ISSN 0570-6084
No. 54
ARCHAEOLOGICAL REPORTS
FOR
2007-2008
CONTENTS ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2007-2008 Catherine Morgan withDon Evely,Heinrich Hall and Robert K. Pitt IN THE BLACK SEA REGION ARCHAEOLOGY IN CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY 1993-2007 Pia Guldager Bilde, Birgitte B0gh, S0ren Handberg, JakobMunk Hojte JensNieling, Tatiana Smekalova and Vladimir Stolba AND CONSERVATION
RECENT ACQUISITIONS
AT THE URE MUSEUM
A.C. Smith and A.L. Harris PUBLISHED
BY THE COUNCIL
FOR THE PROMOTION
OF THE SOCIETY
OF HELLENIC
STUDIES
AND THE COUNCIL OF THE BRITISH SCHOOL ATATHENS 2008
Cover
illustration: Kalapodi,
Geo temple
bronze pendant shaped like a ram from the destruction layer of the
Archaeological Reports is published by the Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies and the British School atAthens, for their subscribers. It is now also available to subscribers to theAmerican Journal of Archaeology (see back cover) and to members of the Society for the Promotion of Byzantine Studies under similar terms. Members of the public can purchase copies from the Secretary, The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies, Senate House, Malet Street, London WC 1E 7HU, UK.
'Archaeology inGreece', compiled annually by theDirector of theBritish School atAthens, is the only account of recent archaeological work inGreece published in English. It is usually supple mented each year by reports from other parts of the ancient Greek and Byzantine world: South Italy, Sicily, Sardinia, Albania, Cyprus, Asia Minor and theBlack Sea are covered regularly.
ExecutiveEditor RichellaDoyle Production Editor Gina Coulthard
Archaeological
Reports is very grateful for the support of theA.G. LEVENTIS
FOUNDATION
? Authors, the Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies and theBritish School atAthens
2008
Printed inEngland by Stephen Austin and Sons Ltd, Hertford
CONTENTS
Archaeology inGreece 2007-2008.1
Athens Attica
of the Saronic
Gulf with Kythera
Epirus.61 Western Macedonia.63 ....
11
Central Macedonia.73
Corinthia.15
Eastern Macedonia.79
Argolid.24
Thasos.83
Arcadia.31
Thrace.86
Laconia.34
Islands
Messenia.38
Cyclades
Eleia.41
Dodecanese.93
of the Northeast
Aegean.87
and Samos.87
Crete byDon Evely.94
Achaia.43 Ionian
Lokris.57
Thessaly.59
by Robert K. Pitt.3 by Robert K. Pitt.8
Islands
and East
Phthiotis
Introduction.1 Museums.3
Islands
Aitolia
excluding and Akarnania.47
Phokis
and West
Kythera.46
Lokris.47
Eastern
Crete
(Prefecture
Central
Crete
(Prefecture
Western
Crete (Prefecture of Rethymnon)... (Prefecture of Chania).Ill Sources of illustrations.113
Boeotia.49 Euboia.51
Archaeology in theBlack Sea Region inClassical Antiquity 1993-2007.115 Introduction.115
Ukraine.129
Institutions.115
Russia.147
and books.116 Principal new periodicals International conferences.117
Georgia.151
Exhibitions.117
Abbreviations.157
Bulgaria.118 Thracian inland sites.123
Bibliography.158
Turkey.153
Sources
Romania.124
Recent
Acquisitions
and Conservation
of Lasithi).94 of Herakleion).97
of Antiquities
at theUre Museum, University ofReading 2004-2008.175
of illustrations.173
110
ARCHAEOLOGY
IN GREECE 2007-2008
INTRODUCTION a simple
As
of events
snapshot
in Greek
archaeology
drawn
fromboth published and unpublishedbut authoritativesources,
for everyone. This something discoveries: the year brings shortage of headline-making cremation burial inArgos; the iden cloth around a LGeo-EAr to generate continues tification of a BA boat at Mitrou, which
Archaeological
no
Reports
of El A
of the wealth architecture; religious from Messene; and the Rom emerging epigraphical inMacedonia. horse and chariot burials from Lithochori Many development
of
evidence
were discoveries made a valuable reminder
these
in
the
course
of
rescue
of this of the importance our expectations. in challenging Other research projects reported this year are important for the excavation of the Med under systematic periods study or for the way settlement at Corinth, for example in which in the they bring new kinds of location to the fore. Research excavation
essentiallv
random
exercise
and Arcadian
Achaian
from sites
uplands as Gremoulias
such
is such a case, where evidence solid confirmation of provides
the importance of the mountain networks traditional polis-focused narratives. In their various
neglected
in more
to AR, previous British School the importance of a long emphasized view, of building up accretional pictures of sites and regions In some cases, the time-frame involved is year on year. of major relatively short thanks to the availability funding: the directors
have
introductions
rightly
speed with which our picture of both PH and Cl-Rom W
Macedonia
has
changed
is in no small measure
due
to funding the Egnatia
for rescue archaeology from the construction of the Iliarion Dam and the Edessa and from the Odos, bypass, state electricity which undertakes extensive company (AEH) lignite mining here. The single biggest such rescue story for the next few years will metro where, surely be the Thessaloniki
from those expecting quick headlines, despite initial pessimism an exciting cumulative is already emerging not merely picture so of the LRom-Byz city, but also of the Ot period, where to be studied. remains much As excavation into progresses we
expect much more to report in 2009. Among and here I emphasize those undertaken longer-term projects the Aristotelian in Thessaloniki and reported by University a more gradual accumulation of fully every year in AEMTh from time to time reaches a point where knowledge systematic deep
deposits,
is required. A good example this year is the city of reappraisal in the form and Pella, where a clear view of long-term changes planning of the city from the Cl period to the 4th Ct AD can now
the vital role of Finally, we should also emphasize research conducted within the Greek Archaeological Service. This year, our Laconia includes of chapter important bodies information derived from long reports by Athanasios Themos be
taken.
and Eleni Zavvou
in the JlpcxKTiKa rou T
Aiedvo?s
on their personal IlttouScov TIsAOTTovvrioicxKcbv area and around in the Helos Not only Cape Malea. is this region of great interest in its own right, but it is also of
luveSp?ou fieldwork
vital importanceas the linkcompletingthechain from W Crete through Kythera all the subjects
and Antikythera, of extensive AR
and into Laconia Pavlopetri and reports over the years
us for the first time a full view
of this gateway to the The newer Ephorias in areas which too, established Aegean. have rarely received such close, focused attention until now, are giving
as our
role,
significant
reports
of the
33rd EPCA
in reconstructing
the urban
plan
of anc. Ambrakia
demonstrate. In addition
offers
the 8th Ct BC models controversy; temple and architectural in the from Nikoleika, which confirm the importance of Achaia
a very
to play
starting
work of the35thEPCA inuncoveringRom Fiskardo and of the a personal
to presenting
choice
of
the year's
archaeological highlights, the introductionto AR generally some
contains events
reflection
in Greece.
Two
on major and trends, new directions events cannot be avoided. First, the
close tragic forest fires of the summer of 2007 came perilously to adding major to their trail of sites notably Olympia from the perspective a long destruction. of Athens, Secondly, shadow has been cast by the attempted suicide of the Secretary
General
of the Archaeological
Christos
Service,
Zachopoulos,
inDecember 2007 and theperiod of reorganization within the
of Culture which followed. Ministry dwelt on the very difficult conditions a shortage of staff in the Ministry, guards major
which
sites
threatened
press reports have have reigned, from to a shortage of museum
the extension
of opening hours for (a threat now during the summer to slowness in releasing pledged funds. Some
and museums
averted),
happily
Greek
which
of thishas reached theUK press, although ina highly selective and
inaccurate fashion: readers alarmed by Helena frequently Smith's Guardian to know report of 23rd June will be relieved that the reported closure of Delos Museum is an error and that,
while
Herakleion
Museum
remains
closed
for much-needed
an to schedule), temporary exhibition, outstanding including many of the gems of the collection, iswell worth visiting. In sum, though, this has been an exceptionally hard year for colleagues here in Greece. renovation
(which
is proceeding
according
There
years,
to report. much In recent is, nonetheless, positive the Ministry of Culture has honoured the in succession
Foreign Schools inAthens for their contributionto Greek culture. A commemorative volume has been published, edited Eleni Korka, by the head of the Foreign Schools' Department, and entitled Foreign Archaeological in Greece from the Schools 19th to the 21st Century of Culture, 2007). In (Athens, Ministry work conducted 2007, the spotlight fell upon the archaeological in Greece
of a by Greek universities, with a 2-day presentation of projects held on 6th-7th December 2007.
wide
variety not Material appropriate
previously
presented
in AR
is noted
at
the
point.
The issuesof ending the trade in illicitantiquitiesand of the
restitution of cultural property
high on the agenda.
remained
In
March 2008, the Ministry of Culture collaborated with in staging a conference on the restitution of cultural in the New Acropolis Museum the first major event the premises. In the previous month, Greece itself
UNESCO
property held on
returnedtoAlbania 2 (Hel and Rom) statueswhich had been lootedfromButrintand recoveredby theGreek police in 1997. to Greece
Returns
continue:
Collection Theodoropoulou were returned by the German
94
and
stolen objects offered for sale
authorities
to the Greek
from
the
in Munich state and
exhibited in theNational Museum inOctober 2007 temporarily
before making
a permanent
return to Larisa
Museum.
And
at
the timeofwriting, ShelbyWhite has just agreed to returnto
Greece
part of a funerary
collection, upon receiving looted from Greek sites. Broader
another UNESCO Heritage
Routes
and
evidence
sites heritage landscapes, to the fore in September 2007 with this time on World Heritage and conference, New Orientations. Greece has a very
definitions -
and environments
a calyx krater from her that they had been
stele
clear
of cultural
came
2
CATHERINEMORGAN
successful
to have its major sites and history of bidding inscribed on theWorld Heritage list in 2007, the old town of Corfu became the country's 17 world heritage site. a Europa Nostra And award for 2008 has been given to the
monuments
museum
open-air
of
the
Navarinou, Thessaloniki, of mosaics large number
Palace
of Galerian
not only conserved
where are
in Plateia
the structure in situ.
a
but
Creative
and public presentation of the thinking about the preservation sites and monuments that form part of the built environment as exemplified continues in the publication of V. apace, and A.
Karageorghis Presentation
Giannikouri
and (eds), Conservation and Natural Heritage of the Large Proceedings of the International
of the Cultural of theMediterranean: 1st-3rd September, Rhodes, Symposium, Islands
2005
(Athens, Ministry
of Culture/Archaeological InstituteofAegean Studies, 2006), case studies from a swathe of islands from presented to Crete and Rhodes in the wider context of experience,
which Melos
on Cyprus, and Sardinia, and practice Sicily also the impact of national and international legal But there is also an interesting and important
and
trends
considering frameworks. move
to consider
smaller sites, within their sites, and especially environment and to create management plans which as part of visitors to experience sites in combination encourage a landscape. are a case in point. A one-day Caves colloquium
physical
on New
in Greek Caves, Research inMay 2008 organised the Irish Institute and the EPSNE, featured not only a wealth new archaeological but also innovative material, planning
by of to
inform a wider
attract and
public. It is hard to overestimate the effect of funding as a catalyst Third Community Support Framework thinking about
the public
the
for fresh
With thedeadline for the completion ofwork, 31stDecember
close, very many of the reports submitted for AR to new displays, contributions made by projects of the panels and the like. An impressive overview
2008, drawing this year note information
in A.
is presented To (eds), nap?v
projects
supported
Kottariou
and
S.
Kai to tg?v ?j???ov Chondrogiannis Kai F koivotik? [uvriiJE?Gjv fja?: YIoXitiotiki) K?rjpovoiJ?a H trXaioio rr?s Apxccio?oyiKrj? orripi?ri?. Trpoo?opa tcov
Koivcovia
ott\v
YnripEoia?
tto?itcov
(Thessaloniki,
Union of Greek Archaeologists, 2006) (Greek and English This
text).
beginning projects
book
arose
a conference
from
the framework
of
period,
where
convened more
at the
than
300
in 93 papers and 182 display stands: a presented at the end of the period, with a full is promised, state to various combinations of European, Thanks
were
follow-up, publication. and private
have been funding, a large number of museums of from the Byzantine Museum and/or completed to Thebes National and the Piraeus, Museum, Veroia, of Marble and a Museum in Athens, Numismatic Museums for the list is long. As we began preparation Craft on Tenos in Greece: 181 state museums this edition of AR there were by refurbished
we
are promised should be their 201. What those with a clearly museums, especially local role, have defined long served as regional arts centres focus of the newly The educational Aiane is a case in point. the end of 2008
wider
Certain
role?
in the Archaeological Museum
redesigned displays
Thessaloniki of
events
recognition absolutely possible. forefront
of
is complemented by a lively outreach programme But there is now general for the wider public. that not
necessary The Union of
could
more
only that it should of Greek
this movement
be
done, be done and
Archaeologists for outreach,
but
that it is
as as broadly been at the
has
with
initiatives
including lobbyingfor the age limitfor free child entryto be
raised.
museums
The
of
response all kinds
is already staged
encouraging. events
special
for primary schools and myth and games about the anc. world Vamvakaris. history in the songs of Markos Certain major over the past year conferences held in Greece will be of interest to readers of AR, not least because the to be
resulting publications promise review conferences have
Ages
Revisited,
programme The Aegean index.asp;
in the field.
on periods {The Dark 14th-17th June Volos,
of Thessaly,
University at
2007,
landmarks
focused
Major
http://extras.ha.uth.gr/coulson/en/ Athens, Early Bronze Age: New Data,
llth-14tfi April 2008); on regions {Half a Century on the A
Isthmus:
Excavation
over to Celebrate Years Conference Fifty of and Survey on the Isthmus of Corinth, Athens, 15th
17thJune 2007; The ByzantineManx, 5thEBA and Demos 21st-22nd
Oitylos,
June 2008);
on
and
single
sites
{Aukto?
Demos Kastelliou and 23rdEPCA, November 2007; ??KTiLi?vri, EFA
Mallia, Years
2nd-3rd November
of Excavation Conferences
Akrotiri
2007;
1967-2007, otherwise
ASA,
on Thera:
40
16th-17th December
connected with directly included: Numismatics and Economic in archaeology History in Antiquity of Ioannina, 3rd-7th October Epirus (University aus griechischen Neue Funde archaischer Plastik 2007); 2007).
und Nekropolen Heiligtumern 2nd-3rd November 2007); Greek On 29th March 2008, (BSA,
and Athens (DAI University, Geometrie Pottery Forty Years at and abstracts programme
www.bsa.ac.uk). from
of sites and monuments.
presentation
on International Museum 2008: under the 18th May Day as Factors theme of Museums in Social overarching Change and Development, included subjects as diverse as presentations
Fifty-eight for ICOM's
seen a number 2007-2008 has of significant Finally, anniversaries. The Archaeological celebrated Society at Athens the 170th anniversary of its foundation and the Austrian
Archaeological InstituteinAthens its 110th(the lattercelebrated a colloquium
with
the NW
P?loponn?se,
Aigialeias, Trapeza 2008, the Swedish a 2-day the BSA we
on New
with
in into Temple Architecture on Nikoleika, Graika
Research
presentations Gremoulias
In May and Lousoi). its 60th anniversary with of the School. On behalf of
Aigiou, Institute celebrated
on the work presentation and the Society for the Promotion
convey warmest congratulations. a brief note is due In conclusion,
edition
of AR.
of Culture published
An
was
important
casualty
of Hellenic
Studies,
on the production of this of events in the Ministry
the Archaiologikon Deltion, which has not been there is currently no indication of this year. Although
a publication date, it is hoped that itwill appear in time for
2008-2009. The most up-to-date published of the Archaeological and the Ergon Society, the press reports which we cite only when they can be traced source within to an authoritative of the Ministry backed to colleagues in various I am especially Culture. grateful inclusion
sources
in AR
remain
Ephorias who have clarified details of their work as reported in the press. AEMTh 2006, while dating back rather further, is one 2007 also in the series and DeltChAE of the largest volumes
to regions collections Individual this year. pertaining appeared are noted with abbreviation at the start of the relevant chapter. rou T is the 4-volume Of wider relevance UpaKTiK? InouScbv: TlE?oTTovvqoiaKcjv Aiedvo?s luveSp?ou
2005 11-17 lenreu?piou n?pyo?, FaoTovvT), A?ja?i?8a {?E?oTTOvvr?oiaK?, Tlap?pTr?ua 27) (Athens, Society for
is abbreviated Praktika Z' Studies, 2006), which Peloponnesian As with volume number. ever, we have devoted Synedriou most to unpublished site reports and work space originally
published inGreek (especially inGreek sources available in
are sources in other languages libraries): published or new are material of if publications they primary only We are grateful to all our contribu major regional collections. tors for the time and trouble taken in preparing reports for AR. few UK
noted
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2007-2008 Readers'
attention
transliteration a clearer
distinction
between
drawn
to the revised
cover. We
have
anc. names,
where
are more
conventions made
is also the back
inside
appropriate (although and mod. Greek, usage),
for common
on
note
sought to make British Library are exceptions current
where
conventions for the transliteration of demotic produce results of and primary greater use to the reader in cross-referencing maps we have made literature. Throughout, for personal exceptions names where an author has expressed a strong preference. The result is perhaps less consistent, but certainly more natural and of greater practical
use
in research.
This year,AR has beenwrittenby 3 officersof theBSA, the and the Assistant Curator, Don Evely, Pitt. We are, as ever, grateful to Heinrich Hall
the Knossos
Director,
Director, Robert for German translation to John Hayes, for emergency
of a sharp editorial eye, to Jessica Piccimni
and the exercise
for final proof-reading, and translation of an Italian
contribution.
are our own. translations The staff of remaining offered invaluable the librarian, support: Penny lists of publications, Tania Gerousi Zarganis, compiled Bruseker cuttings, George liaised with tions, Vieki Tzavara the School Secretary, provided
press
editor,
production humour.
Gina
Wilson collated
illustra prepared and Helen Clark, administrative support to the
for her
Coulthard,
edited
by N.
Kaltsas
and
and
from
the
with a new October, G. Despinis (Athens,
of the Egyptian permanent exhibitions, were on 14thMay 2008. collections, opened
and
The
Egyptian collection was one of the first to be held by the is the only one of its scope and quality enhanced substantially by large gifts from
and
IoannisDimitriou (1880) andAlexandras Rostovic (1904), and
is now regarded as one of the finest in the world. one Around fifth of the 6,000 artefacts in the collection are now on display in 2 rooms. The Stathatos Collection, which spans the PH to and metal post-Byz periods, but consists primarily of jewellery
objects (especially Hel
Thessaly),
is now more
jewellery from Karpenissi
fully displayed
in entirely
and
refurbished
Museum
Archaeological
Museum
With thenew building complete,thetransfer of antiquitiesfrom the old museum on theAcropolis began in October 2007, amidst huge public interest. The spectacle of a chain of 3 cranes moving some 246 large items (113 tons) and 4,200 smaller marble
of Thessaloniki
The designs of thenew thematicexhibitionsreportedinAR 53 ([2006-2007], 61-62) are discussed indetail by a number of contributorstoAEMTh 20 (2006).
ATHENS byRobertK. Pitt Central
Athens
(lstEPCA: 1stEBA)
published
A translationof the 1962 Gr edition has been of
S.E. on
A report M. available:
The Mycenaean
Iakovidis,
Acropolis
of
the Propylaia restoration is now project The Restoration of the Propylaia of
Ioannidou,
Anc.
J.M. Camp
Agora. of excavation.
BZ
items alone
(124 tons) and the gradual opening of museum interest in the space to the public has engaged wide of creating a new museum. The process itself building to cause continues both for its design and its controversy location and was (see e.g. Ergon [2007], 113-24), strongly defended in a lecture given by its architect, Bernard Tschumi,
at theMegaron Mousikis inOctober 2007 (TaNea [09/10/07]).
south road and to
take
reports on the 2007
(ASCSA)
season
investi (Fig. 1) 2 primary areas were the areas W of the road. In the road, down
the very In doing
hard-packed gravel so, we fully exposed one of supply lines found in earlier seasons, terracotta and 2 of lead. These will all have been for fresh water and were probably lines. Lower pressure down, we cleared surfaces, mostly the later water
of the 4th Ct AD.
more
of the deep street drain and, at the extreme N, another subsidiary channel entering it from theW. All these channels, both supply and drainage, were in use in the 4th or 5thCt AD.
theW, we explored deeper fills under the Rom levels. In area we exposed a fairly pyre, of the type well-preserved known from across the anc. street and in other areas of the buried under the floors of Agora. They are usually deliberately and the example found private houses or commercial buildings this year seems to date to the L4th or E3rd Ct BC. It contained a lamp, a drinking cup, a pyxis and several of the characteristic unglazed plates, cooking pots and small saucers. In section BZ north we excavated mostly Cl and Hel levels in To
one
and behind theCl commercialbuilding. One of themajor gains
of the season was
galleries. New Acropolis
"ESo?ev
theAthenianAcropolis (Athens,Ergon IV, 2007).
new
Museum, in Greece. It was
[eds],
Morgan
Ministry of Culture/National Archaeological Museum, 2007).
National
(M.
catalogue
Bouraselis
transcriptions.
Athens (Athens,ASA, 2006).
National
Stathatos
and
photographs
In section
transferred
of
collections
the Foundation
Kai reo Srmcp [Athens, Epigraphical rr? Bou?rj Museum/AthensUniversity,2007]) includesa complete set of
the N-S gated: we continued
Athens Museum, The temporary exhibition on Praxiteles, shown from 25th July-31st Louvre, was
and K.
Lagogianni-Georgakarakos'
thank the
MUSEUMS
Two
(Mitseon
its Inscriptions), with complementary in the new of gallery in the museum. The
displayed 1) and
Acropolis.
The British School atAthens
catalogue
Through material
eye. This to all for
tolerance
Catherine
The Foundation of the Greek Parliament in collaboration with theEpigraphical Museum staged an exhibition "E8o?ev rfj Bou?fj Kai rep Srmcp {AthenianDemocracy Voiced
All
the BSA
(IT Officer) contributors
the entire text with a critical compilers and proof-read has been a true team effort, and we are very grateful their hard work. Last but not least, the authors warmly
3
to establish
beyond
doubt
that the commercial
building extended this farN. More of itsE back wall was
and we can now speak exposed, along with several cross-walls with some confidence of at least 6 set side-by-side rooms/shops along building
the E
was
side of the street.
An
intermediate
phase of the and part of
uncovered
in the form of a draw-shaft
of standard
form, a vertical shaft waterproofed The shaft itself was ca. 0.75-0.9m
thetunnelof a Hel cisterncomplex foundoutside the building to the E.
Itwas
a good
hard white mortar.
within
the shaft suggests
with
di., to a d. of ca. 2.5m. The tunnel runs off to the NW and preserved cistern located within the building may be heading to a collapsed itself. The tunnel showed signs of about lm from the collapse draw-shaft and will have to be in future seasons. Fill explored that itwent
out of use
in the 2nd half of
4
ROBERT K. PITT
EXCAVATION
2007
a
' <<^\ f\QORA
-.V1'"\ j Part. .' ^-?"""
1.Athens,
agora:
plan
of 2007
excavations,
section BZ
of
Presentation
Preliminary
p\ t
oT e*n
RESULTS
EXCAVATIONS
ATHENS
SECTIONS ci of ^fOOV
O E Season
S*
S
"Z.
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2007-2008 the3rdCt BC. A wall of the 1st Ct BC/AD was eventuallybuilt
over
themouth
area
included
impressions. carrying a wide year's
of the draw-shaft. several
lead
Finds from
and
we the Agora range of symbols
In
finds were
of
types
this season
terracotta have
about
and depictions.
previously
known,
tokens
in this
or
seal
900
examples, Some of this
such
as
one
A (Fig. 2). This showinga roundshielddecoratedwith the letter
helmets and type is part of a series showing shields, breastplates, greaves, thought to have been used for issuing armour from the state arsenal. Other examples found this year are more unusual, in particular a small lead token with the stamped depiction of a 'Gallic' shield, recognizable from its elongated oval shape and the central spine (Fig. 2). Such shields were used by N invaders in the 270s BC, usually referred to as Gauls or Celts. into Greece
They were largely turnedback by theGreeks (especially the Aitolians andAthenians) at Thermopylai in 279 BC, thougha small contingentattackedDelphi andwas drivenoffwith divine help
(Pausanias 10.19-23). In section T we continued
to explore the building tradition as well as the slight remains ally identified as the Strategeion, to the E. In the 'Strategeion' of Cl buildings lying somewhat we excavated a series of well-preserved levels in the E part of the building, presumably successive floors covering its period
0
i 2. Athens,
agora:
token showing
3. Athens,
agora:
terracotta
4. Athens,
agora:
lower part of a rf lebes gamikos
token
1cm
i
a round
shield
5
?ao 003
HH
*Arr^M~tt? nEDIAEVAL?FpE *' *^SCSm^^S^^M^^'' 'LYIMG THE OVEP 5TOA POIKILE |
\j7
">v?l M? U^l ,s I
?
I
?
I
SiT?
l-*NJ_
">|
11
I 12
I
isNskea laU^ffelTC VadW I<,1 iI6I7I?I9I10 I11 I12 I0IuIis11< I17I 20 1?I 1I2I3I
13
I l<
I 1*3 16
I
17 I
^\ O^?e^^""" 3 Mi2coA/oit?/a-D >P? AG?PA EXCAVATIONS H AT M ?Eo== pesurvey
?^mr^lJorv,sl5ik g:-;;:^^^" O^ iBE ST?t' BH ". PAPTS ?f An? spapt .sectiom? or
5. Athens,plan of section BH agora:
!?
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2007-2008 of use. This includeda pit fullofmarble chips, itselfoverlying a pit filled with amphorae. though found in fragments, to have
Parts
of at least 6 were
recovered; seem at least some of the amphorae
been
still whole. From their shapes, deposited while seem to have come from the N Aegean perhaps from as coming 2 others are recognizable while from
several Thasos Chios.
One
had an
incised
on
inscription
a AT7
the shoulder:
ligaturefollowed by 3 vertical strokes (= 53), presumably a
measure
of volume mug,
pit (Pheidias
or cost. Associated bowl,
stamped
found
in the
bg pottery plate with moulded
unglazed
rim) suggests that itwas filled in theL5thCt BC, though the
are said by Mark Lawall to be from the 1stquarter of amphorae the 4th Ct BC. fill under the floor went down as Elsewhere, as 3m, producing much pottery of the L8th and E7th Cts BC. The
carved
'Strategeion',
out of bedrock
at theW, was
a surprisingly deep gully in itsE part.
set over
a series of small irregular to explore Further E, we began in part to determine if they represent houses, shops There are at least 2 phases. The earlier buildings.
buildings, or public remains,
only
partly
consist
explored,
of the rubble walls
of
W of themain buildings inuse in the4thand 5thCts BC, lying
road, which at that time led into the Agora square from the SW. more These remains were walls of substantial replaced by in the LCI or Hel period. In theM2nd construction, presumably
Ct BC, when theMiddle Stoa was built, the lineof theold road to the E was
much
of
surfaces.
covered
and
this area with Small
finds
terracotta
a
from 3)
the road was
succession section and
weights, (Fig. lower part of a rf lebes gamikos eye from a trireme.
6. Athens,
agora:
Byz
installations
T
lead (Fig.
shifted W, covering of hard-packed gravel this year included lead
tokens, bone eyelets, the 4) and part of the marble
in section BH
7
In sectionBH (Fig. 5) we cleared the lastof the 10th/l Ct 1th walls and other Byz installations (Fig. 6) and began to go lower, into LRom what we suspected
fills.
further excavation confirmed Here, a stretch last year, that we have uncovered
of the back wall of the Stoa Poikile, thefirstnew section to
become
visible
25 years
since
end of the building was found over consists of 2 part found this season
theW new
The
ago.
adjacent blocks from the outer face of the back wall of the
building, made with a double-T the first finished have
clamp. They course of standing a drove
with
been
of limestone
finished
and originally joined at the ends are orthostat blocks, i.e., from are the wall. The back faces
the top surfaces (flat-faced chisel), while a claw with chisel. Each block has a
boss left on its outer face. The difference in the projecting so low down leave open the the of bosses and presence tooling that the blocks are reused. Blocks in secondary use, possibility made available presumably were found in theW
Athens, blocks
lie ca.
theW.
1.3m higher
by the Persian foundations. The
destruction
of
tops of the new seen to than any part of the building
the SE, the top of a limestone unfluted column shaft ca. di. appeared below the Byz walls, lying very close to the of an interior Ionic column of the stoa and projected placement To
0.6m
in situ (Fig. 7). It stands to a level of ca. apparently If it is in situ, 53.2masl, much higher than anything seen to theW. then we are unlikely to see the E end of the building, which can lie no closer than 4m NE of the column, beyond the present limits
also
of the trench.
As
this column
falls 44m
from theW end, the In any case, at present it looks as though the E part of the building, where we are presently is appreciably better preserved than furtherW. excavating,
minimum
/. of the stoa must
be 48m.
8
K. PITT
ROBERT
Central
Athens
(3rdEPCA: 1stEBA) A
Kerameikos. Kerameikos
further volume
18. Die
Hirmer,
(Munich,
Neubewertung
is published:
submykenische
F. Ruppenstein, und Neufunde
Nekropole: 2007).
ATTICA (2ndEPCA: 1stEBA) by RobertK. Pitt and
Central Voula. Vari
Attica
Southwestern
on reports the excavation (18/05/07) Eleftherotypia avenue of an anc. market place in the anc. deme of Halai
Aixonides {AR 53 [2006-2007], 8). The complex (1,500m2) a series of rooms
to the 5th and 4th Cts BC and comprises temple around an open square.
dates
and a small
To Vima (30/03/08)reportson the excavation of a plot of 1
stremma which
has uncovered
of the anc.
28 graves
ofHalai Aixonides datingfrom the5thand 4thCts. of Vari 7. Athens,
identification
the stoa
of
stoa, rests first on
during his visit
Pausanias
who
(1.14-15), 150 AD. After
in ca.
to Athens
it
described
referring
to the
Hephaisteion as being on the hill above theRoyal Stoa, he a gate of Aphrodite Ourania, sanctuary a over the of the Athenian Macedonians cavalry carrying trophy on to describe a series of He then moves and the Stoa Poikile. in order
describes
monuments
a
lies to the E, under mod. of monuments noted by Pausanias: which
Plaka.
We
have
the
sequence sanctuary, gate and towards the E. stoa, in the order inwhich he saw them, moving to what we know The evidence corresponds archaeological the from other anc. sources III, nos 47-98) concerning (Agora of
history
the
stoa.
It was
built
at
the
time
or 460s BC, and the time of the Bishop
that is in the 470s
ascendancy, L antiquity,
at least until
of Kimon's
it survived
until
Synesius,
who
saw thebuilding (thoughnot thepaintings) in theyears around
and under the Pottery found against the foundations date around 470 BC and floor at theW indicates a construction 400.
the building certainlystood until the 6thCt AD.
Finally, the was
a
numerous
anc.
well-known
building, used for a variety of public remains of a large stoa (over 44m) present and the Acropolis, the Agora square overlooking to such prominence.
references
indicate
(50)
that the Poikile
and prominent
The
functions. S,
facing
correspond The Stoa
seems
of the Herms
also
to have
been
standing
in
the 5thCt BC, at the timeofKimon (Aeschines III, 183-85),
and
it is referred
not describe
to in several Hel
it, however,
nor does
Pausanias inscriptions. it appear in any source
does
of the
Rom period, leavingopen thepossibility thatitdid not survive the siege of Sulla in 86 BC, inwhich case the archaeological evidence
for our stoa would
not match
the history of the Stoa of
the Herms.
and Vari, Two related
of Myc graves. an artificial hill which may
Attica
Southern
around
Varkiza
series
conceal
the anc. cemetery have brought to walls
a tholos
converge tomb.
(Lavreotiki)
Thorikos. R. Laffineur (Belgian School/Li?ge) reportsthata topographic plan of the Myc necropolis has been completed, giving a complete
Publication: and
J.K. Papadopoulos, the Athenian Agora
The Art of Antiquity: (Princeton,
ASCSA,
Piet
2007).
de
on the Velatouri
hill
record of all tombs.
Between theper?boloswall of tombV and the group of 2
on the SE, upright stones of prassinite was found which the Lavrion Museum)
a stone
to (now moved the excavator interprets upon it. To the SW of
as having inscribed Linear B numerals on the NW 4 theMyc necropolis, slope of the Great Velatouri, In square G56b8, squares were opened. intentionally placed or was stones suggest a tomb which either unused remained
in a later phase emptied all material). Alongside
the absence of almost (thus explaining a rich the N section of square G56a8,
inhumationof the LGeo period was
identified(Fig. 8). A
into the natural bedrock and is cylindrical pit was dug deep related to a small platform upslope, bordered by a flat stone on Reddened earth and charcoal from atop the platform a ritual funerary A installation. suggest large amphora in a washy decorated with lines and horizontal bands paint the SE.
bone and teeth fragments, whitened by incineration. the platform and the shoulder of the amphora, a black with zones of found, decorated cup and a pyxis were painted was A bronze fibula found in the lines and meanders (Fig. 9). contained
Between
fillingof thecylindricalpit and a gold ring shaped as a simple
ribbon was
at the bottom. deposited at the Thorikos took place settlement and Cleaning under the direction of R. Docter industrial quarter (Ghent) and P. Iossif (Belgian The area to be cleaned was School). restricted
to the E
'industrial' was
sector
road revealed
found
coming
from
in SW
corner
of
the
settlement.
traces of chariot wheels. of room
E
the lower part of the wall.
of
Work A
on
the
lekythos
the oikos, probably Fieldwork continued
in the W sectorof the shrineofHygeia and to theS of theStreet
of the Herms. Jong
between
scholars
missing Poikile
AD
at Kaminia,
light a towards
shaft of the Stoa Poikile
with remains controversial, preferring to see the remains as those of another as the the Stoa of the Herms. The identification
The several
top of a column
agora:
of recent excavations
A number
Vari.
cemetery
Particular
attention was
the settling 1, cistern AO, washery of the surrounding area.
given to the cleaning of tanks and to the ergasteria
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2007-2008
9
it probably served as a shrine to Pan during Cl times and to be used for seasonal continued at least until the habitation end of the Cl period. Finds included numerous pottery sherds to the mod. the Neo lithics, animal period, fine worked bones and sea shells. The excavation was completed in 2007,
from
on the archaeozoological, evidence.
and
study continues and geomorphological
palaeobotanical
To Vima (16/11/07and 09/12/07) reportson the
Cholargos.
on Mesogeion of 4 Cl graves avenue the discovery during construction of the metro station of Cholargos. Two were child in larnakes
burials
Marathon,
Tsepi.
[2007], LGeo
13-20)
(Fig. 10).
inhumation
In tomb 41
a
cist graves.
and Northwestern
Northern
8. Thorikos:
and 2 were
M.
Pantelidou-Gofas
on continued
itwas
slab which
large
Attica
confirmed had
reports (Ergon (ASA) of the EH cemetery
excavation
broken
that the grave was covered by to any burials: the tomb
prior
therefore, remained unused, allowing study of the initial in other tombs which had construction, something not possible suffered interference from subsequent burials. Tomb 42 (Fig. 11) was found to be similar in form to other cist graves of Tsepi, with threshold, cairn in front of the entrance, lined cist grave and covered a large The grave contained by 2 large slabs. had,
number
of bones, pushed to theW end opposite the entrance. also many in skulls, nearly all broken, the majority gathered together to the sides of the grave. This differs
There were
pieces from the orderly deposition of remains from the other tombs in the S sector of the cemetery. In the E section of the grave, at a
low level of thefill in frontof theentrance,the skeletonof the
last person buried was found and, above it, a scattering of and a few sherds. A stone 0.1m /. had been placed in pebbles the mouth and, over the chest, 3 skulls were found, together with bones, from a secondary One skull had been deposit. beaten, perhaps with a stone found next to it, the 2nd had a
hole and only the 3rdwas intact. The only grave goods a tiny amphora with incised decoration. Consistent with that in findings from tombs 45 and 68, the excavator suggests some cases stones were thrown at the bones of the dead, sometimes the cranium. damaging circular
was
In tomb 39 a trench was
tionship with pyre.
Investigation which here
walkway, surface.
9. Thorikos: LGeo pyxis
in order to establish its rela opened of black soil and ashes, likely a funeral was hampered visitors' by the overlying
an area
Ceramic
typologies
dating
is only 1.2-1.4m from the cemetery to refine important key continued to the oldest phase of the site, i.e.,
analysis the finds
theChai period, a littlebefore 3200 BC.
Central
Attica a
Publication:
Kotroni.
(Mesogeia) volume
is now
on
available
the deme
of
E.P. Vivliodetis, O (mod. Merendi): 8r??joc tou Kai r? H opy?vcoor] MuppivouvTo?: (Athens, ASA, lOTop?a a collection It comprises of all archaeological, 2007). literary, Myrrinous
and epigraphic evidence for the historyof this deme and its citizens, followed by a study of the 1951-1972 the deme cemetery.
Leontari
cave.
L. Karali-Giannakopoulou
excavations
(Athens)
of
reports on
The
cave, situated W of Paiania, and consists of 2 main areas with
h. 11m and d. 6m.
First occupied
lies at an altitude
of 691masl
a total /. of ca. 50m, w. 20m, in the E phase of the LNeo,
of survey was
(A. Papadimitriou-Grammenou,
out by Athens P. Georgiou-Geka
Kapandriti
and Lake
important
carried
and P. Petridi) on thehill ofKotroni (anc.Aphidnai) between The most
Marathon.
architec
turalfind has been part of a towerE of thecrestof thehill. A trial trench uncovered
a section
of the perimeter
and sherdsdating fromPH toCl times. Skala
thejointAthens University/EPSNE excavations begun in2003.
3rd season
A
University
Oropou.
[2007],
21-30)
A. Mazarakis on continued
Ainian excavation.
of the tower
reports (ASA) Of particular
(Ergon interest
was thediscovery of part of an apsidal building (Fig. 12) from the LGeo
3.8m.
3.4m w. period measuring In the middle of the room was
tion next fragments
to a hollow of drinking
and a /. so far exposed of a circular stone construc
cavity containing vessels.
some
animal
bone
and
o
WW
h-1 HH
10m
1 O
EH Tsepi: Marathon, 10. plan cemetery of
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2007-2008
11
Kathimerini (25/03/08)
Salamis Archaeological Museum.
in the preparation of the new archaeological reports progress museum in the former First Capodistrian Public School,
The Support Framework. supported by the Third Community due to open by the end of 2008, will have 3 rooms. museum,
Room 1: Neo sherds and lithics fromGlinani, EH and MH
finds from the Myc from Mertzani and Sklavou, at Peristeria and the at Kanakia, the Cave of Euripides acropolis to EByz material 2: Geo Room Hel sanctuary of Dionysos. 3: coins, grave stelae. Room including a group of 4th Ct marble on local a Herrn boundary marker material and explanatory
material
historical
matters
Salamis.
Cl, Hel
in the courtyard. programmes. The article area around
as
such The
Moni
critically on the poor condition of the E. Lygouri of the Salaminomachoi; (26th that this forms part of the harbour zone inwhich comments
cannot now
G
Faneromenis. on
131-46) [2007], The katholikon.
on the
intervene, but comments to the Kynosouras
and
given
Poulimenos
a new
katholikon
28 reports (DeltChAE of the study of the Latin phase is redated to the of the monastery
(between 1718 and 1732), noting that itwas
El8th Ct AD founded
educational
house
the Tomb
protection areas.
Ambelakia
and Euripides and will be displayed
battle, grave monuments museum will also
notes EPCA) the Ministry of Culture effective
the naval
and Rom
a new roof and on a previous ruined church to which added. Remains from the period of Latin (13th-14th were as well as Byz occupation identified. Study of the
dome were Ct AD) katholikon
a
revealed
Latin
church
of
the Romanesque
Lombardish school, likelybuilt between 1296 and 1317, the bema
11.Marathon,
Tsepi:
tomb 42
of which
probably
Aigina Portes
belonged
N.
to an earlier Byz
(Lazarides). reports on continuing
work
2nd EPCA
part of a building
Polychronakou-Sgouritsa in theMyc settlement
church.
(Athens) and cemetery.
ISLANDS OF THE SARONIC GULF with KYTHERA (26thEPCA: 1stEBA)
PH sitewas located in 1979. In 1979-1980 the This important
E.
Renewed
Konsolaki-Giannopoulou
(ed.), ET1AOAON. t\\?t\v tou AScbviSo?
Apxcuo
K. Kvpov, Tipos Zuv?Spio ?oyiK? contains a wide vol. 1 (Athens, Demos Porou, 2007) range of areas. Individual papers on the Saronic Gulf and neighbouring articles are cited only when they present new finds or signifi cantly expand Salamis
Ambelakia.
previous
Ta Nea and To Vima (12/02/08) both reporta
lecture at the Museum EPCA)
reports.
on her excavation
Art by M. Pologiorgi of Cycladic (2nd of 11 tombs of different types dating
from theL5th or E4thCt to the 3rdCt BC along E. Venizelou street (on the line of the anc. road leading to the city gate). An is illustrated. Two sarcophagi infant interment in an amphora a female burial with a bronze mirror, together each contained
with
clay
oxidized, decorated
survived intact but heavily One mirror pyxides. The other, preserving only traces of its decoration. in sphyrelaton with a scene of Aphrodite(?) and an
had been the product of a Cor workshop, into its 2 parts and both the cover and the deliberately separated for fruit offerings (pomegranate mirror disc used as receptacles Eros,
and perhaps
of a mirror chestnuts, etc.). This rare example seeds, almonds, context from a properly documented recovered provides counters which for funerary customs, important evidence in graves. role of mirrors commonly held views on the magical are in the Salamis held from this excavation Finds
Archaeological
Museum.
excavated
in the Myc
settlement,
plus 3 chamber tombs,A, B, V (AR 26 [1979-1980], by Athens and excavation
work
from 2002
evidence
Ceramic
University began with from 2005.
indicates
settlement
surface
19).
survey
at least from the end
Ct BC; thisexpanded of the 17thor thebeginning of the 16th
at chiefly in the 14th and 13thCts, and the site was abandoned the start of the 12th Ct. The remains are either preserved by burial (in the case of the tombs) or are barely visible (in the case in many of building remains), hidden large stone piles. The latest research (2002-2006)
stone piles on the E downward-sloping rooms (mostly small) laid out towards excavated from the building previously site.
stone walls
The
cases
has
by vegetation uncovered
and
between
side of the site, several the sea, at some distance on the level part of the
of these structures are in places
preserved the ground slopes of the settlement, where gently, parts of a wall of large stones could be traced for some on to a defensive construction distance. This probably belongs to over
1mA.
the seaward
NE
side
retaining wall. In addition
of
the settlement,
to the 3 tombs
already
which
also
excavated,
served
2 more
as
a
were
locatedat a small distance to theS (seeAR 53 [2006-2007], 9).
One, within the mod. village cemetery, was used as an ossuary, of the other, with stone-clad walls, while part of the dromos was of the latter tomb will be uncovered. Investigation undertaken
in 2008.
new Continuing study of finds from the area has revealed as well as material MH-LH of the end of LH IIIB/LH material,
12
CATHERINEMORGAN
2007 AfZ. rO*N*fHL 12. Skala
Oropou:
plan
of the excavations
of theW
sector
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2007-2008
13
in the archaeometry Examination of 3 iron artefacts Democritos shows them to be anc. and laboratory of NCSR to in different technical traditions: made they must be added IIIC.
the very few examples CtBC. E.G.
Publication:
from the Aegean
Papastavrou,
which
the 11th
predate
?cxCevto?
Yn?yE?oi
tt)s Aiyiva? (Athens,ASA, 2007).
T?cpoi
Poros B. Wells and A. Penttinen (Swedish Institute) 'The Sea, report on the first season of the research programme, at the Sanctuary and the God', of Poseidon. the City are: to define the extent of the sanctuary and its rela Objectives
Kalaureia.
to study the local cults through archaeo to the polis; to investigate the relationship of contemporary to the archaeological remains and their
tionship
logical material; local residents
of archaeologists. perception areas Two excavation survey
geophysical
were
on
selected
in 2004
conducted
the
basis
area
and 2006:
of
I, close
to the entrance to the site and S of building D (which had
previously the Temple
yielded a wealth of Poseidon.
and area H,
of cult material);
SE of
Area I yielded a large building complex, of which 4
were Two architectural investigated. partly The collapse of phases may be dated to the 2nd and 1stCts BC. slow roof tiles indicates ERom abandonment and subsequent in the rooms hint at their found disintegration. Objects rooms/spaces
function.
In a room
in the SW,
5 coins were
found
together
with 2 bronze fish hooks and a number of lead sinkersfrom Broken pottery in a small fishing nets. corner may have fallen from shelves. The a fish
shop
or
a
tavern.
A
2nd room
in one compartment room may have been was
used
for food
in one corner, with a pit full of ash cooking pots infront of it. A further room may have of jars were found together with been a store; large fragments ash and charred olive pips. The northernmost space, probably preparation; and broken
a grill was
a courtyard,
has yielded
built
pottery
indicative
of earlier
activity.
It
ison a levelwith theElA L remainsfoundbeneath buildingD:
an EGeo
II amphora neck points to earlier presence in the area. In area H, a large level area was created during the 2nd Ct similar to that surrounding the temple BC, with a circuit wall area but of smaller dimensions. The area's function is unclear.
A LB A bronze Reshef figurine (Fig. 13) was found in the
in a context dating a its presence levelling fill for the per?bolos: millenium later requires further investigation. In the SE part of area H, 3 unfluted column drums, at 1.07m in the sanctuary, di. too big to form part of any known building are
likely the remains
of a votive
column
of the end of the 6th
Two large blocks of hard dark grey limestonewith mouldings and a large block of softmarl were found in the Ct BC. same
area but
some distance from each other. The dark grey to the same monument, but all 3 pieces were belong in the Kalaureia probably removed for reuse inmod. buildings area. blocks
Underneath
the fill for the per?bolos
was
a cultural
layer of
on bedrock all over the theL8thCt BC. EIA L potterystratified
area investigated The 8th Ct was indicated extensive activity. an important period in Kalaureia's history, when undoubtedly in the Saronic Gulf area. the sanctuary was prominent Kavos
Vasili.
E. Konsolaki-Giannopoulou
(26th EPCA)
reports
{E??AOAON, 127-70) on excavation of an EH settlement previouslynoted {AR49 [2002-2003], 15;AR 50 [2003-2004], 13) from press
coverage.
The
site
is on
the N
coast,
facing
Aigina, which is directly accessible by boat. The 3 main
13. Kalaureia:
Reshef
figurine
ca.40-50m2, (A, B, l~) excavated, covering plus 2 ca. 15-20m2, structures (A, E), covering subsidiary adjacent are oriented form part of a large settlement. The main buildings and lie in a radial arrangement towards the centre of SE-NW,
buildings
and have off-centre the settlement. They are all rectangular, with stone socles. A consists of a main doorways Building room, an anteroom and a paved court to the E set 0.90m below
level. A black steatite signet seal was found in the ground anteroom. The floor deposit contained much shattered pottery with, in the SW corner, a saddle quern and stone mortar fixed to the floor.
Immediately
to the E,
a small
structure
set deep
below ground (with stone steps in the S wall) was likely for food or livestockstorage. Building B, 7mN of buildingA, has a main
There
hall, a stone-paved porch and a small courtyard to the E. is a clay hearth in the centre of the main room, and a
bench-like
structure
were
to the floor and
floor
fixed
deposit.
An
in the NE
corner.
Three
stone mortars
tools were found in the grinding structure was unexcavated rectangular
attached to theW side of building B, and to theSE, building E
in front of of a triangular courtyard formed the S boundary ?"has a stone-paved porch, and a main and building B. Building a rear room. A large circular clay hearth in the main room had on the flat surface of the raised II decoration stamped ECyc
rim: the deposit of ash and burntmaterial included a pig
14
CATHERINEMORGAN clay seal was found in the rear room. The a subsidiary was A of T. Two retaining building The running NE-SW lay at theW edge of the excavation. A conoid
mandible.
structure, part of the island, 2 rooms of a poorly preserved On a terrace of the SE founded on bedrock, were excavated.
W
2-roomed walls entire
settlement
sherd
scatter
unexcavated
W, may indicate of the ceramic abandonment,
15ha
(to judge
from
In the architectural remains). (as preserved), part, a 15m/. wall running E a road flanked by houses. Preliminary analysis a floruit in EH evidence II, with suggests
and SE
probably surface
ca.
covered
perhaps
a severe
following
earthquake,
Modi
E.
(Liontari).
on
the nowadays (for press
There
is also
in the SE part of the island was a large On a plateau level of at least 7 rooms: pottery in the destruction complex dates to LH IHC, but earlier levels have not yet been reached. In the surface layer here were EH sherds, a serpentine button
evidence
seal
deserted
island
see AR
of Modi,
50
off the E
[2003-2004],
13).
coast
14. Saronic
for a LCl-Hel
evidence
Excavation
Harbours
confirmed
Archaeological
Project
(SHARP):
date
and
a terracotta
In the floor deposit IHC date. Overall,
of coarsewares
and finewares
was
palette akin a miniature
the pottery mainly
to ECyc bronze
assemblage to LH
dating
IHC E andM, with smaller proportionsof LH IIIB2 and LH
of
are confirmed by a large transport IHC L. Cretan connections stirrup jar and a fragment of a tripod tray: a piece of copper to trade. from a vessel also point ingot and sheet bronze Surface remains of stone structures on the terraced slopes and a
Surface
on the N part watch-point In the settlement. LMyc
Research
examples. likely of LH
consisted
collections (A. Kyrou) had includedMyc potteryand small
bronzes, with of the island.
of likely EBA
wheel
171-98) on researchon theLMyc site
reports,
structure
decoration.
before
(26th EPCA)
a 7m x 2m
found
for transhipment), krater plus (perhaps waiting LH terracottas. A newborn IIIB/C infant was fragmentary buried under the floor of the S room in a small casket with bone
marble
Konsolaki-Giannopoulou
reports(ETTAOAON,
Poros
Vassili.
ridge was
the central
pictorial
EH site is noted on theknoll of the startof EH III. A further
1,000m SE of Kavos Kokorelli, in the area. of talc mining
below
slope
with 2 rooms: thefill contained part of a 12thCt BC Argive
Myc
sites
in the Korphos
region
15
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2007-2008 on
wall
fortification
the W A
settlement.
protected
side
is proposed. stop-over) Y. Bassiakos {ETTAOAON,
material
used
indicate role
trading
in craft production
a substantial, well as a maritime
the raw discusses 199-220) at both Kavos Vasili and Modi.
253-57) on
On the property of after survey. 2 EH levels produced surface Sirius A Ltd at Kaoumithi, 3 In the courtyard of the property of S. Voulgari, vessels. robbed chamber tombs previously investigated, reported were conducted
of which was along with one other, investigation structures. The dromos of tomb 2 had been mod.
impeded by remodelled:
within thechamber (2.50m di.\ only one pit held a fewbones and the other 2 had been 13
represent radiocarbon
disturbed.
individuals
dating at NCSR 9th-l 1thCt AD (ca. 894-1020 found, bronze
The bones
(7 adults Democritos
are estimated
sub-adults): a date range of iron nails were
gave
reused
probably It seems likely that these from jewellery. for much later burials since they do not
known
Byz
Tombs
3 and 4 were
to
6
and
AD). Twenty-two from wooden coffins or boxes,
types.
robbed
sheet plus tombs were conform
to
in antiquity:
tomb4 containedobsidian and an EH sherd (theonly PH finds In 1975 a further, probably
preserved).
located
in a saddle
nearby by P. Themelis.
Myc,
tomb was
cyclopean
of the Panagia of Myc masonry
buildings
similar
M. Petritaki (26thEPCA) reports {E?AOAON, on
LH
level with
IIB
and
257-60) on
IIIA1-2
and housewalls of 2 phases - LH IIIB and LH IIIC (E andM),
a typical pottery Two animal for each phase. assemblage animal bone and shell. figures were found, as well as obsidian, Some EH It sherds were found in surface levels, including part
with
use A LRom-ECh clay hearth rim with zigzag decoration. level (with pottery and coins of the 3rd-6th Ct AD) also lay close to the surface.
o?'a
Harbours
(SHARP) D Pullen Pennsylvania)
(Fig. 14).
Archaeological
(ASCSA/Florida) report on
and T
Research
Project
Tartaron (ASCSA/
the first of 3 planned
field
seasons
on the recently discovered Myc settlement a harbour at Korphos-Kalamianos, settlement with a large, the foundations and lower walls of planned urban centre, where Research
type was used to those at Kalamianos. Ceramic
also
and geomorphological research (R. Dunn) of erosion and sediment movement, problems hydrology, and coastline change over time. season The 2007 the importance of the demonstrated Geological on focused
Korphos region as a centre inLH IIIB and probably also LH
at Kalamianos. IIIB IIIA, centred on the harbour By LH a strong presence in the region, using had established Mycenae as an important stop in maritime routes to Attica Kalamianos and
the Corinthia,
and directly
the former regional
challenging
power, Aigina. Kythera Publication: Survey Medieval
on Kythera: Ince and A. Ballantyne, Paliochora in Medieval Studies and Post Interpretation: Settlements (Oxford, Archaeopress, 2007). G
and
focused
report on a further study season.
(BSA)
Preliminarystudyof theRom pottery(K. Slane) from the
at Kastri, indicates a low survey and the 1960s excavations level presence of ERom and high density of LRom. Notable also is the substantial presence of MRom the (3rd-4th Ct AD), after ca. 650 AD into the EByz possibility of some continuation and wide-ranging trade connections within the E Mediterranean in terms of amphorae, table all 47 sites in Paliopolis
almost
intensively Mediterranean. Study
of ca.
100 thin sections
candidate
for at least some
of production
isolated.
Archival
located within these Archaeological Survey). Myc buildings units were examined collections and counts) (via artefact before the remaining area was walked (Fig. 16): pottery from
in
landscapes
of geological
was made Progress and analysis at the Fitch Laboratory Preparation 299 samples of largely iron-related metallurgical the was surface collections project's
in areas
on the Kalamianos site and in the survey area used 25m x 25m suirounding grid squares as 'discovery units' (following the methodology of the Eastern Korinthia
Study of one of themost the from
samples
of this pottery while the possibility needs to be further explored. with other studies. specialist
in the Argolid
densities
Surface
wares.
completed,
that the source of the red micaceous on pottery, abundant sites during Kythera and present in a number of Peloponnesian the LBA, must be on Kythera. cannot be a source of S Laconia the Lustrous Decorated pottery present in coastal Minoanising sites in the S and E P?loponn?se: a strong Kastri remains
completed:
architectural drawing and description. The Myc walls, segments of fortification wall, were shown including extensive to cover ca. 7.2ha (Fig. 15). At least 50 separate structures and were identified, nearly all on a similar N-S complexes grid. A with 5-8 or more rooms, were built large number of complexes, as single units.
cooking
was
Kythera and S Laconia (E. Kiriatzi and R. Siddall) confirmed
Georgakopoulou). analysis of all
in high-precision progress was made significant of the area, and 2 smaller sectors were selected for
and coastal
investigated
the entire town are exposed due to extensive soil loss. An archi over an area of ca. 9ha was tectural inventory of construction mapping detailed
finds
Kythera Island Project. C. Broodbank (BSA/London) and E.
Settlement remains, pottery. found at some depth a little further N, consist of a retaining wall
Saronic
canonical cases, and in complexes
found
the property of Roseberry Ltd, on the on the E coast, which of Ag. Marina promontory produced a destruction In the S part was of Myc evidence settlement. excavation
and
of Kalamianos,
In both
church.
includedFNeo, EH and LRom toEMed.
Kiriatzi
Spetses rescue
2 small hills N
between
at Stiri, SE
Hydra M. Petritaki (26thEPCA) reports{ETIAOAON, test excavations
from and collections fills helped to date their construction, interior spaces aimed to establish date and function. A number area at in the surrounding of discovery units were walked Aramada and Stiri. Significant Myc Kalamianos, activity was wall
(perhaps
GIS
research
tract densities
of 10% of the material
(V. Delrieu) to explore for potential
not yet designated: 4 research (J. Bennet,
from
begun focused
(M. on
site-level
candidates
were
S. Davies
and
so D.
Harlan) on the 18thCt landholdingpatternsof Strapodiwas conducted
Kiriatzi
in conjunction with micro-toponym location interviews with local informants.
by E.
through
CORINTHIA (37thEPCA: 25thEBA) Diolkos.
To Vima, Kathimerini, and Ta Nea all (06/09/07) of Culture, the Ministry of report on plans by the Ministry Merchant and Marine the Ministry of the Environment, Physical
Planning
and
Public
Works
to
collaborate
in
16
CATHERINEMORGAN
15. SHARP,
Korphos-Kalamianos:
high-precision
GPS
map
of architectural
remains
immediate measures for the protection of the anc. diolkos, the condition of which has for deteriorating long been a cause concern. This will be followed by a study leading to longer term measures for conservation and public presentation.
Isthmia. E. Gebhard (ASC SA/Chicago) reportson a study season
and
focused
the
on the renovation
Isthmia Museum,
of the Sanctuary undertaken
a project
of Poseidon by
the 37th
EPCA with support from the European Fund for Rural and the Third Community Improvement Support Framework. of Chicago excavations Study of finds from the University
continued. ceramics votives
M.
Risser
and K.
Nolin's
work
on comparison between in the temple and t?menos and focused
on LAr
and Cl
as shapes presented those used for food
and feasting after the sacrifices, using pottery from preparation the Cl terraces, the temple and the reservoir (great circular pit) in the area reserved for dining. A. Thomsen studied the terracotta
the horse among figurines, identifying figurines at the sanctuary 2 distinct types: E and LAr individu horses close to the 5th and 4th figurines and 'standardized'
dominant
0
20
16. SHARP,
50m
Korphos-Kalamianos:
alized
/
sector 4 buildings
at Corinth. 'Late Group' from the potters' L. quarter to prepare continued the publication of ca. 900 Houghtalin coins from the Chicago excavations and 600 from the UCLA/Ohio State expedition. From their study of the arms and Ct
Jackson and I. Marszalek armour, A. condition of certain dedications, noting
report damage
on
the poor to a
and repair
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2007-2008 helmetprior to dedication. Ironweapons of the2ndhalf of the
from a funerary monument SW of the sanctuary (the arms from tombs at Vergina W resemble foundation) closely at and probably reflect Macedonian influence and Derveni, 4th Ct BC
Corinth and Isthmia from the time of Philip II and his successors.
Finally, K. Hallof stelae; P. Funke documentary the decrees. In
the Palaimonion,
sculptural elevations:
programme III phase
study of 4 2nd Ct BC context of the historical
commenced studied
restoration Sturgeon's assisted by documentation ca.
(Hadrianic)
0.38m-0.60m
the stadium.
In the Rachi
settlement, to houses remains assigned were only 3 houses here. in size, between their location
consistent practised
and
V. Anderson-Stoj III, IV, V and VI Domestic
cleaning
and
stabilization
of floor above
ano vie's showed
the
study of that there
are generally of activities
structures
60-75m2. Analysis in the settlement was
Tim Gregory (ASCSA/Ohio)
the
(Antonine) to
underlying stadium floor; raised in phase V ca. 1.25m above
of
undertaken.
reports the completion of
of the excavation
area
along
the S
side of theRom bath. In collaborationwith the 37thEPCA,
work
was
undertaken
to make
the Rom
bath,
the Hexamilion
and theE field accessible to visitors (Fig. 17). Study towardspublication of theRom bath continued (Fig.
mosaic in 18). The protective layer over the great monochrome room VI was to the SW corner of room removed. Cleaning XIV the overall project of documentation. A 0.6m completed w. wall,
poorly
built
of rough
stones
in a mud
mortar,
was
found infill of the7thCt AD. The survivingportion ranE-W
^gQ^w&^J
17. Isthmia:
plan of the Sanctuary
itmust
showing
to a building
large for its period
of this area in 1978. At the partially removed during excavation a wall of ashlar blocks ranW from the SW corner of room XIV corner of the bath, indicating the presence of at least presumed one other room or defined space W of room XIV (toward the It is unclear whether NW this was contemporary with ravine).
the bath, but it must its pre-date can yet be said about this space, but the area to the N appears to have been used as a depository for ash, from the furnaces of the building, saved presumably perhaps in the 1970s, ca. 18m for later use. Finally, 2 trenches opened construction
abandonment.
S of
the S wall
considerable
of
Little
of
debris
the bath, were reinvestigated, a large wall built largely
from
revealing of mortar,
rubble and tiles (like the upper portions of thewalls of the bath). This was likelypart of a monumental building S of the
to be connected with 2 sets of parallel walls bath, and is perhaps to the E and N of the trenches under consideration. visible
Study of theE field, between theTemple of Poseidon and theByz fortress,(partiallyexcavated in 1970-1972) refinedthe sequencing of wall phases (Fig. 19), producing up to 17
different
phases
(not
all
chronologically
significant).
As
previously concluded, in an early period (perhaps 2ndCt AD) the area was
public
dominated
in nature.
Cleaning
continued
by
several
large
in the Hexamilion
structures, outworks,
probably NE
of the
Rom bath,where theByz fortifications(theHexamilion) runE are known the fortress (Fig. 17). Several Rom buildings in this vicinity. A project was begun to record extant spolia and them with existing foundations associate (Fig. 20). toward
^xamilionOutworksTj?)
of Poseidon
belong
(the so-called Byz Dark Ages) and which may have been
the
M. was
for ca. 2.30m:
17
the E field and
the Hexamilion
I ?& ? (
outworks
"'^^S^?'^^nSs:
18
CATHERINEMORGAN
18. Isthmia:
Rom
baths
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2007-2008
19. Isthmia: E field, phase
plan
of principal
architectural
19
development
It is as yet uncertain whether in the bedrock. this depression created a terrace or delimited space in a more significant way. a small, A cremation also discovered in area A: pyre was contained ash with burned cobbles, bones elliptical depression and nails, presumably from a coffin or bier. The human bones, mixed with a few animal bones sacrificial victims), (perhaps
to extreme of prolonged exposure changes typical 800 ?C. An ERom basin and amphora temperatures exceeding near the pyre may have been used for drink offerings deposited or fuel. To the NE, a rectangular building was apparently used show
for burial:
the fill contained
Next
to itwere
was
looted, but the others a long period. Eight
over
numerous
bones and LRom lamps. one cist graves cut into bedrock: numerous contained bodies buried
3 5th-7th Ct AD
lead
tablets
bearing
geometric
and
floraldesigns and rolled intotubeshad been leftat the top of
one of the cists. In area B
(along the ridge's E cliff), structural remains have a mod. visible on the surface. Excavation revealed
long been
20.
