1.32 0.80 0.89 0.84 1.07 0.88 0.83 0.91 0.95 1.05 0.81 1.40 1.51 0.92 0.83 0.89

0.26 0.26 0.31 0.27 0.27 0.24 0.28 0.22 0.29 0.22 0.28 °-25 0.24 °-i9 0.25 °-i9 0.22 °-36 0.36 °-29 0.24 0.27

29.37 29.18 29.65 27.38 26.94 28.45 27.23 27.22 31-93 26.61 26.34 28.53 29.24 20.77 26.13 18.33 27.65 23.74 23.74 31-41 29.15 29.76

Ο·25 0.25 0.29 0.28 0.27 0.23 0.29 °-23 °-28 0.25 0.28 0.24 0.23 0.26 0.26 °-3° 0.22 0.46 °-46 0.26 0.24 0.25

°·°9 0.09 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.10 0.09 0.10 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.05 0.08 0.07 0.04 0.23 0.14 1.01 0.11 0.10

34-55 34-96 34-94 32.14 31 .37 35-37 32.28 36-35 34-67 27.79 27.57 34-27 37-23 20.56 30.20 22.43 21.36 5°-93 32.78 41-63 45-73 4°-93

318 462 189 128 1542 409 960

0.96 0.98 0.99 1.44 1.04 °-93 0.96

0.24 °-29 0.28 °-37 0.31 °-3i 0.25

25.0 29.6 28.3 25.7 29.8 33-3 26.0

0.26 0.27 0.29 °-39 0.31 °-3° 0.29

0.07 0.08 0.09 0.16 0.13 0.17 0.09

26.9 29.6 31.0 41.0 41.9 56.7 31.0

Other sites: Lernalll Lerna IV LernaV Kephala (Neolithic) Phylakopi(total) Phylakopi(Obsidian Deposit) Ayialrini

In thisconnection, timespecialised craftsmen. itis interesting tonotethegiftof35 obsidian'truncated'55 one white-coloured chert flake and a bone with a rather wornpointin an LH I cistgrave blades, pin in Area which contained the skeletons of an adult(probablymale) and a (burial28) Alpha 1963, with a bronze and bronze tweezers child,together (HS 215-219).56Thisburialgiftcomprises dagger 16 proximal-medial, three medial-distal and one distalfragments ofblades.Amongthese 14 medial, were two crested blades and six tabular core blades. Of these35 pieces traditionally preparation one was ten were utilised and three were retouched and blades, retouched, utilised;thechertflake does not seem to have been used. The averagesize of theseblades is greaterthanthatof other obsidianbladesin theassemblage.57 The presenceoftheseburialgoodsraisesseveralquestions. Were to the adult or to the infant? Was the bone used for stone artefacts? Does retouching theygiven point the quantityof core preparation blades referto the professionof the deceased or is thismere coincidence? Wasthisa lastgiftto an appreciated craftsman, perhapsevena specialist flint-knapper? 55Runnels thesepiecesas 'bladesor flakes (1985,372) defines withthedistaland/orproximal endsremoved bydirectorinverse retouch'. He explains thatthisprocedure isdifferent from thebreaking ofone orbothendsofa blank,becausethefractures from resulting cannotbe distinguished from accidental snapping damage.Noneof the35 obsidianbladefragments inburial28 havebeentruncated tothisdefinition, butoneorbothendsweresnappedaway. according Sincethesepieceswerefound inanundisturbed itcansafely context, be assumedthatthebreaking wasintentional.

56 1972,217-19 withfig.11,pl. 41 e' Appendix5. 57Taylour lhe averagelength,widthand thickness of the complete collectionof bothchertand obsidianblade fragments (crested bladesincluded)are 1.89 x 0.94 x 0.27 cm.The crestedblades measure2.45 x 1.23 x 0.40 cm. The measurements of all blades in thisburialare 2.78 x 1.12 x 0.32 cm. The greater context lengthofthelattercouldbe explainedbytheundisturbed ofthegrave.

APPENDIX 6

CD-145

forCycladicsitesand Lerna, BothTorrenceand Runnelsare charyof makingsuch assertions considerable skill.58 Criticalto artisans have been known to achieve because part-time respectively, themasses offull-time craftspecialisation was thedemandforcertaincommodities; thedevelopment levelof demand.59 of obsidianat somemainlandEH sitesmaypointto sucha threshold Following the lithicassemblageat AyiosStephanosis muchtoo smallto suggestthe thisline of reasoning, and knappingat thesitemayhave been performed by partknappersthere,60 presenceoffull-time In thelater The distribution offlakedstonedoes haveseveralareasofconcentration. timespecialists. mostflakedstonewas foundin attention was focusedon retrieval oflithics, whengreater excavations, benefited fromhigher AreasNu (89 pieces)andEta (82 pieces);see table A6.9. [BothAreasprobably and in Area Nu manyexcavation sincetheywerebothexcavatedbyJ. B. Rutter, levelsofretrieval, ofMH I levels,and AreaEta BothAreashad an unusually unitswerewater-sieved. highproportion had EH levelsas well] These quantitiesof lithicsare smallenoughto have been producedby singleworkepisodes. craftspecialisation. On the other of full-time Such meagreevidencecannotsupporta hypothesis in manyof the site'slithicssuggestssignificant technical hand, the level of skilldemonstrated the site was that the of the flaked stone from We surmise producedby,at best, majority expertise. arrived at the sitealreadyin final As mentioned some materials have above, may part-time specialists. ofsmall to theobsidianand cherttrade,a recipient form.AyiosStephanoswas probablyperipheral and where there was a callfor materials from the centres that the network of these regulated quantities in on a basis. artisans regular engaged knapping (iv) Chronological Development are of threebasic typesin theassemblagefromthesite:projectile indicators Chronological points, forwhich are one ofthefewlithiccategories sickleelementsand blade technology. Projectile-points and style.The two arereadilydiscernible, on thebasisofmorphology primarily temporal parameters barbed and at are the hollow-based and the found tanged(convergent AyiosStephanos pointtypes in a variety ofAegeansites.61 At The former hasbeenfoundin BronzeAge contexts stem)categories. in EH II with or concave based are rare hollow-based arrowheads, Lerna, tanged compared points or tangedpoints The converging-stem but theybecomethe dominantformby the MH period.62 the derivefromNeolithicbarbedand tangedpointsand are evidentin smallnumbersthroughout at Mycenae64 BronzeAge sequenceat Lerna.63Bothtypeshavebeenfoundin MH and LH contexts therangeofsizeand The pointsfromAyiosStephanoseasilyfallwithin andTsoungizanearNemea.65 in southern Greece anddemonstrate for these two the other of central and variation types parts stylistic in of similar to that basic forms a leveloftechnological pottery. consistency fromboththeArgolidExploration tranchets VanHornhas evaluatedtheevidencefordenticulated If thesepiecesare indeedsickleelementstheycan be Projectsurveyand theavailableliterature.66 In sincetheyare rarein pre-Bronze consideredvaluablechronological indicators, Age contexts.67 in outline.68 Fourteenof the 24 sickle Lerna V mostsickleelementsare trapezoidalto triangular markers. elements fromAyiosStephanosbelongto thistypeand thusmayrepresent chronological include and size of of chronological Attributes ofblade technology cores,and significance shape Neolithicblade corestendto be conicalin shape,whileBronzeAge nucleiare blade dimensions. bladeswitha trapezoidalcrossusuallytabularin formand allowfortheremovalof parallel-sided thattheproduction oftabularblade coreswas commonat EH sitesin the section.Van Hornsuggests inBoeotia.69 Runnelsnotesan increase ArgolidandperhapsalsoatAyiosKosmasinAtticaandEutresis in tabularbladecoresand crested bladesfromLernaIII toLernaIV, followed by a dropin LernaV70 intheproduction shifts wasthesamein eachperiod,butchanging needsdictated Thebasictechnology AtAyiosStephanos50% oftheobsidiancoresaretabularin shape. ofparticular lithicartefacts. 58Torrence 1979,81; Runnels1985,367. 59Runnels 1985, 369. 60In an Sheetsand Muto (1972) required2.5 experiment, hoursto produce83 bladesand exhausta polyhedralcore.In termsofcoreproduction, thismeansthatonly32.5 hours(13 x 2.5) wereinvolvedin the reductionsequenceof the obsidian coresat AyiosStephanos. 61Tsountas 1908,325; Waceand Thompson1912,71; Biegen !937> !> 254. 458"962Runnels1985,368-9. 63Diamant 1977. This formis also calledtheSaliagostype,

basedon itsabundanceatthatCycladicNeolithic site,as reported (1968). by64 J. D. Evansand C. Renfrew Schliemann1878,fig.435; Mylonas1959, 102; Buchholz 1962, 65R.1-58. Torrence, pers.comm. 66VanHorn1077. 67Perlés 1973,72-82. 68Runnels 1985,384. 69Van Horn 1980. 70Runnels 1985,361.

APPENDIX 6

CD-146

Table A6.9.The distribution ofchippedstoneobjectsbyArea(laterexcavations). Area

Epsilon Zeta Eta Beta 1974-77 Lambda1 Lambda/Beta 12, 1974 Lambda2 Lambda3/4 Nu/Gamma1, 1973-77 Unknown provenance Total

%*

quantity

1 4 84 8° 18 17 42 18 l2& 3 393

0.3 1.0 21.4 20.3 4.6 4-3 10.7 4.6 32·1 0.8 100

°/o+

0.1 0.3 7.2 6.8 1.5 ΐ·4 3.6 1.5 1Ο·7 0.3 33.5

* °/o offlakedstonefromlaterexcavations oftotalflakedstoneassemblage + °/o

anddorsalarrises which liststhreekeytraits ofBronzeAgeblades:'(a) straight, Torrence regular margins smallbutbulging;and (c) several theirentirelength;(b) bulbsofforce,fairly are parallelthroughout thebladesfrom Withfewexceptions, withtrapezoidal byfarthemostcommon'.71 typicalcross-sections, at the contextual evidence fit this AyiosStephanos description verycloselyUnfortunately, AyiosStephanos aboutdevelopments or changeswithintheBronzeAge. does notallowformoredetailedconclusions whichis wellknowninAmerica, Thissituation datingmethod, mightchangeiftheobsidianhydration area. The resultsat fromtheMediterranean on obsidianartefacts couldalso be appliedextensively in relative and that there were the on the other have demonstrated hand, Lerna, changes proportions here seems to have Bronze The flow of raw materials of various tool the Age. typesduring morphology these fromEH-MH, andtherewasno changeinflint-knapping beencontinuous throughout techniques III Lerna IV-V industries between the Lerna and the Runnels to differences by prefers explain periods. ortechnological rather thanbystylistic changes.72 changesin economicactivity, fortheentirelithicassemblage(see table A6.10). to makechronological associations It is difficult relateonlyto thematerialfromthelaterexcavations, The presentcomments duringwhichall flaked withgood contextsis relatively stonewas collected.Whilethe numberof artefacts limited,some from the various of derive merit discussion. The interesting majority pieces (325, 82.7%) patterns LH I- II (63) contains themostlithics(85),followed The MH III component BronzeAge contexts. by EH in variousotherperiods.The chronological covers andby LH IIIA (15),withlessmaterial range LH IIIC Early,followedby a majorhiatusuntiltheMedievalperiod;mixedor uncertain I through constitute 16.8% (66) ofthewholeassemblage. contexts fromEH thelithicsreflect levelsof activity As is the case withmostothermaterials, increasing In but the are unretouched flakes and LH. each the of blades, thereare through pieces phase, majority in in this a than the moreretouched anyother; factmayreflect implements EarlyMycenaeanperiod limited. The distribution but the evidence is morediverseeconomicbase ormoreintensive production, theprocessalso morepreparation ofcoresin MH III thanin anyothercontexts; ofdebitageindicates tooltypeis the tools.The one trulydiagnostic fewrecognisable createdmorebladesbutrelatively intolate MH/Mycenaeantimes;thistype whichfallsstratigraphically hollow-baseprojectile-point, so thereis someoverlap. earlierand laterin thesequence,however, does appearslightly

71Torrence1979,68.

72Runnels1985,390.

APPENDIX 6

CD-147

Table A6.10. The distribution of chipped stoneobjectsby period (laterexcavations)

.IIIΞ

3 s

s

υ

Period

I

.3 é

tí

I I I

I

jj

O

I

I I

ω

0

Ö

S^líáâO^áááS obs. ch.obs.ch. obs. ch. obs. ch. obs.ch. obs. ch. obs. ch. obs.ch. obs. ch. obs. ch. obs.ch. obs.ch.

EHI EH II mainlyEH MHI

MHII MH III mainlyM H

1 1

1

12 2

MH MH-early LH LH

LHI LH I- II LHIIA LHIIIA

Total

1 48 1

1

1

2

4

7

4

11 1

11

14

1

15 1 3

1

5

2

1

11

1

1

1

122

1

12211

1

1

2 111 6

264

2

431 18

411814898492483

NC = non-cortical

1

3 12

132

LH II-IIIB LHIIIA-B LHIIIB

LH IIIC Early mainlyLH Medieval mixed context

1 2

2

13

1 4

1

1 2

1

2214

2

5

1

APPENDIX 6

CD-148

Table A6.10. Continued.

2

Is

•

I

I

1 1

£Ε££η*Κ£μ£ε2Ο

-s

8.

S

34Î4IÎIJJ1 1 1 1 1

Period

.s

II

1

IIS

obs. ch. obs. ch. obs. ch. obs. ch. obs. ch. obs. ch. obs. ch. obs. ch. obs. ch. obs. ch. obs. ch. EH I EH II mainlyEH MHI MH II MH III mainlyMH MH MH-early LH LH LH I LHI-II LHIIA LH ΠΙΑ LHII-IIIB LHIIIA-B LHIIIB LHIIIC Early

1 1 12 1

1

1

1 222

Total

7

1 21

1

2 11 1

14

1

85 9 15

6

20

7

64

2 3

15 1 12 18 5

6

66

1 343 49

392

3

1

11821113

2

86

Note: the one piece of lapislacedaemonius is a denticulatefroma MH-Early Mycenaean context.

6 11 5

729 72 13 9 11 10 5

526329 2718 10 60

1

22

111

6 11 5

2 14 19110 13 1 57 122 5 13 1 2 9 18 5 5

ι 1 1

1

2

1

523

1

2411

13

4

2

1

1 11

2

12 5

3 1

12

mainly LH Medieval mixed

context

11

6 8 4 111

1

2

APPENDIX 6

CD-149

6. NOTES ON THE GROUND STONE ASSEMBLAGE H. Blitzer to the authorforherpermission to adaptthenotesshe sentto W. D. [Editor'snote:I am grateful her visit to the site the excavations of 1974. She examinedthefindsfrom during Taylourfollowing thecampaignsof 1973-74 as weUas thoserecoveredin 1959-60,butnotthoseof 1963 or 1977.In I haveincorporated thecircumstances, herobservations abouttheobjectsfoundduring1973-74,and thosefoundin relatedcontextsfromthe earlierexcavations, intotherelevantcatalogueentriesin in artefacts recovered are also described there. Detailsanddimensions arederived 9-10; 1977 Chapters fromtheavailablerecords, and contexts havebeen datedas accurately as possible.] In descending Somethirteen different materials wereusedforgroundstoneobjectsatAyiosStephanos. orderof frequencytheyare 'greenstone',comprisingvarietieswithand withoutdarkergreen in all varietiesof the colourgreen;slate,rangingfrommediumgreyto darkgreyin phenocrysts, rocksthatpolishwell,one a hardblackcolour,someofit verymuchlikeschist;threeunidentified brownstone,one a darkgreyand one a darkreddish-grey; bothin an ochreousstateand haematite, in a moremetallicformwithsomemagnetite in bothwhitefinelimestone, (grey colour); comprising material and other with some colour variations varieties; limestone, grained metamorphosed possible; schist(moretrulya schistthantheslates);redsandstone; and twootherstones,lapü sandylimestone; lacedaemonius and greypegmatite withwhitephenocrysts. The greenstones are all veryhardrocks,requiring muchpatienceand long periodsof timefor and Of the stone one [See grinding polishing. ground only piece,6107, is actuallylapislacedaemonius, also 6111, 7279 andHS 313.73] Samplesofslatesourcesweretakenat all locationsseenduringa briefvisit,and someresemblethe lightgreyto darkgreytypethatexistsat AyiosStephanos.The haematitein bothformsis very as itmayhavehad somesignificant use in thegroundstoneindustry and in otherancient important, activities. It is foundat manysitesand in severalforms(suchas we have at AyiosStephanos).Its sourcesare notyetidentified. The limestones couldhavebeen easilyaccessible;thelocallyavailable cobblesweremadeuse of,and someoftheschist-like material is foundnotfaraway. The collection as a wholecontains thefollowing axessuchas 6090;74 morphological types:shaft-hole conicalpestles/grinders, unfinished cobble the celts tools, 6102-6104,and celte.g. 7244; e.g. 7268; haematite such as HS 264;^ irregularly shaped pieces shapedpolishedpebblesand cobbles,e.g. drill flat circular called 'phyllite discs'in Chapters8-9, cores, 6100-6101; discs, 6105, 7256; e.g. withandwithout both flat circular and saddle, e.g.5025, 6117; querns, e.g.7276, 8073, perforations, whichmaybe of'greenstone', e.g.HS 312;76unfinished cylindrical objectswithpeckingandgrinding, whichmay be of greypegmatitewithwhite e.g. 7245; hourglass-shaped spools/weights/pestles, HS and thick circulardiscsof limestone, 268, 204, 314-315;77 e.g. e.g. 7263. [Other phenocrysts, of stone from the earlier excavations are theincisedslabsHS 228-230;78the types ground object whetstones HS 247, 271 and 317;79thesling-stones HS 290-291;80theloomweights HS 318-319;81 and thepommelHS 316.82] The following areindicated:pecking, and drilling. grinding, flaking techniques polishing, Manyof the'greenstones' are unfinished and showvariousstagesofmanufacture. The alternation ofpecking and grinding as a system ofachieving shapeis veryclear.

73 Taylour 1972, 260 (unless thistoo is actually gabbro). 74 See commentaryon 6090. 75 Taylour 1072, 24s» pi· ^ic; see also commentaryon 6103. 76 Taylour 1972, 260. 77 Respectively Taylour 1972, 212, pl. 42b left; 243, pl. 511.1; 260.

78 79Taylour1972,229, pls. 43g,43h. RespectivelyTaylour 1972, 235, pl. 421.4; 243, pl.

511.3; 260. 80 Taylour 1072, 247. 81 Tavlour 1072, 260-1, nl. 421.2. 82 Taylour 1972, 260, pl. 42f.1.

Appendix7 BONE MINERAL ANALYSES OF SELECTED SKELETONS, CATALOGUE OF THE PEOPLE OF 1977 S. C Biselt

WITH A

thedatain ithas been incorporated [Editor'snote:thisAppendixwas completedin 1987.Although into Chapter12 above, and despitethe reservations thereexpressedabout some aspectsof the it,sinceit is closelyrelatedto thebone methodology employedhere,it seemedworthpublishing mineralanalysesthatfollow.] Author's note:thisanalysiscomprises a description ofpeopleexcavatedin 1977,andthedataforand discussion ofthebone mineralanalysesofall availableadultskeletons fromall excavationperiods.I am indebtedto LordWilliamTaylourfortheopportunity to studythismaterial, and to theEphorate ofSpartaforthepermission to do so. Mythanksgo to theMayo ClinicTraceMineralLaboratory for to mymentor, thelateJ. Lawrence allowingme to do thechemicalanalyses.I willbe evergrateful fromAyiosStephanos. Werehe heretoday,thisreportwould Angel,whostudiedtheearliermaterial havehad manymoreinsights. 1. CATALOGUE OF THE PEOPLE OF THE 1977 EXCAVATIONS In general,theremainsexcavatedin 1977 werequitescanty;mostwereofinfants, describedbelow, MH II through withonlytwoadultskeletons, and The time of these burials is from 9161 9162. span LH IIIA2. Agingofinfants and smallchildren was doneby analysesofthestageofthedevelopment oftheteeth.1 Adultswereagedbythedegreeofskullsutureclosureandthegeneralappearanceofthe bones.No pubicsymphyses wereavailable.Sexingof infants is notat all certainbutwas done by in parentheses measurement ofthepostiliacbrimsegment ratio.2 Thesedataarereported to indicate thattheyshouldnotbe used in makingsociologicalinferences. of adults was done Sexing by skull features and pelvicfragments and is quitecertain.3 9126. (Betaburial26, LH IIIA2). A youngchildaged 12 months. The long-bone The scrapsarenotmeasurable. iliac brim segment of 24 mm, and the post iliac brimsegment of24 mmgivea ratioof100.0,whichsuggests a female. 9127. (Betaburial27, MH III-LH I). A childofseven tooth, years.Thereis a crownof one caninepermanent anda permanent first molar,erupted. unerupted, maxillary The lefthumérus is estimated at 157 mmfroma fragment of 148 mm.A leftulna fragment of 131 mmgives an estimated lengthof 140 mm.The rightradiusis 132 mm. A leftfemur of 177 mmgives214 mmestimated fragment length;therightfemuris 214 mm.The lefttibiais 164 of 158 mm gives 164 mm mm; a righttibia fragment estimated of 157 mmgives length.A leftfibulafragment 169 mm estimated length.The iliac brimsegmentis 34 is 47 mm;theratiois 72.3, mm;thepostiliacbrimsegment a male. Lengthof femoracomparedthoseof suggesting modernUS children ofthesameage showsthischild'sto be 20% lessthantheUS mean. ofseven 9128. (Betaburial28, LH IIB-IIIA 1). An infant withan almostcomplete mandible. A lefthumérus months, of76 mmis estimated to be 78 mmifcomplete. fragment The right radiusis 56 mm.The right ulnais 65 mm.A left femurfragment of 95 mmis estimated to be 104 mmif

femur of98 mmis estimated at complete;a right fragment of79 mmis estimated at 102 mm.A righttibiafragment The iliacbrimsegment is 19 mm;the 82 mmifcomplete. is estimated to be 24 mmfroma postiliacbrimsegment of 19 mm;thesedatagive a ratioof79.2, very fragment male.The lengthof thefemuris aboutthe speculatively sameas themeanofsix monthold babiesof theUS, or about12% lessthanthemeanofeightmonthold babies. A childof18 months 9129. (Betaburial29,Medieval(?)). The lefthumérus tothreeyears(nodentalremains). length is 92 mm;a righthumérus of82 mmyieldsan fragment estimated of 82 lengthof 92 mm.A leftradiusfragment mmyieldsan estimated lengthof 92 mm.A leftradius of67 mmis estimated at7 1 mmifcomplete. Both fragment leftand right ulnaeare 79 mm.A rightfemur of fragment A righttibiafragment 89 mmyields108 mmifcomplete. of83 mmyields88 mmifcomplete. The iliacbrimsegment is 23 mm;thepostiliacbrimsegment is 24 mm,givinga ratioof95.8,whichsuggests a female. 9130. (Beta burial30, LH ILA). An infant,probably newborn.The leftand righthumerilengthsare 65 mm. The rightradiuslengthis 52 mm.The leftfemur lengthis 77 mm;therightis 78 mm.The righttibialengthis 68 mm.The rightfibulalengthis 65 mm.The iliac brim is 17 mm;thepostiliacbrimsegment is 16 mm. segment

1 See the chart Schourand Poncherin Brauer,Demeritt, by Higley,Lindahl,Masslerand Schour1958,77, fig.4. CD- 150

2 1980. 3 Angel Angel 1980.

APPENDIX 7

CD-151

Table A7.1. Skull data of 9161 and 9162 (plates A7.1-A7.2). Catalogue no.: Age: Sex: Measurements:

Indexes

9161 49 years female Circumference Sagittalarc Frontalarc Parietalarc Skulllength(max.) Basion-bregmaheight Basion-nasionlength Basion-prosthion length Skullwidth(max.) Frontalwidth(min.) Bizygomaticwidth Bigonialwidth Bicondylar width Facial height Upper facialheight Chin height Gonion-symphysion length Ramus width(min.) Corpus thickness Nasal height Nasal width Interorbital breadth Upper nasalia Leftorbitwidth Leftorbitheight Externalpalate length Externalpalate width Jaw angle,degrees Firstmaxillarymolar crownlength(max.) Firstmaxillarymolar crownwidth(max.) Auricular-basion height Cranial Auricularheight(mean) Fronto-parietal Cranio-facial Fronto-gonial Facial Upper facial Orbital Palatal Nasal Gnathic

These data yield a ratioof 106.3, suggestinga female. 9131. (Beta burial 31, MH III(?)). A few scraps of a newbornto οne-month-οId infant.A lefttibia fragmentis 56 mm,withestimatedcompletelengthof 65 mm. 9132. (Betaburial3 2, LH 11A) . A newbornto twomonth old infant.The lefthuméruslengthis 69 mm.The leftfemur lengthis 82 mm. A lefttibia fragmentof 59 mm gives an estimatedlengthof 63 mm. 9133. (Beta burial 33, LH I-IIA?). An infantof one month.The righthuméruslengthis 54 mm. 9149. (Lambda burial 14, LH ΠΙΑ 2). An infantof eight months,more likelymale thanfemale.A lengthof the left femur is 102 mm. A left tibia fragmentof 72 mm is estimatedto have been 80 mm ifcomplete.A lefthumérus fragmentof 70 mm is estimatedto have been 76 mm if complete.The rightclavicle is 50 mm; the leftis 5 1 mm.

9162 39 years female

555 418 134 133 198 ?? 131 90 78 140 101 133 93 123 105 ?? 52 23 76 29 10 48 25 24 10 37 36 45 49 115 16

542 359 130 120 188

ΊοΊι 67.99 72.14 95 .00 92.08 78.94 ?? 39.00 97-3° 108.89 52.08 86.67

(^5·ΐ)

(160) 132?? 102 60 27 29 14 45 26 ?? 24 12 35 35 49 ?? 52 ?? 120 9.5 10.4 -

(82.5) 77.3 45.5 100 lo6 57.8

The iliac brim segment is 19 mm; the post iliac brim segmentis 24 mm; thesedata give a ratioof79.2, suggesting a male. Femurlengthis about 10% less thanthe US mean formales of the same age (Maresh 1955). 9150. (Lambda burial 15, LH II). An infantof about one month (no dental remains).The rightfemurlengthis 83 mm. The righttibia lengthis estimatedto be 62 mm. 9151. (Lambda burial16, LH II IA 2(?)). A newborn.The huméruslengthis 64 mm leftand right.The leftradius is 53 mm. The leftulna is 60 mm; the rightulna is 61 mm. The leftand rightfemoraare 75 mm. A lefttibiafragment of 63 mm is estimatedat 65 mm; the righttibiais 65 mm. The iliac brimsegmentis 14 mm; the post iliac brimis 18 mm; theratiois 73.7, suggestinga male. The femurlength is about the same as the US mean of newborn babies (Maresh 1955).

APPENDIX 7

CD-152

Table A7.2. Skeletaldataof9161 and9162 (measurements areinmmunlessotherwise stated). Catalogue no.: Age: Sex:

Humérus

9161 49 years female

Length(max.) Vertical headD. Max. midshaft Min.midshaft width Epicondylar

9162 39 years female

Left

Right

294 39 21 16 56

300 40 21 16 -

Left

Right

40 -

272 ?? 24 17 48

Radius

Length

-

-

Ulna

Length

-

-

-

2i5>2 25

Clavicle

Length

127

127

-

5

Humérusclavical

index

Scapula

Morph.width

Femur

Bicondylarlength Length(max.) D. head (max.) Subtro centric antero D. -posterior Subtrocentric transverse D. Mid-shaft D. antero-posterior Mid-shafttransverse D. index Playmeric Pilastric index index Robusticity

-

Tibia

Fibula

42.8 -

99

25 33 21 28

414 419 43? 27 33 25 27

43 26 34 26 25

348 34 23

-

342 Length(max.) Nutrient foramen antero-posterior 35 Nutrient foramen transverse 22 Cnemicindex Length(max.)

65.2

343

73-53 104

72-73

79-4l ?

102 134 ? (76.1) -

-

Length Width(max.) Mid-trocanteric height index Length/width

55 43 31 5^-4

Length Width Heightposterior index Length/width

45 -

75 47 45 61.3

40 53·7ο

Metatarsal

I II V

62 69

~ 70

55 69 61

Metacarpal

I II V

-

Calcaneus

316 33 24

l5^.S cm

Biiliacwidth Inletantero-posterior Inlettransverse Brimindex

42 24 34 26 25

312

159-6cm

Brachialindex

Talus

78.79 83.80 12.20

342

est. Stature,

Pelvis

2 16

~

54 40 29 53-7

~

75

~

53

55 67 61

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APPENDIX 7 9160. (Nuburial12,LH IIA). A youngchildof12 to 18 months(no dentalremains).The righthuméruslengthis 85 mm. Grave),LH I/IIA).See tables 9161. (Nuburial13 (Shaft A7.1 and A7.2 forthemetricdataand PLATE A7.1 forthe skull.A femaleofabout49 years.The remains areinfairly Sheissomewhat taller thantheaverage(Bisel goodcondition. onhumérus, femur andtibia 1980)at 159.59cm>estimated

CD-154

Shewaswellexercised, fromheavy length. probably partly work(strong deltoidcrests)and partlyfrommuchwalking andrunning andextreme tibialsquatting (strong glutealcrests facets).The femoraand tibiaeare flattened (platymeric index=78.79,cnemicindex=65.s),whichsuggests enlarged musclesfromheavyworkinthepresenceofslenderbones. The pelvisis also markedly withthebrimindex flattened, estimated fromfragments tobe 76.1.

and By thetimeof death,thiswoman(9161) had lostmostof herteeth:26 werelostantemortem, therewerefourabcessesandonecariescavityinthesixteethremaining. Therewasmarkedperiodontal diseaseand alveolarrésorption. Data formostof herbone mineralsare close to thepopulationmean.The strontium valuesare somewhat in as werethoseof9162. It is,however, higherthanthemean,butnotreallyremarkable, themagnesium valuesthata reallygreatdifference from therestofthepopulation is evidentMagnesium valuesofbone seemto be highlycorrelated withsoilvaluesoftheregionwherethepersonspenthis or hergrowing to thisarea in late years(Bisel 1980). It is quitelikelythatthiswomanimmigrated adolescence.The ShaftGraveburialis an indication ofhighersocialstatus, so itwouldseemthateven classworkedhard. peopleofuppersocio-economic 9162. (Nuburial14,MH II). See plateA7.2 fortheskull. A femaleof about 39 years.The remainsare in poor butarepartlymeasurable(see TABLES condition, A7.1 and and Gleser1958),basedon lengths A7.2). Stature(Trotter ofherradius,fibula, tibiaandhumérus, is estimated tohave been 152.72cm,aboutaveragefortheperiod(Bisel1980). The platymeric index of 73.5 showsthe femorato be

somewhat flattened. However,thecnemicindexof 72.7 showsthatthetibiaehave notbeen flattened. Thereare marked squatting facets on the distal tibiae and ones on thetali.The squatting facetsplus corresponding thefemoral couldhave developedas a reaction flattening to muchwalkingandrunning.

She workedratherhard,as is shownby themarkedenlargement ofthedeltoidcrestofthehumérus, of the radii with a radial interosseous and facetofthe crest, markedattachment slightbowing strong in teres muscle. The arm muscles were used as is shown the of pronator heavywork, by hypertrophy all theircrests. The dentaldata showthat,ofthe27 alveolaepresent, therehavebeen fiveteethlostpostmortem, fourteethlostantemortem, one carioustooth,andno abcesses,givinga totaloffivelesionedteeth.The canineshavetwoslight atleasttwoepisodesofseriouschildhooddisease. lines,indicating hypoplastic She had significant disease at the time of herdeath,withmoderatealveolarabsorption. peridontal The bone mineralanalysis(tableA7.3) showshermineraldatato be similarto thatoftherestof thepopulation, and possiblythemagnesium The extremely figures figures. exceptforthestrontium strontium data could have resulted from her a diet almost of sea fish,in which high eating exclusively case herteethshouldhave been almostperfectdue to thehighlevelsof fluorides also presentin seafood.An alternative in is thatshe immigrated afterhergrowth was almostcomplete, explanation lateadolescenceor earlyadulthood.She couldhavegrownup in an areawheretheecologicalsystem was highin strontium. Her magnesium valuesaresomewhat high,butnotoutoftherangeofa fewof theotherpeoplefromAyiosStephanos.I am oftheopinionthatsheimmigrated toAyiosStephanos.

Table A7.4. Bonemineral meansandstandard deviations forAyiosStephanos andotherLH III sites. Site (no. ofindividuals): Element:

AyiosStephanos(2) Mean S.D.

Camg/g Pmg/g Ca/P Mgmg/g Zn pg/g Srug/g Sr/Ca, sitecorrecte d

319-87 170.90 1.99 1.87 164.25 58.98 0.79

28.80 36.90 0.62 0.46 24.34 13.84 0.18

Athens(56) Mean S.D.

Nichoria(26) Mean S.D.

295.50 149.20 1.97 2.28 i55-8o 222.80 1.23

315-40 155-1° 2.04 0.59 120.40 68.50 0.556

28.70 32.40 °-44 0.52 4i-7° 135-10 0.45

22.80 35·°° 0.51 0.13 30.60 14.10 0.111

APPENDIX 7

CD-155

2. BONE MINERAL ANALYSIS in table A7.3. Means and standarddeviations The bone mineraldatais presented ofthedatafrom with the means and standard deviations of two other Ayios Stephanos,together populationsfor in table In can be found order for the strontium/calcium ratios to be compared A7.4. comparison,4 withthoseofotherpopulations on different soil were standardised with thevalues living systems, they in anybone mineralbetweenthe of local sheep/goat bones.5Thereare no significant differences malesand femalesnoramongthedifferent timeperiodsin anyofthesepopulations. The fairly high site-corrected strontium/calcium ratioatAyiosStephanos to a use points relatively heavy ofvegetablesourceproteinfoods.The site-corrected strontium/calcium ratiosat thetwootherMH III sitesthat we haveforcomparison haveverydifferent valuesandinterpretations. The figures forNichoriasuggest thatthesepeople consumedmuchterrestrial animalproteinfoods,a finding corroborated by the animalosteologists, who foundmanyanimalbones but no fishbones. The MH III meansfrom Athensgive a completely different strontium/calcium ratioshowsthat picture.This site-corrected thesepeoplewereconsuming morestrontium thanwerethelocal sheep,a situation explicableonly thatthepeopleconsumedmuchseafoodprotein. by assuming The finding thatthebone mineralvaluesremainconstant overthelongperiodoftimerepresented the of is reasonable. Before themodernpracticeofimporting foods, by people AyiosStephanos quite dietwas completely on local an environment thatwouldhavechangedlittle environment, dependent overtimeundertheconditions oftheancientworld.

4 Bisel 1980. 5 Forthe oftheboneanalysis, see Bisel1980and methodology 1986,16-17.

Appendix8 THE MAMMALIAN AND REPTILIAN REMAINS: CATALOGUE AND COMPARANDA David S. Reese note:a revisedversionofthissectionwas receivedtoo lateto be fullyincorporated.] [Editor's The excavations of 1973-77 produced15,935animal(mammal, bird,fish,reptile)bone fragments, in datefromEH II to Medieval.Thereare no IronAge,Romanor earlyByzantine ranging samples andnotall periodsareequallypreserved. The sampleswereexcavatedbyunits('baskets') whichwere combinedwhenfaunalanalysisbeganto createdepositswithinthevariousexcavatedtrenches. The morerecentstudyofthepottery and stratigraphy has modified theoriginalphasing,withtheresult thatsomeoftheperiodassignations are now,unfortunately, incorrect. Forthetotalnumber slightly and chronological distribution offragments see table 12.8. (a)

OVIS/CAPRA, SUS AND BOS (mNI), WITH A DISCUSSION

OF WORKED BONE

The vastmajority ofthebonesfoundbelongto thethreemajordomestic foodforms,Ovisaries/Capra hircus Sus and Bos taurus Bos is the butit form, (cattle). (sheep/goat), scrofa (pig) always leastnumerous shouldbe notedthat,sincetheavailablemeatofcattleis considerably morethanforovicaprids and sometimes the fewer NISP or MNI of cattle be a more food source. The pigs, may important importance intheMH while ofOvis/Capra andSusvariesfromperiodtoperiod.Susmaybe slightly moreimportant in theLH. Thereis onlyone wildpigbonein thecollection, a mandible Ovis/Capra maybe important A from a Medieval basket worn and a broken worn are Ms (Beta 1974). M3 fragment partly present; theM3 is over42.25 mmlongand 17.25wide. EH I toEH II Late Eta 1973,# 27, 30, 31, 32, 53, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70 (all EH II except#31, 68, whichare EH I) 125 bones(7 burnt) MNI (one- 1-1.25yr) 2 Ovis/Capra 2 SusMNI (one- 1 yrand one + 2 yrbut- 2-2.25 yr) 1 aw MNI (+ 2-2.5 yr) MH I EarlywithMH I Late Epsilon1973,#71, 74, 76, 78 25 bones ο Ovis/Capra 1 SusMNl 1 BosMNI Eta 1973,#5, 7, 17, 23, 25, 26, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41, 42, 45, 47, 51, 54, 55, 62, 63 650 bones(19 burnt) MNI withtwo+ 10 mo.,one - 1-1.25 yrand two+ 1.5-2 yrs(one+ 2.5-3 yr) 3 Ovis/Capra 5 SusMNI (one- 1 yr,three+ 1 yr,and one + 3.5 yr) 4 BosMNI withone 2-2.5 yrand three+ 2-2.5 yr(one+ 3~3·5 yr) MH I EarlywithMH I LateandMHII Zeta 1973,#62, 70, 78, 79, 91, 92, 93, 96, 97, 100, 101, 102, 107 525 bones(4 burnt) one 1-1.25 yrandtwo+ 1.75-2 yr) MNI (three+ 10 mo.,including 5 Ovis/Capra 5 SusMNI withfive+ 1 yr(one- 2-2.25 yrand one + 3.5 yr) 2 AwMNI withtwo+ 1.25-1.5yr(one+ 3.5-4 yr)

MHILate

Nu 1977,#38, 60, 61, 62 125 bones(2 burnt) 1 Ovis/CapraMNl (+ 1.75-2 yr) CD-156

APPENDIX 8

CD-157

2 Sus MNI (one - 1 yr and one adult) 1 Bos MNI (adult) ΜΗ I Late withΜΗ II Nu 1974, # 14, 15, 21 (# 14, 15 ws) 200 bones (13 burnt) 2 Ovis/CapraMNI (one - 10 mo. and one + 1.75-2 yr) 2 Sus MNI (one - 1 yr and one 1 yr) 1 Bos MNI MH I Late withMH II MH III and MH III/LH I Nu 1977, # 4, 15-21, 24, 27-28, 31, 34-35, 37"45? 47, 49"54> 56-58 (# 51 w«) 1,125 bones (52 burnt) 8 Ovis/CapraMNI (one - 1-1.25 yr>nve + 1-5~2 YT wüh one 2.5-3 YT and one + 3-3.5 yr) - 1 4 Sus MNI (one yr, one 1 yr, and one + 2 yr but 2.5 yr) + MNI 2 Bos (one 1.25-1.5 yr and one 3.5-4 yr) MH II toLH I Early witha littleMH I Late and LH II A Nu 1974, # 5, 7-13, 16, 23, 25, 40-41, 45-46, 48 (# 5, 7-13, 16 ws) 2,200 bones (275 burnt,= 12.5%) 4 Ovis/CapraMNI (three 1.75-2 yr and one + 2.5-3 YTbut 3-3.5 yr) 5 Sus MNI with one 1 yr and four + 1 yr (one + 2 yr but 2-2.25 yr) 1 BosMNl (+ 1.25-1.5 yr) MH III Early withMH III Late Lambda 1973, #31 75 bones 1 Ovis/CapraMNl (+ 1.75-2 yr) 2 Sus MNI (one - 2-2.25 YT and one adult) 1 Bos MNI (+ 10 mo.) MH III Late Lambda 1977, # 98 (Floor 10) 5 bones (1 burnt) 1 Ovis/CapraMNl 1 Sus MNI (- 1 yr) 1 Bos MNI MHIII

toLHIwith a littleMH I Late and LHIIA

Nu 1977, # 3, 5, 6, 7, 9-14, 22-26, 29, 32, 33, 36, 39, 46, 48, 52 (# 13, 22 ws) 1,450 bones (64 burnt) 3 Ovis/CapraMNI (one 1-1.25 YT and one + 2 yr) 3 Sus MNI with one 1 yr and one + 2-2.5 YT (but 3-3.5 yr) 1 Bos MNI (+ 3.5-4 yr) MH III/LH I toLH I/IIA witha littleMH III Lambda 1977, # 48, 51, 54, 56-59, 61-62, 64-66, 68, 73"74> 80-81, 83-89, 91-92, 94, 97 500 bones (7 burnt) 4 Ovis/CapraMNI (one 1.5-2 yr and three + 2 yr with at least one 2.5-3 yr) 3 Sus MNI (one + 1 yr but -2 yr and one + 2 yr but all 3.5 yr) 1 Bos MNI (+ 3.5-4 yr) Nu 1973, # 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 14, 15, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25 300 bones (7 burnt) 4 Ovis/CapraMNI (one 1.75-2 yr, two + 2 yr, one 3-3.5 yr) 1 MNI Sus and one + 3.5 yr) (one yr 3 1 ÄtfMNI (+ 2-2.5 yr) Nu 1973, # 24, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36 175 bones (1 burnt) 2 Ovis/CapraMNI (one - 1.75-2 yr and one + 2 yr) 2 Sus MNI (one + 1 yr but - 3.5 yr) 1 ÄtfMNI (1.25-1.5 yr)

APPENDIX 8

CD-158

ΜΗ III/LHI toLH IIIAi witha little ΜΗ III EarlyandLHIIIA2 Lambda 1973, #11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 20, 21, 28

175 bones(3 burnt) MNI (one- 1-1.25 yr>one + 1b~2 Yrbut- 2.5-3 yr) 2 Ovis/Capra 1 iSkyMNI(+ 2-2.25 yrbut- 2-2.5 yr) 1 ÄwMNI

Li// withLH IIIA andLH IIIC Early Lambda1974,#7-9, 12-13,15-16,20,22-23,25,& 38-39?41"43.45.47. 50-52,54.57.61-62,72 (#50-52ws) 1,050bones(49 burnt) MNI (one- 10 mo. and two+ 2 yrbut- 2.5-3 yr) 3 Ovis/Capra 4 SusMNI (two- 1 yrand two+ 1 yrwithone 2-2.5 yr) 1 aw MNI (+ 1.25-1.5yr) LHI-IIA withLHIIIA2, LH IIIC EarlyandMedieval Lambda1977,#26, 37, 40, 43 75 bones(3 burnt) MNI (one- 2.5-3 yrand one + 3 yr) 2 Ovis/Capra 1 SusMNI (+ 1 yrbut- 2 yr) 1 BosMNI Lambda1977,#34, 44, 47, 49, 50 150 bones(9 burnt) MNI (one- 1-1.25 yrandtwo- 1.75-2 yr) 3 Ovis/Capra Sus MNI 2 (one+ 2 yr) 1 AwMNI (+10 mo.) LHIIA

Epsilon1973,#88 5 bones(1 burnt) 1 Ovis/Capra MNI (+ 1.5-2 yr) ο Sus ο Bos Eta 1973,#56, 57, 59, 60, 61 75 bones(4 burnt) MNI (one- 1-1.25 yran(ione + 2 yrbut- 2.5-3 yr) 2 Ovis/Capra 2 SusMNI (one- 1 yrand one + 1 yrbut- 2 yr) 1 BosMNI Nu 1977,# 1, 2, 8 25 bones 1 Ovis/CapraMNl 1 SusMNI {+ 1 yr) 1 Bos MNI

LHIIA witha littleLH I Early,LH ΠΙΑ andMedieval

Lambda1974,# 11, 14,24, 26-28, 30, 32, 34, 35, 37, 40, 59, 60, 63, 65-67, 69, 71, 73-75 800 bones(22 burnt) MNI (one- 10 mo. and three+ 2 yrwithone 2.5-3 yr) 4 Ovis/Capra 4 SusMNI (two- 1 yr,one 1 yr,and one + 1 yrbut- 2 yr) 1 aw MNI (+ 1.25-1.5yr) Nu 1974,#6, 25, 28, 29, 3!-39. 42-43 (#6 ws) 1,100bones(155 burnt) MNI (one 1-1.25 yrand two+ 2 yrwithone + 3 yr) 3 Ovis/Capra 4 SusMNI (one- 1 yr,one 1 yr,and one + 2-2.25 Yrbut- 3.5 yr) 1 aw MNI (+ 1.25-1.5yr) LHIIA toLHIIIAi witha little LHIIIA2 andMedieval Beta1974,# 16, 21, 25, 29, 31, 33, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43 (#21, 25 ws) 950 bones(24 burnt) MNI (one- 1-1.25 yr.two+ 2 yrwithone + 2.5-3 yrbut- 3-3.5 yr) 3 Ovis/Capra 3 ä/jMNI (one- 1 yr,one + 3.5 yr) 2 BosMNI (both+ 3-3.5 yrswithone + 3.5-4 yr)

APPENDIX8 LH HA toLH IIIA2 Lambda1973,#4, 6, 25, 26, 27 200 bones(3 burnt) MNI (one+ 2 yrbut- 2.5-3 yr) 2 Ovis/Capra 2 Si« MNI (both+ 1 yr) 1 ifaïMNI (+ 1.25-1.5yr) LHIIIA2 witha little ΜΗ I Late,ΜΗ III, LH I-II andLH HIC Early # Epsilon1973, 30-32, 35, 36, 43, 50, 57, 60-63, 68-70, 72, 73, 77, 81, 83 250 bones(8 burnt) MNI (one- 1.75-2 yrandtwo+ 2 yrbut- 2.5-3 yr) 3 Ovis/Capra 2 SusMNI (one+ 1 yrbut- 2 yr) 1 BosMNI (+10 mo.but- 3.5 yr) LH IIIB/IIICEarlytoLH IIIC Early Transitional Beta1974,#6-10, 12-14, 18,22-24 (#2S~24 ws) 925 bones(126 burnt= 13.6%) MNI (one- 10 mo.,one + 2.5-3 yr>and one + 3 yrbut- 3-3.5 yr) 3 Ovis/Capra 4 SusMNI (three- 1 yrand one 2-2.25 yr) 1 BosMNI (+ 3.5-4 yr) LH IIIC Earlywitha little LH IIIA2 andMedieval Epsilon1973,4-5, 8, 13-14, 18-19,21-24, 26-28, 34, 37, 39, 41-42, 44, 47-49. 52, 57, 59. 67, 84 600 bones(2 burnt) MNI (one- 1.75-2 yrand six+ 2 yrwithat leastone 2.5-3 yr) 7 Ovis/Capra 4 SusMNI (three+ 1 yrand one + 2-2.25 yrbut- 2.5 yr) 2 BosMNI (both+ 1-1.5 yrwühone + 2~2-5yr) LHI/IIAandLH IIIA2 Medieval withworn Lambda1977,#2, 4-7, 11-14, 16, 18,20-25, 28-33, 35-36, 78-79 450 bones(5 burnt) MNI (two+ 1.5-2 yrincluding one - 2.5-3 yrand one + 2.5-3 yr) 3 Ovis/Capra 1 + 1 MNI (one 3 Sus yrand two yr) 1 BosMNI (+ 3.5-4 yr) Medieval withLHIIIA andLH IIIC Early Beta 1974,#2, 4-5, 11, 17, 20, 22, 28, 30, 32, 34 725 bones(13 burnt) MNI (one- 10 mo. andtwo+ 1.5-2 yrwithone + 3-3.5 yr) 3 Ovis/Capra MNI (one- 1 yrand one + 2 yrbut- 2-2.25 yr) 3 Sus 2 BosMNI (both- 3.5-4 yrwithone 2-2.5 yr) Medieval

Epsilon1973,#21, 25 150 bones(9 burnt) 1 Ovis/CapraMNl (+ 1.5-2 yr) 2 SusMNI (one- 2 yrand one + 2 yrbut- 2-2.25 yr) 2 BosMNI (one- 3.5-4 yrand one + 3.5-4 yr) Zeta 1973,#31 (hearth) 150 bones(1 burnt) 1 Ovis/CapraMNl (- 1.5-2 yr) 2 SusMNI (one of2 yrbutboth- 3 yr) 1 ÄtfMNI (- 2-2.5 yr) Lambda2, 1974,#3, 5, 29, 49 100 bones(5 burnt) MNI (one- 2.5-3 yr) 2 Ovis/Capra 1 SusMNI 1 BosMNI (+10 mo.but- 2-2.5 yr) Nu 1974,#3-4, 22, 30 (#3-4 ws) 500 bones(c.30 burnt) MNI (one- 2.5-3 yrand one 2.5-3 yr) 2 Ovis/Capra

CD-159

APPENDIX 8

CD-160

one - 1 yr,and one + 2-2.25 YTbut- 3.5 yr) 3 SusMNI (two- 2 yrincluding 1 AwMNI (+ 1-1.5 yr)

Comparandato the domesticfoodmammalsfromAyiosStephanos,as to thefaunain general,is restricted to contemporary siteson thesouthern and centralGreekmainland. in Laconiaproduced223 identifiable The EH siteofKouphovouno boneswith93 Ovis/Capra (four cut),91 Sus(sevencut),and 34 Bos(sixcut).1The Palace ofNestorat Pylosin Messeniahas produced LH faunabutso faronlypreliminary on selectedsampleshavebeenpublished.2 The MH and reports LH majordomesticfoodmammalsfromNichoriain Messeniaaregivenin table A8.1.3 In theArgolid,the 1950s excavations at LernaproducedmuchOvis/Capra, Sus,and Bos,4Recent in of the remains and Stockholm and the now-available revisedphasingand Argos study preserved contextinformation forcesnumerouschangesto thatpublishedin 1969.5Forexample,forLernaIV MNI forthemajorforms:119 Ovis/Capra, 121 Sus,57 Bos, (EH III), Gejvallpublishedthefollowing fourLepus,and unspecified Testudo, However,thenumbersshouldbe 240+ 23 Canis,nine Cervus, Revised phasing 222+ Sus,200+ Bos,50+ Canis,27+ Cervus, 27+ Lepus,and 70+ Testudo,6 Ovis/Capra,

and contextsof theLernaIII (EH II) faunanotedon GejvalPs1958 cardshas been publishedby in a future Wiencke7 and willbe morefullypresented publication. The 1970s-1980s excavationsat Tirynsproduceda largequantityof BronzeAge fauna.The domesticfoodmammalsare givenin table A8.2.8The MH III levelsat Prophitis majoridentified Elias (Tiryns)produceda smallcollectionof 19 Ovis/Capra (?threeMNI), eightSus (threeMNI), and sevenBos,The LH IIIB2 hereproduced88 Ovis/Capra (sixto eightMNI], 39 Sus (fiveMNI), 64 Bos(fourMNI).9 The MH II levelsattheAspisnearArgosproduceda smallcollection ofbones,with46 Ovis/ Capra, (sevencut),186 79 Sus(twocut),and 72 Bos(twocut).The MH III stratahereyielded207 Ovis/Capra Ali (eightcut),and 292 Bos(17 cut).10 The 1922-30 Swedishexcavationsat Asineproduceda smallquantity of analysedEH and MH An EH layerin House Τ produceda Bosphalanx1 and fourfragments fauna.11 ofan Ovisskull.The EH-MH Bothros11 producedtenOvis/Caprabones, The 13 Sus,and 19 Bos(onecutdistalhumérus). MH layerin House Τ produced18 Ovis/Capra, 26 Susand 30 Bos,The MH Bothros2 produced15 11 Sus,and nineBos,The MH Bothros4 producedfourOvis/Capra, 17 Sus,and 23 Bos, Ovis/Capra, The 1989 excavationyieldeda smallpublishedsample.12 The MH includedeightOvis/Capra, one 16 Susand 17 Bosbones. Sus,and twoBosbonesand theLH 33 Ovis/Capra, in Methanain theArgolid,Room A, produced44 Susbones At LH IIIA-B AyiosKonstantinos (threeMNI, someburnt)whileRoomsB+C produced (threeMNI, oftenburnt)and 30 Ovis/Capra adult unburnt bones six Sus,twoBos),1S (68 Ovis/Capra, mainly The 1963 Swedishexcavations at Midea producedfauna.14 Frompre-LH IIIB2 levelsin Room 1 came 11 Ovis/Capra bones(and86 splinters), FromtheLH IIIB2 14 Susand 11 Bos(and47 splinters). in Room 1 are 58 Ovis/Capra destruction and 51 Bos (and95 splinters), 34 Sus(and eightsplinters), Fromthepost-LHIIIB2 levelsin Room 1 are76 Ovis/Capra (and45 splinters). (and337 splinters), 30 Sus(and96 splinters), and 301 Bos(and305 splinters). FromRoom 2 werefourOvis/Capra (and 205 and 26 Bos splinters. The 1985-91 Americanexcavationsat 12 Sus (and ten splinters), splinters), Midea producednumerous identifiable and the 1994-97 excavations see bones,15 producedmore:16 table A8.3. The Greekexcavations atLH III Mideahaveso farproduced605 identifiable boneswith 281 Ovis/Capra (24 cut),105 Sus(18 cut),and 203 Bos(39 cut). The 1980s excavations at Tsoungiza(Nemea,Corinthia) producedEH remains:FinalNeolithicto EH I- II: 123 Ovis/Capra (as MinAU,withtwoneonate),145 Sus(63 neonate),26 Bos;EH I- II with EH II Early:62 Ovis/Capra, 61 Sus (sevenneonate),25 Bos;EH II Developed: 163 Ovis/Capra (18 neonate),116 Sus (28 neonate),45 Bos(one neonate);EH III: 24 Ovis/Capra (twoneonate),13 Sus 1 Gardeisen2007. 2 Nobis 1991, 1993; Isaakidou et al 2002; Halstead and Isaakidou2004; Stockerand Davis 2004. 3 Sloan and Duncan 1078; Mancz 1080. 4 1969. 5 Gejvall Reese 2008 and forthcoming. 6 Reese forthcoming. 7 Wiencke2000. 8 Vonden Drieschand Boessneckiqqo, qo, qs, 124-6. 9 Vonden Drieschand Boessneck 1990, 152.

10Gardeisen2007. 11 MobergNilsson1996. 12Mobergiqq2. 13Hamilakisand Konsolaki 2004. 14 1983. 15Gejvall Reese 1998, withdetailedinformation on aging,burning and butchery. 16Reese 2007s, withdetailedinformation on aging,burning and butchery. λΙt^raraeisen 2007.

APPENDIX 8

CD-161

Table A8.1. Major domesticfood mammalsat MH-LH IIIB Nichoria. Period

Ovis/Capra(NISP/MNI)

MHI MHII LH I LHIIA LH IIB LH IIIAi LHIIIA2 LH IIIA2-B LHIIIB2

Sus (NISP/MNI)

172/71 64/23 116/33 243/53 150/42 59/22 166/56 229/92 116/30

Bos (NISP/MNI)

164/64 86/26 10^/35 195/59 113/22 62/30 130/51 121/50 32/14

62/31 48/19 34/11 47/21 42/15 24/13 47/28 118/45 17/7

Table A8.2. Major domesticfood mammals(NISP) at EH II-LH IIIC Tiryns. Period

Ovis/Capra

Sus

Bos

EH II EH III LHI-II LHIIIBi LHIIIB2 LH IIIC LH IIIC LH IIIC LH IIIC

1178 775 136 691 6268 2570 456 5184 1425

683 474 110 553 3223 1095 203 3002 763

665 550 166 457 5375 1743 398 5403 1623

Early Early (TirynsNW) Middle Late

Table A8.3. Major domesticfood mammalsat MH-LH Midea (Greek-Americanexcavations). Period

No· of deposits

MH* pre-LHIIIB* LH III pre-LH IIIB* LHIIIB* LHIIIB* LHIIIB-C* LH IIIB-C* LHIIIC* LHIIIC* *

2 12 10 16 83 13 10 9 44

Ovis/Capra (NISP/MNI) 44/2 23/9 65/12 145/21 340/67 29/12 76/12 122/15 203/42

Sus (NISP/MNI)

Bos (NISP/MNI)

23/2 8/4 41/7 61/16 225/74 35/8 39/10 21/8 76/31

23/2 12/6 37/8 73/14 144/71 11/8 30/10 33/7 82/36

Excavationsof 1985-91 Excavationsof 1994-7

Table A8.4. Major domesticfood mammals(NISP) at EH-LH III Eleusis. Period EHII-MHI MHII MH III LH I LHI/III LHIH

Ovis/Capra

Sus

Bos

26 14 72 56 73 12

17 5 39 25 14 1

33 6 24 20 10 2

APPENDIX 8

CD-162

(two neonate),and 13 Bos (one neonate). The cut bones include 37 Ovis/Capra, 37 Sus, and 13 Bos. An LH IIIA2 Earlyrefuse-dump The burntbones are 18 Ovh/Capra, fourSus,and threeBos,18 (possibly debrisfromfeasting)produced 30 Ovis/Capra MinAU (fiveMNI), 16 Sus (fourMNI), and 54 Bos (six MNI [one infant,one juvenile,two adult]).19 The 1972 excavationat Perakhóraon Lake Vouliagméniin centralGreeceproduceda smallcollection of EH II fauna:Phase 1 (six deposits,159 bones, 16 Ovis/Capra bones [one MNI], 25 Sus [twoMNI, two cut],two Bos [one MNI]); Phase 2 (one deposit,nine bones, two Ovis/Capra [one MNI]); Phase 3 one one bones, MNI, cut, (nine [one 5 Ovis/Capra occupation deposits,54 partlyburnt],11 Sus [one MNI]); Phase 3 destruction(six deposits,80 bones, 11 Ovis/Capra[two MNI], six Sus [MNI], one Bos),20The 1994-95 excavationsat Eleusis produced a small sample. From the Bronze Age periods the numbersof identifiablebones are givenin table A8.4.21 EH Kaloyerovisiat Phylla in Euboea produced 74 identifiablebones with36 Ovis/Capra, 16 Sus, and 16 Bos bones, while the MH levels here produced 64 bones with 28 Ovis/Capra, ten Sus, and 15 Bosbones.22 The only otherFrankishsite in Greece withfauna reportedis Corinth.23 The published sample fromthe 1989-94 excavationsofthemonasticcomplexincludes903 Ovis/Capra bones (30 MNI), 95 Ovis(16 MNI), 53 Copra(fiveMNI), 635 Sus (17 MNI), and 181 Bos (seven MNI).24 In most cases, the order of importanceof species is Ovis/ Capra,Sus and Bos,At Ayios Stephanos Bos is always least importantbut the relationshipof Ovis/Capraand Sus varies,with Sus frequently In MH II at the more important.At EH Tsoungiza there are slightlymore Sus than Ovis/Capra, in MH III Sus is the most followed while the there Bos is most important, Bos, Aspis important, by followedby Ovis/Capra, At TirynsOvis/Capra is alwaysthe mostimportant, but Bos is more importantthanSus,Bos is most LH at the IIIA2 important Early Tsoungiza,although publishedsample is describedas the resultof ritualfeastingand so may not be typical. From EH II Tsoungizacomes a sawn Bos horncore.One Bos horncorefrommid-LH IIIC Tiryns has been cut,25as has one LH IIIB-C Bos horncorefromMidea,26and a Medieval young Ovis/Capra horncorefromAyios Stephanoshas been sawn. All indicatehorn-working. A Medieval sawn Bos rightproximalmetacarpus(fromBeta 1974, #11), the same depositwhich horn-core,is to be consideredbone-workingdebris.It has been sawn produced the sawn Ovis/Capra across for44.75 x 38.5. Similarevidence is knownfromotherHellenisticto Medieval sites in the Mediterraneanbasin and Europe.27In Greece such bone-workingdebris has been foundat Midea, Olympia,Corinth,Isthmiaand the AthenianAgora. Workedantleris discussedbelow.28 (b) EQUIDS

There are Equus asinus(ass) remainsfromfivedeposits:threeLH IIIC Early,one Medieval, and one undated.There are Equuscaballus(horse)remainsfromone LH I-IIA basketand one Medieval deposit. Most of the remains are isolated teeth or lower leg bones, except for one Medieval deposit with almost50 fragments fromone horse,all ofwhichwere burntor partlyburnt. LH I-IIA Lambda1977,#62 (fill) molar

LHI-II

Beta 1974,#39 (fill) molar LH IIIC Early 'LHIIIB*,i.e.probably Alphai960, #8 molar

18Halstead forthcoming. 19 Dabneyetal. 2004, 79-81. 20Reese 2007e. 21 etal 2003, 146. "■Cosmopoulos Irantahdouîqqs, ιοκ. 23 notesin Snyder1997 and 1998. Preliminary

24Lev-Tov1999. 25Vonden Drieschand Boessneck1990, 55.1. pl. 26Reese 1998, 277, 286. 27Reese 1087*,2007; Hutchinson and Reese 1088. 28See §(d).

APPENDIX 8

CD-163

LHIIIC Early Beta 1974,#13 (floordeposit) metatarsus Beta 1977,# 24 (fill,witha littleMedievalmaterial) phalanx3 Medieval

Lambda1977,# 25 (make-up offloor,including foundation-trench) metapodial Nu 1974,#3, 4, 22 (Medievalyardsurface) and epiphysis, distaltibia(unfused and epiphysis, 3 teeth,proximaltibia(unfused right), right), patella 2 calcaneus(unfused, burnt.30 (right), 3 carpals,metapodial, right;fragment), 3 phalanges.Mostpartly fragments likelytobe equid(allburnt) At NichoriatherefiveEquusasinusremains:LH IIA (two,twoMNI), LH IIB (two,twoMNI), and LH IIIA2. There are also nine Equus caballusremains:MH I, LH I, LH IIB, LH IIIAi, LH IIIA2, LH IIIA2-B (three,threeMNI), and LH IIIB2. Tirynsproducedmanyequid remains:LH I- II: two(one horse/mule;one Equusasinus);LH IIIBi : 20 (ninehorse/mule[one+ Equus caballus];11 Equus asinus);LH IIIB2: 301 (202 horse/mule[17+ Equus caballus],99 Equus asinus);LH IIIC Early: 116 (91 horse/mule[one+ Equus caballus],25 Equus asinus); LH IIIC Middle: 181 (132 horse/mule[six+ Equuscaballus], 49 Equusasinus);and LH IIIC Late: 97 (74 horse/mule[threeHLH The IIIC 23 Equusasinus). Equuscaballus], EarlyTirynsNW sampleproduced22 LH remains and the level at Elias IIIB2 equid Prophitis producedthreeequid bones (one MNI). In MH III the Aspis produced fourequid bones. LH I/III Eleusis produced one Equus caballus bone. EarlyLH IIIA2 Tsoungizaproduceda fewEquusasinusbones,withseveralburnt.At Midea, the 1963 excavation of post-LH IIIB2 levels produced seven Equus asinusfragments.From the 1991 season here comes an Equus caballusadult incisorfroma LH IIIC floordeposit From the 1994-97 excavationscome two LH IIIB Equus asinusbones. The Greek LH IIIB excavationsproduced seven equid bones. FrankishCorinthproduced fourequid bones. The main animals intentionallyburied with the dead in several LH graves were equid and dog skeletons.29 (c) CARNIVORES, MAINLY DOGS

There are Canisfamiliaris remainsfrom30 depositsand 34 MNI rangingfromtheEH II to Medieval. Fourdepositsproducedburntbones: theMH I Late Nu 1974 sampleproduceda burntdistalhumérus and tenunburntremains;theMH II a burntdistalhumérus;theMH III-LH I Nu 1974 a burntdistal metapodial and phalanx as well as nine unburntbones; and a slightlyburntproximaltibia comes froma LH I basket.It is possiblethatall theseburntremainsactuallycome fromone individual.The entireMH III-LH I Nu 1974 sample produced 2200 bones with275 burnt(12.5%), includingOvis/ as well as the Canis.It is unclearifthisburningis the resultof destruction Capra,Sus,Bos and Testudo or food preparation,consumption,and disposal EHIIEarly Eta 1973,#69 maxilla EH/MH Alphai960, #2, 5, 8 2 teeth,calcaneus,2 phalanges MHILate Eta 1973,#7 carnassial Nu 1977,# 24 (mixedwith#34) someof:palatefragment, mandiblefragment, 2 teeth,scapula,distalhumérus(burnt), distal astragalus, 3 phalanges metapodial, 29 Biegen1937; Boessneckand von den Driesch1984; Payne 1990; Reese 1995c; Hamilakis1996.

APPENDIX 8

CD-164

MHII Nu 1974, #12 (mixed with# 5, 8, 10, 40) some of: palate fragment, 4 teeth,tibia,astragalus,distalhumérus(burnt),3 phalanges 1 (1 burnt)

MHIII

Epsilon1973,#89 (Burial1) palatefragment Beta 1977,#87, 88 (mixedwith#60) someof:2 mandiblefragments, 2 vertebrae humérus, Nu 1974,#5, 8 (mixedwith#10) 2 phalanges1 (1 burnt) someof:palatefragment, 4 teeth,tibia,calcaneus,distalmetapodial(burnt), MH III withLH I Early

Nu 1973,# 20, 22 2 mandibles(3 fragments) humérus MHIII/LHI Nu 1974,# 10 (mixedwith#5,8) someof:palatefragment, 3 phalanx1 (1 burnt) 4 teeth,tibia,calcaneus,distalmetapodial(burnt), MH III/LHI withLH I-IIA Beta 1977,#60 (mixedwith#87, 88) 2 vertebrae someof:2 mandiblefragments, humérus, LHIEarly Nu 1974,#38 (mixedwith#35) someof:3 teeth(1 carnassial), phalanx Nu 1974,#40 tibia LHI-II Beta 1974,#39 (fill) tooth,calcaneus LHII Beta 1977,#32, 44 (mixedwith#42) twoof:humérus, astragalus, phalanx LHII A Lambda/Beta 12, 1974,#69, 71 (mixedwith#16, 43, 54, 61) tibia someof:palatewithcarnassial, 2 mandiblefragments, canine,molar,2 humérus, Nu 1974,#34 (mixedwith# 24) distal mandiblefragment, 2 teeth,scapula,distalhumérus(burnt), someof:palatefragment, astragalus, 3 phalanges metapodial, Nu 1974,#35(mixedwith#38) someof:3 teeth(1 carnassial), phalanx LHIIB Beta 1977,#42 (mixedwith#32,44) one of:humérus, astragalus, phalanx LHIIIAi Beta 1974,# 19, 25 humérus, metapodial LHIIIA Lambda/Beta 12, 1974,#43, 61 (mixedwith#16, 54, 69, 71) tibia someof:palatewithcarnassial, 2 mandiblefragments, canine,molar,2 humérus,

APPENDIX 8

CD-165

LHIIIA2-IIIB Lambda2, 1974,# 16,54 (mixedwith#43, 61, 69, 71) someof:palatewithcarnassial, tibia 2 mandiblefragments, canine,molar,2 humérus, LH IIIB-IIIC Early(probably LH IIIC Early)

Beta i960, # 2, 17, 22 mandible,2 teeth

LH IIIC Early

Epsilon1973,#37 tooth

Medieval

Alphai960, # 1 tooth Zeta 1973.* 31 (hearth) tooth Beta 1974,#22 tooth Beta 1974,#34 distalmetapodial astragalus, Lambda1973,#3 ulna(fused) proximal Nu 1974,#4, 22 (yardsurface) 6 phalanges humérus,

At Nichoriathereare Canisremainsfromall BronzeAge periods:MH I (19 bones,17 MNI, some burntand cut),MH II (threebones,one MNI), LH I (threebones,fourMNI), LH II A (sixbones,six MNI), LH IIB (threebones,twoMNI), LH IIIAi (sixbones,threeMNI), LH IIIA2 (sevenbones, threeMNI), LH IIIA2-B (eightbones,sixMNI), and LH IIIB2 (onebone). Canisboneswerefoundbothcutand burntat Lerna,mainlyin theMH period,30 Thereare also severalpreviously burnt bones and it is believed thattheywere dog unpublished (personalanalysis) consumedhere, Tirynsproducedmanyremains:EH II: 27 remains;EH III: 26; LH I- II: seven;LH IIIBi: eight; LH IIIB2: 197; LH IIIC Early:48; LH IIIC Middle: 164; and LH IIIC Late: 33, At leastone cut proximalfemuroftheLH IIIB2 and twocutmandibles(LH III, LH IIIC Middle)indicatethatdogs wereconsumed,31 The earlyLH IIIC TirynsNW sampleproducednineremains, and theLH IIIB2 at Prophitis Elias tworemains(twoMNI), AtAsinetheMH Bothros2 producedtwoCanisbones,theMH Bothros 4 onebone,andtheLH one In MH III theAspisproducedsix Canisbones,MH Kaloyerovrysi Canismetatarsus. producedthree bones. The 1963excavations atMideayieldedonebonefrompre-LHIIIB2 layersinRoom 1 andanother fromthepost-LHIIIB2 levelsin thesameroom.Fromthe 1985-91 excavations thereis a LH IIIB whilethe1994-97excavations remains from several one mandible, yielded deposits: EarlyMycenaean, one LH IIIB and earlier,eightLH IIIB (eightMNI), one LH IIIB-C, and one LH IIIC, Noneofthe boneshavebeencutbuttwohavebeenburntandone partly burnt:theLH IIIB andearlierproduced a partlyburntmandibleand a LH IIIB depositproduceda burntdistalradiusand phalanx1, It is uncleariftheseburntdogremainsindicatethatdogswereconsumedor iftheburning has nothing to do withconsumption. The Greekexcavations ofLH IIIB levelshereproducedthreebones, Tsoungizaproducedseveralremains:FinalNeolithic-EHI and II: fourMinAU;EH I- II and II Corinth Early:one;EH II Developed:seven;andEH III: one.Twoboneswerecut,Frankish produced one canidbone. Smallquantities of Canisbonesare also knownfromEleusis:one MH II,fiveMH III, twoLH I, and one LH III, The LH IIIA2 Earlylayersat Tsoungizaproduceda fewCanisbones,withsome butchered and burnt. In additionto equids,dogswereintentionally buriedwiththedead in severalLH graves,32 30 1969, 15, 17-18, pl. III. 31Gejvall Vonden Dneschand Jboessneck 1990, 103, pl. 55.3, 5.

32 Biegen1937; Boessneckand von den Driesch1984; Payne 1990; Reese 1995; Hamilakis1996.

APPENDIX8

CD-166

(d) DEER

Thereare Cervus (reddeer)remainsfrom27 depositsand 32 MNI, withone EH, twoEHelaphus MH, twoMH I Late,one MH I Late-II, one MH II (twoMNI), one MH II-III, one MH III, one MH III-LH I, one LH I, one LH I-IIA, threeLH IIA, twoLH II-IIIAi, one LH IIIAi, one LH IIIA2-B, one LH IIIA2 to IIIC Early(twoMNI), threeLH IIIC Early,fourMedieval(sevenMNI), and one undated.Butchered bonescomefromtheMH I Late-II,MH II, and LH IIIA2-IIIC Early One burnt deposits. slightly phalanxcomesfromtheMH IL WorkedandercomesfromtheMH I Late,MH II, MH III, LH ΠΙΑ, LH IIIA2-B, and Medieval periods(twodeposits).The shed antlerfromtheMH III, Medieval,and undatedbasketsindicates thatisolatedantlerswerepickedup in theforest to be worked.The workedantlerin one Medieval is associated with four Ovis/ (one is cut)and one BoshornCaprahorn-cores deposit(Lambda1977) a bone-and antler-working core,suggesting assemblage, EH I withEH II Late Eta 1973,#31 phalanx2 (fused) EH II withMH I Early Eta 1973,#70 phalanx1 (fused) EH-MH Alphai960, # 2 tooth MH I EarlywithMH I Late Epsilon1973,#74 molar,antler(workeddistalend) MHILate Zeta 1973,#79 (mixedwith#62) someof:2 molars(1 lower),distalradius(fused), (left, right) proximalfemur (justfused),2 astragalus Eta 1973,# 17 distaltibia(fused, right) MHILate withMH HI Late Epsilon1973,#61 3 teeth MHII Zeta,1973,#62 (mixedwith#79) someof:2 molars(1 lower),distalradius(fused), (left, right) proximalfemur (justfused),2 astragalus Beta 1977,* !33 antler(large,cut) MH III EarlywithMH III Late Nu 1977,#24, 40 radius(fused), (1 tine),radius(allunfused), 14 antlerfragments 3 molars,proximal proximal metacarpus, distalmetacarpus metatarsus, (fused), proximal phalanx1 (fused), phalanx2 (fused)(2 MNI) MH III/LHI Nu 1973,#32 proximalmetatarsus, phalanx2 (fused) Nu 1974,#10 (mixedwith#40) phalanx

APPENDIX 8

CD-167

LHIEarly

Nu 1974,#37 (mixedwith#43) someof:antlerfragment 2 metapodial (cut),2 teeth,distalhumérus fragment, fragments Nu 1974,#40 antlerfragment LHI-IIA Lambda1977,#58, 59, 61, 62 (fill) antlerfragment, mandiblecondyleprocess,3 molars LHIIA Lambda/Beta 12, 1974,#69, 71 mandible(hasPi), 5 teeth,proximalmetacarpus, distalmetapodial Nu 1973,# 17 tooth,phalanx Nu 1974,#43 (mixedwith#37) someof:antlerfragment 2 metapodial (cut),2 teeth,distalhumérus fragment, fragments LHIIA withsome LH IIIA2-IIIB Lambda 2, 1974, #16 mandible,phalanx 1 (fused),phalanx 2 (fused),4 antlerfragments (2 sawn)

LHII-IIIAi Beta 1974,#33 phalanx1,distalend LHIIIA2 Epsilon1973,#50 phalanx2 (fused) LH IIIC Early

Epsilon1973,# 19, 34, 37 3 teeth,calcaneus,2 astragali (1 cut),phalanx1 (fused) Beta 1974,# 24 distaltibia(fused, left)

Medieval

Epsilon1973,#21 phalanx Beta 1974,#4, 5 distalhumérus distalmetacarpus (fused), (fused), metatarsus, 3 phalanx1 (unfused, fused;broken, proximal adult),phalanx3 (2 MNI) Lambda1977,#14 (destruction) 5 antlertinesand numerousfragments (1 tinesawn,1 piece verysmooth,3 worked),palatefragment and epiphysis), (adult,teethworndown),2 molars(lackroots),distaltibia(unfused phalanx1 (fused)(2 MNI) Lambda1977,#16 (destruction) 4 antlerfragments (1 tinesawn,1 piecewithsawnedge) Lambda1977,#40 (withLH) 31.5 mm) phalanx3 (length Nu 1974,#3, 22 (yardsurface) antlertinefragment (hasworking marks),3 metacarpus (completefused;proximalfused;distalfused,2 MNI), phalanx2 (fused) Undated

Beta i960, #notreported antler, tooth,phalanx

AtNichoriathereare Cervus remains fromMH I (30 bones,11 MNI), MH II (12 bones,fiveMNI), LH IIA (12 bones,sevenMNI), LH IIB (ninebones,sevenMNI), LH IIIAi (threebones,one MNI), LH IIIA2 (fourbones,sevenMNI), LH IIIA2-B (25 bones,11 MNI), LH IIIB2 (threebones,fourMNI).

APPENDIX 8

CD-168

In theArgolid,Cervus is presentin BronzeAge Lerna.Thereare a fewremainsfromTsoungiza: Final Neolithic-EHI and EH II: one MinAU; EH II Developed: seven.Tirynsproducedmany Cervus remains:EH II: eightremains;EH III: 14; LH I- II: seven;LH IIIBi: ten;LH IIIB2: 238; LH IIIC Early:30; LH IIIC Middle:258; andLH IIIC Late: 151.The LH IIIC EarlyTirynsNW sample EH Kaloyerovrysi bones,whiletheMH levelsproduced producedfourremains.33 producedfourCervus two.AtAsinetheMH layerin House Τ producedthreeCervus theMH Bothros4 four,and remains, LH IIIA2 EarlyTsoungiza LH IIIA-B AyiosKonstantinos theLH fourantlers. a few bones. produced RoomsΒ and C producedtwodeerbones (one certainly From the at Cervus). 1985-91 excavations Midea thereare Cervus remainsfromone MH pit,one LH IIIB deposit,and one LH IIIB-C deposit. The 1994-97 excavationsproducedveryfewnon-antler remains:one LH IIIB bone and one LH IIIC bone.Frankish Corinthproducedtwobones(oneMNI). Workedantlerpiecesareknownfroma numberofBronzeAge sites.Workedantlerpiecesarealso knownfromMalthiin Messenia.34 WorkedCervus antlerswerefoundat Nichoria.35 (and Capreolus) EH-LH Lerna producednumerouspieces.36EH II Tsoungizaproduceda workedantler.EH inBoeotiaproducedworkedantler,37 Eutresis as didtheMH-LH here.38 Fromthe1985-91excavations at Midea thereis a tinewitha sawnend froma LH IIIB-C floor.39 Mostofthe Cervus remainsfrom the 1994-97 excavationsare antlerpieces,mostexhibiting evidenceof havingbeen worked.The distribution oftheworkedantler(bydeposit)is one LH IIIB or earlier, threeLH IIIB, one LH IIIBLH and two IIIC. C, (e) HARES

ThereareLepuseuropaeus remainsfrom20 depositsand 18 MNI, withone EH I, one EH-MH, two MH II-III, twoMH III-LH I, fourLH IIA, twoLH IIIA2, one LH IIIC Early,fourMedieval,and threeundated.The burntbonesare a LH IIA phalanx,a LH IIIA2 molar,a Medievalpelvis,and an undatedmetapodial. FromtheMedievallevelscomesone verylargeLepusor possiblya rabbit. EHI Eta1973,#68 phalanx EH/MH Alphai960, #5, 6 calcaneus humérus, astragalus,

MHII

Nu 1974,#13 (mixedwith#5, 7, 16) someof:2 teeth,3 tibiae,astragalus, (2 MNI) metapodial, phalanx,5 vertebrae MH HI Earlywitha littleLH I

Nu 1977,#43 tibia,metapodial, phalanx MH III Late witha littleLH IIA

Nu 1974,#5 (mixedwith#7, 13, 16) someof:2 teeth,3 tibiae,astragalus, (2 MNI) metapodial, phalanx,5 vertebrae

MHIII/LH

Nu 1974,#16 (mixedwith#5, 7, 13) someof:2 teeth,3 tibiae,astragalus, (2 MNI) metapodial, phalanx,5 vertebrae MHIII/LH witha little LH I Nu 1977,# 13, 18 tooth,2 metapodials, 3 phalanges 33Vonden Drieschand Boessneck and unpublished additions. 34Valmin1038. 360-63. dI. XXIX.1990,90. 37Personal ofmaterialexcavatedbyJ. L. Caskey. analysis 35Sloan and Duncan 1078,68. 38Goldmaniqqi. 2 14-1k. dI. XIX. 36 39Reese 1998,289, pl. 107 (B11). Gejvall1969,44, 45, pl. XIX:2; Reese 2008,forthcoming,

APPENDIX 8

CD-169

LHIEarly Nu 1974,#7 (mixedwith#5, 13, 16) someof:2 teeth,3 tibia,astragalus, (2 MNI) metapodial, phalanx,5 vertebrae Nu 1974,#37 (mixedwith#43) someof:distalfemur, scapula,phalanx LHI-IIA Lambda1974,#71 phalanx(burnt)

LHIIA

Beta 1977,#35,81 tibia,metatarsus Nu 1974,#43 (mixedwith#37) someof:distalfemur, scapula,phalanx

LHIIIAi Lambda/Beta 12, 1974, #20 phalanx

LHIIIA2 Lambda1973,#4 mandible Beta 1977,#67 tooth(burnt) LH III presumably LHIIIC Early Beta 1977, #11 (mixed with#12 and withbackfill# 7, 37) some of: mandible,tooth,scapula, humérus,ulna, femur,phalanx,4 vertebrae Medieval

Alphai960, # 1 phalanx Beta 1974,#32 (withsomeLH) metatarsus Beta 1977,# 11, 12 (mixedwith#11 and withbackfill #7, 37) someof:mandible, tooth,scapula,humérus, ulna,femur, (2 MNI (1 rabbit?)) phalanx,4 vertebrae Lambda2, 1974,#5 (yardsurface) phalanx Nu 1974,#3, 4, 22, 26 (yardsurface) 2 acetabula,tibia,metapodial, phalanx Undated

Alphai960, #notreported metapodial Delta i960, #notreported metapodial(burnt)

Lepusis presentat MH and LH Nichoria,with17 MNI. SeveralLepusremainsare knownfrom Tsoungiza:FinalNeolithic-EHI and EH II: fiveMinAU;EH I-II and EH II Early:one; and EH II remains:EH II: nine;EH III: Developed:five.One bonehasbeenburnt.Tirynsproducednumerous two;LH IIIBi: six;LH IIIB2: 27; LH IIIC Early:nine;LH IIIC Middle:15; andLH IIIC Late:five. Fromthe 1985-91 excavations at Midea thereareremainsfromthreeLH IIIB depositsand one LH IIIB-C deposit.Fromthe 1994-97 excavations comea numberofexamples:twopre-LHIIIB (two LH IIIB one LH and IIIB 18 MNI), earlier, (14-19 MNI), andnineLH IIIC (nineMNI). The LH at Asineproducedoneradius.Frankish Corinth produced53 bones(fourMNI). MH III Eleusisproduced twoLepusbones.