Isthmia: Hexamilion
outworks,
Doric
capital
foundations
in Byz
reused
a Second World War circular structure, probably Ct) a well-preserved floor of the mosaic turret, directly overlying in E2nd-M3rd Ct AD (Fig. 23), which was partially uncovered (20*
2007. The design is conventional: a fieldwith a diagonal grid surrounds
Kenchreai.
E.
Korka
(Ministry
(ASCSA/Macalester College) report
on
Koutsongila concentrated
of
Culture),
and P. Kasimi
J. Rife
(37th EPCA)
on and conservation the excavation, study ridge, N of the anc. harbour (Fig. 21). Excavation areas (A, B, C, Fig. 22). in 3 major
In 2004, geophysical survey in area A (at the S end of the
the harbour) had ridge overlooking enclosure: monumental blocks Excavation
revealed
a N-S
wall
revealed remain facing
a large rectangular on the surface.
onto
a deep,
wide
bands
of wave
all framing an patterns, head of Silenus looking
and cubic crests, diamonds, guilloche an enwreathed emblema depicting
left. The mosaic several displays tesserae and the stone and glass inside the figurai colours, It represents the Hel, or eastern, style panel are very intricate. art of the period: of mosaic there are close contemporary
parallels inAsia Minor and theCorinthia (theKokkinovrysi villa W of anc. Corinth). It likely belonged to an opulent seaside
to the cemetery its proximity is though In addition, another building, likely an ERom found ca. 36m S along the cliff. The presence of
villa,
noteworthy. house, was
20
CATHERINEMORGAN
2003-2006 CM.JLR.DCMCN 21. Kenchreai:
these
structures
plan of harbour
in the SE
In
area
uncovered
ridge
corner of the ridge of the N mole
at the base complex extended up onto the ridge. residential quarter. wealthy lavish
and Koutsongila
Such
buildings
to the NE
that the suggests of the harbour may
comprise
a
C excavation around tomb 10 (the cemetery), a building above the dromos which had apparently
suffereda catastrophiccollapse (Fig. 24). A niche in theW
wall might have or a sculpture.
an epitaph or artefacts such as lamps were 2 isolated burials 51-52) (graves 10 and 7. Here commemorative rituals,
contained
found between
Only tombs
such as dining,
were
apparently
performed
either
in the home
or inside the tomb. Inside tomb 7 were discrete deposits of
with funerary rituals of the lst-3rd Ct: lamps, objects associated bowls, cups in figurines, ung?entar?a, cinerary urns, Knidian thin-walled ware, amphorae and frying pans. W of tombs 3 and ruts running N-S constitute 2 or 3 cart roads used 23, 5 wheel a long period during the Rom Empire. This was perhaps route into the harbour the main from the N as travelled by
over
To the SW, a substantial in building, with walls on an ashlar socle, testaceum served (until its collapse opus as an above-ground around the 120s AD) tomb with a chamber rock-cut cist (grave 50) along the N wall. Sixteen cist graves
Pausanias.
of the 5^-7* Ct were dug into the bedrock here: all had the typical
form
of
a
vertical
shaft
opening
W
into a wider
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2007-2008
r $
22. Kenchreai:
plan
of Rom
cemetery
on Koutsongila
ridge
%
$
? ?
21
22
CATHERINEMORGAN ,
^
-'
'
' i*4t-C"v
"' :
*"
?&?
:? -v.
.?. /' ',?^^j>
23. Kenchreai,
Koutsongila:
mosaic
inside circular
25. Kenchreai, situ
structure
and epitaph
grave
43, covering
6th Ct
lamp from grave
Koutsongila:
in
Wrrrrm 24. Kenchreai,
Koutsongila:
tomb
10
26. Kenchreai,
had been partly looted, but some were Many the mortar and slab covering and epitaph of grave 43 were intact (Fig. 25). The epitaph, inscribed on a bluish + schistose marble reads: gray KunrjTr|pi
v plaque,
compartment. undisturbed:
Si/acp?povTa 'Av5p??/ too ui(cp) tou Kopco/v?ou + ('+ The
/ toAndrew / the son of/ Koroneos These belonging +'). numerous bodies interred graves, as those in area A, contained over a long period in a supine, extended position, with heads to the W. included such artefacts as lamps They occasionally
burial
(Fig. 26), buckles.
pitchers
and
lekythoi,
bronze
rings,
crosses
and
Koutsongila:
39
and skeletal remains and of the natural Study of artefactual M. Morison environment of the ridge continued. examined numerous over sherds. R. Weir 19,000 artefacts, including identified
the 50 coins
ridge. D. Ubelaker and S. Garvie-Lok connection collected R. Dunn understand tombs and
and bracteates
continued
so far discovered
on the
his
study of the human bones, bone for chemical in analysis
sampled R. Nunes the study of anc. diet. Pedroso of mortar and painted samples plaster. Finally, the geological examined conditions of the tombs to with
On site, conservation taphonomy. their plaster was begun.
of the chamber
23
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2007-2008 Publication: Port
W.O.
Stern and D.H. Ivory, Bone
6.
of Corinth,
Eastern Korinthia Archaeological Survey (EKAS). T. Gregory (ASCSA/Ohio) and D. Pullen (A SCSA/Florida) study of finds
from earlier
seasons.
Anc. Corinth. G Sanders (ASCSA) reportsthecompletionof in the S part of the Panagia Field. laid Colluvium, over the entire area opened in the LNeo, was encountered to date. Ot and Emod. cemeteries the N part of the covering
excavation
down
field currently make
further work
here
impractical.
Excavation
of themonumental L4thCt AD building partially revealed in
seasons was with the exposure previous completed, westernmost 16.5m. At least 6 rooms were laid out with
anterooms
to the S and main
rooms
to the N,
of
the
in pairs, on an E-W
axis.
the foundations Only (of poor quality, large, roughly a cellar, a scrap of flooring and the limestone blocks), are preserved. foundations As the upper part of the blocks of
dressed
are finished, the ground level here was lower than to the S where the same course was unfinished. in theW suite are ca. 7m w. On the E side of the larger Rooms N room is a cellar, 2.8m x 1.6m, accessed via steps cut into a
pebble andmortar flooringsloping down towards theSW and,
to the SW, part of a dipping basin in the same material. The of found grape quantity pits suggests that this room served as a as a wine wine to the W perhaps store. press and the cellar Below area a votive the floor of the putative was pressing each of a different form. A vessels, for grave cuts was made to ensure there were no further tombs of the Geo cemetery (see now C. Pfaff, Hesperia 76 [2007], area was The edge of the excavated 443-537). of 22 miniature
deposit careful
search
cover
to prevent collapse the area with geomaterial
LRom
domus
blowcreted
Research 1960s
H.
It is intended
of the baulks.
to
to the level of the
and backfill
floor.
Robinson
in the area revealed
S of the S stoa, where in the a complex of Med houses.
remains was undertaken Phasing of the architectural using the old excavation notebooks in critical places. A plus excavation an African of burnt material contained red slip pit to dispose
form 50 bowl (M4thCt AD), decorated glass and a marble
portrait head immediately
The pit was located carefully buried face-down. in front of a threshold. A deposit immediately pre construction thatmuch of programme dating the Med suggests the; area remained out of use from the M6l Ct to the MByz
of decayed mud-brick period. Deposits produced large of small coins. One 3 legible coins quantities layer contained of the E6th Ct and an almost complete Phocaean red slip form
3C bowl (450-475 AD). A completeHel pithoswas reused in the LRom
LRom
period, floor.
A new
area
accommodated
opened
in a deep
hole
to the S of Robinson's
dug
into the
excavation
season
at the Sanctuary of study and conservation of Zeus. on the preparation Work continued of: J. Bravo and B. IV: The Shrine ofOpheltes, the Early Stadium, Rieger, Nemea the Hippodrome, and and P. Bouyia, S.G Miller and G
opened,
revealing
the tops of Med
walls
and pits, but
much of itwas disturbed by agriculturalactivity and wall robbing during the El9th Ct, resulting in the reduction and re of Frankish remains. the finds deposition occupation Among was a gilded metal object decorated with a fortress.
Stymphalos. Columbia) figurines,
H. Williams
(Canadian
Nemea
Zimmer,
V;
ceramic
major
The
Sacred for Nemea
deposits
II. of Square Cataloguing X: Chronology continued,
focusing on deposits in grid squares P14/P15,K14/L14, LI7, F18 and G18. Dates, especially forPH and El A material, but for post Hel, Reconstruction
also
have
been
of
refined.
of
the Temple
Zeus
as
continued
described in 2006. Work focused on the foundationsand on the E end and krepidoma corner, and on columns K-30
in the pronaos, the NE especially in the centre of the E and K-29
colonnade. In the stadium, tunnel was and
begun
to propose
Nemea,
a structural
Sotira
study of the of the decay/collapse
the cause
measures.
necessary
Agia
and environmental
to determine
R.A.K.
cemetery.
Smith
Institute/Brock),J.Wright and M. Dabney report on continued
College)
excavation
(Canadian
(Bryn Mawr
of the LBA
chamber
tombcemeteryon thehillside ofAg. Sotira,outside thevillage near anc. Nemea.
of Koutsomadi
Test trenchingin thefield of P. Tombros,begun in2006, was completed and theblockingwall removedfrom tomb4 (which had been partially destroyed by illicit activities over the
A further tomb, tomb 5, was excavated. winter). Tomb 5 was Sherd material undisturbed.
and
vessels indicatethat itwas inuse fromLHIIIA2 27,
(Figs
but
28),
to poor
due
complete
untilLH IIIB of
preservation
the skeletal
material only 2 certain individuals could be identified. The of the dromos and blocking wall of the stomion stratigraphy well
it is clear
and
preserved,
that
this
tomb
a
had
complex history.The blockingwall contained4 clearlydefined
construction
phases
with
floor levels
beneath
each.
Evidence
for at least 7 episodes of tombuse and reusewere identified
based
among
on stratigraphical and artefactual these are adult and child burials
dromos, as well as an offering made after the chamber had collapsed.
information. in the chamber
Included and
the
by tunnelling into the tomb 5 fits the general Tomb
of the cemetery's use from LH IIIA1 to LH IIIB2, and to the major of occupation at nearby periods Tomb 5 was backfilled and a layer of gravel placed Tsoungiza. over the dromos and chamber. All test trenches were backfilled and excavation levelled in order to return the olive grove dumps picture
corresponds
to its original
state.
are
We
confident
that no
further tombs
exist tobe looted in thefield ofP. Tombros,but the locationand alignment of the excavated to exist in the area.
tombs suggests
that others are likely
was
intendedto revealmore buildings of his Byz phase. A large
area was
K. Shelton (ASCSA/Berkeley) reportson the 2007
Nemea.
were
resumed
hand
the entire valley
selectively a project to investigate in the area. change
the outer face of the N wall
corner. The cistern was filled in the in its NE leaning ashlar M3rd Ct with a deposit rich in pottery. The 2nd suite is only ca. room preserved a fragment of watertight 4.7m w. The main
out carried coring was as the start of of Stymphalos and environmental geomorphological
Extensive
across
(Leiden, Brill, 2007).
continued
museum.
new
Eastern Thimme, Kenchreai. and Related Wood Finds
Institute/British
reports continuing study of pottery, lamps and as well as the preparation of a small exhibition for the
Nemea (Kitseli). Archaiologia 103 (2007), 125, reports the discovery
of leopard
bones
of the LPleistocene
period.
Sikyon Survey Project. Y. Lolos (Thessaly) reportson the continuation
of
geophysical anc. Sikyon.
and
geophysical
survey
a
multidisciplinary
geo-archaeological) the project's Since
survey inception
(archaeological, of the plateau of in 2004, intensive
survey has covered some 86ha (of a total of 250ha) and
complete.
37ha;
geo-archaeological
study
is almost
24
CATHERINEMORGAN investigated, on
S, E-W,
of
many (stone
S of the agora, the anc.
these
domestic:
and an olive-processing
quarries
oriented N
ashlar walls especially Associated finds
city grid. structures are
indicate
industrial installation)
that
activities were
also
located. Finally, investigationof theridge projectingfrom the
SE
different results. produced markedly edge of the plateau Instead of the Hel toMRom ceramics pottery found elsewhere, at least to the EH
here date back very
periods
to LH III, with sherds and tiles represent
and continue
Byz and post-Byz rare in other areas.
little Cl-Rom:
a number revealed of streets 6 Geophysical prospection and E-W, 10m w. N-S 6.5m w., oriented N-S plus an almost avenue detected N and S of the agora. The dimensions of the are now almost established. The anc. city grid was agora formed of ca. 69m x 69m
a number
have
houses, The
been
structures, located.
project website Lechova
Kryoneri,
squares.
and
of walls
Within
the resulting insulae, some belonging to courtyard
is: http://extras.ha.uth.gr/sikyon.
Cave.
L. Kormazopoulou,
I. Zygouri
and
V Papathanasiou (EPSNE) reportfully(PraktikaZ'Synedriou on
1, 97-105)
excavations
previously
noted
(AR
50
[2003
2004], 19; citingalso reportsinpress inADelt B Chr [2000 and 27. Nemea, Agia Sotira: LH IIIA2 jug from the chamber of tomb5
ESR
cave
The
2002]). closest
lies within
to anc. Titane.
of anc.
the boundaries
It is a single
chamber,
ca. 45m
Sikyon, d.: an
date from stalactite samples (NCSR Democritos) of
a control on the artificial widening of 12,800 years bp provides of significant archae the entrance for human use. Destruction limits reconstruction of ological deposits by illegal excavation cult practices (a rock altar is tentatively identified). Systematic areas produced a large volume of undisturbed of excavation
of the pottery and some jewellery figurines, terracotta plaques, M6th-3rd Ct BC, with a strong focus on the 5* Ct: expanding
upon the ADelt reportnoted in AR 50 (2003-2004), a full of analysis females with
is presented. types Figurines, predominantly some males and animals, include most Cor types
of the2nd half of the6th-4th Ct, noting thepopularityof ring dances
and
the presence
mostly with pediment Plaques
28. Nemea, Agia Sotira: LH IIIB stirrupjar from the chamber of tomb5
In 2007,
25ha
29).
Artefact
were
in 767
20m
x 20m
squares On the upper significantly. sherds per square, with there were 100-150 plateau usually 200-300 and concentrations (ca. rarely up to 400) only higher in previous in specific places. This pattern, observed also (Fig.
years,
probably
(confirmed by small quantities densities
were
surveyed density varied
installations insubstantial scattered, signifies remains and the the scarcity of architectural W of roof tiles). of the stadium, higher traces of the city wall. On the N found, as were
the area N
of the agora and E of the stadium produced and in certain squares roof tile higher concentrations, This encountered exceeded sherd. phenomenon, greatly on the plateau, to the large number elsewhere relates of structures in this area walls and corners of buildings and city of streets, cisterns, quarries, etc. On the blocks, retaining walls plateau,
generally
S plateau
also,
architectural
remains
are common
in the area
of silens, satyrs and comic forms. a and gorgons: represent cockerels, sphinxes female is illustrated. The ceramic caryatids
and local local, (Attic, Cor Sikyonian, plus assemblage on the 1st Ct, with emphasis spans the M6th-M4th Atticizing) half of the 5 Ct, and includes a wide variety of vessel forms of known pottery is Cor or types). Most (notably miniatures local (end MCor-LCor III, also bg and Cor rf): shapes and are described. Notable finds are a among metal series of rings with engraved bezel, and earrings of known type. and inscriptions indicate worship of the Nymphs Iconography
decoration
will be published byA. Matthaiou andY. Lolos (the inscriptions in an appendix toY Lolos, Land ofSikyon [forthcoming]).
ARGOLID (4thEPCA: 5thEBA) Profitis Ilias Kiveriou. Ch. Piteros (4thEPCA) reports (PraktikaZ'Synedriou 2, 503-10) thediscovery of spoliafrom a small
temple
reused
in a ruined
later structure on the summit
of thishill (338masl), 2.28kmW ofKiveri, close to theborder include Arcadia. These spolia large parts of Doric a stylobate, sections of triglyph, metope and geison, columns, In addition, and limestone blocks. there is a fluted marble and 2 worked fragments of column support for a perrirhanterion
with
black
Argive
marble
from
a base
or, more
probably,
a Doric
triglyphaltar.W of the laterbuilding,2 more 4thCt BC Doric
column
capitals were
found.
In the area round
the building
were
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2007-2008
0 29. Sikyon
Survey
Project:
150
300
overall
600
900
the structure with w.)
of a rectangular
and part of a LRom 2-nozzled lamp over a long period. 30m S of the spolia, the foundations of 2 walls (0.5m used
structure 6m E-W
by 3m N-S
were
visible
in thebedrock. This is likelythe siteof the smallDoric temple
The temple was probably destroyed represented by the spolia. in the LRom period: the area may have been subsequently used sources do not mention for Ch worship. Anc. this site, and the is unknown (the excavator suggests a female as most of the figurines and proposes Artemis suited to a remote site in borderlands).
deity worshipped deity on the basis
Lerna.
M.H.
Weincke
season.
reports
(ASCSA)
on a further
B. LH
Erikson
Lindblom I vessel
completed study undertook volumetric
profiles
from Lerna
of
Geo-EHel
calculations
and other mainland
part
of
beginning
??|
squares 2007
an
at the of consumption patterns investigation of the LB A. Final reports of the chemical and petro in 2006 undertaken and I. analyses (H. Mommsen
graphical are expected. to study bone D. Reese continued Whitbread) to E. Banks' Lerna and shell, contributing IV and Neo volumes. C. Zerner continued and study of the stratigraphy, architecture finds of areas BD, BA/BB and BC, and has begun work on areas B and A. M.H.
the reports plans for drainage work around to alleviate the problem of insects burrowing into the anc. mud-brick.
House
Weincke
of the Tiles
Publication:K.D. Vitelli, Lerna V The Neolithic Potteryfrom
Lerna
(Princeton,
Argos, Aspis. study
E.C. Banks, Lerna VI. Architecture and Settlement of Lerna on the Neolithic Settlement and Small IV, is in press. Work continues. Objects M.
1,500m
plan
2 joining and one non-joining fragments of a 4th Ct terracotta sima with floral decoration, plus a few Cor roof tiles. Artefacts a few sherds of small Hel vessels, collected female figurines, a fragment of a peplophoros figurine of the 4th-3rdCt, a few later
sherds of household vessels indicate that the site was
1,200
25
Lerna. of complete contexts as
Touchais
(EFA)
ASCSA,
2007).
G Touchais (EFA/Paris 1) and A. Philippa report on
the 2007
season
of excavation
and
study.
was of the E sector of W. Vollgraff's excavations Cleaning the spatial organization of this completed (Fig. 30), revealing settlement. The settlement was organized in 2 part of the MH successive
terraces:
the per?bolos, hill, whereas
the houses
are oriented
N-S
those of the upper
of the lower
terrace, built along the contours of the
following terrace are perpendicular
to the
26
CATHERINEMORGAN M
?
~~^
Z
PHASE ill (HMIHA) PHASE
IV (HMMB-HRI)
PHASE
V
(TARDOCLASSIQUE)
PERIODE MODERNE
TAt5
%*
Y*W2
TA 17
TA16f
m J
>^
ZE
??3S?&?* zc
0
im 2
30. Argos,
3
Aspis:
4
5
MH
settlement
*
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2007-2008
27
conditioned of the rock. The per?bolos, by the morphology in situ (Fig. 31), all pre-dating of 3 MH the graves discovery final phase of habitation, the presence of intramural proves in this sector. burials from previous excavations continued. The Study of material of storage vessels, at least in the N sector, strengthens presence a N sector the hypothesis of functional differentiation between to domestic
dedicated
and a SE
and craft activities
sector where
a high
of drinking vessels indicates more social frequency A preliminary finds had practices. inventory of all non-ceramic are MH been made: the majority of the ca. 1,500 objects in
items. date, but there are also a number of Ar, Cl and Hel Three 3 Finally, the topographic plan has been augmented. D views give an impression of the MH site as seen from the that the concentric organization of the They demonstrate in its final phase, created the impression settlement, especially of fortification, and thus heightened its prestige.
plain.
Argos, Piteros
Nannopoulos
(4th EPCA) Clearance of
A. Pariente and Ch. (EFA/Lyon) report on the 5th season of excavation. no further the agora cemetery provided plot.
of determining and
possibility funerary discovered
offerings in 2007,
its chronology in the absence of definable limits. The 6 tombs
like
were
their predecessors,
uniformly
orientedwith thehead to theSW and thefeet to theNE. They
housed
of a young adult buried in a pit protected by 2 children buried in a shroud, an adult buried and the bones of an adult interred in a coffin but
the remains
a wooden
cover,
in a shroud, found in secondary the
same
cemetery, the surface. A
due to the burial of a juvenile in disposition This in evidence in this pit. practice, already on indicates that graves were not marked probably on the N side of to be exposed krepis continued the E part of the monumental exedra was its concrete floor. A single exposed along with
and
completely layer of fill covered
part of the monument
the NE
and produced
abundantpottery:some 20 lampsdatingfrom the 1sthalf of the Ct AD (Fig. 32) were associatedwith potteryof the2nd 4th-E6th This fill included a fragment of quarter of the 3rd-E6th Ct AD. a lion muzzle terracotta gutter and an almost from a Cl
completeamphora,probably dating to theL5thor E?* Ct AD.
In the S part of the excavation area, the concrete floor of the to the edge of the 'Byz disturbance' exedra slopes gently in the neighbouring encountered previously plot. The brown earth layer of this 'disturbance' contained much L4th-E5th Ct
and 6thCt AD pottery.
Publication: dArgos: J.-C.)
Aspis:
MH
grave
sloping pathway along the length of these rooms to the court. The 3.5m x 5m court communicates with the northernmost room in itsW side, and has 2 successive (3) via a doorway clay floors over a stone fill. The pathway will be fully investigated in 2008. Finds included of wall-painting, sherds, fragments clay loomweights
and
spools,
olive
pits and scattered
(5m x 5m) was extended, tural remains of historical
EFA,
In
the northernmost
production. hearth and
and
5 trials opened where architec existed at d. of 0.10-0.15m.
2 apsidal structures of 22), (trench produced Hel sherds and wasters, indicating pottery a strong external wall, a square Further S was
or wall 2 orthogonal for columns bases supports. pottery was mixed with fragments of figurine and wall To the SE, another strong wall with painting, plus iron nails. cut by a transverse wall the same orientation was running W
The
which
are Hel
to another less careful belongs in date. In the neighbouring
construction. quadrants
sheets
notably
in a LGeo-EAr
excavation bronze
from pomegranates.
in a clean founded earlier buildings were levelling fill above architectural the orientation of which conforms remains, Myc to the known Myc pattern.
F. Dimaki
(4th EPCA)
Conservation,
Ministry
burial, found of Korinthos and Hera
also
Conservation
contained measures
and A. Moraitou
of Culture)
are noted.
seeds, taken by
(Directorate of
Mycenae. S. Iakovidis (ASA) reports{Ergon [2007], 31-41) on a further season
of excavation
settlement
the MA
and
on the acropolis, between and in Petsas House.
complex, court between
the open acropolis, N cyclopean wall was
cleaned
the excavated and
investigated,
rooms
the NW On
the
and
the
as was
the
the
and to the S, 2 parallel transverse walls or perhaps a road. The finds Myc sherds, a stone pendant, a bronze awl, Ar figurines, Cor pottery and Argive to the E6th Ct. All these coins date the building
cremation
at the junction vessel cinerary
walls
survey) was excavated, rooms which enclose
2007).
of cloth
during rescue streets. The
These
63 and 74,
W wall of a building (previously revealed by geophysical
Argos. Archaiologia 104 (2007), 104; Ethnos, To Vima and Eleutherotypia (10/05/07) ail report (with illustration) the discoverybyA. Papadimitriou (4thEPCA) of fabricfromone or
more
bones.
periods
La C. Abadie-Reynal, romaine c?ramique (fin du Ile si?cle avant J.-C -fin du IVe si?cle apr?s
(Athens,
animal
On thebanks of theChavos in the lower city, the citygrid
fieldstones
limestone
the plot,
31. Argos,
32. Argos,
Nannopoulos
plot: LRom
lamp
28
CATHERINEMORGAN
33. Mycenae:
In Petsas reached from
Petsas
House
plan
in room ? of the well (Fig. 33), excavation stones likely the fill contained many d., where and a corresponding of the well, shortage of
House
12.35m
the mouth
finds. The LH IIIA2 potteryismostly plainware and utilitarian. the few decorated is a bridge-spouted examples jug. In vessels were collected, plus 350 which total, 317 near-complete could be restored. Other finds include a portable hearth of
Among
and a few plaster characters preserved.
tiny fragments
In room K, where excavation the dense fill was dividing wall,
of
tablet with
one
or
2
stopped at a LMyc full of stones. Pottery was
in 1951
mixed LH IIIA2 and later.Room T which neighbours roomT was also fullof stonesand bricksbaked hardby thefire,as well as
large
sections
of wall-painting
which
had
fallen
upright,
probably
from
the upper
floor.
In the SW
corner,
a pithos
in
situ lay inmixed Myc and Hel fill: in theN part therewas a floor and part of a carbonized was I of the 1951 excavation
stone-paved small room In the area N traced
of room E, to their full course
light walls and shown
wooden
beam.
The
cleared. completely founded on bedrock were to have
been
erected
and
destroyedduring theHel period. An opening into theneigh
room was shown bouring than a doorway. Room 0, its flooring
to be
a fault
N
I,was
of
in construction
completely
cleared
rather and
revealed.
In 2007 in Kato excavation also proceeded the Pezouli, lower level, W of the rooms. Here site H was uninvestigated in 1951, the exact location of which was uncertain uncovered to and varies on different plans. A fruitless attempt was made
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2007-2008 mixed fills cut by various Myc and In the S part of this lower level, W of room
it amidst
locate
intrusions.
later l~, an
apotheke (Y) was excavated,packedwith fillfrom thebreak up of theupperfloor,just as in theneighbouringT. On thefloor
were
for large vessels, the lower parts of 4 pithoi receptacles on slabs. and settings for 2 more Finds from this year's LH 98 complete and fragmentary IIIA2 excavations comprise
abundant vessels, of different sizes,
sherds of this period, parts of wall-paintings figurines and various Hel objects.
D.
catalogued: on the basis evaluated to notable
paid
of this material, with in the ceramic record.
gaps
particular
The Post-Palatial
Levels
IIIB destruction
Publications: O.H.
of
E.B.
French,
the Cult
Well
Krzyskowska, Objects of Bone,
She studied pottery from (in press). in connection with her work on the
Well Built Mycenae
Centre
Antler
exposed;
13: The Service
(Oxford, Oxbow,
2007);
Built Mycenae 14: The Ivories and and Boar s Tusk (Oxford, Oxbow,
to theW
deities
conservation:
G
Papathanasopoulos
(Archaiologia
and present
to visitors
the acropolis
of Mycenae,
the acropolis, trench C was the entire upper surface and the of the fortification wall uncovered
a 5m
trench, was
/. stretch, occupying the whole space of the uncovered. The 2 faces of the wall are constructed
with boulders and thefilling is composed of large and small Part of a room was
revealed the inner face of against to this (to the S), a large area was investigated to ca. 3.7m d. Thick accumulated deposits with piles of large stones and boulders fallen from the wall were removed. Below
the wall.
Next
these, ruins left by a great destruction were uncovered, with the remains of human from the devastating victims, evidently traces of burning were also visible. With Marked earthquake. the removal
fortification
of the debris, a large part of the inner face of the was An opening to a uncovered. leading
wall
104
with
from theMinistry ofCulture and theThirdCommunity funding Support
Framework.
Eleutherotypia (12/04/07) reports a lecture given by M.
to the National (Athens, Museum) Vlassopoulou-Karydi Friends of the National in which she discussed Museum, in Grave Circle B analysis of leaf samples from around bodies as papyrus.
and their identification Midea. Midea
The Gr-Swedish continued
on the Myc of acropolis the direction of K. Demak
excavations
in 2007
under
with the collab (Director Em?rita, National Museum) of A.-L. Schallin Swedish (Director, Institute) and N. The Gr team excavated in the SW Divari-Valakou (3rd EPCA). opoulou oration
part of the lower acropolis oftheEGate. The
building and on
Gr
team worked
and
in 2
complex (previously terrace the lower W
excavation
continued
sectors: excavated
in the W
34.Midea: LH IIIB2 L rosettebowl
in the area E
team
the Swedish
part of the Gate area) In both areas
in the W
of the acropolis. in 2006. opened
in trenches
Investigationof room XIV
in theW part of the building
in theW Gate area, was complex, abutting the fortification wall room (3m x 2.7m) It is a roughly concluded. built square are almost the fortification wall. Its other 3 walls against ruined, evidently
by the earthquake
that struck Midea
at the end
of the 13th Ct BC. The room is foundedpartlyon bedrock and a sloping floor of beaten earth. The destruction deposit covered the entire room yielded much fragmentary LH IIIB2 L pottery. A number of vases have been partly restored:
has
which
a narrow-necked
jug with panelled and another wide-necked jug with
decoration
on the shoulder
linear decoration,
a rosette
deep bowl (Fig. 34), a stemmedbowl, a deep bowl ofGroup B,
a medium-coarse askos and a cooking-jar. There are also many of plain vessels such as kylikes, fragments jars and hydriae. are fragments of a large hydria Notable among the coarsewares
in Cretan
of
[2007], 80-84) reportsonwork undertakenfrom 2005-2007 to
conserve
snakes
to clear
2007). Site
and
The fullw. (5m) of this section of thewall was
in 2006.
stones.
16/17
3.5m
with
terrace
outer face of a large section
at Tiryns.
of the 'Fill'
deposition
Areas
levels
scenes
cult
recalling
Sherds
attention
E.B. French completedwork on Well BuiltMycenae
LH
important find is a lentoid seal a frontal human face flanked by 2 arms depicting scene with forearms and hands suspended (Fig. 35). The whole is surrounded touched by the figure's left by a snake, almost of haematite
extended
were drawn likely from older campaigns) at Mycenae settlement is being pre-palatial
jars and pithoi. Other finds human and animal fragmentary sea shells and of mother-of-pearl,
include
season.
material
and
as of cooking
XIV
Myc iconography. On the lower W
preserved from the 1920, 1939 and 1950 excavations (plus
unidentified
as well
figurines, stone tools, pieces remains of carbonized fruits. An
hand,
animal
the BSA, E.B. French reports on the 2007 study French continued his study of the pre-Myc pottery.
For
and a basin, from room
29
35. Midea:
lentoid
seal from room XIV
CATHERINEMORGAN
30
was
through the thickness of the wall part of the interior of this was
tunnel small
as
boulder
cleared:
a Only it is
partly system. The opening, which has a and a lintel, is flanked by a wall
in the corbelled
constructed
found.
a monolithic
led construction. The vaulted gallery probably megalithic a water to an underground down cistern or spring supply and Tiryns, and of the Myc system similar to that of Mycenae of Athens. acropolis The pottery from the destruction layer, as from all other to It is at L. LH IIIB2 destruction dates Midea, layers and but all includes typical painted, plain fragmentary, coarseware
shapes of the period. are Group A deep
ware
shapes A kraters.
krater
fragmentary and added white
common The most painted stemmed bowls and bowls, is decorated with antithetic
include Closed paint. shapes Plainwares stirrup jars, feeding bottles, jugs and amphorae. as and carinated include many fragments of conical kylikes, as a large mug in front of the gallery opening well found together with a fragmentary coarse stirrup jar. Many fragments
whorl-shells
of other coarse
or transport stirrup jars were found, including decoration and a stirrup jar with light-on-dark coarseware The abundant many comprises sign. and hydriae and 2 of storage and cooking vessels,
of a
sherds
B
Linear
fragments handled jars, which
were probably used to transport water from sherds of the much the underground cistern. Fragmentary were Ware also discussed Handmade Burnished recovered;
large parts of jars with have been restored.
appliqu?
cordon
and horseshoe
was
reached The
gallery. of the
the gallery is defined an
Under
fallen stones, a beaten earth floor layer of many on a higher level than that of the area with the room was
founded
on a stratum above
the debris
The floor contained destruction. great deposit fragmentary LH IIIC E pottery, including rosette bowls, as well
as Group A and B deep bowls with antitheticand running with
kraters
spirals,
similar
decoration
and
monochrome
vases of the period, a deep interior, and 2 characteristic with monochrome interior and a medium cup globular
semi band
the rim, as well as a stirrup jar with triangular patch on the shoulder and foliate band in the belly zone. On the floor of fibula was the room, an intact (0.11m /.) bronze violin-bow
around
found.
This
pottery
and
the fibula
demonstrate
that the room
to a building in LH constructed after the destruction, also found in the upper Sherds of this period were space S of the room. These finds are of layers of the adjoining of the post considerable interest and add to our knowledge
belongs IIIC E.
Palatial
settlement
at a point when in trench 9 had concluded In 2004, work of the area was seen to be covered with small- tomedium
stones. Some may have been part of a paving, but now In the neighbouring trench have the of rubble. appearance they a room to determine the relationship between 3, the aim was sized
earlier
next
excavated
to the citadel wall
and
the area of trench
to lack of time and resources, work in trench 9 concen at layer trated on the NE quadrant. Excavation recommenced in the NW the removal of stone rubble. 4, with Especially 9. Due
corner
clear evidence of a of the investigated area, there was The stones had clearly been scorched and the was dark grey and contained charred seeds and
conflagration. soil between
down to figs as well as charred sherds. The area was excavated shells and bedrock for pottery, animal and, except bones, was recovered. No charred seeds, only a chert arrowhead structures were Work
identified. in the baulk
continued
NE
quadrant, 2004. This
between
trench 3 and
(layer 2) where excavation stopped in is a dark brown soil containing large pottery one spindle-whorl arrowhead. and one obsidian
fragments, stones were numerous, but did not form any structures: Again, in the larger part of the baulk. bedrock was reached area of trenches 15 is not yet fully The 13, 14 and rooms 6 and 7, it slopes down towards ?strom's understood: and
has
erosion
it severely. 14 and Trenches 15 paving of small stones and in trench 13 structure of later date, but only at the N The theMyc ground level been excavated.
affected
yielded a post-disaster is a platform-shaped
14 was, therefore, further investigated, area of Im x 1.5m, to find the corresponding level. S end of trench
i.e. in a dark brown
loose soil. Only a few cm as a hard, light grey soil that layer 3 appeared Charred seeds were noticed, but consists of fine ashes. mostly in one piece. At the top of the layer was few could be collected
the head of a Myc female figurine and an incised pottery
fragment, probably of later date; at the bottom of the layer were one flat lump of molten lead and half a spindle-whorl. Layer 4 small stones between which were consists of densely packed found
sherds
paving
and
and
a conical
is the only
level
to be It appears spindle-whorl. in trench 14, S end, that could be
associated with theneighbouringMyc building (rooms 6 and 7). an
Layer
to bedrock with 5, with reddish-brown soil, continues in the number of stones and pottery fragments
increasing lower part.
of Midea.
rooms
excavation
the citadel wall (Fig. 36), where abutting in commenced in 2006; (2) trench 9, last examined
2004; (3) trench14,partlyexcavated in2005. The 2 lattersites
were
chosen
of mapping the use of the interior side of and the adjacent rooms, during theMyc period. in between trench 3 and room 9, work resumed
in the hope
the citadel wall, In the baulk
layer 4; a light grey and finely grained charred seeds and figs. ash) containing Pottery Parts of Myc and animal bones were frequent. fragments one pierced and 2 separate female fa?ence bead figurines, a The of pieces figurative relief plaque of bone were collected. the massive
soil
baulk
destruction
(largely
has now been
room 9 excavated
taken down
to floor level and forms part of to the citadel wall
Perpendicular by Astr?m. and bordering trench 3 is a well-preserved citadel wall is a wall with fewer courses.
wall;
facing
in an
Work in the S end of trench 14 had been discontinued in
layer 2 in 2005, remained before
The work of theSwedish teamwas divided between 3 sites: (1) the baulk between trench3 and room 9, in the row of
basement
trench 9:
at the level
end of trench 14 has
of the room next to the area with Investigation continued. The part of this room uncovered opening a cross wall. and wall by the fortification accumulated
handles
most
the 36. Midea:
basement
rooms
abutting
the citadel wall
31
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2007-2008 J.Maran reports on a further season (DAI/Heidelberg) Tiryns. of excavation and study. in grid continued W lower town: for a 2nd year, excavation to uncover squares L51 and L52, offering a rare opportunity
EMyc
elsewhere
(LH I?II), EPalatial or covered
(LH IIIA) and EIA
remains,
by later structures. Undisturbed in later levels reached, but finds
missing not horizons were pre-LH reveal the history of pre-Myc occupation. dates to the LNeo, while the next clear
The horizon
earliest is EH
pottery In II.
to
addition unexpected sealings tiles, used
finds certain of EH sherds, large quantities contexts in domestic include at least 3 EH clay and building materials, such as terracotta and slate to roof major
Corridor
Houses'.
tectural
remains
during the 'Period of the suggest that significant EH archi are to be to administrative practices
constructions
Such finds linked
expected.
The earliest architecturalphase is EPalatial (LH IIIA), continuingintothe incipientLPalatial period (LH IIIB). Two Myc building phases in L52 exhibitmarked differences in size. orientation and probably also techniques, of the earlier phase appeared only at the end of the the layout and size of the emerging excavation: accordingly, remain unclear. The uppermost part of a carefully building in which resembles built, solid wall was uncovered, closely construction
Fresco project: A. Papadimitriou (4* EPCA) and U. Thaler of a
the restoration continued and analysis found inArchaeological wall-paintings the area of theW staircase (1999-2001). Museum
National also
from earlier
of
large complex Service excavations
in
in the
Wall-paintings in the same excavation
area
are
with L. (in Papazoglou co-operation A since they form part of the same complex. Manioudaki), new from the search for joins between systematic fragments on friezes showing imitations of began by focusing complex included
to the beams and spirals. These probably belong and are thus of life-size women, Tirynthian procession to the old frescoes for clarifying the relation important
wooden
famous
to assemble It was thus possible by Rodenwaldt. as as new compositions of the friezes well of figurai large parts fresco painting.
published
zur sp?t C. 14. Studien Podzuweit, Tiryns K. Keramik Kilian Reichert, (Wiesbaden, mykenischen 2007); Die (with T. M?hlenbruch), gegl?ttete Keramik handgemachte Publications:
mykenischer
Reichert,
(Wiesbaden,
Zeitstellung
2007).
Architecture
constructionandwidth thewalls of the largeLH IIIA complex S of the new excavation.
in 1969-1974
found
A multiple-room
building of similar size and constructiondating to LH IIIA1 and IIIA2, with itsoriginspossibly reachingback intoLH II, is thereforeexpected. The laterMyc phase (LH IIIA2 and possibly LH IIIB1 E) is representedby a partiallyuncovered building with painted walls (noting plaster fragments with blue, one further colour). and sometimes such as lumps of Finds, unused clay, fragments of unfired or slightly fired vessels and a
Epidauros. V. Kyriaki (Praktika Z' Synedriou 1, 363-84) reviews
work
restoration
on
undertaken
the hestiatorion
(the
so-called gymnasium)of theAsklepieion by theCommittee for the Conservation
of theMonuments
of Epidauros
from
(ESME)
1984-2006. S. Makrypodi and E. Mastellos 4, (Praktika Z' Synedriou also report on the restoration of the stadium of the
337-60)
Asklepieion. Franchthi
Cave.
K. D. Vitelli
study and analytical
reports on continuing
(ASCSA)
programmes. of analysis
indicate the use of the spiral clay coil used to build up vessels, the first such discovery in building for pottery manufacture wares a coarsewares were Domestic and but Tiryns. produced,
the fauna from trench H1B Comprehensive began with the lowest unit (unit 213) and progressed upward. Full taphonomic on every 3rd unit, undertaken analysis was while a more restricted analysis was recorded for the remaining
The
was
of pieces are thin-walled and made of fine clay. of this particular area for a potter's workshop may of the acropolis. The guided by the proximity
smaller number choice
have
been
is very close to the acropolis rock and to the upper workshop in particular. When was built in the citadel the first megaron was to its occupants. visible 14thCt, the workshop immediately Therefore, although only one disputable sealing has so far been an immediate between and relationship palace is postulated. potter's workshop A d?cisive break in settlement in theW lower town occurred
discovered,
early inLH IIIB1: the lack of LH
IIIB2 and IIIC occupation,
The potter's excavation, was confirmed. by previous and contemporary were workshop neighbouring buildings abandoned without destruction and there are no signs of Myc of the area. The abandonment of this part of the reoccupation indicated
lower
town may
be
connected
with
approach to the citadel from theW construction
bastion.
of theW
No
staircase
construction
of a new
the creation
in LH
IIIB2 with the
Further
hare (Lepus sp.); birds (partridgeand pigeon [Columba livia], in particular);
red
hydrantinus);
tortoise
ass (Equus wild (Cervus elaphus); wild cattle (Testudo (Bos graeca); and wild boar (Sus seroja). primigenius) on shells and ornaments Research the (C. Perl?s) continued: in HI A and FA were completely studied for the Pal sequences and rarer Mes For the much more numerous Cyclope species. shells a sample of ca. 2,100 individual specimens was recorded for the Lower and Upper Mes and a record of all FMes
in the area
of
of an EIA investigation slabs and stones discovered
construction in 2006
of
large
thought to finds. The
and
deer
All the micromolluscs from H1B specimens was completed. were identified and counted, and all food shells were resorted to establish the proportions of burnt specimens. Finally, samples
were
assembled
gate in theW the W lower town
a grave, no grave pit or post-Myc revealed possibility of a burial at a greater depth cannot be ruled out, but the structure was slab pathway part of a well-built probably built when the foundations of the Myc potter's workshop were used for a new PGeo building. This phase was short: MGeo or LGeo horizons cut into the ruin of the reused Myc building. be
By the end of the 2007 season, full taphonomic analysis for 2,407 from 16 units. Restricted completed specimens on an additional In 1,492 specimens. analysis was completed order of decreasing the most common taxa include: frequency,
and the associated
thenceforth tolerated, perhaps bordering on this approach was for reasons of security or aesthetics the view of the (to preserve and fortification on the low acropolis). palace horizontal
units.
for a major
of C14 redating.
programme
ARCADIA (39thEPCA: 5thEBA) Paralio
Astros.
S.I. Arvaniti
Z' Synedriou
(Praktika
4, 385
410) provides a detaileddescriptionof thefortof ParalioAstros, arguing for a Ven (L17th-E18thCt AD) firstbuilding phase, comprising
the external
Louka.
Pikoulas
Y
from Nestane Synedriou
to Tegea 1, 170-76).
enclosure, identifies
NW
tower and NW
a section
in the area
of the anc.
of this village
gate. cart road
(Praktika
Z'
32
CATHERINEMORGAN
E.
Z' Synedriou 4, (Volos) reports {Praktika on Byz in the small mountain remains plain around and 11.5m N of the church of 2.9km N of Louka
Eleutheriou
283-99) Louka.
x 8.6m) Faneromeni is a large (14.2m Panagia rectangular on structure containing 2 cisterns. An EByz date is proposed the basis of the construction and the little pottery technique Byz marble spolia are built into the S per?bolos wall preserved. of the church.
Ca.
200m
ESE
are the remains
of the church
of
8.6m x 2.8m, with an (Ag. Theodoroi) a tiled roof). thick (precluding internal apse and walls 0.8m The wall construction and the little pottery preserved suggest a a one-roomed
church
Ct AD). Continuing ENE, tiles and M-LByz date (12th-13th MByz and LByz sherds (plain, incised and glazed) are visible in the fields.
(cruciform,
Ca.
400m
without
away
is the ruined the plan
narthex),
'Kokkini
and
Ekklisia'
construction
of
which are described indetail: an El3th Ct date is proposed on architectural
and excavation
(there were no ceramic finds). grounds Cleaning are required to verify this. Ca. 800m NE from
theKokkini Ekklisia are traces of a rectangularbuilding (W
/.with a 1.6m w. entrance; N 7.75m /.; S 9.7m 0.75-0.80m thick, preserved only), with walls 0.72m h. Only a few tile fragments were visible, maximum 750m further on is the the structure cannot yet be dated. side 6m traces
to the mod.
church
the hermitage
of Ag.
of Ag.
whence
Efthimiou, Vasileiou.
small
churches,
enclosed in a per?bolos, are probably Byz (likely LByz) but have
constructions,
undergone
mod.
major
reconstruction.
Finally, going S throughLouka, the site of Vidi lies ca. 120m before
the church
of Profitis
Ilias.
Here
the S
side
and NW
are preserved tower (7.4m x 4.8m) to ca. of a 2-storey to the E, were traces of 10m h.; around the tower, especially
corner
buildings. The tower likely controlled routes to the LByz with
at Mouchli and Tsipiana (mod. Nestane). of tile, unpainted, incised and glazed pottery, the architecture, indicate a LByz date.
Agia
Paraskevi
settlements
finds
Arachamitai.
reports on a project
B.
conducted
Fors?n
in 2006-2007
Surface
combined
the other
11m),
site is located
toArachamitai:
Institute) (Finnish to clarify whether
at the highest
magnetometry
point of the revealed
one rectangular (ca. 30m x x 65m) with a large central that the rectangular building
buildings, square (ca. 65m trenches showed
Trial courtyard. is a stoa, open towards the N and with a series of square rooms on the basis of form. A the S side, and along likely Hel Lakedaimonian coin found below the collapsed roof offers a tpq of 50-25
BC
S of the stoa lay a shallow pit filledwith dark soil,much
ca. 225-50
BC and some long petal bowls of ca. 150-80 BC, as miniatures, cooking pots, amphorae, jugs and some lamps, plus a few female figurines of the 2nd Ct BC (Fig. 37). At the S end of this trench lay a terracotta water channel, and as well
to itL5th-M3rd
Ct BC
bg pottery and a foot fragment
from
a 2ndhalf 6thCt BC bronze hydria. These findsmay be the remains stamps, might research
common dining APTEM... beginning indicate the cult of Artemis
date and Skortsino,
of
in sanctuaries.
ritual
one
is needed.
Further work
Troupitses
Two
tile
the other ?E2TT..., further Despoina, although and
is also
function of the larger square Cave.
coarseware
handmade and pithoid
vessels
deep
bowls
decoration), decoration.
with
plus
in both open and closed flat bases and vertical
shapes:
pithoi
strap handles, or with plastic (undecorated predominate smaller numbers of black bowls with incised
Strainers
flint and
bone,
with
In addition, scoops are also present. tools were found, plus one obsidian shell and bone beads, animal bones (of and
obsidian
tanged arrowhead, domesticated and hunted
sheet. and a piece of bronze species) came from the forward rather than of occupation located. the rear part of the main chamber; part of a hearth was Evidence that the cave was mostly used for storage, suggests evidence
human occupation. Human bones were only occasional it remains unclear whether scattered though the cave: the cave was used for burial. with
Leondari.
A. Louvi-Kizi
(DeltChAE 28 [2007], 99-114)
a study of the architecture of the church of the Ag. a as to restore the monument. of programme part Apostoloi New architectural refine the building observations sequence presents
from thepoint of original foundation,probably in theLI4th Ct
AD,
onwards.
of the stoa.
for the destruction
The pottery includes many pottery and other small finds. mouldmade bowl fragments, both imbricate and floral bowls of
next
29). A full plan and geological [2001-2002], study were made, to confirm the stratigraphy and a large quantity trenches opened of surface pottery collected. FNeo (the Pottery was mainly ca. of 4200-3300 It consisted of BC). only phase occupation,
Most
column drums allegedly foundhere in the 1930s could belong
to an anc. temple. The pass leading from Asea at least 2 monumental
37.Agia Paraskevi: 2 Ct BC figurineheads
and
path the route to
leads 2
Here
/.; E to a
required
courtyard I.
to explain structure.
the
Efstathiou-Manolakou
(EPSNE) reports {Praktika ZJ Synedriou 4, 126-40) on renewed study of this cave in 2005 (see previously AR 48
Mt
Lykaion,
of Zeus.
Sanctuary
M.
Petropoulos
(39th
EPCA), M.E. Voyatzis (ASC SA/Arizona) and D.G Romano (ASCSA/Pennsylvania) report on the 2007 season of excavation
Trenches
and
survey. were opened in the lower and upper areas of the at the altar of Zeus, in the t?menos, in the xenon, in
sanctuary, the area of the stoa seats or steps and on the terrace SW of the The altar trench produced and LH EH, MH hippodrome. II rock-crystal lentoid seal, plus pottery and pottery, an LM votive
from the Geo-Hel bronze vases, (miniature objects tripods and rings, iron blades and a spit, silver coins) and much animal bone. Use of the altar from the 3rd millenium BC is of the t?menos
inferred.
Some
excavated
to bedrock, with within excavation
sanctuary, the floor outside
and
52m2
evidence
the N wall
for
virtually the xenon
area
near
the altar were
no finds. revealed
In the lower a small
interior wall-plaster. of the stoa exposed the building's
and part of the interior.
area of
Trenches foundation
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2007-2008 extant
of all
Documentation
blocks
via
a combination
of
and survey and architectural drawing continued, topographical of the buildings and monuments the first actual state drawings created. Architectural documentation of the sanctuary were on a ca. 40m
focused
/. series of steps or seats of the adjacent xenon.
stoa and on the E wall
to the N
of the
Y. Pikoulas continuedhis historical studyof theMt Lykaion
anc. roads and and M. Davison towns, identifying the cultural landscape continued study reported in 2006. The project website is: http://www.lykaionexcavation.org.
area,
Heraias.
Loutra
A.-V
(Praktika Z'Synedriou a Myc cemetery on the S slope of the hill of the chapel of Ag. to the NW of Iamatikes close Giorgos, edge of the village 12km from Paloumbas and ca. 15km from the known Piges,
of a collapsed tholos on the surface, to by the digger used visible
coveredwith fillwhich had seeped infromabove and theS part of earlier
evidence
on
burials
the floor
subsided.
The
tomb was
burials
reused, presenting as well as the latest
of
of a
aside, pushed the chamber. Remains
least
8
individuals lay at theW side of the chamber,along with their were In the southernmost part, 2 skeletons goods. in supine position. Grave consisted of more goods a variety of closed vessels representing shapes
grave
also dress alabastra, pithoid amphorae), plus 2 knives and (bronze and bone pins), beads, whorls, 3 razors and a sealstone. Use of the tomb dates to LH IIIA-B.
E. Yannouli 4, 141-58) (Praktika Z' Synedriou Karytaina. in 2002 inside the castle by the 5th EBA reports on excavation to a rectangular and 2003. Particular attention was paid in the centre of the castle.
This
h. in the centre and walls
of rough
mortar, up to 1.45m thick and preserved foundation of the S wall, combined with the structure,
imply that itwas
stone and
to 0.3m
has
a defensive
was
tile in lime
strong location of
tower, and perhaps
the Frankish donjon. The building dates to the 13thCt AD,
that this structure also
indicate
in the LHel this Probably period, with the addition of symmetrically
purpose. extended
an altar was In 2007, oriented axially
building,
substructure
rectangular
revealed
of 6
E
2.7m
level of limestone
blocks
of
its entrance
towards
limestone
in situ
survives
One
finds
a cult ensemble
further indicates
orthostat
the stone altar relocated Ar
of occasionally
to its E.
fills with
date,
The
anc.
but mostly
dates. A NE sounding foundation of the N orthostat Geo
of
building and Ar
and ERom
the
hall
structures
thin-walled
sherds
revealed
indicate
drinking continuity
and drinking (feasting) in the context of this building, a cult that preceded the LCI oikos suggesting It could be a local heroon. the Geo period. In the area
on theW previous can now
and went
of the Hel
be proposed.
created a series of 4 small storage areas. These also in the 13thCt. from the period of the castle's construction (and in particular, LByz) Pottery dates to the Byz period, and includes household, painted and glazed wares: most character of the LI 2th
E13thCt AD. A coin ofAndrea Venier (1382-1400) was also of
the W
wall.
Four
walls
of
1.5m from the interior 13th Ct
structures
were
from the period of the 2nd discovered, plus 3 later, probably to the W tower suggests Tourkokratia. that these Proximity may have been auxiliary buildings serving the guard.
38. Lousoi:
back
to
peripteral temple, work concentrated In conjunction with of the E hall in the sekos. excavation architectural results, the following phases area
8 walls
face
rubble
Numerous cups. of intensive eating
date
shell and animal bone. found, plus much A final trench was opened further N,
the
of later date, also foundations of the cut into a fill containing sherds of
in the for the opening of the door are preserved via threshold, plus one of the iron hinges. This was approached a descending S of the gateway, path from the higher courtyard.
typical
of
with disturbances, and Rom Cl, Hel
grooves
decoration
combining
surroundings
vessel (unique at this site). A 2nd trench was opened in the central court, in the SW part of the castle. At a d. of 2m were remains of an arched gateway built in limestone (w. 2.3m, d. lm, h. 2m), set into bedrock;
with
of this upper corner {h.
in the NE
or Rom
amphora
The
38).
(2.6m x 1.3m) cut and mortises
with the materials in Similarities and techniques used 0.6m). the orthostat building and the stoa NW of terrace I suggest a exact orientation Hel date for the altar. The towards the
Finds consist of roof tiles contemporary with the castle walls. with incised and impressed decoration and household pottery, as well as painted and glazed ware, noting one Byz and one Hel
istic is a small
the orthostat
(Fig.
slabs
the upper surface was smoothed survives; into it to facilitate the placing of orthostats.
Cl, Hel a
in 2004)
(located
cult
structure
numerous
h. The
the central
a
placed halls inuse at leastuntil theE2ndCt AD.
Hel
which thebedrockprojected to pebble andmortarfloor through 0.15m
indicates a cult function. Above this oikos, a (found in 2005) subdivided into 2 rooms (5.7m x 8.1m), rectangular building, was erected in the Hel period; its E access and some limestone orthostats from its superstructure survive. of lamps Deposits
the altar contained
(especially ornaments
x 4.25m
terrace I, W of the peripteral the following On temple, of cult buildings is visible following excavation from sequence of a simple rectangular 2004 onwards. First, the foundations
building that structure and
preserved than 25
structure, 5.4m
reports (Director, Austrian Institute) of the cult building on terrace I and of the
peripteraltemple {AR 53 [2006-2007], 30-31).
served
along with remains of slabs displaced a road up the hill. Only the chamber of the tholos tomb survived, cut into the soft limestone of the hill (2.8m x 2.15m). could not be located. The chamber floor was The dromos had
Ladst?tter
G.
further examination
and balsamar?a
open
of the chamber
new data on several provided defences and access points.
building (5m x 7m) of LCI date; a hoard of terracottafigurines
presents Karapanagiotou (39th EPCA) a preliminary of 2, 260-72) publication
Remains cemetery at Palaiokastro. Myc tomb and traces of at least 6 more were
the building's
notably
Lousoi.
the castle
outside
Cleaning matters,
33
orthostat
building,
altar
in foreground
34
CATHERINEMORGAN LACONIA (5thEPCA: 5thEBA) Vasara
Th. (Veroia). (5 EBA) reports Papageorgiou on the conservation Z' Synedriou of the 4, 49-64) of the church of Ag. Nikolaos wall-paintings (13th Ct AD, with a 2nd, post-Byz, to 1597). layer of painting dated epigraphically (Praktika
Th. Pitsios (anc. Kaiada). (Athens) reports a renewed at this rock-cleft of anthropological research programme on the boundary in the foothills of Taygetos, located of mod. ca. A research 10km NW of Sparta. programme Trypes,
Trypi
instigated in 1983 by P. Themelis (AR [1984-1985], 24; AR [1985-1986], 29) documented thephysical formof thefeature
and, on the basis identified itwith
of the large quantity of human bone present, anc. Kaiada, into which the Lakedaimonians
threw condemned 39. Lousoi:
temple
area
material
found
biological A new
The temple (Fig. 39), erected in the EHel period, had a
x 42.35m) of 6 x 15 columns and a sekos (15.8m peristasis an elongated E celia hall (15x8 subdivided into a pronaos, m), a square W room celia hall (7.8 x 8 m), and a transverse
(adyton) to theW (2.8 x 8m). The E celia hall was subdivided 3 pairs footings, and
into 3 aisles individual
bedding
by
of
interior
in the NE
for a wooden
preserved
pillar. This floor of clay slabs.
indicated by 6 supports, slab as by one limestone
hall was
paved
with
a well
The buildingwas radicallyredesigned,probably in theLHel
The E celia hall was subdivided period. by a N-S transformed into a new pronaos and part was
wall.
Its E
the W
part
remained
4 secondary room's new
a cult space, now divided into 3 aisles by in accordance with the located supports, In the course of these modifications, proportions. as were floor was 5 of the removed, partially internal
the clay slab 6 limestone
slabs for the original internal supports. The base of a bedding cult statue, placed axially to this in front of theW wall, belongs same almost to the 6 The modification. certainly applies internal supports in theW celia hall. The numerous cult statue base contained LHel
of the surroundings and E Imperial clay lamps from the period of the temple's use, as well as secondary deposits of older cult objects, including a LAr iron sword and a Cl bronze sauroter.
Soundings beyond floor level in theE celia hall in 2006
information about the pre-Hel use of the temple area. provided The terrain, sloping down to the N, was subdivided into terraces of which rubble foundations by E-W running support walls,
survive at varying elevations. with these walls were Associated use deposits and fills above the preserved wall tops, containing finds such as sherds of Ar drinking cups and cooking pots, bones, ashes and burnt clay.
or feasting from the Ar Thus the area was used for meals period onwards, before the erection of the temple. A cult of the same duration is indicated by the secondary deposits in the area of the cult statue base. of an Ar Laconian Fragments clay roof
suggest an older cult building, probably located S of theHel
It can therefore be assumed that the Hel cult is inten temple. lie in tionally connected with an older cult, the origins of which the Ar period at the latest.
the excavations that the extra-urban Overall, suggest of Artemis is complemented Sanctuary by an urban sanctuary, with its own distinctive, but so far unidentified, cult from the Ar until
the E
Imperial
Rom
infants. prisoners of war and weak to date has not confirmed the
criminals,
Anthropological investigation of infants or small presence
period.
age of 3-year
research
stances cleft, material.
the skeletal
to men with
a
and 5th EPCA, in detail the circum aims to investigate of deposition of the human skeletal material in the rock to collect, and clean and characterize all remaining
C. Morgan 5th EPCA) (Director, report on the first season
(Director, BSA), and K. Diamanti
A.
Vasilo
5th (Director, of the investigation
gamvrou EBA) anc.
of
in 2003 by the programme, begun of Athens University in collaboration and under the supervision of the (Rethymnon)
theatre.
Sparta
most belongs
Museum
Anthropological with P. Themelis EPSNE
children:
the cleft probably 18-35 years.
inside
of a 5-year in preparation for its proper conservation In 2007, the BSA undertook 2 presentation.
theatre
and non
public intrusive
to trace the extent of th??tral and later surveys, in the koilon with a view to future excavation, antique remains and to contribute to the assessment of immediate and medium term
conservation survey
resistivity
needs.
Combined
(C. Gaffney,
H. Goodchild
and topographical and S. Harrison
areas where revealed extensive Archaeology]) undisturbed may be substantially (Fig. 40), plus the related to Byz settlement. likely location of structures probably A new condition report on the exposed masonry was made by [Birmingham
seating
C. Woolfitt (IngramAssociates). The 5thEPCA and 5thEBA
removed part of the old excavation completed drainage work, and continued and architectural archival study with to the parodoi. reference Ceramic finds from particular dump
in
excavations
previous
Archaeological
Museum
the
area
of Mystras,
were
located
in
the
and conserved.
W. Cavanagh C. Mee (BSA/Nottingham), and J. Renard (Clermont-Ferrand) report that, (BSA/Liverpool) the 2007 and interpreta following study season, descriptions tions have now been drafted of the stratigraphie sequences, features, sediments and finds in each of areas B, archaeological
Kouphovouno.
C, G and H (Figs 41, 42).
contexts from the sondage of MNeo in area C sequence the range of shapes and decorative motifs. Sherds were even examined for evidence of manufacture and use wear: The
showed
sometimes pottery was inside and out. The M-LNeo
decorated areas
to fire, with exposed transition (evident
burned in area
in the 2006 is characterized G, especially sondage) by an increase in storage and cooking vessels. The quality of Urfirnis at the end of the MNeo decoration declines and gradually evolves early
into theMatt
in the LNeo
Painted
period,
is also present style. Black Ware and even proto Polychrome. Good
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2007-2008
.
Ar"!
"JUMP-
;;#P*^t^,
* i#r. ** 5* #
^^
40a.
Sparta
theatre:
survey
topographical
?fe
Sparta
theatre: geophysical
survey
?*.
' "
results
_7^
40b.