APPENDIX 8 (f) RODENTS,

INCLUDING

CD-170

SHREWS

Rodentsand shrewsweremainlyfoundin water-sieved deposits.Thereare rodentremainsfromten least and shrew remains from one three,withremainsfromtwoMH deposits, 13 MNI), deposits(at MH-LH deposit,twoMH III-LH I deposits, twoLH II- III deposits, threeLH III deposits, and two Medievaldeposits.39 MHII

Nu 1974,# 12, 13 (ws) manybones Nu 1974,# 14, 15 (mixedwith#16) (ws) someof: 14 bones MH HI Earlywitha little LH I Nu 1977,#43 (mixedwith#51) (ws) someof:37 bones MHIH witha little LHIIA Nu 1974,#5, 8, 9 (ws)(mixedwith# 10) shrewmandiblefrom#8 manyof: 105 bones,including

MHHI/LHI

Lambda1973,#20 (witha littleLH IIIA2) (ws) tibia Nu 1974,#10 (ws)(mixedwith#5, 8, 9) someof: 104 bones Nu 1974,#16 (mixedwith# 14, 15) (ws) someof: 14 bones,including shrewmandiblefrom#16 Nu 1977,# 13, 22 (ws) 10 bones,including shrewmandiblefrom#13 LH I Early Nu 1974,#7 (ws) manybones LH I/IIAwithMH Nu 1977,#51 (mixedwith#43) (ws) someof:37 bones

LHIIA

Nu 1974,#6 (ws) manybones

LHII-IIIAi

Beta 1974,# 25 (ws) manybones

LHIIB-IIIAi

Beta 1977,# 107 (mixedwith#67) one of:palatefragment, 2 fusedvertebrae

LHIIIA2 Early Beta 1977,#67 (mixedwith# 107) one of:palatefragment, 2 fusedvertebrae

39These specimensare under studyby Sebastian Payne Portsmouth). (EnglishHeritageCentreforArchaeology,

APPENDIX

8

CD-171

LH III C Early Beta 1974,# 23, 24 ('lightbrownfloor')(ws) 1 shrewskullfrom#24 manybones,including Lambda/Beta 12, 1974,#50, 51, 52 (slabFloors4 and 5) (ws) manybones Medieval

Lambda1977,#7, 11, 18, 23, 33 (make-up offloorand destruction) vertebra 2 mandibles, 2 humérus, tibiae, Nu 1974,#3, 4 (yardsurface) (ws) 10 bones

Rodentremainshave notbeen reportedfrommostof the sitesdiscussedhere.LH IIIB2 Tiryns rattus (rat)remainsand Spalaxleucodon (molerat)fromLH IIIB2 (twobones),LH producedtwoRattus IIIC Early(onebone),and LH IIIC Late (twobones).LH IIIA-B AyiosKonstantinos and Frankish Corintheach producedtworodentbones. (g)

TORTOISES

AND

SNAKES

Thereare Testudo remainsfrom35 deposits:one EH-MH, one MH I Early,threeMH I, fourMH I MH one Late, II, twoMH II-III, one MH III, fiveMH III-LH I, twoLH I-II, one LH IIA, twoLH LH one IIIAi, IIIA2, one LH IIIA2-B, threeLH IIIC Early,sevenMedieval,and one undated Burnt remains come fromtheMH I Early,MH I, and MH III-LH I (twodeposits).Cut deposit. remainscomeonlyfromtheEH-MH. Thereis a smoothed-down froma Medievalbasket, fragment evidence for tortoise-shell There are two snake-vertebrae fromtwowaterworking. good-sized possible sievedbaskets,MH II (Nu 1974,#15)and LH I Early(Nu 1974,#7). MH I EarlywithMH I earliest Epsilon1973,#76 carapacefragment

Zeta 1973, # 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108

22 carapacefragments (20 burnt)

MHILate

Zeta 1973,#96, 97, 98 manycarapacefragments (manyburnt) Eta 1973,#41 one rib 3 carapacefragments, Nu 1977,#57, 58 11 carapacefragments (someedgesburnt),1 limbbone

MHII

Nu 1974,# 15 carapacefragment MH II-III Early Beta 1977,#89, 90, 126 carapacefragments Nu 1974,#11 (mixedwith#5, 7, 10, 16,38, 44) someof: 13 carapacefragments (2 burnt), 5 internal fragments Nu 1977,#45 (mixedwith# 24, 33, 34, 38, 43, 57, 58) someof:carapacefragments (someedgesburnt),1 limbbone MH III Earlywitha little LH I Nu 1977,#34, 43 (mixedwith#24, 33, 38, 45, 57, 58) someof:carapacefragments (someedgesburnt),1 limbbone MH III LatetoLH I Early Nu 1977,# 24, 33 (mixedwith#38, 57, 58) someof:carapacefragments (someedgesburnt),1 limbbone

APPENDIX 8

ΜΗ III withLH ΠΑ Beta 1977,#89 carapacefragments Nu 1974,#5, 10, 16,44 (mixedwith#7, 11, 38) someof: 13 carapacefragments (2 burnt), 5 internal fragments MH

Alphai960, # 2, 5 12 carapacefragments Eta 1973,#36 carapacefragment MHIII/LHI Lambda1977,#66 2 carapacefragments Nu 1973,#32, 36 2 carapacefragments, limbfragment (burnt) Nu 1974,# 10, 16, (mixedwith#5, 7, 11,38, 44) someof: 13 carapacefragments (2 burnt), 5 internal fragments Nu 1977,# 13, 15, 16, 22 carapacefragments LHIEarly Nu 1974,#7 (mixedwith#5, 10, 11, 16,38, 44) someof: 13 carapacefragments (2 burnt), 5 internal fragments Nu 1974,#38, 44 (mixedwith#5, 7, 10, 11, 16) someof: 13 carapacefragments (2 burnt), 5 internal fragments LHI-IIA Beta 1977,#46, 112 2 carapacefragments Lambda/Beta 12, 1974,#37 2 carapacefragments, humérus, radius,vertebra LH I withLH IIIAi Beta 1977,#90 carapacefragments Nu 1974,#36 2 carapacefragments Beta 1977,#38, 44, 49 carapacefragments LHIIIA2 Lambda1977,#34 carapaceand internal fragments LHIIIA2-IIIB Lambda1974,#9, 11 8 carapacefragments LHIIIC Early Epsilon1973,#34 3 carapacefragments Beta i960, #12 3 carapacefragment Beta 1977,# 24 carapacefragments

CD-172

APPENDIX 8

CD-173

Medieval

Zêta 1973,#21, 22 2 carapacefragments {Testudo marginatd) Beta 1974,#5, 32 5 carapacefragments Lambda2, 1974,#21 someof:1ο carapacefragments, internal vertebra/rib Lambda1977,#7 carapace fragment(Testudo marginatd)

Nu 1974,#3, 4 (yardsurface) 2 carapacefragments Alphai960, # 1 limbbone (Testudo carapacefragments marginatd}, Undated

Delta i960, #notreported limbbone 4 carapacefragments,

Testudo areknownfromNichoriain LH IIIAi and later.Theyare commonat BA Lerna.40 Fromthe EH III alone comeat least70 MNL41Tirynsproducednumerous remains:EH II: four(one or two MNI); EH III: eight(threeMNI); LH I-II: two(oneMNI); LH IIIBi: one; LH IIIB3: 46 (12 MNI); LH IIIC Early:29 (fiveMNI); LH IIIC Middle:57 (cs>6MNI); and LH IIIC Late: 26 (sevenMNI). The LH IIIB2 layerat Prophitis Elias producedone bone.Fromthe 1985-91 excavations at Midea thereareremainsfromone MH (withLH IIIC) deposit,threeLH IIIB deposits, and one LH IIIB-C deposit.The 1994-97 excavations producedone LH IIIB and earlierbone,fiveLH IIIB (fiveMNI), and twoLH IIIC (twoMNI). in smallnumbers atTsoungiza: FinalNeolithic-EHI andEH II: one MinAU;EH Theyarepresent I-II and EH II Early:one; EH II Developed:two;and EH III: one. Smallquantities arealso known fromEleusis:fourEH II-MH I, tenMH III, fourLH I, sevenLH I-III, and threeLH III. AGES (h) OVIS/CAPRA

atAyiosStephanosthemajordomesticanimalswereconsumedyoung.Thereareonlytwo Generally individuals over3-3.5 years(MH II- III, Medieval). Ovis/Capra EH I toEH II Late

Eta 1973 (2 MNI) phalanx1 (unfused)

- 1-1.25Yr

MH I EarlywithMH I Late

Eta 1973 (3 MNI) distalhumérus (fused) proximalradius(fused) proximalradius(fused) proximalradius(fused) phalanx1 (unfused distaltibia(fused) distaltibia(fused) (fused) metacarpus (fused) metacarpus proximalfemur(justfusedhead)

40

Gejvall 1969, 49.

- 1.75-2 yr + 1.75-2yr + 1.75-2yr + 1.75-2 yr

MHILate +10 mo. + 10 mo. + 10 mo. + 10 mo. - 1-1.25Yr + 1.5-2 yr + 1.5-2yr + 1.75-2yr + 1.75-2 yr 2.5-3 YT

MH I EarlywithMH I LateandMHII

Zeta 1973 (5 MNI) distalhumérus (fused) proximalradius(fused) proximalradius(fused) proximalradius(fused) phalanx1 (justfused) phalanx1 (fused) distaltibia(unfused)

mandible- dp4 (fused) metacarpus (fused) metacarpus (fused) metacarpus

+10 mo. + 10 mo. + 10 mo. + 10 mo. 1-1.25yr + 1-1.25YT - 1.5-2yr

Nu 2, 1977 (1 MNI) phalanx1 (fused) (fused) metacarpus

+ 1-1.25yr + 1.75-2yr

MH I LatewithMH II

Nu 2, 1974 (2 MNI) distalhumérus (unfused) distalhumérus (fused) dp4 M2 (adult) metapodial(fused)

- 10 mo. + 10 mo. - 1.75-2 yr + 1 yr + 1.75-2yr

MH I LatewithMH II, MH III andMH III/LHI Nu 1977 (8 MNI) scapula(fused) distalhumérus (fused) distalhumérus (fused) proximalradius(fused) phalanx1 (unfused) phalanx2 (fused) 41 Reese

forthcoming.

+ 6-8 mo. +10 mo. +10 mo. + 10 mo. - 1-1.25yr + 1-1.25yr

APPENDIX 8 phalanx2 (fused) phalanx2 (fused) dp4 dp4 dp4- left dp4- left dp4- left,veryworndown distaltibia(fused) distaltibia(fused) M3 M3 M3 M3 M3 calcaneus(unfused) calcaneus(unfused) calcaneus(justfused) (fused) proximalfemur calcaneus(fused) calcaneus(fused) (unfused) proximalhumérus proximaltibia(fused)

+ 1-1.25yr + 1-1.25yr - 1.75-2yr - 1.75-2yr - 1.75-2 yr - 1.75-2 yr - 1.75-2 yr + 1.5-2yr + 1.5-2yr + 1.5-2yr + 1.5-2yr + 1.5-2yr + 1.5-2yr + 1.5-2yr - 2.5-3 Yr - 2.5-3 Yr 2·5~3 Ύτ + 2.5-3 yr + 2.5-3 Yr + 2.5-3 Yr - 3-3.5 yr + 3-3.5 yr

MH II toLH I Earlywitha littleMH I Late andLH HA Nu 1974 (4 MNI) + 10 mo. proximalradius(fused) + 1-1.25Yr phalanx1 (fused) + 1-1.25Yr phalanx2 (fused) - 1.75-2yr dp4 - 1.75-2yr dp4 - 1.75-2yr dp4 - 1.75-2yr dp4 - 1.75-2yr dp4 - 1.75-2yr (unfused) metapodial - 1.75-2yr (unfused) metapodial + 1.5-2yr distaltibia(fused) + 2 yr M3 - worndown proximalfemur (justfused/fused) + 2.5-3 yr - 3-3.5 yr proximaltibia(unfused)

MH HI EarlywithMH HI Late

Lambda 1973,#31 (1 MNI) distalhumérus (fused) distaltibia(fused) metatarsus (fused)

+ 10 mo. + 1.5-2yr + 1.75-2yr

MHIH toLHIwith a little MH I LateandLH HA

Nu 1977 (3 MNI) scapula(fused) distalhumérus (fused) distalhumérus (fused) phalanx1 (unfused) phalanx1 (fused) distaltibia(unfused) mandible- dp4 (unfused) metapodial (unfused) metapodial (unfused) metapodial M3 - worn

+ + + + +

6-8 mo. 10 mo. 10 mo. 1-1.25Yr 1-1.25Yr 1.5-2 yr 1.75-2 yr 1.75-2yr 1.75-2yr 1.75-2yr 2 yr

MH III/LHI toLH I/HAwitha little MH HI Lambda 1977 (4 MNI) distalhumérus (fused) phalanx1 (fused) phalanx2 (fused) distaltibia(unfused) distaltibia(fused) distaltibia(fused)

+ + + + +

10 mo. 1-1.25yr 1-1.25Yr 1.5-2 yr 1.5-2yr 1.5-2yr

M3 M3 M3 - youngadult M3 - older (unfused) proximalfemur (unfused) proximalhumérus Nu 1973 (2 MNI) distalhumérus (fused) mandible- dp4 mandible- M3 worndown Nu 1973 (4 MNI) distalhumérus (fused) distalhumérus (fused) dp4 dp4 (unfused) metapodial mandible- M3 up,right mandible- M3 up,right distalfemur (unfused) proximalhumérus (justfused)

CD-174 + 2 yr + 2 yr + 2 yr + 2 yr - 2.5-3 Yr - 3-3.5 yr + 10 mo. - 1.75-2 yr + 2 yr + 10 mo. + 10 mo. - 1.75-2yr - 1.75-2 yr - 1.75-2 yr + 2 yr + 2 yr - 3-3.5 yr 3~3-5yr

MH III/LHI toLHIHAi witha little MH III Earlyand LHIIIA2 Lambda1973 (2 MNI) proximalradius(fused) phalanx1 (unfused) phalanx1 (unfused) distaltibia(fused) distaltibia(fused) (unfused) proximalfemur

+ 10 mo. - 1-1.25yr - 1-1.25yr + 1.5-2 yr + 1.5-2 yr - 2.5-3 Yr

LH I withLH HIA andLH IIIC Early

Lambda1974 (3 MNI) distalhumérus (unfused) distalhumérus (fused) distalhumérus (fused) distalhumérus (fused) proximalradius(fused) proximalradius(fused) proximalradius(fused) phalanx1 (unfused) phalanx1 (unfused) phalanx1 (unfused) phalanx1 (fused) phalanx1 (fused) distaltibia(fused) distaltibia(fused) M3, left M3, left (unfused) proximalfemur (unfused) proximalhumérus distalfemur (unfused) proximaltibia(unfused) proximaltibia(unfused) proximalhumérus (justfused) proximalhumérus (justfused) distalfemur(justfused)

- 10 mo. +10 mo. +10 mo. + 10 mo. + 10 mo. + 10 mo. +10 mo. - 1-1.25yr - 1-1.25yr - 1-1.25yr + 1-1.25yr + 1-1.25yr + 1.5-2 yr + 1.5-2 yr + 2 yr + 2 yr - 2.5-3 Yr - 3-3.5 yr - 3-3.5 yr - 3-3.5 yr - 3-3.5 yr 3~3-5yr 3~3-5yr 3~3-5yr

LHI-IIA withLHIIIA2, LH IIIC EarlyandMedieval Lambda1977 (2 MNI) scapula(fused) proximalradius(fused) proximalulna(unfused) distalradius(fused) Lambda1977 (3 MNI) phalanx1 (unfused) phalanx2 (unfused) distaltibia(unfused) dp4 (no talon)

+ 6-8 mo. + 10 mo. - 2.5-3 Yr + 3 yr -

1-1.25yr 1-1.25yr 1.5-2 yr 1.75-2 yr

APPENDIX 8 dp4 (no talon,2 MNI) (unfused) metapodial metapodial(fused) mandible- has M3

+ +

1.75-2yr 1.75-2yr 1.75-2yr 2 yr

LHIIA Epsilon1973,#88 (1 MNI) distaltibia(fused) Eta 1973 (2 MNI) phalanx1 (unfused) dp4 (no talon) mandible- M3 worndown proximalfemur(unfused) calcaneus(unfused)

+ 1.5-2yr - 1-1.25Yr - 1.75-2yr +2 yr - 2.5-3 Υτ - 2.5-3 YT

LHIIA witha littleLH I Early,LH III A andMedieval Lambda 1974 (4 MNI) - 10 mo. distalhumérus (unfused) + 10 mo. proximalradius(fused) + 1-1.25yr phalanx1 (fused) + 1-1.25YT phalanx1 (fused) + 1-1.25yr phalanx1 (fused) + 1-1.25yr phalanx1 (fused) + 1-1.25yr phalanx1 (fused) + 1-1.25yr phalanx1 (fused) - 1.75-2yr (unfused) metacarpus distaltibia(fused) + 1.5-2yr distaltibia(fused) + 1.5-2yr metatarsus + 1.75-2yr (fused) mandible- dp4 + 2 yr + 2 yr M3 - unworn + 2 yr M3 - worndown + 2 yr M3 - worndown + 2 yr M3 - a bitworndown + 2 yr M3 - a bitworndown proximalfemur(justfused) 2.5-3 YT + 2.5-3 yr proximalulna(fused) Nu 1974 (3 MNI) distalhumérus +10 mo. (fused) distalhumérus +10 mo. (fused) +10 mo. proximalradius(fused) + 10 mo. proximalradius(fused) + 10 mo. proximalradius(fused) - 1-1.25YT phalanx1 (unfused) phalanx1 (justfused) 1-1.25yr phalanx1 (justfused) 1-1.25yr + 1-1.25yr phalanx2 (fused) + 1-1.25YT phalanx2 (fused) + 1-1.25yr phalanx2 (fused) - 1.5-2yr distaltibia(unfused) - 1.5-2yr distaltibia(unfused) distaltibia(fused) + 1.5-2 yr - 1.75-2yr dp4- worndown metatarsus 1.75-2 yr (justfused) + 2 yr M3 + 2 yr M3 + 2 yr M3 + 2 yr M3 calcaneus(fused) + 2.5-3 YT - 3-3.5 yr proximaltibia(unfused) distalfemur(justfused) 3~3-5yr distalradius(fused) + 3 yr LHIIA toLHIIIAi witha littleLH IIIA2 andMedieval Beta 1974 (3 MNI) distalhumérus +10 mo. (fused) distalhumérus + 10 mo. (fused) + 10 mo. proximalradius(fused)

phalanx1 (unfused) phalanx1 (fused) phalanx1 (fused) phalanx2 (fused) distaltibia(unfused) distaltibia(unfused) distaltibia(fused) distaltibia(fused) (fused) metacarpus metatarsus (fused) M3 - unerupted M3 M3 M3 M3 proximalulna(unfused) proximalfemur(justfused) proximalulna(fused) (fused) proximalfemur distalfemur(unfused) LH IIA toLH IIIA2 Lambda1973 (2 MNI) proximalradius(fused) mandible- M3 worndown proximalulna(unfused) distalradius(unfused) proximaltibia(unfused)

CD-175 - 1-1.25yr + 1-1.25YT + 1-1.25yr + 1-1.25yr - 1.5-2 yr - 1.5-2 yr + 1.5-2 yr + 1.5-2yr + 1.75-2yr + 1.75-2yr - 2 yr + 2 yr + 2 yr + 2 yr + 2 yr - 2.5-3 YT 2.5-3 YT + 2.5-3 YT + 2.5-3 YT - 3-3.5 yr

+ 10 mo. + 2 yr - 2.5-3 YT - 3 yr - 3-3.5 yr

LHIIIA2 witha littleMH I Late,MHIIl LH I-II and LH IIIC Early Epsilon1973 (3 MNI) distaltibia(fused) distaltibia(fused) distaltibia(fused) (fused) metacarpus metatarsus (unfused) M3, right M3, right proximalfemur (unfused)

+ 1.5-2 yr + 1.5-2yr + 1.5-2yr + 1.75-2yr - 1.75-2 yr + 2 yr + 2 yr - 2.5-3 Yr

LH IIIB/IIIC EarlytoLH IIIC Early Transitional Beta 1974 (3 MNI) - 10 mo. distalhumérus (unfused) distalhumérus +10 mo. (fused) + 10 mo. proximalradius(fused) + 10 mo. proximalradius(fused) - 1-1.25yr phalanx2 (unfused) + 1-1.25yr phalanx1 (fused) + 1-1.25YT phalanx1 (fused) + 1-1.25yr phalanx1 (fused) + 1-1.25yr phalanx1 (fused) + 1-1.25yr phalanx1 (fused) + 1-1.25yr phalanx2 (fused) + 1-1.25yr phalanx2 (fused) + 1-1.25yr phalanx2 (fused) + 1-1.25yr phalanx2 (fused) - 1.5-2 yr distaltibia(unfused) - 1.5-2 yr distaltibia(unfused) distaltibia(fused) + 1.5-2yr - 1.75-2 yr metapodial(unfused) - 1.75-2 yr (unfused) metapodial - 2.5-3 YT calcaneus(unfused) (unfused proximalfemur 2.5-3 Yr trochanter majus,just fusedhead)

distalradius(fused) distalfemur (unfused) proximaltibia(unfused)

+ 3 yr - 3-3.5 yr - 3-3.5 yr

APPENDIX 8 LH HIC Earlywitha littleLH IIIA2 andMedieval Epsilon1973 (7 MNI) + 1-1.25yr phalanx1 (fused) + 1.5-2yr distaltibia(fused) + 1.5-2yr distaltibia(fused) + 1.5-2yr distaltibia(fused) mandible- withdp4 !-75-2yr - 1.75-2yr mandible- withdp4 - 2 yr M3 - right, erupting + 2 yr M3 right + 2 yr worn M3 - right, worn M3 - right, +2 yr worn M3 - right, +2 yr worn M3 - right, +2 yr 2.5-3 YT (justfused proximalfemur trochanter unfused head) maju$y MedievalwithwornLHI/IIA andLH IIIA2 Lambda 1977 (3 MNI) + 6-8 mo. scapula(fused) + 1-1.25YT phalanx1 (fused) + 1.5-2yr distaltibia(fused) + 1.5-2 yr distaltibia(fused) + 1.5-2yr distaltibia(fused) - 2.5-3 YT proximalfemur(unfused) proximalfemur(justfused/fused) + 2.5-3 YT

withLHIIIA andLH IIIC Early Medieval Beta 1974 (3 MNI) scapula(fused) scapula(fused) distalhumérus (unfused) distalhumérus (fused) proximalradius(fused) proximalradius(fused)

+ 6-8 mo. + 6-8 mo. - 10 mo. +10 mo. +10 mo. +10 mo.

phalanx1 (unfused) phalanx1 (fused) distaltibia(unfused) distaltibia(fused) distaltibia(fused) distaltibia(fused) distaltibia(fused) wornM3 mandible- slightly mandible- wornM3 proximalulna(unfused) proximalulna(unfused) proximalfemur(unfused) proximalulna(fused) proximalfemur(fused) distalfemur (unfused) distalfemur (fused)

CD-176 - 1-1.25yr + 1-1.25yr - 1.5-2 yr + 1.5-2yr + 1.5-2yr + 1.5-2yr + 1.5-2 yr + 2 yr + 2 yr - 2.5-3 YT - 2.5-3 YT - 2.5-3 YT + 2.5-3 YT + 2.5-3 YT - 3-3.5 yr + 3-3.5 yr

Medieval Epsilon1973 (1 MNI) mandible- Pi -3, M 1-2 distaltibia(fused) Zeta 1973 (1 MNI) (hearth) distaltibia(unfused) Lambda2, 1974 (2 MNI) femur head (unfused) proximalfemur(unfused) Nu 1974 (2 MNI) scapula(fused) distalhumérus (fused) phalanx1 (fused) phalanx1 (fused) distaltibia(fused) distaltibia(fused) proximalfemur(unfused) proximalfemur(justfused)

+ 1 yr + 1.5-2yr - 1.5-2 yr - 2.5-3 YT - 2.5-3 YT + 6-8 mo. + 10 mo. + 1-1.25yr + 1-1.25yr + 1.5-2yr + 1.5-2yr - 2.5-3 YT 2.5-3 YT

(i) BOS AGES

The majordomesticanimalsweregenerallyeatenyoungat Ayios Stephanos.Of the42 Bosindividuals present,thereare onlyseven MNI clearlyover 3.5-4 years(MH I- III, MH III-LH I, LH I-IIA, LH II-IIIAi, LH IIIC Early,and Medieval [two]).These mighthave been animalsused fordraughtor breedingbeforebeing consumed. EH I toEH II Late

Eta 1973 (1 MNI) distalhumérus (fused) (fused) metacarpus

+ 1-1.5yr + 2-2.5 YT

MH I EarlywithMH I Late

Eta 1973 (4 MNI) proximalradius(fused) phalanx1 (fused) phalanx1 (fused) phalanx1 (fused) phalanx2 (fused) phalanx2 (fused) mandible- P3 erupting distaltibia(justfused) distaltibia(fused) distaltibia(fused) distaltibia(fused) calcaneus(fused)

+ 1-1.5yr + 1.25-1.5yr + 1.25-1.5yr + 1.25-1.5yr + 1.25-1.5yr + 1.25-1.5yr + 1.5yr 2-2.5 Yr + 2-2.5 YT + 2-2.5 YT + 2-2.5 YT + 3-3.5 yr

MH I EarlywithMH I LateandMHII

Zeta 1973 (2 MNI) scapula(fused)

+7-10 mo.

distalhumérus (fused) distalhumérus (fused) proximalradius(fused) proximalradius(fused) phalanx1 (fused) phalanx1 (fused) phalanx2 (fused) (justfused) proximalhumérus proximaltibia(justfused)

+ 1-1.5YT + 1-1.5YT + 1-1.5YT + 1-1.5YT + 1.25-1.5yr + 1.25-1.5yr + 1.25-1.5yr 3-5~4Yr 3-5~4YT

MHILate withMH II, MH III andMH III/LHI Nu 1977 (2 MNI) scapula(fused) phalanx1 (unfused) distaltibia(fused) (fused) metacarpus distalradius(fused)

+7-10 mo. - 1.25-1.5yr + 2-2.5 yr + 2-2.5 yr + 3.5-4 yr

MH II toLH I Earlywitha little MHILate andLHIIA Nu 1974 (1 MNI) phalanx1 (fused)

+ 1.25-1.5yr

APPENDIX 8 ΜΗ III EarlywithΜΗ III Late Lambda 1973,#31 (1 MNI) scapula(fused)

+7-10 mo.

MH III toLH I witha littleMH I Late andLH IIA Nu 1977 (1 MNI) + 1-1.5yr proximalradius(fused) + 1-1.5yr proximalradius(fused) + 2.25 yr mandible- M3 worndown + 2.25 yr palate- M3 worndown + 2-2.5 Yr (fused) metacarpus + 3.5-4 yr proximalulna(fused)

MH III MHIII/LHItoLHI/IIAwitha little Lambda 1977 (1 MNI) scapula(fused) proximalradius(fused) phalanx2 (fused) distaltibia(fused) proximaltibia(fused) Nu 1973 (1 MNI) proximalradius(fused) phalanx1 (justfused) calcaneus(unfused) Nu 1973 (1 MNI) scapula(fused) proximalradius(fused) distaltibia(fused)

+7-10 mo. + 1-1.5yr + 1.25-1.5yr + 2-2.5 Yr + 3.5-4 yr + 1-1.5yr 1.25-1.5yr - 3-3.5 yr +7-10 mo. + 1-1.5yr + 2-2.5 Yr

LH I withLH IIIA andLH IIIC Early Lambda 1974 (1 MNI) + 1-1.5yr distalhumérus (fused) + 1.25-1.5yr phalanx1 (fused) + 1.25-1.5yr phalanx2 (fused) LHI-IIA withLHIIIA2, LH IIIC EarlyandMedieval Lambda 1977 (1 MNI) +7-10 mo. scapula(fused) LHIIA witha littleLH I Early,LH IIIA andMedieval Lambda 1974 (1 MNI) + 1.25-1.5yr phalanx1 (fused) + 1.25-1.5yr phalanx1 (fused) + 1.25-1.5yr phalanx2 (fused) Nu 1974 (1 MNI) +7-10 mo. scapula(fused) + 1-1.5yr proximalradius(fused) + 1.25-1.5yr phalanx1 (fused) LHIIA toLHIIIAi witha littleLHIIIA2 andMedieval Beta 1974 (2 MNI) + 1-1.5yr proximalradius(fused) + 3-3.5 yr calcaneus(fused) + 3-3.5 yr calcaneus(fused) + 3.5-4 yr proximalulna(fused)

LHIIA toLHIIIA2

Lambda 1973 (1 MNI) phalanx1 (fused)

+ 1.25-1.5yr

LHIIIA2 witha littleMH I Late,MHIIl LH I-II and LH IIIC Early Epsilon1973 (1 MNI) +7-10 mo. scapula(fused) - 3.5 yr proximalfemur(unfused)

CD-17'

LH IIIB/IIIC EarlytoLH IIIC Early Transitional Beta 1974 (1 MNI) +7-10 mo. scapula(fused) + 1.25-1.5yr phalanx1 (fused) + 1.25-1.5yr phalanx1 (fused) + 1.25-1.5yr phalanx2 (fused) + 2-2.5 Yr distaltibia(fused) + 3.5-4 yr distalradius(fused) LH IIIC Earlywitha littleLH IIIA2 andMedieval Epsilon1973 (2 MNI) +7-10 mo. scapula(fused) +7-10 mo. scapula(fused) + 1-1.5yr distalhumérus (fused) + 1-1.5YT distalhumérus (fused) + 1.25-1.5yr phalanx1 (fused) + 2-2.5 Yr (fused) metacarpus + 2-2.5 Yr (fused) metacarpus MedievalwithwornLHI/IIA andLH IIIA2 Lambda1977 (1 MNI) + 3.5-4 yr proximaltibia(fused) MedievalwithLH IIIA andLH IIIC Early Beta 1974 (2 MNI) + 1-1.5Yr distalhumérus (fused) + 1-1.5YT proximalradius(fused) + 1.25-1.5yr phalanx1 (fused) + 1.25-1.5yr phalanx2 (fused) distaltibia(justfused) 2-2.5 Yr - 3.5-4 yr (unfused) proximalhumérus - 3.5-4 yr (unfused) proximalhumérus - 3.5-4 yr humérus (unfused) proximal - 3.5-4 yr distalfemur(unfused) - 3.5-4 yr distalfemur(unfused) Beta 1974 (2 MNI) + 1-1.5Yr distalhumérus (fused) + 1-1.5Yr proximalradius(fused) + 1.25-1.5yr phalanx1 (fused) + 1.25-1.5yr phalanx2 (fused) distaltibia(justfused) 2-2.5 Ύτ - 3.5-4 yr (unfused) proximalhumérus - 3.5-4 yr (unfused) proximalhumérus - 3.5-4 yr (unfused) proximalhumérus - 3.5-4 yr distalfemur (unfused) - 3.5-4 yr distalfemur (unfused) Medieval Epsilon1973 (2 MNI) distaltibia(fused) distalradius(unfused) distalradius/ulna (fused) Zeta 1973 (1 MNI) (hearth) distaltibia(unfused) distalfemur(unfused) Lambda2, 1974 (1 MNI) scapula(fused) distaltibia(unfused) Nu 1974 (1 MNI) distalhumérus (fused)

+ 2-2.5 Yr - 3.5-4 yr + 3.5-4 yr - 2-2.5 YT - 3.5-4 yr +7-10 mo. - 2-2.5 Yr + 1-1.5Yr

APPENDIX 8 (j) SUS AGES

EH I toEH II Late Eta 1973 (2 MNI) phalanx2 (unfused) - dp4 mandiblefragment - dp4 mandiblefragment radius (fused) proximal phalanx2 (fused) distaltibia(unfused) IV (unfused) metacarpus V (unfused) metacarpus phalanx1 (II/V) (fused) phalanx1 (II/V) (fused)

- 1 yr + 1 yr + 1 yr + 1 yr + 1 yr - 2 yr - 2-2.25 vr - 2-2.25 vr + 2 yr + 2 yr

MH I EarlywithMH I Late Eta 1973 (5 MNI) - 1 yr distalhumérus (unfused) - 1 yr phalanx2 (unfused) + 1 yr mandible- dp4 + 1 yr mandible- dp4 + 1 yr dp4 - 2 yr distaltibia(unfused) - 2-2.25 vr III (unfused) metacarpus - 2-2.25 vr IV (unfused) metacarpus - 2-2.25 vr V metacarpus (unfused) II (unfused) metatarsus 2-2.25 vr - 2-2.25 vr V (unfused) metatarsus - 2-2.25 vr III/IV (unfused) metapodial worn + 2 yr M 1-2 worn, M3 very palate - 3.5 yr distalradius(unfused) - 3.5 yr head (unfused) femur - 3.5 yr (unfused) proximalfemur trochanter femur (fused majus)+ 3.5 yr proximal MHILate Nu 1977 (2 MNI) humérus (allunfused) radius(allunfused) humérus (unfused) proximal

- 1 yr - 1 yr - 3.5 yr

MH I EarlywithMHILate andMHII

Zeta 1973 (5 MNI) palate- dp4 palate- dp4 palate- M 1 erupting palate- M2 erupted palate- M2 erupted scapula(fused) scapula(fused) distalhumérus (fused) distalhumérus (fused) III (unfused) metacarpus III/IV (unfused) metatarsus II/V (unfused) metapodial III/IV (justfused) metapodial III/IV (fused) metapodial calcaneus(fused) femur(allunfused) distalfemur(unfused) distalradius(fused) head (fused) femur

+ 1 yr + 1 yr + 1 yr + 1 yr + 1 yr + 1 yr + 1 yr + 1 yr + 1 yr - 2-2.25 vr - 2-2.25 vr - 2-2.25 YT 2-2.25 YT + 2-2.25 vr + 2-2.5 YT - 3.5 yr - 3.5 yr + 3.5 yr + 3.5 yr

MH I LatewithMH II Nu 1974 (2 MNI) radius(allunfused) mandible- Ρ 1-2 erupting phalanx2 (III/IV) (justfused)

- 1 yr 1 yr 1 yr

phalanx1 (II/V) (unfused) ulna(allunfused)

CD-178

- 2 yr - 3-3.5 yr

MH I LatewithMH II, MH III andMH III/LHI Nu 1977 (4 MNI) phalanx2 (unfused) phalanx2 (justfused) mandible- M 2, M3 unerupted + 1 dp4 M3 unerupted scapula(fused) scapula(fused) scapula(fused) scapula(fused) distalhumérus (fused) phalanx1 (III/IV) (unfused) phalanx1 (III/IV) (unfused) V (unfused) metacarpus V (unfused) metatarsus calcaneus(unfused) mandible- M3 alveolus,large

- 1 yr 1 yr + 1 yr + 1 yr + 1 yr + 1 yr + 1 yr + 1 yr + 1 yr - 2 yr - 2 yr - 2-2.25 yr - 2-2.25 yr - 2-2.5 vr + 2 yr

MHILate and MHII toLH I Earlywitha little LHIIA Nu 1974 (5 MNI) phalanx2 (III/IV) (unfused) palate- M 2-3 unworn mandible- dp4 worndown dp4 distalhumérus (fused) proximalradius(fused) distaltibia(unfused) phalanx1 (III/IV) (unfused) phalanx1 (III/IV) (unfused) phalanx1 (II/V) (unfused) phalanx1 (II/V) (unfused) phalanx1 (II/V) (unfused) phalanx1 (II/V) (unfused) phalanx1 (II/V) (unfused) palate- M 1-2 veryworndown palate- M3 erupting phalanx1 (II/V) (fused) III/IV (unfused) distalmetapodial III/IV (unfused) distalmetapodial

- 1 yr + 1 yr + 1 yr + 1 yr + 1 yr + 1 yr - 2 yr - 2 yr - 2 yr - 2 yr - 2 yr - 2 yr - 2 yr - 2 yr + 2 yr + 2 yr + 2 yr - 2-2.25 yr - 2-2.25 yr

MH III EarlywithMH III Late Lambda1973,# 31 (2 MNI) II (unfused) metatarsus calcaneus(unfused)

- 2-2.25 yr - 2-2.5 vr

MH III LaU

Lambda1977,# 98 (Floor10) (1 MNI) proximalradius(unfused)

- 1 yr

MH I LateandLH IIA MH III toLH I witha little Nu 1977 (3 MNI) radius(allunfused) phalanx2 (III/IV) (unfused) phalanx2 (II/V) (unfused) phalanx2 (II/V) (unfused) palate- Ρ2 erupting distaltibia(unfused) phalanx1 (III/IV) (unfused) phalanx1 (III/IV) (unfused) phalanx1 (II/V) (unfused) distaltibia(fused)

- 1 yr - 1 yr - 1 yr - 1 yr + 1 yr - 2 yr - 2 yr - 2 yr - 2 yr + 2 yr

APPENDIX 8 phalanx1 (III/IV) (fused) phalanx1 (III/IV) (fused) III (unfused) metacarpus IV (unfused) metacarpus III/IV (unfused) metapodial metapodialII/V (unfused) calcaneus(unfused) distalulna (unfused)

+ 2 yr + 2 yr - 2-2.25 Υτ - 2-2.25 Yr - 2-2.25 YT - 2-2.25 YT + 2-2.5 YT - 3-3.5 yr

MHIII/LHI toLHI/IIAwitha little MH III

Lambda 1977 (3 MNI) phalanx2 (III/IV) (fused) mandible- dp4 distaltibia(unfused) metatarsus III (unfused) metapodial(II/V) (unfused) metapodial(II/V) (unfused) calcaneus(unfused) M3 - worndown M3 - worndown (unfused) proximalhumérus distalradius(unfused) proximalfemur(unfused) Nu 1973 (3 MNI) distalhumérus (justfused) distalhumérus (justfused) proximalradius(fused) distaltibia(unfused) palate- M3 notworndown mandible- M3 erupting distalfemur(unfused) distalradius(fused) distalfemur(fused) Nu 1973 (2 MNI) M2 - worn,old M2 lessworn distalradius(unfused)

+ 1 yr + 1 yr - 2 yr - 2-2.25 YT - 2-2.25 YT - 2-2.25 YT - 2-2.5 YT + 2 yr + 2 yr - 3.5 yr - 3.5 yr - 3.5 yr 1 yr 1 yr + 1 yr - 2 yr + 2 yr + 2 yr - 3.5 yr + 3.5 yr + 3.5 yr + 1 yr + 1 yr - 3.5 yr

MHIII/LHI toLHIIIAi witha littleMH III Earlyand LHIIIA2 Lambda 1973 (1 MNI) + 1 yr dp4 metatarsus IV (fused) + 2-2.25 YT - 2-2.5 YT calcaneus(unfused) - 3-3.5 yr distalulna (unfused) LH I withLH IIIA andLH IIIC Early Lambda 1974 (4 MNI) - 1 yr scapula(unfused) - 1 yr scapula(unfused) - 1 yr scapula(unfused) - 1 yr humérus (allunfused) - 1 yr distalhumérus (unfused) - 1 yr distalhumérus (unfused) - 1 yr distalhumérus (unfused) 1 yr phalanx2 (justfused) + 1 yr palate- M 1-2, old mandible- dp4, Mi up,M2 + 1 yr unerupted + 1 yr dp4 + 1 yr scapula(fused) distalhumérus + 1 yr (fused) distalhumérus + 1 yr (fused) distalhumérus + 1 yr (fused) - 2 yr distaltibia(unfused) - 2 yr distaltibia(unfused) - 2 yr distaltibia(unfused) - 2 yr phalanx1 (unfused)

phalanx1 (unfused) M3 worndown- length29.5 phalanx1 (fused) phalanx1 (II/V) (fused) III (unfused) metacarpus III (unfused) metacarpus V (unfused) metacarpus II/V (unfused) metapodial II/V (unfused) metapodial metapodial(unfused) metatarsus II (fused) II/V (fused) metapodial calcaneus(justfused) proximalulna(unfused) proximalulna(unfused) proximalulna(unfused) (unfused) proximalhumérus distalradius(unfused) distalradius(unfused) femur(allunfused) distalfemur(unfused)

CD-179 - 2 yr + 2 yr + 2 yr + 2 yr - 2-2.25 YT - 2-2.25 YT - 2-2.25 YT - 2-2.25 YT - 2-2.25 Yr - 2-2.25 YT + 2-2.25 YT + 2-2.25 YT 2-2.5 YT - 3-3.5 yr - 3-3.5 yr - 3-3.5 yr - 3.5 yr - 3.5 yr - 3.5 yr - 3.5 yr - 3.5 yr

LHI-IIA withLHIIIA2, LH IIIC EarlyandMedieval Lambda1977 (2 MNI) - M3 slightly worn + 2 yr palatefragment Lambda1977 (1 MNI) + 1 yr proximalradius(fused) - 2 yr phalanx1 (unfused) - 3-3.5 yr proximalulna(unfused) - 3.5 yr distalradius(unfused) - 3.5 yr distalradius(unfused)

LHIIA

Eta 1973 (2 MNI) radius(unfused) distalhumérus (justfused) palate- dp4, M3 erupting phalanx1 (unfused) Nu 1977 (1 MNI) mandible- M 2 up and worn,M3 erupting

- 1 yr 1 yr + 1 yr - 2 yr + 1 yr

LHIIA witha littleLH I Early,LH IIIA andMedieval Lambda1974 (4 MNI) - 1 yr scapula(unfused) - 1 yr scapula(unfused) 1 yr scapula(unfused) - 1 yr radius(allunfused) distalhumérus 1 yr (justfused) distalhumérus 1 yr (justfused) + 1 yr palate- dp4 + 1 yr palate- eruptedM 2 + 1 yr palate- eruptedM 2 mandible- dp4 + 1 yr + 1 yr proximalradius(fused) - 2 yr phalanx1 (unfused) - 2-2.25 YT III (unfused) metacarpus - 2-2.25 YT metatarsus III (unfused) - 2-2.25 YT metatarsus V (unfused) - 2-2.25 YT III/IV (unfused) metapodial - 2-2.25 YT III/IV (unfused) metapodial - 2-2.5 Yr calcaneus(unfused) - 3.5 yr (unfused) proximalhumérus - 3.5 yr distalradius(unfused) Nu 1974 (4 MNI) - 1 yr distalhumérus (unfused) 2 1 yr phalanx (II/V) (unfused) - 1 yr phalanx2 (II/V) (unfused) distalhumérus 1 yr (justfused)

APPENDIX 8 distalhumérus (justfused) mandible- dp4 scapula(fused) proximalradius(fused) phalanx2 (III/IV) (fused) phalanx2 (III/IV) (fused) M3 palate- unerupted mandible- slightly wornM2, probablyunerupted M3 palate- eruptedM3 notworndown phalanx1 (II/V) (fused) phalanx1 (II/V) (fused) III (unfused) metacarpus metapodialIII/IV (unfused) II (fused) metacarpus V (fused) metacarpus calcaneus(unfused) (unfused) proximalhumérus distalradius(unfused) distalradius(unfused) (unfused) proximalfemur

1 yr + 1 yr + 1 yr + 1 yr + 1 yr + 1 yr - 2 yr - 2 yr + 2 yr + 2 yr + 2 yr - 2-2.25 Yr - 2-2.25 YT + 2-2.25 YT + 2-2.25 vr - 2-2.5 YT - 3.5 yr - 3.5 yr - 3.5 yr - 3.5 yr

LHIIA toLHIIIAi witha littleLH IIIA2 andMedieval Beta 1974 (3 MNI) - 1 yr distalhumérus (unfused) - 1 yr proximalradius(justfused) - 1 yr 2 phalanx (unfused) maxilla- dp4 + 1 yr mandible- dp4,M 1 erupted + 1 yr - 2 yr distaltibia(unfused) - 2 yr 1 phalanx (II/V) (unfused) - 2 yr phalanx1 (unfused) - 2-2.25 YT metapodialIII/IV (unfused) - 2-2.25 YT III/IV (unfused) metapodial - 2-2.25 YT II/V (unfused) metapodial - 2-2.5 Yr calcaneus(unfused) maxilla- wornM3 + 2 yr distaltibia(fused) + 2 yr calcaneus(fused) + 2-2.5 YT - 3.5 yr distalradius(unfused) - 3.5 yr femur head (unfused) - 3.5 yr femur head (unfused) distalradius(justfused) 3.5 yr femur head (fused) + 3.5 yr LHIIA toLHIIIA2 Lambda 1973 (2 MNI) palate- dp4 palate- M2 veryworndown

+ 1 yr + 1 yr

LHIIIA2 witha littleMH I Late,MH III, LH I-II and LH IIIC Early Epsilon1973 (2 MNI) + 1 yr palate- dp4 + 1 yr scapula(fused) distalhumérus + 1 yr fused/fused) (just - 2 yr mandible- M3 unerupted LH IIIB/IIIC EarlytoLH IIIC Early Transitional Beta 1974 (4 MNI) - 1 yr distalhumérus (unfused) - 1 yr distalhumérus (unfused) - 1 yr distalhumérus (unfused) - 1 yr distalhumérus (unfused) 2 1 yr phalanx (unfused) - 1 yr phalanx2 (unfused) 1 yr proximalradius(justfused) mandible- dp4 + 1 yr

mandible- dp4 mandible- dp4,Mi scapula(fused) scapula(fused) scapula(fused) phalanx2 (fused) phalanx2 (fused) phalanx2 (fused) distaltibia(unfused) distaltibia(unfused) phalanx1 (unfused) phalanx1 (justfused) phalanx1 (II/V) (justfused) metatarsus II (unfused) III/IV (unfused) metapodial III/IV (unfused) metapodial III/IV (fused) metapodial calcaneus(unfused) calcaneus(unfused) proximalulna(unfused) proximalulna(unfused) proximalulna(unfused) distalulna(unfused) distalradius(unfused) distalradius(unfused) distalradius(unfused) distalradius(unfused)

CD-180 + 1 yr + 1 yr + 1 yr + 1 yr + 1 yr + 1 yr + 1 yr + 1 yr - 2 yr - 2 yr - 2 yr 2 yr 2 yr - 2-2.25 YT - 2-2.25 YT - 2-2.25 vr + 2-2.25 vr - 2-2.5 YT - 2-2.5 YT - 3-3.5 yr - 3-3.5 yr - 3-3.5 yr - 3-3.5 yr - 3.5 yr - 3.5 yr - 3.5 yr - 3.5 yr

LH IIIC Earlywitha littleLH IIIA2 andMedieval Epsilon1973 (4 MNI) mandible- dp4 + 1 yr + 1 yr proximalradius(fused) + 1 yr proximalradius(fused) + 1 yr proximalradius(fused) + 1 yr proximalradius(fused) + 2 yr phalanx1 (fused) V (fused) + 2-2.25 YT metacarpus - 2-2.5 vr calcaneus(unfused) - 3.5 yr distalradius(unfused) - 3-3.5 yr proximalulna(unfused) MedievalwithwornLHI/IIA andLH IIIA2 Lambda1977 (3 MNI) - 1 yr phalanx2 (unfused) worn + 1 yr palate- M2 slightly distalhumérus + 1 yr (fused) distalhumérus + 1 yr (fused) distalhumérus + 1 yr (fused) + 1 yr phalanx2 (fused) - 2 yr distaltibia(unfused) - 2 yr phalanx1 (III/IV) (unfused) - 2 yr phalanx1 (II/V) (unfused) - 2 yr 1 phalanx (II/V) (unfused) - 2-2.25 vr III (unfused) metacarpus - 2-2.25 YT metatarsus II (unfused) - 2-2.25 YT metatarsus V (unfused) - 2-2.25 vr II/V (unfused) metapodial mandible- wornM3 + 2 yr - 3-3.5 yr proximalulna(unfused) - 3-3.5 yr distalulna(unfused) MedievalwithLHIIIA andLH IIIC Early Beta 1974 (3 MNI) - 1 yr distalhumérus (unfused) + 1 yr scapula(fused) + 1 yr phalanx2 (fused) - 2 yr distaltibia(unfused) mandible- brokenM3 + 2 yr

APPENDIX 8 distaltibia(fused) V (unfused) metacarpus metapodialII/V (unfused) calcaneus(unfused) calcaneus(unfused) calcaneus(unfused) calcaneus(unfused) (unfused) proximalhumérus

+ 2 yr - 2-2.25 vr - 2-2.25 vr - 2-2.5 vr - 2-2.5 vr - 2-2.5 vr - 2-2.5 vr - 3.5 yr

Medieval

Epsilon1973 (2 MNI) mandible- Ρ 1-3,Mi, adult - M3 erupting palatefragment distaltibia(fused) V (unfused) metacarpus (unfused) proximalhumérus Zeta 1973,# 31 (hearth) (2 MNI) distalhumérus (fused) proximalradius(fused) phalanx1 (III/IV) (justfused)

+ 1 yr - 2 yr + 2 yr - 2-2.25 vr - 3.5 yr + 1 yr + 1 yr 2 yr

phalanx1 (V) (justfused) V (unfused) metacarpus ulna(allunfused) ulna(allunfused) Nu 1974 (3 MNI) phalanx2 (III/IV) (unfused) scapula(fused) phalanx2 (II/V) (fused) distaltibia(unfused) distaltibia(unfused) distaltibia(unfused) distaltibia(fused) II/V (unfused) metapodial II/V (unfused) metapodial metapodial(unfused) metapodial(unfused) IV (fused) metacarpus (fused) metapodial (unfused) proximalhumérus

CD-181 2 yr - 2-2.25 vr - 3-3.5 yr - 3-3.5 yr - 1 yr + 1 yr + 1 yr - 2 yr - 2 yr - 2 yr + 2 yr - 2-2.25 vr - 2-2.25 vr - 2-2.25 vr - 2-2.25 vr + 2-2.25 vr + 2-2.25 vr - 3.5 yr

(k) BUTCHERED BONES, INCLUDING THOSE OF BIRDS AND FISH

EH I toEH II Late Eta 1973 (125 bones) in half),astragalus in half) Sus:pelvis/acetabulum (butchered (butchered Bosshaftfragment MH I EarlywithMH I Late Epsilon1973 (25 bones) Bosvertebra fragment Eta 1973 (650 bones) Sus:pelvis/acetabulum, butchered downshaft) proximalfemur(fusedtrochanter majus, Bos:axisfragment, pelvis/acetabulum MH I EarlywithMH I LateandMHII Zeta 1973 (525 bones) Bos:scapula(fused,butchered downshaft), 2 through glenoid),proximalhumérus(justfused,butchered calcaneus(2 MNI, bothprobablybutchered), 2 proximalmetatarsus butchered down rib (both shaft), at articulation) (butchered MHILate Nu 1977 (125 bones) mandiblecoronoidprocess(hascutmarks) Ovis/Capra Bosproximalmetatarsus downventral sideofshaft) (butchered MHILate withMH IIyMH III andMH III/LHI Nu 1977 (1,125bones) Sus:skullbone,astragalus Bos:scapula(fused,butchered downglenoid),radius/ulna downventral shaft, proximalulna (butchered side) MHIIto LH I Earlywitha little MHILate andLHIIA Nu 1974 (2,200bones) andburnt,1 withcutmarks) 2 astragali (1 butchered Ovis/Capra: Bos:proximalmetacarpus belowproximalend),astragalus, rib(cutandbutchered) (butchered MH III EarlywithMH III Late Lambda1973 (75 bones) or Susvertebra downcentre) (butchered Ovis/Capra Bos:scapula(fused, butchered on anglebehindglenoid),acetabulum/pelvis (fused)

APPENDIX 8

CD-182

ΜΗ III toLHIwith a little MHILate andLHIIA Nu 1977 (1,450bones) vertebra (adult,has 2 cutmarks), Ovis/Capra: astragalus Bos:proximalradius(fused, butchered downcentre), distalmetacarpus butchered above (fused, probably distalendon ventralside) MHIII/LHI toLHI/IIAwitha little MH III Lambda1977 (500 bones) Bos:scapula(fused, butchered downcentreofglenoid),proximalradius(fused,possiblybutchered down downcentre),vertebra side),proximaltibia(fused,butchered (fused,cutdowncentre),shaft fragment (haschopmark) Nu 1973 (300 bones) Sus:distalhumérus distalfemur(fused, butchered downshaft) through (justfused,butchered epiphysis), Bos: scapula (fused,butcheredthroughglenoid),proximalfemur(butchered throughproximalend), downshaft) (butchered fragment metapodial Nu 1973 (175 bones) Bos:proximalradius(fused, downmiddle),vertebra downmiddle) probablybutchered spine(butchered LH I withLH IIIA andLH IIIC Early

Lambda1974 (1,050bones) atlas(butchered downcentre), axis(butchered on anglethrough centre) Ovis/Capra: Sus:skullfragment downcentre),scapulafragment (fused,butchered (young,butchered glenoid),shaft cut (hasdeep marks) Bosproximalulna(butchered articulation) through

LHIIA witha littleLH I Early,LH IIIA andMedieval

Nu 1974 (1,100bones) mandiblecondyle,distalhumérus(broken,possiblybutcheredat distalend), astragalus Ovis/Capra: and withfourcutmarks) (butchered Susproximal ulna(adult,probablybutchered) Bos:scapula(fused, butchered radius(fused, butchered down through glenoid), possibly proximal possibly butchered shaft), phalanx1 (broken, through proximalend) LHIIA toLHIIIAi witha little LHIIIA2 andMedieval Beta 1974 (950 bones) Bos:proximalradius(fused, butchered downcentre), vertebra

LHIIA toLHIIIA2 Lambda1973 (200 bones) Bosacetabulum/pelvis LHIIIA2 witha little MHILate,MH III LH I-II andLH IIIC Early Epsilon1973 (250 bones) Bosscapula(fused,possiblybutchered downcentre) LH IIIB/IIIC EarlytoLH IIIC Early Transitional

Beta 1974 (925 bones) distalmetapodial(unfused, butchered distalend) Ovis/Capra through Susscapulafragment butchered (fused, through glenoid) LH IIIC Earlywitha littleLH IIIA2 andMedieval

Epsilon1973 (600 bones) Bos:2 scapula(2 fused,1 butchered behindglenoid),distalhumérus (fused, through glenoid,1 butchered butchered downshaft), shaft(2 deep cutmarks), rib 2 pelvis/acetabulum, Cervus: (cuton medialdorsalside) astragalus

MedievalwithwornLH I/IIA andLH IIIA2

Lambda1977 (450 bones) Bos:vertebra downshaft), rib(butchered and 3 cutmarks) spine(butchered Gallus:femur(withcutmarks), tibiotarsus(withcutmarks) Anasplatyrhynchos tibiotarsus (distalpart,withcutmarks)

APPENDIX 8 MedievalwithLH ΠΙΑ andLH IIIC Early

CD-183

Beta 1974 (725 bones) horncore (sawnneardistalend),distalhumérus(has 2 cutmarks), Ovis/Capra: fragment proximalfemur butchered distal) (headbutchered off),distalfemur(fused, Suspelvisfragment distaland downshaft), distalhumérus(fused,butchered Bos:proximalhumérus(unfused, butchered), (bothmuchbutchered) (sawn),2 ribs,2 shafts pelvis/acetabulum, proximalmetacarpus Lambda1974 (100 bones) downside),vertebra Bos:scapula(fused, butchered

Medieval

Epsilon1973 (150 bones) Bos:vertebra 2 ribs (unfused), Zeta 1973 (150 bones)(hearth) Susastragalus fragment or Susburntbonewitha cutmark Ovis/Capra Bosvertebra Gallustibiotarsus (distalpart,has cutmarks) Nu 1974 (500 bones) butchered aroundglenoid),distaltibia(fused, Sus:scapula(fused, butchered distal) shaft butchered downcentre), ?humerus Bos:distalhumérus(fused, acetabulum) Lepus:pelvis(cutthrough Medieval(withMH I andLH HA) Presumably Eta 1973, # 20 (Burial3) Gallusfemur(proximalpart,with17 thindeep cut marks) (1) BURNT BONES, INCLUDING THOSE OF BIRDS AND FISH EH I toEH II Late

Eta 1973: 125 bones(7 burnt) MH I EarlywithMH I Late

Eta 1973: 650 bones(19 burnt) Ovis/Capra proximalfemur(justfusedhead) Susdistalhumérus (adult,burnton distal) Bos-sized fragments

MH I EarlywithMH I LateandMHII

Zeta 1973: 525 bones (17 burnt) distalmetacarpus(fused) Ovis/Capra Sus proximalfemurhead (fused) Testudo: 20 carapace fragments

MHILate Nu 1977: 125 bones(2 burnt) MH I LatewithMH II Nu 1974: 200 bones(13 burnt) Ovis/Capra fragments Zfay-sized fragments Cants',distalhumérus

MHILate withMH II, MH III andMH III/LH I Nu 1977: 1,125 bones (62 burnt) Ovis/Capra: pelvisfragment(partlyburnt),vertebra(unfused),rib Sus premaxilla Bos: 2 ribs Cervus:phalanx Testudo: (some edges burnt) 3 carapace fragments

APPENDIX 8

CD-184

MH I LateandLHIIA ΜΗ II toLH I Earlywitha little Nu 1974: 2,200bones(280 burnt, mainlysmallpieces) 2 phalanx1,phalanx2 (butchered), 3 teeth,astragalus Ovis/Capra: Sus:7 teeth,distalhumérus, phalanx3 proximalmetapodialII/V, distalmetapodial(III/IV, unfused), (III/IV) vertebra or Sus:distaltibia(fused), Ovis/Capra Bos:distalphalanx1,fragment Canis:distalmetapodial, phalanx1 Fishcaudalvertebra MHIIILate Lambda1977 (Floor10): 5 bones(1 burnt) fragment Ovis/Capra-sized

MH III toLH I witha littleMH I Late andLH IIA

Nu 1977: 1,450bones(64 burnt) shaft(small),phalanx1, caudalvertebra metatarsus Ovis/Capra: Sus:phalanx2 (II/V,unfused) Äw-sized: 4 fragments Testudo: 3 carapacefragments MH III MHIII/LHI toLHI/IIAwitha little Lambda1977: 500 bones(7 burnt) Nu 1973: 300 bones(7 burnt) ifay-sized: 3 fragments Nu 1973: 175 bones(1 burnt) Testudo: limbfragment MH III EarlyandLHIIIA2 MHIII/LHI toLHIIIAi witha little Lambda1973: 175 bones(3 burnt) molar Ovis/Capra:

LH I withLH IIIA andLH IIIC Early

Lambda1974: 1,050bones(49 burnt) 2 pelvisfragments Ovis/Capra: Bos:phalanx1 (fused, 2 fragments burnt), partly

LHI-IIA withLHIIIA2, LH IIIC EarlyandMedieval Lambda1977: 75 bones(3 burnt) 3 fragments Ovis/Capra-sized:

Lambda1977: 150 bones(9 burnt) fragment Ovis/Capra: pelvis/acetabulum LHIIA

Epsilon1973,#88: 5 bones(1 burnt) distaltibia(fused) Ovis/Capra: 1 rib) Eta 1973: 75 bones(6 burnt, including burnt Grus:tibiotarsus part, grey) (proximal

LHIIA witha littleLH I Early,LH IIIA andMedieval

1 rib) Lambda1974: 800 bones(22 burnt, including Lepus:phalanx Nu 1974: 1,100bones(155 burnt) metatarsus shaft Ovis/Capra: astragalus, Sus:6 teeth LH IIIA2 andMedieval LHIIA toLHIIIAi witha little Beta 1974: 950 bones(25 burnt) mandiblecondyleprocess Ovis/Capra: Bos:distalmetapodial fragment Lepus:tooth

APPENDIX 8

CD-185

LH HA toLH IIIA2

Lambda1973: 200 bones(3 burnt) 1 fragment Bos-sized: 1 fragment Ovis/Capra-sized: LHIIIA2 witha little MHILate,MH III LH I-II andLH IIIC Early Epsilon1973: 250 bones(8 burnt) Ovis/Capra: proximalfemur epiphysis 4 fragments Ovis/Capra-sized: Bos-sized:3 fragments

LH IIIB/IIIC EarlytoLH IIIC Early Transitional

Beta 1974: 925 bones(127 burnt;manyfromws) Sus:molarfragment 1 partly 2 scapulafragments distalhumérus (1 burnt, burnt), (young), (young, probably distal radius ulna distal calcaneus(unfused), unfused), (unfused), proximal (unfused), tibia(unfused), carpus/ tarsus(young), 2 proximal III/IV (unfused), 2 vertebrae (III/IV),distalmetapodial metapodial fragments Fishvertebra LH IIIC Earlywitha littleLH IIIA2 andMedieval Epsilon 1973: 600 bones (2 burnt) distaltibia (fused) Ovis/Capra: MedievalwithwornLHI/IIA andLH IIIA2

Lambda1977: 450 bones(5 burnt) tooth Ovis/Capra:

MedievalwithLHIIIA andLH IIIC Early Beta 1974: 725 bones (13 burnt,mainlyOvis/Capra-sized) Bos: proximalradius (fused,burntat end of piece and centreof shaft) Medieval

Epsilon 1973, # 21, 25 (pitA): 150 bones (9 burnt) Bos: distaltibia (fused;4 fragments) Zeta 1973, #31 (hearth):150 bones 1 bone whichalso has a cut mark) Ovis/Capra-sized: Lambda 2, 1974: 100 bones (5 burnt) Bos: rib

Nu 1974: 500 bones(c.60 burnt) mandiblefragment (lacksteeth),pelvisfragment Ovis/Capra: burnt) (partly Sus-, distaltibia(unfused), burnt) phalanx3 (partly or Sus·, rib Ovis/Capra Bos:incisor and epiphysis, distaltibia(unfused and epiphysis, Equus:3 teeth,proximaltibia(unfused right), right), 2 calcaneus(unfused, patella(right), right;fragment), 3 carpals,metapodial,3 phalanges(mostpartly whicharelikelytobe equid) burnt, plus30 burntbonefragments Smallpasserine ulnafragment Bird:pelvisfragment (?burnt) Fish:precaudalvertebra, 5 caudalvertebrae, 3 fragments

Appendix9 ANALYSIS OF THE RADIOCARBON R.Janko

DATA

1. Introduction The sixteenradiocarbon datesfromAyiosStephanosweredetermined by BarbaraHurstandBarbara Museumat theUniversity ofPennsylvania.1 Lawnat theDepartment ofPhysicsand University They with3N HC1 ... The B[efore] describetheirmethodas follows.'Allsampleswerepretreated P[resent] valueof5568 yearsusingthemidtoad 1950,andwerecalculatedusingthehalf-life agesarerelative ad have an of forthis calibration which 19thcentury averageage 145 years.Whencorrected samples to of the NBS oxalic acid standard. these calibration have 14C contents 512C, age, equal 95% samples Micromass622 spectrometer, with whereincluded,has been measuredon thelaboratory's reported All for fractionation. were counted to and the results corrected accordingly isotopic samples respect PDB, each.Errorsquotedforeachsampleincludethe atleasttwiceforperiodsofnotlessthan1000 minutes in themeasurement ofthesample,thebackground, and sumofthestatistical uncertainties counting In ad oaksample,butdo notincludethepossiblehalf-life errors. severalcountsofourmid-19thcentury undersizedsamples. additionto ourtwo 8L counters, a smalllL counteris employedforcounting result ofsmallsamplesizeandconsequently reduced associated withthesedatesarea direct Largererrors tousepureCO2' The largecounter, no.II, contained numberofcounts.... In all counters we continue 8 litresofCO2 whereasthesmallcounterV containedonlyone litre.Onlyone sample,P-2961,was withNaOH fortheremovalofpossiblehumicacidcontamination. largeenoughforpretreatment Sample of from the Medieval Nu,basket30,wastoosmallandyieldedno result;thesame 4 1974, pitintrench wastrueofthecharcoalP-2960 fromBeta 1977basket71 (Sample3). The calibrated datesoffered by Hurstand Lawn2are now outdated.The calibratedcalendarages in fig. were A9.1 provided kindlyderivedforme by S. ManningfromOxCal 3.103and IntCalo4.4 On'. I am profoundly to SturtManningforhis OxCal was used withCubic Interpolation grateful I in in the data when revised thisAppendixin 2005. this illustration and interpreting help producing datesof theircontexts, withthe The resultsare discussedin orderofthestratigraphie beginning of dates converted to years earliest.The data are tabulatedin table A9.1,withthecalibrated ranges marked with a BC.Thosebased on undersized are dagger. samples as suchdatausuallyare The radiocarbon datafromAyiosStephanoshave seemedas problematic in theBronzeAge Aegean.5Thereare severalreasonsforthis.First,manyofthemdependon small ofcontamination mostare liableto theeffects by humicacid frompenetrating samples.In addition, their dates. to this would have had the effect of rainwater; raising OnlysampleP-2961 waspretreated derived from the remains of short-lived and this. there are no guardagainst samples plants, Thirdly, in no case is therelatively The problemsof woodfromwhichthesamplesderiveidentified. long-lived antequern forthe samplesfromlong-lived speciesliketrees,whichat besttendto supplya terminus than its are well known.6 Even few lowland of the of construction rather end, so, beginning phase Mediterranean treeslivebeyond300 years,exceptforjuniper,pinusnigraand olive;also,70% ofthe wood in a treeis in itsouter30% ofrings.7 in Creteare thesole siteswithmajorpublishedsetsofMBA AyiosStephanosand Myrtos-Pyrgos dates.Manyofourresultsare muchearlierthanone wouldexpect.Several,however,seemlater,at to whichtheSantorini volcanoexploded leastaccording to theAegeanLongChronology, according in c. 1628 BC.On theAegeanShortChronology thiseruption is datedbetween1560 and 1480 bc, withperhapsa preference fora datebefore1530 bc.8Warrenand Hankeythinktheradiocarbon widemargins,9 and Dietzdeemsthem'too dispersed to datesfromAyiosStephanoshaveexcessively 1 Hurstand Lawn 1084,2i*-i7. 2 Hurstand Lawn 1984,212. 3 BronkRamsey1995,2001 - Feb. 2005 version. 4 Reimeretal 2004. 5 For usefulintroductions to the issuessee Manning1995,

126-42, 200-1, and Wiener2003,396-8. 6 Manning1995, 133-4. 7 Manningiqqq, 416 η. iqi2. 8 Wiener2003, 363. 9 Warrenand Hankey1989, 127.

CD-186

APPENDIX 9

CD-187

Table A9.1. The radiocarbondatesby stratigraphie phase (resultsbased on undersizedsamplesand countedwithsmall counterare printedin italics). Horizon, Area and Basket EH II Late to MH I: Eta 19*73,# 42

Stratigraphie Context

Uncalibrated Age bp ± 2 S.D.

Calibrated Date (years bc) ± 2 S.D.

Type of Sample with Interpretation

Sample No.

EH II Late withMH I Burial 11) Early(includes MH I-II witha little EH II Early

3870+210 4080-3660 377 ο ±210 3980-3560

f2çoo-i6oo 2250+650

MH I Late: Nu/Gamma1, 1977, #56

MH I Late

4100 +23 ο 4330-38 jo

f'3400-2000 2700 +700

charcoal fromburntroofing materiahonfloorofapseof Structure Nu I

P-2966

Beta 1977, # 120*

MH I Late

4080+60 4140-4020

2900-2450 2675 ±450

largesample of charcoalof postA ofMH I Structure Beta I (fig. 1.33)

P-2961

Nu/Gamma1, 1977, #52

MH I Late witha little EH HI/ΜΗ I

4010+230 4240-3 780

f34oo-i85o 2625 +77 5

charcoal fromburntroofing materiahonfloorofapseof Structure Nu I

P-2965

Nu/Gamma 1, 1977, #53

MH I Late

3930+50 3980-3880

2575-2250 2413+163

charcoalfromburntroofing P-2967 materialson floorofmain room of StructureNu I

Eta 1973, # 4 7

MH I Late (purelevel)

3550+220 3770-3330

f28oo-i35O 2075+725

charcoal possibly fromΜΗ Ι Late Structure Eta I

P-2571

Nu/Gamma 1, 1977, #60

MH I Late

3510+50 3560-3460

1975-1700 1838+138

charcoalofplank (grain visible)plasteredinto thresholdof StructureNu I (figs 1.63, 1.65)

P-2969

MH II or MH III Early: Lambda 3/4, 1977, MH II or MH III Early 3620 ±60 (= MH II/III Early #98 3680-3660 transition?)

2125-1825 1975+150

charcoaland soil from destructionover Floor 10 ofMH II Structure Lambda I

P-2963

P-2962

Nu/Gammai, 1977, #58

MH III Late: Lambda3/4, 1977, #97 LH I Early: Nu/Gamma 1, 1974, #44 Nu/Gamma1, 1974, # 45 Nu/Gamma1, 1974, #45 Nu/Gammaι, 1973, #35 LH I/IIA: Nu/Gammai, 1977, # 48 Nu/Gamma 1, 1973, # 20

# t

f2çoo-i8^o 2375+525

charcoalin transitional layer charcoalonand overfloor MH I Late predating Structure Nu I

P-2570 P-2968

MH HI Late

3900+250 4150-3650

f3 100-1800 2450+650

charcoal and soilfromuseof Floor9 ofStructure LambdaI

LH I Early (RutterDeposit L)

4!5° ±5° 4100-4000

2900-2575 2737+163

charcoaland soil fromfloor P-2790 ofRoom 2 of Structure Null

LH I Early (Rutter DepositL) LH I Early (Rutter DepositL) LH I Early (Rutter DepositL)

4040+210 4250-3830

f34oo-i925 2662 +738

3720+50 3770-3670

f23oo-i95O 2125+175

3070+240 3310-2830

f2000-700 1350+650

charcoalinsidekantharos R29J byhearthinRoom2 charcoalbyhearthinRoom 2 ofStructure Nu II charcoalbyhearthinRoom2

MH I toMH III/LH Iy butreallyLH I/IIAfill

3480+240 3720-3240

Í2500-1200 1850 +650

M H III wash with LH I Early (Rutter Deposit F), butreally LH I/IIA fill

3160+60 3100-3000

1600-1300 1450 ±150

treatedwith2% NaOH fortheremovalofpossible humicacid contaminants undersizedsamplemeasuredwithsmall counter

charcoalandsoilin lower fill ofLH I/IIA ShaftGrave Burial 13 charcoalat -1.515 BM outsideStructureNu II (fig. 1.59 strata5 and 12)

P-2958 P-2959 P-2569

P-2964

P-2568

APPENDIX g

PhaseΕΗΠlater toMHI P-2570387Q±210BP P-2968377QÍ210BP PhaseMHI later

CD-188

"■'. -

■*■*--

P-29664KXM230BP

'■■*'

P-2961408QÜÖ0BP P-296540KH230BP

' i^ amm

[

**- *·*»- ■-*-

P-2967393QÍ50BP P-2571355O+220BP P-2969351OÍ50BP PhaseΜΗΠorΜΗΠΙearly -**P-2963362QÍABP PhaseΜΗΠΙlater - i^e^-. P-2962390Q+250BP

PhaseLHI early P-2790415QÍ50BP P-29584O4QÍ210BP P-2959372Qt5OBP

'

**· ■■■ ^L

P-2569307QÍ240BP PhaseLM/LHIIA P-2964348G+240BP P-2568316Qt6QBP 4000

"*e^*

-

■<■* -^ 3000

2000

1000

OaKhrat: aA /Iota tW

context. The OxCal calibrated calendarrangesoftheradiocarbon databystratigraphie Fig.Ag.1. Multiplot showing linesundereachdistribution the68.2% (iSD) and95.4% confidence horizontal show,respectively, (2SD) age ranges.

use'.10Observing thattwooftheearlyMBA datesare fromundersized be ofanyparticular samples, datesis 200-300 yearsyoungerthanthelowestof the othertwodates, and one of theremaining that'at best,thesedatesmightbe heldto offer an irrelevantly post Manningsuggested earlyterminus fortheMBA in thelater3rdmillennium bc'.11It is certainthatmostoftheresultsarebased on quern in theinterpretation undersized However,someprogress maybe examplesand areclearlyunreliable. now that the contexts are more defined. archaeological accurately possible 2. EH II Late to MH I fromEH to MH. The firstis fromArea Two undersizedsamplesmay relateto the transition The EH II Earlybuilding was wellpreservedand carefully excavated.12 Eta,wherethestratigraphy with thatincludedwall do was abandonedin EH II Late; tumbledstonesand decayedmudbrick, to theMBA. In ceramicterms,thenextlevelwas datedto littlesignof fire,markedthetransition thefirstof thetwophasesof MH I recognisedin thisArea,MH I Early.Threeor fourlumpsof charcoalwerefoundin the transitional earth;thiscontaineda mixtureof layerof reddish-brown EH II Late material,includingCream Slipped sherds,and MH I Earlysherds.Excavatedat a 10Dietz 1991,317 with 92. fig. 11 Manning1995, 173.

12See Chapter1 §§3 (v)-(vi).

APPENDIX g

CD-189

below,Eta burial9 and ne ofthelineoftheMH I Late wall depthof-1.69 BM se of,and slightly radiocarbon dateofof 2375 bc ±525 bc. Thisdateis dg (fig.2.2),thecharcoalyieldeda calibrated about400 yearstoo earlyforthestartofMH I, and corresponds ratherto thestartofEH II Late. At Ayios Stephanosthisperiod correspondsto Lerna IIIC,13 and the currentdatingforLerna IIIC-D is 2450/2350-2200/2 !5O-14 Anotherundersizedsamplecame fromthe earlieststratum reachedin Area Nu, the floorwith carbonfleckss oftheMH I apsidalbuilding, Structure Nu I, thefoundation trenchofwhichwas cut intothefilloverit(fig.1.66).15 Hencethisfloorantedated thebuilding, oratthelatestwascontemporary withitsconstruction. Carboncollectedfromon and above thisflooris datedto 2250 ±650 bc. The thefloorwas MH I, butnotdetectably earlierthanthepottery datedMH I Late pottery overlying fromtheapsidalbuilding;itwas foundtogether witha littlematerialdatedEH II Early.Ifthisfloor, theearlieststratum reachedin thewholeArea,represented thegroundlevelcontemporary withthe MH first occupation, perhapsdatingfromtheveryend ofEH III, thecharcoalcould derivefrom thatoccurredduringEH II or froman old timberthatwas burnedin MH I Early. burning 3. MH I LATE Six samples,fourofthemundersized, derivefromthewidespread horizonofdestruction byfireat the endofMH I. WhenStructure BetaI burneddownattheendofthatperioditwasfilledwithcarbonised fromthesuperstructure: see theburntlayer,1977basket debris, beams,tumbleandmudbrick including in NW the corner of the A carbonised sections and the fig. 120, (figs1.29-1.30), 1.33 at right. plan, woodenpost,PostA,whichwasexcavatedinthenwcornerofthesectorata depthof-3.49BM,yielded theearlydateof2675 ±450. Thisdatetoois about400 yearsearlierthanone might wish. Foursamplescamefromtheapsidalhousewhichburneddownin Area Nu, Structure Nu I. The mostimportant is datedto 1838 ±138 bc. Thisis fromtheplankwhichwas usedin thethreshold of the apse. It is froma good context,sinceit was sealed underplasterwithits graining stillclearly visible(plates 16 b-ιη a, figs.1.63, 1.65);unfortunately thetypeofwood ofwhichitconsisted was not determined. This date seemsreliable.However,even if the plankwas freshly cut whenthe and was froma fast-growing buildingwas erected,was takenfromtheoutertree-rings specieslike If lowlandoak,16 itmustantedateitsdestruction some we its date with thecurrent by years. compare MH for which is it seems that at I, 2050/2000-1950/1900,17 chronology AyiosStephanosMH I A MH I endedatleastfifty i.e. c duration for at 1850/1820. long yearslater, AyiosStephanosaccords withtheceramicsequence,sincethreeceramicphasesand at leasttwoarchitectural onesareknown, whereasMH II pottery and architecture is sparseand has no distinguishable phases,on whichbasis If at AyiosStephanosMH C. Zernerhad deducedthatMH II herewas relatively briefin duration.18 I didnotendbefore,say,1850/1820,MH II wouldhavelastedfrom1850/1820-1750/1720, ifone retainsManning'sdatefortheend ofthisperiod.19 The otherthreesamples,twoofthemundersized, wereofcharcoalandsoilfoundoverthefloorsof Structure Nu I. These yieldedveryearlydates:2700 ±700, 2625 ±775, and 2413 ±163. If at all itseemsparadoxical reliable,thesemustbe derivedfromveryold beamsusedin theroof;otherwise thattheplankplastered intothethreshold shouldpostdatethesesamples. In AreaEta an undersized se oftheArea,foundjusttothew of sampleofcharcoalfromtheextreme theLH I burial12 and at a similardepth,-2.11 BM, wasbeloworinthedestruction-levels oftheMH I LateStructure Eta I, becauseitunderlay thelineofwashthatwas associatedwiththatevent(seethe fig.1.18).Thisyieldedtherelatively latedateof2075 ±725 bc. plan,fig.2.2,andthesection, 4. MH II or MH III Early In Area Lambda 3/4 thelowestexcavatedfloorof Structure LambdaI, Floor 10, was replacedby MH II or MH III Early,whichperhaps Floor9 aftera destruction fire dated C. Zerner to by by MH II/III to the transition: see the fig. and thesections, 1.49 (upperright), corresponds Early plan, figs.1.50-1.51.20 Charcoalfromthedestruction leveloverFloor10,foundat a depthofc.-1.37 BM, yieldedtherelatively earlydateof 1975 ±150 bc. Thisdatemaywellbe derivedfroman old roofbeamburnedin thedestruction. Structure LambdaI maywellhavebeenbuiltat thestartofMH II; itwas erectedovertheε end ofStructure Nu I, whichhad burneddownin MH I Late. 13See Chapter 14 §2 (ii) withchart 14.1. 14 Manning 1993. 15See Chapter 1 S8 (x). 16S. W. Manning, pers. comm.

17 Manning-iûûq. 18 See Chapter 5 §2 (i)- (ii) above. 19 Manning 1993. 20 See further Chapter 1 §7 (iii).

APPENDIX

CD-igo

g

5. ΜΗ III Late and LH I Early An undersizedsampleof charcoaland soil foundoverFloor9 of Structure LambdaI, foundat a bc. The vases foundon this the date of of BM, 2450 ±650 yielded excessively early depth -1.29 Nu II, whichwas destroyedin floorwere MH III Late.21Four samplescame fromStructure LH I Early.CharcoalfromthefloorofRoom 2 yieldedthesimilarly earlydate of 2737 ±163 bc. Undersizedsamplesof charcoalfoundinsideand aroundthe kantharos R297, whichlay by the whileanotherfromthe hearth hearth,yieldedthe dates2662 ±738 and 2125 ±175 respectively, yieldedthelowdateof 1350 ±650. Noneofthisseemsreliable.One sampleofcharcoalfromε ofthe hearthwas too smallto be analysed. 6. LH I/IIA An undersizedsampleof charcoaland soil (P-2964) derivedfromthelowerfilloftheshaftofNu theburntdestructionburial13,theShaftGrave,whichdatesto LH I/IIA. The shaftwas cutthrough MH II andMH threesuccessive Structure Nu I, as wellas through leveloftheMH I apsidalbuilding, III levelsaboveit Thischarcoalgavea calibrated radiocarbon dateof 1850 ±650 bc. A substantial fromthefilloverStructure Nu II, depositof charcoalwitha fewbitsof mudbrick nk ν I in Ε in LH of wall and of wall nm. was found the narrow to the Dug Early, space destroyed Nu 1 at an elevationof-1.515 BM, thisdeposityielded using1973 basket20 in these partoftrench is 1500-1375bc (fig.A9.1). The latestpottery thelatedateof 1450 ±150 bc; at 1 S.D. thedate-range fromitscontextwas LH I Early.Thisraisestwoproblems.First,it is unclearhowthischarcoalcan fromtheconspicuouslayerof charcoalfoundat muchthesame elevationthat have been different of theMH I Structure Nu I, markedas stratum came fromthedestruction 15 on fig. 1.55 and as stratum12 in fig. 1.59, whereno othercharcoalis shown;thesedrawingsrevealthatthe MH I charcoalwas foundat elevationsof-1.51 to -1.60 BM in these corneroftrenchNu 1,whereitlay 11 offig.1.55.The radiocarbon dateis fartoolateforMH I. undertheMH III Late stratum directly LH I Earlycontext, MH I in if with its itsdating is not but the charcoal date, contemporary Secondly, withlate LM IA and the eruptionof the is stilldifficult, sincethe latterphase was contemporary a particularly acuteproblemfortheAegeanHighChronology. Santorini volcano.Thispresents B. based an forthesecondproblemon theevidenceofa later The excavator, Rutter, explanation J. in Nu II. He This charcoal was found the narrowspace to theε of Structure of excavation. year nm ε nk for Ν of wall and of wall from the base of the terrace that had been cut that it came suggested to 1977basket2, Nu II, andthatitscontext, thebuildingofStructure 1973basket20,was equivalent in whichthelatestpottery was filledin.The fillwas visible is nowdatedLH I/IIA,whenthiscutting in theε section,fig.1.55,as stratum Nu 2 itsbase laybetween-1.40 and -1.48 BM, i.e. 8; in trench theε sectionand whereit cutthe passedthrough justabove thecharcoal.Exceptwherethecutting MH I layerofcharcoalin thes sectionoftrenchNu 1 (fig.1.59),itsplan can onlybe conjectured; was not have followedthe line shownon fig. 1.61. This cutting however,it mustapproximately fig. Rutter and Rutter 18 with hence the version of until 1976, 1.55, 1977; recognised namely prior butinsteadshowsthebase of ill.6, showstheMH I charcoalas a lensand does notmarkthecutting, theLH I/IIA fillat -1.30 BM rightacrosstheArea.In fig.1.59 I haveinsteadshowntheLH I Early fillthecutting ε ofthe Nu II as a moundwhichdid notcompletely destruction debrisoverStructure in in D. the charcoal at the base ofthis B. Rutter a letter to W. 1977 suggested building. Taylour, AsJ. and it was LH I Earlyin originor MH I, wouldstillbeen exposedto theatmosphere fill,whether LH and can be reconciled with to I/IIA. This is better suited to the late a date dating, yield equivalent theAegeanHighChronology onlywithdifficulty. 7. Conclusions All thedatabased on undersized However,threepositiveconclusions samplesare clearlyunreliable. can be wrestedfromthedatathatderivefromtheothersamples. thatMH I did notend at AyiosStephanosuntilc. 1850 bc or thedatumP-2969 suggests Firstly, evidencethatthisperiodwas oflong later.22 This is corroborated by theceramicand architectural duration at thesite.

21 See

Chapter ι §7 (iii) above.

22 Above,

§3.

APPENDIX g

CD-191

iftheyareatall reliable, thenumberofdatesthataremuchearlierthanexpected, suggests Secondly, in the thatveryold timberswere oftenused and indeedreused.There is a similardiscrepancy MH I Thus one ofholm-oaks datesfromNichoria,wheretherewas a forest nearby. sampleyielded date of 2271 ±88, another,fromthe earliestMH I stratum, a MASCA-corrected yieldedthe yet was earlierdateof 2965 ±129, whilea third,froman oak-woodpostin a LH ΙΠΑ2-ΙΠΒ building, of bothsiteswere able to datedto 1599 ±93·23Hence the evidencesuggeststhatthe inhabitants in thecase ofNichoriaofholm-oak, at leastdownto the on old-growth drawforconstruction forests, LBA of wood theMycenaean is no evidence the of the (there during regarding beginning supply reused. Did the that these timbers were themselves often and itself), earlybuildersof period of the timber sea from that well-forested tentacle bring Taygetusrangewhich by AyiosStephanos nearPassava? reachesthesea westofGytheion data (P-2568) seemsto supporttheAegeanLow Chronology. thelatestoftheradiocarbon Finally, ThisdatumputsLH I/IIA in therange1500-1375bc at 1 S.D. or 1600-1300at 2 S.D. The eruption of the Santorinivolcanotookplace laterin LM IA, whichis equivalentto LH I Early.The Low Chronology placesthiseventin aroundc. 1550-1525 bc,whichmatchesthisresultbetterthandoes on thesevereatmospheric event whichdatestheeruption to c. 1628 bc,relying theHighChronology, from the middle latitudes of the Northern attested tree-rings Hemisphere. by reliably

23McDonald,Dickinsonand Howell1992,385, 758-9.

witha concordanceto contexts, Repertoryof stratigraphie museumboxes ofkeptsherds KJanko contexts is arrangedaccordingto thesequencein whichthearchitecture Thisindexof stratigraphie Lambda/Beta in Chapters1-2,i.e. AreasEpsilon,Zeta,Eta,Beta3/8/9/10, andburialsarepresented I in In the location the column Lambda and Nu/Gamma. 12, 2, give right-hand ApothekeB^ of to the sherds Museum of boxes according cataloguecompiledbyΕ. Β. French containing kept Sparta in thisvolume,note and Clarissade Waal.Sincenotall theAreasdugin 1959-1963arereinterpreted 1 1; i960, box 2; box box thatthesherdskeptfromthoseseasonsarestoredas follows: Asteri, ; 1959, of 1963,box of 1963,box 2; theBetatrenches AreasAlphaandDeltaof 1963 andtheTrialTrenches the earlier excavations. and mixed sherds from Boxes contain 28-9 3. samples 1. AREA EPSILON, 1973 (Chapters 1 §1, 2 §1, 3 §5) #

Date

Under# Over #

Description

'Beta' #4

Medieval/mixed

-

'Z' # 5 (= 58 etc.)

Trench 1, at firstcalled 'Zeta TrenchIIP (thoughtto be Beta 8), Level 1

'Beta' #5

Medieval/mixed

'Z' 4

'Z' 6

Trench 1 Level 1

'Beta' #6

Medieval/mixed

'Z' 5

'Z' 7

Trench 1 Level 2

'Beta' #7

LH IIIC Earlywith Medieval

'Z' 6

'Z' 9

Trench 1 Level 3

Boxes 4, 25, 26

'Beta'

LH IIIC Early

'Z' 7

22

Trench 1 Level 5

Box 25

'Beta' #11

Medieval/mixed

-

'Z' 13

Trench 1A Level 1 (at firstcalled 'Trench3A')

Boxes 4, 26

'Beta' #13

Medieval/mixed (includingLH IIIC Early)

'Z' 11

'Z' 15

Trench 1A Level 1

'Beta' #15

Medieval/mixed (includingLH IIIC Early)

'Z' 13

'Z' 17

Trench 1A Level 2

Boxes 4, 25

'Beta' #17

Medieval/mixed (includingLH IIIC Early)

'Z' 15

1

Trench 1A Level 3

Boxes 4, 25

1

Medieval/mixed (includingLH IIIC Early)

'Z' 17

6,7

Trench 1A Level 4

Boxes 8, 9, 26

#9

CD- 192

Inventoried finds

Locationof keptsherds Box 4

REPERTORY OF STRATIGRAPHIC

CONTEXTS

CD-193

#

Date

Under # Over #

Description

2

Medieval/mixed

-

3

Trench 1/1A baulk Level 1

3

LH IIIC Early (PMedieval)

2

4

Trench 1/1A baulk Level 2

7014

Boxes 8, 9, 25

4

LH IIIC Early (?Medieval)

3

5,6

Trench 1/1A baulk Level 3 (n part)

7108

Boxes 8, 9

5

LH IIIC Early

4

7

Trench 1/1A baulk Level 5 (Npart)

7006

Boxes 8, 9

6

Medieval

1,4

10

Trench 1/1A baulk Level 4, zone alpha (includespitA)

Box 25

7

LH IIIC Early

1

8

Trench 1A Level 5

Boxes 8, 9

8

LH IIIC Early

7

37

Trench 1A Level 5

7087-7088

Boxes 8, 9, 25

9

mixed

-

-

cleaning

3°43> 3°51

Boxes 8, 9

10

Medieval

6

21

Trench 1A Level 5a (pitA, zone alpha)

7°59

Boxes 8, 9, 25

11

Medieval/mixed

-

12, 15

Trench2 (= 1 & ιΑ), Ν ExtensionLevel 1 (= zones alpha,gamma, delta)

Boxes 8, 9, 26

12

LH IIIC Earlywith Medieval

11

13

Trench2, Ν Extension Level 2 (= zones alpha, gamma,delta)

Box 25

13

LH IIIC Early,?with Medieval

12

14

Trench2, Ν Extension 3037 Level 3 (= zones alpha, gamma,delta)

14

LH IIIC Early

13

22, 24

Trench2, Ν Extension Level 3 (= zones alpha, gamma,delta)

15

Medieval/mixed

- , 11

16, 17

Trench2, S & W & Ε Extension,Level 1 (zones alpha,beta)

16

Medieval/mixed

15

18

Trench2, Ε Extension, Level 2 (zones beta, delta)

17

Medieval/mixed

15

19

Trench2, W Extension,Level 2 (zones alpha,gamma)

18

LH IIIC Early

16

20

Trench2, Ε Extension Level 3 = 5 (zones beta,delta)

19

LH IIIC Earlywith Medieval

17

27, 28

Trench2, W Extension,Level 3 (zones alpha,gamma)

Inventoried finds

Location of kept sherds Boxes 8, 9, 25

Box 26

7046, 7048

REPERTORY OF STRATIGRAPHIC

CONTEXTS

#

Date

Under # Over #

Description

20

LHIIIC Early

18

22

Trench2, NE sector, Level 3 (zone delta)

21

Medieval

10

25

Trench 1/1A and W 8066,8013 Extension,Level 3a (pit A, zone alpha)

22

LH IIIC Earlywith Medieval

'Z'g, 20

23

Trench2, NE sector, Level 3 (zone delta)

23

LH IIIC Early

22

26

Trench2, NE sector, Level 3b (zone delta)

3033,7019

24

LHIIIC Early

17

83

Trench 2, NW sector Level 5 (zone gamma)

3033

25

Medieval

21

unexcavated Trench 1/1A and W Extension,Level 3a (pit A, zone alpha)

26

LH IIIC Early

23

38

Trench2, NE sector, Level 3 (zone delta)

7045, 7115

27

LH IIIC Earlywith Medieval

24

83

Trench2, NW sector, cleaningwall ka

3108

28

LHIIIC Early

19

29

Trench2, NW sector, Level 4 (tumbleS ofka, zone alpha)

29

LH IIIC Early

24, 28

30

Trench2, Level 5 (zone alpha)

30

LH IIIA2 withLH IIIC Early

29

31

Trench2, Level 5 (zone 3041 alpha)

31

LH IIIA2

30

32

Trench 2, Level 6 (zone 3041 alpha)

32

LH IIIA2

31

33

Trench2, Level 7 (zone alpha)

33

LH IIIA2

32

50

Trench2, Level 8 (zone alpha)

34

LH IIIC Early

23

35

Trench2, Level 5 (zone beta)

35

LH ΠΙΑ 2 withLH IIIC Early

34

36

Trench2, Level 6 (zone beta)

36

LH IIIA2 with Transitionaland LH IIIC Early

35

57

Trench2, Level 7 (zone 3041 beta)

37

LH IIIC Early

10?, 25?