#
*.****
results
^?st 41. Kouphovouno:
LNeo
bone
pins
from area G
42. Kouphovouno:
MNeo
carinated
bowl
from area C
35
36
CATHERINEMORGAN in area G enable
contexts
LNeo
identification
in the
of variation
of different ware
proportions clear FNeo
levels
types from the stratigraphy. No noted: the settlement was possibly
were
restrictedto the summitof thehill in thisperiod. EBA contexts
were
stone
with
associated
ceramics
platforms:
that
suggest
some date from transitionalEH I/II or E EH II, while others a more
represent
stage
fill and
it is evident
there are also
II and
of EH
developed
laterEH II contexts. The W edge of area G was disturbedby LRom
substantial able Rom
activity
the main
pottery
at Kouphovouno. fabrics
that there was
I.Whitbread will
130 samples
used:
consider
has
identified
be
subject
p?trographieanalysis in theFitchLaboratory (BSA). Initial
and
identification
bones
confirm observations (J. Cantuel). Preliminary completed an overwhelming of domesticated ovicaprines, predominance
was
pig and cattle,of varyingproportionsbutwith thefirstalways
Wild animal bones were predominant. a variety of species deer, including aurochs, wolf and fox.
not common, wild
boar,
but
goat,
show
hare,
is in progress: soil samples study of the environs hydrographie and C. has been of Kouphovouno (E. Fouache completed from obtained initial results and micromorpholog Cosandey)
In from the excavation of samples (C. Ballut). were measures taken for the with the 5th EPCA, of the site.
conservation
long-term
Publication: R. Orgeolet {PraktikaZ' Synedriou 1, 269-89) the function of the EH
discusses
Monastery J. Papageorgiou
Chrysapha, Martyroi.
Z' Synedriou
{Praktika
pits. Tessarakanta Agioi Charalambous report
the
of
D.
and
of conser
on a programme
4, 225-74)
vation of the 17thCt wall-paintings (paintedby Giorgios and DimitriosMoschos) completedby the5thEBA in2005.
of
available
a programme
describes
Benaki
Museum) in 2004, with
(Director,
research
excavation
(07/11/07), A.
In an interviewwith Ta Nea
Amyklai.
Delivorrias
the
aim
of
completing all of Apollo and assembling and Throne for the Amyklaion
begun at the Sanctuary evidence material
information incorpo of the site. New other major monuments of the throne made rated into the restoration drawings by M. Korres indicates that it had a round base 8m di. and ca. 4m h.; for the throne, with
the supports been
their lion-paw
bases,
have
also
Lakonis
Cave.
Nautemboriki,
Avgi
and Eleutheros
a Typos (09/02/08)all reportthediscoveryof the toothof male
Neanderthal, boar and deer
along with
animal
(indicating in 2002 made
find was
bone
a warmer in an
wild
including rhinoceros, climate at that time). The directed excavation by E.
Panagopoulou (EPSNE): data on diet from strontiumisotope analysis
of the tooth (M. Richards
[Max Planck
and K. Charvati
a Institute])reveal thattheNeanderthal spenthis earlyyears in
more mountainous Anc.
Helos.
A.
area
area of the cave). (at least 30km from the
Themos
{Praktika
Z'
Synedriou
2, 452-80)
synthesizes a large quantity of published and unpublished
material Helos. drawn
and
textual
evidence
of the location in discussing is attention sites discussed,
the archaeological Among to the following new or updated
surveys
(Praktika Z'Synedriou of Neo and Hel settlement
at Karaousi,
Dragatsoula,
column base (0.3m h.) is built into the porch cemetery: a marble a widely-cited At 'Stou Manolaki', of the cemetery chapel. further surface finds of Cl, Hel for the site of Helos, candidate pottery were made sherds and obsidian.
PH
have
burials were
previously
found.
Central
of Plain
part
over ca. 50 stremmata, noting also At Keramidiona, where pithos
been
Hel
reported,
of Helos.
A.
sherds
and Rom
Themos
(Praktika
Z'
Synedriou 2, 460-64) reportsin thevicinityof Peristeri a LH in the 1930s,
tomb excavated
chamber
and 2 others,
found in the 1980s (ADelt 36 Bl [1981], 129) and in2004 (AR 51 [2004-2005], 30). The last is described (containing M or multiple burials fromLH IIA-SubMyc/EPGeo, including Minoanising cups). A SubMyc or EPGeo burial in thefill of the entrance
contained
bronze
line decoration),
an amphora, an oinochoe ring. pins and a bronze
(with wavy Two further
chamber tombs, found by G Steinhauer in 1976-1977 at the are here reported in full. site of Solaki, W of the mod. village, that led was destroyed in the course of the road widening
One
are excavated to the excavation, but the 2nd was (4 vases area the in in Sparta Museum), traceable confirming activity
fromLH IIA-LH IIIC L: Myc sherdswere collected just to the W. Slightly further W, from the area of Filisi, an EH pyxis probably comes from a tomb. On the hill of Anemomylos Skalas (the siteof theByz churchofAg. Giorgios) sherdsand tiledate fromthePH-Hel periods. These includeEH bowls, a Myc kylix,Cl andHel bg, and partof a grindingstone. Further N fromFilisi, on theE bank of the Evrotas, part of a water was
channel
turning E. course. Geraki
cut
located
into the rock:
its course
could
be
to the river, before running S, parallel its constructed In later periods, mills were along
for ca.
followed
(anc.
100m
Geronthrai).
Institute/Amsterdam) (Netherlands to the final which was dedicated
and
J. Crouwel
Prent
M.
season, report on the 2007 from earlier study of material focus on the PH
and Hel
Following studyof EH II L destructiondeposits in 2006, concentrated
work
on
the earlier
occupation
of the acropolis.
Prolificbut fragmentary potteryof earlierperiods comes from different parts of the site, but rarely from
good
The
contexts.
presence of FNeo and EH Iwas confirmed,althoughEH II E potterywas rare (especially in comparison with EH II L). focused
Attention
on material
associated
with
wall
30
(in
trench 17/13K and theNE of field 17),which belongs to the EH fortificationsystem (Fig. 43). This was constructedand filled inEH II (probablyEH II L). Material of thisdate, as well as FNeo/EH I and EH I/II, deriving from occupation elsewhere
levels The
defensive
on the acropolis, was used in the construction. was system on this part of the acropolis
extended inEH II L (wall 180was built in frontofwall 30,
room between them, in trench 17/13q), and were in the and its defences settlement destroyed a sequence of events which same phase strongly recalls that trench in phase IIIC. Early pottery from another wall at Lerna
with
information.
a casemate
the entire
Lakka (Vlachioti). A. Themos {PraktikaZ'Synedriou 2, 457) reports sherds of EH II light painted bowls location on the N side of the mod. village.
Themos
evidence
and survey, with particular excavation pottery and other finds.
recognized.
Gytheion,
A.
of Helos.
Keramidiona, 'StouManolakF and on the hill of Ai Strati. Karaousi, a hillN ofmod. Asteri, has produced findsfrom the Neo-LH IIIC and from the PGeo-Hel (noting previous excavation here,AR 6 [1959-1960], 9). At Dragatsoula, E of Asteri, mostly PH pottery is visible in the fields around the
IIIA2-B1
A pilot studyon thephysical, chemical and lipidanalyses of
ical analysis collaboration
of Plain
2, 458-59) reports surface from current and previous
and Rom
of the animal
classification
to
E part
and
sauceboats
in a
to theNE (17/13r), associated with a fragmentof a wall of
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2007-2008 small
resting directly on the original hill surface, which the fortification, was shown to date to EH I/II E.
stones
predates
An EH II L potterydeposit fromtheSW partof theacropolis
from another casemate (trial trench 19/2a), perhaps deriving strewn together with finds from survey in this area, room, was
joins. Studyof PH potteryfromtrialtrench resultinginfurther 25/4b, below the SE crest of the acropolis and outside the acropolis produced
wall, much
from the survey finds together with EH II pottery, ware, including Geraki
area, and
material of historicalperiods. Finds likelyderivefrom higher up on the acropolis. Ca. 40 EH clay contexts were
sealings consolidated
separate publication. this largely comes I.Whitbread
for (by J.Weingarten) pottery from the site began:
studied
Study of MH from fills and
continued
room and other
from the casemate and
ware. dumps of household on the MH fabric typology.
work
Study of the historicperiods focused on 2 LHel buildings (room 1 of building C and room 5 of building B) and the
area, with intervening street in the SE corner of the excavation Work further work on the stratigraphy and artefact assemblages. was
on the flotation and sorting of soil samples Monemvasia,
lower
Church
city,
completed.
S wall side.
excavation
Nikolaos.
undertaken
to understand
the
in of the monument, which are described the is built on the ruins of a predecessor, are visible on the exterior on the S of which
and apse Part of the floor of
(along with a section that of its successor.
the earlier
E. Zavvou 2, 418-21) (Praktika Z' Synedriou (Asopos). as well as Myc, PGeo and reports surface finds of EH and MH, Geo sherds on the S and SW slopes of the peninsula (where PH From the plateau of the is previously attested). activity Boza
come EH, Myc, Hel and Rom sherds (the last phases peninsula tile and water pipe). include bg and rf, amphorae, loom weights, members and traces of walling with cement are Architectural
across the peninsula. On theW slope, EH burials and a (perhaps for storage and trading) large structure of this period are noted with previous bibliography. Surface finds include an EH clay sealing. visible
include Byz and later remains on the S foot of the peninsula thorax with spiral the wall of a church and part of a Byz marble decoration.
Aremos
E. Zavvou 2, 421) (Praktika Z' Synedriou (Asopos). of a large rectangular kiln on the property reports the discovery of A. Tricha, preserving part of the furnace and firing chamber. scattered around the kiln is as yet Debris, including tile wasters, undatable. Z' Synedriou E. Zavvou 2, (Praktika (Asopos). the discovery of a large rectangular kiln, reports to that at Aremos. The greater part of the firing was chamber the furnace and the subterranean chamber, tile wasters, scattered Here too, debris, preserved. including
Visaliades of Agios
P. Skagou (5thEBA) reports {PraktikaZ' Synedriou 4, 181? 208) on survey and plan and construction detail. Ag. Nikolaos
church
was
excavated
of the N wall
and the apse) 2.61m below In addition, excavation traces of revealed at an unknown time, another, larger ruined church destroyed was located. and within which the predecessor of Ag. Nikolaos
level of the cobbled column bases floor, sandstone original the and a rectangular tomb, probably built for the founder when church was constructed, were also found.
The
421-22) similar
around
E. Zavvou
2, 413-51) {Praktika Z' Synedriou and textual sources for the cities on
archaeological data shore of the cape, synthesizing published a full bibliography. and providing discoveries, Among site entries should be noted. data, the following theW
?0/
43. Geraki:
plan of excavated
area
and new the new
the kiln
Cultivation
is as yet undatable. of land on the S side of the road between
Asopos of A. Vlachogiannakou) (property architectural remains from a bath: tile, amphora, and revealed Hel and Rom sherds were collected. Surface remains covered and
the
coast
at Boza
the entire 35 stremmata (settlement unclear.
or
some
of the plot: the exact nature form of establishment)
other
of the site is as
yet
Agridi (Asopos). E. Zavvou (PraktikaZ' Synedriou 2, 422) notes
Cape Malea. summarizes
37
in sandstone, be a funerary monument to the corner of the landholding during A of a drainage ditch some years ago. large
spolia of what may discovered and removed
the opening sherds and part of a kioniskos quantity of tile fragments, Rom was scattered across the plot. The site lies a short distance E of Visaliades.
CATHERINEMORGAN
38
(Asopos) lies 1km SE of Boza and just E of
Koutroubes
2, 422-23) Here, E. Zavvou (Praktika Z' Synedriou an inscription of the 1st Ct AD a stone slab bearing
Agridi.
reports which refers to H
and honours the BiavTuv?cov tt?ati tcov Iulius Eurykles, whose of Gaius family owned in this area.
descendants estates
E. Zavvou 2,423) (Praktika Z'Synedriou (Asopos). lies between and Rom sherds at this site, which reports Hel door (likely Part of a grey marble and mod. Asopos. Goula from a tomb), sculpted to imitate a wooden door, was found on a neighbouring Part plot and handed over to Sparta Museum. Tsoukalas
of a similar door,
in sandstone,
of
in the Demarcheion
is stored
Asopos. Xyli
E. Zavvou (Pounta). (Praktika and Rom sherds, especially reports Hel as well as EH sherds and obsidian.
2, Z'Synedriou LRom combed
peninsula
424) ware,
MESSENIA (38thEPCA: 26thEBA) P. Themelis (ASA) reports{Ergon [2007], 42-59) on
Messene.
in several parts of the site (Fig. 44). In the theatre, a large number of EByz graves containing no theW in front of the E and especially offerings were uncovered excavation
In the latter case, graves were lined with blocks from parodoi. of the parodos, most of which had builders' the superstructure in Graves marks (Gr characters denoting course and position). the E parodos were usually built of limestone blocks, notably is not the geison blocks of a Doric stoa, the location of which and cleaned round the orchestra was The channel yet known. to drain and proskenion. the orchestra work undertaken stone to 2 surviving thrones were belonging Fragments and surviving elements from the steps and stairways collected, of the koilon Herculaneum
E. Zavvou
(Praktika Z'Synedriou and excavation survey.
Plytra. on renewed Beside
on theW
is located
cemeteries
harbour
the mod.
mole
2, 427-32) reports One of the city's
side of the archaeological built lies a subterranean
located
area, one almost
in the same
touching
the E
site.
probably Hostilius
tomb
Caelianus
that a road x 5m). and orientation Their disposition suggest ran between and the last mentioned. the former 2 monuments further, similar tomb was 4.17m this road (dimensions
found
to the E
along
the line of
x 5m). with columbarium 100m further E, a built subterranean rescue was in discovered niches and orthagonal hemispherical on the property of G Venetsanaki and A. Vraimaki. excavation Ca.
1.72m x 0.64m.
It was
from the 2nd to the 4th Ct AD.
Grave
Its dimensions burials
were
large number of pottery incised decoration with Laconian
bronze
coin
used
for multiple included
goods a marble ossuary glass vessels, and a and garland, of a bucranium from the reign of Hadrian (117-118 and
AD). Notable finds include lamps of the Firmalampe type, one ofwhich bears themark of a N Italianworkshop (NERI: 1sthalf 2nd Ct AD),
and a glass
signature (E4thCt AD).
harbour
had
Mediterranean The
area
bowl with
a double-line
incised
These finds confirm that the local connections
trading significant during the Rom period. even of the anc. city was
across
the
taking larger, however, finds from within mod. Plytra, while
into account published structures are located in the NE part of and EByz many LRom a relief the archaeological site, in the area of an anc. quarry with structures have it. These and on the slope opposite of Herakles, traces of cases preserve blind apses at their sides and inmany traits which within red painted frames identify wall-painting them as tomb monuments. a stone with sandstone An undecorated sarcophagus,
headrest on the interior,contained a 4* Ct AD lekythosand a with a round,garlanded stamp (IVLI: end W sigillatafragment 1stCt BC-Elst
Ct AD).
tectural members, assembled
been
Finds
from the area
as a whole
(archi have vessels) clay and marble inscriptions, have been over a number of years: many
of to the Demarcheion inhabitants local the a sandstone are: of these door; fragments Among Asopos. base of a grey marble (0.55m h.\ 0.32m upper perirrhanterion x of and fragments a lid 0.79m); (1.94m sarcophagus di.); handed
over
inscriptions.
by
were type, found in the E apse of the proskenion, head The missing the statue set on a stone base. of Claudius wife Claudia Frontina, represented and mother
of Tiberius
Claudius
Sathidas
and of the Achaian I, who was Helladarches League The chief priest of the Sebasteion during the reign of Trajan. torso of Hermes from the proskenion was also set on a base. area were landscaped. surrounding from the S colonnade was re-erected.
and
theatre basilica
of the fallen columns
One
One of the stylobateblocks of theS colonnade is an inscribed statuebase of theM2nd Ct AD, inhonour of the chiefpriest of
son of Claudius Tiberius Claudius the Sebasteion, Geminianus, statue was erected by His Gemina. and Aufidia Crispianus and Claudius Claudius Ithomatas, Aristomenes, priest of Zeus of both members of the Synedrion, Nikeratos, grammateus Tombs were discovered inMessene. known families along the the apse. One of the cover and outside S side of the basilica a 2nd Ct BC inscription of an unknown region.
slabs bears a
in order.
Caelianus
The
side of the
firsttomband theotherjust to theNNW (dimensions ca. 4.7m A
and
joined
with niches, ca. 5.35m x 6.90m, oriented N-S (columbarium) The to the N (staircase in the NW with the entrance corner). were of 2 further tomb monuments upper surfaces of the walls
put
The 2 body sectionsof the2ndCt BC marble statueof large
boundaries
on both
sides
setting out the
stoa in the agora corner of the N of the NE stone measuring tables for solid substances (Fig. set. On the table tops were 45), as well as orthostats on which the lower face of the table slabs, around the flow hole, were other finds from the fill and pegs. metal Among clamps the tables and the E wall of the stoa was a cast bronze between Excavation 2
revealed
Hel
head
During numerous
from the fulcrum
of Medusa cleaning
of a couch. of Messene,
of the temple landscaping limestone were of inscribed
and
discovered, to the giving of honours The 2nd, of the 1stCt BC, Messenian judges by the Thessalians. Archidamos to the Messenian the honour records paid as proxenos and benefactor Philostratou by the polis of the The stele with the decree was to stand in the Sanctuary Pylians. in the at Pylos, with an exact copy of Athena Koryphasias in accordance with the customs of the of the honorand, homeland fragments The 2 decrees.
from
first concerns
in the sanctuary of the goddess Messene, ancients, and probably where the stele was in fact found. It is the only stele so far found The from the city of Pylos, which was also named Koryphasion.
W side of thetemple Doric stoa,discovered longago close to the the of a broad-fronted is the prostoa of Messene, building, W of the Doric is still unknown. function of which prostoa, 2 Left entrances, with large stone thresholds, lead to 2 chambers. and
right
of
the
thresholds
were
large
limestone
bases
for
inscribedstelae. Probably thebuilding belonged to some city
the level of tile from the roof covered authority. A destruction in the SE corner floor of the rooms: in certain places, especially of the N room, there were strong traces of fire. This occurred before
the 3rd quarter
of the 4th Ct AD
(according
to the ceramic
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2007-2008
///MAYIQAEIOV
//] /// \ general
plan
\
39
40
CATHERINEMORGAN of anc.
number
into the church
built
spolia
and evident
nearby.
Excavation of the wall revealed a Cl public building (or complex)
to a h. of 2.4m:
preserved
research
at the site continues.
104 (2007), 104; Ta Nea and Trypes. Archaiologia Eleutherotypia (11/06/07)report thediscovery by O. Vikatou (7thEPCA) of a Myc pictorial amphora in theMyc chamber tomb cemetery at Trypes. The scene depicts an ekphora, with the bier carried by 4 male bearers and followed by mourners. Four further chamber tombs from this well-known cemetery
in 2007; all were undisturbed excavated and contained a child burial accompanied One contained offerings. by animal and a kourotrophos. Decorated finewares figurines
were rich
from
45. Messene:
tables
measuring
from the N
numismatic due to the catastrophic evidence), probably of 375 AD which caused the destruction of many earthquake at Messene. public and private buildings a square hypostyle N of the temple of Messene, hall was the N edge of which investigated, lay under deep fill; along the Inside the length of the front face was a roofed prothalamos. rows of bases hall were the foundations of 2 parallel (8 along
with the long sides, 4 on the short). The building is identified to
referred
in
the
the inscription recording and Megalopolis inscribed
boundary dispute between Messene on the adjacent Base of the Knights. Ch
no grave goods were the bouleion and out. Digging
tombs with
inside
construction
was
largely
associated
places with their
for the destruction
responsible
superstructure. building's Reconstruction continued
in several
found
of the
from
support
the Third
in the stadium, Framework: work was Community completed stoa and the E stoa in the gymnasium, the gymnasium and in the heroon-mausoleum of the Saithidai S of the stadium. 2, 287-304) {Praktika Z' Synedriou reports on Chlepa at the Arcadian restoration and reconstruction work undertaken
E.-A. Gate.
reports on a further (Director, SAIA) in survey in the area of this site, conducted collaboration with the 38th EPCA. In 2007 attention focused on the area S of the city, within the
Anc.
Thouria.
season
E. Greco
of surface
wall and at theS edge of plateau B and beside plateau C. The data
gathered
were
in CAD
processed
and
GIS
systems,
enabling both quantitativeand thematicanalyses (of finds by
and class, or elevation models, for example). The category team architects made and photographs in the area N drawings of the city known as the location of cemeteries, and of a notable came a large proportion stone quarry from which of the
stone used in the anc. city. Many tombs were visible: building their co-ordinates were plotted and particular attention was paid to their relationship to the quarry face, since inmany cases this permitted recognition these new elements referenced and
provides its environs.
Kosmos
of anc. extraction marks. to the area
a complete
tou Ependyti
reportof the 38thEPCA.
retaining wall
preserved
The
addition
of
and geo surveyed picture of the anc. city
already
general
(19/01/08)
summarizes
the annual
Findings include the location of a
for a /. of
13.95m
and
to a h. of 3m,
slightlyN of the Church of the Panagitsa, noting the large
alabastra, pyxides, pilgrim flasks and note is a flask of of particular amphorae; Other offerings included steatite seals and a rich
Cypriot
shape. of jewellery.
G Chatzi-Spiliopoulou (Chalratsos). Kephalovryso (Director, 7th EPCA) presents a preliminary publication Z'
(Praktika
2, 337-66)
Synedriou
of an almost
intact
small
tholos tomb,previouslynoted (AR [2004-2005], 31-32). The was
chamber
h. of 2.52m. of
almost
was
entrance, slabs. The
1.26m
as such, probably a retaining function since the lower slopes of the hill. The
manner
because
there
the tomb was
for such
against h. and was
monolithic
to a and preserved (3.2m x 3.25m) ca. lm2, faces S; the stomion is built walls incline inwards and widen
is no dromos
There
no need
built
round
The
limestone
outwards.
doorway was a there was slabs; by smaller chamber construction followed the usual
blocked
lintel. The
were made of irregularly-sized, tholoi; walls stone slabs. Almost the entire structure, minimally-worked An unusual feature is a apart from the very top, is preserved. wall erected over the lintel, also of stone slabs, preserved to lm of
h. While
with
included
4-handled
variety
stoa
and
the bouleion
the tombs
2- and
itmay originally it has forced
earth behind
has no connection considered Within
with
have been straight, pressure from the it into a trapezoidal shape. This wall the tholos superstructure and cannot be
to the retaining triangles analogous the chamber, ca. lm of fill contained
of larger tholoi. mostly finds of and human bone.
as well as displaced stones later periods, of 3 funerary deposits, Remains likely previous identified close to the chamber wall. aside, were
burials
pushed
Human
bone, in the N, E and W curves notably cranial remains, were placed of the wall. There were no burial pits, nor evidence of burial in the centre
decorated
of a little pottery consisted Myc are catalogued), more I/IIA vessels (5 LH some handmade other finds were wares; very
of the chamber. ware
and plainware few. Handmade
wares mostly come from a distinct location in with quadrant of the chamber and cannot be associated burial deposit; the deep cup is a characteristic any particular is consistent with an LH I/IIA date, but is also shape. This ware the NW
known inMH II and III. It is likelythatthe tholoswas built in theMH III/LH I and reused in LH IL Non ceramic finds include beads
a bone pin and ring, 4 clay whorls, a stone tool, bronze and single beads of rock crystal and glass paste. Parts of
the shouldersand lipsof largepithoiwere found in thevicinity
of the tomb, together with a quantity of post-Myc sherds and tile. E of the tholos, on the land of A. Machaira, sherds of a decoration were found. pithos with finger-impressed
a curved from the tomb entrance, retaining wall for 3.51m; this includes one very large block (2.04m x x 0.35m) within a It is founded at a lighter structure.
2.60m
extends 0.85m
higher level than the tomb and is a laterper?bolos probably to divide contemporary Much funerary monument. in the area.
designed ancestral noted
constructions
Rom
and
from
the
later pottery was
41
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2007-2008 much finds, especially pottery, come from the Post-Myc area of the tholos, as well as the fill inside it: they indicate that was reused during the LRom the monument period (3rd-4th Ct
later. A preliminary indication of the forms and perhaps are also present. is given: many vessels glass represented a coin and tegula items bronze Three (a lamp, catalogued
ELEIA (7thEPCA: 6thEBA) of
AD)
Acropoleis
are indicative of the date proposed. It is likely that mammata) a Rom farmstead with a bath was situated close to the tholos:
monuments
indicate burials of local reports of destroyed cist tombs may reused It is unclear whether the tholos was this period also. there is no and, if so, for what purpose: during this period, of a LRom presence that itwas looted at that time.
indication
of later cult.
tomb may
indicate
The
in the
lamp
J. Davis of Nestor. reports Pylos, Palace (Director, ASCSA) on the continuing excavations. study of finds from Blegen's All post-BA for the first time by pottery has been reviewed and K.
J. Davis
areas.
restricted
socio-political almost Activity
continued Activity only in certain is no evidence in the of continuity of the BA palace into the EIA. institutions Lynch. There
late in the EIA.
ceased
sacred
little Ar
The
has no connection with ritual pottery There is no reason to consider veneration.
or
even
and
later
informal
the palace
ruins a
site.
J. Murphy in the from Pylos examined grave goods National in the Chora Museum, she restudied with Museum; K. Lynch the post-BA tholos which pottery from the Kokkevis dates
to
the E-MPGeo, L. Schepartz
MPGeo. human
remains
most pottery S. Miller-Antonio
with and
III in the National
from tholos
dating
to
analysed Museum.
the the
S. Lafayette determined that much floor plaster retained by and Rawson had fallen from an upper storey of the Biegen was at IGME diffraction to palace. X-ray employed the
determine
of
composition
the
plaster
samples.
H.
Brekoulaki fullydocumented thenautilus frieze fromhall 64,
by Lang but not illustrated. New joins were made to the 'Two Men at Table' fragment from the throne room, and scene illustrated to the procession in Lang's many pi. Q. The mentioned
ship
but
fragments a mystery.
E. Kottoula on mod.
at Pylos. paintings J. Davis, S. Stocker
on the effects completed experiments in the wall of pigments used
and G. Cadogan identified Cretan and levels, some at least as early as the Old
edition
of C. Biegen and M. Rawson, to the Guide been published (Athens, Papadema, and updates and C. by J. Davis
has of Nestor with revisions
2007) Shelmerdine. Romanou annual
of a
period.
A new Gr Palace
more
recon accurately of joining large group from the same room remains
been
samples
from MH
ceramics
Palace
has
the
iconography with purple decoration
of burning
M
64
from hall
fresco
structed,
Kosmos report
of
(2700-2250 BC) contemporary Voidokoilia. recovered
tou Ependyti the 38th EPCA.
have been located (and are illustrated),
with
the
Investigation
large quantities
from workshops a deep well
summarizes the (19/01/08) Traces of PH settlement
(unique
settlements in the E
of obsidian inMessenia).
at
Akovitika
and
part of the settlement and bronze, probably A few metres from this
of pottery (ca. 200 large quantities vessels, mostly undecorated). A 2nd discovery in this general area is a large pithos used for a burial. This contained as PGeo vessels funerary offerings. area,
produced
the
anc.
(Director, 38th EPCA)
cities
of Eleia.
X.
Arapogianni
(Praktika Z' Synedriou 2, 5-32)
to clean and present to the public the anc. cities of the the acropoleis of the major Kato Skillos, Prasidaki, Samikon, Lepreon, region (Epitalio, anc. Phigaleia and Koryphe). Platiana, Alipheira, describes
work
undertaken
on
Triphylia. J.Heiden (DAI) and C. Rohn (Cottbus) reportthat season 2007 the settlement and survey investigating due to devastating forest topography of Triphylia was abandoned fires in the research area: the project will continue in 2008. the
Eleutherotypia (07/03/08) reports geophysical
Olympia.
as part of a 5 aimed at locating the hippodrome, prospection undertaken R. Senff and G year research programme (DAI) by
Chatzi-Spiliopoulou (7thEPCA). The topographical signifi cance of a building complex foundby theT EPCA S of the entrance and
to the Olympic Academy the Sanctuary with
identified
in the winter
of 2006-2007
of Demeter
is Chamynes Pausanias this sanctuary SE of the emphasized. placed stadium: built on a height, itwas a vantage point from which chariot races. Current prospection thus spectators could watch S and E of the stadium.
focuses
H. Kyrieleis (with contributions by B. Eder 31. Anf?nge Benecke), Olympische Forschungen von Olympia: Fr?hzeit des Heiligtums die Ausgrabungen Publications:
and
N.
und am
Pelopion 1987-1996 (Berlin, De Gruyter, 2006); H. Baitinger and T. V?lling, 32. Werkzeug Olympische Forschungen aus (Berlin, De Gruyter, 2007). Olympia
und
Ger?t
Linaria (Lagoumia). O. Vikatou (7thEPCA) reports(Praktika
the discovery of 4 tombs in the course 1, 385-86) Z'Synedriou to divert the main of work anc. Olympia. road beside The were of 4 human remains skeletons found. Pottery 3 prochoiskoi, comprising further fragmentary vessels
date stone
at the end of the MH. tools, 2 clay weights
a fragmentary Minyan kylix, and part of a handle indicates Also found were a lead weight, and a clay bead.
2 a 3
Linaria (Spilies). O. Vikatou (7thEPCA) reports(PraktikaZ'
the discovery of part of a PH settlement. 1, 386-87) architectural remains were uncovered at a d. Poorly preserved of 0.2-0.3m. In one trench lay part of a curved foundation oriented N-S, 6m. / and 0.9m w.\ adjacent to this was a round
Synedriou
To the E lay a 2nd N-S wall (di. 2.7m). its S end starts to curve to the E. Another
construction
which
at
3.3m
/.
trench
a 3rd also produced remains of a just sherds, while The excavation a quantity of EH and MH building. produced sherds and stone tools, many of which had traces of burning. The PH finds were in poor condition of because generally and slope erosion. The site lies on a low hill ca. 3km ploughing produced
from Olympia, with a direct view over the Alpheios rescue excavation covered only the area threatened
construction
and
Olympia)
valley: road
by
(part of the project to divert the main road by anc. the site is undoubtedly more extensive.
Miraka (Velmacheika). O. Vikatou (7th EPCA) reports (PraktikaZ' Synedriou 1, 387-96) thediscovery of part of a Rom
settlement
(preserved settlement
and
for 4m)
badly stone tools were
them, a wall to a PH belong A few EH sherds and
Between cemetery. and a round hearth probably
damaged found.
by cultivation.
42
CATHERINEMORGAN
a Rom settlement lie close by, to the SE. were of 2 buildings with remains of examined, on the surface over a wide area. others visible 1 Building 19.2m dimensions /. x 7.3m w.) has only its (maximum foundations with indications of 3 rooms or areas. preserved, Remains
of
Foundations
Building 2 is larger(50m x 20m) and betterpreserved: ithad 8 rooms
and was used for storage (the base of a large pithos was in situ). Finds included spools, Rom sherds mainly from as well as some LRom amphorae, pottery of the 6th-7th Ct AD, faunal remains, glass vessels, olive pits and 7 poorly preserved found
coins ofwhich only one 4thCt BC coin of Sikyon could be read. To theW, a channel linked the buildings to a neighbouring stream.
Three
tombs were
6th-7th Ct AD
located
in the same
area as
the buildings. Tomb 1 is a cist, probably of stone in secondary use, oriented E-W, containing a female burial in extended, prone Beside the skull was an undecorated trefoil-mouthed position.
with down, 2 silver earrings decorated decorated with bands of incised oinochoe, to the 6th Ct AD and the earrings to the 6th-7th
oinochoe
lower
grape
The
and, clusters.
lines, dates wavy Ct. Tombs 2 and 3 were
slab cists, oriented E-W, These but no goods. tombs relate
and contained
to the reuse of single burials the buildings and do not form part of an organized cemetery. ca. 100m W of the The Rom cemetery lies on a low mound tombs were Tomb 1: settlement. The following investigated. terracotta
lined with Tomb
2:
tile
grave, Tomb
amphoriskos.
slabs; with
a
contained one
burial, tile grave with
3:
1st Ct AD
skyphos. a glass
containing one bronze
coin
of
Claudius (41-54 AD) placed by the lowerjaw of thedeceased. tile grave, with a poorly preserved skeleton, a terracotta lamp, a tear-bottle and an amphoriskos. Tomb 5: a glass tear-bottle and a broken pottery tile grave containing vessel. Tomb 6: poorly preserved skeleton with sherds of one
Tomb
vessel.
4: disturbed
Tomb
7: pit grave,
in extended, a wooden bier.
burial
prone
x 0.8m, containing one female position but with iron nails indicating 2.2m
Goods were placed in theS part of the tomband around the lower body up to knee level. Offerings comprised: 18 glass
1stCt flasks, tear-bottles and a phiale, mostly (including a bronze feet; a large bronze phiale at the deceased's AD); large chest these last 2 was a wooden amphora at her right. Between vessels
ofwhich only thebronze fittings(lock, bindings and carrying
a silver spoon, a silver bracelet This contained strap) survive. and snake-head with a crystal ornament finials, a silver coin a relief skyphos and small tear-bottles. Pottery comprised decorated with ivy and vines, a lagynos and a plate with a relief double Tombs
spiral on the lip exterior and the interior stamp ZOILI. tile graves with no goods. 8 and 9, next to 7, were
This tombgroup dates to the2ndhalf of the 1stCt AD. This is thefirsttime thatofferingsof thequality of those in tomb7
have
been
found
in the area of Olympia.
The
cemetery
lies ca.
2km from theAltis and less than 1km from the cemeteryat Frangkonisiwhich produced the importantcollection of glass vessels
now
Skafldia.
on display
Museum.
in the Olympia
Ta Nea and Eleutherotypia (11/06/07) report the
of a large Rom bath, part of a large public or private rooms Sixteen situated next to the river Yardanos. complex, around a peristyle court were richly appointed with a variety of arched ceilings with relief decoration, marble wall cladding, The and wall mosaic large rectangular heating. pavements discovery
frigidarium pavements Anc.
Elis.
had with
niches
geometric
J. Rambach
around
patterns {Praktika
for
statuary, and depictions Z'
Synedriou
and
mosaic
of dolphins. 2,
63-92)
publishes an EH I chamber tombcemeterydiscovered in2004
in rescue
by X. Arapogianni
excavation
immediately
E of the
buildinghousing theArchaeological Collection ofElis. Chamber
tombs
of the end of the 4th-E3rd millennium
(ca. 3400-2800)
were
level with
skeletal
into the hardened
dug directly
BC
sand
layer
on which the Archaeological Collection building was constructed.Only the lowestpartsof thefirst5 tombsdug (the the
clearance remains) escaped by the of the digger. Subsequent systematic investigation site revealed a total of 24 tombs, mostly chamber tombs reused on several occasions individuals, with an average of 5-8 (2-16
mechanical
A few cist graves were found, usually set close to the bodies). a single burial entrance of a chamber tomb and containing in contracted position without In most cases these are offerings. probably individuals
tombs
of
were
found
of a wide
children
In total, remains of juveniles. in the cemetery, including juveniles
150 and
age-range.
The tombs lay in 2 rows (one somewhat higher than the in a curved
other) mound
river Peneios.
edge of a semicircular to the N and E, towards the consistently oriented NE or
to the NE
line close
of sand which
sloped down entrances were
Their
at In the upper the river. row, the dromos was E, towards surface level, while in the lower, itwas dug down more deeply: so narrow as to allow only a single person to the stomion was crawl
in. The
most
stones.
chambers
the stomion
cases, closed with
were
was
h., with
flat roofs.
In
only T16 had been a wall of large river filled with stony river sand
open: slab and T8 with
a large stone the tombs had
All
1-1.2m
found
been
probably ina laterflood. Several tombswere joinedwith their via
neighbours
a small
passageway
blocked up with slabs. The
Myc Most
tombs were
chamber
examples, chambers
T16
(e.g.,
in a similar
constructed
then
and T9),
fashion
to
a dromos, stomion and wide chamber. a curved niche at the rear and 2 small
with had
In the rear, slightly raised, niche, a body found in primary contracted (or disposition, usually in the latest cases, it is clear that the sometimes extended) In a few cases, 2 head was oriented towards the entrance. at the sides.
niches was
skeletons burials seem
In the side niches were side by side. in secondary disposition, the remains of earlier In the upper row, where burial customs in the chamber. were
found
remains
skeletal
to have
niches were
been
observed less consistently omitted, and bodies
sometimes
than in the lower, laid less
therefore
In some across, each other. carefully on top of, or sometimes cases laid face down. in the upper row of tombs, bodies were to: only one In the lower row, rules were more strictly adhered in or 2 skeletons were found in primary disposition (always one in the raised niche and the other on the contracted position), the 2 rows may be floor in front of it. The difference between with the upper slightly earlier than the lower. chronological, few Grave mostly fine, handmade relatively goods were a surface and incised with burnished of pots grey-black clay or pattern burnishing. some one-handled
decoration
common, with double vessel.
The most
Closed
were
vessels
most
of a cups and one example find was a bone non-ceramic
notable
plaque, a class of find previouslyknown in theEH Cyclades: were
are also
connections
Aegean Further
pendants also present.
Remains
of Hel
of
indicated
semi-precious
constructions
by a sandstone pendant. stones and animal tooth
were
discovered
E of the EH
cemetery.
Kyllini
Harbour
Project.
and K. Institute/London) new study of the coastal naval
which
base
and Crusader
are today partially
J. Pakkanen
Preka-Alexandri and underwater
harbour, submerged
(EMA) remains
(Finnish
report on a of this anc.
installations the principal and well preserved.
of
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2007-2008 on mapping the coastal and in 2007 Fieldwork focused features both on dry land and in the sea, and archaeological features. Marine the partially submerged geomorpho cleaning and M. Geraga logical studies were begun by G Papatheodorou were sub marine (Patras): techniques employed surveying
sonar. profiler and side-scan to the currently 3 possible entrance-ways Survey revealed to in addition features silted harbour basin: recorded include,
bottom
moles,
breakwaters,
and
quays,
several
possible
towers.
ACHAIA (6thEPCA: 6thEBA) Institute) reports on (Director, Austrian on the Solon of the public guesthouse This was originally built in the LCI terrace, N of the acropolis.
period and substantiallyextended in theL3rdCt BC. After it ceased
to function
as yet undefined
as a public guesthouse and remained purpose
itwas modified
in use until
for an
the end of
theHel period (AR 53 [2006-2007], 32-33).
in the functionally interconnected ensemble of excavation of rooms in the SE of the extended guesthouse, In 2007, the feeder room and the andron which began in 2005. were fully excavated In both rooms, the stone-built (Fig. 46). in white plaster, and the covered bottom course of the walls, Work
floors,
continued
preserved. completely no contains specific with stone equipped giving
on
a pebble square feeder
in terrazzo
executed
The
are almost bedding, room (6.4m x 6.4m)
its 4 doorways, features: originally indicate its central function, thresholds, access In the andron (6.4m x to the rest of the complex. for the central floor area and the surrounding pedestal
4.6m), the placement
of 9 klinai
In the SE in their entirety. had extended even to stone-robbing
survive
corner of this room, where a small foundation level,
Hel
from a capital to a window belonged
sandstone
It probably rectangular pillar was found. The well-preserved floors contain of the andron. drainage features: the NE and SE corners of the andron 2
channels
water
spilt
which
inside
were
guesthouse, Immediately the scarcity
in the LHel abandoned period. intentionally the floors was a fill of fine clay, notable for the result of gradual wash of finds, which was above
fill of clayey earth from the itwas a massive Above deposit. mud-brick very small fragments of superstructure, containing all heavily disturbed roof tiles and other ceramics, by recent viticulture. In a sequence described of rooms to theW of the ensemble continued in some areas and new soundings above, excavation were opened. Immediately W of the feeder room are 2 small, a N-S nearly square rooms, A and B, entered from the W via it to the W is a large area, D, oriented room, C. Beyond
reuse some they partially of the guesthouse, these of the feeder have been built after the abandonment
an open yard. probably walls from the extended
G. Ladst?tter Aigeira. excavation continued
run under
the room
to drain
and probably
of the SE
much
rooms A
between
and B
W the secondarily walled-up that the floor level of these rooms,
ofwhich some levellingfills survive, is distinctlyhigher than
room and andron. These fills levelling Hel deposits but also numerous secondary a and suggest Hel bronze date them to LHel coins, which of the guesthouse. from the extension chronological separation A clear idea of the use of these rooms has not yet been reached, that of
the feeder
contained
diverse
of the andron suggests that the erection of with of the structure's this group the cessation coincided The latest, similarly unclear phase of function as a guesthouse. corner discovered use in area C: its is indicated by a wall but the abandonment
cut
foundations
into secondary
tioned levellingfills. The
lower
immediately thick, extremely hard
beneath
over
deposits
in the area
soundings
revealed,
of
the aforemen of
this group
layer of clayey
rooms a 0.5m
the Hel
levelling fills, earth and densely
packed
smallpebbles. Apart from some lumpsofmud packing, thisfill PH sherds. A preliminary classification exclusively a few LMyc sherds, but mostly fragments of MNeo fill is so far identified over an vessels. This homogenous
contained
open area of 9m x 4m, but is expected It can be surmised far excavated.
collecting water from the SW corner of the andron corner of the feeder room and draining it to the S. the stratigraphie sequence previous impressions, Confirming indicates that these 2 rooms, and probably most of the extended
of the extended
abuts
room and
door of the feeder
contain
pedestal, permitting to the E of the outside
ensemble
guesthouse. This is indicatedby thefacts thatthedividingwall
identified
building. A furtherchannel runs in theS partof theW wall of the andron, and the SE
rooms must room
Although Hel phase
several
the klinai
43
to extend beyond the area so that this material represents a
secondarydeposit ofMNeo material originallyfrom theSolon terrace.
Older
excavation
data
for the Hel
use
of
the area
for bathing and banqueting was provided by on this natural to water local access indicating
thatwater
indicated a
local well, terrace, an impossibility on geological Access of the settled area at Aigeira.
grounds for the remainder to local water and to small so far the settlement patterns arable areas closely fits MNeo area. oldest known anthropogenic activity in the Aigeira to study finds from W. Gauss (Austrian Institute) continued by W.
the excavations excavations
E. Alram of G
Schwarz,
M.
finds
Poulkou
from
for Greek
Activity
focused
reports on (SAIA/Salerno) in collaboration conducted
and Roman on
the
(Graz).
M. Petropoulos (Director, 39thEPCA) (Centre
below
continued by S. Jalkotzy and A new study for publication. was the acropolis begun by
and S. Karl
A. Pontrandolfo Aigialeia. season of surface survey
Foundation).
area
Examination of PH finds from
on the acropolis was in preparation
(Vienna) the historical
in the SE
Alzinger
acropolis (1972-1981).
the
with
and the KERA/EIE
Antiquity, area
the 6th
around
National the
Research villages
of
Ambelokipi andVella, on the leftslope of theKrios, and on the village across 46. Aigeira:
room ensemble,
andron
on the right bank. Extensive research to the systematic survey. territory was added sources the location of natural water (useful
of Monastiri
the entire
Its aims were:
CATHERINEMORGAN
44
to define
indicators
areas on
research
which routes
lend
themselves
to stable within
of communication
the
occupation); on the crossing points valley and with surrounding valleys, and routes which could over the Krios, in order to reconstruct of follow in part the anc. road network; reconstruction plausibly to the the in that of trends villages belonging portion population
into the research in the Krios valley; In the cultivated. in the and crops valley plant species growing on the material in recovered research proceeded parallel, area of Kasaneva-Devinou. in the years previous demos
of Aigira
located
Ambelokipi (Kasaneva). Archaiologia 103 (2007), 125 reports of settlement traces in the form of stone tools and the discovery excavated. II sherds. The site has not been systematically
EH
Gremoulias G. Ladst?tter excavation
(Kalavryta).
G. Alexopoulou (6thEPCA)
and
Institute) report on continued (Director, Austrian on the Gremoulias saddle, 3.5km NE of Kalavryta. in limestone
temple peripteral x 14 columns 13.9m (euthynteria:
a peristasis
with
x 34.75m).
Many
of 6
fragments
of a Cor marble roofwere ascribed to this building (AR 53 In 2007,
31-32).
[2006-2007], S peristasis;
along the axis of the temple
continued
excavation
a sounding following the central the area E of its E fa?ade to a distance about the substructure Previous conclusions
examined
situ) were limestone foundation
of 12m. in
(preserved is built of clamp-linked euthynteria on a in anathyrosis, finished their edges blocks, blocks Occasional limestone slabs. of limestone supported.
from the lowermost In addition
The
level of the krepidoma of heavily
to a multitude
have
survived.
damaged elements
limestone
above from the substructure and the Doric it, a drum column part of a Doric substantially preserved and a very informative fragment of a Doric (lower di. 0.84m) the echinus curve of abacus 0.98m), (lower di. 0.67m, capital which does not predate the 4th Ct BC, were found outside the S limestone also revealed The E sounding (Fig. 47). peristasis blocks
more
as they had fragments from the temple, roughly distance of 4.8m: immediately E of the peristasis,
fallen, up to a a fragment of
a horizontal geison joined theone discovered in 2001 (AR 50 [2003-2004], 35-36, fig. 49), fully completing this element.
Further E, lay a fragment of a sloped geison from the pediment, as well as part of its roof ridge. The architectural elements the from of the the reconstruction recovered temple permit euthynteria
up to the pediment.
and
small
Cor marble
the temple. to be expected,
a thick tile fragments the marble lay upon roof was This suggests that the marble of lime powder. to be burnt into lime inmore recent times. smashed deliberately
deposit
of the sekos, which probably had for the execution evidence in the than the peristasis, has been revealed higher foundations areas so far excavated due to this disturbance.
No
of 10.2m, temple, at a distance in the angle of the upward increase foundation with a carefully finished
To
the E
of the limestone
where
there
is a marked
slope,
a parallel limestone course was revealed.
levelling
The
to permit the diagonally supported indicating that this wall
away
To
Soundings in 2005 and 2006 had revealed the substructure
of a Doric
soil contained the surrounding 2006, a fragments of the stroters and calypters of near of clay tiles anywhere roof, but no evidence in the area where the sekos is Inside the peristasis,
in 2005
As
innumerable
to the E was
the wall
cut
stones,
of this setting, several worked blocks of crystalline had fallen superstructure, part of the wall's
theW
limestone,
bedrock
laying of a terrace.
clearly
westward togetherwith some of the fill behind it. They blocks
included
drums
and
with
2 Doric
column of Doric anathyrosis, fragments Some of these spolia had been cutting before they were built into the wall; capitals.
subject to secondary blocks the polygonal rectangular cutting of the originally indicates that the stability of the terrace wall was a priority. The
curve and the distribution of the annuli on the better echinus 1.02m) suggest a L6th preserved capital (lower di. 0.55m, abacus limestone and the identical Ct BC date. The use of crystalline used
techniques
on
these
pieces
indicate
that
they belong
togetherin a LAr Doric building. The terracefill contained several
calypters,
roof of a Cor marble fragments diagnostic and a well-preserved lion's-head waterspouts
(stroters, piece of
thepedimental sima), largelyidenticalwith thefragmentsof the
roof of the limestone
temple
and of LAr
date.
Although it is only partially verified archaeologically, the
can be deduced for the architectural development In the L6th Ct, a on the saddle of Gremoulias. sanctuary roof Doric limestone monumental temple with a Cor marble was too small to hold several the plateau was Since erected. following
monumental foundations
this structure can be connected with the buildings, the elongated of the later limestone temple, to such an early date. of which may well belong
proportions The LAr structure was For before
thus a peripteral temple. not as yet unclear, this building was replaced, limestone temple, re-using the 4th Ct BC, by a peripteral reasons
the original Cor marble tions, the retaining wall
roof.
In the context
to the E was
erected
of these modifica from fragments
of
theolder temple,thedebris ofwhich was deposited in thefill behind it. temple and the E wall, the position of an altar. numerous a small area contained lance or spearheads, Here In the absence of of iron, both full size and miniature. mostly so far the only evidence written sources, this material provides for the cult performed at the Gremoulias sanctuary. Between
the E fa?ade of the limestone in situ suggest blocks
2 further limestone
Nikoleika. E. Kolia (6thEPCA) and A. Gadolou (National Museum) report (Archaeologia 104 [2007], 71-73) on of a Geo excavation (2004, 2006 onwards) continuing on the land of A. Komninos The and P. Karachaliou.
temple site lies
W of theKerynites river, ca. 400m inland from the hill of Kallithea or Psoriarou (onwhich LH IIIA-LH IIIC tombs are known) research
and has
in the territory of anc. Helike (recent probably located remains of the city in the wider area).
The temple is apsidal (Fig. 48), orientedE-W (apse toW),
and with 47. Gremoulias:
capital
from
limestone
temple
Temple
porch at the E end similar to that of the at Ano Mazaraki The Aontias (Rakita).
a semicircular
of Artemis
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2007-2008
45
*.f? m
-.AA?&
mi
iw*
'?i
V.^:j?,#''*^*,*M
&&'\
*
INt ? ft?Jb?** \***?
48. Nikoleika: Geo temple so far uncovered is 13.3m building bases Four sandstone tetragonal the wooden supported sandstone bases
square
generally align with the wooden supports wooden
frame
columns
of
/. and 5.35m maximum the along the central
interior
w. axis
colonnade:
4
the interior face of the S wall along and must have held those of the colonnade
to strengthen the walls and support the are constructed with 2 of the roof. The walls
outer rows of flat stones with
smaller
stones
and earth between
a mud-brick Associated them, and presumably superstructure. pottery dates the temple to the last quarter of the 8th Ct. The of sandstone blocks used in the construction carefully worked a slightly The indicate later addition. the porch stylobate to the temples at Nikoleika addition of semicircular porches indicates a harmonization of temple building and Ano Mazaraki in LGeo-EAr Achaia. and a move towards monumentalisation
In 2006, the E part of a tetragonal structure, built of layers was under the floor of the apsidal of mud-brick, revealed to the pottery, According temple, in the centre of the building. came it probably into use in the 1st quarter of the 8th Ct and continued An
in use
until
of the apsidal the construction temple. a great number of animal layer contained (cooked or burnt) and many other finds: sherds
burnt
associated
bone fragments
mainly of cooking and drinkingvessels (thoughother shapes were
to dining; and items related (the most represented); numerous terracotta wheels from and characteristic find) chariot models.
This
altar confirms
cult at the site over a long
Ct. period,perhaps originatingin the9thor 10th Pottery dates from the PGeo to EAr (950-675 BC).
Terracottas
include animal
figurines, most
probably
from chariot
models,
dating building models
to ca.
700
including
BC, plus fragments a sloping roof decorated
technique (ca. 725-700 BC)
examples
belong
to a general
(Fig. 49).
tradition
of at
least 4
in impressed
All the excavated
of model
construction
developed inAchaia during theGeo period. All phases of pottery are represented, including the centre. of which Achaia was one production
Achaian
local decorated
Thapsos
style ware
The deityworshipped is tentativelyidentifiedas Poseidon:
indicate a male deity linked to horses and chariot driving, and literary sources attest to an anc. cult of Poseidon at Helike. Helikonios Further research is required on this point. terracottas
Thea (Patras). M. Petropoulos (39thEPCA) reports(Praktika
the discovery of a small shrine during a 2, 55-56) Z'Synedriou rescue excavation. This consisted of an orthogonal built altar, and 5 pits which part of a 2-roomed building the remains of sacrificial victims and pottery
for offerings. No temple was to LHel, were numerous LGeo miniature
vessels
either contained vessels,
or were
located. Finds, dating from the to date, intact figurines and
over 40,000. vessels The minature kraters, lekythoi, shapes, with hydriae, on the The deity is identified as Demeter
number
are mostly drinking kernoi and aryballoi.
basis of an inscribed perirrhanterion (AI2XPEA2 A[ AM ATP I]), noting also the popularity of female hydrophoroi to applied
among the figurines. the cult of Demeter
The
epithet at Antheia
'Poteriophorou', by Athenaios
(Deipnosophistai 11.46d) fits the iconographyand choice of
pottery of Thea
shapes at the Thea as anc. Antheia.
shrine,
supporting
the identification
CATHERINEMORGAN
46
In sector D,
S of Kleismata very fragmentary (tract CGQ), from mudflow collected pottery, painted and plain, was terraces spanning 70m. In the same sector, the area around the in identified of Pesada, where pottery clusters were village
EBA
and post 2005, was confirmed as an important focus of LRom in Rom Rom building style masonry, activity. An impressive on 2 incomplete identified sides (3.3m x 5.7m), was preserved
in theE part of tractAUN, ca. 250m SW of thevillage. The
are preserved to a h. of 0.8m under the mod. agricultural terrace wall. At Krania (sector E), ca. 350m S of the chamber
walls
tombsatDiakata, high sherddensities led to the identification
of the iost'
49. Nikoleika:
Geo
in impressed
model
building
pitched roof
technique,
graves, cleared
van Wijngaarden GJ. Project. reports on the 2nd season of Institute/Amsterdam) and archaeological survey carried out in collabora Archaeology
(Netherlands geological
tionwith the35thEPCA. survey was
In 2007
Machairado
in the interiorof the island (researcharea B), with the aim of
contains were
were
zone in theW part of the study area natural flint, which of high-quality in the Pal period, as is clear by the exploited A clear and debitage. of flint artefacts
of these artefacts was
concentration Achiouri sizable
lithics
sources
extensively distribution
wide
to the central
The mountain
various
(tract workshop
there where 2080), for lithic artefacts.
the valley of to have been a
above
attested appears
hill of Palaiokastro has 2 Med towers, and prominent On the N of other periods was also found in 2007. of Cl and Hel sherds, with LRom, Ven slope is a concentration A little PH and E mod. pottery and other finds also abundant. The
ation
includes
the finds
of
walls
a Myc
to be done
visible
or EIA
on the surface
Kephallonia Valley
decorated
on the spatial at Palaiokastro
Survey.
base.
C.
Further work
differenti and chronological and on the many different
of the site. The
a wide scatter of produced without clear concentrations.
Livatho
fragments.
The
site
one
is mainly
period,
IIIC, although there is a small post-BA
ca. 500m NW of At the location of Liostassakia, rock-cut cist 3 of the 12 Cl-Rom of Kokolata, of the site, were which had survived recent bulldozing The excavated and recorded. cemetery was by S.
Marinatos, been used mentioned
Some of the graves had but not fully published. is a feature, not for successive burials. Noteworthy one corner at of of the 3 surviving the Marinatos, by channel and 2 depressions, It consists of a carved
possibly for libations. Fieldwalking in the tractsborderingthe cemetery yielded Cl and Hel pottery consistentwith cult activity
at the graveside.
Ta Nea
To Vima, Eleutherotypia,
Fiskardo.
and Kathimerini
(05/04/2007) cite (with illustrations)the reportbyA. Sotiriou (35thEPCA) of the discovery of part of a small theatreor
odeion
of the 2nd-3th Ct AD
on the land of R. Donadou
in the course
and P. Karava
excavation
(Fig. 50). Part of the found in an di.) were
the paved orchestra (5.45m state of preservation: the structure continues under the street and into a further Erissianon Apodemon neighbouring
koilon
and
of a rescue
excellent
evidence
pottery remains
kylix
graves.
around mod.
concentrated
the transition from the mountains investigating in 2006, As Pal alluvial very many plain. discovered.
excavated
component. the village
Zakynthos (35thEPCA: 20thEBA) Zakynthos
small
probably LH
excludingKythera
S. Marinatos
where
x 10m) produced densities of 1.07 sherds per m2. The pottery, coarseware of 65.61% which was very fragmentary, consisted were and 34.3% fineware sherds, but the only Myc diagnostics 2
IONIAN ISLANDS
site of Starochorafa,
part of a Myc house. Gridded collection from6 squares (10m
artefacts
different
Souyoudzoglou-Haywood
number
of kerkides
similar
structures
rectangular
niche
is unusual, at Ambrakia or exedra
but comparisons and Alexandria.
requires
are noted with An
unusual
further explanation.
and plains
foothills
of
to continue. The koilon had is expected plot, where excavation 4 tiers of seats of which the first had stone backrests: the small
periods,
(Irish
InstituteofHellenic Studies/Dublin)andA. Sotiriou (Director, 35thEPCA) reporton the4thand 5t? survey seasons (2006 and 2007). In 2006 fieldwalking continued in the S and SE of the project
area
from Kerameies
to the W
to Pesada
(see AR
52
[2005-2006], 50; AR 51 [2004-2005], 39-40). A largenumber of lithics(907 pieces) and ca. 1,500 sherdswere collected from an area of ca. 5.5km2.
and
of
sediments
combination
P. James continued
the project
area.
of study, fieldwalking
The
the study of the soils season was a 2007
of a small part of sector E
and gridded collection at 3 locations of pottery densities an the survey has adopted Although of 'siteless' survey strategy, the existence interest' or 'sites' is fully recognized. Among 'places of special the most significant, resulting from the 2006-2007 campaigns,
consistent
artefact
with
sites.
centred
are the following.
50. Fiskardo:
remains
of 2nd-3rd Ct AD
theatre or odeion
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2007-2008
47
AITOLIA AND AKARNANIA (36thEPCA: 22ndEBA) Agios by A.
Nikolaos
Varasovas.
Paliouras
To Vima of excavation
(Ioannina) of the 9th-19th Ct (including
a small
cites a report (18/01/08) of a monastic complex to Ag. church dedicated
Nikolaos) in this cave located high above theGulf of Patras. Among a water
the structures documented
were monastic
kitchen
facilities
conduit, a cemetery behind
was
an area
for retreat.
Lithovouni Makryneias reports the publication the Syllogos Akron illustrated
Rom
51. Fiskardo:
chamber
tomb part of the same plot, was a Rom chamber Inside, (8.2m x 5.8m) with a form of antechamber (Fig. 51). were a vaulted and in irregular tomb, an arrangement, stone
The
and
excavated
on
and with
a
Eros,
the
2 containing tomb had the
tomb
vaulted
and a fully functional to the side to open
A 2nd Rom chamber the underworld). tomb was the plot opposite. Both tombs were found intact rich range of grave goods, and including glass
overworld
placed
of
a cist
fa?ade of a building with a pediment door (with a knob on each
enchytrismoi. appearance low stone
ceramic
and
sarcophagus
vessels, gold earrings, rings and a pin, the gold coin a ring with a depiction in the mouth of the deceased, of bone bronze attachments with relief leaf, pins, gold
and bronze coins decoration, the quantity and significance
and keys. The report emphasizes of the Rom remains found in this
area
in recent years (citing a paved surrounded courtyard by a planned the cemetery and a bath), which underline as a naval of Fiskardo station linking Italy with importance
oikimata, mainland
Greece
and
in direct
contact with Nikopolis.
(36thEPCA: 22ndEBA) Agios Nikitas. To Vima and Ethnos (06/03/08) report the discovery (and partialdestruction)of aMyc tholos tomb in the of work
to widen
of finds
in rescue
To Vima (08/03/08)
from the 5th-M3rd Ct BC
excavation
by Ph. Zapheiropoulou
by an
cemetery in the
contained rich goods, Many including much jewellery, bronze mirrors and silver and glass and pottery vessels, strigils, and Elean). One the tomb, containing (notably Cor, Attic
burials of 2 youths,had 2 identicalgoldmedallions with relief an unidentified human face, a small gold protomes depicting shield with the image of a thunderbolt and a haematite inset, a
of erotes, a necklace pendant, gold earrings with winged In the same area, but slightly and a glass vessel. gold beads a LMyc to Lake Trichonis, closer tomb containing weapons was discovered in 1963. gold
Kouvaras
Nea
Kathimerini
Fyteion.
the road from Ag. Nikitas towards the in an area where Myc activity has not
crossroads of Kathisma, been attested. Rescue excavation previously by the 36th EPCA its Director, M. followed. The (under Stavropoulou-Gatsi) tholos was small but contained burials with grave many small vases, (illustrated) including a bronze beads of different materials, sealstones, point and clay spindle-whorls.
2
offerings
steatite
at a site close to during construction work for the Ioniki Odos the Agrinion bypass, ca. 10km NW of anc. Stratos. The tomb, x 0.78m, made of limestone 1.48m and slabs, measures a single burial in contracted position. contained The rich grave a gold high-footed II cup, a bronze Naue goods comprised sword 0.884m /. (the handle of which was wrapped round with gold wire), a bronze dagger (Sandars Type D, 0.4m /.), a bronze spearhead, tripod lebes and an unidentified object which may The grave is dated and an open vessel.
IIIC vases
by 2 LH
PHOKIS AND WEST LOKRIS (14thEPCA: 24thEBA) Niemeier W-D. (Director, DAI) reports on the 4th Kalapodi. season at Kalapodi. of renewed excavation in the sanctuary The identification with the oracular of Apollo of Sanctuary
Abai, noted in2006 (AR 53 [2006-2007], 41) is supportedby a new
leaf-shaped
and Ta
To Vima
(13/07/07),
(17/07/07) report the discovery of a LH IIIC cist tomb
be one or more greaves. a 2-handled amphora
Lefkada
course
(anc. Akrai?).
of the book Aido?ouvi McxKpuvEi'a? 'Panorama' which includes (2007),
mid 1970s (AR 22 [1975-1976], \l;ADelt3\ Chr [1976], 172). 68 cist tombswere foundacross 2 hills S and SE ofLithovouni.
In the SW
undecorated
account
discovered
tomb
cells, a tower, and an oven, and in the interior of the cave
and dining the church. Deep
inscription
discovered
in 2007.
Cleaning
of the walls
of
theChurch of theDormition of theVirgin,W of the village,
a fragment of a statue base with a dedication by the to the emperor Constantine. of Abai This provides further polis evidence that Abai was in the valley of Kalapodi located and revealed
Kerkyra
(8thEPCA: 21stEBA)
G
Arvanitou-Metallinou,
EvpvTEpos TTpaKTiK?
TTEp?yup?s rmep?Sas
not H
Tlpo'?oTopiKT)
K?pKupa
Kai
o
tt]?: Upo?XrmaTa -TipoonTiK??. Tiiur?TiKr?<; otov A?youoTo ZopS?va.