40

Trench2, baulk betweenzones alpha and beta,Level 4

38

LH IIIA2

26

44

Trench2, Level 6 (zone 3027, 3038, delta) 3041, 7069

Inventoried finds

CD-194

Location of kept sherds Box 26

REPERTORY OF STRATIGRAPHIC

CONTEXTS

CD-195

#

Date

Under # Over #

Description

39

LH IIIC Early

23

41

Trench2, Level 5 (zone epsilon)

40

LH IIIC Early

37

43

Trench2, baulk betweenzones alpha and beta,Level 5

41

LH IIIC Early

39

42

Trench2, Level 6 (zone epsilon)

42

LH IIIC Early

41

57

Trench2, Level 7 (zone epsilon)

Box 9

43

LH I-IIA withLH ΠΙΑ 2

40

55, 63

Trench2, baulk betweenzones alpha and beta,Level 6 (posthole)

Box 9

44

LH IIIA2

23, 38

72, 73

Trench2, Level 6a (zone delta)

Box 9

45

LH IIIC Early/mixed -

46

Trench2, NE Extension,Level 1

46

LH IIIC Early(& Medieval?)

45

47

Trench2, NE Extension,Level 2

47

LH IIIC Early(& Medieval?)

46

48

Trench2, NE Extension,Level 3

3033,3108

Box 9

48

LH IIIC Early

47

51, 52, 53

Trench2, NE Extension,Level 3b

3°33> 310^

Box 9

49

LH IIIA2 withLH IIIC Early

33

50

Trench 2, zone alpha/beta,removalof stones

Box 10

50

LH I- II withLH IIIA2

33, 49

54

Trench2, Level 9 (zone alpha)

Box 10

51

LH ΠΙΑ 2 Earlywith LH IIIC Early

48

53

Trench2, NE Extension,Level 3c (n sector)

52

LH IIIA2 withLH IIIC Early

48

53

Trench2, NE 3112 Extension,Level 3d (SE ofwall kb)

Box 1ο

53

LH ΠΙΑ 2 Early

48,51, 52

56

Trench2, NE Extension,Level 4, bothsides ofkb)

Box 10

54

LH I- II withLH IIIA2

50

60

55

LH I- II withLH ΠΙΑ 2

43

unexcavated Trench2, Level 10 (zone alpha) (posthole)

Trench2, Level 10 (zone alpha)

Inventoried finds

3027

Location of kept sherds

Box 9 Box 9

3040, 3043, 3048-3049, 3051,3091,3108

3040-3041, 3°43> 3°4^, 3°5°> 3082a,

Box 10

3091,3108,7095

Box 10 Box 10

REPERTORY OF STRATIGRAPHIC

#

Date

Under # Over #

56

LH IIIA2 Early

53

57

LH IIIA2 withLH IIIC Early (?Transitional)

58

CONTEXTS

CD-196

Description

Inventoried finds

Location of kept sherds

58, 62, unexcavated

Trench2, NE Extension,Level 5 (bothsidesofwall kb)

3041, 3043, 3051,3108,3112

Box 10

36, 42

59

Trench2, Level 8 (zone 7084, 7127 beta/epsilon)

LHIIIA2

36,52, 56

62

Trench2, NE Extension,Level 5 (clearingwall kb)

59

LH ΠΙΑ 2 Early destruction level

57

64

Trench 2, Level 9 (zone 3069 beta/epsilon)

60

MH I Late withLH III

54

61

Trench2, Level 10 (zone alpha)

61

MH III Late withMH I Late

60

71,79

Trench2, Level 11 (zone alpha) (exposes Burial 1)

7284

62

LH IIIA2 Early

56

66

Trench2, NE Extension,Level 6 (zone delta)

3027, 3038, 3067, 3082a, 3X14

63

LH I-IIA withLH ΠΙΑ 2

43

65

Trench2, Levels 6-9 againstwall kc (zone beta/epsilon)

64

LH IIIA2

59

69

Trench2, Level 9 (zone beta/epsilon)

65

LH IIIC Early

18?

67

Trench2, Level 3 step (zone beta/epsilon)

3033

66

LHIIIA2 Early

62

68

Trench2, NE Extension,Level 6 (zone delta)

3027,3038, 3042, 3051, 3067, 3082a, 3X14

67

LH III (?LH IIIA2)

65

unexcavated Trench2, Level 4 step (zone beta/epsilon)

68

LHIIIA2 Early

66

72

Trench 2, NE Extension,Level 7 (zone delta)

69

LH IIIA2 Early

64

70, 81, unexcavated

Trench2, Level 10 (zone beta/epsilon)

70

LH IIIA2 Early

69

69 (sic),81

Trench2, Level 11 (zone beta/epsilon)

71

MH I Late

61

74

Trench 2, Level 12 (zone alpha)

72

LH ΠΙΑ 2 Early

68

73

Trench2, NE Extension,Level 8 (zone delta)

3027,3038, 3051, 3067, 3114

3069

3°79> 7°75

Box 10

Box 10

REPERTORY OF STRATIGRAPHIC CONTEXTS

CD-197

#

Date

Under# Over #

Description

Inventoried finds

73

LH ΠΙΑ2 Early

72

75, 77

Trench2,NE Level8 Extension, (zonedelta)

3041-3042, 3082a

74

MH I EarlywithMH I Late

71

76

Trench2, Level 13 (zonealpha)

1015,9255

75

LHIIA

73

88

Trench2, NE Levelg Extension, (zonedelta)

9273

76

MH I Early

74

unexcavatedTrench2,Level 14 (zonealpha)

77

LH IIIA2 Early

73

80

Trench2,Level 10 (zonedelta)

3027,3042, 3051,3121,7043

78

mixedMH/LH

-

-

cleaning

7111

79

MH I LateorMH II (?),accidentally contaminated with #77insherdof3051 (LH IIIA2)

61

87, 89

Trench2, Level 14 (zonealpha)(around skeleton ofBurial1)

3051

80

LH IIIA2

77

unexcavatedTrench2,Level 10 (zonedelta)

81

LH ΠΙΑ2 Early

70

unexcavatedTrench2,Level 11 (zonebeta/epsilon)

82

lateMH is latest

59

unexcavatedTrench2,Level 10 (zonebeta/delta), removalofwallke

83

LH IIIC Early

7, 27

84

Trench2 (zone gamma),removalof wallka

Box 10

84

LH IIIC Early

83

85

Trench2, Level5 (zone 6037 gamma)

Box 10

85

?MHIII contaminated83, 84 withLH ΠΙΑ2 and LH IIIC Early

86

Trench2,Level6 (zone gamma)

Box 10

86

?MHIII

85

87

Trench2,Level7 (zone gamma)

Box 10

87

MH III

79, 86

89

Trench2,Level 14 (zonealpha)(pebble bed ofBurial1)

Boxes8, 10

88

LHIIA

75, 77

unexcavatedTrench2, NE Level9/1ο Extension, (zonedelta)

Boxes8, 10

89

MH undiagnostic

87

unexcavatedTrench2,Level 14 (zonealpha)(pebble bed ofBurial1)

Boxes8, 10

Locationof keptsherds

Box 8

Box 8

Box 8

3069 Box 8

REPERTORY OF STRATIGRAPHIC

CONTEXTS

CD-198

2. AREA ZETA, 1973 (Chapters ι §2, 2 §2, 3 §2) Over #

Description

mixed,including 'modern'(PMedieval)

unexcavated

TrenchI, Level 1 (abandoned)

2

mixed,including 'modern'(PMedieval)

unexcavated

TrenchI, Level 1 (abandoned)

8046

3

mixed,including Medieval

-

8

TrenchII, Level ι (exposesia)

8047

8

mixed,includingLH IIIC Earlyand Medieval

3

1ο

TrenchII, Level 2 S ofia

10

mixed includingMH and LH ΠΙΑ, presumablywithLH IIIC Earlyand Medieval

8

61

TrenchII, Level 3 S ofia

7002

Box 11

12

mixed,including Medieval

-

14

TrenchIIA, Level 1

7324,8082

Box 11

14

mixed,including Medieval

12

16

TrenchIIA, Level 1

7082, ?8oog8012

16

mixed,includingMH and Medieval

14

18,20

TrenchIIA, Level 1

18

mixed,including Medieval

16

19,21,23,24

TrenchIIA, Level 2 Ν (sectorsalpha, gamma)

?8ooo,-8oi2

Box 11

19

mixed,includingMH and Medieval

18

21,23,24

TrenchIIA, Level 2 Ν (sectorsalpha, gamma) (exposesib, ic)

7283

Boxes 11, 27

20

mixed,including Medieval

16

21,25

TrenchIIA, Level 2 S (sectorbeta)

21

mixed,including Medieval and LH

18,20

22

TrenchIIA, Level 3 (sectoralpha)

22

MH II- III, witha littleLH III and Medieval

18, 19, 2 1

39

TrenchIIA, Level 3 (sectorgamma)

Boxes 11, 27

23

MH II- III, presumablywitha littleLH III and Medieval

18,19

39

TrenchIIA, Level 5 (sectorgamma)

Box 11

24

mainlyMedieval

18

29

TrenchIIA, Level 6 (sectoralpha)

Boxes 11, 27

25

mixed,includingMH and Medieval

20

28

TrenchIIA. Level 2 7085,8063 (sectorbeta) (exposes id)

Boxes 11, 26, 27

#

Date

1

Under #

Inventoried finds

Location of kept sherds

Box 27 6105,8062

Box 27

REPERTORY OF STRATIGRAPHIC

CONTEXTS

#

Date

Under #

Over #

Description

26

mixed

-

-

cleaning

27

mixed,including Medieval

-

-

TrenchILA,cleaning top ofid

28

mixed,including Medieval

25

29

29

Medieval (middle phase,Floor deposit)

28

30

allegedly?MH (?make-upof Medieval floor)

29

31

CD-199

Inventoried finds

Location of kept sherds

TrenchIIA, Level 2 (sectorbeta)

8058, 8073

Box 26

30, 31, 32, 34

TrenchIIA, Level 7, Floor 1 (sector alpha/beta)

4001-400^, 4002, 4002a4002b, 4003, 4012a, 4017, 8074

Boxes 11, 26

34?

TrenchIIA, Levels 2 & 7, understones (sectoralpha/beta)

Medieval (make-upof 29 hearth)

34

TrenchIIA, Level 8 (sectoralpha/beta) (exposesif)

4002,4012a, 74017

Boxes 11, 26

32

Medieval (middle phase,Floor deposit)

29

34

TrenchIIA, Level 7 (sectoralpha/beta)

4002,4012a, 4014,4017, 8059

Box 27

33

Medieval (early phase, make-upof floor)

30

34, 38

TrenchIIA, Level 7 (sectoralpha/beta)

34

Medieval (latephase, pit)

29, 30?, 3 1, 32, 33

35

TrenchIIA, Level 9 (sectoralpha,pit)

4004, 4012, 4020

35

Medieval (latephase, pit)

34

36

TrenchIIA, Level 1ο (sectoralpha,pit)

4019

36

Medieval (latephase, pit)

35

37

TrenchIIA, Level 11 4004,4012a, (sectoralpha,pit) 40 13-40 13a, 8065, 8068

37

MH I Late, withLH I- II and Medieval

36

44

TrenchIIA, Level 12 (sectoralpha)

1122-1 123, 1140, 74017

38

MH I Late (pot deposit)and MH IIIII, withmuchLH IIIA2 and a little Medieval

29

40

TrenchIIA, Level 13 (sectorbeta,removal ofpartofSW partof id)

1122-1123, 1136, 1140

39

MH II, witha little ?LH I- II and Medieval

22, 23

41, 43

TrenchIIA, Level 14 (sectorgamma)

1163, 6071

40

MH I Late (pot deposit)and MH IIIII withLH IIIC Early

38

45

TrenchIIA, Level 13 (sectorbeta,under partof SW partofid)

1122-1123

41

MH II, ?witha little Medieval

39

43

TrenchIIA, Le vel 14 (sectorgamma)

Box 27

REPERTORY OF STRATIGRAPHIC CONTEXTS #

Date

Under#

Over #

Description

42

mixed

-

-

TrenchIIA cleaning Wbaulkdownto Level 13

43

MH I Late

41

unexcavated TrenchIIA,Level 16 (sector gamma)

44

MH I Late

37

87

TrenchIIA,Level17 (sector alpha)

45

MH I Late(pot deposit)andMH IILH III, ?with

40

78

TrenchIIA,Level 13 beta,Ε ofid) (sector

46

mixed,including Medieval

-

47

W Extension, Level 1

47

LH IIIC Earlywith Medieval

46

48, 49

W Extension, Level2 S ofic (= sectors beta, delta)

48

LH IIIC Earlywith Medieval

47

50

W Extension, Level2 Νofic (= sector epsilon)

49

LH IIIC Earlywith Medieval

47

51, 54, 56

W Extension, Level2 6115 between ic andid (exposesig)

50

LH IIIC Early

49

54

W Extension, Level 18 (sector delta)

51

MH II-III withLH IIA (from Burial1)

49

52

W Extension, Level 19 (sector epsilon)

52

MH II-III withLH IIA (from Burial1)

51

55

W Extension, Level 19 (sector epsilon)

53

LH/mixed

20, 25, 28

78

TrenchIIA,Level2 (sector beta)

54

LH IIIC Early

50

56b

TrenchIIA,Level20 (sector delta)

55

MH II-III, ?with LH Burial1) (?from

52

56a

TrenchIIA, Level21 (sector epsilon)

56a

MH II-III, butmixed 55 inerrorwith56b

62

TrenchIIA,Level21 but (sector epsilon), mixedin error with 56b

56b

LH IIIC Early,but mixedinerrorwith 56a

54

58,60

TrenchIIA,Level20 Floor3 (sector delta), butmixedinerror with56a (exposedih)

57

mixed,including Medieval

-

59

TrenchII/IIA baulk, 5001 Level 1

CD-200

Inventoried Locationofkept finds sherds

1122-1123, 1140

REPERTORY OF STRATIGRAPHIC CONTEXTS #

Date

Under#

Over #

Description

58

MH I Late(pot deposit)

56a

78

TrenchIIA, Level23 1123 (sectordelta)(runs overih,underid n)

59

mixed,including Medieval

57

61

TrenchII/IIAbaulk, Level2 (exposesie)

60

MH I Late(pot deposit)andMH IIIII withLH (?LH IIIC Early)

58

unexcavated TrenchIIA, Level23 1122-1123 (sectordelta)

61

mixed,including Medieval

10,59

63, 64

TrenchII, Level2 S ofie (sector ζetae)

62

MH II

56a

73

TrenchIIA, Level21 (sectorepsilon)

63

LH IIIC Early

61

71

TrenchII, Level3 Floor1 S ofie (sector zetae)

64

MH II-III withLH IIIC Earlyand Medievalfrom Floor1

61

71,72

TrenchII/IIAbaulk, 1173,4003a, Level3, between ie 6025 andib (sector zetaw) Floor1

65

LH undiagnostic (?LH ΠΙΑ)

-

66

removalofid,NE (sector alpha/gamma)

66

LH is latest

-

67

removalofid, SW (sector beta)

67

MH II-III withsome 66 LH

78

TrenchIIA, Level 13, underid (sector beta)

68

MH I Late

-

-

ii (sector cleaning alpha/gamma)

69

MH II-III latest

-

70

TrenchIIA, removal ofic (sector gamma/epsilon)

70

MHII

69

73

TrenchIIA, Level24 underic (sector gamma/epsilon) (revealsBurial2)

71

MH II-III withLH ?IIIC Early

29,64

75

TrenchII/IIA,Level zetaw) 25 (sector

72

MH II-III withLH IIIC Early

64

75

TrenchII/IIA,Level 1162 zetae) 25 (sector

73

MH II withLH IIIA2 62,70

76

TrenchII/IIA,Level 24 (sector gamma/epsilon) (Burial2)

CD-201

Inventoried Locationofkept finds sherds

REPERTORY OF STRATIGRAPHIC

CONTEXTS

#

Date

Under #

Over #

Description

74

LH III latest (probablyLH IIIC Early)

-

75

TrenchII/IIA, removalofie (sector zeta)

75

MHII-IIIwithLH IIIC Earlyfrom Burial3

71,72,74

81

TrenchII/IIA, Level 26 (sectorzeta) (Burial3)

1166

76

MH I Late, witha littleMH III from Burial3 above

73

77

TrenchII/IIA, Level 15 (sic) (sector gamma/epsilon)

1125, 6026, 6 134c

77

MH I Late

76

unexcavated

TrenchII/IIA, Level 15 (sector gamma/epsilon)

78

MHII

53,58,67

79

TrenchII/IIA, Level 27 (sectorbeta)

1190

79

MH I Late

78

84

TrenchII/IIA, Level 27 (sectorbeta) (over Floor?)

1108, 1117

80

mixed

-

-

cleaning

81

MH I Late withMH 75 II and perhapsa little LH (presumablyLH IIIC Early)

83

TrenchII/IIA, Level 28 (sectorzeta) (exposesij, ik)

82

MH latest (presumablyMH IIIII)

79

84

TrenchII/IIA, removalofifNW (sectorbeta/alpha)

83

MHI-II

81

94

TrenchII/IIA, Level 28, stonesinib/if NW (sectorzeta)

84

MHILate

79,82,86

88

TrenchII/IIA, Level 27 underifNW (sectorbeta/alpha)

85

MHI-II latest

-

87

TrenchII/IIA, removalofib (sector alpha/zeta)

86

MH latest (presumablyMH III)

-

84 (sic)

TrenchII/IIA, removalofif SE (sectorbeta/zeta)

87

MH I Late or MH II, witha littleMedieval fromPit

44,83,85

unexcavated

TrenchII/IIA, Levels 6145 10 & 28 (sector alpha/zeta)

88

MHILate

84

92

TrenchII/IIA, Level 27 (sectoralpha/zeta)

89

MH I Late

88

90, 9 1

TrenchII/IIA, Level 27 (sectorbeta) (?Floor)

Inventoried finds

6084

1108, 1117, 1150

CD-202 Location of kept sherds

REPERTORY OF STRATIGRAPHIC

CONTEXTS

CD-203

#

Date

Under #

Over #

Description

Inventoried finds

Location of kept sherds

90

MHILate

88

91

TrenchII/IIA, Level 27 (sectorbeta)

91

MHILate

89,90

93, 105

TrenchII/IIA, Level 29 (sectorbeta)

92

MHILate

88

unexcavated

TrenchII/IIA, Level 27 (sector w) alpha/beta/zeta (exposesil, im, iq, ir)

93

MH I Late

91

96

TrenchII/IIA, Level 29 (sectorbeta w)

94

MHI-II

81,83

99

TrenchII/2a, Level 3 1 (sectorzeta w) (exposesin)

95

numbernotused

-

-

-

96

MHILate

93

97

TrenchII/IIA, Level 29 (sectorbeta w)

1150

Box 12

97

MH I Late

96

98

TrenchII/IIA, Level 29 (sectorbeta w) (Burials4 & 5) (exposesio)

98

MHILate

97

100

TrenchII/IIA, Level 29 (sectorbeta w)

99

MH I- II withLH IIIC Early

81

unexcavated

TrenchII/2a, Level 3 1 (sectorzeta E) (exposesin, ip)

100

MH I Early

98

101

TrenchII/IIA, Level 32 (sectorbeta w)

101

MH I Early

100

102

TrenchII/IIA, Level 33 (sectorbeta w)

Box 12

102

MH I Early

101

104

TrenchII/IIA, Level 33 (sectorbeta w)

Box 12

103

MH I Early

102

104

TrenchII/IIA, Level 33 (sectorbeta w)

Box 12

104

MH I Early

103

106

TrenchII/IIA, Level 34 (sectorbeta w)

105

MHILate

91

unexcavated

TrenchII/IIA, Level 30 (sectorbeta E)

Boxes 11, 12

106

MH I Early

104

107

TrenchII/IIA, Level 34 (sectorbeta w)

Box 12

107

MH I Early

106

108

TrenchII/IIA, Level 34 (sectorbeta w)

Box 12

1124

Boxes 11, 12 Box 11

1085

6124

1066

Boxes 11, 12

Box 12

Box 12

REPERTORY OF STRATIGRAPHIC

CONTEXTS

CD-204

#

Date

Under #

Over #

Description

108

MH I Earliest,mixed withEH II Late

107

109

TrenchΙΙ/ΠΑ, Level 35 (sectorbeta w) (Burial6)

Box 12

109

EH II Late witha littleMH I

108

110

TrenchII/IIA, Level 36 (sectorbeta w)

Boxes 11,12

110

EH II Late

109

bedrock

TrenchII/IIA, Level 36 (sectorbeta w)

Boxes 11, 12

111

MH I Earliest,mixed withEH II Late

-

-

cleaningbaulkunder 10 (exposes is, it)

Box 12

112

EH II Late

-

-

cleaningwithinis (exposes iu)

Boxes 11,12

113

EH II Late

-

bedrock

partialremovalofio

Boxes 11, 12

Inventoried finds

Location of kept sherds

3. AREA ETA, 1973 (Chapters ι §3, 2 §3, 3 §5) #

Date

Under #

Over #

Description

Inventoried finds

Location of kept sherds

1

Medieval/mixed

-

2

clearingbrush

1265

Box 13

2

Medieval/mixed,withLH IIIC Early

1

3,4

TrenchI surface, Level 1

7255

Box 14

3

MH I Late, withtwoLH sherds

2

7,8

TrenchI surface,Ν area, Level 1

1237,1247, ^65, 1279, 1320, 6032, 6044

Box 14

4

MH withLH I- II

2

5

TrenchI surface,S area, Level 1

Box 13

5

MH I EarlywithLH I- II

4

23

TrenchI surface,S area, Level 1

Box 13

6

MH and LH down to LH IIIC Early

-

8, 9, 11, 13

TrenchII surface, Level 1 (exposes dg, dh)

6106

Box 13

7

MH I Late

2,3

unexcavated

TrenchI, N area, Level 1

1237,1265

Boxes 13, 14

8

LH II-LH IIIC Early

6

9, 17

TrenchII Ν area, Level 1

7334

Box 13

REPERTORY OF STRATIGRAPHIC

CONTEXTS

CD-205

#

Date

Under #

Over #

Description

9

LH II-LH IIIC Early

6, 8

1o, 17

TrenchII Ν area, Level 1 (exposes di)

10

MH I-LH IIIC Early, mixed

9

11,12,15,17

TrenchII Ν area, Level 2

11

MH I-LH IIIC Early, mixed

6, 1ο

13,15

TrenchII Ν area, Level 2

12

LH (?LH IIIC Early)

-

59

TrenchII Ν area, Level2,NWofdi (overcistofBurial 15)

13

LH IIIB (= LH IIIC Early?)

6, 11

14, 15

TrenchII S area, Level 2

14

MH I Late, witha littleLH (fromBurials7 and 8?)

13

15

TrenchII S area, Level 2, Burial 1

15

?MH I Late, withLH (?LH IIIA2) fromBurials7 and 8?

1o, 11, 13, 14

16, 17

TrenchII Ν & S areas Level 2

Box 13

16

MH I Late withLH I from 15 Burial 10?)

38, 47

TrenchIIA Levels 3 &4

Box 14

17

MH I Late, witha littleLH 15 I or LH IIIA2 (fromBurial 5 or 12?)

18 (sic), 19, 2 1 TrenchIIB Level 3 (exposes dj)

18

MH I Late

14

17 (sic)

TrenchIIB, daub underBurial 1

Box 14

19

EH II mixedwithMH I withLH III and Medieval

17

20, 2 1, 47

TrenchIIB Level 3 (mixedwith Medieval pit)

Box 14

20

MH I Late withLH IIA and ?Medieval (from Burial 5?)

19

24, 25

TrenchIIB Level 4 (Burial5)

6003, 6135

Box 14

21

EH II Late withsome MH I Early

17, 19

53

TrenchIIC Level 4 (Burial4)

6117

Box 14

22

mixed

-

-

Gamma 1 1959 backfill

23

MH I Earlywithsome EH II

5

30, 70

TrenchI S Level 2 (exposes dj)

24

EH I- II withMH I, ?with LH

20

25

TrenchIIB Levels 13, cleaningpit

25

EH II Late withMH I Early

20

26, 27, 29

TrenchIIB Level 4 (exposes do)

26

EH II withMH I, LH and Medieval

25

27,50,67

TrenchIIB Level 4 (Burial6) (cutby Medieval pit)

27

EH II Late witha littleMH I Early

25

28

TrenchIIB (s) Level 5

Inventoried finds

Location of kept sherds Box 13

*255

Box 13

*255, 1287a1287c

Box 13

1265,1318, 6002, 9164

Box 14

Box 14

6127

5026

REPERTORY OF STRATIGRAPHIC

CONTEXTS

#

Date

Under #

Over #

Description

Inventoried finds

28

EH I withEH II Late

27

31

TrenchIIB (s) Level 6, Floor

31, 5027

29

EH II Late withMH I, LH III and Medieval

25

67,68

TrenchIIB (n) Level 4 (cutby Medieval pit) (Burial6)

6128

30

EH II Late, ?witha little MH

23

32

TrenchI (s) Level 3

31

EH I withEH II Late

28

bedrock

TrenchIIB (s) Level 7

32

EH II Late

30

33, 66

TrenchI (s) Level 4

33

EH II Late

32

66

TrenchI (s) Levels 3 & 4, cleaningNW faceofdj

34

Medieval/mixed

-

35

TrenchIIA/TrenchI baulkLevel 1

35

Medieval/mixed

34

36

TrenchIIA/TrenchI baulkLevel 2

36

MH witha littleLH

35

37

TrenchIIA/TrenchI baulkLevel 3A (exposes dj)

37

MH I Earlywitha littleLH contamination

36

51,70

TrenchIIA/TrenchI baulkLevel 3Β

38

MH I Earlywitha littleEH I and EH II Late

16

54

TrenchIIA Levels 3 &4

39

LH/mixed

-

40, 45, 62

TrenchIIB-IIC/I baulkLevel 1

40

MH I Late withLH

39

41

TrenchIIB-IIC/I baulkLevel2A (Burials7 and 8)

41

MHILate

40

42

TrenchIIB-IIC/I baulkLevel 2Β (Burials9 and 10)

42

MH I Earlywithsome EH II Late

41

53

TrenchIIB-IIC/I baulkLevel 3 (Burial

5028

1319

6070

1255, 1287a1287c

11)

43

Medieval/mixed

-

44

TrenchIII surface

44

Medieval/mixed

43

46

TrenchIII Level 1

45

MH I Late, ?witha little LH

39

63

TrenchIIB-IIC/I baulkLevel 2 betweendh & dl

46

MH I-LH IIA, ?withLH III

44

48

TrenchIII Level 2 (exposes dm, dn, dr)

47

MH I Late

16

unexcavated

TrenchIID Level 3 (Burial 12)

3222

1237, 1265

6090

CD-206 Location of kept sherds

REPERTORY OF STRATIGRAPHIC CONTEXTS

CD-207

Over #

Description

55

TrenchIII Level2

-

52,56

TrenchI-II/III baulk 1324 Level1 (exposesdi, dm. dn,dr)

EH II withMH I, withLH III andMedieval

26

68, bedrock

TrenchIIB (e) Level 4 (Medievalpit)

51

MH I EarlywithEH

37

70

I TrenchIIA/Trench baulkLevel3Β

52

LH IIIC Early

49

55

TrenchI-II/IIIbaulk Level2 (e)

53

EH II Latewitha little MH 21,42 andLH (from Burials5 and6?)

66

TrenchIIC Level5

54

MH I EarlywithEH I and 38 EH II Late

unexcavated TrenchIIA Level3

55

MH II withLH IIIC Early 48,52 Burial13) (from

58

TrenchIII Level3 1288^6129, (Burial13) (exposes 6143,7126, dp andcobbledroad) 7163

56

LH IIA

12,49

57, 58

TrenchIII Level3 (Burial15)

57

LHIIA

56

59

TrenchIII Level3 (Burial15)

58

MH I LatewithsomeEH II Late

55

unexcavated TrenchIII Level4 6107,6130, (belowlevelofbase 6132a,6134aofdp andofcobbles, 6 134b buttoWoflatter)

59

LHIIA

12,57

60

TrenchIII Level3 (Burial15)

60

LH IIA

59

61, 69

TrenchIII Level3 (Burial15)

61

LHIIA

60

69

TrenchIII Level3 (Burial15)

62

MH undiagnostic MH I Late) (presumably

39

63,65

TrenchI-II, removal ofdg, dh

Box 14

63

MH I EarlywithsomeEH II Late

45, 62

65

TrenchI-IIB,under 6004,6060, dg anddh NW ofdj 6131-6132, 6134

Boxes13, 14

64

MH (presumably MH IIIII)

21

71

TrenchII, removalof dk

Boxes13,14

65

EH II Earlywitha little EH II Late

62, 63

66

TrenchI-II, under dh,Level8

#

Date

48

MH II withLH III (from 46 Burial13)

49

LH III withMedieval

50

Under #

Inventoried finds

Locationof keptsherds

219

217

1277

1324,7335

Boxes13, 14

1321-1323

218,5025, 5040a, 5042, 5043-5044

Box 13

REPERTORY OF STRATIGRAPHIC

CONTEXTS

CD-208

#

Date

Under #

Over #

Description

Inventoried finds

Location of kept sherds

66

EH II Early

32,53, 65

bedrock

TrenchI- II (= TrenchIIC extended)Level 8

216,222,50295033, 5039

Box 13

67

EH II Earlywith?MH

29, 50

68

TrenchIIB (e) Level 4 (Burial6)

68

EH I withone MH and twoLH IIIC Earlysherds

67

bedrock

TrenchIIB (n) Level 5

5O34~5°37> 5040, 5041

Box 13

69

EH II Early

59

unexcavated

TrenchIII Level 9 (below Burial 15)

190,5038

Box 13

70

MH I Earlymixedwith ?EH I and EH II

23,37, 51

unexcavated

TrenchIIA/TrenchI baulkLevel 3B, SW ofdj

Boxes 13, 14

71

MH II (?MH II- III) witha littleLH

64

unexcavated

TrenchII, under dk

Boxes 13, 14

Box 13

4. TRENCH BETA 3, 1959 (Chapters ι §4, 2 §4, 3 §3) #

Date

Under # Over #

Description

Inventoried finds

1

Medieval withsome LH IIIC Early

-

2

surface,Level 1

8086-8087

2

Medieval/mixed

1

3, 4, 9, 12

Level 2

3

LH IIIA-IIIC Earlywith 2 Medieval

4

Level 2 (tumbleofwall eb)

4

LH IIIA-IIIC Early, presumablywith Medieval

2,3

5

Level 3, SWcorner= SWof eb, join with !974# ι6, 28 (over rubblefloor)

5

LH IIIA-IIIC Early, presumablywith Medieval

4

6

Level 3, SWcorner= SWof eb (rubblefloor)

6

LH IIIC Earlywith Medieval

5

7

Level 3, SWcorner= SWof eb (overlight brownfloor)

7

LH IIIC Earlywith Medieval

6

16

Level 3, SWcorner= SWof eb (lightbrown floor)

8

numbernotused

-

-

-

3342

Location of kept sherds

REPERTORY OF STRATIGRAPHIC

CONTEXTS

#

Date

Under # Over #

9

?LH IIIC Early,?with Medieval

2

1ο

Level 4, SE corner below topsof ee andgl

Iο

?LH IIIC Early/mixed (reallyLH IIB withLH IIIC Earlyfrompit?)

9

11

Level 6, SE corner

I1

LH IIIC Early/mixed (reallyLH IIA withLH IIIC Earlyfrompit?)

10

18,21

Level 7, SE corner (runsundergl)

12

LH (presumablyLH IIIC Early)

2

14

Level 5, centralpart betweeneb and gl (?exposed ep)

13

numbernotused

-

-

-

14

LH III (presumablyLH IIIC Early)

12

15

Level 5, centralpart betweeneb and gl

15

LH IIIC Early,?with Medieval

14

17

Level 5, centralpart betweeneb and gl

7001

16

LH undiagnostic

7

19

Level 9, SWcorner, below base ofeb

7232

17

LH IIB perhapswithLH III

15

20

Level 8, centralpart betweeneb and gl (exposed ep and ey)

18

LH IIIC Early

11

1977 #28

Levels 6 and 7, SE corner(stonesin NE)

7254

19

LHIIIAi

16

27; 1977 #52

Level 9, SWcorner, slab floor(= Floor 1, 1977) (exposed ep)

7^77

20

LH II (presumablyLH IIB)

17

22,25

Level 8, centralpart (Floorinsideep and ex, 'above and below ey')

21

LH IIA withLH IIIC Earlyfrompit

11

23, 30

Level 7, SE corner

22

LH II (presumablyLH IIB)

20

26

Level 8, centralpart

23

?LH I- II (presumably withLHIIIAi)

21

24

Level 7, SE corner, Burial 1

HS 233

24

?LH I- II (presumably withLHIIIAi)

23

1977 # 67

Level 7, SE corner, Burial 1

HS 234

25

LH IIB

20

26

Level 8, centralpart (Floorinsideep and ex)

Description

Inventoried finds

7°73> HS 232

CD-209 Location of kept sherds

REPERTORY OF STRATIGRAPHIC

CONTEXTS

#

Date

Under # Over #

Description

26

LH II (reallyLH IIA)

22,25

29

Level 1o, centralpart (insideep and ex), over ash

27

LH III (presumablyLH IIIAi, Floor 1), ?with Medieval

19

28

Level 11, SWcorner

28

?LH II- III (presumably LH II-IIIAi, Floor 1), ?withMedieval

27

1977 #52

Level 11, SWcorner

29

LH IIA

26

35

Level 12, centralpart (se ofep/ey, exposed ez), ash

30

MH III/LH I (reallyLH IIA)

21

31

Level 14, SE corner, ash

31

MH I Late

30

34

Level 13, SE corner (exposed fa/gp)

32

MH III/LH I (reallyLH IIA)

24

36, 39

Level 14, SE corner, ash

33

MH-LH

-

-

cleaningS baulk

34

MH I Late

31

35

Level 13, SE corner

35

MH I Late

36

38

Level 16, SE corner

36

MH III (reallyLH IIA) withMH I Late

32,34

37

Level 15, SE corner

37

MH I Late, ?withLH IIA

36

39

Level 15, SE corner

38

?MH II-III, ?withLH IIA (reallyMH I Late?)

35

40

Level 16, centralpart

39

MH I Late

37

unexcavated Level 15, SE corner (below top offa/gp)

40

MH (presumablyMH I)

38

41

Level 17, centralpart (exposed gr)

41

EH II and MH (presumablyMH I)

40

42

Level 17, centralpart

42

stereo(no sherds)

41

unexcavated Level 18, centralpart (bedrock?)

Inventoried finds

HS 316

HS 303

6114

CD-210 Location of kept sherds

REPERTORY OF STRATIGRAPHIC CONTEXTS

5. TRENCHES

CD-211

BETA 8, 9 AND 10, 1974 (Chapters ι §4, 2 §4, 3 §§3, 6)

#

Date

Under# Over #

Description

1

Medieval/LH

-

2

Beta8 surface

2

Medieval/LH

1

3, 4, 5

Beta8 Level2

3

Medieval/LH

2

6,11,15

Beta8 Level3

Box 27

4

Medieval/LH

2

6,11,15

Beta8 Level3

Box 27

5

Medieval/LH

2

6,11,15, Beta8 Level3 (exposed 8002 23; *977 ea> eb>ec) #23

6

LH IIIC Early

3,4,5

7

Beta8 SW SectorSWof 3326 ea, Level4 (overrubble floor)

Box 4

7

LH IIIC Early

6

8

Beta8 SW SectorSWof 7116, 7214, ea, Level4 (overrubble 7234 floor)

Box 4

8

LH IIIC Early

7

9

Beta8 SW SectorSWof 3326 ea, Level5 (rubblefloor)

Boxes4, 5

9

LH IIIC Early

8

10

Beta8 SW SectorSWof ea, Level6 (overlight brownfloor)

Box 4

ίο

LH IIIC Early (Transitional?)

9

1977* 29,40

Beta8 SW SectorSWof ea, Level6 (overlight brownfloor)(exposed ed)

Boxes4, 5

11

LH III C Earlywith Medieval

3, 4, 5

12

Beta8 Room 1 NEofea, Level7 (Burial22, Medieval?)

Box 27

12

Transitional LH IIIB 2LH IIIC Early?with LH IIIC Early

11

13, 14

Beta8 Room 1 NEofea, Level8 (rubblefloor)

13

LH IIIC Early ?with (?Transitional), Medieval

12

18

Beta8 Room 1 NEofea, 7035,7217, sieve 7317 Level9 SEofwaterbaulk(rubblefloor)

14

LH IIIC Early (Transitional?)

12

19

Beta8 Room 1 NEofea, 7007-7008, Level 1ο NWofwater- 7015,7021 sievebaulk(rubblefloor)

15

LH IIIA2 withMedieval 3, 4, 5

16

Beta8 NE sectorNEof eb, Level 11

Inventoried finds

Locationof keptsherds Box 27

8048

3351,3380a, 7050,7061, 7Ο^5

7278

7036

Box 27

Box 27

Boxes5, 27

Box 5

REPERTORY OF STRATIGRAPHIC

CONTEXTS

#

Date

Under # Over #

Description

Inventoried finds

16

LHIIIAi

15

Beta 8 NE sectorNEof eb, Level 12 (on Floor 1)

5002,7012, 7023, 7029,

1977* 61

CD-212 Location of kept sherds

7°31>7°58> 7257-7262, 7330

17

Medieval/LH

-

20

Beta 9 surfaceLevel 1

Box 27

18

LH IIIC Early withLH I(?Transitional) II and MH

13

wall ep

Beta 8 Room 1 NE ofea, Level 9 SE ofwatersieve baulk (sw ofeb)

Box 4

19

LHIIIAi

14

21

Beta 8 Room 1 NE ofea, Level 13 NWofwatersieve baulk,Floor 1

Box 4

20

Medieval/LH

17

22,26

Beta 9 surfaceLevel 1

Box 27

21

LHIIIAi

19

!977* 59

Beta 8 Room 1 NE ofea, Level 14 NWofwatersieve baulk,Floor 1

22

Medieval/LH III

20

26,27

Beta 9 Level 2

23

LH IIIC Early (?Transitional)

12

24

Beta 8 Room 1 NE ofea, watersieve baulkLevel V (overlightbrown Floor)

24

LH IIIC Early (?Transitional)

23

25

Beta 8 Room 1 watersieve baulkLevel '2' (lightbrownFloor),join with1977 # 48

25

LH II latest(reallyLH IIIAi)

24

1977 # 59

Beta 8 Room 1 watersieve baulkLevel '3'

26

LH IIIB-C Earlywith Medieval

22

27, 28, 29, 30

Beta 9 Level 2

27

LH ΠΙΑ withMedieval

26

31

Beta 9 Level 3

28

LH ΠΙΑ withMedieval

26

31, 35

Beta 9 Level 3

29

LH IIIA2 withMedieval

26

31, 33

Beta 9 SE Sector,Room 3, Level 4 (mudbrick over ee)

30

LH ΠΙΑ withMedieval

26

3 1, 33

Beta 9 SE Sector,Room 3, Level 4 (mudbrick over ee)

31

LH III (presumablyLH ΠΙΑ) withMedieval

27, 28, 29, 30

33, 35

Beta 9 Level 5 (exposed ee, ef, eg, ej, ek, el, em, ex)

32

Medieval withsome LH

-

34

Beta 1ο surfaceLevel 1

33

LHIIA-IIIAi

27,28,

41, 43

Beta 9 Level 5 (Burial23) 7010

29.3°

3305,3314, 7013,7026, 7238

6018

Box 4

3259 Box 4 3325

Box 4

7017a Box 5

REPERTORY OF STRATIGRAPHIC

CONTEXTS

CD-213

#

Date

Under # Over #

Description

34

Medieval/LH

32

36,40; !977*3

Beta 10 Level 1 (exposed eh, ei)

35

LH IIA-B

28

37

Beta 9 Room 2 (SW Sector)Level 6

Box 5

36

LH I- II (presumablyLH IIB)

34

38

Beta 10 NW SectorLevel 2, Ν of eh

Box 5

37

LH I- IIB withlate MH

35

39, 42

Beta 9 Room 2 (SW Sector)Level 6 (Burial 24), SWpart

38

LH I withLH IIB

36

1977 #31

Beta 1ο NW SectorLevel 7040 3, Ν of eh

Box 4

39

LH I- II

37

1977 #9 1

Beta 9 Room 2 SW 7327,8049 SectorLevel 6 (SWofem)

Box 5

40

LH I- II

34

1977 #31

Beta 1ο NW SectorS of eh, Level 4

7325

Box 4

41

LH I- II

33

44,1977 #108

Beta 9 Room 3 Level 8 (Burial25)

1417,6053, 7003

Box 5

42

LH II

39

!977 #99

Beta 9 Room 2 (central sector)Level 9

6038,7009

43

LH I- II

33

unexcavated

Beta 9 Room 4 (SE Sector)Level 10

44

LH II

41

X977 # 108

Beta 9 Room 3 Level 8 (Burial25)

Inventoried finds

3292, 6040, 701 1

Location of kept sherds

Box 5

Box 4

6. AREA BETA 3/8/9/10,1977 (Chapters ι §4, 2 §4, 3 §§3, 6) #

Date

Under #

Over #

Description

1

mixed

-

-

cleaning

2

backfillof Beta 3, 1959

-

4, 5, 7

Beta 3/9 baulk,W part, Level 1 (exposed ee)

3

Medieval/LH

!974# 34

24

Beta 1ο SE SectorLevel 2 (exposed es)

4

backfillof Beta 3, 1959

-

5, 6

Beta 3/9 baulk,Ε part, Level 2

8020

5

backfillof Beta 3, 1959

2, 4

6, 10

Beta 3/9 baulk Level 3

7037, 8021

6

backfillof Beta 3, 1959

4, 5

7, 8, 10

Beta 3/9 baulk Level 3 (exposed eb, el)

8022

7

backfillof Beta 3, 1959

2

8, 9

Beta 3/9 baulk Level 4a

7038

Inventoried finds

Location of kept sherds

REPERTORY OF STRATIGRAPHIC

CONTEXTS

#

Date

Under #

Over #

Description

8

backfillofBeta 3, 1959

6,7

11

Beta 3/9 baulkLevel 5, insideRoom 4

9

Medieval withLH III

7

1o, 11

Beta 3/9 baulkLevel 4b (mudbrickover ee)

10

backfillofBeta 3, 1959

5, 6, 9

30

Beta 3/9 baulkbetween eb and el, Level 6

11

LH III, presumablyLH IIIC Early

8,9

30

Beta 3/9 baulk,inside Room 4, Level 6

12

Medieval/LH

-

13, 15

Beta 3/8/9baulkLevel 1 (exposed eb)

13

Medieval/LH III (LH IIIC Early?)