Ministry of Culture, K?pKupa 17AEKE(j?piou 2004 (Kerkyra, 2007) includesdetailed discussion ofmuch PH material from the island and fromneighbouringregions (notablyThesprotia and
G
in AR. noted Kephallonia) previously Notably, Arvanitou-Metallinou in detail reviews evidence for PH
textileproductionat Ermones (AR 51 [2004-2005], 67).
in the Exarchos
valley
further S, as
since 1819 (SirWilliam Gell). Excavation
continued
to concentrate
commonly on
believed
the M-LAr
S
Further temple and its predecessors (Fig. 52). impressive remains of the Persian destruction were uncovered W of theW on and near
layers of rubble which
the ramp found in 2006, contained architectural
roof
wooden
pteron,
covered
by later of the
fragments
Cl N temple. The destructionis attestedby a deposit of fallen tiles,
Fragments
charred
of Cor
helmets
beams
indicate
and
burnt
that these were
mud-brick.
suspended
48
CATHERINEMORGAN
from the temple
together with
the chariot wheels
in
discovered
recentyears (see AR 51 [2004-2005], 55-56; AR 52 [2005 2006], 68; AR 53 [2006-2007], 41-42). Large flat limestone slabs probably belonged to theback wall of theW pediment,
to have fallen westwards appears during the destruction. of theW end of the LGeo-EAr Excavation S temple revealed it to be apsidal. and underneath the fallen mud-bricks of Among
which
the apse were charred wooden beams and iron lance points (the as votives latter placed in the temple). After the final as elsewhere on the site destruction further votives had been
placed
on
the rubble
point and a bronze In 2005, a Geo
of the apse,
namely
garment pin. altar of fieldstones
another
iron lance
excavated
that an associated Geo suggested further W, under the celia of the LAr
This
under
the
temple
was
The temple. of this Geo therefore no surprise, but the temple was discovery a temple in rich associated finds were unexpected. This was
on stone foundations. antis, ca. 4m w., built of mud-brick Only as most of it is its E end and entrance could be uncovered, structure of Cl date that was overlain by the simple open constructed
in the former Ar
celia,
now
transformed
into an
An application to the has been submitted open courtyard. Central Archaeological Council for removal ofthat structure to allow further study of the Geo in temple and the earlier phases the centre of the sanctuary. The building
temple was given up in ca. of the larger successor. Before
Geo
temple was
sealed with
vertically
740/730 the floor
set mud-bricks,
BC
for the
of the Geo votives
were
deposited on it (Fig. 53): an 80cm iron sword of theNaue II
; ^^^^BBgElliffl r^|?g?p
52. Kalapodi:
S temple
from SW
votives
amphora the obelos
are male
come
Parallels The
been burnt in an offering fire which caused the of the liquid, most probably olive oil, in a handmade the sword and standing next to the sword. Whereas
had
explosion
are female the ornaments votives, from rich female burials in the area.
excavation
strata near
of Myc
the NE
votives.
corner of the LAr
S temple (see AR 53 [2006-2007], 42-43) was continued to a lm, down to natural soil. The LH IIIC layers contained sea rich ceramic finds, but also votives such as stone pendants,
d. of was
E pteronof theLAr S temple (see AR 52 [2005-2006], 68, fig. 105). located
type, an iron obelos and numerous bronze objects, pins, fibulae, in the shapes of birds and of a bracelets, finger rings, pendants art (shown here as the of Geo miniature ram, a masterpiece cover illustration), and also necklaces of faience beads. These
after completion
. fe.
of 2007
and the claw of a bird of prey, a flat bead of blue glass the depiction of a sphinx and an amulet of green stone in the shape of a frog, which is most date interestingly of ENeo
shells
with
(compare R.J. Rodden, Antiquity 38 [1964], 294-95, pi. 54 right)(Fig. 54). The
lowest
IIIC
layer contained
once
contained and pulses. grains These fragments of 2 quernstones. used to store supplies for ritual meals are probably Its remains located
underneath temple.
the massive
a destruction
horizon
The
layer
This
finds and
layer also yielded indicate a building then to prepare them.
to the N, immediately of the S pteron of the Cl N above the natural soil, directly
foundations below,
revealed earlierMyc finds of theLH IIIA and IIB phases, such
as fragments of pottery and terracotta figurines, including mounted that the sanctuary's figure, indicating origins go least as far back as the palatial Myc period.
..i ' ' r :4-:: : v.:"".,'::;j^ ',:..... ;; j?M^|lln ifllf
season
LH
with fallen burntmud-brick and shatteredpithoi which had
a
at
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2007-2008
53. Kalapodi:
destruction
Publication:
R.C.
Felsch,
layer of Geo
H-O.
des
Stratigraphie Angriffswaffen
Heiligtums: am Rhein, (Mainz
S temple with
votives
in situ
2. Zur Schmitt, Kalapodi Die Die Bronzefunde. Philipp von Zabern, Verlag
2007).
in Boeotia:
Preliminary
of University (Ljubljana, as a university research report to a valuable collection of new aerial
images
Eastern
(EBAP). Archaeological Project B. Burns Institute/British Columbia), S. Lupack and V Aravantinos (London)
California), 9th EPCA)
of a project report on the first season and for land use, interpret evidence
document
were
1Om apart adopted. Walkers over 18km. Large totalling artefacts were identified in almost all
intensive methods
transects
individual
ceramic Museum.
on all conducted analysis was are now stored in lithic objects, which More detailed focused on material analysis and
area of Eleon. Even the walled the region the walled settlement was relatively rich in artefact surrounding counts: average field density was 0.45 sherds/m2, with only 30 fields of density higher than one sherd/m2.
in understanding
Boeotia
(Canadian
ca. 20ha. identified
from within
libraries, presents and discussion of their significance landscape change and site identification.
specialist
as Eleon, covered
Thebes
Aerial Reconnaissance Grosman, on the 2006 Test Season Report circulated
season, 277 units were surveyed across a focus on the elevated settlement provisionally
collected
D.
2007),
In a 4 week With
of diagnostic quantities areas surveyed. Preliminary
BOEOTIA (9thEPCA: 23rdEBA)
Ljubljana,
49
B. Burke (Southern (Director,
to aiming settlement
over an extended in E Boeotia and burial practices interest in the LBA. period, but with a primary chronological The study area focuses on the plains surrounding mod. Arma, are bounded and Eleon and Tanagra, which by Mt Teumessos patterns
the Soros chosen present connected
on the N, range along the S and the Ipatos mountains because sites of the intrinsically interesting and Tanagra) and partly because this area (Eleon
partly
for external
Thebes contact.
to the sea and was,
therefore,
a major
route
54. Kalapodi:
ENeo
an LH IIIC level
stone amulet
in the shape
of a frog, from
50
CATHERINEMORGAN
Preliminary
indicates
analysis
3 major
at
of activity
phases
Eleon: BA (including a robustMH phase), LCl-Hel and Ot.
BA
was
material
of a much
longer
range than were more
chronological EH and E MH
to some Neo, In addition expected. distinctive handmade extensively represented by several In theMH sherds. the population of Eleon may have increased significantly
the
considering
large number
of
of sherds
was
also
these wares
Since
found).
were
are somewhat examples to give up old methods
swaths
bowls LH
of paint at their bases, red bands. Several
indicate
IIICE
late
was
that Eleon
periods,
kylix
occupation but their precise
to see how are
sherds
further study.
awaits
chronology
represented,
char
of monochrome examples deep active into the latest LH IIIB and
further study is required into LH IIIC. Geo
although continued
Digital mapping was begun of the site of Eleon, itsnatural and the built features preserved 70m feature was prominent
topography site's most
ground. The of well-preserved to 5m h. This wall
above
sometimes up polygonal masonry, been considered Ar, based on themasonry had previously style, and the high concentra of Ar material yet the relative absence
Lesbian
tionsof bg potterywith highly articulatedprofiles indicatethat likely part of a major LCI construction project. The a likely sequence of events, inwhich of Eretria provides
itwas more
history the 4 Ct
saw an architectural revival that included sophisti the function of cated use of polygonal masonry. Understanding excavation. further study and possibly this wall requires are
traces of towers and entry points, the the fact that only one face is visible suggest have been a retaining rather than a fortification
there
Although concave
form and
that this could wall.
Eleon
around
Survey
also
produced
results,
significant
notably thepartial foundationsof a square (3m x 3m) tower in the NW,
with
traces of a wall
running
to the N
and S.
These
the hill top suggest settlement expansion well beyond To the SW, a of Eleon, during the Cl period. perhaps number of chamber tombs located in the hillslopes surrounding in recent times. and emptied Eleon were opened apparently remains centre
The
cut into the for these rough-hewn chambers parallel The 7km SE. is found near mod. bedrock Tanagra, of tombs around Eleon was found below concentration
closest
natural
largest the church of Profitis
over 20 tombs were
Ilias, where
recorded
andmapped in2007. All were heavily disturbedand devoid of anc. material.
and mod.
Erosion
make
damage
the exact
dimensions of many difficult to discern. One fairly intact example a small
features low
substantial
entrance
ca. 6m /. from the hillside
cut
into
the natural
rock
surface face.
to
A
the rock face, but the is preserved within tomb's mod. use as a the from derives preserved
chamber
only material shelter. Tanagra Publication:
a dromos
A. Andreiomenou,
Tav?ypa-
r) avaoKaq>r\
tou
VEKpoTacpEiou(1976-1977, 1989) (Athens,ASA, 2007). S. Voyatzis (DeltChAE 28 Asopia, Tsatsaris Monastery. of themonastery a katholikon in the identifies [2007], 75-84) small
with
church
a dome
tetrastyle type, (9.8m x 6m) of cross-in-square to Profitis Ilias. The Itwas dedicated and narthex.
church probably dates to the last quarter of the 12thCt AD, in the 13thCt. the narthex perhaps
Thisve (Kastorion).
with
Notes
Preliminary
on
the
A. Dunn (BSA/Birmingham) and E.
report on the 3rd season of survey of anc. (23rd EBA) and Byz-Frankish in collaboration with V. Kastorion,
Aravantinos (9thEPCA).
as if burnished, of decoration.
stems and rims with
Thespiai:
not
probably
LH II and III are well representedby numerous handleswith acteristic
Slapsak,
Gerousi
produced at Eleon, its inhabitantsengaged in tradeduring the MH. E LH is signalled by the appearance of a distinctiveLH fabric, although many reluctant potters were
B.
Publication:
Results of theLjubljana Research in2006 and 2007 (Ljubljana, University of Ljubljana, 2007).
that
period (themajority being Grey Minyan, but some Yellow Minyan
Thespiai
Thisve
in 2006
in preparation
for the magnetometer and zone, subsequent of the results ofthat survey, led to the recognition of processing a spolia-built structure on an E-W to theW of locus orientation locus 77. The surroundings of locus 77 were 5, which becomes Cleaning in
the
survey
extramural
survey
in 2007. Completing traces of the search for visible resurveyed the line of the fortifications between the upper and lower and
acropoleis
the recording
upper acropolis features.
in situ remains
of all
led to the discovery
('Palaiokastro')
around
the
of 3 more
a fragmentary socle of monumental coursed from the N side of the masonry extending outwards across that defines this side the narrow valley upper acropolis of it; apparently a 'single skin' wall; Cl-Hel. 79: several Locus set on end on an E-W Graeeo-Rom rectangular spolia Locus
78:
trapezoidal
on flat
orientation
ground within of Thisve-Kastorion's
foundations
Palaiokastro
resemble
Byz-Frankish
the
churches.
Locus 80: a significantstretchof theW citywall (curtainwall and
a
tower located N of the projecting front) was It confirms the course taken by theW city in 2006.
tower
discovered wall
Neokastro
between
and Palaiokastro
and
is in exactly the In addition, is which
same masonry as the rest of the lower city's walls. rock-cut locus 81: the Graeco-Rom necropolis
W citywall, on theS slopes situatedjust outside the lineof the
of Palaiokastro, Palaiokastro
was
recorded
topographically. fortifi Palaiokastro's multi-phase cations were a major identified phase of object of study. Each as a separate in 6 exercise the fortifications was recorded (locus
23).
to 'Byz-Frankish'. At 2 layers, from 'Cyclopean' topographic a phase of construction characterized by massive
points
of limestone hewn /., up to 0.9m pieces quarried coarsely or 'core' whose other apparently define an earth embankment later phases. face is buried within They are clearly distinct terraces as, mod. from, and not functioning (of agricultural
on Palaiokastro). This is provision there are examples phase'. ally called the 'Cyclopean on and Cl-Hel Three Ar-Cl masonry styles are apparent
which
Palaiokastro itself (excluding new locus 78): dressed
polygonal
masonry
forming
the front
(a) roughly
of an approxi
mately rounded bastion; (b) masonry of trapezoidal and facets and rough smooth abutting is either immured which ashlar masonry (c) exposed in top plan or, where work and only visible within post-Rom in elevation, has been lime-mortar bonded visible (although not rectangular
blocks
with
facets;
certainlydisassembled first). Anc. masonry (b) is stylistically identicalto thatof the loweracropolis and the intermediatecity
of the slopes of walls lost stretches up walls; running In were in the same technique. Palaiokastro likely constructed of activity this most single enceinte, with important phase the heights known as Palaiokastro towers, enclosed projecting side of and Neokastro. (c) survives on theW-facing Masonry is obscured but its design phases. Palaiokastro, by post-Rom of in the walls of activity The next discernible phase A utilitarian is LRom-EByz. Palaiokastro incertum, opus limestone with small spolia and undressed quarried combining citadel is used to create an enclosed bonded with lime mortar, for which
there
is no
earlier
evidence.
The W,
relatively
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2007-2008 forewall without by a simple towers which may be rectangular Cl or Hel in origin, partly built in anc. masonry (c). Forewalls on vulnerable fortresses in aspects are typical of 5th-6th Ct AD The S side, which the Balkans. is poorly preserved, is also
Lefkandi.
defended
excavation
side is defended vulnerable, towers and an inner wall with
The N the N
by a line of towers in the last stages of disintegration. side is also poorly preserved. of the line of Fragments are of towers) evidence enceinte (without preserved but itsNE
traceable,
iswell preserved: massive spolia to a foundations belonged perhaps on one axis. The short E side, the bastion which only projected on the surface. most accessible to stone robbers, is untraceable built
lime-mortar
'return'
bonded
its enclosed
Despite Palaiokastro
this phase of design, not mean that the city walls were
does
activity abandoned.
on
It is likely to be one of the phrouria (forts or fortresses) built, to Procopius, in the 550s at according by Justinian in Boeotia the sites of earthquake-damaged 'settlements'. one
Either
or 2
better-preserved W opus incertum which
later phases of activity are apparent on the a lime-mortar bonded side of Palaiokastro: encases
in L antiquity;
phase as reused corner of the citadel, remains of a the Cl-Hel
rectangular
and, at the SE characterized building
sometimes
in combination
ashlar
external piers by engaged in a diagnostic which (buttresses) masonry MByz-Frankish overlies the LRom-EByz phase at this point. was The 3-D at several laser-scanner locations, employed with
and EDM survey. geophysical was The laser-scanner at: locus 25, a Byz-Frankish used tower at the SE corner of of a Hel redesign and reconstruction locus
Neokastro; monumental locus
N the Hel
24,
3
annexe, walls
survey was
Resistivity
To
Orchomenos.
and
locus
which
Loukas 74, Ag. include Graeco-Rom
at Neokastro also
Vima,
carried
(the
'lower
out.
Kathimerini,
and
its
spolia; acropolis').
Eleutherotypia
and
of individual offers an important set of discussions sites, of material, and relationships the Oropos between categories area of N Attica and sites especially coast. along the S Euboian
2007)
locatedWrofOrchomenos, in thefoothillsS ofMt Akontio and
at a site where the construc immediately N of the river Kifisos, tion of an irrigation channel in the 1950s had destroyed anc. walls. Architectural remains are few: retaining walls, periboloi and an offering pit cut into the bedrock. Thousands of ECl-Hel votives
vases include miniature (mostly kotyliskoi, hydriskoi terracotta and krateriskoi), (seated figurines standing animals and female females, protomai), lamps, skyphoi, etc. Terracotta kantharoi. imitations of wreaths of corn and flowers are noted as unique. The deity, while certainly female and connected with nature and fertility, has not been securely identified. However, Pindar and Pausanias' reports of worship of the Graces at Orchomenos may be related to the inscription on a from the of the name loomweight sanctuary and
EYPYNOMH
(the name of the mother of the Graces
to Hesiod,
according anc. An
Theogony). of cist graves uncovered close cemetery by to be it has been robbed and investigated; severely
continues
damaged by ploughing. This must have been establishedwhen the sanctuary was in decline, since a stele bearing an inscription related to the sanctuary was reused in the construction of a tomb.
iron Age: Thessaly,
Ainian
and Euboea (ed.), Oropos Round Table, of an International June 18-20, 2004 (Volos, University Acts
The 56). (Fig. removed down to
investigated lower soils were
W wall sequence of thebuildingwas visible at theS end of the the foundation
65:
wall was
of the main
one course
than
deeper
thatof the porch (which presumablyweighed less). Slightly
later, a further angled wall was added at the SW corner, built over a pebble spread that had accumulated there since LH IIIC.
It is possible thata yardwas added to theW side of theEIA
'megaron' (defined by walls time. More investigation
134), perhaps at the same to clarify its date and
120 and
is needed
function.
The LBA building is also long and rectangularin plan (at least 12mN-S x 5.5m E-W). At theS end, itwas divided into
2
as its of which the E one served compartments, A central room probably formed the main part of the there may have been another room at the N end, but
small
entrance.
building: hill erosion
and
of a LGeo
the erection
much
damage. threshold placed
apsidal house have done was entered via a building probably line. There are just E of the central median of some sort of porch or walls in antis at the The
slight indications E end: postholes might indicate something similar at theW end cover much of the relevant area. The SE too, but later walls
room isdefined at theW bywall 153 and at theN by theE/W 149; the room had a further access at the NE. Otherwise the SE room was
wall
through
a
completely
disturbed and destroyed by theLGeo pit 13. Another small room
immediately W
of the SE
the SW
room,
room
(ca. 2.5m2),
has flat-laidmud-bricks in theE halfwhich might originally
stood up to 0.2m above the floor. If so, they could have a low This could have platform (2.5m /. x 0.8m w.). been used as support for furniture. The main room (7.5m x was one median and 5.5m) empty; remarkably posthole of mud-brick evidence to the NW furniture have been so far. At the N end of the room, and in discovered particular the E part of this area, a stone construction is visible running E It has a roughly flat and uneven W. surface, sits on a few have
formed
centimetres
covered
of soil above
the latest floors
by a thick yellow
clay
of the presence
of even
spread
of the room
and
that runs on beyond
is it
and under the floors of the laterEIA building. It is hard to decide whether the structurebelongs to the LBA or EIA building, but considering themanner inwhich the latestLH IIIC floor to theN runs off the edge of the stone structure (because
earlier walls
below),
itwas
likelybuilt sometimeduring theend of theuse of theLH IIIC structure.Itsfullextentto the W ismasked by theblock of soil
left to support the 'fire-box' at the N (see below). Finally, limits of the building, the existence of another room is indicated cross wall 88. by the E-W Nothing more can be known here of severe
hill erosion
at this end.
As indicated,theLH IIIC building containedonlyminimal
internal furniture: 78/79
A. Mazarakis
II were
I and
regions
or earth mixes: some additional mostly mud-bricks of this phase were discovered. The construction
postholes
because
EUBOIA (11thEPCA: 23rdEBA)
both
the latestLH IIIC floors. The EIA buildinghad only one floor -
surface
doorway
rural shrine
further
and other
flooring/packing
EPCA)
of a small
in which
were
predecessor
cross
of the discovery
(BSA/Oxford) reports on the 2007
I. Lemos season
extensively investigated(Fig. 55). Region 1 area M. The EIA 'megaron' and itsLH IIIC
Ethnos (24/05/2008) reportV Aravantinos' (Director, 9th announcement
51
in the Early University of of Thessaly,
and
a
some
few
Seven
of mud-brick
bins
postholes. but a considerable
bare, essentially were found in the NW this year).
small
small
of the main
'pairs'
of floors
The number
room have
latest
against wall floor was
of earlier
floors
(the only area exposed been excavated; these
52
CATHERINEMORGAN are made of red/orange mud-brick mix or yellow clay with an spots of carbon. Careful overlying layer of grey soil containing continuation of work here will be vital, as will a test into the earlier LH IIIC phases. underlying LH In several places, IIIC walls
were reused by the EIA 77 and 88), although earlier elsewhere (e.g., walls were In some places constructions the completely ignored. a few rest only mud-brick floors of the EIA 'megaron' builders
centimetres some
above
These
the floors
intervening one-phase suggest that the major LH
observations
reduced
of its predecessor,
of an
0.2-0.3m
to their stone socles
building began, and the later builders.
before
yet elsewhere, fill may exist. IIIC walls
the construction
that the interior space
too was
were
of the EIA emptied
by
Within this period of transition, a 'box' made of mud-bricks x 0.4m N-S) was at the N end and constructed (0.7m E-W more or less on the medial axis of both the earlier and later the 'box' and spilling out from itwas a very Within buildings. fine grey to black soil (of the sort often called 'ashy' and or burnt vegetable/organic associated with decayed matter). About half way down was part of a coarse pot (other parts of were
shells that just outside the 'box') and some 6 murex to considerable heat. The whole find subjected a type of kiln. Further investigation might clarify the resembles of the 'box' and its date. A quantity of the 'grey ash' purpose
which had
been
fillwas intermixed with soils found over theLH IIIC floors, and part of the EIA floor only these observations imply
the ashy spreads. just covered to that the 'box' belongs more The suggestion that it 'megaron').
Both
the later building (the EIA ceremonies related might be linked to possible tion of the 'megaron' requires further research.
Both the LH
from
0.005-0.10m building, different essential phase
IIIC building and its EIA successor were
on a compass earlier LH IIIC
oriented
to the construc
different grid and are thus distinctively structures (one of them visible only
below the floors). Moreover, the LH IIIC like the later one, has a long, rectangular again plan on Xeropolis. from the known LH It is IIIC houses to establish that it was indeed built after Lefkandi
2b, which
would
set it in stark contrast
(such contemporary complexes P and in earlier excavations). orientation
to earlier but also
as that found Such
in the nearby area in important differences
and plan have major for understanding implications the function of these buildings within the spatial organization of the settlement and for reconstructing the social order on
/I i/
Xeropolis Area
during the LBA-EIA P. The multi-phased
transition. complex
is now
confirmed
as
being used fromLH IIIC-LGeo andAr. The LH IIIC structure to Lefkandi in 2006 belongs phase 3. This discovery the report of the so-called S house probably clarify excavated and Sackett IV: ed., Lefkandi (D. Evely by Popham The Bronze Age the Late Helladic IIIC Settlement at Xeropolis revealed
will
our complex might of which [London, BSA, 2006], 41-42), even be part. It is also now clear that the building to extended the W, E and S, and includes part of the N side of area P in 2004 and 2006. excavated The complex is thus of consider
able
size. Providing that the preliminary dating of the structure is correct, it is interesting that its construction and size are not to phase inferior to those of houses dated 2 as defined by
a collapse and Sackett. of this structure, Popham Following indicated the area was by an infill of mud-bricks, again new walls were constructed and old ones reused (for occupied:
example wall most probably S is also new. :.ibs..::.JL? QC
>r\
LBA-EIA 10th Ct)
94 was
utilized
130/112 was partly reused, while wall as an internal division). 141 to the Wall found in these levels could belong to the
Pottery the PGeo period (roughly transitional phases. During the excavated part of the structure is ca. 5m w. and
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2007-2008
**^^%a
?*.-v:
53
m
??fct?fcfc?
Mi? **.\W
EIA
56. Lefkandi:
to both
extends gated
so far. N
"i>^K^ 'megaron'
and
its LH
IIIC predecessor
and E, but also outside the area investi of the structure, an exterior space (perhaps a a considerable amount of pebbles has produced theW
yard) laid with butchered animal
bone:
the area was
Architectural
details
of the EIA
probably used for butchery. phase of the complex were clarified this year. Access from the E was through a short surface and a stone threshold slab at its corridor, over a pebbled corner. The corridor leads into a small room (5m x 4m). NE Admission 133 where threshold.
FP^***^*
to a room beyond this to the W was through wall at the SW was marked by another stone or shallow This W unit has a further pair of hollows an entrance
intended pits: it is not yet clear whether they were or were used for timber roof supports. Either might
walls 118/152and 121). In area S (to the E) the 'wall' was traced for a further 20m;
it runs
its relation
to the 'wall'.
connection
with
Similar
the 'wall-line'
those
seen
in area R.
for storage suggest an
iswhat appears
to be part of the S external wall and the beginning of the apse to go with this, but its of another structure. Little is preserved construction differs from other walls and there is some that it belongs
In region
II areas
to a LGeo S and R,
11/Ar structure.
excavation
focused
on the area
around the 'wall' revealed in2006 (Fig. 57). A testtrench(2m
w. x 15m /.) running N-S of the E baulk in area R was opened to investigate the zones N and S of the 'wall' (consisting of
for
have been projections to the S. The sequences
noted
in
of soils
S of the 'wall' (walls 118/152)and at theE end of area S, copy
floors were found. Both phases date good quality pebble-laid within the PGeo and Sub-PGeo periods. Over this area, partly running above the S wall 141, but
evidence
line (allowing
elsewhere it stands high. At its E end, a stone complex to the N could be part of a bastion, projecting although more work is required to understand the function of the structure and
apsidal end in this part of the building but such a reconstruction remains tentative. Preliminary study of the pottery suggests that the EIA structure had at least 2 phases of occupation. The earliest ismarked by burnt debris in the E room, above which
orientatedslightlydifferently (moreW-N/E-S)
in a straight
local slippage to theN) and while it is eroded in places,
57. Lefkandi:
fortification
wall
54
CATHERINEMORGAN In area R,
excavation
proceeded
in the 'hollow'
to the N
of
the 'wall' discovered in 2006 (wall 118), reaching LH IIIC
soils.
exact
The
interface between
EIA
levels was
and LBA
not
identifiableeverywhere:digging generally stopped at LH IIIC levels.
More
bulls, but with
figurines were recovered complete PGeo horse figurine.
and EIA
LBA
an almost
-
mostly A large
was found inLH IIIC levels; the amountof good qualitypottery
most
popular
is the kylix.
shape
Excavation to the S of the 'wall' in area R (wall 118) a
revealed
series
to LH
datable
of hard-packed
IIIC.
Contrary
surfaces
of good
to previous
quality
reconstructions,
potential multiple phasing has been identifiedwith the foundation
trench
lm d.)
itself (over
reaching
down
to MH
levels. To theS andwithin theLH IIIC hard surfacinglaywall 161, of good quality but differentconstructiontowall 118. It
runs parallel and some 3m S of it. Wall 161 too has various as well as a perhaps even earlier of stages repair/rebuild, version just to itsN. Only a small part of itwas uncovered this
this 2nd 'wall' was also to be found in area year. To test whether where itmight be in relation to the extension S, we calculated of the 'wall' area
177 was
there. Wall
the main needed
it appears at the N
that side
This supports the earlier region. that a major, long-term civil engineering project was in a part of the settlement which might have been
from the mainland in the N. Further work is approach to clarify whether the 2 'walls' were contemporaneous; the discovery of these 2 'walls' however, implies a far
clearly, more complex suspected. In area the
Thus profile
in this central
suggestion undertaken
and
T an area W found
'structure'
defensive
impressive
of the 'wall' was at
the NW
corner
system
than hitherto
to investigate opened of area R in 2006.
its E and S sides (the other sides are yet to exposed its size. Its construction unearthed), notably increasing at Lefkandi is unique and elsewhere. A stone socle technique
Excavation be
was
first laid, with care taken primarily in the construction of its interior face, where large rounded cobbles were set in a neat
row and smaller
ones packed in behind; then the 'exterior' face set vertically, lined with cobbles with large rounded
was
smaller
to create an even surface. behind The placed to build an almost vertical exterior face (up to 0.4m
stones
result was
h.). The vertical sherds and stones reported in 2006 appear now to have been set in a 2nd phase of use. Further excavation is required building
to understand
or some
other
whether feature.
this structure was Its use
lies within
part LH
of a IIIC
and/orthebeginningof theEIA. Further W
lies another
show at least 2 phases flat stones and larger ones.
walls
'structure' with
platforms
found at the extreme E end of
in exactly the predicted position. there were 2 'walls' marking the unusual S
of Xeropolis
58. Lefkandi:
The
soils within
contain
little bone sherds
plentiful the most
the 'structure' no
and
outside
and
domestic
around
the 'structure'
and
popular shape is the krater or EPGeo a di. of has
Among in the nearby area, to datable example
(one ca. 0.7m). Inside the of spindle-whorls and conical buttons
Sub-Myc
'structure', a fair number were found. An exceptional
item is a small anthropoid steatite similar to those found in 2006 pendant with incised decoration, and in the 1960s. Most of the pottery from the 'structure' and area appears to the EPGeo to belong the surrounding (ca. end Between 11th?E10th Ct). construction NW
unusual
the area
further W, was
the platforms several phases
(LH
of the earlier
of the 'wall' a series
IIIC-PGeo).
and of
entrance,
at the E
has been
dating to here remains to be
completed. S. Huber (Swiss School) reports on a 2nd (and final) at the summit of the acropolis. of excavation Eleven campaign in 4 different areas to complete trenches were the opened
Eretria.
and
archaeological
architectural
Athena (Fig. 59). In area
situated
study
of
was to explore terrace C, objective the large rock-cut esplanade of the 3rd Ct BC. of the layers of historical periods were eroded, PH
Since most occupation
levels were
discovered,
as well
59. Eretria:
Sanctuary
reached
as 2 graves
Three N-S walls were quickly. of newborn infants, all related
side, was
half
it, roughly on its 'platforms' within largest is ca. 2m di., the smallest less than even smaller found Another, 'platform', was
of circular axis.
that size.
The
This against and partly built into the S wall of the 'structure'. stones enclosing is a circular kerb of large rounded flat slabs. a layer of smaller pebbles Over this construction, and stones covered most of the circular outline of the 'platforms'. The
to a similar construction in the E 'platforms' can be compared room of the Toumba P.G Calligas, (M.R. Popham, building at L.H. II.2: The Protogeometric Sackett, Lefkandi Building Toumba:
the Excavation,
BSA, 1993], pi. 7).
Architecture,
and
Finds
of
1 the main
is generally free of mud-brick. If this is that the structure was a low wall only so, it is possible unroofed. A remarkable feature of this 'structure' is
the number
the Sanctuary
below
excavated
central N/S
of
'enclosures'
Excavation
marked by flat slabs. The fill - ofwhich only the laterphase generally and was
'structure'
the 'structure' with
The 'structure', ca. 4m2 (Fig. 58). and were built with both small and The
the 'platforms'
or ash.
debris
[London, of Athena,
general
view
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2007-2008
55
to theMBA settlementdiscovered below in 1995 (AKunst 39 [1996], 107-11). The remainingfoundationsof theCl citywall
were
found W
and
of
the esplanade
of an exterior
consist
soil.
A find exceptional
facing
and
holding
some
3.8m
a large volume
for the fact of its discovery
down; they of blocks
in an archae
ological context is a marble Cyc figurine(Fig. 60), thefirstto in Eretria.
be discovered broken
The
head
in antiquity
and feet are missing,
already
h. 0.08m). The figurine belongs (preserved to the Folded Arms type of the Spedos group, and joins the rare found in Euboia and Styra), thus (Manika, Magoula examples in the EBA. links between Eretria and the confirming Cyclades
sector of the sanctuary (area 2, trench 27) collapsed to the steep slope of the acropolis. Ar sediments were at a great depth, yielding rich finds mainly of preserved terracotta figurines (Fig. 61). a small SW of the esplanade (area 3) the trench revealed
The NW due
a
wall
making A unknown.
right angle,
rocky depression animal bones, tableware,
Hel
the function was shells
of which
remains
filled with and
thick deposits of These loomweights.
are probably the remains of meals related to the cult of Athena. Some 15m NE of the esplanade (area 4) a rock-cut (open?) area
was
Two
cleaned.
lay on the floor, structure. As
in 2006,
high-neck as Ar, Cl
smashed
suggesting
hundreds
marble (of uncertain date) plates a particular function for this small
of fragments of miniature hydriae and as well found during the excavations,
pitchers were and Hel terracotta
statuettes. female these Among finds, a terracotta head of Athena and a new fragment of a small can be Ar Cypro-Ionian limestone (a zoophoros) sculpture to the sculptures in 2006. More added found than 50 new
61. Eretria:
head
of Ar
terracotta figurine
female
terracotta the series of Ar reliefs with fragments complete mounted warriors foot warriors (some fragments displaying to another series). could belong The 5 campaigns the acropolis since
conducted 1993
show
intermittently on the summit of that a Sanctuary of Athena was
in use from the E6th (or L7th) Ct BC until the E2nd Ct BC.
Unfortunately, by the carving
of this first complex were obliterated terrace in the L3rd Ct BC and later
the remains
of the rock-cut
since antiquity. Except by strong erosion coarse wall architectural remains bases, Athena tectural
consist
for a few dispersed the Sanctuary of
of
of a few fragments of fluted columns and archi originating from 2 different public buildings
terracottas,
ofmodest dimensionswhich date to the2ndhalf of the7thCt or the 1sthalf of the6thCt BC. This previouslyunknownEretrian features poor architectural remains but rich votives sanctuary and other sanctuary material. This abundant votive material allows us to trace the general history of the sanctuary from the
E6thCt to theend of the2ndCt BC. S. Fachard,
Amarynthos.
T
(11th EPCA)
Karapaschalidou
Theurillat report on
(Swiss School) a 2nd season
and A. of test
excavation at the foot of the Paleoekklisies hill (E of mod.
at locating aimed the Sanctuary in 2007, Two plots were Amarysia. investigated national road (Fig. 62). In the S. Kokkalas plot, 3 large trenches were
Amarynthos)
of Artemis
both S of the opened.
Part
of an E7thCt BC wall (Ml5) was discovered in theN trench; this is carefullybuiltwith 2 facings and an internalfilling (2m
x 0.5m
but is too fragmentary to interpret securely. Ca. (2.6m x 0.5m E-W; lay an angle shaped by 2 walls 1.5m x 0.5m N-S); the coarse treatment of the facings indicates A pit containing pottery from the E7th that they are foundations. Ct BC gives a taq for this construction, which was probably E-W),
10m W
built at the end of the PGeo. covered
with
schist
Cyc
figurine
of Spedos
Between
contained
a cist grave these walls, the remains of a child and
to be isolated and not III vases. The grave appears a a of To the revealed 2 large S, part cemetery. deep sounding blocks carefully levelled at an elevation of 0.95masl which date 9 Sub-PGeo
60. Eretria:
slabs
group
to theMyc
period.
CATHERINEMORGAN
56
[i T.
S119 M16^ *'. r St17 |X
SUS
/-*
3. Kokalas
M
i
//
0 ??}^~-?f/
!|'Pflteoe*W>s?s
M20 Jf 4. Mani
A Tnmches2006-2007
62. Amarynthos:Paleoekklisies hill and surroundings
Apart from a Hel
at the E of the plot, no finds
dump
later than
was
dismantled
and
smashed
for the kiln.
The
kiln was
later
the 7thCt BC were discovered in theKokkalas plot; the same
abandoned
(AKunst50 [2007], 135-40). This sectorwas occupied in the
building
is still uncertain.
particular
the monumental, type of construction. Although are not yet known, and the associated dimensions or non-specific to determine is too fragmentary
was
so
in the S of the Patavalis
plot, N
road
of the national
is required to clarify EIA, but systematic excavation Further S, 2 small trenches were opened at theW
its function.
edge of the plot. Beneath mod. fill lay a 4th Ct BC monumental at a d. of 1.5m. The deeper soundings revealed a Geo wall
M. Manis wall
Ct BC pottery. (M21) and abundant 8th-7th The Geo wall (SW-NE), double faced and rubble packed,
was
excavated
only
supported
apparently itwas
BC,
it to a /. of 2m, while its w. reaches 0.8m: a mud-brick elevation. Built in the 8thCt
destroyed
although important construction. The Cl foundations
a pit containing terracotta protome
Its function cannot
in the SubGeo.
its considerable
determined,
of M20
width
rest on the Geo
yet be an
suggests
wall
and cut into
tiles, pottery, the lower part of a and a terracotta statuette of a seated
female female
figure(Fig. 63). The base of thewall (N-S) is composed of 2 courses
before where surface 1.27m; course whose
of rectangular
disappearing a large block
itwas traced for 6m limestone blocks; to the W into the adjacent plots, mainly on the with anathyrosis was discovered
is formed of 4 stretchers (/. in 2006. The first course h. 0.5m), well fitted with a straight exterior face; the 2nd h. 0.4m) (/. 1.3m; w. 0.54m; (w. 1.3m) has 10 headers Two blocks are held surface is finely levelled at 2masl.
stone, and the entire sector covered
and filled with
The
use
building's material
although
remain
their dates
imprecise.
elevation
the3rdCt BC.
was
probably
mud-brick,
was
destroyed
Petousi
island.
Koutsouflakis
Ethnos (05/11/07) cites a report by G
S Euboea (Director, at this islet outside Styra.
shipwreck 2nd-3rd Ct AD
African
in trench
1, a few metres
Aegean amphora
The is emphasized. report also recovered from a shipwreck at Cape
The
during
The discoveryof a limekiln
S, suggests
that the marble
elevation
cargo for olive
amphorae in Libya or Tunisia
In the2ndCt BC, several layerscovering thefirst
a fragmentaryinscription,]YN?[.
research
The
team) of a Rom contained many oil, of a type
found and generally in Gr waters). (this is the first cargo The importance of the is unknown. The ship's final destination the N and S channel between Gulf as a commercial Euboian probably manufactured in theW Mediterranean
The wall marble
for
to believe that the there are good reasons Although to the Artemision of Amarynthos, wall belongs interpretation will be left open until the next campaign.
cut by a foundation trench for the 2nd course of blocks. was covered by a layer of over 100 fragments of them was architectural blocks from its elevation. Among
wall were
blocks
function.
were laid in the2ndhalfof the4thCt BC; thisfirst stretchers wall,
whose
limestone
monumental
intended to be visible. The 2 courses belong to different phases,
of
foundationsis toowidespread in the4thCt BC to indicateany
for dovetail cramp, while a mortise together by a round-headed an iron clamp The blocks of the 2nd indicates a euthyntheria. course are imperfectly aligned and do not form a rectilinear to and were not the foundations belong facing: they probably building
by
1.5mofmod. fill (as in theKokkalas plot). The functionof this
63: Amarynthos:
terracotta figurines
illustrates Vigla.
a Byz
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2007-2008
57
Agios Andreas (Styra). Ethnos (05/11/07)reportsa shipwreck with
a cargo
of 5th-6th Ct AD
amphorae.
M?galo Stironisi. Ethnos (05/11/07)reportsa shipwreckwith a cargo
in sets of 6 and
of tiles stowed
Ethnos (05/11/07) reports 2 shipwrecks, one
Portolafia.
carrying 2nd-3rd Ct AD and the other carrying Kampos
tied in large piles.
Rom
amphorae, 12thCt AD Byz
M.
(Karystos).
Chidiroglou
from Pontos,
probably amphorae. (Athens),
Z.
Tankosic
(Indiana),D. Keller (Boston) andM. Wallace (Toronto) report
on
a survey undertaken under the auspices of the Canadian In 2007, the Southern Euboea Institute. Exploration Project continued the survey of the alluvial Karystian (SEEP) Kampos
(plain)W ofKarystos.
The survey area was divided into arbitrary 100m x 100m further divided into 10 10m x 100m squares, which were transects. transect was Each further subdivided into 5 20m /. sections, which Total collection
was
findspots and collected
survey
out
carried
as findspots, was recorded
designated
entire
as the basic
served
(feature area was
while
recording units in the field. on the surface of all areas
(for non-feature sherds,
scatter between
the thin material obsidian,
material) Ca. etc.).
or recorded 35%
of the
surveyed using a stratified sampling selected so as to include all the geomor
squares were features present
approach; in the survey phological account of the results of the 2006 season.
area
64. Kampos (Karystos): obsidian fromfind spot 07N35
and
to take
findspots were discovered, giving a total of 26 from most numerous the 2 seasons of the Kampos The survey. (11) of or are purely PH, 8 the 2007 findspots have a PH component or are purely Rom and one is tentatively have a Rom component
or E6* Ct to the L7l resulted in the reascription of a Neo wall as the boundary Ar remains wall of an enclosure. in BC, to be covered in area A trenches A3/A5 continue with roofs.
temporary
Sixteen
identified as a Cl
as Rom
site. Since
thematerial
from the sites identified
to it may be possible very late in the period, to the EByz after detailed reassign some Rom findspots study. Most 3 also have scatters, while (14) are surface findspots dates
accompanying altered natural
features defined loosely as architectural remains, features, pits, cairns or similar. Two PH findspots,
07N35 and 07S28, have producedmore than2,500 (Fig. 64) and
300 pieces of worked obsidian but little other respectively, material. Both are preliminarily dated to the EBA. The PH findspots constitute the most significant finds of the season.
scatters They consist almost entirely of obsidian In some locations with little or no other material. (e.g., 07S28) an almost complete reduction sequence is present, testifying to 2007
workshop Kampou,
of the area
in the B A obsidian trade in this part an obsidian 07N35 represents Findspot to the known EBA connected site of Ag. Georgios ca. 100m E. Why other types of material culture
the importance the Aegean.
of
is a matter (especially pottery) are absent from the PH findspots on the 2006 survey and preceding for further research. Based PH in the area, we had expected sites in the investigations
to have been covered Kampos by alluvium, extent of alluviation caused fewer problems had been thought.
the but, plainly, of visibility than
Mitrou.
E. Zahou
sea scarp of the islet has now identified 27 occupational strata almost the entire BA of the site. spanning occupation
Geological drilling (J. Foss) established that archaeological strata
in the terrestrial
below
sea
Cornell
Halai
and
East
in 2007
Excavation
also
revealed
the first evidence
baked
roof
Lerna
must
There
was
despite The
tiles
reports on continuing (ASCSA/Cornell) study of architecture and finds (especially pottery) from the and of the Hel fortification walls. and acropolis, Cleaning on the acropolis with the conservation work continued, the Neo
backfilling
of trenches
in areas A,
C
and H:
cleaning
in HI
an
been
important
of occupation continuity occasional fire destructions.
increased
our
and MBA
occupation.
under
the House
building from EH
at
of Tiles
of III
its period. to MH II,
I wooden of the remains of an EH III or MH discovery is very important for our understanding of B A Aegean boat No wood of the hull survives, but the disintegration building. boat
lefta black stain in the clay ground (Fig. 65). The upper part
of the boat had disappeared, in the scarp's stratigraphy.
but its presence could be identified The excavated part of the hull is ca. 3m /. The total /. is estimated at 5.5-6m and
(around half) the w. at ca. lm. The
hull
Its use and mode
its modest
J. Coleman
of EBA
to those from
similar
have
size
transport vessel.
(CHELP).
substantially
In the E sea scarp (trenchLX784), an EH II building with
2 walls.
Project
1.1m
standingof theE LBA as well as of theLBA/EIA transition:it
view, profile extremity. The boat was
Lokris
at least
part of the site continue
level.
in plan
PHTHIOTIS AND EAST LOKRIS (14thEPCA: 24thEBA)
and A. Van de Moortel
(14thEPCA)
season. report on the 2007 excavation (ASC SA/Tennessee) area expanded In 2007, the excavated to 608.95m2 (1.7% of the site above sea level). Surface survey continued (covering a total of 6,175m2, or 17% of the site). Documentation of the E
is only 0.02m thick. It curves gently cross but had a blunt section,
and
in a long, narrow space between are as yet unknown, but of propulsion a fishing boat or small that it was
found
suggests This is only
the 4th small boat
discovered
at a
PH site inGreece and thefirstofBA date. Outlines of 3much smaller LNeo in Macedonia
and FNeo and
boats
the very
have
been
scant wooden
discovered remains
at Dispilio of a much
of Cypriot cargo ship, possibly larger sea-going origin, were found in the sea off Point Iria in the Argolid. No wooden boat remains
have
ever been
found
inM
Crete
or the BA Cyclades,
58
CATHERINEMORGAN
despite makes
their seafaring tradition in PH. Such scarcity of finds at Mitrou highly significant for our under the discovery
standingof boat building in theB A Aegean. was
the end of MH as a burial
used
area was temporarily interrupted II until the beginning of LH I, and the area Further excavation is required to ground.
in the NW
Habitation
before
determine
whether
In LH
I new
there was buildings
a similar
were
shift in the NE
area.
in both
constructed
areas,
includingin theNE area themonumental buildingD (Fig. 66). Throughout its lifetimebuilding D was bordered by 3m w.
orthogonal pebble streets to theW and N: the area to its E may to the same compound, have belonged separated by a terrace wall from the higher pebble street to the N. No pebble street has been found to the S, but this area needs more exploration.
It is now clear thatbuilding D was destroyedby fire inLH
IIIA2E,
contemporary
with
the fire destruction
and of structuresto theN and S of buildingD. In the NW
F
of building
I through LH levels from LH occupation with building D, have been traced over a At to a new LH II least 2 rooms belong
area,
IIB, contemporary area. substantial
the full extent is yet unknown. structure, building H, of which At no point in LH I or LH II is it clear whether this was a single structure, as suggested survey, or by the 2005 geophysical
whether
itwas
always in the NW
architecture
a cluster area
of structures.
consists
of small
LH
IIB
I-LH
rooms with
thin
utilitarian
ca. 0.4-0.5m w. areas have a usually Exposed character and show diverse craft activities in both LH
I and LH
II. The most
rubble walls
(LH
I-LH
IIB).
Other
important was purple dye manufacture activities were stone tool production
66. Mitrou:
balloon
photo
of NE
excavation
area
(LH I) and leadworking (LH IIB). InLH I, animals of different
and prepared including deer, were slaughtered a platform in an open area in trench LE792. of high-quality fine tableware in the same presence kinds, around
on
or
The levels
the presence of a well-appointed residential suggests somewhere nearby. A special find is the horse bridle piece
theBalkans ina LH I destructionlevel (Fig. 67). Following
reoccupation F and at immediately
the LH
IIIA2E
level of unknown least
a
adjacent
fire destruction extent
area, a in building
in the NE
is identified
of partial resurfacing to it and further N.
area from
the pebble
street
A new discovery in 2007 was an LH IIIC L occupation
stratum
in the NE
F of building area, including reoccupation structures, buildings C and G. Poorer quality construc tion and a preference for sunken floors continue into EPGeo
and new
andMPGeo (buildingA). After theLH IIIC L occupation (butpossibly stillwithinLH
a burial the NE for building area, except B, became IIIC), ground for cist and pit graves. Most burials were disturbed and found empty, but some had pottery vessels, including a small EPGeo in cist grave 42. Other finds are pins, tripod cauldron faience and shell beads for one or more necklaces, and a tiny gold
65. Mitrou: I disintegrated
excavated wooden
part of the impression boat
of an EH
spacer
bead.
III/MH 67. Mitrou:
horse bridle
piece
from the Balkans
59
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2007-2008 The EPGeo
construction
date of the first architectural
phase
of apsidal buildingA is confirmed,alongwith theMPGeo date of the 2nd. and a clear picture was
of the reuse of the
obtained
apsidal area of building A as a courtyard of building E.
Activities
carried
courtyard
out
A
in this courtyard sunk
pithos had been for reasons unknown.
manufacture.
included purple dye into the level of the
P. Androudis (DeltChAE 28 [2007], 85-98)
Volos, Episkopi.
the architecture
publishes
and
sculptural
decoration
of the Byz
Ct AD) church Church of theDormition. The original (ca. 13th a variant on the cruciform type: only the E wall probably survived in 1639. The lower of 2 layers of wall rebuilding
was
to conserve of work and Completion area to the public, funded by the Third present ismarked by the publication Community Support Framework, Neo Monastiri in The Acropolis of the booklet of Proerna. Proerna
indicate that it came from the gold: first results of the analyses a riverine deposit. Further tests, to compare with gold from are awaited. Georgia,
acropolis. the acropolis
Phthiotis (Lamia, Ministry of Culture/14thEPCA, 2007), the monuments
describing
of all
periods
and with
updated
paintingmay date to theEl6thCt AD. The E and N frontsare with anc. Gr and richly decorated reliefs from the sculptural decoration the Monastery of St John the Baptist
Byz spolia, of the Byz
them among katholikon of
at Portar?a.
Mount Pelion. N.H. Andreasen (DAI) andA. Darlas (EPSVE)
plans.
Byz Museum of Phthiotis (Hypati). A newmuseum guide is published in Gr and English editions: D. Zapheiropoulou, BuCavTiv? Mouae?o O0ic?Ti5ac (Athens,TAPA, 2007). THESSALY
report on the 2nd season
of the Pelion
Cave
Project.
Work in2007 was focused S and E ofVolos (municipalities
of Milies,
Artemida,
Agria,
and Volos),
Portar?a, Makrinitsa
and
on the Pelion foothills around Lake Karla (municipalityof
The main objective was to conclude the survey on the Karla). W part of the mountain. localities were surveyed Seventy-five (54 rock shelters, 20 caves and one artificial cave) and some in 2006 revisited. surveyed dense vegetation covering most of Mt Pelion (except the foothills around Lake Karla) leaves many caves and shelters localities
oh Magnesia
Nomos
The
(13thEPCA: 7thEBA)
unknown
(Sesklo).
Spartia-Latomeio
To Vima, Kathimerini
(08/09/07),
and Archaiologia 104 (2007), 104 cite (with illustration)a
and 13thEPCA) report by A. Doulgeri-Intzesiloglou (Director, on the E. Stamelou (13th EPCA) study of finds from a small sanctuary on the hill of Spartia, including part of a rectangular
x 4 m) stone altar with much burnt animal bone. The was in made but 1999, discovery systematic study of the were found material has only now begun. Many Ar dedications (3m
in deposits marked by stone cairns around the altar, including iron weapons and tools, figurines, lead objects, many bronzes, and spearheads, the arm of a marble statue including vessels and much pottery. An Ar dedicatory in inscription (retrograde, on a bronze bowl to Herakles local script) from one Telefilos confirms a coin
the identity of the cult. of Histiaia (3rd Ct BC-146
pottery and a lamp, plus with strati combined BC)
Hel
that the altar, as preserved, is a Hel an earlier cult area. evidence Epigraphical
evidence graphical construction within
indicate
and
record
scatter of archaeological the localities examined.
from 24 caves
collected
and
third of
and eighty artefacts were 5 of which had been rockshelters, hundred
can change to another due to alterations from one season in cover or disturbance of surface sediments. vegetation Pottery formed the numerically largest artefact group and was also the most frequently encountered artefact type. Half of the localities an associated
have
an area
confines
built structure, often a stone wall which in front of the cave. Some of these walls were
constructed very well effort. Direct evidence Two
archaeologists ethno-historical
other
cave
economic
uses
and reflect significant of expenditure of repair or modification is rare. were employed to gather ethnographic to husbandry data related and practices
with
contexts. as well
informants
a wealth
generated
information
contemporary with the Ar votives (now confirmed by terracotta and geison). on the hill top also Renewed excavation Neo pottery and stone tools, plus Ot pottery and tile. produced
on the surface of one
material
Two
visited and searched in 2006. This underlines how visibility
and
of this period from Pherai refers to this sanctuary. Excavation here in 1911 by A. Arvanitopoulos in addition to Neo produced, similar votives roof tiles. remains, plus Arvanitopoulos inferred the existence of a 5th-4th Ct temple with a predecessor
to some local residents. Thus mod. rubbish except on the material visitors do not impact noticeably left by the original users. There was a general low-level
casual
graphic caves and
to their cultural regard Semi-structured interviews
as of
informal
rock shelters
obtained located;
socio
with
local
in the field
conversations
information.
were
and
degrees of ethno Vaiying for about one third of the
indeed, some the accounts
of these features
metopes
were
The
The rock outcrops inmost of the research area are mainly schists with marble areas of karstic intercalations. Although are limestone/marble have caves, we likely to hold more numerous examples of shelters and caves in areas dominated by
strategic importance of this region, through which passed road between Pherai and is emphasized. Pagasai, Presentation of the results of the new excavations at the 5th International Conference, Pherai Veles tino 4-7th Rigas, the
October
2007,
is reported
(editor's
note:
this conference
is
usually published promptlyand infull). Volos. Ethnos and Eleutherotypia (26/04/07)cite V. Sismani Ct BC tholos Adrymi indescribingplans to roof the 15th-14th tomb at Kazanaki
bearing
7 Linear
to Dimini, after rainfall led a block to become characters These dislodged.
close
B
inscriptionsdescribe the number of those buried within (4
adults
and 3 children). A sample of gold from a bead necklace has been sent to the Louvre for analysis of its provenance, with much speculation that itmay have come from Colchis. Ethnos and Eleutherotypia further report on the question of (22/02/08)
located exclusively informants.
by using
and guidance
of
schists.
Caves from different altitudes up to about 1,000masl are well represented. below 600masl) (and particularly There were not detailed data for equally site-specific ethnographic or shelters on the caves from upper part of the mountain 1,000masl to its highest point at 1,624masl. This arises to some extent
from the fact that the environmental
drops
at altitudes
above
carrying l,000masl. Consequently, than on the lower slopes and
capacity human
limited there are activity ismore fewer roads or paths. Our results show that in the vicinity of regularly used areas, localities and travel routes in the landscape nearly all rock shelters
and
caves
have
been
used.
One
such
example
is a
60
CATHERINEMORGAN
small
cave
on
an
trading route into the important, regional on the cave wall Various engravings sketches of but there are also connotations,
of Makrinitsa.
village have religious horses/mules and Merchants before
Nomos
or riding these animals. dragging the carvings during overnight stays or leaving Makrinitsa. people have made
may
entering
(15thEPCA: 7thEBA)
Haagsma on continuing
excavation
excavation
begun
on
the
agora (Fig. 68).
10 measures
19.45m
clear
(15th EPCA), S. Gouglas report Kastro. Systematic
domestic 10, a possible 5, a small temple near the
in building in building
structure, and completed Building
x 14.60m.
Excavation
began
in theW part (Fig. 69) inunitsA, B, C, D and E. The discovery
of preliminary of rooms and areas. interpretations of the internal configuration a room and a is split into 2 The so-called pastas (unit E) area. area The W of the building open (units A, B and possible of additional
wall
foundations
caused
revision
C) can be divided into 3 or 4 differentrooms. The exact location
of the main
not near
unit A,
were also found and it is level, plaster mouldings In area 3, 2 framed the that plaster 'pilasters' doorways. Doric marble capitals were found lying on the first floor level. to a peristyle It is as yet unclear whether these belonged lining first floor
M.
S. Karapanou (anc. Peuma). and Institute/Alberta) (Canadian was
of the house was built from Much of the superstructure limestone blocks, Very large worked irregular stone blocks. some 2m /., are set on top of smaller irregular foundations. In some areas In this upper foundation layer includes spolia.
rooms the walls were plastered in black, yellow, various light test trench in room 2 yielded a blue, white and red. The 2006 In unit A, near the in situ. lot of plaster, much of which was
of Larisa
Kallithea
thus opening from the courtyard to an alley. This of the house, as there are similar entrances in may be a local phenomenon, in nearby Pharsala. Hel houses
entrance
directly
of the house
opening
is now
clearer.
to the street, as
It is
originally
thoughtand as isusual inGr houses, but probablyon theE side
the courtyard of the building original construction material to them was
a large marble
or whether
in the walls.
block with
used as they were In close proximity
3 breast-like
protrusions,
similar to that found in the entrance of building 5 in 2005.
Stones
like these occur
houses
at Pharsala
to have
in the courtyard of locally, for example and at Phthiotic Eretria, where they seemed Their in a sanctuary of Apollo. functioned as votives
is unknown. significance test trench in room The
2 yielded 2 distinct floor levels. the surface, contained roof tiles, first, at ca 0.4m below and few finds; the floor itself was architectural fragments this level, a 2nd floor of beaten earth. Ca. 0.5m below made the limestone The fill above consisted of small fragments. The
Kallithea 2007 4600 9800 68. Kallithea:
city plan
9900
of the kastro with
10000 the location
10100
metres
10200
of the excavations
in 2007
10300
10400
10500
10600
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2007-2008
61
EPIRUS of Arta
Nomos
(33rdEPCA:
18th EBA)
Anc. Ambrakia
(Arta).
of the new
preparation
Ta Nea
archaeological
(08/06/07) reportson the Museum
of Arta.
Eleutherotypia and To Vima (08/06/07) report on the
of the anc. city of Arta following pace of discovery quickening the creation of the 33rd EPCA which (Director, G. Riginos), covers Arta and Preveza. The results of recent work, including
... 5m
1
Avenue
14 rescue
{
Kallithea2007
No
floor
level
could
be associated
with
The firstfloor levelyieldedmany finds, some ofwhich were
ware were found in a variety sherds of moulded Many to high-quality of qualities. Some well moulded compare bowls produced in Pherae various during the 2nd-1st Ct BC: scenes names and had fragments depicted mythological datable.
in relief. A large fragment of a glass (Polydeukes) a unit B suggests post-2nd Ct date for this floor
bowl
from
level.
The
lowestfloor levelwas only reached in the testpit (2m x lm) in
room
a coin of the finds were datable: very well a distinct deposit of ashes, an League (M2nd Ct) and a lamp, a small bowl, bones and astragaloi unguentarium, lying 2.
The
Thessalian
on topof a large roof tile. The lamp is an EHel type (3rdCt),
while
the unguentarium
to the
dates
1st half
of
the 2nd Ct.
Apparently thishabitationstage ended halfway throughthe2nd CtBC.
was
Building
5: excavation
completed
(Fig.
70).
of this small The
E room
temple, begun in 2005, has internal (anteroom)
dimensionsof 4.63m (N-S) x 0.96m (E-W). At least theS part
paved with big slabs (as was at least part of the courtyard in front of its entrance). Excavation in this room reached the natural red soil with gravel which follows the natural N-S
was
inclination.
This
room produced
(possiblyfrom thedoor). The W
room of the shrine has
x 4.62m and was (E-W) (N-S) w. of which the threshold was
a bronze
in situ.
surface had 2 levels and there are sockets
the structure). The number of rooms increased in the Cl period to function, with and there was greater differentiation according to the andron, attention in which particular paid pebble were
sea of chariots, nereids, depictions as one and plant motifs (as well of a young satyr), and the women's quarters, where depiction were found, as well as ceramic large numbers of loomweights
pavements creatures
and
laid with
geometric
or perfume. now for jewellery Houses included over the for cooking and bathing. Other finds made include a stretch of the city wall, past year part of the E for the city's building plan. The grave cemetery and evidence monuments of this cemetery, the larger of the city's cemeteries, containers
provision
extended these
along
funerary
both
of a major road 12m w. Finds from include clay vases, glass and metal and stone grave stelae. Th. Kontogianni
sides
periboloi
vessels, gold jewellery a synthesis of old and new findings to demonstrate presented that the city had a Hippodameian from the time of plan continued into the Rom period. The W part foundation, which was the residential and cult centre: the Doric Temple of Apollo
Pythios Soter (founded ca. 500 BC), the tutelatorydeity,held 2 theatres and the city's prytaneion pride of place: been found in the same area. A. Papadimitriou, A. and A. Chatzara concealed
discussed
beneath
the Byz
the course
holdings.
of 3.30m
a doorway 1.25m The threshold's top
via
for the doorposts and 15 iron nails, pivots. In the central and W part of the room were a few fragments of clay figurine (possibly a female figurine
Aphrodite to judge from a nude upper leg with part of a himation) and a clay thymiaterion.Perhaps thefigurine(s) and the thymiaterion were placed on a wooden shelf on theW wall or on a table. A few fragments of charcoal in this area may come from such an item. There was also evidence of burning
room were 7 In the main in this part of the room. dish with black paint, a few coins, a small shallow as well as many sherds of other vases roof (a lamp included) tile fragments. Both rooms were covered by stone debris from in the soil
bronze
the walls.
70. Kallithea: building 5 fromNE
have
also
Baladima
is of the city wall, which as well as mod. land
fortifications
coin and 3 iron nails
internal dimensions entered
in the city, were presented in a one-day research and A. Katsarou presented
different forms of liquid, miniature (choes containing occupied relief plaques, vessels, figurines of animals, birds and humans, and miniature tables and furniture were offering placed, in a small pit in a corner of animal, together with a sacrificed
tile fragments and very yielded many worn ware A few pieces little diagnostic material. of combed use. indicate moderate On this level were found 2, EByz coins.
Karaba
in the anc. city. Recent excavations have revealed, to a range of public and private structures, Ar houses with 2-3 rooms and a courtyard oriented S, entered from the was made were street. A form of blessing before houses
level
probably Byz, these finds.
M.
in addition
PraNn 0BuWng1O 69. Kallithea: preliminaryplan of building 10
first floor
excavations
colloquium. into housing
62
CATHERINEMORGAN of Thesprotia
Nomos
3rd site
The
(32ndEPCA: 8thEBA)
Donatos
was of Ag. the small acropolis in the trench opened (PS 25), where Finds were similar to those and continued.
excavated
of Zervochori
2006 was
enlarged
Thesprotia Expedition. B. Fors?n (Finnish Institute/Helsinki)
Ct AD and consistingof made in2006, mostly dating to the 1st
from 3 lakes in the region. A total of ca. 4km2 has been covered In 2007, the valley bottom E of by intensive survey in 4 years. of special river was 13 new places the Kokytos surveyed. interest (indicated by PS) were identified, most of which are to as sites. This brings the total number of places be considered interest within the 4km2 to 49, i.e. ca. 12 sites per of special
with
consisted of intensive reports on the 4th field season, which and field survey, a geological survey, geophysical prospection at 3 sites. Palynological taken trial excavations samples were
km2.
of terra sigillata, fibulae large amounts (Fig. 71), coins and and shells. Coarse other metal objects, glass, animal bones pottery, parts of a terracotta water pipe and roof tiles (some
can be stamps) were also found. Thus, the tower, which to ca. 300 BC, must have been extensively reused in the in 2006 date back to ERom Certain finds already made period. the Ct BC. of the trench revealed the L4l-E3rd Enlargement floor level ca. 1.7m below the surface; this consists of a Rom dated
ca. 0.5m
thick layer of gravel mixed with red clay that, through Beneath has become hard and cement-like. this,
sedimentation, in 2007 was
those documented
Among
a cluster of MPal
to
and
documented,
pottery,
with
bg
pottery
and
as well
loomweights,
as
coarseware and roof tiles (PS 37, PS 44, PS 46, PS 48 and PS 49). One, PS 46, only ca.lOOm fromtheEIA sitePS 36 (cf.AR
thick inner side of the tower, a 0.3-0.4m of pockets of soil between protruding bedrock bones mixed with charcoal and animal bg
the S
exposed along layer consisted
Upper Pal lithics(PS 45) and a Mes sitewith a large spectrum of tools and flakes (PS 43). Several Cl to Hel siteswere
contained
belong
some
coarse
ware
to the construction
and phase
a coin.