12

17

Beta 3/8/9baulkLevel 2a, Ν of eb (pisé flooror mudbrick)

7038

14

Modern/Medieval/LH

-

18

Beta 8/10 baulkLevel 1 (exposed ec)

8088

15

LH IIIC Earlywith Medieval

12

16

Beta 3/8/9baulkS ofeb, Level 2b

16

LH IIIC Earlywithsome Medieval

10,15

29

Beta 3/8/9baulkS ofeb Level 2a (rubblefloor), join with# 28, 1959 # 4

17

LHIIIAi

13

26,30

Beta 3/8/9baulkLevel 2c, Nofeb (Floor 1)

18

LH II

14

19

Medieval/LH

-

20

Beta 10/9 baulkLevel 1

20

Medieval/LH

19

24

Beta 10/9 baulkLevel 2 = Beta 10 SE Sector (Medievalpit)

7044,8016

21

Medieval latest

31

removalofeh, ei

7292-7293

22

Medieval latest

24,38, 50

removalofec

7°39

23

Medieval latest

69

removalofea

4°42

24

LH IIIC Earlywitha little 3, 20, 22 Medieval

27

Beta 8/10 baulkLevel 2b

25

LHII-?IIIAi

45>5!> 53

removalofeb

26

LH IIA witha little Medieval

1974 # 26

31,32, 38, 46

Beta 1ο just Ν ofed Level 2b

27

LHIIA

16,24

32

BetaioSofes

28

Medieval latest

χ974 #6,#7

latest

Inventoried finds

CD-214 Location of kept sherds Box 7

8076

Box 7 Box 7

1365a

Box 7 Box 7 Box 7

Box 7 3253,3287a, 3342, 7102, 7290, 7342

Box 7

Box 7

Beta 8/1ο baulkLevel 2

removalof ee and el; 3253,3301, joins with# 16, 1959 # 4 3342

Box 7

REPERTORY OF STRATIGRAPHIC

CONTEXTS

#

Date

Under #

Over #

Description

Inventoried finds

29

TransitionalLH IIIB 2LH IIIC Early?withLH IIIC Early

16,1974 #10

4°

SW SectorLevel 1 (rubblefloor)to ea

6051,7055, 7239

30

LH IIIC Early, contaminatedwith backfillofBeta 3, 1959

11

33, 34, 36

SE and CentralSectors, Level 1

31

LH I- II

X974 # 38,

35, 38, 85

Beta 10 NW (sic) Sector Level 1 (exposed en)

40; 2 1

32

?LH II (presumablyLH IIA)

27

46

Beta 10 S of es, Level 2b

33

LH IIIC Early, contaminatedwith backfillofBeta 3, 1959

30

37, 39, 42, 55, 66

SE and CentralSectors, Level 1 (exposes ep, ey)

34

backfillofBeta 3, 1959

30

37,5!, 57

SE SectorLevel 1, betweenea and eb

35

LHIIA

26

38,46

Beta 10 Ν ofed butS of en, Level 2

36

LH III (?LH IIIC Early) latest

30

43

removalofeb (except NWend)

37

backfillofBeta 3, 1959

33

55,64, 67,80

SE Sector

38

MH III-LH IIA with?LH III and Medieval

18, 26, 31, 35

47

Beta 10 betweened and en, Level 3

39

LHIIIAi

33,34, 45

52,63, 69>74> 82

removalofslabs eq (Floor 1)

40

LH IIIC Early (?Transitional)

29

48, 56, 57

SW SectorLevel 1 S (lightbrownfloor)

41

LH III (presumablyLH IIIA2?)

1974 # 10; 29

48, 56, 57,75

SW SectorLevel 1 central

42

LH IIB

33

45,49

SE and CentralSectors, Level 1 (overplaster Floor insideep and ex)

43

MH (?-LH IIA) latest

36

51

foundationtrenchofeb

44

LH II-?IIIA 1 latest

24

104

removalofeb (NWend)

45

LH I-II withLH IIIC with Early(contaminated backfillofBeta 3, 1959)

25

51

SW and S Central Sectors,Level 1

46

?LH I-IIA

26,27

50,59, 83, 84

alleyS ofes (exposed StepsI and II)

47

LH IIA

38

50, 88

Beta 10 betweened and en, Level 3

1427

7337

1351, 3284

1327

3239

CD-215 Location of kept sherds

REPERTORY OF STRATIGRAPHIC

CONTEXTS

#

Date

Under #

Over #

Description

Inventoried finds

48

LH III A 2-LH IIIC Early(Transitional?)

40, 4 1

57, 73

SW SectorLevel 2 (cf. # 56) (pitin lightbrown floor),join with1974 #24

3380

49

LH IIB withsome Medieval

42

66, 110

SE Sector,Level 2 (plasterFloor insideep and ex, over ey)

3268, 3281, 3296

50

LH II-?IIIAi

22, 38, 46, 47

88

Beta 10 betweened and en, Level 3 (exposed et)

51

LH II-IIIAi contaminatedwith backfillofBeta 3, 1959

25, 33, 34, 43, 45

39 (sic), 46 (sic), 53, 54, 61,76

S and CentralSector, Level 3 (exposed em)

52

LHIIIAi

X959 # 19; 39

74

cleaningabove slabs eq (Floor 1)

53

MH III/LH I

25, 5 1

54

LH III perhapswithsome 5 1 Medieval

CentralSectorΕ of eo Level 1 69, 82, 91,96,

CentralSectorLevel 3 (exposed slabs eu)

102

3239

backfillofBeta 3, 1959

33

64,66, 78

SE Sector

56

LH III A 2-LH IIIC Early(Transitional?)

40, 41

57, 73

SW SectorLevel 2, pitin lightbrownfloor(cf. #48)

57

LH IIIAi

34, 40, 41, 48, 56

58, 59

SW SectorLevel 2 (over Floor 1) (exposed stones ev)

58

LHIIIAi

57

65

SW Sectorinsideev Level 3 (overFloor 1)

59

LH IIIAi

1974 #21; 46, 57

63, 68, 75

SW Sectoroutsideev Level 3 (Floor 1) (exposed ew)

3306, 3313, 7064

60

MH III/LH I withLH III A

30,53

66

SE SectorLevel 1 (exposed ex)

6015,6089

61

MH III/LH I

1974 #16; 51

76

SW Sector,'burial4, 1977'

62

LH II

wall ed

removaloftop ofSWend ofed

63

LH IIIAi

59

68

SW Sectorw of ev Level 3 (Floor 1)

64

backfillofBeta 3, 1959

1959 #39; 37.55

65

LHIIIAi

58

82

SW Sectorinsideev Level 3 (Floor 1)

Location of kept sherds

3239

55

SE SectorLevel 2

CD-216

7338

Box 5

7041, 71 14, 7240, 7339

Box 5

REPERTORY OF STRATIGRAPHIC

CONTEXTS

CD-217

#

Date

Under #

Over #

Description

66

LH IIB

33, 42, 49, 60

70

SE Sector,Level 3 (plasterfloor)(exposed ey)

67

LH ΠΙΑ 2 Early(Burial 26)

1959 #24

unexcavated

SE Sector,pitin SE (Burial26)

333^~3339

Box 5

68

LHIIIAi

59

72

SW SectorΕ of ev Level 4 (Floor 1)

7033

Box 5

69

LHIIIAi

23,39, 54

82

SW SectorFloor 1

3315

Box 5

70

LHIIA

66,78 (sic)

71

SE Sector,Level 4 under plasterfloor(exposed ez)

71

MH III latest(reallyLH IIA?)

70

81

SE Sector,down to ash, Level 5

6063

72

LH ΠΙΑ ι withLH I-II

68

82

SW Sectoroutsideev Level 5 (underFloor 1)

7054

73

LHIIIA2

?i974 * 5; 34» 36, 48, 56,57

82

SW Sector,removalof ev

74

LHIIA-IIIAi

52

82

SW Sector,removalof slabs eq (Floor 1)

75

LHII-?IIIAi

41,59

94

SW Sector,removalof ew (bench)

Box 6

76

LH I latest(overLH IIA)

51,52

82

SW Sector,removalof stonesoppositeeu (Floor 1)

Box 6

77

numbernotused

78

LH IIB

55

70 (sic)

SE Sector,Level 3 (plasterFloor)

79

backfillofBeta 3, 1959

37

81

SE Sector,Level 4

80

backfillofBeta 3, 1959

37

71 (sic)

SE Sector,Level 4

81

LH IIA withMH I Late

71

97

SE Sector,ash,Level 5

82

LH IIA witha little Medieval

54,65, 69, 72,

86,89, 90

SW Sector,Level 6 (Floor 1)

latest

Inventoried finds

Location of kept sherds Box 5

Box 5 Box 5

7273

numbernotused

73> 74> 76

83

LH ILA

46

129

removalof Step I

84

LH ILA

46

128, 129

removalofStep II

85

MHIII-LHIwith Medieval

1974 #38; 31

87

Beta 10 Ν ofen

86

LHII

82

93

SW Sector,'Cist 4' (pitin SWcornerin slab floor)

3295

Box 6 Box 6

Box 6 3240,7004, 7042, 7086,

Box 6

7*79> 7333

Box 6

6029

Box 6 Box 6

REPERTORY OF STRATIGRAPHIC

CONTEXTS

#

Date

Under #

Over #

Description

87

MH III Late

85

103

Beta 1ο Ν ofen (over MH II floor)

88

MH III Early

38,47, 50

92

Beta 10, road between en and et

89

LH ΠΑ withMH III

76,82

93,94

SW Sector,Level 6 (over 6016,6142, Burial 28), = # 90 73 16

90

LHIwithLHIIIAi

74,76, 82

93,94

SW Sector,Level 6 (over Burial 29), = #89

91

MH II- III withLH I

1974 # 123, 133 39; 1977 #54

CentralSectorbetween em and ej (Burial27)

92

MH II- III Earlywithone LH III sherd

88

unexcavated

Beta 10 upperroadway betweenen and et

93

MH III Late to LH IIA withone LH IIIAi sherd

89, 90

98, 99, 112, 122

SW SectorLevel 6, W half(below level ofbase ofed)

94

MH III Late withone LH I sherd

75, 89, 90

96, 100, 109

SW SectorLevel 6 , Ε half

95

mixed,down to LH IIIC Early

-

-

S baulk cleaning

96

MH III Late withsome LH IIA

94

101

SW Sector,S ofem to S baulk,Level 7 (exposed Wend offb)

97

LH IIA

81

117

SE Sector,Level 5 (forge)

98

MH III Late to LH IIA

93

106

SW SectorNWpart, Level 7 (slab floor, hearth)

99

LH IIA with?LH ΠΙΑ ι

1974 #42,93

115,121

SW Sector,SWcorner, Level 7

100

?LH I or MH III/LH I or MH III

94

unexcavated

SW Sector,SE corner, Level 8, S offb

1ο ι

probablyMH III Late, withLH IIA (now lost)

96

106, 130

SW Sector,S ofem to S baulk,Level 7 (exposed Ε endoffb)

102

?MH III latest

54

107

cleaningem

3289

103

MH II

87

unexcavated

Beta 10, Floor Ν of en

1343, 1345, 1346

104

MH II-LH II

44,102

unexcavated

clearingW of em

7293a

105

mixedMH-LH I

113

Beta 9, cleaningex

106

MH III Early,perhaps witha littleLH I

115,130

SW Sector,NWpartand betweenem and fb, Level 7

98,101

Inventoried finds

CD-218 Location of kept sherds Box 6

6147

6112

6027

6141

REPERTORY OF STRATIGRAPHIC

CONTEXTS

#

Date

Under #

Over #

Description

Inventoried finds

107

LH IIB-IIIAi (Burial28)

102,104

132

SW Sector,againstem (Burial28)

3289-3291, 7164-7165, 7200-7210, 7218

108

LH II

1974 # 41; 105

113

Beta 9 Ν ofex (Burial29)

109

?MH III (presumablyMH I-II withMH III)

94

111

SW Sector(Burial30)

I 1ο

LH I

49

unexcavated

SE Sector,cleaningey by S baulk

I 11

MH (presumablyMH III withMH III)

109

112

SW Sector,fillofBurial 32, underBurial30

112

MH III withMH I in 1334, butreallyLH I-II A

93, 111

119

SW Sector,cistagainst fd,= Burial 32

113

MH III/LH I (Burial29)

105, 108 unexcavated

114

?MH I-II latest

115

MH III Earlyto LH I

116

CD-219 Location of kept sherds

1334

Beta 9 Ν ofex (Burial29)

116

cleaningej

98, 99, 106

121, unexcavated

SW Sectordown to floor, 6034 Level 7

MH II(?)

114

unexcavated

Beta 9 betweenej and ef (Burial31) (exposed fc)

117

MH I Late

97

120

SE Sector(destruction level)

118

MH-LH III mixed

-

-

cleaningW baulk

119

LH I-IIA

112

unexcavated

SW Sector(Burial32)

120

MH I Late

117

127

SE Sector(destruction 1337,6144 level,exposed eastend of fa)

121

MH II latest(?)

99,115

unexcavated

SW Sector(removalof slab floorW of cistof Burial32)

122

no sherds,or sherdslost

93

126

SW Sector(wallsof Burial 32)

123

no sherds,or sherdslost

91

133

CentralSectorbetween em and ej (Burial33)

124

no sherds,or sherdslost

?83

?129

cornerof ed baulk and Step 1 (Burial34)

125

LH ILA latest

?*974 # 33

unexcavated

removalofflion Ν side ofef

126

MH III Earlyis latest

122

unexcavated

SW Sector(wallsof Burial 32)

6077

Box 6

REPERTORY OF STRATIGRAPHIC

CONTEXTS

CD-220

#

Date

Under #

Over #

Description

Inventoried finds

Location of kept sherds

127

MH I Late

120

unexcavated

SE Sector,clearing stones(destruction level) (exposed westend offa)

!342

Box 6

128

MHIII/LHI

84

129

Steps,cleaning

Boxes 6, 7

129

MH III/LH I withLH IIA

83, 84, 128

unexcavated

roadwayunderSteps (exposed fe)

Box 7

130

MH III Early

101,132 (sic)

134

SW Sector,betweenem and fb

Boxes 6, 7

13 1

MH III Early

unexcavated

Beta 9, ash Ε of eo (?hearth)

132

MH III Early

107

130 (sic)

SW Sector,betweenem and fb (underBurial28)

Boxes 6, 7

133

MH II (?) withone Medieval sherd

91, 123

unexcavated

CentralSector,between em and ej (underBurial 33)

Boxes 6, 7

134

MH III Early

130

unexcavated

SW Sector,betweenem and fb

X379

6035

Boxes 6, 7

7. TRENCH BETA 1, 1959 (Chapters ι §5, 3 §5) Anykeptsherdsarein Box 1 #

Date

Under # Over #

Description

1

Medieval/mixed, includingLH IIIB (really LH IIIC Early)

-

2

Level 1, surface (exposesga)

2

Medieval/mixed, includingLH IIIB (really LH IIIC Early)

1

3, 4, 5

Level 1, surface (exposesga)

3

Medieval/mixed, includingLH IIIB (really LH IIIC Early)

2

4

Levels 1 & 2

3694

4

LH IIIB (reallyLH IIIC Early)withLH I- II wash

2

7

Level 2, W ofgaandlq (n) (= Room 3)

7252-7253,10 313

5

LH IIIB (reallyLH IIIC Early)withLH I-II wash

2

6

Level 3, Ε ofgaandlq (n) (= Room 4)

6

LH I-II wash,presumably 5 mixedwithLH IIIC Early

8

Level 3, Room 4, Floor 5

7

LH I-II wash,presumably 4 mixedwithLH IIIC Early

10

Level 4, Room 3

8

LH IIIA-B (reallyLH IIIC Early)withLH I-II wash

9

Level 5, Room 4, Floor 5

6

Inventoried finds

7°7!

Location of kept sherds

REPERTORY OF STRATIGRAPHIC

CONTEXTS

#

Date

Under # Over #

Description

Inventoried finds

9

LH IIIB (reallyLH IIIC Early)withLH I- II wash

8

1963 #110

Level 5, Room 4, Floor 5

7250-7251

10

LH IIIB (reallyLH IIIC Early)withLH I-II wash

7

11

Level 4, Room 3

11

LH I-II

10

12,13

Level 6, Room 3 (exposed gc)

12

?LH I-II

11

unexcavated

Level 7, Ν ofga, over gc and to theΕ

13

LH I-II

11

14

Level 8, Room 3 (exposed gd)

14

LH I-II

13

15

Level 9, Room 3

15

LH I-II

14

16

Level 9, Room 3

16

LH I-II

15

17

Level 9, Room 3 (exposed ge)

17

LHI

16

18

Level 10, w ofge

18

MHIII/LHI

17

19

Level 11, w ofge

19

MH

18

20

Level 12, w ofge

20

MH withsome EH

19

21

Level 13, W ofge

21

MH

20

22

Level 14, w ofge

22

MH

21

unexcavated

Level 14, W ofge

CD-221 Location of kept sherds

7030

8, TRENCH LAMBDA 1, 1973 (Chaptersι §5, 2 §5) #

Date

Under # Over #

Description

1

Medieval/mixed

-

3

surface,Ν part,Level 1

Boxes 15,17

2

LH IIIC Early/mixed

-

3

removalofterracewall

Boxes 15,17

3

LH IIIA2 fillwithLH IIIC Earlyand Medieval

1

4, 24

surface,Ν part,Level 1

Box 15

4

LH IIIA2 fill

3

6, 7, 8

Ν part,Level 2

Boxes 15, 17

5

MH II-LH IIIC Early

-

9

surface,S part,Level 1 (exposeslc, Id)

1597)6154,7308, 732 1a

Boxes 15, 17

6

LH IIIA2 fill,mostlyLH I-II

4

13

Ν part,tumble,Level 2

7309

Boxes 15, 17

7

LH IIIA2 fill,mostlyLH I-II

4

1o, 12, 16

Ν partS oflb (= Area B)

73 1ο

Boxes 15,17

Inventoried finds

Location of kept sherds

REPERTORY OF STRATIGRAPHIC

CONTEXTS

CD-222

#

Date

Under # Over #

8

LH IIIA2 fill

4

13

Ν part,Level 2 (= Area A)

Boxes 15, 17

9

LH I-IIA withLH IIIA2 fromBurial 7

5

11

Area C, cleaningwalls

Boxes 15,17

10

LH ΠΙΑ 2 fill

7

12,14

Area Β sectionalcutS of lb

Boxes 15, 17

11

MHIII/LHI

9

16

Area C, S ofId

12

LH I-IIA

10

14,22

Area Β Room W oflc (joinwith#13)

13

LHIIIAi

6,7,8

19

Area A, Level 2, Floor 3 1597, 3497, 3558, (= 1974 # 69) (join with 7120, 73 11

Description

Inventoried finds

1693,3511

# 12)

Area Β (= 1974 # 69, 73), exposes Floor 1

14

LH II-IIIAi

7, 10

15

LHII-IIIAi

10,14

16

MHIII/LHI

11

29

Area C, S ofId

17

LH I-IIA (Floor 2)

7

20

Area Β Room Ε ofle, Floor 2

18

MHIItoLHI

-

-

Area C cleaning

19

LH ΠΙΑ 1 (Floor3)

13

21

Area A, Floor 3 (= 1974 # 69, 73)

20

MH III/LH I, witha little 17 LH III A2 fromBurial 7

26

Area Β Room Ε oflc, removeFloor 2 with burntdebris(= 1974 #66)

21

LHIIIAi

19

25

Area A, Floor 3, Level 3 (=1974*69,73)

3497,7025

22

MH III EarlywithLH IIAini693

12

28

Area Β Room W oflc (Burial 1)

1498,1509,1693, 7322

23

LH II- III A 1

Area A/B baulk cutting (Floor 1)

1597

24

LH III A 1 latest

3

25

LH I-IIA, ?withLH ΠΙΑ

21

32

Area A, Level 3

7287

26

MH III Late withLH IIIA2 fromBurial 1

20

30,31

Area Β Room 1 Ε oflc (Burial 1)

3573-3574,6045, 7310a, 7319, 7326

27

LH IIA-IIIA2

12

30, 32

Area A/B reservedbaulk 7314 Ν ofle

15

Area B, upperfloor depositwithhardclay (Floor 1) (exposesle)

1597,7286

Area A/B removaloflb

Location of kept sherds

REPERTORY OF STRATIGRAPHIC #

Date

Under # Over #

28

MH III Early

22

29

MH III Late withearlier MH (reallyMH III/LH I to LH I Early)

30

CONTEXTS

Description

Inventoried finds

unexcavated

Area Β Room W oflc

β 133

16

34

Area C tumbleS ofId (join with* 3 0

MH III withLH IIIA2 (Burial 1)

26

unexcavated

Area Β Room 1 Ε oflc (Burial 1)

3573~3574

31

MH III EarlywithMH III Late fromBurial 2

26, 27

unexcavated

Area Β Room 1 Ε oflc (Burial2) (join with# 29)

1482, 6052, 6061

32

LH I-IIA

25,27

unexcavated

Area Α/Β Ν ofle

*595

33

MH III Late to LH I, but latestis LH ΠΙΑ ι and Medieval (intrusive!)

5

unexcavated

Area Β removaloflc & baulkbeneath(Burial3)

6061

34

MH III/LH I to LH I Early

29

unexcavated

Area C S ofId

6108

35

=#34

CD-223 Location of kept sherds

9, TRENCH BETA 12 AND BETA 1/12BAULK, 1963 (Chaptersι §5, 2 §5, 3 §§5) #

Date

Under # Over #

Description

Inventoried finds Location of kept sherds

57

mixed,includingLH IIIB (reallyLH IIIC Early)

-

58,62,65

Beta 12Α-B, Level 1, surface

3597a, HS 111

58

mixed,including Medieval and LH IIIB (reallyLH IIIC Early)

57

67,71

Beta 12B, sectoralpha = Ν part,Level 3

60

mixed,including Medieval and LH IIIB (reallyLH IIIC Early)

-

62,64,72

Beta 12Α-B, Level 1, surface

62

mixed,including Medieval tileand LH IIIB (reallyLH IIIC Early)

57, 60

63, 71, 76, Beta 12A, Level 1 79

63

mixed,includingLH IIIB (reallyLH IIIC Early)

62

64,66,68

Beta 12A, sectorsbeta 7070 and gamma,Level 2 (stonesin terrace-wall); join with# 127

64

LH I-LH IIIA2

63

66

Beta 12B, sector gamma,BurialBeta 19

7076,118249

HS 306, HS 326

Box 3

REPERTORY OF STRATIGRAPHIC CONTEXTS

CD-224

#

Date

Under# Over #

Description

65

LH I-LH IIIA2

57

?67

Beta12 A, sectoralpha, HS 3 11 Level4

66

LH I-LH IIIA2

63, 64

68, 69

Beta12B,sector 3680,HS 247gamma,Level5, soilin 248 pithos(overBurialBeta 19)

67

LH IIIB (really LH IIIC 58, 60 Early)

70

Beta12B,sectoralpha, Level3

68

LH IIIB 63, 66 LH, ?including LH IIIC Early) (really

77?

Beta12B,sector gamma,Level5

69

MH-LH, ?with Medieval contamination

66

77?

Beta12B, sector gamma,Level5, removing pithos

70

LH mixed,including IIIB (really LH IIIC Early)

67

73

Beta12B, sectoralpha, 7100 Level6

71

LH mixed,including IIIB (really LH IIIC Early)

62

82

Beta12B, sectorbeta, Level6, tumbleofhq, overFloors5 & 6

72

LH mixed,including IIIB (really LH IIIC Early)

58

73

Beta12B, sectorbeta, Level3

73

LH mixed,including IIIB (really LH IIIC Early)

70,72

84?

Beta12B, sectoralpha, Level7 (?exposedga)

74

LH mixed,including IIIB (really LH IIIC Early)

70,72

84?

Beta12B, sectoralpha, 7052 Level8 (stonesinSE,= Floor4, 1974)

75

LH mixed,including IIIB (really LH IIIC Early)

-

77

Beta12B,sectors beta & gamma,Level 1 (surface)

76

LH mixed,including IIIB (really LH IIIC Early)andMedieval

62

79, 80

Beta12A, sectors beta andgamma,Level 1 (surface)

77

LH mixed,including IIIB (really LH IIIC Early)

697,75

78

Beta12B, sector gamma,Level9

Box 3

78

LH IIIB (really LH IIIC 77 Early)withearlier material

85

Beta12B,sector gamma,Level 10

Box 3

79

LH I lost,butincluded

81

?Beta12A, sectorbeta, 1614 Level 1 (surface), over Floors7 & 8 andhr (joinsin 1614with Lambda/Beta 1974,# 3i>4o)

-

Inventoriedfinds Locationof keptsherds

Box 3

7020,7107,7233

REPERTORY OF STRATIGRAPHIC CONTEXTS #

Date

Under# Over #

80

LH mixed,including IIIB (really LH IIIC Early)

76

86

Beta12B,sector gamma,Level9

81

LH (?LH II latest)

79

82

Beta12A, sectorbeta, Level 11 (burnedarea)

82

LH III 7 1?,8 1? mixed,including

85

Beta12A, sectorbeta orgamma,Level5

83

LH mixed,including IIIB (really LH IIIC Early)

-

84?,90?

Beta12A, sectoralpha, Level 1 (surface)

84

LH mixed,including IIIB (really LH IIIC Early)

83

87?

Beta12A, sectoralpha, Level 12 (= Level4), overslabshs and Floors9 & 10 (= Floor 4> 1974)

85

MH undiagnostic

82

unexBeta12 A, sectorbeta cavated? orgamma,Level 13

86

LH mixed,including IIIB (really LH IIIC Early),withMedieval contamination

80

unexcavated

Beta12 A, sector gammaN,Level9 (pebbledroadorFloor 11)

87

LH mixed,including IIIB (really LH IIIC Early)

84?

90

Beta12 A, sectoralpha, HS 106 Level 14 (withpithos) (= Floor4, 1974)

88

LH mixed,including IIIB (really LH IIIC Early)

84, 87

89, 90

Beta12 A, sectoralpha, 3704 Level 15 (?erosion-pit belowlevelofhtin Floor4, 1974)

89

LH IIIC Early,with earliermaterial, LH IIB including

86, 88

90?

Beta12 A, sectoralpha, 3674,3704 Level 16 (underFloor 4, 1974,exposedht)

90

ΜΗ undiagnostic (really 87, 88 LH I)

unexcavated

Beta12 A, sectoralpha, Level 11 (byhr)(join withLambda1/Beta12 1974,#40)

93

mixed,including MedievalandLH IIIB LH IIIC Early) (really

-

95

Beta12A & Β,Νbaulk, 8085 Level 1 (surface)

95

mixed,including MedievalandLH IIIB LH IIIC Early) (really

93

97, 98

Beta12A & Β,Νbaulk, HS 304 Level4 = Level3 (Medievaloccupation)

97

LH mixed,including IIIB (really LH IIIC Early)

95

99

Beta12A & Β,Νbaulk, Level3a (joinwith Lambda/Beta 1974,# 45, = Floor5)

98

mixed,including MedievalandLH IIIB LH IIIC Early) (really

95

108, 109

Beta12A, Nbaulk, Level 12 (Medieval Floor12)

Description

CD-225

Inventoriedfinds Locationof keptsherds

Box 3

REPERTORY OF STRATIGRAPHIC CONTEXTS #

Date

Under# Over #

Description

99

mixed,includingLH IIIB (reallyLH IIIC Early)

97

104

Beta 12Β, Ν baulk, Level 3a

104

mixed,includingLH IIIB (reallyLH IIIC Early)

99

110

Beta 12Β, Ν baulk, Level 4

108

LH IIIB (reallyLH IIIC Early)

98

109,132

Beta 12A, N baulk, Level 12 (Floor 12, hearth)

109

LH IIIB (reallyLH IIIC Early)

108

124

Beta 12A, N baulk, Level 12 (Floor 12, exposed hu)

110

LH IIIC EarlywithLH I- II wash

104; !959 * 9

115, 116, ll7

Beta 12B, Ν baulk,and Beta 1, Level 7 (byga, = Room 4, Floor 5, 1974)

114

LH IIIB (reallyLH IIIC Early)

109

125?

Beta 12A, Ν baulk, tumbleagainsthu on Floor 9 (= Floor 4, 1974)

115

LH IIIB (reallyLH IIIC Early)

110

117

Beta 1/Beta 12B baulk, Level 7 (= Floor 5, 1974)

116

?LH III latest(reallyLH IIIC Early?)

110

122?

Beta 1/Beta 12B baulk, Level 7 (= Floor 5, 1974)

117

LH IIIB (reallyLH IIIC Early)

110

119

Beta 1/Beta 12B baulk, Level 7 (= Floor 5, 1974)

119

LH IIIC Early(datedby 117 7089) figurine

121,122

Beta 1/Beta 12B baulk, 7089 Level 7, removalof slabs (= Floor 5, 1974)

121

LH IIIB (reallyLH IIIC Early)

119

142, 143

Beta 1/Beta 12B baulk, Level 8 (exposed hw, hy)

122

LH IIIB (reallyLH IIIC Early)

119

124

?LH III (reallyLH IIIC Early?)

125

mixed,includingLH IIIB (reallyLH IIIC Early)

126

LH IIIB latest(?really LH IIIA2, but'flaring Deep Bowl rim'could

be LH IIIC Early)

Beta 1/Beta 12B baulk, Level 18 by stones 125

Beta 12A Ν baulk, Level 19, Ν ofhu, over Floor 13

124

133

Beta 12A N baulk, Level 20, Floor 14

109

127, 133

Beta 12A N baulk, removalofhu tojust below Floor 9

CD-226

Inventoriedfinds Locationof keptsherds

3667, 3707, 7062, HS 122, HS 315

REPERTORY OF STRATIGRAPHIC

CONTEXTS

#

Date

Under # Over #

Description

127

LH IIIB (reallyLH IIIC Early)withearlierwash

126

141

Beta 12 A, Level 2 1 S 3596 ofhs (exposed Floor 10 and hx; join with# 63)

133

LH I-LH IIIAi wash

125, 126

137

Beta 12 A, Level 21 Ν (underhu, overFloor 18)

134

?LH I-II latest(really LH IIIAi or later (1974, #64))

135

Beta i/Beta 12B baulk, removalofga

135

LH IIIB (PreallyLH IIIC Early)

134

138

Beta i/Beta 12B baulk, Level 17, underga and over Floor 19

136

LH III

135

135 (sic)

Beta i/Beta 12B baulk, Level 22 Ε of Level 17 toga

137

LH I-II witha littleLH III

133

147

Beta 12 A, Level 23, removalofFloor 18; exposed ge and Floor

CD-227

Inventoried finds Location of kept sherds

Box 3

20

138

LHIIB

135

139

Beta 1/Beta 12B baulk, 3672 Level 24, removalof Floor 19, underga

139

LHII

138

142

Beta 1/Beta 12B baulk, Level 25

140

LH IIIB (?reallyLH IIIC Early)

137

141

Beta 1/Beta 12Β baulk, HS 302 removalofS wall of 'well' (reallya pitin Floor 5, 1974?)

141

LH I-II withLH III

127, 140 unexcavated

142

LH I-IIA withLH IIIB (reallyLH IIIC Early) contamination

139

143

Beta 12B, Level 27, Ε of Veil'

143

LH I-IIA

74,121, 142

146

Beta 12B, Level 28, removalofFloor 15, exposed hy

144

?LH I-II

65,137

unexcavated

Beta 12A, Level 26, BurialBeta 20

145

LH IIIB (reallyLH IIIC Early)

137

144

Beta 12A, removalof hs (= slabs ofFloor 4, 1974) over Burial Beta 20

Beta 12A, Level 26, removalofFloor 10 S (= Floor 4, 1974); exposed hx, Burial Beta 20, Floor 21

HS 324

REPERTORY OF STRATIGRAPHIC

CONTEXTS

#

Date

Under # Over #

Description

146

MH III/LH I withLH I-IIA

143

150

Beta 12B, Level 31, 2288,HS32,HS removalofhearth, 100 ? exposed Floor 22 (?join with1974, # 43 in 2288)

147

?LH I- II or ?MH III Late

137

149

Beta 12 A, Level 29 (removalofFloor 20, exposed Floor 23)

149

LH I- II (reallyMH III/LH I?)

147

152

Beta 12 A, Level 30 (removalofFloor 23 betweenhx and ge, exposed Floor 25)

150

MH III/LH I

146

unexcavated

Beta 12B, Level 31, removalofFloor 22 (exposed Floor 24)

2288, HS 32, HS 100?

152

MH (reallyMH III?)

149

153

Beta 12 A, Level 32 (removalofFloor 25, overBurialBeta 2 1)

HS 94, HS 330

153

MH (reallyMH II?)

152

unexcavated

Beta 12 A, Level 33 (exposed Floor 27)

CD-228

Inventoried finds Location of kept sherds Box 3

Box 3

10. LAMBDA I/BETA 12 BAULK AND BETA 12 A/B BAULK, 1974 (Chaptersι §5, 2 §5, 3 §5) #

Date

Under # Over #

Description

1

mixedbackfill

-

-

Lambda 1 cleaning

17

LH I-II withLH III (includingLH IIIC Early)and Medieval

-

20

Beta 12/Lambda 1 baulk,surface

20

LHIIIAi fillwitha little 17 Medieval

23, 57, 63

Beta 12/Lambda 1 baulkN,= Area A (exposed la)

Box 15

23

LHIIIAi

20

30, 35

Beta 12/Lambda 1 baulkΝ

Box 15

30

LH IIA (Floor3)

23

32

Beta 12/Lambda 1 baulkN,= Area A, E of la (exposed lp)

7244

Box 16

31

LHIIIA1-2 withLHI wash

-

36,37, 38, 43

Beta 12A/B baulk

1614

Box 16

32

LH IIA (Floor3)

30

34

Beta 12/Lambda 1 baulkN,= Area A, E of la

6101

Box 16

34

LH IIA

32

69

Beta 12/Lambda 1 baulkN,= Area A underFloor 3, Ε ofla

fill

Inventoried finds Location of kept sherds

8071

Box 16

REPERTORY OF STRATIGRAPHIC

CONTEXTS

#

Date

Under # Over #

Description

35

LH IIA

23

69

Beta 12/Lambda 1 baulkN,= Area A, S of lb

36

LH IIIA2 withLH I wash

31

41

Beta 12A/B baulk,W of lq, tumbleofhu

37

LH I-IIA withLH ΠΙΑ 1 fromBurial7 below

4^,57

Beta 12/Lambda 1 baulkN,= Area Β W of lm (mixedwith# 40!)

38

LH I-IIA butLH IIIA2 is latest

31

39

Beta 12/Lambda 1 baulkN,= Area Β Ε, tumbleofhu

39

LH IIIC EarlywithLH I- II wash

38

50

Beta 12/Lambda 1 baulkN,= Area Β Ε Floor 4 (= Beta 1963 Level 21, Floor 10)

7047,7121

40

LH I/IIA (wash?)

-

unexcavated

Beta 12/Lambda 1 baulkS, = Area C (= Beta 1963 # 79, 81, 90), overhr, ht (2614, 2649)

1614,7263

41

LH IIIC EarlywithLH I wash

36

51

Beta 12A/B baulk,W of 1774, 3562 lq, Floor 4 (= Beta 1963 Level 21, Floor 10)

42

LH (presumablyLH IΠΙΑ)

37

37 (sic)

Beta 12/Lambda 1 baulkN,= Area Β W (Burial5)

43

LH ΠΙΑ 1-2 mixedwith 31 LH I wash

45

Beta 12A/B baulk,Ε of lq (?joinwithBeta 12Β 1963,* 146, 150 in 2288) (= Floor 22 of i963)

44

LH II withLH ΠΙΑ ι

-

unexcavated

Beta 11/12baulk surface(overhm)

45

LH IIIC EarlywithLH I wash

43

52

Beta 12A/B baulk,Ε of lq, Room 4, Floor 5 (= Beta 1963 # 97)

3593, 7016-7017

50

LH IIIC EarlywithLH I wash

39

unexcavated

Beta 12/Lambda 1 baulkN,= Area BE Floor 4, W (= Beta 1963 Level 21, Floor 10)

7245,7264-7265, 7276

51

LH IIIC EarlywithLH I wash

41

71

Beta 12A/B baulk,W of 1774, 3562, 3596, lq, Floor 4 (= Beta 1963 6059, 6104, 7051, Level 21, Floor 10) 7267-7268

52

LH IIIC EarlywithLH I wash

45

71

Beta 12A/B baulk,Ε of lq, Room 4, Floor 5

55

LH

-

-

Beta 12/Lambda 1 baulk,cleaninglq

CD-229

Inventoried finds Location of kept sherds Box 16

357°

2288

3593, 3597, 7053, 7123, 7235, 7246, 7269-7271

REPERTORY OF STRATIGRAPHIC CONTEXTS #

Date

56

LH IIIAi

57

?LH IIIAi orLH IIIA2

58

?LH IIIAi

Under# Over #

20,37

Description

69

Beta12/Lambda1 baulk,removaloflo

66

Beta12/Lambda1 baulk,removaloflm

66

Beta12/Lambda1 baulk,removalofhu

CD-230

Inventoriedfinds Locationof keptsherds

(W)

59

LH IIA with?LH IIIAi

69

Beta12/Lambda1 baulk,removaloflb

60

LH IIIAi

71

Beta12/Lambda1 baulk,removalofhu (e)

61

?LH ΠΙΑ ι orLH IIIA2 withLH IIIC Early

71

Beta12A/Bbaulk, removaloflq (s)

3593

62

LH IIA or ?LH IIIAi

72

Beta12A/BbaulkN, removalofhq

1792,3538

63

LH IIA,or ?LH IIIAi

69

Beta12/Lambda1 baulkN,removalofla

64

LH IIIAi latest

71

Beta12A/Bbaulk, removalofga

66

LH ΠΑ-B,slightly 37, 57 contaminated withLH IIIAi fromBurials7 and 10

70

Beta12/Lambda1 3560 baulkN,= AreaΒ between le, Id (Burial 7) (joinswith1973#5, 9, 20, 21,26, 33),over ?wallIt

67

LH IIA, or ?LH ΠΙΑ ι

71

Beta12A/Bbaulk, removaloflq (n)

68

?LH ΠΙΑ ι

71

Beta12A/Bbaulk, removalofgc

Boxes16, 17

69

LH IIA

73

Beta12/Lamb da 1 baulkN,= AreaA (= 1973# 12, 14,21), underFloor3

Boxes16, 17

70

LH IIIAi (Burial2),but 66 with3575 (LH IIIA2) from Burial2

66

Beta12/Lambda1 baulkN,= AreaΒ between le, Id (Burial2)

3575

Boxes16, 17

71

LH I-ILA

51,64, 67, 68

74

Beta12A/Bbaulk, underwallsga, gc,lq, overgd

7018

Boxes16, 17

72

LH LH IIA witha little IIIAi or ?LH IIIA2

62

unexcavated

Beta12B,underhq, S ofhw

1791

Boxes16, 17

73

LH IIA

69

unexcavated

Beta12/Lambda1 baulkN,= AreaA (= 1973# 14,21) (exposes Burial13)

34,63

Boxes16, 17

REPERTORY OF STRATIGRAPHIC

#

Date

Under # Over #

74

LH I-IIA withsome MH and one LH IIIC Early sherd

71

75

LH I-IIA witha littleLH IIIA2

52

76

?LH I- II

CONTEXTS

CD-231

Description

Inventoried finds Location of kept sherds

unexcavated

Beta 12A/B baulk (exposesgd and hx)

3593 ?>6049

Boxes 16, 17

unexcavated

Beta 12A/B baulk and Beta 12A, S ofhx, overlr

6048

Boxes 16, 17

Cle aninghe

7272

11. TRENCH LAMBDA 2, 1974 (Chaptersι §6, 3 §3) #

Date

Under #

Over #

Description

Inventoried finds

2

Medieval/LH

-

3, 4

surface

1716a, 7237

3

Medieval/LH

2

5, 6

Ν sector,Medieval destruction (= phase 4)

8055

4

LH III A 2-B fillwith Medieval

2

7

S sector,surface

7022

5

Medieval

3

28

Ν sector,tumbleΝ oflg (on Medieval yard = surface& destruction, phases 3, 4)

7336

6

LH IIIA2-B fill

3

8,9

Ν sector,tumbleS oflg

7

LH IIIA2-B fillwith Medieval

4

11

S sector

8

LH IIIA2-B fillwith Medieval

6

12,13

Ν sector,NEoflh

9

LH IIIA2-B fill

6

10

LH IIIA2-B fill

-

-

cleaning

11

LH IIIA2-B fill

7

12, 16, 47

S sector

12

LH IIIA2 (?LH IIIA2-B fill)

11

13

N/Sbaulk,tumbleΕ of and fromlh

13

LH IIA withLH III and Medieval

8,12

14

Ν sector,NEoflh and N/Sbaulk (exposes lj)

14

LH IIA (reallywithLH IIIA2-LH IIIB?)

13

15

Ν sector,NEoflh

15

LH IIA withLH IIIA2

14

16

Ν sector,NEoflh

16

LH IIA withLH IIIA2-B

15

unexcavated

Ν sector,NEoflh

18

LH Ill/mixed

-

19,22

W Extensionsurface

Location of kept sherds

Box 15

Ν sector,S oflh

7329

6058,7028

Box 15

REPERTORY OF STRATIGRAPHIC

CONTEXTS

CD-232

#

Date

Under #

Over #

Description

19

Medieval

18

21,53

W Extension,Ν (on 8015 Medieval yardsurface = phases and destruction, 3>4)

Box 15

21

Medieval

19

24,27

WExtension,Ν cleaning wallslg, Ik (phases 2-4)

Box 15

22

LH IIIA2-B fill

18

25

W Extension,S

Box 15

24

Medieval

21

49

removalofupper course ofbench againstlg (phase 3)

Box 16

25

LH IIIA2

18,22

unexcavated

Wofll

26

LH II accidentally contaminatedwith#27

18

29

tumbleΕ of11

27

Medieval

21

28

Ν oflg, Ik (Medieval phases 3-4)

28

Medieval

5, 27

33

Ν oflg, Ik (on Medieval yardsurface,= phase 3)

29

LH II with?LH III and Medieval

26

unexcavated

Ε of11

33

LH includingLH IIIC 28 Early,withMedieval (froma foundationtrench oflg?)