These
finds
probably
Zervochori:
ERom
of the tower.
as EIA sherds as well 53 [2006-2007], 47), also produced terra sigillata. ERom site (PS 41), 2 LRom Finally, one MRom
sites (PS 38, PS 39) and at leastone Emod. site (PS 47) were located.
first site at which
The
trial trenches were
had been
opened
located by field survey in 2004 (PS 12 near the village of
on the lowermost slope of the Liminari hill facing SE). Sevasto, was based to end of the Neo Its preliminary the period dating on a few badly worn sherds found on the surface. Four small
to in 2007 confirm the existence of rich LNeo probes opened EBA that earlier Neo phases remains, and open the possibility are also present. Clear cultural layers with dark soil, charcoal, to the and 4 spindle-whorls burnt mud-brick spanning the FNeo
EBA
were
found
in 2 of the probes.
fired medium of badly in form of a plastic applications or conical taenia with finger impressions lumps of clay (FNeo to EBA). Other general traits, such as medium-fine pottery on the interior with grey or dark surfaces, burnished or polished The
pottery coarseware with
consists
mostly
occasional
on
some to FNeo, while the exterior, indicate LNeo A sherds might extend back into the ENeo-MNeo. 'impresso' to L EH I-E EH sherd of corded ware, II, dating body a ware to the Balkans down represents throughout occurring and plain
Thessaly. The 2nd site excavated, PS 29 near the village of Agora, was to be an LCl-EHel farmstead on the basis of surface believed and magnetometer the plough below 0.1m
thick.
No
survey zone and
results. the actual
stone walls
find
were
were
located
layer was only there was
found, but some remains
just some an
of mud-brick layer of roof tiles and of storage vessels such as The pottery consisted mainly but there was also a small quantity jugs and amphorae,
extensive walls.
Finds
pithoi, of late skyphoi and other drinking cups. Two handles of bronze finds date to the E4th Ct vessels and a coin were found. Most
71.
Expedition,
Thesprotia
bronze fibula (25 BC-5 AD)
Kassope Publication:
Th.
Kaooc?nri: ouvotttik?c Kontogianni, translation: (English x?>pou apxaio?oyiKou a Brief Guide Site) Kassopi: of the Archaeological
EPCA, 2006). (Ioannina, 12th
Orraon Publication:
A. Angeli,
'Oppaov
xcopou
the poorly trial trench, ca. 4m from preserved remains of of the farmstead, produced more substantial terracotta A clear roof another house. layer of collapsed extended for ca. 15m. In addition, a 0.5m thick stone wall was
Epirus-Western
Macedonia
the collapsed roof was only layer below ca. 0. lm d. and held some pottery, including, e.g., bg sherds and a large piece of a perirrhanterion. The finds in this trench date
University,
Another
Donatos,
tou
oSriyo? D. Kazazis,
apxcuo?oyiKov
such as the unique BC, but there are some earlier anomalies is decorated with find of a Laconian pithos rim, the lip of which a bud chain, dating to 550-525 BC.
Ag.
(English
tou ouvotttiko? oSriyo? transi. D. Kazazis, Orraon:
a BriefGuide of theArchaeological Site) (Ioannina, 12th EPCA, 2006).
remains
traced for 3m. The find
to the EHel
house
close
and
indicate
to the first one
the existence found.
of at
least
one
other
Pindos: Samarina, Smolika. Ethnos tisKyriakis (16/03/08) reports
conducted Efstratiou (Aristotelian by N. Tens of and P. Biatzi Thessaloniki) (Venice). stone tools have of MPal places' with concentrations
research
'gathering identified been
the length of the Samariniotikos river, along of the last 100,000 years. Similar Pal the ice deposits at over l,900masl. sites were also found at Smolika,
above
63
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2007-2008 WESTERN
sites (bringing the total known to 20), at 3 of which trial
MACEDONIA
trenches
produced
trenches
of Kastoria
Nomos
EBA) (29thEPCA: 16th
opened remains
Orestikon
Ch.
(Diocletianoupolis).
and
Tsoungaris
and Aristotelian University, (29th EPCA Thessaloniki) report(AEMTh 20 [2006], 923-29) on archaeo logical and geophysical investigation in the area of Argos
G.
Tsokas
the inscribed aiming to locate the structure at which was erected. statue of Claudius The lines base of an honorific to the Byz constructions close of major centre, but on a
Orestikon.
differentalignmentfromByz buildings,are noted: these likely belong to theRom city. Trial trenchesinone location300m S area revealed part of a Rom of the previous excavation /. E-W. than 300m and more built of fieldstones a significant
suggests Dispilio.
public
Stavridopoulos on excavation 901-10)
and T
to trace shore.
20
report (AEMTh the per?bolos wall
of
along the N side of the investi Two areas were
to theW
and N.
showed
that the wall
at theW
Excavation
turned
S
and
continued to the SW tip of the island, thoughdifferingin its both with and internally along its the N wall ca. length. A further wall, not part of the peribolos, measures w. and is oriented N-S. 50m /. x 2-2.3m C14 dates from burnt
construction
debris
on
the E
side of the main
wall
from a trial trench in the middle its construction. located
Trial
traces which
of the wall
Neo
pottery a tpq for
line gives of the island
in the S and SE
trenches
may
are awaited.
belong
to the peribolos and require the securely identified sections
further investigation. Currently, of peribolos indicate a /. of ca. 201m, increasing to ca. 360m if to form a complete it continued circuit. Among the small finds are a large number of coins dating from the Byz period PH finds are many onwards, with many Ot and mod. Among stone
and flint tools, stone weights, items and a headless figurine.
loomweights,
2 bronze
storage vessels), on the bezel), bronze sheet, iron nails, 21 loomweights, part of a clay sealing, 3 pestles, part of a hand-mill and stone tools.
Justbelow thehill, illegal excavation had revealed cist tombs: this area was
be flooded.
on
the rescue
(M3rd-M4th The adjacent
of part of a LRom in an area threatened by
excavation
Ct AD)
settlement, next to the via Egnatia, lignite mining. to post-Byz a Rom produced pottery on the surface. Within 12 pits and 3 single 20m x 20m trench, 15 graves were found cists. The dead were laid out inN-S orientation, accompanied
hoards
trefoil-mouthed oinochoai, goods including and coins. In addition to Charon's obol,
coins were
of 20-25
area of the head
or the chest.
found Seven
S of the excavated
in certain cases, placed pits were also found.
in the 20m
further human area, a trial trench contained and an bones, tiles, sherds of wheelmade vessels, a loomweight iron object. Excavation here was abandoned for safety reasons.
of
Ilarion
dam.
17th EBA) G. Karamitrou-Mendesidi
(Director,
30th EPCA)
reports(AEMTh 20 [2006], 875-94) on research in thearea due to be flooded
as well as handmade matt Macedonian deposit), At Keramario (Paliouria) pottery of the LB A. of a large cemetery on 2 hills were excavated: graves
destruction painted sections
those on theW are C1-LC1 the E hill are Ar and Cl, while on the E hill, all but 30 burials were excavated (mostly 4th Ct). one of which had been looted: apart from one cremation, all
were
inhumations in pit graves. contained weapons They arrowheads and knives), pottery, (spearheads, jewellery, and cosmetic items similar to those in the clothing accessories cemeteries
of Aiane,
from Aiane). (possibly in 10 further bronze
the presence of 'local' pottery noting to 2 bronze bowls, In addition sheet tombs indicates the presence of bronze
cooking vessels. On theW hill were 33 burials (ofwhich 3
were
33 pots unlooted) containing and kantharos, weapons, jewellery and 2 silver earrings) and other come from mouth-pieces probably finds
from Aiane.
stones.
The
(mostly local), a bronze jug 3 electrum beads (including Two accessories. bronze
leather aryballoi, similar to grave was marked by one or more of earlier finds (a figurine, for example,
Each
presence
and a skyphos of the L6thCt) likely indicatesdestroyedAr In addition,
tombs.
surface
remains
are noted
at the following
sites: Ag. Kyriaki settlement (Paliouria) Neo-EBA (handmadepottery,stone tools); Sioutsa Rema (Dimitra) BA
handmade
pottery
and
stone
tools;
Megas
Ai-Giorgis
tools;
Keramario
(Paliouria)
BA
handmade
pottery;
church built into the church of Ag. Konstantinos, in illegal excavation) and surface (revealed cemetery of PH, handmade Mikro EBA, mostly pottery; a cist tomb cemetery of uncertain date. Trenches Karperou at Gorna Parakoustis and Plaka opened Tsapa, produced only a very little BA handmade pottery plus some wheelmade a Byz finds
sherds.
Keramario
for this dam.
Surface
(Paliouria).
Apogevmatini (11/03/08) cites the
of the discovery of a further report of G. Karamitrou-Mendesidi 39 tombs, bringing the total from this site to 102. Only 3 were undisturbed. Notable the grave finds were the among of local vases which collection for a provide good evidence local workshop,
2 bronze
vases
containing
a bronze
kotyle
and
kylixhandle and 4 coins (one of Pharsalos,dating to the2ndhalf of the5thCt BC, and 3 of Philip II). Ktio Diporou
(Demos Chasion).
the report of G
Apogevmatini (11/03/08)
Karamitrou-Mendesidi
of the excavation
of settlementremains,includinga large(Hel?) potter'skiln (5m
?Cozani and Grevena
(30thEPCA:
said
of Hel
buildingswere discovered (a hearthand part of a floor,plus a
cites
Nomos
sword
remains
of an earlier
Kleidi. A. StratiandA. Sinakos (16thEBA) report(AEMTh 20
grave by many bronze jewellery
bronze
(Panagia)
Ag. Konstantinos (Dimitra) (a knownHel-Rom site) spolia
16th EBA)
[2006], 931-40) ECh cemetery
of the 13th-12th Ct BC Myc this site. At Gefyra
(Dimitra) (a knownAr-Rom site)BA handmade potteryand
of Florina
(29thEPCA:
to further as it is not scheduled investigated to confirm further information was uncovered
not
No
the provenance to come from
stone
Nomos
(Elati) Longas settlement and Hel
In addition
on Sianos
to extend
already known with the lake
gated to trace its course trials end of previous
Its size
building.
G.
[2006], the settlement, island parallel
structure
At
results.
LBA-EIA
of buildings and other finds from all these to PH handmade pottery (mostly from finds include 2 rings (one with a female figure
produced periods.
Argos
significant in the known
survey
revealed
a further 7
x 3.5m). Products of the kiln include fragments of a large terracotta animal (perhaps an elephant) bearing 2 riders, which
may be a votive. were discovered goods
include
At neighbouring 5 pithoi Panagia Diporou, 6th-5 Ct BC child burials. Grave containing a handmade kantharos, glass beads, bronze rings
64
CATHERINEMORGAN ]ONIKANIIie [ ] EINHIHNIOXOZAEATTIXIQ[ ]ANAIAAEIMAPTYPA2[ ]QNTTPr [
a bracelet, a curved knife, a bronze iron goods, horse a and terracotta The site figurine figurine of an obese dwarf. and
neighboursKtio Diporou and likely formedpart of the same functional
complex.
Ta Nea (18/04/07) reports the discovery by Palaikastro. V. Velitzelos (Athens) of a petrified forestwith a striking of quartz, dating back at least 2 million The presence years. a further part located by extent of this forest remains unknown: the Aliakmon
river
Prionia.
is to be excavated.
Sanctuary of Artemis Remains Egnatia Odos. hounds,
(12/03/08) cites a
Kathimerini
G. Karamitrou-Mendesidi
offerings include Molossian and deer. Scattered votives include
animal figurinesand jewellery (one ring is inscribedKAIPE
KAI
Two
2Y).
women's
graves
with
rich
goods
indicate
a
under E. Thessaloniki, University, of a pair of fossilized mastodon (Mammut borsoni) teeth near a sand quarry in this village. At 5.02m /., they are the to an animal have and must belonged largest yet found the Aristotelian
more
than
12 tons and ca. 4m h. The
by a one-day
colloquium
discussing
discovery was on the material
27/01/08.Kathimerini (16/10/07)also reportsthediscoveryby team of parts of a fossilized horse skeleton in the same to the mod. horse, but is the 3-toed variety ancestral of smaller stature. It dates to ca. 2.5-3 million years BC. Other the same
area.
This
in the course of 17 years of excavation species discovered area the rhinoceros, include bear, tapir, macherodon, and wild boar. gazelle
in the deer,
(Polyneri/Alatopetras). S. Drougou (Aristotelian University,Thessaloniki) reports(AEMTh 20 [2006], 895-900) on the acropolis, focusing on the area The W wall of the temple was of the temple. even though much of had strong foundations,
excavation
immediately W shown to have
the superstructure was it. Inside just outside
lime kiln found likely burnt in the mod. roof tile. the wall was a layer with much
An extensive burnt layer dating to the L4th Ct BC was
its continuing along just to the W of the W wall, This contained many sherds, and bg and plainware length. with the items, and should be connected fragments of metal
uncovered
templewalls of the same date. A smallHel (3rdCt) building
was
erected
on top of this layer.
Its function
remains
unclear,
but the tile layerover it indicates that itwas destroyed in the 2nd Ct BC
as part of the general
destruction
on
the acropolis.
The area between the templeand theHel building produced a in the burnt layer, especially large quantity of animal bone, The extent of this pyre has not sherds. along with numerous
corner of the temple, which In the NW yet been traced. located which appear foundations were founded on bedrock,
is
to
be extensions of theN andW templewalls andwhich require further investigation. Among portable finds, the large quantity of the first, 4th Ct, phase consists of bg pottery characteristic Some have workshop largely of small kylikes and kantharoi.
stamps (T7APANIKA2, finds
for example). Notable among the
is an ink-well
one of type lamp, coins (including of a bronze strip 0. Im x 0.6m, from
portable and a fragment Alexander) the L4th Ct burnt layer, bearing inscription.
within
part
of
a punched
votive
Ph and Cl-Hel
this known
of LBA-EIA
along
walled
settlement, with much
the course
of this
site produced remains and wheelmade
handmade
levels were
on 2 hills, noting also excavated A pottery of the LBA. matt-painted was discovered beneath an extensive pile-dwelling level containing burnt construction material (wattle
settlement
of Macedonian
LNeo?EBA
Sherds were
and daub).
with
together
gathered
from
an area
20
anchor-shaped figurines, and 4 spindle-whorls. loomweights had been severely disturbed by
implements, the surface
Rom pit graves were excavated, and feet, glass vessels, clay pots and
unlooted head
of ca.
stone Hel
and
770m2, bone
levels near
Three levelling. the containing, beside 14 bronze
coins which
date theburials to the4thCt AD. Aiane E
G
cemetery.
Karamitrou-Mendesidi
reports
(AEMTh
20
[2006], 833-46) continued excavation, bringing the total of
here to 174. In 2006, 9 rows of pits, dug into graves discovered were to contain oriented found bedrock NE-SW and
94 burials (91 inhumationsand 3 cremations),only 2 ofwhich survive
The majority from the 4th Ct and
unlooted.
some
with
continuing use coffins or on biers
with
nails):
to the 3rd and 2nd Cts BC,
date
some
from previous into the 1stCt BC. Bodies
indicating inwooden
Kastri
on continuing
at 15 locations
of palaeontological include mastodon remains from significance Pera Raches Fuller reports are provided for 2 sites. (Kaloneri). a small excavation At Stavros (Mikrokastro), (ca. 1,025m2)
destruction
Tsoukala
weighing followed
the results of excavation
remains
Milia Grevena. TaNea (05/07/07),Ethnos (25/07/07),Ethnos, Apogevmatini, To Vima (22/01/08), Ta Nea (28/01/08) and Archaiologia 104 (2007), 104, reportthediscovery by a team from
road. G
road,which producedmostlyLNeo-EB A andHel pottery.Finds
EBA
settlement.
prosperous
of the Kozani-Kastoria
pottery(and a Rom coin). At Kryopigadi (Aliakmon), LNeo
of animal
bovines
ovicaprids,
report by
of the discovery of a 6th-5th Ct BC in the course of construction work on the
section
Siatista-Krystallopigi
Karamitrou-Mendesidireports(AEMTh 20 [2006], 861-69) on
no
consistent
campaigns were laid
of iron by quantities (represented In 2 cases of the head. orientation
(graves 106 and 141), quantities of carbonizedmaterial in the
is some evidence grave likely result from funerary rites. There that pits were reused: part of a cranium and 2 iron offerings in burial. 140, for example, grave represent an earlier displaced set at the feet, consist mainly of pots, with a Grave goods, set at of metal limited number objects, notably spearheads strigils, as well as jewellery 108 was male burial in grave 4 an and and iron pots (a cut strigil by spearhead accompanied one with no and 3 drinking vessels away necked prochous one boisai and a one-handled vessel of the L4th-E3rd handles level and
shoulder
and,
rarely, coins.
iron and bronze
The
unlooted
Ct with TE incisedon thebody and B on thebase). Grave 140 (also an unlootedmale burial) had an ironspearheadand 4 pots (a prochous, 2 skyphoi,ofwhich one is a local bg imitationof The male burial shape, and a L4th Ct local rf askos). the robbed grave 139, dated to theM3rd quarter of the 4th Ct,
an Attic
in
is,
with grave 111 (which containedonly a rfhydria), the together
an iron spearhead and It contained in the cemetery. a one a boisai, strigil and 5 Attic pots (a rf askos-strainer, handler, a bowl and a squat lekythos of the E3rd quarter of the and the is incised AMM, The base of the one-handler 4th Ct). earliest
lekythos
has
a K
at the centre base
and
10 letters around
the
edge, ofwhich A, M, H, A, K, and probablyN are legible. Two
bronze
mouths
of aryballoi
(probably
with wooden
or leather
bodies) are noted fromgraves 115 and 146. Of a total 89 pots discovered, 34 are skyphoid forms, 15 hydriae (mostly unglazed, with one rf), 10 prochoes The forms in smaller numbers.
with other and 8 oinochoai, of the Macedonian
scarcity
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2007-2008 in previous excavations may be types noted amphora A bronze tomb robbing. is the only metal phiale Three bronze rings have on their oval bezels preserved. of a seated male
sentations
figure,
due
to
vessel repre
a griffin and a bird.
Kathimerini,Ta Nea and To Vima Apogevmatini (11/03/08), (12/03/08)citeG. Karamitrou-Mendesidi's reportof continuing excavation in theE cemetery. 243 tombsof the2ndhalf of the 4thCt BC include quantities of cosmetic items (jewellery containers
tweezers, perfume containers, as pottery and gold as well In a male burial, equipment.
and 2 dove
jewellery), a shallow
along
with
figurines, medical
container rectangular made of a copper and lead alloy, with a handle and containing a small bowl, has 2 parallels area and one further in the Aiane are conjectured to be for mixing in clay. These counterpart different
substances,
for medical
perhaps
settlement. this Neo Pottery of the E, M and LNeo was discovered, along with animal bones and stone tools. A small stone object of uncertain relief figures date, with (humans, horses and a dog) on all 4 sides, was found on the surface at the
within
Gypedo (stadium) siteon theW edge of Perdikkas, alongwith LBA
handmade
(17thEPCA: Arnissa
856-60) mining.
on resumed
A
1,600m2)
small
was
at a site threatened
excavation
area
in the NE
investigated,
part
revealing
by lignite of the settlement (ca.
occupation
in LNeo
LBA (withundisturbedEBA deposits) andHel-Rom times. (anc.
Polymylos
G.
Euia)
Karamitrou-Mendesidi
reports
(AEMTh 20 [2006], 847-56) on renewed site conservationand
excavation
the Egnatia buildings monumental
the redesign of a major road junction on following Odos. Five of the Hel-Rom kilns plus surrounding were conserved in situ and reburied, while the most kiln was
removed
total area
to the Archaeological
Museum
of ca. 1,500m2 was in 2 excavated, the first, trial trenches revealed tombs and the upper part of a marble funerary stele. Two retaining enclosure 4.3m apart and with a stone fill between in walls, them, may from earlier settlement part utilize building material (part of of Aiane.
A
locations.
At
another marble
stele was
built
into the northernmost
A wall). LRom date for the construction is confirmed by domestic iron and bronze shafts, bronze sheet and pottery, loomweights, clasps, along with many fragments of glass and 5 coins. These walls were built in an attempt to stabilize probably ground eroded by water run-off. Further W 2 pit and down-slope,
to a known to post-Byz ECh graves, belonging cemetery, contained the burials of very small children with no grave In one case, the child was laid on a tile; the other tomb goods. held 2 concentrations of bone. In the 2nd location, further W, were remains of LNeo-EBA settlement, possibly extending into the first phase of theMBA, with much handmade pottery, bone and stone tools. Hel along with animal housing was revealed in the E part of the excavation area. The largest of the 3 preserved rooms contained a large quantity of pottery and date to a bone, plus a hearth and in situ pithos which of remodelling. area The to the E was subsequent phase divided into 2 rooms, the N of which ca. 30 pots produced in a destruction food preserved especially layer. Storage, and other daily activities are indicated by storage preparation and cooking vessels, a carbonized grain, some 50 loomweights, stone hand-mill and stone mortars. Ca. 15m E of these rooms animal
was
a rubbish pit. Close by was the burial of an adult, with no grave goods. A 19m /. section of water main consisting of clay
formspart of a supply pipes (one stampedNIKANAPOI) network fed from springs in the foothillsofMt Vermion. A L3rd-2ndCt BC date for theuse of thecomplex is indicatedby the pottery: after a violent destruction, of fire, the area was not resettled.
with
extensive
evidence
G. Karamitrou-Mendesidi 20 reports (AEMTh on a small rescue excavation at the site of [2006], 860-61) Strana, W of mod. Perdikkas, prior to the installation of a pylon
S.
(Ostrovo).
documentation
F.
Zacharidis,
Karagianni
and
as Ostrovo
bath
of an Ot bath
of the remains
shore of Lake lies under
Vegoritis, an
(prominent abandoned
on the (hammam) at a site formerly and LByz The sources).
to Arnissa,
close
inM mod.
damaged
its structure: nonetheless,
Arnissa.
Apogevmatini
house
which severely and architectural
a full plan
study is presented. Itwas likelybuilt at the end of the 15thor El6 Ct AD and continued inuse until therising lakeflooded theOt settlementin the 1sthalf of the 19th Ct. (04/05/07),
Kathimerini,
Avgi, Ta Nea,
To Vima (10/05/07)and Archaiologia 104 (2007), 104, report thediscovery byA. Chrysostomou (17thEPCA) of part of an
EIA in rescue excavation S of mod. Arnissa, cemetery area where Nautiko Omilo have graves previously reported. Eight found, of adults
in the been
cist tombs and 2 pithos burials were and children. The male graves contained iron
slab-lined
and paired bronze pins (all charac lances, knives and daggers, teristic of warrior burials). Women received jewellery (bronze and iron bracelets, and a Macedonian spirals type round
All graves vases contained of the 8th and 7th Cts and an olpe). the tombs, but in Outside (prochoi, amphoriskoi contact with them, were small ossuaries the remains containing
pendant).
of earlier burials. to be
excavated, within grouped
These,
Loutraki
and
the fact that further tombs remain
that the burials may suggest a tumulus. The discovery
fragments of inscribed use of this area. (Aridaia).
Rom
E.
grave marker
Kabouroglou,
all have
been
of 2 nearby indicates the later
D.
Bouzas
and
T. Chatzitheodorou (EPSNE) presenta final report(AEMTh 20 [2006], 673-84) on palaeontological and sedimentological research in cave A (see also AR 53 [2006-2007], 58). Dating evidence
is discussed
in detail. The presence of Ursus Spelaeus in the bone record. 14,000 bp is indicated Sporadic human use is indicated from the Neo (ca. 5,200 BC), period with hearths and a very few artefacts, this was although blocked the entrance. Limited interrupted when an earthquake sedimentation and a little pottery indicate later sporadic use. from ca.
Edessa.
A. Chrysostomou (17thEPCA) reports (AEMTh 20 [2006], 713-26) onwork undertakenin2005-2006 to conserve
to present better the site. This included archaeological excavation to stereo in areas down 1 and 2, beside the main street. new pits for storage Five to the pithoi are added record in these areas and date to the earlier previous phases of as do walls I and III in area 1 and I?III in area 2. In habitation, and
both
areas,
wall
I continues
E
into
the area
of
the
stoa,
indicatingthatthebuilding line in the earlierperiods lay near
theW
street. An iron lamp was discovered edge of the main the floor of the last phase in area 2. Trial trenches in the stoas and the main street yielded a LRom marble relief of the Dioskouroi from theW stoa, and, from the E stoa, 5 inscribed near
Perdikkas.
11th EBA)
G Skiadaresis report(AEMTh 20 [2006], 741-52) systematic known
Kleitos. G. Karamitrou-Mendesidi reports(AEMTh 20 [2006],
pottery.
of Pella
Nomos
NE
prescriptions.
65
lead strips.
66
CATHERINEMORGAN
Edessa, S bypass. A. Chrysostomou (17thEPCA) reports (AEMTh 20 [2006], 727-39) on thediscovery of 3 farmsteads
Archontiko,
preparatory
universities
on
the plain S of the anc. to the construction
rescue excavation city during of the bypass. 1 and Farmsteads
2 lie on the E of the plain and farmstead3 on theW. farmstead include
1 (2km from anc. Edessa), limited habitation a hearth with sherds of local storage vessels
At
remains
(pithoid and amphoriskoi) and 4 loomweights scattered around it, and, to the S, a storage area with the remains of a large pithos and amphora sherds. The structure was roofed with Laconian a wide
includes
tablewares,
range
especially
of storage vessels, bowls one-handled
and cooking vessels and skyphoi, which
date theearliestphase of habitation toEHel. A tpq for the last phase is provided by aMacedonian coin of thereignsof Philip
V
1 and 1.7km Farmstead 2, 2km N of farmstead is a long, narrow building (rooms I-VI), with an
and Perseus.
from Edessa,
approach road fromEdessa enteringat theNW and flankedby rooms
VII-IX.
Rooms
I-VI
structure
The
produced
had
few finds of Hel
a Laconian-tiled
coins
roof.
and pottery, along
with loomweights with graffitifromrooms I and III (the former room containing a hearth and the latter the setting for a pithos). The majority of finds come from a courtyard S of rooms II-IV: these include a millstone and grinding stone, plus a wide range of
vessels and tablewares vessels, cooking (notably which have been discarded may here, along bowls) Megarian and coins. A few with a few items of jewellery, glass beads storage
ERom come
a lead-glazed sherds, including from these rooms. A few 3 Ct BC
relief skyphos, also bg sherds may come into the natural soil in room VI
from an isolated
pit grave sunk The latest use of the farmstead (a room later used for storage). a in room IX and LRom is established coin Antoninus of by sherds in room VIII. Farmstead 3, 2.7km SW of anc. Edessa,
of 2 long, narrow buildings (14.7m x 3.7m and 10.9m A Rom date is indicated in a poor state of preservation.
consists
x 2.3m) by the surviving
pottery.
Rizospastis (21/04/07),Eleutheros Typos (22/04/07) and Eleutherotypia (23/04/07)report(with illustration)excavation just N
of the farmsteads
noted
a
where
above,
further ECh
farmsteadwas investigatedby the 11thEBA in 2007. Eight
single burials were slabs, dating from vases and jewellery,
found
in rock-cut
tombs with
cist
Female
the ECl-EHel.
burials
cover
whereas males had weapons (2 spearheads to the and vases linked tools illustrated), agricultural The tombs lie close to the anc. road from Edessa symposium. which
passed
through
of
the valley
Platani
Finally, at Psili Vrisi, Apogevmatini (11/03/08)cites a report
by A.
G. Skiadaresis Prokopidou, of part of a previously
discovery
and M.
unknown
of the
Cheimonidou
of the 1st
monastery
Ct Ct AD (1239-1252) and a LByz (13th-14th half of the 13th at 40 least of graves. male) (mostly AD) cemetery S. Zacharidis,
Giannitsa.
F. Karagianni
and G.
Skiadaresis
report(AEMTh 20 [2006], 741-52) thediscoveryof an Ot bath in rescue
(hammam) the apodyterion bath continuing rhanterion was
excavation
at 32 Venizelou
street.
Part of
on this plot, with the rest of the The base of a perir into neighbouring plots. found in the S of the plot, inwhat was probably was
preserved
Niches the centre of the room, along with 2 water channels. were the E and N wall possessions. likely for bathers'
in
clay
pipes)
indicate
that the bath was
in use
from
Papanthimou
the
Ct AD, when itwas destroyedby fire. It is identified 15th-17th as thebath ofAchmet Bei mentioned by Evliya ?elebi on his visit toGiannitsa in 1668.
(Aristotelian
the following report to a 2 research conducted by Gr of Culture the Ministry (06
by
convenient Two
The more
at the site.
of research
summary
principal
phases
of PH
settlement
have
been
identified.
BC: recent, phase A, is dated by C14 to ca. 1516-1414 characteristic pottery has incised geometric motifs picked out in
white paste. The olderphase B spans theend of theEBA and the startof theMBA. This phase includes3 settlement horizons (II, ca. III, IV) and can be placed by a series of C14 determinations 2140-1780 settlement for ca. 260 years. BC, i.e., with continuous Horizon II represents the most recent settlement in phase B, and
is characterized
constructions which have been by posthole later disturbance and water erosion. damaged by to recognize it proved possible the ground plans Nonetheless, of 3 buildings and a paved court. Even though these buildings badly
not been
investigated, they seem to share the similar in size. and to be broadly orientation, w. Two of these are a maximum of 6m I. and 3-3.5m
have
completely
same NW-SE They
a
share
common
wall. Mud-brick constructions, portable finds were also located. II lay the remains of an older below horizon Immediately settlement, horizon III, which was destroyed by fire. Information about the organization of this settlement ismore confused, since
buildings
plain pottery
of
much
fragments
and various
the available of
floor
information
architectural and
with
postholes residential
no
consists
clear
of
idea
of
unit has been identified to arrangement. Only one in terms of form and successor date, which follows its predecessor structures set directly on and orientation. Inside are 2 mud-brick
the floor level, which slopes down markedly from E toW. The next horizon, IV, again has well-preserved posthole the entire area is covered by a thick (0.3-0.35m) constructions: This deposit destruction deposit with signs of a fierce fire. contained
construction
much
material
and
sealed
the floor
a large quantity of finds (Fig. 72). To date, 7 levels, preserving have been (ca. 8m x 4m): that investi investigated dwellings measures In general, to extent 8.8m x 3.5m. the fullest gated these are range houses which share a common NW-SE
are often united by a party wall orientation something which
into later building phases. in discoveries architectural the most interesting Among in groups within IV are the clay structures erected horizon Some and forming part of their internal organization. houses continues
60 such constructions
have
been
found
are preserved in good condition. hearths (Fig. 73), ovens, storage space, 83%
IV, of which served to create
in horizon
These
low platforms,
etc. The
varietyof typesand theirdistributionreinforcethe likelihoodof a special function in each case and suggest that they were with tasks connected to organize for different space
used
food
of the temperatures cooking and storage. Analysis preparation, undertaken to which these clay structures were by exposed,
NCSR Democritos (Y. Maniatis), will aid understandingof Results
their function.
obtained
to date
indicate
that these
temperatures did not exceed 650?C. a shallow Almost every house contained located
pit grave, normally part, under the floor and close to clay-built of the skeletal material state of preservation
in the NE
features.
The
only an estimate of age, not of sex. that of an infant of 12-18 months burial was allows
Stratigraphyand portable finds (includingglazed potteryand many
organized
and
contained
are
to Imathia, Flamouria.
A
07/12/2007).While itpartlyduplicates earlierAR reports(43 [1996-1997], 74; 46 [1999-2000], 89-90), it presents a
shapes
tiles with red and black slip. Local and importedpottery
Toumba.
University, Thessaloniki) presented on archaeological day conference
that of a newborn
case, the in another, In some tombs the and
in others the skeleton placed within a vessel, while laid out in prone position or on its side: there were no grave
bones were was
of less than 6-9 months.
In one
goods.
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2007-2008
67
to theW (occasionally to the N or S, men's were usually but never E). Male which graves contained mostly metalware, allowed of classes of warrior as follows the distinction (noting
while
also
the report by A.
and P. Chrysostomou
of the 2006-2007
excavations inEleutherotypia 06/03/08). (1) Ten burialswith iron
knives and a few other arrowheads, spears, and pottery vessels (3 adult and 3 juvenile
jewellery
presented in detail).
items
cases
of
are
(2) Six burials with an iron sword, 2
and a knife, plus a large number of other items such vessels and Cor (including Attic imports), a few terracotta figurines and bronze phialai, miniature iron furniture
spearheads as pottery
and jewellery, mainly bronze and iron rings and pins, and gold in detail). (3 cases are described (3) Tombs with mouth-plates all these items in greater quantity, plus a helmet (one also had a
gold wreath and several also gold eye pieces). Tomb 546 (last
a bronze helmet, contained quarter of the 6th Ct), for example, with iron sword, 2 spearheads and a knife, a gold mouth-plate a gold ring and 2 iron double pins, 3 iron repousse decoration, curved 72.
Toumba:
Archontiko,
horizon
IV,
floor with
dwelling
pots
complete
the pottery, a category of fine, polished, black or Among can be distinguished. A typical form is the dark brown vessels common are one with very high handles. Also amphoriskos handled
cups, small jugs, large vessels with marked and with corded decoration. lids, pithoi to date indicates that themajority of vessels are of
rounded and
necks
Investigation or large size (basins, amphorae, medium pithoi, Evidence for diet and subsistence activities animal
bone, carbonized obtained from ovicaprids,
seeds
etc.). is provided was
Meat
and molluscs.
(2 local,
a bronze lebes and phiale, and 4 pottery vessels In tomb 587 and an Attic bf kylix). exaleiptron in the head area, surviving goods robbed partially
objects, a Cor
(M6th Ct), a bronze helmet, iron sword, 2 spearheads and 3 iron comprised a ring, 2 with repouss? decoration, knives, a gold mouth-plate rosettes 11 mostly and sections of gold sheet triangular from a leather corselet and garments, miniature decoration in iron, an iron hook, a bronze furniture and obeloi lebes and 2 phialai, 4 terracotta figurines and 4 vases (one local, 2 Attic and one Cor). Among the women's graves, 6 examples (4 adult and
2 child) are described indetail. All contain largequantitiesof
gold
and
rosettes,
bronze
as well
jewellery as necklaces,
ornaments
and
pins,
rings and
(mouth-plates, vases
earrings),
by
largely
pigs and bovines, while deer hunting a significant role. Shellfish and fish were also Archaeobotanical research demon (T. Valamoti) strated the variety of grains and pulses used in the preparation
also
played consumed.
of foodstuffs acorns
was
such found,
as gruels and breads. as well as seasonal
and dogwood grapes from the Caucasus)
berries,
figs,
variety
imported
A large quantity of fruits such as black
fruit.
Lallemantia
and flax oil was
oil (a also used.
G. Deliopoulos presents (AEMTh 20 [2006], 685-702) an
account
of
the pottery
from
the building
with
the
stone
foundation W
(phase A). cemetery: A. and P. Chrysostomou
(17th EPCA)
report
(AEMTh 20 [2006], 703-12) continuingexcavation focused on
the W
slope
of hill
69.
Ninety-nine
further
tombs
were
excavated (35 EIA, 49 Ar and 15 Cl-EHel), plus an Ar dog
to 787 in an area of 8 the total discovered burial, bringing a peak of wealth stremmata and confirming in the Ar period. in family groups with pathways Graves were arranged between graves, mostly pits with or without cover slabs (plus in extended position. cists), contained single inhumations 19 had no goods: the remainder mostly had pottery, with other items (iron knives, and biconical gold and bronze jewellery,
them. EIA some
Female burials were clay spindle-whorls) being less common. and spindle whorls, but no particular distinguished by jewellery or children. Among items were characteristic of males female burials, details are given of 4 adult burials and one child burial, all with
1-2 pots
and
1-4
items of jewellery
(mostly
bronze
with a littlegold), plus shells and a spindle-whorlin individual cases. Among the 49 Ar graves (last quarter of the 6th Ct-480), of which 9 were robbed to some extent, 20 are male burials, 23 female and 6 not attributable. The dead were interred in
in wooden coffins: women's heads extended, prone position, were usually to the E (occasionally to the N or S, but never W),
73. Archontiko,
Toumba:
horizon
IV, hearth beside
house
wall
CATHERINEMORGAN
68
(local, with a few Cor and Ionian imports) and, in certain cases, iron knives, miniature also terracotta figurines, furniture). of Ar grave goods, one should In the context of discussion
which focuses also note thereportinEleutherotypia (06/03/08), on therichgold jewellery found especially inAr graves (cfAR 50 [2003-2004], 44). As this indicates,by theend of the2006
2007
excavation
total of tombs had
the overall
season,
and 7 undated).
872 (227 EIA, 409 Ar, 229 Cl-EHel to gold
addition women
ornaments
dress
face masks
and
3 cases
diadems, are noted (with
In of
illustration). in one case, 4-pointed sun/stars below and, on the rhomboid mouth
gold wearing decoration Impressed
included
over
the eyes with omphaloi a winged in the middle, animal dolphins and an Ionian wave motif at the corners. below,
above
cover,
of male
the division
reiterates
reached
The
into warrior
burials
and report but
classes,
notes a 4th class of exceptionally rich warriors with a full and defensive of offensive weapons (shield, helmet, panoply of whom 5 had one or more and knives) swords, spearheads and silvered bronze shields and 2 others bronze gold face masks A
shields. helmet
of warriors
number
decorated
with
gold
wore
bands
a
and
type of
Illyrian-Cor decoration
engraved
which is likely to come from the royalworkshop. Returning to theAEMTh report,the 15 Cl-Hel pit tombs comprise 5male and 8 female burials, plus 2 too disturbed to the start of the 4th Ct,
assign. Until Ar followed
but practice, turned to theW
of the body were
the orientation
thereafter, women's to the E. and men's
heads
Grave goods consistently or the one or more coins (of Maced?n comprise usually or 2 vases one at least and Thessalian (amphorae, cities) Three male or lamps) other items. among skyphoi, boisais and 5 others, silver, bronze and iron graves had iron spearheads
rings. Three tombs of the first phase of this period are described in detail. Thus, for example, a tombof a small girl a pair of silver a gold necklace, (grave 590, M5th Ct) contained iron pins, an Attic type A earrings, 4 silver bow fibulae with Two male ritual vessel. graves each skyphos and a composite one vase, 2 iron spearheads and 2 items of jewellery contained showing ring with stamped decoration, (in each case a bronze
thefirstpart ofAesop's fable of the fox and the storkand a
maenad
respectively)
sentative
-
from
examples 2 female) are discussed,
Four repre in addition, one had a coin. the latter part of the period (2 male and showing a similar range of goods.
M. Lilibaki-Akamati (Director, 17thEPCA) reports rescue (AEMTh 20 [2006], 591-614) on site conservationand
Pella.
of a bypass around the site. prior to the construction of the E and W city walls were determined, exact positions the E-W w. of the city at 1,280m along the road thus estimating and 1,320m S of the agora. Parts near the Sanctuary of Darron excavation
The
and the roads
of 3 insulae theW
sector:
include
these
them were separating 2 of the westernmost
in investigated insulae on the
limitsof theurban plan (noting thatin theone fullypreserved
from the usual 49m to 29m). A is narrowed case, the w. E-W 7m w. road separates the outer insulae from theW city wall. At in the final phase of least 3 construction phases are identified:
theSW insula,potterykilnswere installed.The walls of theN insula wall
periboloi
were
robbed
in the Rom
E
for the construction
cemetery, which
extends
of
tombs
and
into this area.
Twelve Rom tombs (2ndhalf of the2nd-lsthalf of the3rdCt AD)
9 tile graves, 2 cists with cover slabs here investigated 1-2 pottery vessels, glass vessel a all contained and pit. These bronze 1-3 and coins, and, in 2 cases, gold, silver fragments from this cemetery, as Further graves and bronze jewellery.
were
well as Hel graves (including 6 looted chamber tombs, all limit of the urban ca. 75m from the known beginning in the N part of this area. were excavated
area),
were
In the S city, remains of 3 ECh (lst-4thCt AD) buildings in an area
located
These
ca.
/. on
520m
the city's
that the lines of the urban
demonstrate
plan
E-W
axis.
to
continued
be followed even after thewidespread abandonment of the settlementfollowing theearthquakeof 90 BC. They includea a caldarium of the praefurnium, bath preserving complex and a one-room 3 rooms with hypocausts leading tepidarium An outdoor into a small pool. pool, with a water swimming system and a small exedra, lay to the S supply and drainage
Rom
and therewas a cistern to theW.
mosaic
floors
mortars:
portable coins.
and many many
of occupation
phases
The bath buildings had
with coloured sectile decoration opus vessels finds include clay, glass and marble revealed the bath complex Tests beneath
and
extending
into the Cl period.
back
Cl and Hel remainswere levelled, likely in the2ndhalf of the 1stor the 1sthalf of the2ndCt AD, for thenew buildings,which followed
the former
complex,
erected
urban
plan.
were
These
subsequently
destroyed by fire, and new buildings, including the bath in the 2nd-3rd Ct:
these were
in turn destroyed
in the 1sthalf of the4thCt AD, and thebuildingmaterials used
for the construction
of roads
To date, no remains
in this area.
of theCh period have been located elsewhere and it is likely
that activity was water-front. I. Akamatis
confined
(Aristotelian
to the S part of the city, close University,
Thessaloniki)
to the
reports
(AEMTh 20 [2006], 615-26) on a furtherseason of excavation
in the S part of the E stoa was conservation, verify the floor levels In the lowest floor level a series and install a drainage system. one to the initial use of the rooms: of storage pits relates of sherds and amphorae, pseudo-Cypriot pottery produced
Excavation in the agora. to assist inwall undertaken
giving a tpqof theL4thCt BC for theconstructionand firstuse
of the stoa.
Pits
in several
rooms
produced
large quantities
of
figurinesand figurinemoulds. Lifting of part of the fabricof the road E of the agora, N and S of the central avenue, revealed trench and part of the E wall of the agora, and the foundation NE corner of the E to E. The the the insula wall of of the part in situ, along with the corner of the neigh stoa was located located to the E. N of the avenue, previously insula bouring and the angle of the next insula to insula remains were cleaned
the S edge of the road bordering the N revealed. Investigation The road fabric included many metal of the agora continued. craft tools) and a items (keys, lead weights, etc., plus many a large of wide handles, including range amphora stamped rf number of the Parmeniskos group. Pottery included much also many moulds and sherds bearing graffiti, and there were as elements of a roof, and relief altars, as well for figurines a The head of Herakles. coins and a marble stratigraphy of investi insula 1/4 and the S stoa was section of road between this was
gated:
shown
to lie over part of a cemetery
of the 1st
half of the 4thCt BC, previously located in the area. road pits), few:
23
a pyre were found in theW part of the and 16 rock-cut tile-covered 5 graves (2 enchytrismoi, generally goods were by tumuli. Grave likely covered and oinochoai, olpai skyphoi, lekythoi, boisais, squat
additional
tombs
and
thilastra,rfvessels (especially lekythoiand pelikai), figurines,
at the and jewellery iron and silver fibulae, placed men were By the hands of many part of the body. In the S part of and athletic equipment. farming tools, weapons was a well excavated the previously cemetery, within the road,
bronze, relevant
filled in theL3rdor E2ndCt BC; this likelyserved thebuildings In the area of the in the area rather than the earlier cemetery. road S of the agora, N of insulae 1/2 and 1/7, lay a metal working hearths and other related with tools, moulds, establishment, 2 stretches of road, through the S stoa and Finally, equipment. to the agora, were the SW approach investigated.
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2007-2008 Kathimerini (07/03/08) and Ethnos (15/03/08) report the
discovery by M. Lilibaki-Akamati bath complex of ca. 1,000m2. This lined with waterproof cement and
and
of a Hel
I. Akamatis
had a large pool (7m x 4m) a changing room to the S.
first phase of construction dates to ca. 325-300 and the ca. 275-250, remodeled with 18 new individual building was and group baths, a tholos, and pebble and mosaic pavements. Under-floor added in the M2nd Ct BC, with the heating was The
additional
creation
of cold
and hot baths,
tholos as a sauna.
the use
of the
towards
the public
of the
presentation
archaeological siteofPella isdiscussed by I.Akamatis (AEMTh 20 [2006], 627-39). Significantprogress in documenting the and water
road network
reported. had been
Nine
system, and locating further insulae is further graves excavated routes along the main
badly
damaged
by road
construction:
many
were
in
slim pithoi and were likelymarked with tumuli. The only
open vessel offerings were a local EBA bowl. A fountain house was discovered museum
to
the
an ECyc marble by the road from the Kathimerini Subsequently,
storerooms.
and
(29/02/08)reportedthediscovery by I.Akamatis ofmore than
ca. 30% of which were 100 EBA burials, in large enchytrismoi in stone (1.5-1.6m h.) pithoi and the rest pit burials or burials lined structures. bowls They were accompanied by marble
from the Cyclades
handmade
(sometimes with red pigment), local
and pottery and knives.
arrowheads
bezel, silverhoop earringsand a bg pyxis (1sthalf of the2 Ct
Grave 266 (a female cremation, with iron nails preserved BC). from the bier) had a bronze needle, a bg 2 small iron hooks, a loom and 2 coins. W and skyphos, weight Immediately outside
simple stones.
was a rock-cut chamber the proteichisma tomb, with a to theW and the stomion blocked with small chamber a male
It contained
of
metal
objects were Bodies
the same
beneath
period the later city.
damaged by the intrusionof a 3rdCt AD tomb:a cuttingin the
E wall M2nd
of the dromos
Ct
BC.
The
held
4
a cremation
remaining (2 with
chambers underground all with individual double),
was
originally
figurines were on had couches cist grave
and
discovered
in rescue
to be
nearby
in the W
theW
niches in theS wall held lamps. Between 4 and 6 members of the same
family were
buried
in this tomb,
and
cemetery
w. produced: part of the Hel W it from the outermost insulae;
W, the SW edge of a LB A part of the proteichisma; further
settlement (fills, deposits and a well containing pottery, stone tools and animal bone); part of a water channel with clay pipes 168 BC) along the line of the new road. Part of an (post-dating
extensive
and 390 Rom), cemetery, with 429 graves (39 Hel traced along the length of the new road, inside and outside the wall and proteichisma, and for some distance further W.
was
This
remained
in use
from the L4th Ct BC to the 1stquarter of a horse burial. The 39 tile grave contained Hel burials were scattered in front of the proteichisma growing denser further W. intact, although with modest They were the 4th Ct AD.
goods, (19)
and
and
One
consist
rock-cut
of enchytrismoi chamber tombs
(3), (7).
pits (10), tile graves Illustrative of the
is grave 243A (pre-M3rd Ct), a male cremation in enchytrismoi a kalpis covered with a plate, outside which were 2 pottery tear-bottles and 3 iron strigils on a ring (2 bear a particular
in the stamp on the handle which appears elsewhere Ten pit graves, mainly with child cremations, were cemetery). found in theW part of the excavation. those described, Among a large number of This contained grave 8 is a typical example. and terracotta figurines astragaloi types and (notably Attis
producer's
Macedonian cremation
Pit grave 20 (a child youths), plus a tear-bottle. with a lead weight) had as a cover slab the reused 3rd
Ct BC grave steleofAristokleia,wife ofChairephanis. The 19 tile graves and
ceramic
(cremation
of a young
metal
contained
both
cremations
offerings. girl)
For
and
inhumations, with tile grave 106
example, a silver contained
ring with
gold
low, 2 with
a sides, a low wall demarcating on the E side. containers Two
and N
2 rectangular
(AEMTh 20 [2006], 641-57, 659-71). A section of the new
bypass road 250m /. and 22.5m city wall and the road dividing
of the
74 Fig. tomb 4, with a stepped dromos: an niche on the E side of the dromos and protected by a wall. Pottery, lamps scattered through the dromos fill. The chamber
reports on Hel and Rom
excavation
3 vessels
tombs were
chambers, single internal arrangements.
the single-chambered in a rectangular inhumation
shows
with
rock-cut
including jewellery, in contracted placed
is assumed
P. Chrysostomou (17thEPCA)
graves
5
the looters. Chamber tomb 5 is more escaped it had a long dromos and an entrance way which was one blocked. The chamber held inhumation originally
women to the left and men to the right. facing infants and older children were also buried here. The Babies, as it continues full extent of the cemetery cannot be determined, so far investigated beneath the later city: are the graves beneath later roads and passageways. A relatively accessible settlement
a bier, with
elaborate:
positions,
probably
on
inhumation
potteryvessels dating just before theM3rd Ct BC. Chamber tomb 1 is roughly similar; here a lead pyxis and 7 pottery vessels
research
Preparatory
and
69
74. Pella: W
cemetery,
chamber
tomb 4
laid on wooden
biers
CATHERINEMORGAN
70
and with metal (bronze chest fittings, a gilded bronze objects and figurines of the 2nd Ct mirror) along with ceramic vessels BC. The rock-cut chamber tombs and their contents, all 2nd Ct are described
BC,
in detail.
Tomb
is the most
6
elaborate
in its first chamber painted plaster structure, preserving architectural decoration and, in its 2nd, an Ionic doorway painted plaster ornament.
with with
in the area of the Hel W Rom cemetery cemetery the Rom-ECh settlement in the S part of the earlier city settlement 1.5km W. and at Fakos, rather than the Rom colonial The
served
390 Rom graves (including7 cists, 31 pits and 346 tilegraves) W beyond thewalls. 246 laywithin theHel city and further
contained
objects were There
vessels.
such 222
as figurines, cremations
glass and
is represented,
shapes
chytrae, cups, skyphoi, common. lamps most
plates,
with
sections
stones
and/or tile and many had periboloi built Some tile graves had spolia. (mainly Hel) terracotta pipe set upright to receive libations.
rocks
and
of
terracotta (mostly often placed upside down) were feasts and offerings for the dead. detail. Among these, we note tile
figurines, lamps and vessels the tomb, indicating outside are discussed in 33 examples
168
a bronze a medical implement, sealing ring a sphinx and an amulet in a gold setting. The oval on one face stone in this amulet was engraved semi-precious with an Egyptian mystical formula inGr and a magic symbol in
all graves were intact, A wide variety goods.
oinochoai, amphorae, tear-bottles and trays, lekanides, are plainwares: Latin and Gr
Many are rare. Relief
stamps lamps are relatively common, are also common, but vessels types. Glass including Ephesian metal offerings are rare. Terracotta found figurines are mostly in child graves. Gold funerary coins were very rare; most were workshop
sides with
from
the most
and
contained
1sthalf of the2ndCt and finally inhumationdominated during
of ceramic
deep
which
Most
the 2nd half of the 2nd-M3rd Ct. Almost but only a very few contained valuable
more
graves were
and
were (but not all) cremations primary. was era until Cremation the dominant rite from the Augustan the end of the 1stCt AD, the 2 rites then co-existed during the inhumations.
of Veratius
common those inside category: in family groups. W tightly arranged set inside a wide cutting tombs were of the proteichisma many on 2 or in the rock. Pit and cist graves were often bordered Tile
the walls
were
slave
Ingenua,
goods
in family groups with Graves were arranged goods. no consistent orientation: around one third (128) were child and all infant and most child burials lacked goods, burials, some
bore an from a funerary monument, built for his fellow slave
reused
slabs,
that Zosimos recording of the monument (synkellarios) Camerinus. inscription
Grave
contained
although ceramic
of its cover
are also or occasionally Coin hoards silver, denarii. of the 1sthalf of the 3rd Ct AD certain examples rare, excepting A number of inMacedonia. when the custom was widespread in gold, tombs are distinguished of jewellery by the presence
one
and
glass
grave 18 (a male inhumation) bronze 5 ceramic vessels,
fishhooks, depicting
the centre,
and
on
the other
face with
a coiled
lion-headed
snake identifiedby the inscriptionas Cnouphis (amuletswith
this image protect
stomach
against
conditions).
Goods
in grave
47 includeda hoard of 17bronze coins and a gold ringworn by the young male deceased inscribed evidence of this cult at Pella.
Ei?
Zeu?
u?pccTTi?,
further
Publication:M. Lilibaki-Akamati,Ki?cjTioaxrmoc to?o? ?je ?cjypa?iKri 8iaK?o?jr?ori ano tt)v TT???a (Thessaloniki, EPCA, 2007). Ministry ofCulture/17th
bronze,
Three prophylactic silver, bronze, iron, glass, jet and bone. are of particular amulets interest. Common finds in female are burials iron and bronze chests, fittings from wooden
in bronze and bone, cosmetic and tools, pyxides palettes bronze bells, bone buttons, and terracotta and mirrors, needles, common finds are bronze and iron bone spindle-whorls. Less implements, pendants and toys. Bronze strigils, bronze medical handles from biers or couches, and nails from biers on which are also noted. 2 marble bodies rested for cremation, Only
one had a seated man at left and grave markers were recovered: a rider at right, the other, in secondary use as a cist tomb cover, hero hunting a boar to right, toward an altar depicted a mounted
with There
a
standing male is one unique
and case
a
tree round which
of an
in situ
was
limestone
a
base
of
Nomos
Imathia
(17thEPCA:
11th EBA)
Trilofos (Kazani). I.Graikos (17thEPCA) reports(AEMTh 20 [2006], 795-803) on the discovery of a LNeo settlementin rescue
excavation
for
the construction
of
the new
Veroia
The site lies within an arc of Skydra road, at the site of Kazani. The extent of the settlement along the foothills of Mt Vermion.
remain unclear the nature of its internal organization It and cultivation). (the area is disturbed by mod. quarrying could cover may be as large as 5 stremmata, but excavation site and
snake. for a
(a marble funerary altar, the upper part of which pine found nearby. Part of an ERom honorific marble cone) was base bears a fragmentary inscription.
marble
the enchytrismoi, this is an grave 206A is described: Among tear infant cremation in a kalpis, with a bronze coin, a ceramic bottle and 2 figurines. The 7 cist tombs show great variety in
in a large cist lined inhumation 21, a male It be the grave of a city official. slabs, may a relief lamp, an iron prochous, a bronze strigil with
construction. with
Tomb
marble
contained
a a denarius of Caracalla decoration, (198 AD), of 2 silver coins and a gold ring on a chain, and rolled gold sheet inscribed with the owner's name, Pontios Lykos, on all 4 sides. The pit graves showed great variety: 18 were simple
engraved necklace
and 5 pits and 21 had cover slabs or tiles, 26 held inhumations cremations. the 4 typical examples described, grave 22 Among
(dated to the 2ndhalf of the 2ndCt AD by 2 coins) held gold
a bronze earrings, a silver bracelet, ceramic chytra and a terracotta horse
a button, a glass vessel, and rider (Fig. 75). One
75.
Pella:
grave
22
Rom
cemetery,
horse
and
rider figurine
from pit
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2007-2008 stone-paved, likely open-air area, a vaulted stone structures, hearths and storage jars open angular pots Pottery finds include many with flat bases, black-burnished and black-rimmed notably of red-topped and other burnished pots, with few examples wares. Other finds are few: they include stone tools, 3 clay only ca. 800m2.
channel, pits, were located.
A
oval
and a stone bead.
figurines
I.Graikos (17thEPCA) reports (AEMTh 20 [2006], 821-32) on thediscovery of 2 clustersof graves dating from
Veroia.
the L5th-L4th
Ct BC
during
anc.
at the S entrance
road-works
of the
10 pit graves and city. The older (L5th-M4th Ct) contains covers and the later (M-L4th Ct) 11. All but one had wooden all contained The earlier group was oriented individual burials. N-S
and the later E-W.
Pottery from the earlier group, notably and exaleiptra, is closely related to Attic, whereas
bg skyphoi that from the later is closer Ct
M2nd
BC
reused
an
to Hel.
individual
The pit. of the cemeteries
for the topography
evidence
An
earlier
burial
article
of the
of Veroia
(cf. AR
28 [1981-1982], 39-40 forprevious finds in thisarea). Kerdos (21/07/07), To Vima, Eleutherotypia, Ta Nea, Kathimerini (12/03/08) and Apogevmatini (13/03/08) report thediscovery of 4 graves of the3rdCt AD during construction work
on G. Seferis
street. They
belong
to a larger cemetery
of
thisperiod located in the 1960s in the extramuralW part of the anc.
city. vessels
Gold
bronze
and
coins, weapons, jewellery, vessels were I. recovered.
and glass cosmetic are quoted as reporting the surgeon L. Pavlides signs of trauma from trepanation on the cranium of one young woman the reason for this complex and (ca. 25 years of age): skilled unclear. The of clinical existence surgery remains facilities in anc. Veroia has previously been attested in pottery Graikos
Ambelokipon street(on the slopes of thehill of ProfitisIlias) is the most
distant
and
inscriptions. Veroias.
E.
Psarra
and
S. Lioulias
(17th EPCA)
report(AEMTh 20 [2006], 805-20) on rescue excavation on the
street. Four rooms from a Rom bath plot at 4 Aivaliou located complex likely form part of a private establishment outside the city boundaries, the structure is too poorly although to be sure of its status. The walls include architec preserved tural spolia in secondary use. Along the E side of the plot lie the praefumium and the hypocaust of the caldarium. To theW are 2 rooms with mosaic pavements geometric depicting room I (the northernmost) in mixed materials patterns, terracotta and other stones) and room II (the south (pebbles, Savvas
in terracotta
ernmost)
set inwaterproof
mortar
(Fig.
76).
Room
I is likelytheapodyteriumand room II likelya swimmingpool.
Ceramic with
evidence
some
indicates
architectural
use during the 2nd and 3rd Cts AD, in the course of that period.
adaptation
Notable among finds is a lamp imitatinga productof the3rdCt Attic workshop of EA?IAHOOPOY. The complex was in the M3rd Ct. Room II was reused destroyed and abandoned as a store, A containing pottery of the 1sthalf of the 5thCt AD.
Cl child pit grave of the3rdquarterof the5thCt BC was found between
the N wall
of the praefumium and a water channel at the N edge of the plot. This contained a rf squat lekythos, a stone alabastron, a bg aryballoid a sigma lekythos with patterned band, a Rheneia cup, nails from the child's bier and, at the feet, 2 bronze At strigils and a terracotta figurine. a glass shoulder a lekythos of the alabastron, height were of the Megaira Painter and a glass trefoil-mouthed workshop oinochoe.
In general,
A silver coin of Alexander the bath
complex
is set
I served as Charon's into the context
obol. of
the
hitherto limited (but growing) body of evidence forHel and
Rom
of Veroia, outside activity NW to published addition a evidence,
the city boundaries. new Hel tomb at
In
43
Hel
cemeteries
yet discovered
Vergina (anc. Aigai). Ch. Saatsoglou-Paliadeli (Aristotelian University,Thessaloniki) reports(AEMTh 20 [2006], 753-57) on progress to complete
in a collaborative
architectural Ch.
with
programme
conservation cataloguing, and other finds. and
Saatsoglou-Paliadeli
A.
and
the 17th EPCA
presentation
of
(Aristotelian
Kyriakou
University,Thessaloniki) report(AEMTh 20 [2006], 759-66)
on at the palace excavation and cemetery. continuing at the tholos in the palace Excavation that the demonstrated exedra contains reused architectural members in its foundation and must
thus post-date
the Rom be
therefore,
conquest connected with
in the M2nd
Ct BC.
the palace, but it in this area. The main
represents a continuity of ritual function conclusions of A. Kyriakou's 2005 doctoral
thesis on the M4th
Ct BC Stenomakri tomb (excavated in 1981 and 2003-2005) are presented. The oblong tumulus (43.75m x 24.75m) covered a pit grave in the centre (tomb A) and 2 cist graves 3 burials
to theN (tombT) and S (tombB), each surroundedby itsown In
per?bolos. polychrome are closely
tomb
hydriae, similar as well
cemetery, and metal
to at least is drawn 10 B, attention to allow funerary libations, which pierced to polychrome vessels from the Aiane
as rich metal goods including horse trappings, chest. Over tomb T ivory fittings for a wooden
and
a group of 15hydriaepierced for libationsdiffersin stylefrom that in tomb B, being more the grave among
Notable
influenced
closely
by metalwork. is a Kerch style acorn
offerings
lekythosattributedto theAttic painterof theVogell Group, but
in non-Attic Promithea
from the known
(ADelt B 59 [2004], forthcoming).At 7 Arygyropoulos street, part of a strongN-S wall ofHel date is reported(ADeltB 60 [2005], forthcoming).
It cannot,
assembles
71
weapons wreaths as well male
Other offerings include iron knobs from jewellery, from a wooden ivory decoration clay.
and and
as gilded terracotta plaques. is clearly attested and burial
weapons
(notably
a
silver-inlaid
3 rf vases,
In the central the tomb
sword),
metal
2 vessels, chest and couch,
leather
but
tomb A,
a
includes
many there are also
slight indicationsof a female burial. At the E side of the
bore burial markers, of which survive the tumulus, a monument marble volute krater buried in the paw of a lion and a marble foundation. The tombs were looted and the monument
destroyedby theGauls in the3rdCt BC and theRomans in the 2nd Ct BC.
Remains
rich weapons deceased.
from
S. Drougou
of pyres connected to the cist graves and the central grave indicate the status of the
(Aristotelian
University,
Thessaloniki)
reports
(AEMTh 20 [2006], 767-72) on excavationof theMacedonian tombwith Ionic fa?ade. This focusedon thedromos,which is shown to be lengthy(14m /. x 6-7m h.), includinga large courtyard of coarse
(7m /. x 6m w.) stones protected
in front of the fa?ade. A large wall from loose soil on the S
the dromos
side. A building dedication at the SE corner of the tomb containsmainly bg plateswhich date the tomb to theL4thCt or ca. 300 BC.