46

Noflg, Ik

46

LH includingLH IIIC 33 Early,withMedieval (froma foundationtrench oflg?)

54

Noflg, Ik

47

LH IIIA2-B fill

11

unexcavated

S sector

48

Medieval latest

21,24

54

removaloflg ofwall,= (construction phase 2)

49

Medieval latest

24

54

removaloflowercourse ofbench againstlg ofbench,= (construction phase 3)

53

Medieval latest

19,21

54

removalofIk ofwall,= (construction

Inventoried finds

7110,7319a

LH IIIA2-B witha little Medieval

46, 48, 53

65

Ν ofIh, lj (exposed Ih)

65

LH IIIA2-B fill

54

unexcavated

Ν sector

Box 16 Box 16

Box 16

1485a

7119

phase 2) 54

Location of kept sherds

603 1

REPERTORY OF STRATIGRAPHIC

CONTEXTS

CD-233

12. AREA LAMBDA 3/4, 1977 (Chapters ι §7, 2 §6, 3 §4) #

Date

1

Under #

Over #

Description

Inventoried Location of finds kept sherds

-

-

cleaningLambda 2

734°

2

Medieval/mixed

-

3,5

Lambda 3 Ν ofterracewall,Level 1

3

Medieval/mixed

2

4

Lambda 3 Ν ofterracewall,Level 1

4

Medieval/mixed

3

6

Lambda 3 Ν ofterracewall,Level 1

5

mixedbackfill

2

23

Lambda 3 SE sector,S of Level 2 (old terrace-wall, excavationdump)

6

Medieval/mixed

4

7

Lambda 3 Ν ofterracewall,Level 1

7

Medieval (destruction, phase 4)

6

10

Lambda 3 Ν ofterracewall,Level 3

8023-8025

8

-

-

-

cleaningLambda 1, 1974

6036

9

Medieval latest,butpostMedieval

-

13

Lambda 3 removalof terracewall It,Level 4

4073

Box 19

10

Medieval

7

11,12

Lambda 3 Ν ofterrace wall,Level 3 (exposeslu) (Medieval destruction, phase 4)

11

Medieval

10

15

Lambda 3, W oflu (= SW sector),Level 5 (Medieval destruction, phase 4)

4066, 4073, 4077, 80268031, 8072

Box 19

12

Medieval

10

16,19

Lambda 3, Ε oflu (= NE sector),Level 6 (Medieval destruction, phase 4)

7341,8017, 8032-8041, 8060

Box 19

13

Medieval latest,butpostMedieval

9

14

Lambda 3, removalof terracewall It E, Level 4

8007

Box 19

14

Medieval latest,butpostMedieval

13

Lambda 3, removalof terracewall It W,Level 4

4°73

15

Medieval

11

18

Lambda 3, SWsector, Level 5 (Medieval destruction, phase 4)

4073,8044

16

Medieval

12

17

Lambda 3, NEsector,Level 3536,4053, 7 sounding,Floor 1 (= 7241, 7318, fallenplaster)(Medieval 8050 destruction, phase 4)

Boxes 19, 27

17

Medieval

16,19 (sic)

21

Lambda 3, NEsector,Level 4053 7 sounding,'Floor 1' (= fallenplaster)(Medeival yardsurface& destruction, phases 3 & 4)

Box 19

3597^

Box 18

Box 19

REPERTORY OF STRATIGRAPHIC

CONTEXTS

CD-234

#

Date

Under #

Over #

Description

Inventoried Location of finds kept sherds

18

Medieval

15

22

Lambda 3, SWsector, Level 5 (Medieval yard surface& destruction, phases 3 & 4)

4°53> 4°77

19

Medieval

12

17 (sic)

Lambda 3, NE sector,Level 3 tumbleofPierIV (Medieval)

20

Medieval

-

-

Lambda 3, cleaningwalls

21

Medieval

16,17

25> 33

Lambda 3, NE sector,Level 4053,8056 8 Room 1, Floor 2 (Medievalphase 3)

22

Medieval

18

31,56

Lambda 3, SWsector, Level 5, above Floor 3 (Medievalphase 3)

23

Medieval

5

24

Lambda 3 SE sectorLevel 2 (Medieval destruction, phase 4)

24

Medieval/mixed

23

40

Lambda 3 SE sector Level 2

25

Medieval/mixed,including 21 LH III (make-upofFloor 2, phases 1-3, including foundationtrench)

26

Lambda 3, NE sector,Level 7 Room 1, sounding

26

LH ΠΙΑ 2 withMedieval 25 (make-upofFloor 2, phases 1-3, includingfoundation trench)

28,29,30

Lambda 3, NE sector,Level 8005 7 Room 1, sounding

27

mixed

-

-

cleaning

28

wornLH I-IIA, withLH III in 7113 (presumably withMedieval from foundation-trench)

26

33

Lambda 3, NE sector,Level 7113 11 Room 1, sounding (underMedieval Floor, phases 1-3)

29

LH withMedieval

21,26

33

Lambda 3, NE sector,Level 7056 12 Room 1,foundation trenchofPierII (Medieval phase 1)

30

?wornLH I- II withsome LH IIIAi (presumablyLH IIIA2) withMedieval

21

33

Lambda 3, NE sector,Level 12 Room 1, foundationof PierIV (Medievalphase 1)

31

wornLH ILA with Medieval

22

32

Lambda 3, SWsector, Level 13, Floor 3 (join with#42) (make-upof Medieval yardsurface, phase 1)

Box 19

Box 19

8045

1514

7249

REPERTORY OF STRATIGRAPHIC CONTEXTS

CD-235

#

Date

Under Over # #

Description

Inventoried Locationof finds keptsherds

32

wornLH IIA with Medieval

31

Lambda3, SWsector, Level 13, Floor3 (over Burial14) (make-up of Medievalyardsurface, AD 1278) phase1,after

7294-7295, 8084

33

wornLH I/IIAwithLH IIIA2 andsomeMedieval

25, 28, 36 30

Lambda3, NEsector, Level 10 Room 1 (= #65) ofFloor2, (make-up Medievalphase1)

34

LH IIIA2

32

49

Lambda3, SWsector, Level 14,Burial14

35

LH IIA withMedieval

32

56

Lambda3, SWsector, Level 15, foundation trench ofma = lg (Medievalphase1)

36

LH I-IIA withMedieval

33

37

Lambda3, NEsector, Level 7312,7343 11 Room 1 (=# 28) anduse ofFloor (make-up 2,Medievalphases1-3)

37

LH IIA withsomeworn LH IIIC Earlyand Medieval

36

38,41, 42

Lambda3, NEsector, Level 7057,729711 Room 1 (joinswith# 7298,8051 47, 56, 65, 81) (make-up ofFloor2,Medieval phase1)

38

undiagnostic

37

43?

Lambda3, NEsector, Level 16 Room 1 (posthole) Medieval (presumably phase1, 2 or3)

39

mixed

-

-

Lambda3 SEsector cleaning

40

MH-LH IIIC Early,with Medieval

24

44

Lambda3 SEsector Level2

41

LH ΠΙΑ possibly with Medieval

37

42, 43, 47

Lambda3, NEsector, Level 11 Room 1 (make-up of Floor2,Medievalphase1)

42

LH I/IIAwithMedieval

37

43

LH I withwornLH IIIC EarlyandMedieval

41

47

Lambda3, NEsector, Level 18 Room 1 (posthole in Floor2,Medievalphase1, 2 or3)

44

LH I/IIAwithLH IIIC EarlyandMedieval

40

5 1,53

Lambda3 SEsectorLevel 19 (Burial15) (exposed in mb) (Medievalsurface phases1-3)

34, 35, 56

3572,71667*99>72117213,7215

Lambda3, NEsector, Level 7321b 17 Room 1 (foundation trench ofPierIII, Medievalphase1) (join with*31)

1781

REPERTORY OF STRATIGRAPHIC

CONTEXTS

CD-236

#

Date

Under #

Over #

Description

45

mixed

-

-

Lambda 3 cleaningΝ baulk

46

mixed

-

-

Lambda 3 cleaningunder lx

47

LH I-IIA withsome LH ΠΙΑ (?LH IIIA2) and Medieval

37, 41, 43

48

Lambda 3, NE sector,Level 7300 18 Room 1 (exposed me) (make-upofFloor 2, Medieval phase 1)

48

LH I-IIA withMedieval

47

50, 52, unex- Lambda 3, NE sector,Level 4048a, 18 Room 1 (Burial 16) 7302, 7344 cava_ (make-upofFloor 2, Medieval phase 1) ted

49

LH IIA

34

51

Lambda 3 W oflu, NW sectorLevel 14 (Burial 14 cist)

50

wornLH I-IIA withtwo LH ΠΙΑ sherds

48

57

Lambda 3, NE sector,Level 6050, 7282, 20 (cf.# 48, 66, 88) 7304-7305, 7307

51

ΜΗ III Late to LH I Late

44

54, 55

Lambda 3 SE sectorLevel

52

LH (LH I or later,probably 48 LHIIIA2)

53

LH I-IIA withLH ΠΙΑ 2 contamination

54

MH III/LH I (presumably 51 withLH I Early)

106

55

MH III/LH I

51

unexcavated Lambda 3 SE sectorLevel 21 SE ofmb (?Floor)

56

LH IIA withLH IIIA2 (?fromBurial 14)

32

58,59

Lambda 3, SWsector, Level 23

57

MH III/LH I-LH I/IIA fill 50 witha littleMedieval

68,100

Lambda 3, NE sector,Level 1519,7027 20 Room 1 (exposed md)

58

LH I-IIA fill

56

59

LH I-IIA fill

56

60

wornLH latest

44

21

Inventoried Location of finds kept sherds

1501a, 7345

7306

Lambda 3, NE sector,Level 22 (Burial 16) unexcavated Lambda 3 SE sectorLevel 19, tumbleovermb (exposed mb) (?= LH IIIA2 fill) Lambda 3 SE sectorLevel 2 1 NWofmb, over Floor4 (exposed mi)

Lambda 3, SWsector, Level 24 (pit) 61

Lambda 3 SWsectorLevel 23

63

Lambda 3, NE sector, removalofPierIV (lv), Room 1, Level 25 (Medieval,phase 2)

7034

REPERTORY OF STRATIGRAPHIC CONTEXTS

CD-237

#

Date

Under Over # #

61

LH I-IIA fill

59

62

Lambda3 SWsectorLevel

62

LH I-IIA fill

61

64

Lambda3 SWsectorLevel 3495 26

63

LH undiagnostic

60

65

Lambda3, NEsector, underPierIV, Room 1, Level27 (Burial16)

64

MH III/LHI-LH IIA fill witha little Medieval

62

70, 72, 80

Lambda3 SWsectorLevel 28

65

LH (presumably LH I-IIA fill)

63

66

Lambda3, NEsector, underPierIV, Room 1, Level 10= #33

66

MH III/LHI

65

67

Lambda3, NEsector, underPierIV, Room 1, Level 18= #48,50

67

MH missing, presumably III/LHI withLH I Early

66

68

Lambda3, NEsector, underPierIV, Room 1, Level20 = #50,57

68

LH I Early

57, 67

73

Lambda3, NEsector, Level 7248 20 (overFloor8) (exposed me)

69

mixed

-

-

Wbaulk cleaning

70

wornLH I-IIA fill

64

72

Lambda3 SWsectorLevel 28

71

Medieval/mixed

-

74

Lambda4 surface

72

wornLH I-IIA fill

70

80

Lambda3 SWsectorLevel

73

LH I Early

68

84

Lambda3, NEsector, Level 7331

74

LH I-IIA withMedieval contamination

71

77, 78

Lambda4 Level3 (Medievaldestruction, phase4)

75

LH I-IIA

76

Lambda3, NEsector, pit underPierIII, Room 1

76

LH I-IIA

75

77

Medieval

74

78?

Lambda4 Level3 E, tumble(Medieval destruction, phase4)

78

Medieval

74

79

Lambda4 Level7,= # 16, 8043,8057 17 (Floor2,Medieval phase3)

Description

Inventoried Locationof finds keptsherds

8042

3°

3495

Lambda3, NEsector, underPierIII, Room 1

REPERTORY OF STRATIGRAPHIC CONTEXTS

CD-238

#

Date

Under Over # #

79

LH I-IIA withLH IIIA2 andMedieval

78

81

Lambda4 Level7,= # 16, 17,21 (Floor2,Medieval phase3)

Box 25

80

LH I-IIA

72

85, 89

Lambda3 SWsectorLevel 29 (overFloor6)

Box 25

81

LH I-IIA withMedieval

79

82, 87

Lambda4 Level10 (Floor ofFloor2, 2) (make-up Medievalphase1)

Box 25

82

LH I/IIA

81

87?

Lambda4 Level12,under ofPierIV foundation

83

LH I-IIA

64

85

Lambda3 SWsectorLevel 28 (overFloor6)

84

LH I Early,perhapswith LHII

73

90

Level Lambda3, NEsector, 30, SWofmd

85

LH I-IIA

80,83

86

Lambda3 SWsectorLevel 3522 29,Floor6

86

LH I-IIA

80, 85

89

Lambda3 SWsectorLevel ofFloor6) 29 (make-up

87

MH III/LHI-LH I/IIA withLHIIIAi

81

88

Lambda4 Level10

88

MH III/LHI withLH I Early

87

91, 103

Lambda4 Level18= #43 1478 (overFloor8)

89

LH I-IIA

80, 85

unexcavated Lambda3 SWsectorLevel 1475?5003 ofFloor6) 33 (make-up

90

LH I (presumably LH I Early)

84

94

Level Lambda3, NEsector, 30, Floor7

91

MH III/LHI withLH I Early

88

92, 93, 96

Lambda4 Level20 = #67, 57, 50 (Floor8) (exposed mg)

92

MH III/LHI withLH I Early

91

93, 94, 95, 96,102

Lambda3/4,Level20, Floor8 (exposedmh)

Box 25

93

MH III/LHI withLH I Early

91, 92

96

Lambda3/4,Level20 Floor8

Boxes19,25

94

LH I (presumably LH I Early)

90

105

Level Lambda3, NEsector, 30, S ofmh,Floor7

95

MH III/LHI

92

97

Level Lambda3, NEsector, 20 (overFloor9)

96

MH III/LHI withLH I Early

91, 92, 93

97

Lambda3/4,Level20, Floor8

3401

97

MH III/LHI, perhapswith 95, 96 LH I Early

98, 99

Lambda3/4,NEsector, Level35,use ofFloor9

1484,6100

Description

Inventoried Locationof finds keptsherds

Box 25

Box 25

Box 25

Box 19

REPERTORY OF STRATIGRAPHIC

CONTEXTS

CD-239

#

Date

Under #

Over #

Description

Inventoried Location of finds kept sherds

98

MH III Late

97

104, unexcavated

Lambda 3/4,NE sector, Level 36, Floor 10

1507-1508

99

MH III Late

97

unexcavated Lambda 3/4,NE sector, Level 35, Floor 9

1484,1513

100

LH (presumablyLH I)

57

101

101

?MH II- III

100

unexcavated Lambda 3/4,Level 38, undermd

102

MH

92

unexcavated Lambda 3/4,Level 2 1 Ε of me

103

worn?MH III/LH I

92

unexcavated Lambda 3/4,Level 3 1 (skinbaulk)

Boxes 19, 25

104

MH II or MH III Early

98

unexcavated Lambda 3/4,NE sector, 1487 Level 36, Floor 10 (cutting bymg)

Box 19

105

LH I (presumablyLH I Early)

94

unexcavated Lambda 3, NEsector,Level 30, Floor 7

106

LH I (presumablyMH III/LH I withLH I Early)

54

unexcavated Lambda 3, SE sector,Level 2 1, NWofmb, Floor 4

Box 19

Lambda 3/4,Level 37, removalofmd

Box 19

13. TRENCH GAMMA 1, 1959 (Chapters ι §8, 2 §7, 3 §4) Anykeptsherdsarein Box 1 #

Date

Under # Over #

Description

1

Medieval/mixed

-

2

Level 1, surface

2

Medieval/mixed (destruction, phase 4)

1

3

Level 2, Medieval destruction

3

Medieval/mixed(phases 3 & 4)

2

4

Level 2, Medieval destruction (tiles,iron nails,plaster)

HS 297

4

LH IIA withEH II and presumablyLH III and Medieval

3

5, 6, 2 1; l977> # 18

Level 4, contaminated withPit 1 (exposed nf)

3717a, 5006

5

LH IIA withLH III and Medieval

4

7, 8, 23

Level 5, Ε ofnf, contaminatedwithPit 1

HS 89 (?)

6

MH III/LH I, withLH III contamination

4

10

Level 6, W ofnf (tumble ofnf)

7

Medieval

5

8

Level 7, pitin centreofΕ end

8

?MHIII

5,7

9

Level 8, Ε ofnf

Inventoried finds

8ο6ι

Location of kept sherds

REPERTORY OF STRATIGRAPHIC

CONTEXTS

#

Date

Under # Over #

Description

9

?MHIII

8

24

Level 8, Ε ofnf

9a

LH III withMedieval contamination

-

1oa

NE Extension,Level 2 (sic)

10

notrecorded(presumably 4? MH III/LH I)

12

Level 6, Wofnf

3660 (?)

10a

notrecorded(presumably 9a Medieval)

11,16 (sic)

NE Extension,Level 3

3660 (?)

11

Medieval

10a

13

NE Extension,Level 4, Pit

HS 299

12

MHIII

10

14

Level 6, Wofnf

13

Medieval

11

unexcavated

NE Extension,Level 4, Pit

14

MH III Late

12

15

Level 9, W ofnf,Upper Pebbled Road

15

MHIII Late

14

17

Level 9, W ofnf,Upper Pebbled Road

16

LH I- II

9a

19

NE Extension,Level 2 (exposed BurialNu 2)

17

MH III (reallyMH III/LH I?)

15

18

Level 1o, W ofnf (?robbertrenchof dd)

18

MH III (reallyMH III Late?)

17

20

Level 1o, w ofnf (exposed dd ?and draintilesHS 91)

19

?MH III/LH I

11,16

unexcavated

NE Extension,Level 3

HS 90 (?)

20

MH III Early

18

22

Level 11, W ofnf (removalofdraintiles) (below level of dd)

HS 91

21

MH withLH III contamination

4

23

NE Extension,Level 5, Ε HS 298 ofnf,S of drain(exposed BurialNu 1)

22

MH III Early

20

unexcavated

Level 12, FloorW ofnf (exposed Lower Pebbled Road at base of dd)

23

LH

4

25

NE Extension,Level 5, Ε ofnf

24

MH (presumablyMH III Late)

24

27

Level 8, Ε ofnf

25

LHI-II

?23

28

NE Extension,Level 5, Ε ofnf (removalofBurial Nu 2)

Inventoried finds

CD-240 Location of kept sherds

REPERTORY OF STRATIGRAPHIC

CONTEXTS

#

Date

Under # Over #

Description

26

?EH (presumablyMH III Late)

24

27

Le vel 14, Ε ofnf (runs undernf) (Upper Pebbled Road)

27

MH (presumablyMH III Late)

26

29

Level 14, Ε ofnf (Upper Pebbled Road)

28

LH I- II

25

unexcavated

NE Extension,Level 5, Ε ofnf

29

MH III Late

27

30

Level 15, Ε ofnf,below top ofnh (fillbelow Upper Pebbled Road)

30

MH III Late

29

31

Level 15, Ε ofnf(fill below Upper Pebbled Road)

31

MH (presumablyMH III Early)

30

33

Level 16, Ε ofnfand Ν of nh

32

MH-LHIII

-

-

cleaningLevel 3

33

MH (presumablyMH IIIII Early)

31

34

Level 17, Ε ofnfand Ν of nh (LowerPebbled Road)

34

MH (presumablyMH IIIII Early)

33

1977, # 38

Level 17, Ε ofnfand Ν of nh (LowerPebbled Road)

Inventoried finds

CD-241 Location of kept sherds

7092

14. TRENCH NU 1, 1973 (Chapters ι §8, 2 §7, 3 §4) #

Date

Under # Over # Description

Eta # 22

Gamma 1 1959, backfill

-

-

1

Medieval/mixed

-

2, 3, 15, Nu 1 Level 1 (exposed 26 na)

2

1 MH III (presumablyLH I- II withLH III and Medieval contamination)

3

Medieval/mixed

4 5

Inventoried finds

Location of kept sherds

3648a, 7049

Boxes 24, 26

Gamma 1 1959, backfill, = 1959, # 22 (w ofnf), # 34 (E ofnf)

4

Nu 1 Ε ofna (= Nu 1A) Level 1 (exposed Burial3)

Box 24

1

10, 1 1

Nu 1 W ofna (= Nu ιΒ) Level 1 (Medieval yard, all phases)

Box 24

LH IIA withLH III and Medieval

2

5

Nu 1A Level 1 (Medievalyardsurface)

LH I/IIA (RutterDeposit N)

4

6,12

Nu 1A Level 1 (exposes Burial4)

6116

Box 24

REPERTORY OF STRATIGRAPHIC

CONTEXTS

CD-242

#

Date

Under # Over # Description

6

LH I/IIA (RutterDeposit N) withLH ΠΙΑ 1 from Burial 2

5

7

LH I/IIA

6

8

LH I/IIA (RutterDeposit N)

6

9

Nu 1A Level 3

9

LH I/IIA (RutterDeposit N)

8

20

Nu ιΑ Level 3

10

LH I/IIA

3

13

Nu iB Level 1 tumble

11

LH undiagnostic

3

13

Nu 1Β Level 1

12

LH I/IIA withLH ΠΙΑ 1 fromBurial4

5

2ο

Nu ιA, removalof Burial4

7128-7134

Box 24

13

LH I Early(Rutter Deposit H)

10, 11

14

Nu iB Level 1

6043, R412

Box 24

14

MH III/LH I (Rutter Deposit G) withLH IIIAi burialand one Medieval sherd

13

21

Nu 1Β Level 2, exposed and removedBurial4

7135-7162, R412

Boxes 19, 24, 26

15

LHI-II

1

16

Nu 1A Level?

16

MH III/LH I (presumably 15 LH I Early)witha little Medieval

15 (sic), 19

Nu ιΑ, removalof Burial 3

17

?LHIIA

-

-

Nu 1A cleaning

18

LHI-IIA

-

-

Nu 1Β cleaning

19

MH III/LH I (presumably 16 LH I Early)

20

Nu ιΑ Level ? under Burial 3

20

MH III wash withLH I Early(RutterDeposit F)

9,19; 1977 # 15

22

Nu 1A Level 4 (exposed ne, nd, ne) (above Floor ofRoom 1)

2280,6030,6125

Box 19

21

MH III/LH I (Rutter Deposit G)

14

31

Nu iB w ofnf(= Area R412 IV) Level 3 (foundation trenchforn£j

22

MH III wash withLH I Early(RutterDeposit F)

20

23,24, 25

Nu 1A Level 4 (Floorof Room 1)

2280, 6126, R6263

23

MH III Early(Rutter Deposit C)

22

34

Nu 1A Areal (Room 1) Level 4

6020

24

LH I Early(Rutter Deposit L)

22

35

Nu ιΑ Area II (Room 2) Level 4

25

MH I Late to MH III Early(RutterDeposit F) withsome LH I Early fromBurials7-10

22

33

Nu iAe ofnc (=Nu ιΑ Area III) Level 4

7,8

Nu 1A Level 1

Inventoried finds

Location of kept sherds

7024, 7063

Box 24

3646

Box 24

Nu 1A Level 2 tumble

Box 24

2280

REPERTORY OF STRATIGRAPHIC

CONTEXTS

CD-243

#

Date

Under # Over # Description

26

LH latest(presumablyLH IIA)

1

27

Nu îA/B removalofna

27

LH I Early(Rutter Deposit M)

26

29

Nu iA/B underna

28

MHIII/LHI

29

Nu iB (Area IV) removalofnb (= top of nf)

29

MH III/LH I withLH I Early

27, 28

30

Nu 1A/B underna, nb

30

MH III/LH I

29

1977 # 18

Nu 1Β (Area IV), cleaningnf

31

MH III/LH I (Rutter Deposit G)

21

32

Nu 1Β (Area IV) by nf R246 (foundationtrenchofnf)

Box 19

32

MH III/LH I (Rutter Deposit G)

21,31

36

Nu 1Β (Area IV) Level 5 6001,6042, (foundationtrenchofnf) R243, R246-247

Box 19

33

MH I Late and MH II withMH III Early

25

1977, # 41

Nu 1AIII (Area III) Level 5

Box 19

34

MH III Early(Rutter DepositC)

23

!977> * 41

Nu 1AI (Room 1) Level 5

Box 19

35

LH I Early(Rutter Deposit L)

24

!977> # 24

Nu 1AII (Room 2) Level R514 5

Box 19

36

MH III/LH I (Rutter Deposit G)

32

1974, # 20

Nu 1Β (Area IV) Level 5 (foundationtrenchfor nf)

Box 19

Inventoried finds

Location of kept sherds

R488

Box 19

Box 19

15. TRENCHES NU 2 AND NU/GAMMA 1, 1974 (Chaptersι §8, 2 §7, 3 §4) #

Date

Under # Over # Description

1

Medieval/mixed

-

-

Nu 1 cleaning

2

Medieval/mixed

-

3

Nu/Gammabaulk, surface

3

Medieval,all phases (yard)

2

4, 5, 6

4

Medieval,all phases (yard)

3

5

MH III Late (Rutter Deposit E) withLH IIA fromBurials7-10 and Medieval in 8054

3, 4

Inventoried finds

Location of kept sherds

Nu/Gammabaulk,Level 1

7328,8014,8018, 8052

Box 21

5

Nu/Gammabaulk,Ε of nf,Level 2 (exposed Burial 6)

22733,4093, 8019a, 8053, 8070

Box 21

8, 9, 11

Nu/Gammabaulk,Ε of 6047, 6082, 6109, Boxes 20, 2 1 nf,Level 3 (exposed floor 7229-7230, 8054, withng and Burials7R168 10)

REPERTORY OF STRATIGRAPHIC

CONTEXTS

Under # Over # Description

CD-244

Inventoried finds

Location of kept sherds

Nu/Gammabaulk,W of nf,Level 4

R966

Box 20

10

Nu/Gammabaulk,W of nf,Level 5 (exposed tumble?fromdd)

2309a, 6017, 6054, 6072-6073, 6083, 6088

Box 20

5

12

Nu/Gammabaulk,Ε of nf,SWof ng Level 7

Box 20

MH III Early(Rutter Deposit D) withLH IIA fromBurials7-10

5

12

Nu/Gammabaulk,Ε of nf,NE of ng Level 7 (Burials7-10)

6039, 6146, 7216, Box 20 72 19-7228

Iο

ΜΗ III/LH I (Rutter DepositJ)

7

16

Nu/Gammabaulk,W of nf Level 6 (foundationtrenchofnf)

6011,6110, 7005

II

MH II-MH III Early

5

12

Nu/Gammabaulk,Ε of nf,removalof ng

12

MH II (RutterDeposit A)

8,9,11

13,14

Nu/Gammabaulk,Ε of nf,underng, Level 8

6046

Boxes 20, 21

13

MH II (RutterDeposit A) withsome MH III

12

14, 15

Nu/Gammabaulk,Ε of nf,Level 8

6085

Box 21

14

MH II (RutterDeposit A)

12, 13

1977 # 38, 56

Nu/Gammabaulk,Ε of nf,Level 10 (E sector)(fill over apsidalbuilding)

Box 2 1

15

MH II

13

1977* 38, 56

Nu/Gammabaulk,Ε of nf,Level 10 (w sector) (fillover apsidalbuilding)

Box 21

16

MH III/LH I (Rutter DepositJ)

10

1977* 12, 23

Nu/Gammabaulk,W of 6021 nf,Level 9 (foundationtrenchofnf)

Box 21

17

Medieval/mixed

-

19

Nu 2 surface

18

MH/LH mixed

-

-

Nu 1 cleaningS baulk

19

Medieval/mixed

17

22

Nu 2, Level 1 (Medieval destruction)

20

MH II withMH III and MH III/LH I (Rutter Deposit G)

1973* 36

21,23

Nu 1Β (Area IV) Level 5, sounding(UpperPebbled Road overLower Pebbled Road, exposed nh)

21

MH I Late

20

unex-

22

Medieval

17

26

#

Date

6

LH IIA (RutterDeposit P) 3 witha littleMedieval

7

7

LH I Early(Rutter Deposit K)

6

8

MH III Early(Rutter Deposit D) withLH IIA itemR166

9

Nu ιΒ (Area IV) Level 6, sounding(E ofnh, Floor cavated ofaPse) Nu 2, Level 2 (over Medieval yardsurface)

Box 2 1

Box 21

Box 20

REPERTORY OF STRATIGRAPHIC

CONTEXTS

#

Date

Under # Over # Description

23

MH I Late

21

1977 # 57

24

MH I Late

20

unexNu ιΒ (Area IV) Level 7, cavated sounding,cleaningnh

25

LH ILA (RutterDeposit O) withMedieval

26 (sic)

28, 34

26

Medieval

22

25 (sic), Nu 2, Level 2 (Medieval 27, 28 yardsurface)

27

wornLH I-IIA withLH III in 7236 and Medieval

26

42

Nu 2, Level 3 W (exposed 7236 nl) (on and under Medieval yardsurface)

28

wornLH I-IIA withLH III and Medieval

26

29

Nu 2, Level 3 (central sector,W ofni) (under Medieval yardsurface)

3644, 3647

29

LH ILA (RutterDeposit O) withLH IIIAi in 3644 fromBurial 11

28

30, 31

Nu 2, Level 3 (central sector,W ofni)

3644, 7122

30

Medieval

29

33

Nu 2, Level 7 (central sector,W ofni) (Medieval pit cutto rob stone)

31

LH ILA (RutterDeposit O) withLH IIIAi from Burial 11

29

32

Nu 2, Level 3 (central sector,W ofni)

3644, 3647-3648, R655

32

LH II A (RutterDeposit Ο)

31

33, 40

Nu 2, Level 4 Ε ofni (exposed nm)

3645,7060

33

LH ILA (RutterDeposit Ο) withLH IIIAi from Burial1 1

32

35

Nu 2, Level 5 (w ofni)

3644, 3647-3648

34

LH ILA

25

35

Nu 2, removalofni

35

LH IIA (RutterDeposit O) withLH IIIAi from Burial1 1

33

36, 38, 45

Nu 2, Level 8 (whole trenchexceptNE& NW corners)(exposes Burial

CD-245

Inventoried finds

Location of kept sherds

3645, 7032

Box 20

4093,8069

Box 26

Nu 1Β (Area IV) Level 7, sounding,W ofnh

Nu 2, Level 3 (exposed ni, nk)

11)

36

LH IIA

35

39

Nu 2, SWofnl, Level 6 (exposed nn, = cairnover Burial 12)

37

LH I Early

35, 42, 43 (sic)

1977 # 1

Nu 2, NWofnl and W of nf,Level 9

38

LH I Early(R973-1012) withLH IIB fromBurial 11

35

41

Nu 2, Level 10, central sectorΕ ofnf (exposed no)

39

LHIIA

36

43

Nu 2, SWofnl, Level 6

40

LH I Early

31

48

Nu 2, NE,Level 11, Ε of Room 2

Box 26

Box 26

Boxes 20, 26

Box 20 3648, R967

REPERTORY OF STRATIGRAPHIC #

Date

Under # Over # Description

41

LH I Early(R973-1012)

38

44

CONTEXTS

Nu 2, Level 12, S ofnm and Ε ofnf (also in Room

CD-246

Inventoried finds

Location of kept sherds

6010

Box 20

2)

42

LH IIA

27

1977 # 1?

Nu 2, removalofnl

43

LH IIA (RutterDeposit Q), Burial 12

39

37 (sic)

Nu 2, SWofnl, Level 6 (Burial12)

7256,11835, R968

Box 20

44

LH I Early(Rutter Deposit L)

41

45, 46

Nu 2, Level 12, Room 2

6028

Box 20

45

LH I Early(Rutter Deposit L)

44

1977 # 3, 24

Nu 2, Level 13, Room 2

R297

Box 20

46

LH I Early(Rutter Deposit L)

44

1977 #9

Nu 2, Level 13, S of Room 2

47

MH III/LH I

-

-

Nu 1 & 2, cleaning Rooms 1 & 2

48

LH I/IIA

40

1977

Nu 2, Ε ofRoom 2, Level

#2

16

Box 20

Box 20

Box 20

2313a

16. AREA NU/GAMMA 1, 1977 (Chaptersι §8, 2 §7, 3 §4) #

Date

Under # Over #

Description

1

LH I/IIA

1974 # 37, 42

6,7

Nu 2, Wofnf&nn (undernl), Level 15

2

LH I/IIA

1974 #48

4, 27

Nu 2, Ε ofRoom 2, Level 17

3

MH III/LH I witha little 1974 LH I/IIA fromBurial 13 #45

5

Nu 2, Level 19, Room 2 (e)

4

MH III Late withMH III Earlyand MH I Late

2

27

Nu 2, Ε ofRoom 2, Level 19

5

MH III/LH I (conceivablywithLH I/IIA fromBurial 13)

3

10,28

Nu 2, Level 20, Room 2 (e) (exposed np, nq, = surroundofShaft)

6

LHIIA

1

7,8

Nu 2, W ofnf (undernl), Level 21, cleaningnn (cairnofBurial 12)

Box 22

7

EarlyLH I

1, 6, 8

13

Nu 2, W ofnf (undernl), Level 22, Floor

Box 22

8

LH IIA

6

7 (sic)

Nu 2, W ofnf (undernl), removalofBurial 12

Box 22

9

MH III withLH I Early

1974 #46

11

Nu 2, Level 23, S of Room 2, Ε ofnn

Box 22

Inventoried finds Location of kept sherds Box 22

6102,6138

Box 22 Box 22

6064,6118,6148

Box 22

REPERTORY OF STRATIGRAPHIC

CONTEXTS

CD-247

#

Date

Under # Over #

Description

Inventoried finds Location of kept sherds

10

LH I withMH III Early

5

29

Nu 2, Level 24, Room 2 (E),top offillof Shaftof Burial 13

2125

11

MHIII/LHI

9

14

Nu 2, Level 25, S of Room 2, Ε ofnn

12

MHIII/LHI

!974 #16

unexcavated

Nu/Gammabaulk, foundationtrenchofnf

13

MH III/LH I witha little 7 LH I

22, 30

Nu 2, W ofnf (undernl), 6005, 6009, 6023, Box 24 Level 27 (?22), 6057, 6074, 6087 foundationtrenchofnf (exposed Upper Pebbled Road)

14

MH III Late, reallyMH III/LH I

11

19

Nu 2, Level 28, S of Room 2

15

MH III, reallyMH III/LH I

1973 #20

41

Nu 1, removal ofne

16

MH III, reallyMH III/LH I

1973 #20

17, 41

Nu 1, removalofnd

17

MH III Early

16

41

Nu 1, Room 1, SW,Level 29

18

MH III/LH I witha little 1959* LH I 4; 1973 #30

20,21

Gamma 1, Nu/Gamma 1 6113 and Nu 1/2,removalof nf

Box 24

19

MH I Late to MH III Earlywithone MH III/LH I sherd

14

36

Nu 2, Level 30, S of Room 2 (below base of nm)

Box 24

20

MH III Early

18

38,41

Gamma 1 and Nu/Gamma 1, undernf, S ofde, Level 3 1 (exposed de)

21

?MH III Earlylatest

18

unexcavated

Gamma 1,undernf,Ν of nh, Level 3 1 (exposed Ε faceof dd)

22

MH III/LH I withtwo pieces ofLH I

13

57

Nu 2, foundationtrench 1933,6067-6068, ofnf (undernl), Level 6086, 6149, 6153 32

23

MH III/LH I

?i974 #16

unexcavated

Nu/Gamma 1 W,Level 34 (robbingtrenchof dd)

24

MH III Late withLH I EarlyfromBurial 13

1973 # 35^974 # 45

29, 31

Nu 2, Room 2 (w), Level 35, removalofhearth down to base ofbench (exposed ns, nt,= surroundofshaft)

25

MH III withsome LH I

1974 #38

31

Nu 2, Room 2, removal ofbenchno

Box 22

Box 24

Box 24

2125, 6064

Box 24

Box 24

Box 22

REPERTORY OF STRATIGRAPHIC

CONTEXTS

CD-248

#

Date

Under # Over #

Description

Inventoried finds Location of kept sherds

26

MH III Earlywithsome MH III/LH I

1973 # 20; 1974 # 25, 32

40

Nu 2, Room 2, removal ofnc nk, nm (withMH III Earlyfloorundernc)

2007

27

MH II withMH I Late and some LH I

4,19

40

Nu 2, Level 30, Ε of Room 2 (expose floor)

28

MH II withLH I from Burial 13

10

35, 40

Nu 2, Level 36, Room 2, 6064 betweennk and np (expose floor)

29

MH III withLH I/IIA

10, 24

40

Nu 2, Room 2 (w) , Level 37, upperfillof shaftofBurial 13

Box 22

30

MH III Late

13

32, 34, 37

Nu 1 & 2, W ofnf (under nl), Level 38 (Upper Pebbled Road, cutby foundationtrenchofnf) (exposed nu and Lower Pebbled Road)

Box 22

31

MH III Early,withMH III Late 2125 from Burial 13

24, 25

40, 42?

Nu 2, Room 2 (w) under 2125, 6064 hearthand bench,Level 39

Box 22

32

MH III/LH I

30

33, 34, 37

Nu 1, w ofnf,Level 40 (upperfillofrobber trenchofnu)

Box 22

33

MH III/LH I withMH III Late

32

43

Nu 1, w ofnf (undernl), robbertrenchofnu (exposed Lower Pebble Road)

34

MH III Earlywitha little 30 LH I

43, 45

Nu 2, W ofnf (undernl), Level 4 1 (fillbetween Upper Pebbled Road and Lower Pebbled Road)

1933, 6075, 6139

Box 23

35

MH II

19, 27, 28

46, 47

Nu 2, Ε ofBurial 13 & S ofnm, Level 42 (exposed nv)

6041

Box 23

36

MH III Late

19

47

Nu 2, S ofBurial 13, Level 43 (exposed nx)

37

MH III Early

30,32, 34

45

Nu 1, removalofnu (exposed Lower Pebbled Road)

Box 23

38

MH I Late witha little MH II

12, 20; 1974 # 14, 15

49, 50

Nu/Gamma 1 baulk, Level 44 (n) (destruction of apsidal building) (exposed nz)

Box 23

39

MH III-LH I Early,but reallyLH I/IIA

5, 24, 29

40

Nu 2, removalofnp, nq, 2125 ns, nt (surroundof shaft ofBurial 13)

Box 23

Box 22

Box 22

6006

Boxes 22,24

REPERTORY OF STRATIGRAPHIC CONTEXTS

CD-249

#

Date

Under# Over #

Description

Inventoriedfinds Locationof keptsherds

40

MH III EarlywithLH I/IIAorLH IIA from Burial13

26,27, 28, 29, 3X>39

Nu 2,Level45, S ofnh & Νofην (exposednh)

2125,6033

41

MH I Late

15, 16, 52, 53, 17,20; 56,59 40,1973 * 33>34

Nu 1,Level44 (s) ofapsidal (destruction building) (exposednz)

6007,6022,6065 Box 23

42

MH I-II latest, butreally 40 MH III

44

Nu 2,Level46 (robber trench ofnw (Π))

43

MH III Earlywitha little 34 LH I

45

Nu 2,Wofnf(undernl), 6024,6069,6140 Box 23 Level4 1 (exposed LowerPebbledRoad)

44

MH III (presumably MH 40 III Early)

57

Nu 2,removalofnw (Π),Level46

45

MH II-III Early

57

Nu 1 & Nu 2,Wofnf (undernl),Level47, removalofLower PebbledRoad

46

?MH II withLH I from 35 Burial13 (notkept)

48

Nu 2,Νofην,Level48

47

MH III EarlywithMH III LateandLH I/IIA from Burial13

unexNu 2,Level42, fillover 2125 cavated floorS ofnv

48

MH I-MH III/LHI, but 46 reallyLH I/IIA

51,55

Nu 2,Level48, shaft of Burial13 (exposed cover-slabs)

6062,6064,6076

49

MH I Late

38

62

Nu/Gamma 1, Level44 (nw)(floorofapseof apsidalbuilding)

1831,1851,1855, 1890,1901-1902

50

MH I LatewithMH II in 38 1888

54

Nu/Gamma 1,Level44 1888,6055 (ne)(floorofmainroom ofapsidalbuilding) (exposedBurial14)

51

MH I-III, butreally LH I/IIA

48

55

Nu 2,Level48, chamber ofBurial13

52

MH I Latewitha little EH II Early

41, 45

62

Nu 1,Level44 (se) (floor 1849,1902,6008 ofapseofapsidal building)

53

MH I Late

41

61

Nu 1,Level44 (se) (floor ofmainroomofapsidal building)

54

no datablesherds, but reallyMH II

50

61

Nu/Gamma, apsidal mainRoom, building, Level44 (ne),Burial14

Box 23

55

LH I/IIA

48

58

Nu 2,wallsofchamber 2125,6064 ofBurial13

Box 23

34, 37, 43

35, 36

41,42, 46

Box 23

Box 23

Box 23 6150

REPERTORY OF STRATIGRAPHIC CONTEXTS

CD-250

#

Date

Under# Over #

Description

56

MH I Late

41; 1974 62 #14,15

Nu/Gamma 1,Level44, 1831,1851,1889, Box 23 baulkleftinapseof 1902 (floor) apsidalbuilding

57

MH I Latewitha little EH II Early

22,44, 45

58

MH I LatewithoneMH 51, 55 II pieceanda little EH II (EH II Early?)

under unexNu 2 S,sounding cavated Burial13 (downto surface S ofandpriorto apsidalbuilding)

59

MH I Late

41

61

Nu 1,Level44, baulk leftinmainroomof apsidalbuilding

60

MH I Late

-

-

Nu 1 & Nu/Gamma 1, apsidalbuilding, walls cleaning

61

MH I Late

50, 53, 56, 59

1, unexNu 1 & Nu/Gamma 1831,1860,1901 Box 23 cavated Level44 (floorofmain roomofapsidalbuilding)

62

MH I Late

49, 52, 54,56

1, unexNu 1 & Nu/Gamma 1830-1831,1851, Box 23 ofapseof 1902 cavated Level44 (floor apsidalbuilding)

unexNu 2 S,Level49, Ε of cavated LowerPebbledRoad andWofBurial13

Inventoriedfinds Locationof keptsherds

1856

Box 23

Box 23

Box 23

i860, 6066

Box 23

17. TRENCH GAMMA 2, 1959 (Chaptersι §7, 3 §4) #

Date

Under# Over #

Description

1

Medieval/mixed

-

2

Level 1,surface

2

1 Medieval/mixed, LH IIIC Early including

3

Level2,Medievalbuilding (all destruction) phases,including

3

LH wash(presumably 2 LH III) including

4

surface Level3, pre-Medieval

4

LH wash(including LH III)

3

5

Level3, insidebuilding

5

LH I (?really wornLH I-IIA)

4

6

Level3, insidebuilding

6

LH (?really wornLH IIIA)

5

7

Level3, insidebuilding

7

MHIII/LHI

6

8

Level3, insidebuilding

8

MH III/LHI

7

unexcavated

Level4, insidebuilding

Inventoried finds

Locationof kept sherds

to catalogue-numbers Concordanceofexcavation-numbers and museumboxes fromboththeearlierand thelater includesall objectspublishedand republished Thisconcordance are printedin bold type.The and publication-numbers excavations.Both excavation-numbers and assigneda number forsmallfindsand 'wholepots',i.e. all objectsregistered excavation-numbers for take the form with the first two the excavation, 59-001, digitsstanding theyear,e.g. (19)59, during causedbyobjectswhichwerederegistered andthelastthreefortheitem.Gapsinthesequenceareoften Numberswithup to fivedigitsand no prefix,e.g. whentheywereno longerfeltto be significant. used in thisvolume.Numbersprefixed HS, e.g. HS 52, are the 6002, are the catalogue-numbers are those ofRutterand Rutter of numbers R, catalogue-numbersTaylour1972; prefixed e.g. R887, B' in of refer to boxes stored The box-numbers 1976. SpartaMuseumaccording currently Apotheke to thecataloguecompiledby E. B. Frenchand Clarissade Waal.Sincenotall theobjectsfromthe havebeenpublished, notethatthe'wholepots'of 1959 arein boxes30-31; those earlierexcavations of i960, in box 32; and thoseof 1963,in boxes 33-35. The smallfindsof 1959 arein box 48; those of i960, in boxes48-9; and thoseof 1963,in boxes 50-1.

er(s) Museum Excavation- Catalogue-numb location number

Excavation- Catalogue-numb er(s) Museum location number

59-001

2316 = HS 1

Box 30

59-019

HS 3

Box 31

59-002

HS 5

Box 30

59-020

HS 4

?Box3oor3i

59-003

HS 6

Box 30

59-O21

HS 7

?Box3oor3i

59-004

17 = HS 8

Box 30

59-O22

3^94 = HS 114

Box 30

59-005

HS 2

Box 31

59-023

HS 117

Box 30

59-006

4102

Box 30

59-024

HS 90

?Box3oor3i

59-007

HS 89

Box 30

59"°25

HS 91

?Box3oor3i

59-008

3660 = HS 88

Box 30

59-026

Slil*-

?Box3oor3i

59-009

59 = HS 35

Box 31

59-1O1

HS 332

?Βοχ 48

59-010

170 = HS 36

Box 31

595Ο2

HS 252

Box 48

59-01 1

3709 = HS 50

Box 30

59"5°3

HS 253

Box 48

59-012

3695 = HS 56

Box 30

59-5°5

6ο9!