A. Kottaridou (17thEPCA) reports(AEMTh 20 [2006], 723 80) on rescue excavation of building plots on the E side of Vergina, excavated,
within
the Ar
spanning
90 graves have so far been cemetery. the 6th Ct BC: these are densely concen
trated, apparently in groups (perhaps family groups) and
in rows. Within the city, excavation close to the NW arranged a large revealed over 3 gate building complex (covering stremmata) with multiple phases, but on a different orientation from
the palace
and
the Sanctuaries
of Eurykleia
and Kybele
(confirmingthat,despite the effortsof Philip II,Aigai never
72
CATHERINEMORGAN * i
V?1
+
6
?S
'\M^
"
V
+
\\
e
vr
.Pu r i
' l^// J? ?war/'
*-
' ^
-it'- r
^*
76. Promithea
Veroias:
mosaics
from Rom
bath complex
to a consistent Finds include LAr entirely conformed grid). in a large 4th Ct pottery and a very few 5th Ct spolia used structure. The building continues W, with a large apparently The building courtyard and a water channel running beneath.
was
remodelled
alterations, abandoned. the main
before
continued This
the end of the 4th Ct and, with various into ECh times when the town was
in use
is a longer period of use than the palace and in the 1stCt and the extent of construction
sanctuaries,
AD is notable. To this laterbuilding phase belongs the large
court peristyle entire complex.
1 stremma in area) which the (ca. reshaped A rich destruction deposit covers the building. Documentation of the full extent and layout of the complex awaits future seasons. theW
Beside
a well-constructed similar
gymnasium
within
building in the palace.
with
the Palaiopanagia pebble mosaic
gully,
lies
pavements in the reign
This was destroyed It is speculated in a flood. that the III, probably of the city is to be found here. Further S, on the
to those
of Amyntas
city wall,
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2007-2008 Palaiochori hill, thediscoveryof thebody of amarble statueof a seated
An sanctuary. surely indicates an extra mural of settlement (ca. 70 stremmata) existed W of
deity area extensive
remains
substantial Vergina, including Fourth Ct houses and periboloi
have
previously reported. been located here, as well
as a cemeteryof thereignsofAmyntas III and Philip II to the of a Hel
lie further W, at Pournari building near Rovia, where a settlement and cemetery of the L EIA and an anc. water channel are located. Further N, on the plain close
W.
The
remains
to the Aliakmon an
remains,
On
cemetery.
is a tumulus with
at Varka,
EIA
a Cl-Hel
and
cemetery the plain NE
EBA
the cemetery,
of
settlement
settlement
and
is the Rom
area, with 2 more a house trial trenches revealed
is another Here
settlement
destroyed in the 2ndCt BC and an ImperialRom kiln. This evidence
to support
combines
of an urban
the picture
kata komas.
structure
study of the palace,
photogrammetrical Saatsoglou-Paliadeli
(Aristotelian
is also
reported
by Ch.
Thessaloniki)
University,
(Apogevmatini, Ethnos [14/03/08], Ethnos tis Kyriakis [16/03/08]). Ethnos (13/03/08) reports the results of analysis (byM. Vavelidis, Aristotelian University, Thessaloniki) of the of precious metals used provenance comes from the Aliakmon area and
in the royal burials. the Chalkidike, and
Gold
silver
from Lavrion. A meeting
2001)
A potter's kiln was further
the 30th anniversary
celebrating
of the discovery
To Vima 2007, is widely reported (Kathimerini, Eleutherotypia, and Ta Nea [09/11/07]), with attention given to a lecture by A.
on the symbolism of the Europa
Kottaridou (17thEPCA)
mosaic
in reinforcing Philip IPs claims to be a European leader. Research into the symbolic of the Odrysian representation
kingdom of Thrace on the frieze from theTomb of Philip II and D.
widely reported as to Philip's victories which
is also
Ignatidou) forming part of a group of allusions
reinforcesthe identification of the tomb (Ethnos [11/03/08and 14/03/08], Kathimerini and Eleutherotypia [12/03/08], Apogevmatini [13/03/08]).
rooms
Surrounding
into workshop
space
-
as a tile works
served
finished
tools and masses
tiles, metal
The House ofAthena (notedfrom press reports inAR 53 [2006-2007], 67), close to theVilla of Dionysos, was further Four
investigated.
stoas
surrounded
impluvium, with 2 rectangular E side served as the tablinium. same
Rom
rooms
and phase, not reoccupied.
the courtyard with the off each: one room on the
entire complex was built in abandoned after subsequently
The
and Portable include finds (in to pottery) a marble table and 2 malachite sealstones: the house takes it name from a relief depicting Athena with a
flooding addition
a paved snake. of the central N-S road revealed Cleaning cross-road running E; this then turns S, at the same elevation as
theroad in frontof theVilla ofDionysos. The statueofHera reportedinAR 53 ([2006-2007], 67) as foundbuilt intoa ECh wall, is discussedwith illustration. S. Piniatoglou (Aristotelian University, Thessaloniki) reports (AEMTh 20 [2006], 577-78) on the completion of in the Sanctuary of Asklepios. E of the temple, 2 of an Imperial Rom stoa were revealed, founded upon a a construction. of marble include Fragments statuary
excavation Hel
of sanctuaries crouching boy characteristic related deities. concludes Piniatoglou for the Hel city. summary of evidence
of Pieria
Pantermalis
of Asklepios and a with
(580-86)
Eleutherotypia (14/03/08) and Ta Nea
plans
of an archaeological
for the creation
(17/03/08) report park.
Methone. Ethnos (02/05/07)summarizesdiscoveriesmade by M. Besios (27thEPCA) at thisEretrian colony, includingAr structures
monumental occupation pottery Evidence
(LNeo-BA) as well as for A has
and probably the agora. is also noted, with decorated bronze and terracotta glass,
trading
activities
large basement been discovered:
centred
on
Earlier
Myc
fine
jewellery. the harbour is
storage area for wine awaiting there is an exceptionally large
of amphorae and other ceramic finds. Evidence for demonstrates and the manufacturing ivory and bone working, of metal jewellery using stone moulds. strata production Upper have produced bronze arrowheads linked to the siege laid by
(27thEPCA: 9thEBA) D.
transformed
of unbaked clay were found. The kilnwas destroyedby fire
shipment collection
CENTRAL MACEDONIA
Dion.
were
following the establishmentof thekiln and the area probably
emphasized.
Nomos
in part of the agora (discovered structure This investigated. rectangular the chamber; had 4 pairs of columns supporting and in clay. chamber floor were finished
(3.7m x 3.5m) the exterior
in the NW
rooms
of theRoyal Tomb byManolis Andronikos, held inNovember
Seiradakis
11-13 walls
(reportedin fullby S. Piniatoglou, inAEMTh 20 [2006], 579 80).
the
of (07/09/07) reports on a programme Eleutherotypia conservation and restoration of the palace. The completion of an architectural and finds database, and the first phase of a
(I.
examined,
and abandoned.
settlement(withECh basilica) which replacedAigai and just
the E city gate beyond further E at Keramario.
the stratigraphical sequence W of rooms 3 Rom above Hel revealing phases
In the agora,
was
73
Philip II in354 BC.
(Aristotelian
University,
Thessaloniki)
reports (AEMTh 20 [2006], 567-75) on a furtherseason of
excavation
and
site conservation.
Trial trenchesS of the Temple of Asklepios revealed no
building remains, just an isolated which is hard to explain. In the sector of the Hydraulis,
sarcophagus, excavation
the presence
continued
of
were
traced
insula, demonstrating street. colonnaded
that
years)
the entire W along the cardo of the
E, Immediately room precludes a cross-street:
the
side
of
city was of presence
of Thessaloniki
(16thEPCA: 9thEBA) Thessaloniki
in the
NW part of the insula. The stoa and stylobate (revealed in previous
Nomos
the a a
this room was rectangular likely used for the preparation of lime. Rooms discovered in this area date to the 2nd-3rd Ct AD: a floor at a higher level dates to the 4th Ct AD, noted in theW coinciding with evidence previously part of the msula.
Metro
excavations. Since construction of the city's new metro in June 2006, the only analytical system commenced report of the associated rescue excavation to be published is that by Ch.
Bakirtzis andN. Pazaras (9thEBA) inAEMTh 20 (2006), 431 66.
The
2006-2007,
authors
when
excavation in conducted report on rescue 58 trenches and pre-drilling tests were 43 produced Portable finds are antiquities.
of which opened, noted as few, and mostly small quantities of post-Byz domestic pottery and Ot tobacco pipes, also ECh transport vessels, a few bronze coins and marble to often shallowly spolia. Disturbance
74
CATHERINEMORGAN
buried LRom and ECh remains from 19thand 20thCt AD was
construction series
of tables
severe. The authors present a useful generally remains and setting out in detail the building
to construc trench by trench, according station, Demokratias-Venizelou line,
portable finds located tion area (Demokratias Venizelou
station,
line, Ag. Venizelou-Ag. Sophia Sophia line and Stavroupolis branch). Sophia-Syntrivani architectural of wall finds are sections (rarely into recognizable channel and structures), water
station, Ag. Almost all
connecting readers paving:
concerned
of the city are referred
with
the LRom
to these tables.
and ECh
Exceptional
topography finds noted
in their report (with additions as indicatedfrom subsequent as below. From 2007 onwards, greater depths and the pace of work more become press reports of new finds have account the geographical The follows following are
press coverage) has excavation increased, frequent. structure
be
recent
in progress, treated with
on
the
at Monastiriou
6 and Odysseus, just an area of ca. a mass of clay covered city wall, A potter's kiln was located and the authors cite
theW x
caution.
station:
Demokratias outside
and
press
and useful updates Maps can be found at http://www.ametro.gr.
construction
2.2m
Pazaras' report, with annotations As ever with such a major reports. and statistics should conclusions preliminary
of Bakirtzis
from more work
noted
reached
1.1m.
kilns internalreportsof the9thEBA on thediscovery of further in rescue excavation at theChANTh (YMCA) football pitch of street, to illustrate the popularity locations on the fringes of the city for intallations of this kind. a at Egnatias 22 and Antigonidon, Demokratias-Venizelou: at 48
and
Giannitson
below the mod. structure lay 0.25m apsidal di. 1.25m). oriented N-S (wall w. 0.6m, maximum pavement, station (see also Eleutherotypia Venizelos 12/04/07, Ta Nea street (formerly Sabri Pasha avenue, 13/04/07): on Venizelou Seven cist within the Byz city wall), part of an Ot cemetery. LRom-ECh
tombs were
found
indicating
the
lines, and 2 further freely-placed, use of the cemetery (despite
in parallel
continuing
burial) until theend of theOt period. prohibitionof intra-mural
Glazed LOt
and plain pottery from the area dates from the MByz to the E by a N-S and later. The cemetery was bounded
a marble wall, containing line on theW the building a
abutting
section
of
This wall
block.
of the former Sabri
that avenue
and which
preserved,
threshold
in turn had
which
has
a water
follows
Pasha 6
avenue, street levels
channel
running
it.
alongside
Alcazar: Eleutherotypia (12/04/07) cites a 9thEBA report
on the location the Bezesten
street station of a stoa joining Bei t?menos (the Alcazar).
at the Venizelos
market with
the Hamza
Eleutherotypia (14/03/08)reportsindetail on a study(led by E. Marki of the9thEBA) of remainsof an ECh churchbelow the and capitals of the L5th-6th Ct AD noting to house portable The decision in the later t?menos. from the metro features architectural selected and 16 columns
Alcazar, reused finds
in a new museum
excavations
in the Alcazar
iswidely
reported
(e.g.,Kathimerini [13/04/07and 6/03/08],To Vima [06/03/08)]. Agia
Sophia-Syntrivani:
at Egnatias
and Sokratous
(before
thechurchofAg. Athanasios), partof a 2ndCtAD table support
0.7m
a (headless) male found, depicting Traces of cement confirm that itwas
h. was
a chiton.
figure wearing later built into a
wall (Kathimerini[13/04/07]illustratesthepiece).
(6/03/08) Gr-Rom
here were
Kathimerini (13/04/07)had previouslynoted thediscovery of a MHGYMNAIOI. OIAQNOI stele inscribedEniGEPIHI rose to Subsequently (Avgi [12/03/08]),thenumber of tombs
Rom
monolithic
marble
At
ossuaries.
the road
intersection
for
this station,Avgi (12/03/08)reportsthediscovery of a totalof
637
tombs of which
only 22 contained
goods,
plus
of
remains
buildings. Kathimerini (10/06/08) reportswith illustrationa a Hel gold wreath and a clay pyxis, containing a funerary building with a mosaic pavement. cremation
plus
Neos Sidirodromikos Stathmos: here too, following initial conclusions
To Vima and Kathimerini, in an area of ca. report the discovery (6/03/08) in the same area. successive funerary enclosures later contained 15 Rom tombs and the earlier 9 graves with
pessimistic
Eleutherotypia 255m2 of 2 The goods coins, pins,
Grave of gold goods consisted dating to the 3rd Ct BC. bronze items, pottery vessels, lamps, glass jewellery, etc. A 5.5m d. well was also found. Four of these graves
will be removed and preserved. Kathimerini (10/06/2008) from of ca. 200 graves reports the discovery in excavation for this station. cemetery Aristotelian Library: University
the city's W
Kathimerini
(10/06/2008) reportsthe discovery, inwhat has only recently
as a poorer, lower class area of the city's characterized laid the burial of a woman cemetery, of a cist grave containing 4 gold olive wreaths bier. This contained supine on a wooden
been
(unusuallyplaced, 2 at thefeetand 2 at thehead), gold earrings
coin, a gold coin placed a bronze mirror, 2 clay pyxides, Anc. remains architectural and one bronze and 4 clay vessels. were in this area. that The report observes also discovered in the form of a dog's head, of the deceased,
a bronze
in the mouth
some been
800 graves from the city's extra-mural E discovered (no further details are available).
cemetery have M. Tsibidou
Avloniti (16thEPCA/chief archaeologist at the Panepistimio sets these discoveries into broader stations) Syntrivani in context, noting that over 2,000 burials have been excavated use from the 4th Ct the past 20 years, indicating uninterrupted
and
BC to at least the2ndhalf of the4thCt AD, and doubting the areas.
of poor
existence
city centre of). M.
Thessaloniki, E cemetery
(area
A.
A. Kagiouli,
Tsibidou-Avloniti,
Kaifa and E. Christodoulidou (16thEPCA) report(AEMTh 20 [2006], 285-97; cf. AR 53 [2006-2007], 60) on continuing
in the new city hall plot (Demarchikon Megaron, 12 and 3rd September streets). 63 tombs, 5 wells, Georgiou were concentrated in the NE pits and the remains of 2 buildings and S of the plot: the remaining area was severely disturbed by in rows in the NE, SE Tombs were arranged mod. construction. excavation
Vas.
and
areas:
S-central with
NW-SE,
Most
orientation
the 15
enchytrismon, covered with
cranium
4
single burials, (with 2 contracted).
There
SE.
were
were
37 cists, and 3 stone-lined
uncovered
graves, 2 marble box-cists
slabs,
the majority
but
varied, to the
tile
were
2 cists
cists.
in prone inhumations, mainly Five cases contain 2-3 members
all
position of the same
use of a is one case of secondary family. There Most tomb (after an initial, Hel, cremation). graves had few or no goods. from 9 graves date to the 1sthalf of the 3rd Ct Coins I. Other AD, with one hoard of 6 bronze coins of Constantine goods
By
disappointing. and Eleutherotypia To Vima Kathimerini, in an area of ca. 502m2, of 95 reported the discovery, and LRom tombs, of which goods. only 5 contained
Syntrivani: 2008,
Spring
initial findings
in front 109, with a further cemetery of 150 graves investigated of the Children's Refuge, by the planned perimeter wall of the This station. included of many 6 graves types notably
earrings
and rings, a pair of silver bronze earrings and a few plainware pottery and glass vessels mostly Tile grave 6 (of a man and at the foot of the deceased. include
placed a woman)
a clay mould, of Alexander Severus,
contained
and 2 coins
a pottery making
tear-bottle and cup, it one of the richest
in the cemetery (along with tomb 5 which had a plain -
amphoriskos,
and
2
pottery
and
glass
tear-bottles
of the
M3rd Ct AD). Tomb 3 held a family(parentsplus 2 infantsand
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2007-2008 a small girl at theirfeet): thegirl had a gold earringand there
a glass amphoriskos and an E3rd Ct AD bronze coin. in secondary The covered with marble tomb was use, spolia a including an Ionic capital and a funerary stele decorated with
was
also
relief of an athlete
and
rider:
an offering by Claudia
records
the inscription from the reuse for her house-slaves. Byzantia
75
at the junction of excavation, rescue excavation streets, Kanellopoulos part of a Rom bath covering ca. 20m2 and oriented E.
One
block
S of the previous
and
Eurygeni revealed
Three tanks for individual use were found, heated by a via arched intercommuni system and heat exchange traces of burning in the chambers Strong
hypocaust cating
openings.
Grave goods (notablycoins) indicatetheuse of thispartof the half of the3rdCtAD. Earlier use (3rdand 2nd cemeteryinthe 1st Cts BC) is indicatedby tombfinds and pottery(includingbg andW Slope) in the rubbishpits and thewells which probably
beneath the tubs indicatetheproximityof thepraefumiumand
to the water lay in to the tomb groups. They varied in di. from 2 3.5m and architectural contained plain pottery, spolia, Well of inscribed stele and a few coins. 4, the fragments 5 probably shells. Well largest, also contained many murex
S tank, a layer of terracotta preserved the waterproof mortar for the marble
supplied water for funerary wells were excavated down
The
rites and other
such purposes. table: all but one
the S area, close
relates to 2 laterstructures W of theS tombgroup: thefirst is a
cement and with a floor of reused lined with waterproof a and a central 6m N was slabs settling basin. structure beneath a thick destruction rectangular layer: this had a mosaic floor and white plastered walls.
cistern, marble
At 28-30
the area of the E cemetery,
street, within
Perdikkas
partof a building complexwas foundwhich continues to theW a mod.
beneath
The NW-SE wall is best preserved building. 1.1m thick, 15.3m /., up to 3.57m (in opus mixtum, /?.), with courses of the parts of the 2 angle walls: only the foundation paved
floor
survive.
lm2 stone piers
Five
from the
projecting
exteriorof the longwall probably supportedscaffoldingfor the side walls
portable previous indicate
of what was
at least a 2-storey building one preserved on each). There are finds, but the architecture suggests an ECh of funerary monuments in this discovery
construction
have
a similar
purpose
for this building
(and the 2 almost no
date.
The
area may as a
too, perhaps
mausoleum. In the course
of rescue
in a plot
excavation
on Oidipous
street(in theKifisias area,W of theAllatini tileworks), partof
a building
complex
was
located, with
13 rooms preserved.
remained inuse from the4thCt BC to the2ndCt AD.
This
The N
into part of the complex was destroyed by large pits cut down the rock during the 3rdCt AD: these contained large amounts of domestic pottery, tile and stone slabs, as well as bones of large a large quantity of carbonized Pit V also contained animals.
evidence dates the first construction grain. Numismatic phase to the reign of Philip II: this phase included most of the structures in the SE part of the plot (a series of rectangular rooms).
plates and Millstones foodstuffs
and pithoi, plus bf and red glazed (amphorae indicate a storage function for this area. skyphoi) in other parts of the complex of imply preparation A stone base at the W wall of room 6 probably
to theW, with the addition of room Z in complex was extended the EHel finds from this room include roof tile, a period:
loomweightand a gilded glass seal depictingan Amazon with
her horse.
In
the neighbouring room, at the edge of the excavation area, a large pithos in situ, repaired with lead sheet, and a 1.2m2 clay hearth indicate food storage and preparation. In the 3rd, Rom, rooms phase (lst-2nd Ct AD), existing to be used, with
some occasional
additions.
The
area
was cleaned in theM2nd Ct, depositingHel and ERom pottery into the pits and
the large
storage
destroyed (with widespread abandoned
hostilities
late
may
be
in the 2nd Ct indicated
pithos.
The
complex
was
evidence of burning) and
for reasons
by 3 spearheads
as
yet unknown: in an upper level.
of the area of the complex discovered a largest of these reservoirs was
the identification
The
the caldarium. room with
rectangular
an apse
at the S end and
its E side shaped
into2 rectangularindividualtanks. On thebottomof thebest
same
cement would
have
also
the wall.
decorated
9 square preserved chamber floor. A underground lead pipes removed of many absence small finds,
AD
tiles preserves floor: marble
patches of set in the other 2
The
on the of the hypocaust system of drainage channels and foul water from the tank area. In the
tubs each
piers
the complex
is dated
to the 4th Ct
primarily by the existence of individual facilities.
Extensive
mod.
in the area
construction
to trace the complex
impossible
it
currently makes
further.
E. Marki (9thEBA) analyses (AEMTh 20 [2006], 455-66)
the results of rescue a complex Remains phases.
at Egnatias
excavation
was
where
revealed
showing 12th-13th Ct AD
of a
57 and Bakatselou, and repair
15 building potter's
are
workshop
noted. Attention is devoted to an ECh (6thCt) public building: a room from
had a marble Rotonda. When
this, 10.6m x 9.7m in size and with 2 entrances, floor and wall mosaics reminiscent of those in the this was
Beneath
open-air furnace.
workshop, Beneath
a 5th Ct mosaic the area
destroyed, 3 water channels
with
structure was
the ECh
AD
a room building: to the N and courtyard
vaulted
a room with
structure was
this ECh
x
10.7m
5.3m
floor.
became
an
and a metalworker's part of a large 4th Ct was a traced, with a area with storage
an underground In a 2nd phase, this building
roof beneath.
was
extended
N to include thecourtyard(which thenacquired a marble floor with
was
sectile
inlay) and the staircase in marble, the 2 integrating for formal Earlier functions.
opus clad
complex
leading floors use
underground into a grand of the site is
indicatedby thediscoveryof 2 ImperialRom walls beneath the LRom complex and by Hel pottery (the height of thewater not permit
table here does
the excavation
of earlier
P. Asimakopoulou-Atzaka
(AEMTh 20
F. Athanasiou,
V
M.
from the Palace
of Galerian.
reviews
the corpus
Finds
supported a ladder. W of room 6 was a paved court dating to the first construction phase, which was raised and repaved soon In phase afterwards. 2 (Hel), walls were strong protective added The (one, with external piers, indicating a 2nd storey).
continued
confirm
as
of ECh
mosaics
Malama,
levels).
[2006], 413-30)
in the city. and
Miza
M.
Sarantidou
(AEMTh 20 [2006], 299-317) presenta corpus of brick stamps
Publication
(DVD): Icjotikt) avaoKa<pr? aycoyo? u8p?uoT]?: OEooa?ov?Krj? II (2000-2002) (9thEBA/Ministry of Culture, Committee for theMonitoring of Major Public
Works,
2006).
Thessaloniki, Kalamaria.
E M.
of centre Tsibidou-Avloniti,
A. Kagiouli,
K. Kaiafa,
E.
Lykidou,M. Mandaki and S. Protopsalti (16thEPCA) report (AEMTh 20 [2006], 271-83) on rescue excavation at a number of sites in and neighbouring the deme of Kalamaria. At 21
Alex.
Papagou
street
in Karabournaki,
4
cist graves
and
5
goods:
a
rubbishpits immediatelyneighbouring the excavation site of
Karabournaki
were
cleared.
Only
2 graves
contained
probablemale burial had a local 7thCt BC red slipbowl and the 2nd burial shape
had a prochous the mouth.
closing
and phiale at the feet and a gold leaf The pits produced large quantities of
76
CATHERINEMORGAN
local and imported (Attic, Euboean and plain and decorated, sherds of all the standard types from EIA-Ar. The water Cor) a final at a d. of 4m; where table was encountered possible, metre was street were At 9 Papagou 13 dug under water. cist graves cut into the clay soil, again going below the water table: they vary greatly in shape from elliptical or round to completely uncanonical. All contained plain and/or painted smaller
EIA-Ar
sea
pottery: much
murex.
shell was
also
collected,
including
A seriesof buildingplots in thecoastal zone on theNW edge
of Kalamaria
Paradimitriou
Th. Rossidou, Sofouli, (bounded by Kath. and Kerasountos evidence for streets) provided harbour and warehouse installations. These were
large-scale founded in the 1st quarter
of the 4th Ct AD,
developed
through
thatCt, and had a laterbuilding phase in the 1sthalf of the6th
Ct.
At
4 Kouskoura
street, 2 successive building complexes were rooms: 3 pit burials located. The earlier had 3 rectangular of children A lay along the outside face of the exterior wall. further 3 tombs
in the NE
The Kouskoura
excavation neighbouring and Argonafton streets)
or infants without
5) which
Finds consisted of 4) was poorly preserved. a large quantity of shell and lamps, glass vessels, items (e.g., a 4th Ct AD cross-bow fibula character istic of the dress of a male 66 bronze coins date the official).
to the reigns of Theodosius complex were plot, 2 building complexes
I and Arcadius.
found,
On
the earlier
the last
of which
of Emperor
2 enchytrismoi
contained
Five more
in amphorae.
edge of the plot, with no goods apart from one clay cup. this plot were more than 700 4th Ct bronze coins and much shell of the known types (especially murex). theW
On
An indicationof the large size of thebuilding complexes in
this area
is given by an excavation 2 blocks inside Kouskoura street. Here the substantial walls of street, at 40 Papadimitriou a building a destruction with 3 rooms (containing deposit to the reign of Justinian I) and a courtyard area were Earlier foundations and a temporary floor with 800 associated coins date occupation of this area to theM4th Ct AD.
datable
uncovered.
A distinctive
form of water
channel
made
of 6 Spatheion-type
amphorae (2ndhalf 4th-lsthalf 5thCt) supplied the building.
connection
(Kath. Rossidou
(apart from 4 coins
were found at child burials (2 tile graves and 3 enchytrismoi)
of
plainwares, small metal
goods
Valens) and all single burialswith the exception of one (tomb
Finds were
The 2nd, slightly later, complex had 2 rooms, one of complex. which had a white plaster floor and a basement: its continuation
of
3 rubbish
pits and 18 tombs (mostly tile covered and disturbed), all of
babies
corner, marked with tiles, produced coins and a bronze ring). Part of very few goods (2 unreadable a road paved with stone slabs interspersed with tile, and bedded
on a layer of tile and small stones, was found in the NW corner area and should be associated the excavation with this
comer
the (on plot 2 wells, revealed
of the types noted
pigments. The name
of this extensive
with
the Kellarion
above,
a cup containing
including
settlement mentioned
remains
unknown:
a
sources
is
in Byz
possible. Thessaloniki, Karabournaki.
E
environs M.
Tiverios,
E. Manakidou
and D.
Tsiafaki
(Aristotelian University, Thessaloniki) report (AEMTh 20 [2006], 263-70) settlement.
on
continuing
excavation
in
the
anc.
on the hill top. Beneath mod. trenches were opened in the upper remains of housing, levels, all produced rooms (Fig. 77). In including 2 storage and food preparation Three
covered theW and S sides of theplot: 13 sectionsofwall in2
debris
a lampdate to the5thCt AD.
were trench 22-9la hearth, with a small part of a cooking amphora by it, and 2 storage pithoi: next to the hearth were the a wall stones of what is probably and, beneath them, ash, Ar
lines separate very fragmentary rooms. In addition to domestic pottery and glass, a few red slip sherds with stamped motifs and
In roomA were 2 shallow rubbish
of shell of different species. The pits with large quantities continuation of the paved road was uncovered for 12.2m in the corner of the plot: cleaning NE 17 coins dating the produced use of the road to the 4th and 5thCts AD. 436
produced
coins
of which
the earliest
In total, the excavation related to the use of
thefirstphase of buildings in the2ndhalf of the4thand the 5th
Cts AD.
The laterbuildingA occupies much of the SW part of the
excavation
area.
It is a
an area corners, covering are preserved. foundations
structure with oblique rectangular of ca. 40m2, of which only the The only preserved patch of fill
and a littleAfrican Red Slip ware. produced amphorae, cookware on the corner of Kath. Rossidou Excavation and Th. Sofouli
Similar finds, including a hearth, came from this had a pebble floor, with LAr sherds and roof a pit, only it. Beside the wall in this trench was to date but with Ar excavated sherds and pithos
sherds and shells.
trench 22-9lb: tile over partially
the relatively little pottery found in 2006, fragments. Among to Cl, with the majority Ar. EIA sherds ranged from the PGeo
included Thessalian and Euboean pottery imports (pendant semicircle and all categories of iocaP in skyphoi), pottery silvered ware and EIA quantity, including much transport
E Gr imports included bird bowls, wild goat style, amphorae. Chiot chalices, Ionian cups and plates Cor is rare, (Fig. 78).
street produced evidence of 2 narrow streets in the S and W of the plot, and traces of walling of the earlier building phase.
Here too, 2 building phases, 4thand 1sthalf of the 6thCt AD,
were
a destruction level of the L4th Ct contained recognized: same phases were tile and shell. These traced in neigh similar finds. Better preserved bouring building plots, with
much
evidence Within
comes
from
22
Kouskoura
an area of 150m2, was
a complex
street, very close by. with at least 3 phases
and 3 infantburials (withoutofferings). As is generally the
as level had the same orientation case, the upper construction the contemporary those slightly earlier vary a city plan, while are large, continuing little on the E-W axis. All 3 buildings the boundaries of the plot. No destruction beyond deposits
were
found, although
there are traces of burning
inmany
areas.
Two large pits in the S part of the plot were perhaps clay
The fills contain the kind of material workings. already noted: 251 bronze coins covered most of the Imperial reigns of the 4th CtAD.
77. Thessaloniki,
Karabournaki:
Ar houses
with
pithoi
in situ
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2007-2008 Within
establishment. handmade,
chytra-like
Thermi. of E.
Adesmevtos
Skarlatidou,
ano
a pit, masses vessels.
of
iron were
77 found
in
reports the presentation Typos (19/03/08) to kotcj apxcxio VEKpoTacpsio
O?p/jr]
TT) ovyxpovT] n?\r? (Demos Thermis/16thEPCA,
Thermi,
2008).
The
book
presents
results of excavation
from
1988 onwards, includingtombsdatingfrom the5th-4th Ct BC to the20thCt AD (with illustrations of ceramics and jewellery) and
more
area. AD),
recent finds
in the Sedes relating to refugee settlement in the cemetery (EIA-10th Ct AD, 17th-18th Ct had by 2006 revealed ca. 5,000 graves, continues.
Excavation which
Anc. Kalindoia. 249-62)
on
K. Sismanidis reports (AEMTh 20 [2006],
research
in room E of the Sebasteion,
expanding
the reportcited inAR 53 ([2006-2007], 65; where it is termed
78. Thessaloniki, excavation
with
selection
Karabournaki:
of pottery
from
the
an MCor
column
krater
and
then more
plentiful LCor Attic is pottery
and olpai. exaleiptra, kotylai represented by a few sherds of L bf, a very few rf, the St Valentine Group and a little bg. Among the transport amphorae
areAttic SOS and Chiot types.The smallfinds includebobbins
and
loomweights, scarab.
pendants,
grinding
stones
and
a
faience
Ethnos tisKyriakis ( 16/03/08)also reportsthediscoveryby Tiverios,
79. Kalindoia:
Room
the topographical are considered.
aryballoi,
M.
room V).
E. Manakidou
head
and D.
of Meleager
Tsiafaki
of an
iron-working
E
is interpreted as the bouleuterion
of the city,
noting the inscriptionof 88 AD found immediatelyoutside it, and prosopographical
implications
of which
ETOYZ K KAI P APPIAAIOI KAI KOTOYI Ol IQTTATPQY KAI IQ1TATPOI KOTYOY2 THN E0EAPAN KAI TO BOYAEYTHPION KAI THN ITOAN THI nOAEI ETTIIEPQ2AI02 KAI PQMHI KAIAYTOKPATOPOI KAIIAPOZ 0EOY YIOY IEBAITOY APPIAAIOY TOY IQTTATPOY
The head ofMeleager noted in 2007 is discussed indetail
(Fig. 79).
CATHERINEMORGAN
78
Ethnos (15/03/08) reports the recent discovery by K.
of 3 statues, inscriptions and a base, among other in a very small area during continuing excavation within finds, The over life-size head of a woman the area of the Sebasteion. Sismanidis
ofHerculaneum type is illustrated.The discovery in2007 of 2 the himation
wearing
of
these
is noted: orators
(philosophers,
figures
statues
headless
identical
almost
or poets).
standing male are probably
figures cultural
Stavros. Ethnos (11/03/08)cites a reportbyK. Sismanidis and M. Violatzi (16thEPCA) of the discovery of 65 undisturbed to children or ca. one third belonged graves, of which 30 were cists and 35 tile graves. One grave contained a male Grave intertwined. and female goods were numerous and of high quality e.g., gold earrings and rings (including as as well one with the name among other jewellery, Ioulia)
LRom
infants.
Finds included a large variety of silver coins in a cloth purse. stelae relief tear-bottles, funerary oinochoai, lamps, glass and of a household reused as grave covers (including depictions
of fishermen)and a totalof 200 coins.
EBA) (16thEPCA: 10th
completion
of an ECh
the excavation
basilica
previously
reported (AR 47 [2000-2001], 88; AR 50 [2003-2004], 50).
The
connected with confirmed, Three for food preparation.
of a 2nd narthex was
existence
other constructions
to theW
used
buildingphases are identified.The earliest (5thCt AD) saw the construction
of the main
with
basilica
the double
and
narthex
the S extensionbuildings. During the 2nd, storage and food
side of the exterior areas were added along theW preparation of the basilica narthex. (i.e., Finally, after the abandonment a crude more much and perhaps Ct recently) post-6th structure was erected furtherW. rectangular Petralona Publication: owfi?ato,
?va and E. Tsoukala, G. Kouphos T?ETpaAoova: Aristotelian ?jia npo.lOTop?a (Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki,
University,
(Kassandreia). of Macedonia
Institute
2007). D.
Koussoulakou
and
Thrace)
and
(Archaeological V. Misailidou
on Despotidou (16thEPCA) report(AEMTh 20 [2006], 503-13) a further season in the SW
of 3 plots
of excavation
of the mod.
In the E, 2 Hel
in the E sector and one
settlement.
complexes
were
investigated,
on either side
of aN-S road. Both are bounded to theN by an E-W wall and
in insulae. The W consisted to an urban plan organized belong a well and water channel, with of a central courtyard containing rooms to the E and W. On theW side, 2 rooms were connected use: the N room had a in secondary via a stone threshold floor set in waterproof mortar. A similar pair patterned pebble of rooms on the E side, together with a passage way, is less well E street entrance was on this side. Much the main preserved: found in the courtyard, plus lamps and and MHel pottery was
S and figurines. The E complex is larger (extendingfurther beyond
NW
the excavation
area):
a large rectangular
room
in the
is bordered by 3 adjoining rooms to the S. A pebble
pavement
preserved
soon
very
the
after
of
foundation
limited shore, a very Traces of foundations.
6 building phases were found,dating to theAr, Cl, Hel and
Rom
The
periods.
area was
almost
settled
as
as far back
the
foundationof the colony of Potidaia. Phase 1, containingpits without
and 2 graves
goods,
dates
to the Byz
period.
Phase
2
produced evidence of a building (of which 2 rooms, one perhaps a cistern,were investigated)built during the 1sthalf of the 1stCt AD.
Phase
3, with
4 rooms
of a complex,
is Hel
in
W Slope pottery). Phase 4 had a fragmentary date (producing Cl building and fills. Phase 5 is representedby a pithos from an older,LAr, building phase (withAttic and Cor pottery).No remains were found. further building containing Ar Cor pottery and debris establishment.
6 is an ash layer from a bronze-working
Phase
of that part of the city cemetery on the land of A. 47 tombs of various types were found, dating from
Karagianni.
the end of the ?^/ES'M*
in the NW
comer
is later than the original
construction(witha tpqof the 1sthalf of the 3rdCt BC). Finds
and other amphora include figurines, Thasian from the complex The absence of handles, and pottery including bg and W Slope.
Ct BC:
they include limestone to a
and belong sarcophagi, pits, cists and primary cremations, both adults burials of for the used of the cemetery part
and
children.The choice of tombtypedepended both on period and thus all 6 sarcophagi
the age of the deceased:
(all very carefully
worked) hold adultburials of the 1sthalf of the 5thCt and the9 are again
cremations
primary
probably
and date
of adults
to the
Ct. Only 4 cist graveswere found,all of 2ndhalf of the 5th-4th the 5thCt.
Pits were
used
throughout:
of the 28 excavated,
in so far as
it is possible
6 or
7 date to the end of the ?^-l81 half of the 5thCt and the child burials,
remainder,
to tell from
grave goods, are splitequally between the2ndhalf of the5thand 4thCts. This appears to be thepeak of use of thispart of the children are is preferred for adults, while cemetery. Cremation orientation varies and no signif interred in pits or cists. Grave is seen as a of jewellery icance can be seen in it. The presence in the There was criterion of female burial. great variation
quality Potidaia
built
pottery date the latest use of the area. to the In the SW sector, close took place confined by mod. excavation
excavation
Epanomi (Byadoudi). Th. Pazaras (AristotelianUniversity, Thessaloniki) reports (AEMTh 20 [2006], 515-26) on of
were
complexes
Kassandreia. A 2nd,LRom, buildingphase (5thCt AD) was also tracedand 3 buildings identified,all ofwhich were destroyed by fire in theM5th Ct. Scattered pits containing 12thCt AD
Athytos (anc. Aphytos). V. Misailidou-Despotidou (16th EPCA) reports(AEMTh 20 [2006], 491-502) thecompletionof
of Chalkidike
Nomos
earlierfills or of potterypredatingtheL4thCt suggeststhatboth
along
of grave goods: pottery predominates, quantity some iron and vessels, strigils, bronze, glass Ten child burials and a spool. silver mouth-plates
and with
figurines,
and one adult lack goods. The oldest burial (L6th-E5thCt), of a girl child, contained75 items,includinga littlejewellery and - 49 much pottery kotyliskoi, 9 hydriskoi, 2 miniature a oinochoe and a bg kylix (all Cor, a conical lekanides, kotyle, apartfrom thekylix). Many sarcophagi containedparticularly richgoods. The burial of a youngman ingrave 12 (2ndquarter of the 5thCt) contained 16 items,includinga rf lekythos,a bg a bronze a glass amphoriskos, lebes, a skyphos and lekythoi, and and a strigil, a silver mouth-plate oinochoe trefoil-mouthed
an ostrich egg. Tomb 30 (ca. 480-470) contained 14 items, a a mostlyAttic pots (amongwhich is rflekythosdepicting lyre Painter's Berlin the of workshop), Attic player, probably and a silver mouth oinochoe lekythoi, a Cor trefoil-mouthed and lotus flowers at a wheel in the middle with decorated plate an iron in this tomb comprise vessels Bronze either side.
on a tripodwith exaleiptronwith bronze handles and lid,placed lion-paw
feet,
and
a
bronze
lebes.
The
male
burial
in
as the richest in sarcophagus20 (2ndhalf of the 5thCt) is noted
the cemetery, with
53 items.
48 of these are pots
(mostly Attic,
vases in the bg, bf and rf lekythoi,also bf cups and 2 plastic
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2007-2008 formof korai), includinga large (0.39m h.) rf lekythosby the
Pan Painter
to kill Argos. is There showing Hermes preparing also a bronze vessel and an iron exaleiptron. The E part of the plot was not used for burials: here a walled, area
open
21m
x 5.5m was
which
uncovered,
seems
to have
been used to hold waste items (undecoratedand bg sherdsof domestic and finewares includingmuch bg and W Slope, burnt clay, small metal items, lamps, figurine fragments, and animal bone). This was probably originally a loomweights section of road serving the cemetery which was closed off after out of use.
itwent
area
include
Thasian
workshop
stamped amphora handles names such as AHMAKAH?
from this and
and names on sealings include BIQNOZ, XAIPEA2, MIKIQNOI and TIMAINETOY. KAAAIMAXOY, Debris
a potter's
from
supports. that itwas a potter's
and kiln includes wasters workshop found in this area indicates variety of material part of a larger residential/craft area which contained workshop. Pottery dates largely to the Hel period, The
with some of the4* Ct BC: coins range fromthoseof Philip II to thoseof Thessaloniki of 187-168 BC. The exteriorwall of a large structure was traced for 21m on the E edge of the plot, next to the waste-disposal area: it continues into the neigh
bouring plot. The NW comer of this complex of small rooms: it does not communicate
seems
with
to consist
the waste
from fill within the rooms is similar area, but material disposal in date and type to that dumped (and there is a further coin of Thessaloniki of the same date). The destruction of the complex
is dated to the2ndhalf of the 1stCt AD by a hoard of 5 coins within thedestructionlevel inone room.While too littleof the has been excavated to determine its function, it is are the first These surely the source of the dumped material. Hel finds from anc. Aphytos and confirm the view that the city centre was after the 4th Ct BC earthquake largely abandoned and activity thereafter moved outside the Cl city limits. complex
Megali Kypsa. Angelioforos (72/05/07) reports continuing excavation by I. Papangelos (10 EBA) of a LRom farmstead (AR 53 [2006-2007], 68). This complexwas built in the4thCt AD
and remained
abandoned incursions.
in use, at least in part, into the 8thCt. Itwas in the 8th or 9 Ct, suddenly perhaps due to Arab Three wells were found, 2 by the shore and one
in the central courtyard: (2.8m di.) skeleton of a bear at d. 3.5m. Mosaic
this
last contained
pavements dating 4th-5th Ct AD with geometric and plant motifs have been in 2 rooms (occupying ca. 40% of their 5m x 3m area).
the to the found
Mikris Volvis. A. Lioutas and S. Kotsas (16thEPCA) report (AEMTh 20 [2006], 241-48) on rescue excavationwithin aNeo settlement
on a hill
1.5km from the mod.
In the E part village. cemetery: W of this were pits containing Neo material, principally pottery. The estimated settlement area is ca. 200m x 150m. the small sector Only threatened by road construction was excavated (N-NE parts). 138 pits were located (0.5-1.8m di. and 0.3-1.2m d., one stone lined and another 2 possibly to be as house interpreted scattered over the entire excavation area. Remains basements), of 3 houses were also revealed. The function of the pits is hard of the excavation
area was
a L antique
todetermine:finds comemostly fromfill introduced when they
were
closed
and
they cannot be connected with any particular house. The houses were built with wooden frames coated in A tomb containing a clay: 2 had hearths with stone frames. in the located single extended inhumation, but no goods, was centre of the excavation area and is presumed to be contempo sherds were collected rary with the settlement. Numerous from the settlement red-brown
local plainwares fills, mostly clay with limestone inclusions),
(poorly fired, red or but with some black
ware:
79
there was
no painted pottery (although a few The best preserved decoration). pottery comes from the pits: the most common shapes are bowls and flat-bottomed closed round-bodied basins, cups, chytrae,
burnished
sherds with
incised
are rarer. Small finds and pithoid jars: conical bowls are mostly stone tools: other finds include stone axes, pestles and millstones with traces of use, a few figurines, 2 clay seals
vessels
and 3 stonependants (1 anthropoidand theother2 geometric in
The design). Neo phases.
closest
parallels
for the pottery date
to the earlier
L antique cemetery contained 113 tombs arranged along N-S walls, plus the stone foundations of a building of the same period. There were 98 cist tombs, 14 pits and a vaulted tomb (3.1m x 3m, 1.6m h., with a step down into the The
common
The
chamber).
vaulted
tomb
and cemented
horizontally
is built
with
of flat stone
lime mortar:
sections
set
the interior has a
0.01m thick layer of white plaster. All the burials in the were
61 contained inhumations: such as goods ladles and bowls. Metalwork oinochoai, lamps, silver and bronze coins and earrings, bronze rings,
cemetery plainware
comprised gold sheet, and glass, remains and pottery
bronze
and faience
contemporary
beads.
with
Architectural
the cemetery
were
foundduringfieldwalkingon a low hillN of thecemetery.
EASTERN MACEDONIA of Serres
Nomos
(28thEPCA: 12th EBA) E. Kambouroglou (EPSVE) and K. Peristeri (Director, 28th EPCA) report (AEMTh 20 [2006], 209-16) on continuing survey to locate flint quarries and processing sites (AR 52 [2005-2006], 94), with the locationof 7 new sites in theareas of Therma, Choumniko and Langadi. These bring the total of sites
located
by the survey
to 12.
Argilos. D. Malamidou (28thEPCA) reports (AEMTh 20 [2006], 190-93) on rescue excavation in theE cemetery(siteof A group
Kallithea).
of 4 tombs was
found
associated
with
an
E-W retaining wall (finishedonly on theS side)which formed of the cemetery into distinct levels. On part of the landscaping the upper level was a tile-covered cremation containing an Attic squat lekythos of the last quarter of the 5thCt BC, part of a Silen an iron knife, a silver figurine, a silver coin of Argilos, pin and bronze beads. In the fill over the tiles were a bronze strigil and a figurine of a datable ca. 480-450. On the lower papasilenus a tile grave without level was and 2 monolithic goods set
sarcophagi enclosure.
Over
to each a 3m x 2m other within parallel the fill of these last tombs was a round for the inscribed stele found in probably
limestone base, fragments S of the tomb. The text (in Ionic dialect), reproduced 'Stand at this stele and only inmod. Gr, reads: inscription, the
gravemarker toPhiltisof Samos, [whodied] farfromhis home soif.
The N
2 burials, with a local LAr contained sarcophagus set at the feet, an Attic lekythos (2nd an iron and a bronze object set mid-body
Ionianising amphora quarter of the 5* Ct), bead. youth, angle
The
for the burial of a 2nd, slightly larger sarcophagus, on the interior a relief stone and rounded pillow and contained a plainware ornament, and an amphora had
olpe placed at the feet,and a bronze strigilin the lefthand. In the fill around lekythos
and above
(perhaps
the sarcophagi circle of the Diosphos
were
sherds of an Attic ca. 470) and a
Painter,
rf lekythos with a Nike (perhapscircle of theBowdoin Painter,
ca. 475-470). E of the enclosure was a small pyre, perhaps for of small vases. From the surface of offerings, with a collection
80
CATHERINEMORGAN
a 2nd stone
in the W
foundation,
part of the excavation
area,
came sherdsof anAttic bf amphora depicting a procession of
gods
(ca.
Amphipolis.
EPCA)
530 onwards). K.
Peristeri,
E. Zografou
report (AEMTh 20
and K.
Darakis
165-74)
[2006],
(28th
on rescue
along the line of the road from the Byz tower at the were found in 7 NW entrance tomod. Amphipolis. Antiquities the tower and the locations. (1) Part of a Hel house lay between to the village: entrance part of a large paved courtyard was excavation
found.
Coins
a plate,
(bg and rf skyphoi, kantharoi,
and pottery
lamp and figurines)from thefloor and destructionleveldate to the3rdCt BC. (2) Halfway along thenew road,a complex of 9 interconnecting
rooms with
into a courtyard
earth floors leading
(all under a destructionlevel) dates to theHel period (coins and Ct BC). The layout,and largequantityof potteryof the3rd-2nd pithos and (Thasian) amphora sherds in thedestructionlevel,
a storage function. Pottery includes W Slope wares, lamps, plates, skyphoi, kantharoi and a few terracotta figurines. iron of loomweights and A spindle-whorls, large number and hooks relate to everyday activities. (3) A small spearheads suggest
section
was
of a further construction
located
exactly
between
these2 sites,with finds similar to thosefrom site (2). (4-7) A
few metres rainwater waterproof
further on
cisterns, cement.
All
the
into
a
the tower was
towards
cut
limestone
and
a large quantity
produced
of 4
series
lined with of pottery and
figurinesof the 3rdCt BC (Thasian amphorae, fishplates,bg kantharoi with W Slope skyphoi, cannot at present be connected with
decoration,
etc.). site? any particular
by
illegal
of a Macedonian
excavation
and may also have been entered lamps in the prothalamos). a main chamber The tomb had x
(3.08m prothalamos roof: the 6m vaulted
in Rom
tomb on a
times (noting 2
a x 3.05m), (3.08m a 1.58m) with entrance from the E and The cut into bedrock. /. dromos was
is plain. the fa?ade of local limestone: is isodomic, masonry to the initial construction (when the main entrance Subsequent a rectangular, probably was walled roofed, stone up as usual), the in front of the prothalamos, structure was erected halving The roof was supported on 4 sections of length of the dromos. on the architrave from an unknown monument: reused Doric traces of a red band and there itwere white plaster covering The were also traces of red applied directly to the limestone.
only indication of internaldecoration in the tomb is the W wall of the imitationof isodomicmasonry in redpaint on the prothalamos (with an M incised on the corresponding bone Human (plus tympanum). the prothalamos, across found
a
small
red-slip flask) on the N especially
was
side,
were probablydisplaced by tombrobbers. In themain chamber 2 sarcophagi against theN and S walls and a small ossuary against theW, which contained theburial of an infantyounger
than 2.5 years. Their contents had been removed and scattered traces of the floor within a ca. 0.3m d. level with localized were At least 6 skeletons found, (male and female) burning. the of burials cannot be reconstructed, the sequence and while roofed dromos structure may have been built to facilitate reuse indicate use from the E3rd~ of the tomb. Surviving grave goods leaves survives A little gold jewellery bands, M2nd Ct BC. and acorns and, from the child burial, a pair of small earrings over
with
lion-head
deceased's
terminals
mouth.
Notable
and
gold coin for the the pottery is the range of
a miniature
among
3 L3rd-M2nd
tear-bottles;
Ct
the N sarcophagus, with further vessels placed here and on the Numerous iron objects include threshold of the prothalamos. and spearheads, miniature and surviving keys, strigils, blades bronze
bands
includes
a
from
probably
chest:
items
bone
included 7 beads. Pottery found outside the built dromos the most
included
2nd Ct
characteristic
forms
(notably
a large
bowl).
Megarian
Ennea Odoi. D. Malamidou (28thEPCA) reports(AEMTh 20 on rescue
186-90)
[2006],
tombs over
of Ar
excavation
a wide
area betweenhill 133 andAlepotrypa,which lead her to support the locationofEnnea Odoi on hill 133. Ar tombsfromthearea hill are presented,
of the Kasta
most
reported
previously
(see
AR 51 [2004-2005], 81). At Mesolakkia, a 3rdcist grave is added to the 2 reported in AR 53 ([2006-2007], 70). This at 2 small bronze figure-of-8 contained fibulae silver level, plus a larger one at the left shoulder, a biconical bronze spirals in the hair, an iron pin, bronze ring, bead at the throat, 2 bronze bracelets (one on each arm), and a female
burial
shoulder
plainware
oinochoe
Maniatis,
Y.
and Phari
type skyphos.
Radiocarbon datingof thewooden bridge ofAmphipolis (Y. D.
Facorellis,
and
Malamidou
Koukouli
Ch.
Chrysanthaki, Archaeometry [forthcoming]) indicates a constructionphase in theL6thCt BC (550-480 BC), implying of a road
the presence
K.
Domiros.
hill close to thejunctionof thenational roadsfromThessaloniki toKavala and Thessaloniki toDrama in thearea ofAmphipolis (AR 53 [2006-2007], 70). The tomb had previously been robbed
and
leading
into the area of hill
133.
These
E. Zografou (28thEPCA) reports(AEMTh 20 [2006], 175-84) the location
and plain,
decorated
pyxides,
BC lampswere foundon the thresholdand by 2 crania outside
EPCA) excavation area.
Salonikios
(28th
on rescue
[2006], 229-36)
clay extraction cemetery and a LNeo 18 pits, 2 tile graves and one exposed
of a LAr-Hel
39 tombs
and Th.
E. Zografou
Peristeri,
report (AEMTh 20 (18 cists,
burial)were found in 3 groups. Group 1 (atYdatodexameni): 4 cists of limestone
2 of which
slabs,
contained
grave
goods,
the
other2 having been disturbed.A L6th-E5thCt date isproposed
on
of a Cor
the basis
exaleiptron
and
3 bronze
bow
fibulae.
Group 2 (atYdatopyrgos): a dense concentrationof 20 tombs (2 almost
entirely destroyed,
16 pits, of which
tile covers,
6 have
and 6 cists), ofwhich 7 containedgoods. These date from the
L6th-E5th
to the L4A-3th
bronze
goods
(based on a Cor exaleiptron) coins in tomb 10): other grave
noted
Ct BC (11 are a hoard
of 19bronze coins of Philip II, a silverobol of theAlexander III typeissuedbyAmphipolis, a bronze bow fibula,2 alabastra and a necklace of glass beads. Group 3 (Melagia site): 16 tombs (10 in the same way as cists, 5 pits and one open burial) constructed Two were disturbed, but only 3 had no the previous groups. the burial of a young woman The richest tomb, 23, was goods. of silver and bronze a squat 5 pairs lekythos, containing a silver ring with gold leaf decoration 6 bronze fibulae, earrings, a bronze of bone beads, on the bezel, a necklace ear-pick and tweezers, and a terracotta female protome, all dating to theM4th
Ct. One cist tombcontained theburial of a youthand a child; 3 silver Thasian
coins were mingled
with
the bones
of the youth,
dating thisburial to theL5thCt, ca. 50 years before thatof the
child, which was accompanied and a ring, and silver bracelets
by
a
squat lekythos, bronze cist One disturbed
earrings.
tomb(M4thCt) containedgold earringswith lionhead terminals, a II parts of a gildedwreath, a bronze ring, a coin of Philip and include: area this M4th from Other Ct) (all goods squat lekythos. vessels squat oinochoe), lamp, (amphoriskos, The 2 LAr graves a bg kantharos and a tear-bottle. there seems to be gap bronze bow fibulae. Thereafter in use of the area through the 5thCt, although only a fraction of The location of the related the cemetery has been excavated.
plainware
lekythoi, contained
settlementisunknown. One isolatedchildburialwithout goods
was
found
located
between
groups
1 and 2.
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2007-2008 5 pits from clay extraction were investigated: ware. included incised and black-on-red pottery collected The chance find of a funerary stele of the 3rd quarter of the 1st Ct AD indicates later activity in the area. At Melagia,
LNeo
K.
Myrini.
EPCA)
E.
Peristeri,
and Th.
Zografou
report (AEMTh 20
Salonikios
(28th
on rescue
[2006], 236-37)
are very Remains of part of a PH settlement. a 2.1m ? little very pottery, produced plain fragmentary: pit stone tools and shell. 20m from the pit was a LNeo occupation vessels and burnished tableware, layer (storage and cooking excavation
stone tools, bone and shell) with a littleEBA pottery in the
upper part. A posthole sherds; to the E were oven was
found
to theW
shallow
close
contained
burnt storage vessel stones. A small clay
pits with
Alistratis (Cave ofOrpheus). Apogevmatini (07/09/07)cites a reportbyG Kontaxi (Ministryof Culture) of thediscovery in the cave
during excavation stone tools and all
hearth,
of household
and storage pottery, traces of burning plus a level with of the cave during the Neo and EH
a floor
indicating
Cleaning of theKiemer arch, built in the aftermathof the battleof 42 BC on theVia Egnatia, helped todefine itssize and orientation. the gap the Via
use
periods.
in fields near prospection them from the road confirms
the presence with a deviation
in the direction Egnatia expected, ca. 45? E of the arch. A trench 15m x lm, across
K. Trantalidou
and G. Gioni
(EPSVE)
report(AEMTh 20 [2006], 217-28) on analysis of thebucrania
from the large underground
(Neo
settlement,
II).
phase
(18thEPCA:
12th EBA)
the anc.
to the
sides.
The
or 20
ditches surface, and possibly drainage ca. 7.4m, section of surface unearthed was
Rom feet, although this is not necessarily indicativeof the
width
of the road arch
surface:
G.
Egnatia.
arch at Philippoi
Karadedos
and
M.
Nikolaidou-Patera
and at Sravanaki.
This
revealed
the anc.
road
fabricof theVia Egnatia and kerb stoneswhich indicatethatthe road was
was
ca. 5m w. across
found
marble Latin
lamax funerary
At
the latter site, remains of later walling S of the road here were found a
the road:
a stele depicting a horseman and with Crescens. inscription of one Valerius
and
the
Eleutherotypia (05/03/08) notes a reportby D. Kaimari
in association with G (Aristotelian University, Thessaloniki), O. Georgoula and P. Patias, on the use of satellite Karadedos, to trace the route of the Via Egnatia and to identify technology sites along it,which were then tested with likely archaeological trial trenches. The 45km stretch from Amphipolis to Philippoi was traced in detail and 300 new sites identified the along length of the road.
Dikili Tash. Ch. Koukouli-Chrysanthaki(ASA) reports(Ergon [2007], 77) continuing study of finds from the Franco-Gr excavations including
and conservation
renewal
of the Neo
of the roof over Neo
architectural
houses
remains, 1 and 2.
G. Kourtesi-Filippaki (AEMTh 20 [2006], 115-26) reports on her studyof evidence forthechipped stone fromthe industry excavations
of
1986-2001.
S. Provost (EFA/Nancy), G Tirologos (ISTA Philippoi. Besan?on) andM. Nikolaidou-Patera (18thEPCA) reporton a 2nd season
of survey. focused
Attention
on
the organization
of the agricultural
territoryof the colony of Philippoi, with prioritygiven to
examination boundaries
compare
the width
of areas where
ditches, which might relate to the are visible land allotments, on aerial and old maps. The objective of the campaign was
of the anc.
photographs to verify the nature of these traces.
of the passage
of
(5.4m).
The earth rampart raised by the Republicans during the battle of 42 BC has long been identifiedvia an elevation with a gap between the Mound of Alexander on the Kiemer is detectable arch, which The structure stops 20m S of its theoretical photographs. associated
and
around
section with
the road
returns at right angles to the track that is detectable and
then runs parallel trenches showed
tions and confirmed
aerial inter
to the SE; it for 100 m.
the route of these Republican fortifica of a buried structure. A V
the existence
identified 2.6m from the surface and up to 2.7m shaped gap was w. The southernmost in trench showed a significant difference
on theE side of theditch,with a thick(0.4-0.5m) stratigraphy the sources, and perhaps troops in 42 BC.
(Aristotelian University, Thessaloniki) report (AEMTh 20 [2006], 139-50) on excavation in 2 locations,SE of theRom
of
the theoretical
above
layer of clay and coarse white sand extending These are probably the remains of the raised
of Kavala
Nomos
Via
chamber
of
route of the road, showed of a that the stratigraphy consisted simple surface of stones laid flat and set into a ca. 0.6m d. layer of sandy clay. This surface may have been bounded by a stone kerb. Cultivation has destroyed the upper layers of paving,
Three Promachon-Topolnica.
in
the arch and
Surface
separating
the Kiemer
by.
81
a grass
E of the city, the course of the old national
of remains
itwas was
that may
tested. The
result
and
axis.
For In 2007
is a first distribution
to the existence
system. Ch. Koukouli-Chrysanthaki
from a
to Kavala.
to be a cadastral
in
by Republican is known
Egnatia from Drama
road
assumed relate
raised
of the Via
section
nearly a decade this proposition
rampart
for some 2.5-3m.
land mentioned
G
of an anc. Karadedos
map cadastral report
(AEMTh 20 [2006], 61-74, 99-114) on excavation in the in 2002-2004
theatre
and 2005.
Excavation
covered
the area
of building in theS stoa and thepaved square S of the theatre
which
the abandonment
post-dated
of the theatre as a place of were confirmed in no traces of anc. or
Three major performance. building phases this area. S of the paved square, there were
or roads, nor do the slight traces of ECh of this area. Further imply planned development and the results of ongoing geophysical survey will confirm whether or not the area was retained as open space.
Rom
buildings
buildings excavation
In the central area of the S stoa of the skene inside building, the krepis, excavation in 2003 located a rock-cut sewer channel ran beneath which the krepis and the paved square S of the theatre and into a branch of the sewer network. city's main
Excavation in from theE edge of thehyposkenion towards
the orchestra
aimed
to locate
the foundation
of the proskenion.
At theE edge of thehyposkenion,a floor level related to the late use of the theatre as an arena was
that an extensive 1 construction.
and beneath uncovered, area of the earth floor linked to the Rom phase
No evidence for the proskenion foundation was the hypothesis a wooden that this was supporting to which 4 postholes in a square found close to the E parodos might relate. Remains of arrangement the previous, LCl-Hel wooden were skene building also a corner stone with a revealed: was cutting for a posthole
discovered, construction
covered by the Rom phase 1floor, and related to itwas a beaten earth floor. No further trace of this phase remains, apart from a small part of the marble ramp of the E parodos.
82
CATHERINEMORGAN a rectangular the orchestra beneath revealed a simple with chamber (probably underground roof) linked to the use of the theatre as an arena: this
Excavation rock-cut wooden
as the with the underground passage long recognized route by which wild into the arena for animals were brought the end of which was presumably closed with grills. spectacles, connects
into 3 parts: the central divided space was rectangular set lower (within it chamber was the largest and its floor was were a lead plaque and part of a statue of an eros on a dolphin The
which probably belonged to the sculpturaldecoration of the a tower-like cuttings on the floor held supports for to raise structure, likely the support for a mechanism Three levels of wooden into the arena. flooring are
Four
skene). wooden animals
of men (including those the safe circulation and traces of wooden the hoist) and animals, steps of the The construction ladders linking the levels.
to facilitate
noted, working indicate
cut the drainage chambers system of the Rom underground 1 orchestra. On either side of the chamber, cuttings in the phase arena floor held large posts which may have been supports for
in the SE part were 2 millstones
E
cemetery.
(18thEPCA)
related
to
smaller
the
LCl-Hel
2, the section by the skene was round the of a limestone wall by the construction round in fence above arena, with a wooden (which continued Low openings in front of the first row of seating in the koilon).
orchestra. narrowed
wall
this boundary and of men
a accompanied models Possible arena
the passage iron grills allowed Further modification the arena.
with
closed
into
animals
of the arena 3). (Rom phase remodelling of the theatre into an for the transformation
are fully discussed.
Excavation in theNW part of theadjunct building revealed
and axially aligned with the theatre. also had in the NW part spaces perimeter walkway rooms to those found in the NE, wedge-shaped corresponding This walkway doors. with beaten earth floors and connecting New examples connected with the koilon via 3 radial passages. that it was
symmetrical
covered
The
to the shrines located on the reliefs belonging NW of the of the city acropolis were discovered icono Of known to the adjunct buildings. theatre and close a female kourotrophos is which include they graphical types, of the here. The construction of its type discovered only the 2
of the rock-cut SE
foothills
adjunct buildingwhich extended the theatrecomplex N must
have
led to the destruction
built
into the walkway
the exterior
of this wall.
reliefs, since fragments are and some are almost in contact with
of many
wall
Excavation
of the area by the exterior
wall of the adjunct building revealed ECh and Byz houses which extendN andNW of it.Waterproof cementon thefloor of one
room
small water Destruction
part of the perimeter reveal that this space was
in the NW
channel, levels in this area, as for the houses
plus a walkway, used as a cistern. S of the theatre
and inside theE peribolos, date to theE7thCt AD. of theW
W
LCI
retaining wall, which was
retaining wall,
excavation of
isodomic
to locate the began construction with
rubblefill.
G. Karadedos
20
and Ch. Koukouli-Chrysanthaki (AEMTh the site to conserve report on work undertaken
[2006], 75-98) and present it to the public.
Apogevmatini (13/03/08)andEthnos tisKyriakis (16/03/08) of
University (Aristotelian by G. Gounaris of a round structure (25m di.) and a large insula Thessaloniki) was Part of the S range of shops and workshops of shops. Rooms the SW. in a shop excavated, including glass-worker's cite
a
report
M.
Hel
undisturbed
in 2006
cist
on
work
tomb, made
a
inside was
K. Amoiridou
Nikolaidou,
Construction
of
the
and
I. Patera
the land of V. Lazaridis
in
an
uncovered initially of well-cut marble
slabs:
lid and the remaining ossuary with 5 pyxides and 5 tear-bottles. Inside
large marble area of the tomb contained
in the ossuary, the cremated bones must have been wrapped leaves and one trefoil leaf survive, also a cloth: 4 gold olive in a mostly Rom The tomb date is notable lamp and a pyxis. ECh
cemetery. tombs of several
are inhumations
line, probably In Rom phase
in one
and for storage: excavated part
report (AEMTh 20 [2006], 127-37) on rescue
conducted
excavation Krinides.
research
same
as workshops found. The
its first phase, however, dates to the 4th Ct AD, with sections of at a lower mosaic pavement preserved geometric-patterned are not yet known. Further E lay the level. Its full dimensions seems to be older. larger round structure which
planning.
the
were
complex likelydates to the reignof JustinianI (527-565 AD):
tightropes or other such acrobatic props. The rainwater drains of the orchestra were
a further target of current to them obviate the of reusing (in hope 1 drainage channel was The Rom phase drainage problems). traced in its entirety and an earlier rock-cut channel, just inside
used
room
rescue excavation revealed Subsequent of sequence but with no evidence
periods,
50
or
The majority (38) are Rom (Mlst-E2ndCt AD): almost all in cist and
tile graves,
2 cases
with
of primary
cremation(tombs41 and 42). Tile graves (9) containno goods
Cist graves (22) are mostly and are mostly child burials. simple stone covers (there are 2 instances of reused pits with unworked also inscribed grave stelae and one of a reused relief pediment from a stele). The most significant of this group are: tomb 23
(adult male) with 6 bronze coins (4 of Philippoi and 2 of Trajan); tomb 35 (glass ring, bronze coin of Philippoi and a tomb 45 (bone and bronze jewellery, plate, sestertius of Trajan); one 10 of Philippoi, on the body's chest lamp, 11 bronze coins Most of the and 2 silver denarii of Trajan). of Domitian or at most one or 2 coins or a remaining cists have no goods,
lamp (includingone from theworkshop of FORTIS).
In tomb
the skeleton's spine, but the lay beneath a coin of Thessaloniki dating 187-168 BC. grave In all cases, the head was raised higher than the feet, sometimes of a include the enchytrismos using a stone. Other Rom burials these cists. stone-lined 2 wood and 3 and cists, Among child, 11 coins tomb 38 had rich goods, including only the stone-lined 20,
a coin
of Trajan also contained
Tomb 15 held an
which date the burial to theM 1stCt AD.
in a large built cist with 2 3rd contained in secondary use, which All along the S side of this tomb were Ct AD glass vessels. skeletal remains from an earlier burial pushed aside: this burial had 2 tear-bottles, bronze jewellery and, under the later bodies, simultaneous apparently blocks dressed marble
double
burial
gold leaves and sheet,all of the2ndhalf of the2ndCt BC. Two
further Hel
tombs were
found:
one
child burial
had
3
terracotta figurines, a bg tear-bottle of the 1sthalf of the 2nd Ct BC and 3 terracotta fruits. The other, tomb 21, was particularly
rich,A largemarble cist tomb (2.1m x 0.78m) withmonolithic
the contained sides and a large cover (2.45m x 1.28m x 0.13m) of cosmetic a collection with of a young large girl These and glass. in pottery, silver, bone, bronze equipment a with the mirror bronze included bronze depiction implements, a large collection of 2 figurines of hermaphrodites, of a Nereid, the from coin the diadems, etc.), gold (earrings, rings, jewellery
burial
mouth of thedeceased and richgold ornamentwith stone inlay in 3 tiers. Her or from a large necklace probably from her dress and in the chest area (a garland dress had gold embroidery too. The elsewhere ornament attached and Herakles knot) gold
findsdate to the 1sthalf of the2ndCt BC.
In thefill around the
vessels, also Hel
funerary stele, small but of Rom coins mainly lamps, pottery and bronze It is likely that more Hel burials were destroyed date.
by Rom
activity.
earlier
graves
were
an
inscribed
marble
83
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2007-2008 Among theHel andRom graveswere 4 pits ofwhich 2 each containeda single vessel (similar sherdswere found in thefill
between
later graves). in E Macedonia.
unique
These
to the LNeo
date
and are currently
1.71m h. and was
15, the presence condition and physical
were
similar.
Karyanis (Kavala). Ethnos (15/03/09)cites P.Malama's (18th report of the discovery
EPCA)
by
the coast
of a rectangular
building of uncertain (butprobably public) function,dating to theend of the6thCt BC.
of horse
the tombs, but in the general area of the additional burials, were trappings and iron further human burials were made NW of the
Outside
and horse
vehicle
no signs of trauma. In trappings and the arrangement of the human, a 30-40 year old male,
in robust health with
tomb
Five spearheads. 2 contained enclosure wall:
of the 2nd quarter
coins
of the 2nd
1stquarterof the3rdCtAD and the2ndhalf of the4thCtAD (the latestburial yet found), 2 had no offeringsand, in general, of a little pottery and,
consisted
offerings
in one case,
silver and
A new site guide has been Philippiados. Oi?mmaSo? published: P. Vokotopoulos, UavT?vaooa (Athens,ASA, 2007).
glass jewellery. In cases where horseswere buried singly,it is
Lithochori. V Poulios andD.-D. Mengidis (18thEPCA) report (AEMTh 20 [2006], 151-63) on rescue excavation for the
burials.
courtyard
over
Pantanassa
construction
of the Egnatia The NW Odos. part of a large was the NE been found, part having a previously by a rural road. On the SE side was complex
destroyed had lime-plastered range of 5 rooms, the central 3 of which floors: in the central, largest room were probable settings for and in room II next to it, part of an iron bridle storage vessels, level date the and rings. Pottery and coins from the destmction abandonment of this range in theM4th Ct AD, with its construc tion put at the end of the lst-E2nd Ct AD. A marble column base comer
in the NE
court.
peristyle
area
of the excavation The
complex
is
to a likely belonged likely a rural residence,
althougha linkwith theneighbouringVia Egnatia is possible. The
area NW
of the building
served
as a cemetery
from the
5thCt BC-4th Ct AD, with a gap inuse from the3rdCt BC-lst
Ct AD.
From
areas.
In 2006,
the 2nd Ct AD itwas organized into 2 onwards, 20 tombs were excavated, 14 human containing
burials (ofwhich 5 are cremations),4 horses and 2 horse plus
human. prone caim:
In the earliest
on a bed offerings
laid (tomb 21), the skeleton was oriented SW-NE and covered by a of a plainware and 2 amphoriskos
of stones, consisted
silverobols ofAbdera (ca. 500-425). Two tombsof the2ndhalf
side by side: in both cases the skeleton was laid on the ground and covered with a caim, and as offerings one had a local skyphos containing 4 bronze coins of Orthagoreia, a bg skyphos and the other a rf palmette, and sherds of a kantharos. an undecorated and 38 coins of (23 lamp Orthagoreia
held in thehands and theothersplaced in the skyphos). of theW
of a horse-drawn
comer
vehicle
of the building
lay the upper part preserving all its
(probably 2-wheeled) in bronze and iron. The upper part of the vehicle attachments was decorated with a bronze relief. The central part of this
reliefdepicted a Doric frieze (4 triglyphsand 3 metopes), with
at each
end a dolphin and a female head, the entire frieze being Each metope imitates the fa?ade supported on 2 Doric columns. of a Doric naiskos with 2 columns or arched and a pediment roof,
and
Cerynaean birds).
relief depictions of a labour of Herakles (the boar and the Stymphalian hind, the Erymantheian It is not yet clear whether this was a chariot or other
formof vehicle. Slightlyaftertheburial, a SW-NE wall was
It built, running over its SE comer but causing no disturbance. marked the SE border of the planned cemetery where the horse burials were made: a complete this was enclosure probably Four intact horse burials were wall, now lost or not located. found in 2006, plus 2 more disturbed The animals examples. were stallions, mature cavalry horses, and, in a few cases, horse Two tombs (10 and 15) contained trappings were preserved. human and horse skeletons. In tomb 10 (Fig. 80), the horse was buried with full trappings in bronze and iron, with an iron sword on one (placed
side and the burial prone
and
parallel
of a 40-50
year-old man on the other to the horse): the man stood ca.
A
large, near-semicircular
per?bolos
was
built beside
themiddle of thiswall (internaldi. 7.2m); in the centreof the area was
enclosed
it. The
bronze
the cremation
burial
contained
an
tomb 3, which was spread out with 4 iron chair (okladias),
and 2 simple bronze hemispheres of the frame, and a bronze plastic vessel Nearby, but outside the burial, were a miniature vessel strigil, a handmade
lion heads
upper terminals bust of Dionysos.
a bronze bowl, unknown bronze.
Next
was
to this per?bolos
on
the a
with
red slip and an
a smaller
one
(internaldi. 0.1m) with amarble marker slab at theSE beside a
niche for offerings. In the centre was a cremation (tomb 4) with 3 ivory pins and 3 silver denarii, a part of a silver bracelet, denarius and 7 bronze coins, the latest of which silver-plated
(issued by a Gr cityunderElagabalus) dates theburial to the 1st quarterof the3rdCtAD. The 5 burials outside theperiboloi are all but one (a child grave) datable by coin evidence to the 3rd or the 2th quarter
of the 2nd Ct AD
quarter
of the 2nd-lst quarter
of the 3rdCt. This part of thecemeteryhad 3 pits and 5 pithoi for waste.
burial
of the 4th Ct were
37m NW
as yet unclear to which human burial they may belong. A 2nd enclosure not built wall, long after the first, the 2nd cemetery area which contained demarcated only human
use
Apart from the 3 Cl and one 4thCt AD burials, systematic the 2 burial
of
areas
dates
from
the Llst
or E2nd Ct-lst
quarterof the 3rdCt AD, with thevehicle burial in the2ndhalf of the 1st Ct. The cemeteryisunlikely tohave served theneigh house
bouring
exclusively,
but
probably
belonged
a
to
community identifiedon a nearby hill. A fewThracian or PH were
sherds
settlement found.
Ot
across found scattered the area, indicating in the vicinity: one Byz coin and a ring were also burials were made in the neighbouring plot SW of
the excavation
area.
Kathimerini accessible 17th EPCA's
to make the (12/06/08) reports plans to visitors with finds in situ. It quotes displayed
site the
in 2007 as stating that a 2nd report of its work vehicle has been discovered it, along with the horses that pulled with horse trappings and weapons iron bridles, a (spearheads, sword,
etc.) and a small bronze
THASOS (18thEPCA: Kastro
at the rear of the horse.
12th EBA)
Limenarion
Ethnos
shield
(Kambos).
To
Vima, Kathimerini
and
(24/05/2008) all report the discovery by S. Papadopoulos (18thEPC A/Thrace) of ruraldwellings and wine making facilities used from the Hel to LByz in this mountainous
The most significant finds region (ca. 500masl). were monumental wine presses lm h.), exceeded (one example of which 7-8 have been discovered, some located in a central point in the vineyard and others within the stone-built periboloi of residences. have been shared facilities. may They included the central area of the the Complexes treading-floor, collection vessel placed beneath and the hollow to drain off the must: the entire interior is lined with a waterproof mortar.
CATHERINEMORGAN
84
Lithochori: horse burialwith chariot,tomb 10
destruction
Thasos
Area N of theArtemision. A. M?ller (EFA/Lille 3), F. Blonde (EFA/CNRS) and S. Dadaki (12thEBA) report on a study season
following
Tunisian
the 2006
excavations.
The
amphorae enhance
(Fig. 81) and a few the picture of Thasian
significant
contribution
identification
sherds
of
of Egyptian relations
external
amphorae datable forms existed times. Many imprecisely during EByz around the last quarter of the 6 and the 1stquarter of the 7th Ct of the last phase of the villa will AD: the abundant material make
a
to our
knowledge
of EByz
of
resumption to locate more
opportunity
excavation precisely
in 2006
the
provided the 'monastery' unearthed
in 1911N of theArtemision. A plan of all known parts of this
on the same orientation as the nearby EByz villa, 'monastery', on the basis of old photographs was made and visible remains. rests on the of the building, which Identification currently
in all areas
found mixed
of the underlying at least workshops,
housed mostly denarii
for glass and metal from the Republican
with
explored, elements
of consisting of roofing.
layers confirms that the building recent phases, the most An important hoard of 22 working. during
era, buried shortly after the date of i.e. at the time of the Battle of Pharsala) the last strike (48 BC, was found in room P54. This discovery significantly backdates our knowledge inN Greece. of denarius circulation
It isnow established thattheSW building showed the same
overall
ceramics. The
collapsed Excavation
layer was mud-brick
plan
and
internal organization
from the beginning
of the
Hel period until the end of occupation in theE7thCt AD. general
lines of the monumental
centre of Thasos
were
in the 1sthalf of the 3rdCt BC, ifnot earlier: this involvednot
only
the agora,
but in a unified
and contemporary
conception,
of a church and perhaps also on the fact that the land presence was a dependency of the Pantocrator of Athos, might be firmly established after further fieldwork.
macellum. J.-Y. Marc 2) reports on (EFA/Strasbourg the courtyard of the excavation of areas between continuing and the court of the hundred flagstones, and on archi macellum same The tectural analysis of the remains 82, 83). (Figs
The
laid out
The
ot111U-1?-:-1 10 5 81. Thasos:
the Artemision,
Tunisian
20cm amphora
6th-7th Ct AD
a
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2007-2008
85
Typological studypermitsthedistinctionof several typeswhich relate
to 2 different decorative and
ceramics
industrial
In parallel, sequences. study of continued. Ovenwares equipment or a craft either culinary activity some such craft may also explain the
reflecting predominate, requiring such products; of an unparalleled abundant presence a circular base and an oval opening.
type of pan or basin with
storage jars, pithoi or dolia, were scarce. A comprehensive inventory of equipment of this consisted mostly related to production was also made: Iron working of glass and bronze. artefacts from the production silver production is also present. is poorly represented; Large
and M. Y Grandjean rampart. report on the 2007 study season.
The
Wurch-Kozelj
(EFA)
Study of blocks froma set of 3 roomswhich defended the
access 82. Thasos:
monumental The
ambition
development confirmed.
theMacellum,
view from
SW
to the S dedicated to economic square activity. of this programme, very close to themajor urban is now of Asia of the metropoleis Minor,
A special study was made of the different types of decoration in the complex surfaces, cladding, opus sectile and painted are now known, of marble Just over 700 fragments mosaic. of the surface wall only a small proportion representing
and the passage between the Ionic passage leading to room the courtyard of the hundred flagstones. Study proceeded by room: a single room of P45, the centre of the SE wing of the decoration
a batch of almost 100 fragments of marble, macellum, produced in all). remarkable for their extreme diversity (13 varieties
83. Thasos:
theMacellum,
plan of SW wing
to the sea, SW of the closed port, continued. a 2nd arrow identified slot were
door
Many
2 plus survey of quarry marks fragments of a door lintel. Systematic In total, Gate. covered a 55m section of wall E of the Herakles fragments
from
of registered, some contemporary with the construction in the E5th Ct BC, others related to renovation of the
59 were the wall
fortificationin the2ndhalf of the4thCt BC.
Epigraphy. J. Foumier (EFA) and P. Hamon (EFA/Rouen) report(AEMTh 20 [2006], 51-60) on thepublication of a new collection
discovered
of Thasian
in excavations
unpublished
inscriptions
of the Cl-Rom periods inscriptions Three in the agora area since 2004. are briefly discussed:
a new
fragment
which joins thebottomof the4thCt BC Stele of theAgathon, a LHel
decree
inscription epigraphical
an and the benefactor Stilbon, honouring Postumus. The of history honouring Agrippa on Thasos is reviewed. research and publication
86
CATHERINEMORGAN
THRACE
disturbed
new publication a valuable of evidence overview presents the mod. M. border: H. Todorova, spanning Bulgarian-Gr Ivano v (eds), In the Steps of James Harvey Stefano vich, G 2. The Struma/Strymon River in Prehistory: Gaul Valley
A
the
of
Proceedings Praehistoricus.
Kjustendil
International Blagoevgrad
Symposium
Amphipolis (Greece) 27thSeptember to 1stOctober 2004 (Sofia, Gerda Henkel Stiftung,2007). of Xanthe
Nomos
(19thEPCA:
12th EBA) Ethnos
13m).
(19thEPCA: Komotini.
15th EBA)
street of
Venizelos
traces
of a Byz
a cistern.
and
cemetery
Ct AD bathwith a Within the city,a previouslyunknown 14th hypocaust perhaps
has
been
to be attributed
the
located, to Gazi
of which
construction
is
Wiener
reports
Laboratory)
(AEMTh 20 [2006], 31-39) on analysis of thehuman skeletal from the extra-mural
(theatre
area, Kabana
region).
cemetery at ECh/Byz The sample of 36
Maroneia
individuals
included 32 adults of advanced age and 4 children (3 over the
to traced according age of 4); different nutritional habits were in tomb 5 (W focused on the discovery age and sex. Attention of the theatre) of the cranium of a mature woman (over parados
30 years of age) which had been artificiallydeformed,probably
the woman had also suffered multiple fractures of by binding: indistin tomb itself was The other bones. archaeologically is not generally deformation cranial but the from rest, guishable attested in Gr lands nor does it fit Ch tradition. The deceased from her homeland customs retained therefore have may from the for the arrival of immigrants perhaps adding evidence or the Balkans
(or W
Europe) during as part of the mixed
period (5th Ct AD onwards) this major Byz trading centre. Maroneia,
Cave
the migration
population
of
A.
of Polyphemos.
Panti
and M. Myteletsis
to prepare the cave the 2 main chambers as part of a programme the trenches were opened, Two for public viewing. revealing same 4 strata in each. The top level, 1, dates to the LI2th-13th
and contained a large quantity of glazed and plain pottery,plus animal bone (mainlybovine, implyinguse of the
Ct AD
are cups and plates of Zeuxippos as a shelter). Prominent some probable local imitations, noting group II (including at Mikro in Pisto also many cups similar to those produced coins among also many lamps. Two legible bronze Rhodope), cave
ware
the 9 found are also of this date (one fromThessaloniki of
Alexander
I Laskari III).
and
the other
[1204] Two more found outside
an
imitation
the cave were
of
a Latin
imitationofManuel Despotis (1204) fromThessaloniki and a imitation
contained
LRom
1stCt AD terrasigillata
very
a little Neo
slight, with
and
Two
also and a spindle-whorls kylikes bg sherds of LAr for use of the cave between EH II
prochous), intrusive
scan of
of Evros
(19thEPCA: Zoni
a 3D
to excavation,
15th EBA) P. Tsatsopoulou
(Mesimbria).
reviews
(19th EPCA)
(AEMTh 20 [2006], 1-7) the past 3 seasons of work in the
a harbour
W
side of the valley, traces of anc. has
of handling capable the area of Mikros settlement
trade.
external Elaionas
covering
ca.
On
the
(l,000masl) stremmata 20
(rectangularbuildings, roof tiles and Cl and Hel sherds). The site is protected to theW, NW andNE by 3 peaks which have of fortification
evidence
routes
a 200m
and
from
inland
sherds of Thracian
the coastal
/. stretch of wall
one of them. alongside mod. Perama around plain
pottery. Three are Zoni
around plain ca. 3km from
the sea
is
identified The
2 peak strongholds, both with sherds. A 3rd peak Thracian easternmost of The Zoni. connection
with mod.
and Komaro
is defended
traces of fortification defends
these
Makri
(anc.
the main
and Hel
by and
route down
to
3 peaks has direct visual Sali), with traces of a PH
peribolos.
A brief review of finds fromZoni itself,emphasizes the
in the of inscriptions of the large collection importance of 300 graffiti Thracian (2 on stone, plus a collection language of Apollo). in Gr script on pottery from the Sanctuary Traianoupolis. 74) a detailed
K.
Tsouris
architectural
28 [2007], 67 presents (DeltChAE study of the ruins of a small (11.25m
x 6.15m) church. Its LByz
(1st half of the 14th Ct AD)
and of 1206 the sack represents postdates settlement at a time of major for continuing important evidence
construction
upheaval.
(EPSVE) report(AEMTh 20 [2006], 21-29) on excavation in
Theodoros
3 was
Level
represent the only evidence In addition and the LRom period. the cave interior is proposed.
main
Evrenos.
(ASCSA,
remains
Caucasus
sherds.
cup axe.
serpentine
discussed: P. Tritsaroli
Maroneia.
Latin
kantharoid
area with
(08/03/08) cites the report of D. (Director, 15thEBA) of the discovery on
Ethnos
Makropoulou
burning,
and identifying the main points of defence territory of Zoni, of the valley of the potential identity of sites. W discussing of continuous the valley of Petroton shows evidence Zoni, This is the only from the PH to the LRom period. occupation
of Rhodope
Nomos
of
potteryin trenchI and EH sherds inboth trenches.Beneath a 0.1m lime crust,level 4 (ca. 0.05m thick)produced EBA akin to thatof Sitagroiphase IV and a quantityof EH II, paralleled in Sitagroi phases Va and b (typical shapes include the
Nomos
(08/03/08) cites the report of D. Makropoulou (Director, 15thEBA) of the discovery of a previouslyunknownECh (probably6thCt AD) basilica (15m x Kimmeria.
some EH
and
Strymon Serres
(Bulgaria);
traces
with
and
amphorae of types4 and 7 (7thCt AD),
of the small Constantinople
type A.
Level
2,
Tymbo Thyreas (Didymoteicho). Ethnos (02/08/07)cites the reportofM. Koutsoumanis (19 EPCA) of the discovery of
of BC during excavation many PH tools dating ca. 5000-4500 Seven lies ca. 8km from Didymoteicho. which the mound, tens of other tools and pottery sherds stone axes, arrowheads, reports the discovery, (06/02/08) Apogevmatini of a Rom family tomb. This of the excavation mound, during and a woman, of a man the cremations contained plus an a horse), along with ceramic, glass, iron and animal (probably found Also bronze offerings, and a small amount of jewellery. stone and such as axes were Neo in the mound tools, are
noted.
arrowheads.
Finds
are kept
in Komotini
Museum.
Ethnos
a (15/03/08)furtherreports(with illustration)thediscovery of
in the form of a swan's head from lamp with a handle this area of later burials (2 pyres and the burial reported above are noted).
bronze
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2007-2008 Didymoteicho Kal?. Ethnos (08/03/08)cites the reportof D.
15th EBA) (Director, Makropoulou cleaning of rock-cut chambers used
on
the discovery
during
for worship.
comer of the W A test was made in the NE Imperial dump. room to investigate the foundations of the walls. New investigations were made on the S limit of the town, in the N
side and
comer
the SW
and
in the road delimitating reconstruction of a diachronic
SAMOTHRACE Sanctuary of theGreat Gods.
reports on the 2007 season York) on volume Work continued Eastern
J.McCredie (ASCSA/New
of study and conservation. 9, The Monuments of
in the series Samothrace. Excavations Hill, by the Institute of Fine Arts of New York University,
catalogue
of
Documentation Milesian
coins
from the E
of the architectural
Dedication
on theW
hill
blocks
Conducted
the
hill continued.
ISLANDS OF THE NORTHEAST EBA) (20thEPCA: 14th
AEGEAN
E. Greco reports on continuing (Director, SAIA) were of the area of the Isthmus wall. Trenches exploration at the foundation to the of the Ar wall opened corresponding walls of the LH settlement previously noted (Fig. 84). Among
theoldest sherds (fromthedeep levels of the levellingfill over thesterileclay level) are classes datingback toLH IIIA2. The
LH IIICL.
following
these first phases
raw materials
Further recovered
used
will
studies
be made
from the levels
in the house
of palaeo and the
investigated
construction.
Institute/British (Canadian city). H. Williams on the reports on the study of finds from excavations and near the N harbour with special attention to the (anc.
Mytilene Columbia)
acropolis large numbers
Chios (20thEPCA: 3rdEBA)
Lemnos
immediately
remains
of terracotta figurines and lamps from the collections of Aeolic grey wares sanctuary and the extensive from both sites. The latter represent Ar, Cl and Hel deposits.
Hephaestia.
structures
botanic
Lesbos
and on the with
Ct AD.
LAr-E7th
of the L antique peristyle house, at the S. This permits image of life in the area, from the
the house
the
(L. Gadbery).
associated
87
date
to the
Journal of Archaeological publishes
Science
reported work
widely
35 (2008),
(cf. Eleutheros
1169-76 Ta
and
Typos
Nea 05/11/07) by B.P. Foley and M.C. Hansson (MIT and
Woods
Hole
on DNA
Institute)
Oc?anographie
of
analysis
residues containedwithin 2 amphorae from the4thCt BC ship in the straits between
wrecked
Chios
and Oinousses
[2004-2005], 90; AR 52 [2005-2006], 97). contained
analysed indications
of wine
or?gano and possibly
and
olives:
pistachio
51
(AR
The amphorae
there
are
also
nuts.
Phana. L. Beaumont reports on a further (BSA/Sydney) to the conservation and cataloguing of study season devoted LH IIIC-LRom finds from the 2005 excavation. The date and
Kato
nature of the finds (fineware cups, figurines, objects of valuable that this was a cult site as early as the LBA, metals) emphasize use until the LRom in continuous and probably remained period. I. Basiakos logical
undertook
(microscopic from the deep
chemical and morpho quantitative and macroscopic) of soil analyses cores taken in 2006 in the archaeom
samples of NCSR etry laboratory indicate that the sea, now in antiquity site, reached
Democritos.
results Preliminary of the archaeological to the foot of the sanctuary. This
some
to explain the massive helps the low natural mound defined established pressure
and were designed, of the earth fill behind
sanctuary Nea 84. Lemnos,
Hephaestia:
wall
structures
of the LH
settlement
the boundary wall date), are 2 EByz (of uncertain rooms side by side set on the ridge of the Ar wall. Amphorae, terra sigillata and a coin date to the 6th Ct AD. storage vessels, One room contained architectural spolia. of
Outside
limestone
to the monument the boundary close with wall, corner of the westernmost room of the NW blocks,
the rectangularbuildingwith benches discovered in 2005 (AR 53 [2006-2007], 76-77) was also explored. Among Ar finds
are many sherds of the karchesion in cult (common shape in the town). A new room belonging to the excavated buildings same complex was found in theW side, covered by a major L
anc.
walls which peribolos on which the sanctuary was not only to withstand the them, but also
from the sea.
Moni.
A. Christofidou
of Restoration
of Byz
and
and A.
Papanikolaou
Later
Monuments,
to protect
the
(Directorate of
Ministry
Culture) report(DeltChAE 28 [2007], 41-54) on new architec tural details
N
300m W
revealed
the katholikon, which construction phases.
restoration
in
work
identification
of
6
AND SAMOS
CYCLADES Nomos
and by consolidation allow the secure
of Samos
(21stEPCA: 3rdEBA) Samos Publication:
C.
ersten D?pteros
Hendrich, von Samos
Samos
25. Die
(Bonn, Habelt,
S?ulenordnung 2007).
des
88
CATHERINEMORGAN of the Cyclades
Nomos
Te?os
(21stEPCA: 2ndEBA) N. Brodie,
J.Doole,
Xobourgo. excavation
G Gavalas
and C. Renfrew
McDonald an
Institute
invaluable
noted
for Archaeological
Research,
offers 2008) are articles
overview of the region. Specific only when they present new data or significantly site reports. previous
below
expand
phases, Ar and Cl, was in room E3, continuing
and P. Sotirakopoulou,
Stampolidis
Aegean
Waves:
Artworks
Museum ofCycladic Art at of theEarly Cycladic Culture in the Athens (Athens/Milan, Museum of Cycladic Art/Skira,2007). Andros In discussing
Palaiopoli. Embeirikio
Gymnasio
a
marking
temporary 20 years
in
exhibition of
excavation
It remained
research
Three
changes
eschara
mooring. Publication: EiKooi
L. Palaiokrassa-Kopitsa,
xp?via
avaoKacpiKTJs
?aXai?noXr? ?pEuva?
(Andros,
'AvSpov: 2007).
a further season
of
Excavation concentrated investigated. a large the Cl floor to which beneath
in use
set almost
also
in the Cl period, when higher than the Ar
0.2m
the floor of floor.
This
partial repair of walls or rooms: further stratigraphie excavation to reconstruct the building's is needed phases and use. terrace AA, On in the area of the excavation continued bench
in 2007
reports
confirmed that the 2ndphase of the building consisted of a
by
in the anc. harbour. by N. Mourtza of level are noted, with consequent raising of the
conducted
the room was
the
Athens University, Ethnos (08/08/07) reports geological
(Athens)
comer was in situ in the NE storage jar found broken thought to belong. this jar was in fact embedded in the Ar However, floor and its base firmly fixed in a well-built stone circular
base. N.
Kourou
On terraceE, a largebuilding (buildingE) with 2 apparent
(eds), Horizon:
A Colloquium on thePrehistory of theCyclades (Cambridge,
N.
in 2007.
and bench were
The dimensions and form of the (Fig. 85). the same in both periods of use, since the 2nd, was of the first with the simply an enlargement
LGeo, phase addition of a new wall
covered its length. by plaques along pyre pits were revealed near the N edge of the bench and lower than the large ash deposit, that the area had suggesting distinct phases of use, with the bench and eschara belonging to a 2nd phase, when the use of pyre pits in this part of the terrace
More
was
replaced
by other
rituals
at these
2 features.
The
small
^^*^*5fc!
85. Te?os,
Xobourgo:
Ar
eschara
and bench
on terrace AA
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2007-2008 to them on
next
building
the E
part of
is a
the terrace
later
constructionbuilt over the LGeo pits in the E7th Ct. Thus
presents one of the fullest pictures of the evolution Xobourgo of an early, open-air cult into a cult related to a building.
analysis
Syros Chalandriani
leads M.
(Kastri).
Marthari
21st
(ASA/Director,
reports (Ergon [2007], 60-65) on a 2nd season of
EPCA)
on the Kastri excavation focused on the area inside acropolis, and at the foot of the semicircular wall at the summit (see AR
53 [2006-2007], 83, fig. 99). Many slabs from thewall were
the gradual of the found, indicating by their location collapse wall rather than a catastrophic Fill reached a d. of destruction. derives from decomposed in 0.7m, but mainly vegetation; the bedrock is only 0.1m below the surface. The h. of places, no greater than 2m, but was in the ECyc was then in a different, less careful, masonry style. Pottery is L of II, Kastri style, the same as that found in excavation
the wall raised
ECyc the lower
fortification
and the main (both the proteichisma their towers), as well as in the settlement buildings within the walls. Several from the shapes can be recognized sherds; black-coated storage pithoi with plastic fragmentary incised handles, conical decoration, cups with amphorae with
walls
with
mat
and
of obsidian
on
leaf marks
stamped and abandonment
incised
remains
season
focused
C. Durvye on the
of glass materials
found
reports on a post ceramics and
(EFA)
study of in abundance
(and probably
redeposited) inoikos 2 and under the rampbeside it. An
initial
assessment
to the restoration
of
the excavations
of 4 occupation between Delian
the sanctuary dating construction of an aqueduct
of 2005-2006
in the area E of
phases
independence in the ruins of the oikoi,
and
the
after the
abandonmentof the area during the 1stCt BC (Fig. 86). The
first phase, dating from independence, is seen sporadically in oikoi 3 and 4; a 2nd phase, dominance, during Athenian consists of a general filling of the area for the construction of
oikoi 3, 4 and 5; the 3rdphase, at the end of theAthenian
is characterized period, by a levelling of the area which was furrowed by runoff to theW, and the construction between the oikoi and the temple of oikos 2 and a ramp along its length.
after the abandonment of the area Finally, the stanchion of an aqueduct was built BC, oikoi.
during the 1st Ct in the ruins of the
the base, bowls and pyxides with In the same level (that of the
decoration.
of the wall)
working
of Stesileos.
Aphrodision excavation
89
were
obsidian
blades
and
the debris
in situ, stone grinders and pestles, bones and shells. ovicaprine
and food
including confirmed Excavation
settlement periboloi
on the Kastri of the same
that the fortification system of the consisted of 3 curved walls or acropolis date: the earliest and lowest is the so
called proteichisma,thenclose by is thewall with 6 (to date)
apsidal towers, and the 3rdwall, smaller in extent, on the summit of the hill. The wall on the summit therefore formed part of the overall scheme of fortification from the beginning, and was the last line of defence
in the case
of attack from outside.
The
semi
shape is due to the fact that the S side of the summit is and unapproachable. The space inside the wall was precipitous roofed and in use until the abandonment of the entire settlement. circular
The
large pithoi found here, at least 0.8m h., were used over to store cereals. The with incised amphorae also used for the storage and transport of liquid
long periods handles were foodstuffs. area was
The ovicaprine bones and shells the dwelling of persons of particular
confirm
that the
status.
Delos
Sanctuary ofApollo.
R. Etienne (EFA/Paris 1) reportsthat
86. Delos:
Aphrodision
of Stesileos,
oikos
2
in the Sanctuary of Apollo had 3 main aims. The first concerned the development of the terrace in front of the Great
work
a drop of 1.35m between the top layer the paving of the 'Sacred Way'. The in front of the temple of a levelling course the by a first ramp: a 2nd ramp then met
to accommodate Temple seats and of the marble terrace
is composed of 3.4m, followed
in place, and those discovered 'Sacred Way'. The bases during the excavation, indicate the use of this area, and allow us to in front of the temple. reconstruct, at least in part, the landscape difficulties Secondly, led to a re-examination are scattered
and few.
in reconstructing the Temple of Apollo of all the architectural members, which Study confirmed G Gruben's hypothesis
of a tetrastylefa?ade: a date for thebuilding in theL6 Ct BC
in collab and stylistic characteristics. Finally, a programme oration with the Polytechnic in Athens, of in search and coring was undertaken geophysical prospection of the anc. shoreline alongside the Sanctuary of Apollo and to
fits its technical
determine established.
the
conditions
in which
the monuments
were
of the Competaliasts. C. Hasenohr (EFA/Bordeaux 3) of the faunal remains retrieved reports that alongside analysis in 1995-2003, research in this area was directed at study and
Agora
restoration
of the portico with engaged pillars at the S edge of 3 trenches opened did not allow the tracing of the of this gateway any further, but did reveal evidence
the site. The foundations
for the previous
Atlas ofDelos.
state of the area.
J.-Ch.Moretti (EFA/CNRS et alii) reportthat
of an Atlas of Delos, in begun in 2007. Two digital records were made. 2004, was completed covers The first, at a scale of 1:2,000, the whole island, via photogram walls, including field terraces and enclosure survey
towards
the creation
metry from a series details archaeological enclosures.
of aerial
remains
photographs. other than
The these
2nd, at 1:200, terraces and
90
CATHERINEMORGAN
of marble at Delos. and the treatment surfaces Polychromy P. Jockey (EFA/Aix-en-Provence) and B. Bourgeois (Centre de et de restauration recherche des mus?es de France [C2RMF]
report thatwork conducted in 2007 under the polychrome programme (EFA/C2RMF) sought to restore in digital 3D the on 5 Delian
and gold
colours
at Delos.
Storage
inAthens
V. Chankowski
(EFA)
of analysis of storage in the theatre spaces
programme commercial spaces, between
statues
on
focuses
analysis
capacity district.
and Delos.
reports on a new in domestic and For
and
structural
commercial
functional
links
shops, storage areas and houses, including for the first of vases encased in soil led to time places where the presence or For of shops cereals. the identification liquids selling it aims to identify the different storage devices domestic spaces,
used
in homes
priori
means
While there are no a products. as the different areas surveyed
for domestic of
identifying
it was
for domestic
storage, specifically designated to identify spaces in houses which may have been so possible In addition, in the district identified used. study of each house places
of enlargement of the space on the ground examples serve as which of mezzanines the addition may
numerous floor
by storerooms.
P.
Publication:
and
Fraisse
J.-C.
Moretti,
Exploration
Arch?ologique de D?los XLII. Le Th??tre, 2 vols. (Athens, EFA, 2007). Despotiko To Vima (28/10/07) and Archaiologia 106 (2008), Mandra. 107 report the discovery by I. Kouragios (21stEPCA) of a 3 buildings (makinga totalof 10plus a walled complex further of 2 structures) in the Sanctuary of Artemis and Apollo previouslynoted (AR 51 [2004-2005], 96; AR 52 [2005-2006], 101). The first inscribedAr pithos was discovered in 2007 (AITEONEIM). InscriptionstoAPXHME orAPTHME are also
Geo
noted,
in addition
to those
period
and reached
a peak
in the to Apollo. Cult began in the Ar before a catastrophic
destruction in Cl times (spolia were reused in LCI and Hel Ar
structures). 2
acroteria,
capitals,
of the Doric
stylobate
deity (ca. 680-660 BC)
probable
sanctuary may
temple.
an
include
echinus
A Daedalic
parts of 2 gorgon and part of the statue of a female
is thoughtto be the cult image. The
a small settlement period: in L antiquity/Med. the before tower on the peninsula round into the Rom
continued sanctuary here was established A
remains
architectural
column
the entrance
control
to the harbour
of Despotiko.
To Vima (28/10/07) reportsthe discovery by I.
Zoumbaria.
(21st EPCA)
Kouragios
of
settlement
remains
close
to
a
cemetery discovered by N. Zapheiropoulos in 1959. It is conjectured thattheharbourwas inuse from theECyc period
onwards.
Tsimindiri. To Vima (28/10/07) reports I. Kouragios' (21st EPCA) account of ECyc cist tombs by the shorewhich had been robbed in antiquity (see AR 53 [2006-2007], 85, where Hel
and Rom
are noted).
graves
Tsikniades
(Kato
Sangri).
O.
Philaniotou
(Director,
20th
a EPCA) publishes (Horizon, 195-207) 122 graves from had which of the excavated majority cemetery, ECyc partially been
Most
looted at various
were
2-storey
slab-lined
graves were
stages from antiquity to the present day. cists of various forms: some instances of noted, but recent damage was too great to
widely.
27 unplundered
Only
graves
a silver in one case, vessels, marble and, figurines are considered in detail. The absence of human bowl), which bone in some unplundered that graves supports the suggestion to a special removed they were deliberately repository after a
marble
period of time.
Publication: A. G. Vlachopoulos, H YoTEpoE??adiKr) OTT]
TTEpioSo? ouox?T\o\ao\
Ta
:
N?Co tous
to
UE
TacpiK?
01
A:
Tonos
Aiya?o.
llir
Kai
o?voXa
Ta
llir Ta?iKa o?voXa ttjs N?E,ou (Athens,
YoTEpoE??aSiKa
supp. 4, 2006).
Archaiognosia
Ano Kouphonisi Ph. Zapheiropoulou (Horizon, 183-94) presents in full 3 EBA on
cemeteries
the SW
end of the island,
excavated
in 1969
1970 (AR 18 [1971-1972], 18; see also her preliminaryreports inADelt 25 [1970], Chr 428-30; ADelt 26 [1971], Chr 467).
These
cemeteries
were
in use during
of the Kampos
the period
Group.
Agrilia cemetery (M. Simigdalas property):72 intactrock
cut graves of the chamber and forecourt), plus a (consisting in an area of ca. 50m x excavated further 20 disturbed, were some 50 had grave interments (contracted): 75m. All contained shell and always a clay bronze blades, needles, goods (obsidian were lid, and, in 2 cases, marble vessels). Offerings pyxis
placed in the forecourtand coveredwith 2 layersof earthand include
on the upper layer. In pot was usually placed to the types of object offered as grave goods, finds The carbonized seeds and fruits and stone amulets.
contents
of rich tombs are reviewed:
stones:
addition
a crushed
large forecourt. field: Tzavaris
this cemetery
one
lies on
(29) had a pyre the peninsula
in the
between
theBays ofLoutra and Par?anos (themain PH fishingharbour), and had been the targetof looters. On thehighest level of the
some of which contained field were many pits cut into bedrock, and and daggers, items such as marble bowls, bronze needles An area of inhumations blades. obsidian lay towards the foot
of the hill: 2(?) bodies were laid out on the ground on a and clay ca. 5.5m x 3m, with broken marble over stones heaped over and and around them, lying area being enclosed with a wall to the N and E, them, the whole and marked with a stone sema.
flattened
area
vessels
Skopelitis
this cemetery had been Mylos: identified Nine grave pits were and bowls including marble goods,
near Ano
field,
by
looters.
severely damaged with fragmentary grave figurines, scattered about. Keros
Kavos-Dhaskalio
C. Renfrew (Chairman,B SA/Cambridge)
reports on the 2nd season
of renewed
and the assistant (EPCA) Kavos: documentation
directors N. Brodie
excavation
at Kavos
and
on theneighbouring islet of Dhaskalio (AR 53 [2006-2007], 86-89) (Fig. 87). The associate directorwas O. Philaniotou and G
of the extent of the Special
Gavalas.
Deposit
South continued,extending itsdistributionsomewhat to theN andW. Characterization of the Special Deposit South as the at this spot was confirmed by areas of some French), noting study (C. geomorphological as the repeated as well surface considerable stability, of pits in the past, thus reworking and back-filling excavation is soil profile The whole the same 'special deposit' material.
product Naxos
more
identify the practice
had (very few) offerings(mostly of obsidian, also clay and
of deliberate
deposition
severely bioturbated, which would have helped cut features in the 'special deposit', especially Beneath be of the same material. essentially
to obscure
other
as the fill would the dark
brown
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2007-2008 I
Dhaskalio
TOOMetres 87. Keros,
Kavos-Dhaskalio:
plan
91
92
CATHERINEMORGAN
layer with
This
limestone).
Definitive interpretation of theSpecial Deposit South awaits thefinal field season in2008 and full studyof thefinds. This
finds was
an orange-brown silty clay (the weathering product of the local contained few special finds, which may have
the principal in places
loam, missing
will
been insertedduring theearlyphase of deposition of thehigh status
materials
which
characterize
a scatter of obsidian
contained
blade
It also deposit. flake fragments.
this
and
certainly
Finds included ca. 25,000 sherds,mostly EBA (plus some the ca. 25%
of diagnostic material including conical-necked
LCI, Rom and Byz). Among are the familiar Keros-Syros jars
sauceboats.
'multiple quantities
Other
decorated, the pottery Overall, common Also North. by G
forms, identifiable
Gavalas), of
to that in the Special Deposit stone vessels (studied fragmentary with a shape range known from the
canonical
Figurines divide into folded-arm
and schematic of the figurines and Chalandriani type. The Spedos, Dokathismata Apeiranthos An exceptional find is the pelvic varieties are well represented. area of a folded-arm figurine of Spedos form measuring 0.17m across the max. w. of the thighs as they widen below the waist figurines
type
As
deliberately perhaps also surfaces others
were
displaying
in almost
pristine condition, whereas the juxtaposition of pieces of weathering confirms that
brought
from elsewhere.
So far, only one figurine
join has been found within the Special Deposit confirming
the conclusions
made
Kavos:
pelvic
area of an exceptionally
large folded
of rock fissures
can copper processes production of silver was also carried out.
the Kavos
and T. Kinnaird area.
Y. Maniatis
studied and D.
sources of the high-quality, gated used for the manufacture of marble themarbles and near
and schists used the Doumas
1
3. Keros,
of a system
caused
slags
cupellation J. Dixon
South,
of 2006.
was
of of metallurgical remains consisted primarily but also included metallurgical ceramics. Two
collection copper distinct
Deposit South (and probably the original Special Deposit were
few, but an EBA date for constructions with the wall in trench by sherds associated AB At present of later material). this area (and the absence near shows few indications of structures beyond the building in 1963 by Doumas. the sea investigated is confirmed
evidence and fragments of metallurgical ceramics dating selected for TL dating. M. Georgakopoulou reports results of her analysis of finds from the 1987 survey in this area: the small
occurred before deposition. This was not done in situ, breakage and no central locus for such breakage has yet been recognized on Keros. It therefore seems that the materials in the Special
North)
Finds were
L of 2006.
no PH use. revealed On the Kavos promontory, soundings in 1987 and where metallurgical remains were investigated to secure better small several trenches were 2006, opened
finds were very fragmentary: apart from a was in the Special every object Deposit some and clearly limestone pestles (and the larger marble figurines) had been sawn. Some
weathered: heavily very different degrees
the presence of fragments of very large plain bowls also requires in the Cyclades. since they are not found elsewhere explanation, In the central area between the N and S Special Deposits, 3 further trenches (AA, AB and AC) were opened close to trench
Investigation
pestles, broken
and breaks were
from Siphnos. decorated pottery from Syros and talc ware itself may be the source of multiple Kouphonisi lamp vessels limestone. and the stone vessels and spools of local orange-pink
by faultingE of the site (M. Kersel and T. Kinnaird): limited
in 2006,
noted small
fillerof blue schistpossiblyfromAmorgos, stampedand incised
here
lm this figure must have exceeded complete (Fig. 88). When h. A single obsidian bead was the only found; a lead pin was or 'pestles' of stone or shell metal find. A number of 'spools' may have served as balance weights. few
and provenance (Y. Maniatis) of ceramics The pottery (J. Hilditch). sherds with a several islands: abundant
Corinthia
were
again
of marble
Animal
is similar
Special Deposit North.
study
analysis came from
on some from the sauceboats, protomes possibly or the Argolid, as a enlarge the catchment of Kavos artractor'. the residue from deliberate Nonetheless, 'symbolic on other islands and artefact breakage has yet to be recognized
such as jugs, shapes in and basins bowls, appear lamps', pyxides of less than 5%. About sherds are lAof the diagnostic etc. with incised or painted dark-on-light decoration,
and
include
petrological
arm figurine
of Spedos
form
House
be
identified
the geological
history of investi
Tambakopoulos white fine-grained
bowls
as building on Kavos.
and
marble
and figurines, and of on Dhaskalio materials
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2007-2008 Phylakopi Publication:
C.
C.
Excavations
Scarre),
C. Morris and (ed., with N. Brodie, at Phylakopi in Melos 1974-77
Renfrew
(London,BSA, 2007). Kythnos
A. Mazarakis
Ainian
(E?AOAON,
excavation
and
and Ch. Mitsopoulou
present
(Thessaly)
an overview of evidence (from
253-57) survey)
93
from a sanctuary
probably
to
dedicated
Artemis andApollo (see AR 49 [2002-2003], 75-76). DODECANESE (22ndEPCA: 4thEBA) A general synthetic work on the archaeology of the Dodecanese has been published: ?pEuvEs Kai Eupr)uaTa ApxcuoXoyiK?s
OTa AcoSEK?vrjoa
89. Keros,
Dhaskalio:
trench
1 dry-stone marble
Promotion
wall
of Greek
(Weilheim, Society for the Study and
History,
2007).
Kos I. Baldini runs N-S
set across
a wall
which
for ca. Trench
Kavos). inside.
trenches were
in 2007
Dhaskalio:
Trench
30m on the E slope of the island (facing I lay E and outside the wall; trench IIW and a well-built I contained in front of dry stone wall
the longwall (Fig. 89). This was built of thinlaminarpieces of
non-local
marble.
showed
that most
Geological study of Dhaskalio stone used here of the building
(J. Dixon) during the
other than boulders of conglomerate EBA, limestone, was or Kouphonisi: neither local nor from Keros rather, it was on SE Naxos This (Y Maniatis). brought from outcrops the shipment of large quantities of building material represents over
considerable
revealed Finds
distances.
a series
-
of EBA
Trench
constructions -
in character
domestic
neckless
the characteristic jars with numerous stone discs, mainly
and
II, with
include
inside
the wall, at least 2 phases.
pithoid jars and horizontal arched handle
of marble
or schist.
Two
(IV and V) were opened on theW slope. the N end of the summit, W of a prominent curved wall, a lead 'spool' comparable to those from the trench VI produced Two complete Apeiranthos type figurines 'special deposits'.
trenches At
(SAIA/Bologna/Bari)
reports on a survey
and
study
of theEByz basilica of St Gabriel and theneighbouringbaths, in collaboration
conducted
with
the 4th EBA.
3 aisles, with a 3-apsed presbytery, a narthex the S side, between which is a baptistery with
The
building
had at least 3 main
construction
The
basilica
has
and annex
along a cruciform font. phases.
Rhodes E. Terezaki (13thEBA) and Rhodes city (anc. Rhodos). P. Triandafyllides (22nd EPCA) report (Archaiologia 106 [2008], 96-101) on the liftingand conservation of LRom on found in rescue excavation the pavements in Karagianni plot, close to the military harbour and dockyards the NE part of the anc. city. Here building remains of the 4th Ct included 2 LRom the northernmost of BC-7th Ct AD houses,
mosaic
to the 4th Ct AD with reuse in the 6th-7th Ct AD. in theW part of this house were remains the courtyard in opus of pavements tesselatum and opus vermiculatum, of which The S 2, S and E of the court, were well preserved. which
dates
Around
were
must to a have belonged pavement, preserved undamaged, room: a central a central it depicts image of Eros within The in the E found 2nd pavement, geometric design.
Med
passageway
In the relatively flat area S of the found in the same area. or later church, traces of several walls were visible on the a rectangular surface (Fig. 90). trench VII Here contained ca. 8m /. (oriented
building
whose
E-W)
W
was
wall
overlain
of the courtyard,
had
3 pictorial
zones,
but was
damaged by ECh intrusion.Both date to the4thCt AD.
by laterwalling. The buildings so farexamined yieldedmuch
character, pottery and other finds of domestic including querns stone discs of schist or marble and grinders and numerous 0.1 0.5m
di. areas
Further
at the summit were
structures which
will
Publication:
Renfrew, Keros:
Gavalas
C. (eds),
be examined
to reveal walls
cleared
and
further in 2008.
L. Marangou Ch. Doumas, and G Dhaskalio Kavos. Report of the Institute for (Cambridge, McDonald
Investigations
of 1987-88
Archaeological
Research,
2007).
Doumas
(ed.),
Thera Publication: oiK?a:
Ch.
AKpcoTT?pi
TpanE?E?-?idiva-iJETa??iva-no?K??a
Sutik?j
Orjpa?:
(Athens, ASA,
2007). Melos Rivari.
C. Televantou
(Horizon,
209-23)
publishes
an account
of theECyc cemeterynoted inAR 50 (2003-2004), 71.
90. Keros,
Dhaskalio:
large building
S of Med
or later church
DON EVELY
94
TaNea (18/12/07and 24/03/08)reportson excavationby the EMA of a shipwreckedgalley just outside the commercial harbourof Rhodes. The shipdates to the 13th Ct, likelyto the periodwhen theKnights of St Johncontrolledthe island. The
presence outside the keel of a cannon, 3 swords and stone cannon balls is noted. Finds from the same area include anc. amphorae
and pottery(some of Hel date), confirmingthattheharbourof was
anc. Rhodes
in the same
recent exposure
The
position.
of
antiquities in the harbour is attributedto the effectof the of large cruise
propellors
the sand
in agitating
ships
thus
and
increasingthed. of theharbourby 5-6m. Ta Nea (24/03/08)
in raising concern cites K. Preka (Director, EMA) subsequently about the serious risk to the remains of the ship if left underwater.
Ta Nea (24/03/08) reportsthediscovery by theEMA of a hoard of 3,000 gold coins, plus jewellery and othervessels, in a 17th-18th Ct AD shipwreck inside thecommercialharbourof Rhodes, above.
in the same
The
quantity
of St George.
Bastion
area
general of antiquities A.-M.
as
the 13th Ct wreck
in the area
noted
is noted.
for restoration as part of the 4th EBA's in preparation Programme in Rhodes. Defences of the Hospitaller for the Restoration
Kathimerini (25/01/08),To Vima (07/02/08)and Archaiologia 103 (2007), 125 all reporton the resultsof theUniversity of
led by M. in S Karpathos research (area of Afiartis), tens of 11 Rom and many In 2007, 21 M sites, 7 Neo, sites and EH Neo in an area of 7.5km2. located mod. were in the view of M. Melas rural installations, indicate small-scale Thrace's
Melas.
dependent on hunting, gathering and fishing (finds of 2 arrowheads
and stone tools are noted).
of sites are
The majority
M, andmany such palatial period settlements(1800-1500 BC) Their
by earthquakes.
destroyed reflects the protection
2007], 96).
director's
given
very close to the (see AR 53 [2006
location
by Crete
Considerable attention is given to the project
discussion
of
and economic
demographic
house
layout
interpretations
and
the
of Santorini'
eruption
'Geoarchaeological
this
season study at the M Palace
year's excavations cases
35
Science
of Archaeological
E. Platon (ASA) reports (Ergon [2007], 80-82) on
Zakros.
in
excavated
town of Kato
and
Platon's
Zakros.
In all
In
the palace (S wing, was from the workshops
pottery. the material
1966),
from N.
the finds
of
on
was
the focus
studied: it includedLM IBMarine and Floral stylepieces, and part of a clay double-axe mould. From buildingN (NW hill, 3 connecting
in 1986),
excavated
rooms
basement
in the S part
yieldedmore LM IB and LM IIIA material, the latterof good quality. Work
Protopalatial on frescoes
Zakros
was
was
material
also
the Zakros
from
encountered. and
palace
the villa
at
out.
carried
Kathimerini,
To Vima and Ta
Eleutherotypia,
Nea (04/09/2007)all cite a reporton thisM habitation siteby S. Chrysoulaki (Ministryof Culture); thework formedpart of and Roads the Minoan Survey here. campaigns A series of structures has been
is a
continuation
of
earlier
revealed on a rocky outcrop is a rural shrine, The earliest the valley. (Prepalatial) from which parts of clay human figurines of both sexes were era by a in the Protopalatial This was recovered. replaced built with small but cyclopean impressively 'guardhouse', manner has of occupation In the Neopalatial walls. period the a ?lite overtones, with 2 sealstones (one with a lion, the other
wounded agrimi) and potteryof palatial quality. The knoll has a strong boundary
For a resume
Associated of
of recent work
Cultural
its catalogue
on Crete
by Gr Universities,
see
Center, New York, hosted an exhibition G Rethemiotakis isM. Andreadaki-Vlazaki,
in
andN. Dimopoulou-Rethemiotaki (eds),From theLand of the Minoan Crete, 3000-1100 BC (New York,Ministry Labyrinth. of Culture,
Archaeological
Museums
of
Crete
and
the
Alexander S. Onassis Public Benefit Foundation,2008).
better
namely
the use of substantial
coming
down
the gorge,
is
is a work
observed
on
walls
to divert
both for protection
of engineering mainland, and control water
the LBA
of the site and
for
purposes.
Siteias
and K. Davaras J. Soles Carolina) (ASCSA/North ofMochlos on the 2007 season. The 3 volumes (Athens) report on the similarly with work II are well advanced; continuing
divided triplevolumes ofMochlos III (themetal merchant and block C of theNeopalatial settlementon the island),Mochlos IV (themanufacturing centre in block C) and Mochlos V (buildingB.2, theceremonialbuilding of theLM IB town). of centred upon the consolidation work was The its reburial. and settlement the Prepalatial part located remains are fragile and, being settlement Prepalatial The the later buildings. beneath the LM IB remains, undermine settlement was in the Neopalatial of house C.2 conservation Conservation of
Papadiokambos.
Ch.
Sofianou
on
Sackett L.H. study, reports (BSA/Groton) connected with the M settlement. and publication the individual on 6 volumes Work concerning proceeds Two et ai, Palaikastro: or blocks: J.A. MacGillivray buildings Wells (London, BSA, Late Minoan 2007) opens the series.
S. Apostolakou (Director,24thEPCA) and
(24th EPCA)
building in2007.
Itanou
conservation
the later structure
the wall
completed.
EASTERN CRETE (Prefectureof Lasithi) EBA) (24thEPCA: 13th
Palaikastro.
with
the sort hitherto
(on the E
an entrance
Mochlos.
www.arxaiologia.gr/site/content.php?article=2539. The Onassis
with
wall
doubled and 200m /.).
Demos
Demos
Journal
(2008), 191-212.
agricultural/irrigation
possible of this evidence.
CRETE by Don Evely
2008:
et al,
Bmins
within
Karpathos
sea
see HJ.
ash,
Choiromandres.
(4thEBA) present(DeltChAE 28 [2007], 115-30) new details of thearchitectural developmentof thebastionobtainedfrom study
were
volcanic
tsunamideposits at Palaikastro (Crete) and theLate Minoan IA
Epano
and K. Manoussi-Della
Kasdagli
On the identificationof tsunamideposits associated with
Theran
report on
the excavation
of a M
inves work begun in 2004, 6 more rooms were Continuing walls structure this of standing 130m2; (some 2-storey tigated ceramic vases, I date. to 1.4m) of LM Storage and household a large stone mortar and stone tools sea shells, including blades were all found in the rooms; the yard yielded a obsidian
whole bronze dagger and a clay basin fullof limpetshells. The
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2007-2008
95
suddendestructionof thebuildingmight be connectedwith the on Thera eruption in that horizon.
volcanic
recovered A
/. wall,
27m
embankment
as many
pumice as
in 2005, served the flooding of a nearby
noted
against
were
pieces a
stream.
*y*%t V,
protective
Praisos. J.Whitley (B SA/Cardiff)reportson thefirstseason of
*?tf'?** 1/
excavation.
in 2007
Work NW
within
concentrated
on
the
to the immediately Tree House, inves Three trenches were
of Praisos, or Almond
slopes of the first acropolis andron and N of the so-called
W
zone
the fenced
in 1901. Bosanquet tigated by R.C. The smallest (A-100), opened. immediately N of the andron, was defined by 2 of the surviving walls which Bosanquet had to theW of 'earlier'. Two called larger trenches were opened to the N and A-300 to the S. For recording the andron, A-200 the andron was
purposes,
a trench (numbered
itself considered
room A-216,
91. Praisos:
pithoi
in situ
A-400). A-100:
this area, defined by 2 of Bosanquet's 'earlier walls' of the andron, was not completely this investigated season. 2 walls, of inferior these However, though workmanship, clearly abut and are therefore later than the NW to the N
outer
face
monumental
of
the andron.
The
walls
cleaning layer of possible roofing debris not excavated this season.
not
do
structure, as Bosanquet the face of the outermost and
underlie
this
To the W, thought. a revealed lower wall
underlying
the wall,
was
which
like its neighbour to the S (A-300), the most
A-200:
in the upper levels of this trench was the terrace wall The upper (A-203). (probably Ven) below rich in cultural material: large topsoil were feature
prominent Med-mod.
layers quantities of animal bone, tile and pottery of various dates from the BA until the present, with Hel and LCI material predomi Some bases of LAr cups, together with some shoulders nating. to be very thin-walled of what appear Cl) (and so probably
Small finds from cups could also be discerned. high-necked numerous terracotta loomweights of all these layers comprised with the former round/disc and bi-conical, types (pyramidal,
terracotta plaque of a young man. if not closed, were relatively layers which, To the E, a rock cutting formed the E extent of an (almost certainly not a floor), below which were a
predominating) were Below undisturbed. anc.
surface
number which
of
and one
small
a mass
contained
one
rock-cut
pits and natural hollows, of animal bone and another
of
a high
an open-air This surface, which was cup. probably space, was squared off to the SW by a stone setting and marked to the S by a rock cutting. anc. wall at least 0.7m To theW ran a substantial (A-210),
necked
w., set almost against NW of this wall was the NW
the vertical a cross-wall
corner and a rock-cut
floor.
associated
with
in this trench, opened up around contained material which was,
a mysterious
First, there were about double slight differences however. the number of loomweights (one pyramidal example, stamped A A) and far fewer examples of Ar cup bases. Moreover, there
was
some possibly the upper
(about 5 sherds). ridged ware tumble was removed, at a d. of about 0.7m, a complex some standing quite high. of walls was uncovered, To the S of the trench, a pair formed 2 sides of a probable Rom
After
whose building on concentrated
inside was
the N
filled
and NE
extraordinarily well-preserved E-W This wall, (Fig. 92).
wall with
jambs, survives to a h. of about Another wall, A-314, surface. below this, clearly abuts (and A partially rock-cut inwall A-314. To theW
309.
ground overlain
the
of
this
only
coin of (bronze) room proved
the
adjoining
a stone
column
base
broadly datable to theHel period. The working hypothesis is that these represent
several
phases
to be
season.
particularly
and
to the
SW
carbonized
material.
of the
A bronze pin was found with largish blocks (tumble). to this pithos. immediately adjacent In sum, there is a complex of several walls in several phases,
a layer of fragments of at least 2 pithoi later pit (A-217), had fallen in situ were found in the SE corner (Fig. 91). of the room was
side
ran broadly stone door
concentrated
the
a rectangular stone-built hearth with a setting of stones to the S. The stone setting is interpreted and a small amphora as a masses stone' and around this were of 'warming
which A-310, its well-defined
Excavation
the original ground at right angles to and partly is therefore later than) wall A bench sits next to a possible window
which
In the centre
either
1.8m above
productive.While theNW of the room had been disturbedby a
tumble. on
is another wall, A-315. on the area immediately S of wall a very large pithos had fallen onto an original where or floor surface. in turn directly This surface was
Excavation A-310,
with
comer,
terracotta weights which had fallen into with further pithos finds associated (A-216),
and
in
some
stone
seem
These
the
very similar to that found in the upper layers of of animal bone, pottery of all dates from the BA A-200; masses to the E20th Ct, with Hel material There were predominating.
other
room
the adjacent fragments Excavation
the upper layers terrace wall,
in (A-215) with a threshold The area behind this to the an iron and a small finds
numerous contained (A-213) bronze nail, an iron knife and a lead weight, foot, a kernos and some pithos fragments.