Box 48

59-013

3699 = HS 52

Box 30

59-510

HS 223

Box 48

59-014

3696 = HS 54

?Box 30 or 3 1

59-511

HS 224

B0X48

59-015

3698 = HS 53

?Box 30 or 3 1

59-512

6093

Box 48

59-016

3697 = HS 55

Box 30

59-513

6092

Box 48

59-018

HS 51

Box 30

59-514

7080

Box 56

CD-251

CONCORDANCE

OF EXCAVATION-NUMBERS

TO CATALOGUE-NUMBERS

CD-252

Excavationnumber

Catalogue-number(s)

Museum location

Excavationnumber

Catalogue-number(s)

Museum location

59-515

7°99

Box 56

59-547

8061

Box 48

59-516

HS 266

Box 48

59-548

HS 299

Box 48

59-517

HS 267

Box 48

59549

HS 298

Box 48

59-518

HS 313

Box 48

5955°

7°92

Box 56

59-519

7250

Box 48

59-901

7125

Box 56

59-520

7251

Box 48

59-902

7χ24

Box 56

59-521

7252

Box 48

60-001

2313= HS 9

Box 32

59-522

7071

Box 56

60-002

HS 37

Box 32

59-523

7030

Box 48

60-003

HS 10

Box 32

59-524

7096

Box 56

60-004

30= HS 11

Box 32

59-525

HS 317

Box 48

60-005

HS 12

Box 32

59-527

7253

Box 48

60-006

2317= HS 13

Box 32

59-528

7°97

B°x 56

60-007

HS 14

Box 32

59-529

7°79

B°x 56

60-008

3671

Box 32

59-530

HS 308

Box 48

60-009

3676= HS 109

Box 32

59-532

5O13

Box 48

60-010

2320= HS 92

?Box32

59-533

71O3

Box 56

60-011

HS 93

?Box32

59534

7232

Box 48

60-012

3675= HS 110

?Box 32

59-535

7°O1

Box 48

60-013

3662 = HS 102

Box 32

59-536

7254

Box 48

60-014

HS 125

Box 32

59-537

7277

Box 48

60-015

HS 105

?Box32

59538

7073 = HS 231

Box 56

60-016

3703= HS 116

Box 32

59-539

HS 232

Box 48

60-017

4081a

Box 32

59-540

HS 233

Box 48

60-018

HS 101

Box 32

59-541

HS 234

Box 48

60-019

HS 24A

Box 32

59-542

HS 316

Box 48

60-020

2296= HS 25

Box 32

59-543

HS 303

Box 48

60-021

2290= HS 26

Box 32

59544

6114

Box 48

60-022

369i=HS49A

Box 32

59545

HS 297

Box 48

60-023

3653= HS 27

Box 32

59546

5°°6

Box 48

60-502

6094

Box 49

CONCORDANCE

OF EXCAVATION-NUMBERS

TO CATALOGUE-NUMBERS

CD-253

Excavationnumber

Catalogue-numb er (s)

Museum location

Excavation- Catalogue-number(s) Museum number location

60-503

HS 201

Box 49

60-565

5017

Box 49

60-506

5OO7

B°x 49

60-566

HS 207

Box 49

60-508

5°23

Box 49

60-569

HS 312

Box 49

60-509

HS 259

Box 49

60-571

HS 235

Box 49

60-512

6119

Box 49

60-572

HS 236

Box 49

60-513

5016

Box 49

60-574

HS 331

Box 49

60-515

HS 274

Box 49

60-576

HS 309

Box 49

60-516

HS 251

Box 49

60-577

HS 310

Box 49

60-520

HS 203

Box 49

60-578

HS 325

Box 49

60-529

HS 262

Box 49

60-580

8004

Box 49

60-532

HS 202

Box 49

60-582

6120=

60-533

5°°8

Box 49

60-583

HS 321

Box 49

60-534

5010

Box 49

60-585

8012a

Box 49

60-536

HS 261

Box 49

60-587

HS 305

Box 49

60-537

HS 204

Box 49

60-588

8045a

Box 49

60-538

5022

Box 49

60-590

8006 = HS 300

Box 49

60-539

6103

Box 49

60-591

6121=

HS 322

Box 49

60-541

8083 = HS 250

Box 49

60-592

71O4

Box 56

60-544

HS 276

Box 49

60-593

7101

Box 56

60-545

HS 255

Box 49

60-594

5O11

Box 49

60-549

5018

Box 49

60-595

7°74

Box 56

60-550

HS 254

Box 49

60-596

7094

Box 56

60-554

HS 260

Box 49

60-598

HS 278

Box 49

60-556

HS 256

Box 49

60-599

HS 287

Box 49

60-557

HS 264

Box 49

60-602

HS 285

Box 49

60-558

5019

Box 49

60-606

HS 288

Box 49

60-560

5020

Box 49

60-609

7X17

Box 56

60-561

HS 205

Box 49

60-612

HS 225

Box 49

60-563

HS 273

Box 49

60-613

HS 292

Box 49

60-564

5009

Box 49

60-614

HS 227

Box 49

HS 320

Box 49

CONCORDANCE OF EXCAVATION-NUMBERSTO CATALOGUE-NUMBERS Excavation- Catalogue-number(s) Museum number location

CD-254

Excavation- Catalogue-number(s) Museum number location

60-615

HS 226

Box 49

63-025

3719 = HS 112

Box 34

60-616

6013

Box 49

63-o26a

3685 = HS 60a

Box 34

6o-6i6a

7112

Box 49

63-0260

3686 = HS 60b

Box 34

60-620

HS 280

Box 49

63-027

HS 41

Box 34

60-624

HS 293

Box 49

63-028

HS 15

?Box35

63-001

2273 = HS 31

Box 34

63-029

HS 46

?Box35

63-002

3718 = HS 113

?Box35

63-030

HS 21

Box 33

63-003

3680 = HS 34

Box 33

63-031

HS 22

Box 33

63-004

3707 = HS 118

Box 33

63-032

2314 = HS 24

Box 33

63-005

3674 = HS 103

Box 33

63-033

HS 47

?Box35

63-006= 74-902

1614 = HS 99

?Box35

63-034

HS 42

?Box35

63-007= 74-906

3596 = HS 119

?Box35

63-035

107 = HS 44

?Box35

63-036

HS 23

Box 33

63-008

3704 = HS 120

Box 33

63-037

HS 48

?Box35

63-009

HS 94

Box 34

63-038

HS 20

Box 33

63-010

HS 106

Box 33

63-039

HS 43

?Box35

63-011

HS 95

Box 33

63-041

2281= HS 30

?Box35

63-012

HS 115

Box 33

63-042

HS 108

?Box35

63-013

HS 124

Box 34

63-043

HS 111

?Box35

63-014

HS 121

Box 34

63-044

3597a

?Box35

63-015

2272 = HS 96

Box 34

63-045

HS 122

?Box35

63-016

HS 18

Box 33

63-046

3667 = HS 104

Box 33

63-017

2222= HS 17

Box 33

63-047

HS 33

?Box35

63-018

2221= HS 16

Box 33

63-048

3672 = HS 107

?Box35

63-019

HS 48A

Box 33

63-049

HS 97

?Box35

63-020

HS 39

Box 33

63-050

2322= HS 123

Box 33

63-021

HS 19

?Box35

63-051

2288 = HS 98

?Box35

63-022

HS 45

Box 34

63-052

HS 32

?Box35

63-023

HS 40

Box 34

63-053

HS 100

?Box35

63-024

3688 = HS 59

Box 33

63-054

HS 64

?Box35

CONCORDANCE OF EXCAVATION-NUMBERSTO CATALOGUE-NUMBERS Excavation- Catalogue-number(s) Museum location number

CD-255

er(s) Museum Excavation- Catalogue-numb location number

63-055

HS 62

?Box35

63-503

HS 210

Box 50

63-056

HS 63

?Box35

63-504

HS 211

Box 50

63°57

2319= HS 65

?Box35

63-505

HS 212

Box 50

63-058

3724 = HS 86

Box 34

63-507

HS 269

Box 50

63°59

3753 = HS 7°

Box 34

63-508

HS 258

Box 50

63-060

HS 71

Box 34

63-509

5O15

Box 50

63061a

3725= HS 72

Box 34

63-510

5004

Box 50

63061b

3754 = HS 73

Box 34

63-511

HS 270

Box 50

63061c

HS 74

?Box35

63-512

HS 314

Box 50

63061a

3728= HS 75

?Box35

63-5!3

7loG

Box 56

63061e

3727= HS 76

?Box35

63-514

HS 237

Box 50

63-o6if

3739 = HS 68

?Box35

63-515

HS 329

Box 50

63-06ig

3749 = HS 77

?Box35

63-516

HS 319

Box 50

63-06lh

3743 = HS 78

?Box35

63"5X7

HS 246

Box 50

63-0611

3750 = HS 79

?Box35

63-518

HS 238

Box 50

63-06lj

3690 = HS 69

?Box35

63-519

HS 239

Box 50

63-06lk

3746 = HS 66

?Box35

63-520

HS 240

Box 50

63-061I

3715 = HS 85

?Box35

63-521

HS 241

Box 50

63-06im

3745 = HS 67

?Box35

63-522

HS 327

Box 50

63-06in

3716 = HS 84

?Box35

63-525

HS 307

Box 50

63-0610

3741= HS 80

?Box35

63-526

7233

Box 50

63061p

3751= HS 81

?Box35

63-527

HS 304

Box 50

63-o6iq

3706 = HS 82

?Box35

63-528

HS 306

Box 50

63-0611·

37°5 = HS 83

?Box35

63-529

7052

Box 50

63-062

2275= HS 87

Box 34

63-531

HS 242

Box 50

63-063

2306= HS 61

Box 34

63-532

HS 243

Box 50

63-064

2214 = HS 58

Box 34

63-533

HS 247

Box 50

63-065

2212= HS 29

?Box35

63-534

HS 244

Box 50

63-501

HS 268

Box 50

63535

6095

Box 50

63-502

HS 209

Box 50

63"536

HS 248

Box 50

CONCORDANCE

OF EXCAVATION-NUMBERS

TO CATALOGUE-NUMBERS

CD-256

Excavationnumber

Catalogue-number(s)

Museum location

Excavationnumber

Catalogue-number(s)

Museum location

63537

7°76

Box 56

63-576

HS 283

Box 50

63-538

7012a

Box 50

63-577

HS 290

Box 50

63-539

HS 293B

Box 50

63-578

HS 291

Box 50

63-540

HS 294

Box 50

63-579

HS 284

Box 50

63-542

7068

Box 56

63-581

HS 214

Box 50

63-543

HS 295

Box 50

63-582

HS 275

Box 50

63544

71O5

Box 56

63-583

HS 272

Box 50

63-546

HS 293C

Box 50

63-585

601 2a = HS 208

Box 50

63-547

8001

Box 50

63-586

HS 249

Box 50

63-548

8008

Box 50

63-587

8085 = HS 301

Box 50

63549

7°66 = HS 245

Box 56

63-588

HS 315

Box 50

6355°

71O°

Box 56

63-589

HS 311

Box 50

63-551

71O7

Box 56

63-594

HS 330

Box 50

63"552

7°98

Box 56

63-595

5O1*

Box 50

63"553

7°7°

Box 56

63-596

HS 296

Box 50

63-554

HS 328

Box 50

63-597

8o89

Box 5°

63555

7°2o

Box 50

63-598

HS 229

Box 50

63556

7o62

Box 56

63599

7o89

Box 56

63-557

7077

Box 56

63-600

7072

Box 56

63-558

7°9!

Box 56

63-601

HS 323

Box 50

63-559

HS 326

Box 50

63-602

HS 324

Box 50

63-560

6096

Box 50

63-603

HS 318

Box 50

63-561

HS 57

Box 50

63-605

7081

Box 56

63-562

HS 281

Box 50

63-606

7078

Box 56

63-563

HS 277

Box 50

63-607

HS 216

Box 50

63564

7o83

Box 56

63-608

HS 218

Box 50

63-566

HS 279

Box 50

63-610

6097

Box 50

63-571

HS 289

Box 50

63-611

HS 271

Box 50

63-574

HS 286

Box 50

63-612

HS 263

Box 50

63-575

HS 282

Box 50

63-613

HS 213

Box 50

CONCORDANCE

OF EXCAVATION-NUMBERS

Excavation- Catalogue-numb er(s) Museum number location

TO CATALOGUE-NUMBERS

CD-257

Excavation- Catalogue-number(s) Museum number location

63-614

7093

Box 56

73-011

8063

Box 53

63-616

6098

Box 50

73-012

7O85

Box 53

63-617

5021

Box 50

73-013

8058

Box 53

63-619

HS 222

Box 50

73-014

8073

Box 53

63-620

HS 257

Box 50

73-015

8074

Box 53

63-621

HS 220

Box 50

73-016

8059

Box 53

63-622

HS 217

Box 50

73-017

8068

Box 53

63-623

6012

Box 50

73-018

8065

Box 53

63-624

HS 215

Box 50

73-019

6115

Box 53

63-626

5O14

Box 50

73-020

5001

Box 53

63-628

HS 228

Box 50

73-021

6025

Box 53

63-629

HS 230

Box 50

73-022

6026

Box 53

63-631

HS 265

Box 50

73-023

6084

Box 53

63-633

HS 221

Box 50

73-024

6145

Box 53

63-634

HS 291

Box 50

73-025

6124

Box 53

63"635

5OO5

Box 5°

73-026

6134c

Box 53

63-636

6099

Box 50

73-027

8009-8012

Box 53

63-637

7067

Box 56

73-030

1162

Box 53

63-638

5°24

Box 50

73-033

6071

Box 53

63-639

HS 302

Box 50

73-101

7088

Box 53

73-001

8046

Box 53

73-102

7087

Box 53

73-002

8047

Box 53

73-103

7014

Box 53

73-003

7002

Box 53

73-104

7006

Box 53

73-004

7324

Box 53

73-105

7108

Box 53

73-005

8082

Box 53

73-106

7046

Box 53

73-006

7254a

Box 53

73-107

8066

Box 53

73-007

7283

Box 53

73-108

8013

Box 53

73-008

8062

Box 53

73-109

7019

Box 53

73-009

6105

Box 53

73-110

7109

Box 53

73-010

7082

Box 53

73-111

7115

Box 53

CONCORDANCE

OF EXCAVATION-NUMBERS

Excavation- Catalogue-number(s) Museum number location

TO CATALOGUE-NUMBERS

CD-258

Excavation- Catalogue-numb er(s) Museum number location

73-112

7048

Box 53

73-211

6001

Box 53

73-113

7045

Box 53

73-302

4001a

Box 37

73-114

7059

Box 53

733°3

4OO3

Box 37

73-115

7069

Box 53

73-304

4002b

Box 37

73-116

7095

Box 53

733°5

4°O1

Box 37

73-117

7127

Box 53

73-306

4O17

Box 37

73-118

7084

Box 53

73-307

4012a

Box 37

73-119

7284

Box 53

73-308

4014

Box 38

73-120

6037

Box 53

73-309

1136

Box 38

73-121

9255

Box 53

73-310

1122

Box 38

73-122

9273

Box 53

73-311

1140

Box 38

73-123

7111

Box 53

73-312

4002

Box 38

73-124

7043

Box 53

73-3*3

4O12

Box 38

73-125

7075

Box 53

73-314

1163

Box 38

73-127

1015

Box 53

73-317

1123

?Box 37 or 38

73-128

7275

Box 53

73-318

1173

Box 38

73-201

6020

Box 53

73-319

1125

Box 38

73-202

7049

Box 53

73-320

4003a

Box 38

73-203

6116

Box 53

73-32 ia

1150

?Box 37 or 38

73-204

7024

Box 53

73-322

1117

?Box37or38

73-205

7128-7134

Box 53

73-323

iio8

?Box37or38

73-206

7063

Box 53

73-324

1190

?Box 37 or 38

73-207

7135-7162

Box 53

73-325

1124

?Box 37 or 38

73-208

6030

Box 53

73-326

1085

Box 38

73-209

6125

Box 53

73-329

1066

Box 38

73-210

6126

Box 53

73-330

1166

Box 38

73-211

6001

Box 53

73-33 1

4002a

?Box 37 or 38

73-213

6042

Box 53

73-332

4019

Box 38

73-214+ 73-215

6043

Box 53

73333

4020

Box 38

73334

4OO4

Box 38

CONCORDANCE OF EXCAVATION-NUMBERSTO CATALOGUE-NUMBERS

CD-259

Excavationnumber

Catalogue-number(s)

Museum location

Excavation-Catalogue-numb er(s) Museum number location

73335

4013a

Box 38

73-508

6117

Box 53

73-336

4O13

Box 38

73-509

6135

Box 53

73-401

3041

Box 39

73-510

7335

Box 53

73-402

3040

Box 39

73-511

6127

Box 53

734°3

3°5°

Box 39

73-512

5026

Box 53

73-404

3043

Box 39

73-513

5027

Box 53

73-4o5

3°48

Box 39

73-514

6128

Box 53

73-406

3091

Box 39

73-515

5028

Box 53

73-407

3027

Box 39

73-516

6090

Box 53

73-408

3051

Box 39

73-517

7126

Box 53

734°9

3°42

Box 39

73-518

6143

Box 53

73-410

3049

Box 39

73-519

6129

Box 53

73-411

3079

Box 39

73-520

6107

Box 53

73-412

3114

Box 39

73-521

6130

Box 53

73"4χ3

3°38

Box 39

73-522

6132a

Box 53

73-414

3112

Box 39

73-523

6134a

Box 53

73"4!5

3o67

Box 39

73-524

6134b

Box 53

73-416

3121

Box 39

73-525

6131

Box 53

73-4x7

3°37

Box 39

73-526

6132

Box 53

73-418

3033

Box 39

73-527

6004

Box 53

73-419

3108

Box 39

73-528

6134

Box 53

73-420

3069

Box 39

73-529

5042

Box 53

73-421

3082a

Box 39

73-530

5043

Box 53

73-501

7255

Box 53

73-531

5025

Box 53

73-502

6032

Box 53

73-532

5044

Box 53

73-503

6106

Box 53

73533

5040a

Box 53

73-504

7334

Box 53

73534

5029

Box 53

73-505

6o°2

Box 53

73535

5030

Box 53

73-506

9164

Box 53

73-536

5031

Box 53

73-507

6003

Box 53

73-537

5032

Box 53

CONCORDANCE OF EXCAVATION-NUMBERSTO CATALOGUE-NUMBERS Excavation- Catalogue-number(s) Museum number location

CD-260

Excavation- Catalogue-numb er(s) Museum number location

73-538

5033

Box 53

73-707

1247

Box 44

73539

5034

Box 53

73-708

1251a

?Box44

73-540

5035

Box 53

73"7°9

!3l8

Box 44

73-541

5036

Box 53

73-710

31

Box 44

73542

5041

Box 53

73-713

3222

Box 44

73-543

5037

Box 53

73-7M

1324

?Box44

73-544

5038

Box 53

73-715

219

Box 44

73-545

5039

Box 53

73-716

1323

Box 44

73-546

5040

Box 53

73-717

1322

?Box44

73-547

6044

Box 53

73-718

1321

Box 44

73-548

7163

Box 53

73-719

217

Box 44

73-549

6o6°

Box 53

73-720

1277

Box 44

73-55°

6o7°

Box 53

73-721

1319

Box 44

73-601

7118

Box 40

73-722

1288a

Box 44

73-603

3648a

Box 40

73-723

218

Box 44

73-604

3646 = R962

Box 40

73-724

222

Box 44

73~6o5

2280 = R93

Box 40

73-725

190

Box 44

73-606

R62

Box 40

73-726

216

Box 44

73-607

R63

Box 40

73-727

1265

Box 44

73-608

R488

Box 40

73-801

732ia

Box 53

73-609

R514

Box 40

73-802

7308

Box 53

73-610

R412

Box 40

73-803

6154

Box 53

73-611

R246

?Box4o

73-805

7309

Box 53

73-612

R243

?Box4o

73-806

7310

Box 53

73-613

R247

Box 40

73-807

7120

Box 53

73-701

1320

Box 44

73-808

7311

Box 53

73-703

1237

Box 44

73-809

7286

Box 53

73-704

1255

?Box44

73-810

7025

Box 53

737<>5a-c

i287a-i287c

Box 44

73-811

7287

Box 53

73-706

1279

Box 44

73-812

7310a

Box 53

CONCORDANCE

OF EXCAVATION-NUMBERS

TO CATALOGUE-NUMBERS

CD-261

Excavationnumber

Catalogue-numb er (s)

Museum location

Excavation-Catalogue-numb er(s) Museum number location

738l3

7326

Box 53

74-009

7050

Box 52 or 54

73"8l4

7322

Box 53

74-010

7278

Box 52 or 54

738l5

73*9

Box 53

74-011

7035

Box 52 or 54

73-816

7314

Box 53

74-012

73 x7

Box 52 or 54

73-817

6133

Box 53

74-013

7217

Box 52 or 54

73-819

6108

Box 53

74-oi4a

7007

Box 52 or 54

73-820

6045

Box 53

74-oi4b

7008

Box 52 or 54

73-821

6061

Box 53

74-015

7021

Box 52 or 54

73-822

6052

Box 53

74-016

7O15

Box 52 or 54

73-901

3558

Box 45

74-017

7036

Box 52 or 54

73-902

4081b

Box 45

74-018

7023

Box 52 or 54

73903a

1595

Box 45

74-019

7029

Box 52 or 54

73903b

1597

Box 45

74-020

5002

Box 52 or 54

73-904

3573

Box 45

74-021

703 1

Box 52 or 54

73-905

3574

Box 45

74-022

7012

Box 52 or 54

73-906

1693

Box 45

74-023

733°

Box 52 or 54

73-907

3511

Box 45

74-024

7257-7262

Box 52 or 54

73-908

1482

Box 45

74-025

7°58

Box 52 or 54

73-909

1509

Box 45

74-026

7O13

Box 52 or 54

73-910

1498

Box 45

74-027

7238

Box 52 or 54

73-911

3497

Box 45

74-028

7026

Box 52 or 54

-

Box 45

74-029

6018

Box 52 or 54

73-9! 3

-

Box 45

74-030

7017a

Box 52 or 54

74-001

8048

Box 52 or 54

74-031

7040

Box 52 or 54

74-002

8002

Box 52 or 54

74-032

7011

Box 52 or 54

74-004

7234

Box 52 or 54

74-033

8049

Box 52 or 54

74-005

7116

Box 5 2 or 54

74-034

7327

Box 52 or 54

74-006

7214

Box 52 or 54

74-035

7003

Box 52 or 54

74-007

7061

Box 52 or 54

74-036

7325

Box 52 or 54

74-008

7065

Box 52 or 54

74-037

6040

Box 52 or 54

73-912

CONCORDANCE

OF EXCAVATION-NUMBERS

Museum Excavation-Catalogue-number(s) location number

TO CATALOGUE-NUMBERS

CD-262

er(s) Museum Excavation-Catalogue-numb location number

74-039

7009

Box 52 or 54

74-229

8053

Box 52 or 54

74-040

6053

Box 52 or 54

74-233

6082

Box 52 or 54

74-041

6038

Box 52 or 54

74-234

7229

Box 52 or 54

74-042

7010

Box 52 or 54

74-235

7230

Box 52 or 54

74-201

7328

Box 52 or 54

74-236

8054

Box 52 or 54

74-202

6017

Box 52 or 54

74-240

6072

Box 52 or 54

74-203

6054

Box 52 or 54

74-241

6073

Box 52 or 54

74-204

6088

Box 52 or 54

74-242

6083

Box 52 or 54

74-205

6109

Box 52 or 54

74-243

6110

Box 52 or 54

74-206

6047

Box 52 or 54

74-244

6011

Box 52 or 54

74-207

6039

Box 52 or 54

74-245

7005

Box 52 or 54

74-208

6046

Box 52 or 54

74-247

6085

Box 52 or 54

74-209

6146

Box 52 or 54

74-301

33°5

Box 36

74-210

7216

Box 52 or 54

74-302

3314

Box 36

74-211

6021

Box 52 or 54

74-303

3259

Box 36

74-212

7236

Box 52 or 54

74-3o4

3325

Box 36

74-213

7122

Box 52 or 54

74-306

3292

Box 36

74-214

7032

Box 52 or 54

743°7

3357

Box 36

74-215

6010

Box 52 or 54

74-308

*4X7

Box 36

74-216

7256

Box 52 or 54

74-309

3380a

Box 36

74-217

6028

Box 52 or 54

74-310

3326

Box 36

74-218

7219-7228

Box 52 or 54

74-601

2309a

Box 40

74-2 19

8069

Box 5 2 or 54

74-602

R168

Box 40

74-220

7060

Box 52 or 54

74-603

R966

Box 40

74-221

8052

Box 52 or 54

74-604

3644 = R894

Box 40

74-222

8018

Box 52 or 54

74-605

3^47 = R836

Box 40

74-223

8014

Box 52 or 54

74-606

4°93

B°x 4°

74-224

8019a

Box 52 or 54

74-607

3645 = R866

Box 40

74-226

8070

Box 52 or 54

74-608

R967

Box 40

74-227

2273a

Box 52 or 54

74-609

3648 = R887

Box 40

CONCORDANCE

OF EXCAVATION-NUMBERS

Excavation-Catalogue-number(s) Museum number location

TO CATALOGUE-NUMBERS

CD-263

Excavationnumber

Catalogue-numb er(s)

Museum location

74-610

R655

Box 40

74-830

6104

Box 52 or 54

74-611

R835

Box 41

74-831

7268

Box 52 or 54

74-612

R297

Box 41

74-832

6059

Box 52 or 54

74-613

2313a

Box 41

74-833

7235

Box 52 or 54

74-614

R968

Box 41

74-834

7269

Box 52 or 54

74-801

7237

Box 52 or 54

74-835

727°

Box 52 or 54

74-802

7022

Box 52 or 54

74-836

7271

Box 52 or 54

74-803

8055

Box 52 or 54

74-837

6031

Box 52 or 54

74-804

7336

Box 52 or 54

74-838

7018

Box 52 or 54

74-806

7329

Box 52 or 54

74-839

6048

Box 52 or 54

74-807

6058

Box 52 or 54

74-840

7272

Box 52 or 54

74-808

7028

Box 52 or 54

74-841

6049

Box 52 or 54

74-810

8015

Box 52 or 54

74-842

7121

Box 52 or 54

74-811

8071

Box 52 or 54

74-843

1485a

Box 52 or 54

74-814

7319a

Box 52 or 54

74-844

179 1

Box 5 2 or 54

74-815

7244

Box 52 or 54

74-845

1792

Box 52 or 54

74-816

7110

Box 52 or 54

74-847 to 74-849

7053

Box 52 or 54

74-817

7047

Box 52 or 54

74-850

7!23

Box 52 or 54

74-818

7263

Box 52 or 54

74-901

1716a

?Box 45

74-819

6101

Box 52 or 54

1614 = HS 99

?Box 45

74-820

7016

Box 52 or 54

74-902 = 63-006

74-821

7O17

Box 52 or 54

74-903

3597

?Box 45

74-822

7264

Box 52 or 54

74-904

3569

?Box 45

74-823

7276

Box 52 or 54

74-905

1649

?Box45

74-824

7245

Box 52 or 54

74-906 = 63-007

3596 = HS 119

?Box 45

74-825

7119

Box 52 or 54

74-907

3570

?Box 45

74-826

7246

Box 52 or 54

74-908

1774

?Box45

74-827

7265

Box 52 or 54

74-909

3575

?Box 45

74-828

7Ο5*

Box 52 or 54

74-910

3560

?Box 45

74-829

7267

Box 52 or 54

CONCORDANCE

OF EXCAVATION-NUMBERS

TO CATALOGUE-NUMBERS

CD-264

Excavationnumber

Catalogue-number(s)

Museum location

Excavation-Catalogue-numb er(s) Museum number location

74-911

3562

?Box45

77-028

7041

Box 55

74-912

3593

?Box45

77-029

7033

Box 55

74-913

3538

?Box45

77-030

7273

Box 55

77-001

8020

Box 55

77-031

7279

Box 55

77-002

7°37

Box 55

77-032

7333

Box 55

77-003

6111

Box 55

77-033

7086

Box 55

77-004

8088

Box 55

77-034

7042

Box 55

77-005

8075

Box 55

77-035

6029

Box 55

77-006

7038

Box 55

77-036

6147

Box 55

77-007

7247

Box 55

77-037

6016

Box 55

77-008

7290

Box 55

77-038

7316

Box 55

77-009

7102

Box 55

77-039

6112

Box 55

77-010

7342

Box 55

77-040

6142

Box 55

77-011

8016

Box 55

77-041

6027

Box 55

77-012

7044

Box 55

77-042

7293a

Box 55

77-013

7039

Box 55

77-043

72oo-72O5a

Box 55

77014a

7292

Box 55

77-044

7206

Box 55

77014b

7293

Box 55

77-045

7207

Box 55

77-015

8076

Box 55

77-046

7208-7210

Box 55

77-016

7239

Box 55

77-047

7 164-7 165

Box 55

77-017

7337

Box 55

77-048

6141

Box 55

77-019

8021

Box 55

77-049

6034

Box 55

77-020

7055

Box 55

77-050

6144

Box 55

77-021

7338

Box 55

77-051

6077

Box 55

77-022

6015

Box 55

77-052

6035

Box 55

77-023

7064

Box 55

77"°53

7OO4

Box 55

77-024

6089

Box 55

77-054

8022

Box 55

77-025

7240

Box 55

77°55

i365a

l°st

77-026

7114

Box 55

77-057

6051

Box 55

77-027

7339

Box 55

77-058

7°54

lost

CONCORDANCE OF EXCAVATION-NUMBERSTO CATALOGUE-NUMBERS

CD-265

Excavationnumber

Catalogue-number(s)

Museum location

Excavationnumber

Catalogue-number(s)

Museum location

77-059

7218

Box 55

77-228

6087

Box 55

77-060 = 77-319

6063

Box 55

77-229

6067

Box 55

6138

Box 55

77-230

6068

77-201

Box 55

77-202

6148

Box 55

77-231

6153

Box 55

77-203

6118

Box 55

77-232

6069

Box 55

77-204

6102

Box 55

77-234

6076

Box 55

6005

Box 55

77-235

6066

77-205

Box 55

77-206

6113

Box 55

77-301

33O1

?Box 36 or 37

77-207

6149

Box 55

77-302

3253

?Box 36 or 37

77-208

6006

Box 55

77"3°3

3287a

?Box 36 or 37

77-209

6139

Box 55

77"3°4

3342

?Box 36 or 37

77-210

6033

Box 55

77-305

!4«7

?Box 36 or 37

77-211

6023

Box 55

77-306

1351

?Box 36 or 37

77-212

6140

Box 55

77-307

3284

?Box 36 or 37

77-213

6022

Box 55

77-308

X327

?Box 36 or 37

77-214

6007

Box 55

77-309

3281

?Box 36 or 37

77-215

6150

Box 55

77-310

3268

?Box 36 or 37

77-216

1888

Box 55

77-311

3239

?Box36or37

77-217

6008

Box 55

77-312

3296

?Box 36 or 37

77-218

6062

Box 55

77-3*3

33*3

?Box36or37

77-219

6024

Box 55

773*4

33°6

?Box 36 or 37

77-220

6086

Box 55

77-3*5

3338

?Box 36 or 37

77-221

6009

Box 55

77-316

3339

Box 36

77-222

6074

Box 55

773*7

33*5

Box 36

77-223

6057

Box 55

77-318

3295

Box 36

77-224

6075

Box 55

77"3*9 = 77-060

6063

?Box 36 or 37

77-225

6041

Box 55

77-320

3240

Box 36

77-226

6065

Box 55

77-321

3289

Box 36

77-227

6055

Box 55

77-322

3291

Box 36

CONCORDANCE OF EXCAVATION-NUMBERSTO CATALOGUE-NUMBERS Excavation- Catalogue-number(s) Museum location number

CD-266

Excavation- Catalogue-numb er(s) Museum location number

77-323

3^9°

Box 36

77-8o4b

8032-8041

Box 55

77-324

1343

Box 36

77-8o5

7341

B°x 55

77-325

1345

Box 36

77-806

8060

Box 55

77-326

1347

Box 37

77-807

8017

Box 55

77-327

1337

Box 37

77-808

8007

Box 55

77-328

1342

Box 37

77-809

8050

Box 55

77-329

338°

Box 37

77-810

8044

Box 55

77-330

1334

Box 37

77-811

7318

Box 55

77-331

1379

Box 37

77-812

7241

Box 55

77-332

4042

Box 37

77-813

8045

Box 55

77-601

2125

Box 41

77-814

8056

Box 55

77-602

6064

?Box4i

77-815

8072

Box 55

77-603

2007

Box 41

77-816

8005

Box 55

77-604

1933

Box 41

77-817

7249

Box 55

77-605

1851

Box 41

77-818A

7294

Box 55

77-606

ι83ΐ

Box 4i

77-818B

7295

Box 55

77-607

1902

Box 41

77-819

8084

Box 55

77-608

1849

Box 43

77-820

7113

Box 55

77-609

1901

Box 42

77-821

7343

Box 55

77-610

χ855

Box 4i

77-822

7°52a

Box 55

77-611

1889

Box 41

77-823

7312

Box 55

77-612

1830

Box 41

77-824

7297

Box 55

77-613

1856

Box 41

77-825

8051

Box 55

77-614

i860

Box 41

77-826

7166-7167

Box 55

77-615

1890

Box 41

77-827

7298

Box 55

77-713

3222

?Box55

77-828

7321b

Box 55

77-801

8023-8025

Box 55

77-829

7168-7193

Box 55

77-802

6036

Box 55

77-830

7194

Box 55

77-803

7340

Box 55

77-831

7215

Box 55

77-8o4a

8026-8031

Box 55

77-832

7211

Box 55

CONCORDANCE OF EXCAVATION-NUMBERSTO CATALOGUE-NUMBERS er(s) Museum Excavation- Catalogue-numb location number 77833

7212

Box 55

77-834

7213

Box 55

77-835

7195-7196

Box 55

77-836

7 197-7199

77-837

CD-267

Excavation- Catalogue-number(s) Museum location number 77-904

3536

Box 46

77-905

4053

Box 46

Box 55

77-906

1514

Box 46

7300

lost

77-907

1781

Box 46

77-838

7344

Box 55

77"9°8

3572

Box 46

77"839

73°2

Box 55

77-909

4048a

Box 46

77-840

7345

Box 55

77-910

1501a

Box 46

77-841

7304

Box 55

77-911

1519

Box 46

77-842

7305

Box 55

3495

Box 46

77"843

73°6

Box 55

77-912

77-844

7307

Box 55

77"9X3

3522

Box 46

77"845

7282

Box 55

77-914

6078

Box 46

77-846

7034

Box 55

77914a

6079

Box 46

77-847

6050

Box 55

77914b

6080

Box 46

77-848

7027

Box 55

77-915

6081

Box 46

77-849

8042

Box 55

77-916

3401

Box 47

77-850

8043

Box 55

77-917

1484

Box 47

77-85i

7331

Box 55

77-918

1513

Box 47

77-852

7248

Box 55 Box 55

77-919

1507

Box 47

77-853

6100

77-854

8057

Box 55

77-920

1487

Box 47

77-855

7056

Box 55

77-921

1508

Box 47

77-856

7057

Box 55

77-922

1478

Box 47

77-858

5OO3

Box 55

77-923

1475

Box 47

77-859

6014

Box 55

77924

3597b

Box 47

77-860

6056

Box 55

77-901

4066

Box 46

77-902

4°73

Box 46

77-903

4077

Box 46

Concordanceofpreviously publishedfinds in thisvolume,from Thisconcordance includesall objectspreviously publishedthatarerepublished boththe earlierand thelaterexcavations. Publication-numbers are printedin bold type.Numbers ofTaylour1972;numbers HS, e.g.HS 52, arethecatalogue-numbers R, e.g.R887, prefixed prefixed arethoseofRutterand Rutter1976.Numberswithup to fivedigitsand no prefix, arethe 6002, e.g. in in used this volume. the are caused which are not catalogue-numbers Gaps sequence by objects here. republished

HS or R number

HS or R number

Catalogue-number

Catalogue-number

HS 1

2316

HS 54

3696

HS 8

17

HS 55

3697

HS 9

2313

HS 56

3695

HS 11

30

HS 58

2214

HS 13

2317

HS 59

3688

HS 16

2221

HS 60a

3685

HS 17

2222

HS 60b

3686

HS 24

2314

HS 61

2306

HS 25

2296

HS 65

2319

HS 26

2290

HS 66

3746

HS 27

3653

HS 67

3745

HS 29

2212

HS 68

3739

HS 30

2281

HS 69

3690

HS 31

2273

HS 70

3753

HS 34

3680

HS 72

3725

HS 35

59

HS 73

3754

HS 36

170

HS 75

3728

HS 44

107

HS 76

3727

HS 49A

3691

HS 77

3749

HS 50

3709

HS 78

3743

HS 52

3699

HS 79

3750

HS 53

3698

HS 80

3741

CD- 268

CONCORDANCE OF PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED FINDS HS or R number

Catalogue-number

HS or R number

CD-269 Catalogue-number

HS 81

3751

HS 114

3694

HS 82

3706

HS 116

37°3

HS 83

3705

HS 118

3707

HS 84

3716

HS 119

3596

HS 85

3715

HS 120

37°4

HS 86

3724

HS 87

HS 123

2322

2275

HS 208

6012a

HS 88

3660

HS 92

2320

HS 231

7073

HS 96

2272

HS 245

7066

HS 97

97

HS 250

8083

HS 98

2288

HS 300

8006

HS 99

1614

HS 301

8085

HS 102

3662

HS 320

6120

HS 103

3674

HS 322

6121

HS 104

3667

R93

2280

HS 107

3672

R836

3647

HS 109

3676

R866

3645

HS 110

3675

R887

3648

HS 112

3719

R894

3644

HS 113

3718

R962

3646

Plate A2.1

Middle Helladic potteryfabrics:photomicrographs of thinsections(crossedpolarisedlight).Widthof field2θ3ομ. (d) Dark Burnished2233 (Set 1 Class 1), withdispersedquartz,feldsparand mica grains;(b) Dark Burnished2206 (Set 2 Class 1), withdispersedquartzand mica grains,and quartz-bio titeschist;(c) Dark Burnished2217 (Set 2 Class 2), with dispersedquartzgrainswithbrowntcfat bottomcentre;[a] Dark Burnished2234 (Set 2 Class 3), withwell-sortedquartz sand and whitemica phyllite(lowerrightcorner);(e) WhiteSlipped GrittyMattPainted2265 (Set 3 Class 1), withwellsortedquartzsand and microfossils; (f) LustrousDecorated mediumcoarse 2282 (Set 4 Class 1), withwell-sortedsandstone (top left)and mudstone(lowercentre).

CD-270

Plate A2. 2

Middle Helladic potteryfabrics:photomicrographs of thinsections(crossedpolarisedlight).Widthof field263ομ. [à) Coarse 2322 (Set 5 Class 1), withcarbonate(top),schist(bottomleftand right)and darkyellowishbrowntcf(centre); (b) Minoan SchistGroup 2311 (Set 5 Class 2), withschist(top rightand bottomleft)and quartz;(c) Micaceous Minoan 2305 (Set 5 Class 3), withwhitemica; [d) Minoan (?) 2327 (Set 5 Class 4), withpolycrystalline quartz(bottomright)and schist(lowerleft);(e) Coarse Local Group 2319 (Set 6 Class 1), withigneousrockfragments (bottomleftand top right); (centre). if) AeginetanMattPainted2328 (Set 6 Class 2), withvolcanicrockfragment

CD-271

Plate A7.1

Skull9161 (NuBurial13,LH I/IIA).Fromfront, side,rearand above. CD-272

Plate A7. 2

Skull9162 (NuBurial14,MH II). Fromfront, side,rearand above. cD-273

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