NW
To
face of the bedrock.
A-300:
Ven probable most respects,
92. Praisos:
doorway
inwall
A-310
of houses.
96
DON EVELY
A-400:
the W
face
of
a monumental
revealing
the
andron
was
cleaned, mainland
in a clearly
fa?ade
fully style
broadly characteristicof the4thCt BC. The structureis highly to anyone the old kaldirim
visible
cave.
the Skalais
travelling along the route from the coast route from the mod. village of Maroneia
other areas were
No
past
but several worked blocks excavated, structure were These do recovered.
from a large monumental seem to fit the so-called
andron,
of another
building
not
existence
along
large civic
the
and may indicate in the vicinity.
and Or concentric Geo (one circles), compass-drawn on a raised band) materials embossed pithos with a guilloche confirm the results of the survey they indicate E habitation on the first acropolis. Part of the upper layers further upslope with represent dump partly mixed probably Bosanquet's
with
That
drinking
vessels
this dump animal
and
in part, Ar and comprised, bone (with at least one jaw
and drinking.
did not remark how all the he excavated, Bosanquet this surrounding walls butt onto, and thereby partially obscure, structure. He was probably right in thinking that its original
which
There
are
no
parallels
oil: the olive presses must of the building was quite for such a monumental
building on Crete in LCI or EHel times,and thisprovides a prima facie case for its being some kind of civic building, rather than a private house. to travellers clearly visible it a very appropriate
makes
fact that itwould
The
coming building
from one
have
been
so
of Praisos'
ports or guest-house
for a public
koimitiria,and the largequantityof animal bone and drinking found
cups
in the upper
layers
are at the very
least consistent
with some kind of public dining.
remains unsolved. date of the final phase of occupation if one follows seems to be the latest of our walls;
The
Wall
A-310
Strabo
and
it ought
the Moni
to date
of abandonment.This lastmight be explained ifthebuildingof A-310 had been robbed of its tilesbefore thebuilding fell in. Thoughwe would like todatewall A-310 to theE2ndor L3rdCt reoccupa BC, we cannot rule out some kind of 'Hierapytnan of any quantity of The absence tion' in the latest Hel period. that there was Rom pottery rules out the notion any serious of this part of the city. Rom reoccupation P.P.
Betancourt
(ASC
SA/Temple)
and
on
and K.
publication quarries on the island.
AF
an
investigation
of
stone
of the town, E of the harbour. The earliest architecture, II, is scanty: several predating MM More architecture II house are preserved. rooms from a MM This last in LM from the next phase, destroyed IA, is visible. can be its destruction because interest is of special building After the with the period of the eruption of Thera. associated Block
AF
is themost
a foundation
S section
of Theran
excavation
IIB shipwreck.
Demos
Ierapetras L.V. Watrous
reports on the 2007 study H. Blitzer studied the
(ASCSA)
of the Gournia
Survey
Project.
ceramics, comparing imports, identifying post-antique in E Crete ceramics and handmade of wheelmade production the ware and completing elsewhere with systems of production for publication. descriptions
Azoria.
(ASCSA/Chapel Hill) and M. Mook
D. Haggis
report on the first season of study and conser see to date, of the project full details
(ASC SA/Iowa) For vation. www.azoria.org. Vasiliki.
A. Zois, ApxaioXoyiKf) abp?vE?a: tou Kai 1990: HiJEpoX?yia
Publications:
TTEpiTT?TEia ekOeoeis
tou
1989
Tr?s
Epyaoic?v
r? Kai
anooToXris
apxcuoXoyiKfjs
BaoiXiKt]s ?Ep?tTETpas. 1989 Kai 1990 (Athens,Apodexis, Ch.
2006);
?pEuva
apxaioXoyiKrj avaoKacpcbv
Seager
Demos
Nikolaou
Agiou
eis
Zois, to
BaoiXiKjj
Kec?Xi r?
nXr?o?ov
II:
vea
tou
tcjv KEpafjEiKf) lEp?tTETpas: 1903-1906 2007). (Athens, Apodexis,
BaoiXiKf)
Xcopio?
A.
and
Mortzos
Lato.
A. Famoux
on the study season
(EFA/Paris following on matters
(EFA) report IV) and H. W?rmer to In addition the 2006 survey. and hydrology, of geology
reports the on the site's topography, following again centred a better to achieving In addition in 1901. work of J.Demargne of the town's organization (by road, terrace and comprehension on theW quarter (and the constmction was focus the building), of 2 cisterns). Further, of the several entrance gates proposed specialist attention
by Demargne, only thatfortifiedat theW
is justified inbeing
so termed.
Davaras
(Athens) report on work conducted in 2007 towards the of block
of underwater
to the
Toplou inscription, 146 before last building phase of the city, i.e., in the decades horizon But no clear destruction BC. exists, nor is there any or roofing debris consistent with a phase layer of tile collapse
Pseira.
the 5th season
the sands.
season
Inhis descriptionof thisbuilding and theadjacent structures
different.
on
reports
80 vessels tally of finds has risen to some 120, comprising pithoi, jugs, cups and cooking vases: many (mostly amphorae, with E Cretan parallels) and items of stone, lead and obsidian. in It is hoped that parts of the wooden vessel may lie preserved
Gournia.
the 'Almond Tree House' building he also called at some stage, have been an andron, i.e., a public area for
olive purpose was not for processing the use relate to a 2nd phase, when
carry
carried out by E. Hatzidaki (EMA) on a MM
later
wild pig) is at least consistentwith his hypothesis that the
dining
all
of a
monumental might, communal
Off Pseira. Apogevmatini (23/04/2007),Ethnos (20/06/2007), Ethnos tisKyriakis (01/07/2007)andKathimerini (07/10/2007) The
The upper layers in trenchesA-200 and A-300 comprise mixed deposits. The presence of residualBA (tripod legs and one probableMM III fineware sherd)and EIA (one PGeo sherd
hillwash.
The discovery of a new stone quarry in 2007 brings the total on Pseira to 3. This project of known M quarries studies the were to stone formations on the island, the way they exploited remove stones and the use of those same stones in theM town.
pumice, consisting deposit damage, on the sea shells and one conical cup was placed deep-water floor before the next building phase was constructed.
Demos
Oropediou
Lasithiou
Agios Charalambos Cave.
P. Betancourt (ASC SA/Temple)
season. reports on the 2007 study extends sherds and vases, The pottery, numbering 15,000 I?III. from FNeo-MM IIB, with less than 10 sherds from LM in a mixed and the offerings were The bones, all disarticulated, that burials of an This pattern suggests the cave. state within earlier
IIB, and that the put in the cave during MM The pottery includes by the end of the BA. from other and pieces local vessels imported into Lasithi are recognizable The local wares of Crete. by their soft date were
cave was both parts
closed
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2007-2008 fabric, which
red clay
has
of phyllite
fragments
as
inclusions.
The importedsherds include pieces of PyrgosWare (EM I), Vasiliki Ware (EM IIB) and severalMM styles. Among the
MM
vases
are pieces with white
The
goblets spirals
human
from
central
Crete, Chamaizi sherds. and polychrome over have of which 10,000
pots, been
bones, to date, include
those of children, as well as both of a single skeleton have been Fragments rooms. from different levels and from different
catalogued men and women. excavated
animal bones are also Many cut marks on them, showing that accompanied offerings
Some of them have represented. that they are the remains of food the deceased.
cattle, pigs sheep or goats, Hares from dogs and cats.
and
smaller
numbers
other wild
and
include
Animals
of bones are also
animals
J. Driessen
and School/Leuven) (Belgian the first season of excavations
(Leuven) report on settlement on Kefali on coastal
routes, 2007
photography
and
promising survey date
tou Ag. Antoniou.
Lying
I. Schoep at the M
4km E of Mallia
it has a strategic importance (Fig. 93). involved inspection, geo-radar
in
Work
areas
aerial
to reveal the most survey, all designed in the Ceramics collected for excavation.
to EM IIA, with apparent occupation II being material from LM the latest; one fragment carries a shows early burials by the sea Linear A sign. The excavation shore and at least one large structure (perhaps 35m x 25 m) on the summit:
the earliest
of EM
this was
IA construction,
III-MM
1 (the lowest Four areas were Zone excavated (Fig. 94). IA terrace by the sea at the N) was a burial area (EM III/MM 12 built 'house rock-shelters and over and MM IIB) with IA 2 rooms in one house-tomb III-MM tombs': yielded EM near
another
such
tomb was
a MM
I?II pottery deposit, and drinking vessels. Zone 2,
consisting largely of pouring inland and on the terrace immediately
is defined by a There are purposes. at least 3 structures made from large stones (one investigated 2 of them in the 1960s): between investigations by C. Davaras set on destruction debris of Neopalatial show they were date; II lies under the to the SW, redeposited of MM burnt material
wall
M.
season
(EFA) reports on the 2007 excavation town (Fig. 95). The main of the M than its neighbours, TT. Less monumental 2 main phases of established studies nonetheless
Pomad?re
in quartier focus was building architectural use
delta
in the Protopalatial and Neopalatial (with 3 sub periods III-LM inMM Room 4, I), but no later reoccupation. phases is with its flagstones, 2 column bases and red-paint decoration, a small colonnade/portico; a pit to the SW contained many dozens
of often complete
from some destruction.
vases,
Rooms
10 and 11 (Fig. 96), like 14 and 15,are long spaces designed as As often seen at Mallia, they may have cisterns set in this case at the E end. Lacking replacing a wall it is argued that these were entered from entrance,
storerooms. in or even
which
could
have
served
above,
defensive
in zones 3 and 4, the summit, some of which were visible structures,
3rd. On
are
on
several
Room 8 and of good use, but decorated everyday quality. its single pillar not (5.7m x 4.9m) was partly open, perhaps sufficient to support the roof for the entire space; being deemed in its last phase itwas subdivided, with a cistern set on its paved in the party wall of rooms another specimen appears 13; in theW sector of which were also found stone tanks sunken into the floor: one is filled with across), (up to 0.45m Finds were small stones and the other with broken pottery.
floor. Yet 12 and
scarce and mostly Neopalatial in date. show Sondages on the site: 4 sealstones and a steatite bead occupation shape of a double-axe. For
a
resume
of recent work
in zone
to theW
set into the floor, a funnel To
CENTRAL CRETE (PrefectureofHerakleion) EBA) (23rdEPCA: 13th Herakleion A.
Publication:
Ioannidou-Karetsou
?yvcooTT]
Herakleion
Museum
Publication:
W. M?ller
and
mykenischen
3: Siegel Giamalakis
1,2.
KprJTTi,2008).
Sammlung
discrete
the surface
smaller
rooms
and
corridors:
(an
one
space held a pithos top, inverted and perhaps acting as a basin; a a pithos, jar and decorated another yielded krater, to which IIIB date can be assigned. In a 3rd trench to the E was a LM it turns to the N, and fine fa?ade of limestone: running W-E, route. at its S end its position is influenced by a likely access itwere the latest was built Behind further remains of walls, a possible drain sherds containing Neopalatial era has been material of this and the Postpalatial (elsewhere marked the earliest eroded Internal partition walls away).
over
construction megalithic column
here wall
base
in EM
with
III-MM
3 rooms
I. Zone
associated.
4, further S, has a A fine limestone
was date:
Protopalatial Chaniote imports was found in zone
reused and of retrieved, perhaps and includes the pottery is all Postpalatial (a small stirrup jar, from the same source, 3).
Trjs apxaias
lOTop?a
3: a platform and storage jars on and and a deep bowl were covered by a
the S were
see www.efa.gr/
at Mallia,
SUMES.pdf.
destruction layer (burnt to the S) with much pumice intermixed.
in the
seminaires/colloques2007/JOURNEESMALIOTESRE
impressiveN-S wall to theNW, with threshold). This limits
a room
earlier
reused
intoLM I, reoccupied inLM IIIB and thenfinallydestroyed.
cups;
Mallia.
above; filled with destructiondebris, they yielded vases of
Neapoleos
Sissi.
Mallion
an obvious
present.
Demos
Demos
97
93. Sissi:
aerial
view
(ed.), tr?Xr?s
Hp?kXeio (Herakleion,
:
r?
N?a
und der minoischen I. Pini, Corpus Iraklion arch?ologisches Museum:
(Mainz
am Rhein,
von Zabem,
2007).
98
DON EVELY N
s
,.
*-o--
''
..
^ZDNEl
O !
CisterrWGuhPosts -Wall
Rerr?ains*
-Rock-Shelters
\
-Trenches
Zone \ ; : ; j Burial 1Excavated Features 94. Sissi:
site plan
40m
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2007-2008
99
95. Mallia: plan of quartierdelta, building T7
Demos
Gouvion
Borders of the nomos of Herakleion.
Ethnos (06/07/2007)
of the demes spot at the boundary reports that, at an unnamed near the sea-shore, traces of a and Chersonissos, of Gouves MM settlement have been found. Parts of a storage area (with
pithoi) have been located.
Demos
Herakliou
Isle ofDia. Eleutherotypia (02/04/2007)records thediscovery
of a Byz
ti?*.\ 96.Mallia: building T7,rooms 10, 11
naval
stronghold,
belonging
to the time of the recovery
of Crete from theArabs forByzantium byNikiphoros Phokas The site is impressively (ca. 960 AD). large, running out from to a d. of 22m. A little into the waters the present shoreline the reasonably further out, in 30m of water, well-preserved Other located. remains of a boat, possibly Byz, have been
100
DONEVELY
underwater amphorae Cousteau
off Dia has produced of hundreds exploration of all dates: these and examples earlier by recovered are being processed in the Ven fort in the old harbour
of Herakleion.
falls within
these particularly This diagnostic categories. the better preservation of material represents for at least part of its lifespan in tomb contexts.
presumably protected
Of the 2,842 readily diagnostic sherds collected in 2007 are PH, 21% EIA-Hel, and 17% Rom on the 55,672 sherds recovered in 2005
27%
35%
post-Rom. the city site the
Knossos
For
Knossos Urban Landscape Project (KULP). M. Bredaki (Director, 23rd EPCA), A. Vasilakis (23rd EPCA) and T.
comparable distributionis 19% PH, 48% EIA-Hel, 29% Rom
report on the 3rd season of survey. of the urban site, extending over some In 2007 walking moved into surveyed.
Whitelaw
(B SA/London) In 2005 the majority
1.5km2, was intensively the low hills surrounding were
cemeteries
located.
the city, on which the city's number have been identified and
A
in date from ca. 2000 BC to 800 AD. excavated, ranging notable are the groups of rock-cut tombs, from the Particularly are comple later BA, the EIA and the Rom These period. in mented less substantial burials larnakes, by pithoi, pits and tile graves, as well as built mausolea of Rom date. Cemeteries of all phases ring the urban down to the harbour town. The
areas
site and flank
valley
in the S
of
the valley
were
surveyed intensively,from theKephala hill in theN to Spilia, to the upper slope of A? Lias to the intensively investigated, (20m2) were
and from Fortetsa E.
in theW
Some
7,000 grids zone (Fig. 97). An the core of the protected Alpha 30% of sherds were recovered; 60,000 approximately has been preliminarily the recovered material processed.
covering estimated When
it became
clear
of
the boundaries
that survey had extended well beyond had site and surface densities
the urban
to the field strategy was modified considerably, and the likelihood of encoun the speed of coverage transects were walked Two 20m tering now rare material. the across W the side and down each square, usually along
dropped increase
centre, to ensure area lm w. was
scanning scanned
of the entire unit for features. each
transect
An
for
intensively along to 40m2 the area in each unit actually expanding the chances of encoun and increasing searched, significantly tering low-density material.
material,
in the last Ct, both within the city and in the cemeteries, have been quite patchy, with major work and rescue tests under the in the area of the M palace,
Excavations encircling
focusing This has left major the main road. and along mod. villages areas of the site and the surrounding uninvestigated. landscape areas not The excavations do, however, provide good data for the 2 for survey at the core of the site. Accordingly, available investigation The area
strategies
4%
encountered
The predominance scatter from the
material. off-site
afforded
protection tombs so common Publications:
are essentially complementary, to what was believed in 2005 extended
to
surveyed urban area; high of the aggregate the probable boundary densities of material were sustained up to that boundary on most
be
sides (Fig. 98). Extending outwards, the 2007 fieldworkhas
of the occupied area, as this clearly the boundaries out into the hills, the continuous shifted through time. Moving the serves to fill the significant gaps between surface coverage of dense distributions clusters of tombs. Moderately known
of post-Rom material, essentially last millennium the following
the site, reflects to a large degree to material buried in the rock-cut chamber
of the urban
abandonment
the use
throughout
M.-L.
The
Nosch,
of the cemeteries.
Knossos
Od
an
Series:
Epigraphical Study (Vienna, ?sterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften,
tombs
of known
the Kairatos
more was material post-Rom. Considerably on the surface in 2007 than had been anticipated. PH items are relatively more abundant in the periphery, where EIA-Rom they are not so effectively masked by overlying and
Palyvou Dab'a
M.
Brysbaert), and Knossos
(Avaris) der Wissenschaften,
Akademie
Demos
2007);
(with A.
Aghias
N. Bietak, Taureador
Marinatos
and
(Vienna,
?sterreichischen
2007).
Varvaras
Prinias.
The University of Catania and Consiglio teams report on continuing delle Ricerche, Catania, in the Ar area of the town (Patela) (Fig. 99). Three the monumental
building, investigated: to itsN and the area of temple A. In the first, a structure with 2 small pillar was
revealed of
LGeo,
C.
in Tell El
Scenes
(Fig. 100). the building,
Nazionale excavation areas were
the rooms
immediately
columns
and a central
can be dated
to the first, of votive the presence In the that itwas a cult place.
This
when
phase offerings in itsW room confirms Ar period the building experienced industrial purposes.
a
use
secondary
for
the so-called between temple B and the on room VE, also part of a concentrated building a foundation Here structure of some importance. deposit was to the construction of the nearby related earlier recovered, in the rooms
Work
monumental
building. In the
area
immediately
of
to itsW
rooms
in the excavation A, more and earlier building
temple revealed
phases
of LM/SubM date (Fig. 101). As previously, high-quality found pottery was stone sculptures
painted
Finds
inside.
of
fragmentary
a
small
bull
also
and
included
a
seated
sphinx.
defined more
and the S, up to theW, on the acropolis ceramics, particularly Lower suggest either that the fringes of the site Gypsadhes, in and burial and forth between shifted back occupation different phases, or thatmajor have been pithos cemeteries,
areas
of shallow
destroyed
burials,
perhaps These by agriculture.
possibilitieswill be assessed throughthedetailed analysis of the and may add a significant recovered of the assemblages to date by the rock-cut to the picture provided research. chamber tombs which have been the focus of previous 19.6% in 2005, where recovered In contrast to the material
nature new
element
is represented of the sample the sample of 2007 material
sherds, in by feature or decorated of material studied so far 27.8%
Demos
Thrapsanou
Galatas. the 2007
G. Rethemiotakis season
Museum) (Herakleion at the M palace on the Neopalatial building 6,W of excavation
focused Galatas, in particular of the BaetyP, EM sherds of black-polished The eroded
large structure to the bedrock
M
its N wing. I?II wares.
Rock
reports on and town of of the 'Court contain
cracks
to the E, but is better preserved (500m2) The centre of attention was a at theW. rooms of moderate size. The hall (5m x
hall and adjacent and of 5 doors 3.3m) has a pier and door system at itsW, set as well as a portico with a single column limestone bases, Two plaster floors were the side walls. between laid; midway at the SE comer was a stone-lined pit, with a foundation deposit of vases
and
a
libation
table
fragment;
at the SW,
a
stone
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2007-2008
97. Knossos
Urban
Landscape
Project
[(KULP)]:
general
plan
showing
areas
surveyed
and previous
excavations
101
102
98. KULP:
DONEVELY
sherd densities
in survey area
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2007-2008
99. Prinias:
centre of Ar
city on Patela
hill
103
104
DONEVELY upon the world horned animals W
contained
of utilitarian
-
of the divine and waterfowl
a nature
a protector of goddess, The next room to the perhaps. ceramic vases and a bronze axe
many and varied sort. Under the Neopalatial
floor, destruction
debris for thefirstphase of building 6 dates to theMM IIIA.
to this earlier phase, as well as connected Stratigraphically room to theW the following is of great interest: architecturally, are it is a lustral basin. All the essential physical characteristics that of the present: a short staircase of 2 flights, a floor below rooms
surrounding
and a paved
corridor
that impinges
on the E
side (as thatfound at Chania a littlewhile back). Here too
much
timberwork the floor
railing;
room VD,
100. Prinias:
Geo
tri-pillared
a (now carbonized), perhaps are plastered and painted (the floor at the foot of the white walls).
is associated
and walls
a red band with yellow too from the full Neopalatial there are differences However, basins: the parapet of the stairs, of mud and small stones, is at only 18cm w. Probably itwas a low partition on the delicate, inner side of the stairs. there is no massive Again, pillar
structure
stone terminating the stairs, merely a final post of wood, whose are presumably slab remains. These variables due to its at the present, the earliest known, excepting very early date similar at Mallia in quartier mu. With something typical support
one an go 2 beads: the other a sphere of agate, the infilling of the basin come vases of the Above amethyst. IB scale pattern. final use of the area: one has a typical LM pottery,
mostly of
amygdaloid
S
of
from
cups, reddish
the fill
banded
structures were revealed: hall, 2 unusual with walls enclosures and artificial terracing inside to ritual actions. That which faces onto the 'Court of
the M
apparently dedicated
into 2, one the Baetyl' is divided lower than the other and The 2nd, to the W, has cups. containing many vases, mostly to an inner compartment: several small terraces giving access in its SE this last has a plaster floor, with a stone construction corner. It is arguably an altar: ithas a stone set onto it- dressed and with near
101. Prinias:W side of templeA
dressed
pottery:
I Pottery indicates an LM of the room; a rectangular had fallen from an upper floor.
for libations. pit apparently IA) date for the use (probably LM
of serpentine, rooms are surrounding casement for a double staircase table of offerings,
The
of moderate
were
plaster broken
floor, partly preserved. pithoi, part of a large chalice
to the E
with
one
leading to the upper floor. Two and SE: the first had a single Its destruction deposit had many
rooms
located
size,
and a serpentine offering Its floor, as with the room to the S, was laid over a deep IB sherds. In this, earth fill, small stones and quantities of MM table.
all
and coarsewares types of finewares of tumblers and carinated cups (all were ceremonies suggest drinking
known
prevalence miniatures)
the appear: to sizes down
A practised. certain cylindrical
is suggested aspect by The locus vessels, part of a triton shell and 2 animal figurines. for such events could have been the 'Court of the BaetyP, potential
where
ritual
similar
Accumulations
finds of vases
were
re-encountered
and similar were
swept away
last
year. into rock
crevices. the placement for a staircase. hall, at the E, was a steatite than some ordinary vases, the main find was in the sealstone: lentoid in form, ithas an 'ibex-headed woman' N of the M
Other
in a long skirt and with arms on the dressed position, At her sides are birds: one by its long s waist as if dancing. the smaller is shaped neck might be an aquatic bird (?crane), as the design is, it yet must draw arguably a duck. Unparalleled central
a hollow
it could
suited All
indicate.
utilitarian
and
to receiving liquids, as a jug found around, the space was packed with ritual alike. The latter include
cylindrical
vessels,
miniatures
rectangular
stands, roofless
as
well
as
(cups some
and human
an
amphora), and animal
house model is of interest: door openings figurines. A are shown and perhaps horns of consecration at the upper edge. L.V Watrous (ASCSA) Survey Project. reports on the 3rd field season of the systematic survey around the palace of Galatas, under the supervision of P. Galanaki (23rd EPCA).
Galatas
The area surveyed in 2007 was focused between the villages of Zinta and Arkalochori: 48 new sites, ranging in date Galatas, to Ot, bring the total number to 172. from Neo to determine better On return to the palatial site of Galatas, the
size
of
Neopalatial
this periods, in size
settlement it has
the during become clear
Protopalatial that Galatas
a number in the latter period: structures at the edge of the site appear to have cyclopean built then. Three settlements were identified large M and Paratiritirion. Korakia Galatas, i.e., Korakia, Kastellos dramatically
Kastellos
are the 2 most
important M
sites
and
grew of massive been S of and
in the area of Zinta.
Following theLM IIIB period, the local population during the
defensible sites separated from one occupied hilltop another by a km or more: a large number of Geo-Ar settlements were discovered. sits on the unprotected One, atypically, valley bottom. EIA
scarce Rom occupation around the Galatas appears palace The survey uncovered 18 sites, 2 of during the lst-7th Ct AD. which had only an E occupation, 9 with E and L occupation, and 7 with only a L occupation. Settlement did increase by the 4th Ct AD,
but was
even
so not substantial.
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2007-2008 that the revealed Study of the Byz through to mod. periods settlement continued into the Byz period, as paucity of Rom to have Byz phases. sites appear Ven only 8 of this season's sites are much
more plentiful and typically continue into the Ot These sites often also display periods. post-Byz for M that much of the land phases, revealing
and mod. evidence
Ct exploited in theM periodswas not used again until the 13th
later. Of particular note for the Ven period is the fortress A number of imports from Italy, N surveyed near Meleses. Greece and Cyprus have been observed. The pattern of settlement in the area surveyed in 2007 differs in some respect from that of the previous 2 seasons. The earliest and
are Neo settlements and EM sites as before, but hilltop and Neopalatial on settlement is largely nucleated Protopalatial . The defensive locations away from valley bottoms dispersed of Galatas pattern of settlement around the palace Neopalatial does
not seem
such
to occur
settlement
area. Instead, to large hilltop sites. While the moves to the site of Astritsi in the LM
in the Zinta-Arkalochori
is confined
around Galatas population IIIC-Hel in the 2007 survey period, this pattern is not repeated zone. Here rather the EIA population remains dispersed on small and large sites. By the Cl period, several of these sites have been for larger settlements. Some evidence abandoned, presumably for assigning a Ven date for some 'soroi' has been gathered.
N
of E-W road). Here a new Geo-Ar (IV; 10m x 8m building was to and to the E of uncovered investigated) adjacent and fronting the E-W road to the building V, W of an alleyway
S; itsN limitis outside theexcavated area (Fig. 102). One
certain
external
alleyway. communication
finds and
N. Allegro (SAIA/Palermo) of excavation, involving sector B
settlement. season
and E
The E unit may have its S and E walls
13/14:
the function
an opening onto the S road from room have shelves made from stone slabs
rests for pithoi to judge from the abundant sherds potentially the abandonment 17 to the N has a structure layers. Room
in in
theNW comer composed of a bench of 3 limestoneblocks and
an arc of slabs.
Inside this was part of a millstone; identify the structure as a grain mill.
this could
The W unit rooms (15 and 16) are linkedby a door 2m w.
15 to the S has a roughly central flat slab set in the earth a support for a wooden comer In the NW post. is a quadrangular 16 has bench, built with rough stones. Room a few potential pot-stand bases of stone at floor level. Part of a
Room
floor:
perhaps
road-bed
was
seen
of the house
over
its NW
corner,
after
the
in the 7th Ct BC.
from
the E-W
Ilias, Geo-Rom
buildings
road,
its surface
a mix
of
earthand stoneflakes; itmight have had steps. Building V is reports (W part,
little explored: it is entered from the W, from threshold has a pivot-hole for the door.
whose
10m
Profitis
lack of
led the excavators
little furniture on the floors, which makes unclear.
awv
102. Gortyn:
sides
from the
The
of the rooms
It runs off to the N Ilias
at theW,
Alley (B18) between thisand buildingV on theE is 1.8mw.
Gortinas
on the 2007
is known
are lcnown to date.
to suggest there are in fact 2 simpler strip-houses. The shortage of tumbled stone inside the room interiors perhaps indicates a are few There greater use of brick for the upper elevations.
later
Gortyn Profitis
entrance
Inside, 4 rooms between theW
N-S
abandonment Demos
105
the alley
B18,
106
DONEVELY settlement
The
is well
layout
the centre
to discern
understood
enough
thatithad a pattern in itsfinal phase (L8th-E7th Ct BC): an E
W main
in off it defining the house-plots artery with alleyways This presupposes planning and political organization nature. of a quite advanced
between.
Building S in theByz quarter. GM. Fabrini (SAIA/Macerata) season of 2007. The position and reports on the excavation nature of this structure, with its fa?ade of large blocks on theW
street,indicatesthatitoriginally serveda public function(Fig.
in the LRom itwas then used into Constructed 103). period, structures grew up around it. times when more domestic EByz of Gortyn Its latest stages, until the destruction by the of 670 AD, still require elucidation. earthquake was by a monumental entrance hall (with a door Access both frame of limestone blocks and doorstep of reused marble) on either side a small room exists, with 2 long and narrow: room of similar larger ones further from the road. Another
on the large x 5.75m N-S): its walls, central space, room 53 (8.22m E-W into worked set on the bedrock, were of a chalky material in roughly of varying blocks size, in turn split and arranged lies at the NW.
dimensions
horizontal of
pieces
was
Research
at
courses, regulated stone and brick.
focused
times
by well-made
A
limestone
rectangular
bedrock.
slabs, fully preserved, one each Two doorways,
prepared are accented by 2 double-layered walls, with The scanty material associated
pavement was laid on in the N
of the
and
S
niches. of construc
phase - in tiondates it to the last decades of the4thCt AD keeping
with
used.
the building
53, and presumably is after a destruction, which Room
techniques all of building S, was reconstructed of huge blocks marked by the presence
and other
of sandstone
The destruction was caused by the terrible recycled materials. as indicated by the stratigraphy: a layer of 670 AD, earthquake of ash and broken and charred beams contained many roof tiles
of the roof. In of iron nails, all from the collapse of slabs of marble differently shaped layer many were these have been sources recovered: and quality varying restored as a decorative upper flooring of geometric panels and as bricks are associated, Small hexagonal strips. polychrome well as a roundel of green serpentine. and hundreds the same
levels relate to other the destruction, collapsed Following from reused material: walls sculptures fragmented composed such as a small Cor-Italian and architectural fragments have Further collapses sandstone column of the 2nd-1st Ct BC. been
to the L7th-E8th
ascribed
Ct AD
and beyond,
culminating
in abandonment. work
Other
was
undertaken
N
of the monument.
was an open building S was begun, this were added, culminating and walkways
When
space. Later structures in the erection of rooms
47 and 47a. This stageproducedmaterial dating to theL8thCt
AD
The
later.
and
baths
thermal
to the S
of the
so-called
praetorium. concentrated reports on the excavation (SAIA/Milan) Bejor of the and the praefurnia the frigidarium in the area between baths. This sector was by the hot rooms, but initially occupied
G
underwent
an
in of caving construction.
of
the floors
and
early collapse in turn this permitted the ground:
subsequent only
simple
the anc. area for understanding significant A the behind is the W strip of frigidarium. range room. A door in the northernmost original floor is preserved to be the caldarium this room, which connected ought The
most
monument
to its position, according was occupied by village
the area to room N, not yet excavated: A 2nd room at in the 7thCt AD.
houses
its constmction is linked to better preserved: as of the frigidarium, established already
to the 5th or E6th Ct AD. It was from the separated 2 earlier wall that incorporated frigidarium by a newly-built a door and doorstep, In the wall were inlaid in opus pillars. 2 basins sectile. of differing sizes, accessed Inside were by belonging
steps.
Both were
lining, many
covered
in the customary remain.
fragments of which floor with a black
polychrome marble The N basin has a
and white chequered mosaic, tesserae. up of hundreds of marble on the access-way was to the SW bath undertaken The existence of a large column base in situ here was
well-preserved each motif made Work complex.
to have been covered by the outer noted; it appeared previously it. The top of the wall of the baths which thereby conserved as well as a paved base is visible, road relating to the are the first traces of monumental square in front of it. These to the period of in this area: they probably belong constmction
column
into the transformed the nymphaeum which was subsequently seems to cover an The square cistern for the bath complex. area of almost the S limit of the bath 80m2, delineating structure
in the direction
of the large baths
accessed
by
the
Porta.
Megali
smaller
inserting
this
ismuch
the reconstruction
The Byz quarter of the Pythion. E. Zanini (SAIA/Siena)
season. reports on the 5th excavation to clear the street that to the NE There were 3 goals in 2007: to expand as the axial in all periods; acted thoroughfare to the N to include a large stmcture of EByz excavation date; and
earlier. of areas investigated this role had assumed street, running NE-SW, as early as the start of the 5thCt AD; by the time of its
to theW The
perhaps
to unify a number
axial
abandonment in the 1sthalf of the 8thCt AD
it led througha
The EByz building had a central of ruins and decay. landscape with role in its district: of large size, it was well appointed Built in the L6th/E7th Ct, it and painted wall-plaster. pavements several complicated underwent phases, with a series of internal from the street through Itwas accessed spatial reorganizations. reused from a large entrance with a threshold of a slab probably court with rooms off it. A This led into a paved the Pythion. into the system, emptying drainage large and well-planned of water sewers under the street, implies a large volume
initiallyperhaps for civic use (forbaths?) and laterused for
artisanal
purposes. a trial Finally, to theW and in front of the Pythion complex, was E the trench dug by Halbherr Mostly 1900s) reopened. (in
occupied by a Byz rubbishpit,filled in2 phases (5thand 7thCts
stmcture showing a quality a likely Rom in known Rom that evident consistent with a circular encloses A stmcture 4.2m2 in the temple. phases room: the whole is entered from theW. Inside, though much traces remained: robbed and rebuilt, a few original clay lamps and jug sherds suggest a possible of the 2nd/3rdCt, amphorae
there was AD), of constmction
below
cult connection (Fig. 104). A similarconclusion is indicatedby itsdirectalignmentwith thedoorway of thePythion.
The water supply ofGortyn. E. Giorgi (SAIA/Siena) reports
of the city's water of investigation supply in and Byz periods. is sourced ca. 15km away, from the Gortyn's main aqueduct on the slopes of Mt Ida. The water feeds first at Zaros springs chamber into a capture tank, a rectangular (37m x 5m) with and a concrete vault. Thence of thick opus caementicum walls on the 3rd season the Graeco-Rom
and conduit (\mh. in a rectangular-sectioned it is transported 0.5m w.), at times set into rock cuttings and at others supported
by a 2m h.wall. Once in thevalley of theMitropolianos (N of Gortyn),
the line ran along
the river bank
and
into the city.
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2007-2008
103. Gortyn:
Byz
quarter,
building
S plan
107
108
DONEVELY
104. Gortyn:
At
Byz
quarter, Rom
circle-in-square
stmcture
near Pythion
a Hel 4 phases identified. While been have this currently lacks archaeo has been conjectured, of an aqueduct presence support. The first unequivocal
least
predecessor logical
dates to theE Imperialperiod (2ndCt AD).
Two aqueducts
In to the acropolis and the N side of Gortyn. the city centre water towers fed a system of underground clay these pipes connect themonumental pipes. Near the praetorium, directed
the flow
with the Rom baths; more are known beneath the nymphaeum to the end of Byz quarter by the Pythion. The system continued the 4* Ct, but then suffered detectable the praetorium damage: system went out of use around the turn of the 5thCt AD.
The EByz phase (L6th-E7th)is best understood (Fig. 105).
Outside
Inside,
the city the Rom system of delivery was some pipes were innovations were made
maintained.
replaced by so far), mostly cistern fountains (51 known above-ground the in clusters by landmarks such as the acropolis, arranged Porta baths. and the Megali praetorium They are of different Fed directly from from 48 to 62m3. sizes, ranging in capacity were stone the aqueduct, built of blocks and bricks (typical they in shape with of the work of the time). They were rectangular a barrel vault, coated with hydraulic mortar and reinforced inside at the comers
the water.
On
with
the exterior,
ribs to counter enlivened
the outwards
with geometric
thrust of patterns
in
in number), the brickwork, niches were created (1-3 carrying in volume In addition, 3-4 in the draw taps. larger cisterns, hundreds of m3 range, were located at important places, such as the acropolis, the baths and the church of St Titus and that at
Mitropolis. They were probably could not be drawn on directly.
to hold
emergency
stores and
The Hel temple. E. Lippolis (SAIA/Rome) reportson renewed excavation (begun in2005) of the temple in theblock N of the praetorium As well
gymnasium. as new elements
of the fa?ade (Ionic half columns) inner fronton, an internal arch 7m w. in ashlar is of in sequence interest: its lintel is decorated particular by an an Ionic denticulated frieze and a final cornice. architrave, and
an
set this arch, with its 2 side ante of lm w., was Study suggests in the wall that divides the vestibule from the celia. This allows a unique the entire cult hall to be visible from the entrance some faint in with the Mediterranean arrangement (though echoes
It would of Syrian usage). also help explain another the closed-in fa?ade, with Ionic half columns, once stood the N wall of the vestibule Against
very rare aspect to the vestibule.
a rectangular arrangement of stone blocks, likely a monumental structure for offerings, although now robbed out.
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2007-2008
acropolis
bridge
ACROPOLIS HILL . Greek-Roman
theatre^
|^
odeion
MITROPOLIANOS RIVER
//
Mitropolis church
O
0
100m
GORTYN
105. Gortyn:
water
supply, EByz
phase
109
DONEVELY
110
the abandonment of the structure as a place of Following has revealed 2 L antique phases. excavation Initially worship, as a public building, with a portico, and remained it became such to the start of the 7th Ct; later, and into the 8th Ct, itwas as a manufacturing centre. some valuable yielded
used
Three
the N
cisterns
against from small statuary: apart a a are the of of head lower part youth, fragments, noteworthy a man and a large torso of a in a toga (a composite piece) side
woman, reworking
a peplophoros. of a Demeter
last seems
This
to be
a 2nd Ct AD
type.
Capitolina
some were executed a soft limestone; carefully, others less so. were the result of the road and damaged disturbed so that only 3 preserved in place their triple preparations,
Many
to be seen the sides were For many slabs. covering as were the sockets cut to receive the cover slabs. is the most
Pottery
several
comprise
numerous
sorts of closed
the 657
find: and
small
pieces
in outline
-
recorded
perfume for and oinochoai. Important jugs 2 gold mouth customs were covers, both
bottles,
lekythoi, burial determining
shapes
inscribed.The burials can be dated broadly to theHel period, with theearliestassigned to theL4th-E3rdCt BC.
Lebena
Publication: M. Melfi, // santuario di Asclepio a Lebena (Athens,SAIA, 2007).
Benzi
M.
Phaistos.
on
reports
(SAIA/Pisa)
a new
project
This will consist of a survey of the hills
begun in 2007.
sites have been discovered Phaistos where many surrounding The in recent decades. exploration through non-systematic focus of this year's work was identification, GIS-referencing and information gathering for sites in the area already known or
suggestedfrom the archives of the 23rdEPCA and the SAIA.
PH
were
structures
and
ceramics
located
Petrokefali. Marathoviglia Field survey was accompanied materials around
originating the palace,
from
the by excavation
Italian
in part kept
on
the hill
of
of recording in locations
in the Stratigraphical
Museum
of Phaistos. J.W.
Shaw
and M.C.
Shaw
Toronto) report on the 2007 season. continued. activities Post-excavation
(Canadian The
Institute/
final Kommos
volume is being prepared: an in-depthstudyby M. Shaw of studies of the architecture, stratigraphy and X, providing on a chapter local and imported pottery by frescos, with
House
J.Rutter (including a new transitionalLM IB/LM II phase which he has named LM IC). http://www.fineart.utoronto.ca/kommos/index.html. P.P. Betancourt
Publication:
et al., Krinoi
kai Limenes,
Studies
Cretan-based this contains many Press, 2007): at work of recent excavation summaries including Petras and Priniatikos Pyrgos.
Academic articles, Phaistos,
WESTERN CRETE (PrefectureofRethymnon) (25thEPCA: 28thEBA) Demos
Panagiotopoulos
The M main building, of 2 or 3 storeys, covers ca. 1,500m2; its ?lite and frescoes establish its 2 entrances, fa?ade good central to the It was a working status. establishment, perhaps
exploitationof theupland terraininwhich it is located. Ithad
are distinguished: Three chronological phases after an Burnt and Neopalatial. Protopalatial a Myc structure. Some 50 was it later by replaced earthquake, numerous other vessels, pithoi have so far been located, among 30 types tools (knives, double axes). Over and bone and metal its own
potter.
Prepalatial,
been
of seed have evidence
found
of aromatic
lentils, horse-beans), (barley, wheat, and the bones of sheep, materials,
of deer. goat, hares and quantities of 2007, 5 rooms along the N face of the In the excavations of 7 had quantities Room structure were main investigated. plaster
stones
and
fallen from its upper
storey/roof; wall-fresco
pieces were still in place at theirjunctionwith thefloor (thin Room 8 has a window bands are detectable). (as have rooms 9,14 and 15), plus more fresco in situ, 3 small vases, bits and bronze, and some upright stones arrayed in arcs at of wood into the door with room 9, the W that block an easy passage coloured
lintel still remains.
whose
various
clay
vases
Room
17 contained
a fallen
pithos
including spouted jars, hemispherical as bones and burnt wood. jars, as well
cups, and 16 was partly blocked by a stone floor of schist and limestone fallen from above, partly by fallen vases, plaster and stones with a has collapsed Room burnt wood. 15, a basement, and
conical
Corridor
of a set of Horns of pithos and smaller vases, cooking pots, part bones and burnt wood Consecration, (Fig. 106). stmcture and its survey of the area of this M Geophysical of number traces of a considerable successor revealed Myc and conservation studies (animal bones) Environmental walls. in the building continue.
Geropotamou E.
Mnemata.
at one
excavation
the tombs
extensive: with
has
on a rescue reports of Eleutherna, resulting Sited on the and Eleutherna. to the N of the city, the site is
Tegou (25th EPCA) of the cemeteries
between Alpha from road-works W slopes and terraces of a gorge works,
with D.
(Heidelberg).
and
inHonor of Joseph and Maria Shaw (Philadelphia, INSTAP
in collaboration
conducted
settlement,
plus
Kommos.
See
Anogeon
Zominthos. Y. Sakellarakis (ASA) reports(Ergon [2007], 66 76, supplementedby To Vima [25/11/2007]andEleutherotypia [01/10/2007]) on the continuing excavation of the M
Tymbakiou
Demos
Demos
the mod.
all investigated road marking
been mentioned
lie within
the zone
its limits to the W.
in the literature
for some
of the The time,
cemetery but only now has it been investigated. traces of rock-cut cist tombs were work Before began, have been in 6 places. observable Many more were found: 128 are N All orientated 5 in main groupings. definitely identified, lie E-W. They are cut into the bedrock, S, except for 11 which
Demos
Arkadiou
Eleutherna. To Vima (21/10/2007)reportson thediscoveryby N. Stampolidis (Crete/Museumof Cyc Art) of 3 Geo pithos burials (rangingfrom theL8th toM-L7th Ct BC). The pithoi stone 2 parallel set on their sides between (ca. 2m h.) were walls and had stones arranged over them, forming a sort of false inter The vault as they rested on the curve of the vases.
connectionof the 3 was emphasized by theirbeing laid so that the base
the top of the other. All closed some children) (at least one adult and A marker further identified the spot.
skeletons goods.
of one
contained
and
grave
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2007-2008
106. Zominthos:
room
basement
15, collapsed
The earliest burial had 3 bodies: perhaps one interred before the other pair. The oldest person, a female, had a gold sheet diadem attached to the forehead by a now perished cord. Finds were gold pins, beads of rock crystal, carnelian associated and other
stone,
and a scarab with winged
deities.
An
impressive
bronze ladle had a deep bowl and a 0.5m /.handlewith a bird
an 8th Ct Cypriot of the pithos was by the mouth oinochoe. The 2nd pithos held a single skeleton associated with one gold and one iron pin. The last pithos too held one body, with a necklace of gold sheet rosettes, a gold relief bead with a terminal:
style and more pins of bronze and iron. in the first pithos resembled The goods others found earlier in a pit grave which held the burnt remains of a 'warrior
head
in EIA
excavators surmise that there may be earlier BA in the area the source of offerings such as perhaps
in the 365 AD
collapsed
once
Probably
attached
killing at least one person. beam by its 10-link chain it was located nearby. The
earthquake, to a ceiling
(0.53m /.), a potential key to mechanism is cylindrical, around it 1kg inweight and of metal: has further bands to the exterior. of bronze attached The interior was
divided
into 2, with
a pin and a further ovoid
3 cogged
wheels
of iron set on
plate.
WESTERN CRETE (Prefectureof Chania) (25thEPCA: 28thEBA) Demos
Kandanos
The
prince'. burials sealstones
and
stone vases
in this area
Also sunk
111
into
substantial inside and
in Geo
burials.
Publication:
is a Geo
the ground.
(2m h. x is equipped with
walls
Kavalariani
structure of the 8th Ct BC, partly It is not fully excavated, but has 1.5m w.), stone benches kraters and many cups.
and
tables
The report on a possible connection with rites for the dead. Finally, 3 ash urns were found, similar to those associated with the warrior-prince pit burials; they had been closed by bronze bowls imported from Egypt or Asia Minor.
Michael Century
A. Lymberopoulou, at Kavalariana: Art Venetian-Dominated
The Church and Crete
of the Archangel on Fourteenth
Society (London,
Pindar
Press,
2006).
speculates
Ta Nea and Eleutheros Typos (05/02/2008) carryreportsof
a unique item that is compared with theAntikythera mechanism and interpreted as a Rom lock. Recovered in 2002, it has been subjected
to extensive
scientific
examination
at Rethymnon in a recovered
Itwas and S. Vasileiadou). (D. Kalligeropoulos store of a small Rom bath-house, the roof of which
pottery
KOINOTITA
GAVDOU
Gavdos Katalymata.
K. Kopaka
(Crete)
reports on continuing
work
on
the building on thehill ofTsirmiri,in the interiorof the island.
several rooms structure, of which reminiscent of a M 'villa'. Probably
The
have
been
associated
excavated, is the M
is
2nd
millennium pithos burial, reported in AR 53 ([2006-2007], 121).
112
DONEVELY
Demos
Chanion
the E
is the peristyle courtyard. In theW wing, parts of 8 rooms to the S had earth floors revealed. Four and were
were M. Andreadaki-Vlazaki
Chania.
on the 3rd season
(Director, 25th EPCA) reports within the heart of the old town
of excavations
(Kastelli hill and Splantzia quarter) on the 'Katr? 1' plot, to the S walls
adjacent
lies
Opposite
of
'Katr?
the
the acropolis plot, where
10'
revealed theLinear A archive in 1973. Seven more
anc. Kydonia. J. Papapostolou
of
towards the N and (EIA) were opened, to the bear remains revealed witness E; the architectural again complex stratigraphy created by the site's long history. Apart trenches
the latest features date to the LRom from 2 mod. walls, period; to the S and E, and Ar, ERom, Hel and Cl vestiges are localized to the N and W. A big pit, containing EAr and LGeo remains
many fine cupswithmatt black paint (6thCt BC), probably for was In PH times, and part. dug in the W-central a large open-air afterwards, space seems to have immediately the N part: here, an extensive occupied layer of burnt pithos was revealed fragments and small stones of the LGeo (L8th BC) feasting,
the Ar
below
and EAr
remains.
Below comes a levelwith LM IIIC pottery,and deeper still
one with
construc of shaped stones from well-built quantities animal bones found tions, now lying on a floor with numerous in situ. Among local LM IIIB pottery were quite a indisputable a completely LM IB IB sherds. few LM Here preserved roundel was
it carries
found:
the Linear A
ideogram of one seal,
for cloth on
2 and 15 impressions depicting Preserved lions, on the periphery. by the conflagra it is similar to examples tion of about 1450 BC, already found 10 and GSE albeit having more in both the Katr? excavations, on its periphery than do the others. impressions
its upper couchant
surface
N. Maravelaki
Rom
and
new
dating
has
later date
of stucco of Hel, further pieces study concerned with establishing for structural remains. added
to his
techniques
4 to the N
relatively ordinary; the multi-coloured
mosaic patterns,
interesting geometric ernmost has various
endings only. The Eros with garlands
exist:
a
in the L2nd-E3rd is bordered at its centre.
Ct AD
on
stylistic
by a stoa, presumably Parts of theW and S
10 column
(at intervals of 2.5m, settings for the first, with one extant only at the is 2.9m w. at the W and 3.5m at the S.
to 2m at the N)
reduced S.
its use
with
2 names in their survive, depicted: last room at the N has a representation of in a flower-filled meadow. Preliminary
grounds. The peristyle courtyard with a garden (viridarium) colonnade
though damaged, a man colour
are
the mosaics
study places
as
symbols its N, the retinue of larger still, shows E-W corridor comes next, permitting internal
a Muse
and
as
figured scenes exist. The south with masks and at the centre a
An Dionysos. access to these reception room suites: tesserae creates much of glass-paste wreath
functions splendid As well show.
to
that
Medusa;
had more pavements
The
colonnade
is preserved of they were (probably nor of their stylobates. set on stone blocks They were lime plaster was fresh into square pits dug poured (0.5m2): were down below the floor before the blocks positioned. of the columns
Nothing wood),
across of small di. ran diagonally probably built in the L2nd-E3rd Ct of coins or other firmly datable AD, although concrete evidence material has not gone deep is at present lacking as excavation Below
a lead pipe structure was
the floor
the yard.
enough. The
The
villa
alterations
had
a
that mark
of use 2nd phase important involving as a structure: cross-walls its decline
divide up the large yard so that more albeit at a lower standard modated, were removed and their bases covered was
could be accom people The columns of living. over when the earth floor
allowed in the large N-S wall A small opening to theW wing. A floor of clay plaques and a small oven on its interior. The room with theMuse are preserved and that raised.
access Demos
Kissamou
a cellar, are also given earth floors. The first became smashed to the peristyle yard, whose amphorae were under a layer of fallen roof tiles in the building's destruction: in the a human was located by a wall skeleton, with another
with Eros reports on the continua (25th EPCA) town house or villa at of a Rom tion in 2007 of the excavation on W side of the anc. the Situated the Stimadoraki plot. towards the harbour, only a part of this enormous settlement, here, lies within stmcture, the largest of its sort yet uncovered
Kisamos.
S. Markoulaki
the plot's borders. and entered road (decumanus) the paved E-W Set against that part of the edifice from the same into a lobby (fauces), wall into 2 zones by a N-S is divided excavated /.) at (24.5m lies theW wing and to right angles to the road. W of the wall
connected
converted A
yard. coin hoard
of sesterces
of Gordian
III was
retrieved
on a
floor of the 2nd phase; other coins of the 2nd half of the 3rdCt AD to have been undertaken after theM3rd Ct. show the alterations 2 for the The final destruction, fatalities, can be responsible to the general assigned the massive earthquake
with horizon associated stratigraphical This levelled Kisamos. of 365 AD.
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2007-2008 SOURCES OF ILLUSTRATIONS 10-12, 33, 44-45, 106
ASA (V. Petrakos) ASCSA Institute
Austrian Belgian
14-26,
93-94
8-9, BSA
Institute
40-42,
55-58,
27-28,
64, 68-70
DAI
cover,
EFA
30-32,
71, 81-83,
99-105
84,
Netherlands Institute 43 Swedish Institute13 Swiss School
59-63
Universityof Thessaly (Volos) Y Lolos
29
K. Demakopoulou
34-36
A. Gadolou,
48-49
E. Kolia
N. Kourou A.
85
Papanthimou-Papaefthimiou
V. Poulios E. Psarra,
72-73
80 S. Lioulias
K.
Sismanidis
A.
Sotiriou
M.
Tiverios
P. Chrysostomou
76
79 50-51 77-78 74-75
87-92,
97-98
52-54
Finnish Institute37 Italian School
55-57
46-47
38-39,
School
Canadian
1-7,
86, 95-97
113
IN THE BLACK SEA REGION IN ARCHAEOLOGY CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY 1993-2007 By Pia Guldager
Jens Nieling, Tatiana Smekalova and Vladimir Jakob Munk Hojte, Bilde, Birgitte Bogh, Soren Handberg, Iulian B?rzescu, Diana Gergova, Valetina V Krapivina, With contributions Baralis, by Alexandre Krassimir A. Maslennikov Krusteff, Vasilica Lungu and Alexander
INTRODUCTION
effort improving the text and to Jane Hjarl Petersen for
(Fig. 1)
The lastreport,includingtheyear 1992, (Hind 1992-1993) was published only 3 years afterthefall of the IronCurtain and the year following thecollapse of theSovietUnion. This has been a decisive
factor
in the strongly renewed interest of Western In general Sea region. since the last
in the Black
scholars
Sea world report, the Black 2004 2 of the Black Sea
has moved
to theWest.
closer Romania
countries,
and
In
Bulgaria,
became members ofNATO and on 1 January2007 theyjoined of NATO, the European Union. Turkey, since 1952 a member is currently negotiating with the EU concerning the conditions of membership, and Georgia and Ukraine currently aspire to
membership ofNATO.
point after which many collaborative and Western scholars were initiated.
to be the turning projects between Eastern At the institutional level
this led to the formation
research
fall of the Iron Curtain
The
Western
universities
also
of Black
Sea
other
and
proved
research
groups at several The institutions.
in several new periodicals region, or at least part of it, as well as a series of publications that treat the Black Sea region from a holistic perspective and a number of international conferences renewed
interest
dedicated
to the Black
is also
reflected
Sea
and comprehensive exhibitions. of the Black Thus, knowledge Sea region in the West is decisively much better today than
when
many West
the last report was made, and, as this report will show, researchers have seized the new opportunities for East
collaboration.
However, in the new millennium.
observed Curtain, bilities
scholars were
Western for
a
counter
After optimistic
the fall of about
due however, Sea countries
collaboration; in many Black
current
to
can
be
the Iron
the new possi
strengthened East-West many So in 2008, in fact, projects were given up after a few seasons. there are fewer running collaborative the case projects than was in the 1990s. This is an alarming development for the scientific investigation of the region. nationalism
anc. world
plays an increasing role in the formation of came out of the break up of the identities, which Soviet Union. on the region and the new emphasis However, its material remains also has its draw backs. First of all, the number of illicit excavations, in S Russia and especially as the result of, on the one hand, has exploded Ukraine, The
new national
increased wealth
among the region's many new wealthy people, are interested in and, on the other collecting Cl antiquities, focus on the region has provided growth hand, the new Western for the international art market.
who
In the period
covered
by
the present
report several
leading
scholars in the field of archaeology of theBlack Sea region
away: Ja.V Domanskij, Pippidi, D.B. Selov, V Velkov, some of themost well known
passed
The
authors would
A. Fol, O. Lordkipanidze, D.M. Ju.G Vinogradov tomention only and highly esteemed in theWest.
to sincerely like to thank the contributors the present report: Alexandre Iulian B?rzescu, Diana Baralis, Valetina V and Krassimir Gergova, Krapivina, Krusteff, Vasilica and Alexander A. Maslennikov. We also Lungu our indebtedness to our colleagues at the Danish acknowledge
National
Research
Leif Erik Vaag
Foundation's
and Kristina
Stolba
W.
Centre
Jacobsen
for Black
Sea
Studies:
for their considerable
the first background material Romania. The Centre's
procuring
for the
and
Bulgaria
on
section
were
employees
responsible for the following sections: Introduction(PGB); Bulgaria (BB, PGB, D. Gergova, K. Krusteff);Romania (BB, I. B?rzescu,
PGB,
V.
SW
Lungu);
Ukraine
SH,
(PGB,
V.V.
Krapivina); W and Central Crimea (VS); E Crimea (JMH,TS,
A.A.
Maiotis,
Maslennikov);
N
Taman',
Caucasus
(TS);
Georgia (JN); Turkey (JMH). P. Guldager Bilde served as editor.
general
INSTITUTIONS In 1995 theEurasien-Abteilungof theDAI was established in
Berlin.
This
research
interrelations
between
is engaged in the study of and sedentary cultures of
Eurasia,
and
region.
DAI field carries out 3 archaeological Currently, in the Russian Sea region: investiga part of the Black
projects
itswork
institution
the nomadic
thus intersects with half of the Black
Sea
tionofTaganrog (from2004; O. Dally,W. Rabbel, H. St?mpel,
Ch. M?ller,
G. Wendt,
M.
A.O.
Ullrich,
P.A.
Kozin,
Larenok
andV.P. Kopylov), of theKislovodsk basin in theLB A and ElA (from2006; S. Reinhold,D.S. Korobov andA.B. Belinskij) and
in the Taman' Peninsula prospection U. Schlotzhauer, H. St?mpel and D.
(from 2007; Zuravlev).
H. Bruckner, Eurasien
The
Abteilung publishes theperiodicalEurasia Antiqua. Zeitschrift ?r
Arch?ologie
to date
Eurasiens;
13 volumes
have
appeared.
The British Instituteat Ankara (BIAA) supports research focused on Turkey and theBlack Sea littoralin all academic
disciplines
the arts, humanities
within
and social
sciences.
For
3 years theyfinanced theBritishAcademy Black Sea Initiative (BABSI) (2002-2005). Among otherprojects theyco-finance is the joint British-GeorgianPichvnari Expedition established in 1998, partlypublished by the directorsM. Vickers and A. Kakhidze (2004; Kakhidze 2007). In 2000, Zentrum f?rArch?ologie undKulturgeschichtedes Schwarzmeerraumes
created platform, was Martin-Luther-Universit?t Bertemes
and A.
an interdisciplinary research (ZAKS), institutes of the by the archaeological in Halle-Wittenberg F. (directors:
Furtw?ngler).
ZAKS
publishes
the series
Schriftendes Zentrumsf?r Arch?ologie undKulturgeschichte
des
To
Schwarzmeerraumes.
published. The organization
most
date
recently
11 volumes
established,
have
which
been
is
dedicated to theBlack Sea region, is theCentre forBlack Sea Studies,University ofAarhus (Denmark), created in 2002 by the Danish National Research Foundation (director: P. Bilde).
Guldager
The
centre works
on
a grant
lasting
until
2010. Itpublishes theseriesBlack Sea Studies ofwhich todate 7 volumes
proceedings
have
been published. are the Six of these volumes of international conferences hosted by the Centre
(http://www.pontos.dk/publications/books). In 2003 F. Fless became at Freie Universit?t Professor in since then a number of Black Sea activities have been Berlin; hosted by that institution, such as the of Alma investigations
Kermen (2003-2007; F. Fless and J.Zaycev) and Ak Kaja (2007;
K. Moede
and J. Zajcev)
in the Crimea.
PIA GULDAGER BILDE ET AL.
116
Taganrog JTanaj?^ Elisavetovsko^
OlbiaJI ^Z TyrasJsS/?jkonion
LPantikapaiqn >Kerkinitis
'Leuke
Orgamei
C?rela*"
~~Tj^* Gorgippia ^?^^a? n"heodosia ^ ^? jorikos
ChersonesosJ
astros rTomis _?
ropaeum
.
?
4 Kallatis
Traiani
[Odessos Mesembria
JCabyle p^
Siriope
Apolfonia
Amastris,, Herakleia.
O
Kyzikos
if of the Black
1.Map
Tieiorj,^
Sea
7Amaseia
Research
Centre
at
aims
facilitating scholars
was
established
in
America
from N
scholars
in Bulgaria for N between collaboration
academic
and
research
furthering and the countries
in SE
Europe
(http://www.einaudi.comell.edu/arcs/index.asp).
PRINCIPAL NEW PERIODICALS
Lxkos
Komana
sites
Sofia (ARCS), itsfirstdirectorbeing K. Clinton. The centre American
tfl
gar^s
including major
region
an American
In 2004
^
\?
Trapezous
Pompeiopolis/X/^misos/
Byzantion Jp^fRedon
Dioskourias Phasis?1
Pontos Euxeinos
out 3 times a year. It has no restrictions is on the archaeology but the emphasis
as to time and territory, Ancient
of SE Europe.
West& East editedbyGR. Tsetskhladze is ajournai devoted to and the relations of the anc. world the study of the peripheries and various and Romans the Gree#ks between local, came out in 2002, and to The first volume 'barbarian' peoples.
A very useful resource have been published. is the of Bulgaria and Romania the archaeology Fasti-online and multi-period (http://www. multi-lingual GIS The site is a web-based fastionline.org/about.php). date
5 volumes
concerning
AND BOOKS
of new periodicals, 1990s, a number partly or fully to the Black Sea region in antiquity, came into being. founded first was the French-Italian-Romanian periodical
that
contains
a
basic
record
sheet
for
each
site
In the
database
dedicated
excavated.
The
witnessed the The of the new millennium beginning a topograph of several important studies providing publication is Sea region. First to be mentioned of the Black ical overview
e storia (eds P. di archeologia in 1994, //Mar Nero. Annali have of which 5 volumes and S. Papacostea), Alexandrescu from to is Eurasia mentioned date. Antiqua Already appeared
in 1995 appeared the first volume of Ancient
1995. Also
Civilizations
to Siberia. Scythia in History Studies and A. G Gnoli
from
of Comparative
Bongard-Levin, covers the territory of the former
An International
and Archaeology This Ivantchik). Soviet
(eds G.
journal and, in fact, To date 14 volumes Union
area as Eurasia Antiqua. of One later, the first volume year published. on a the series of Pontica, archaeology publications Colloquia and anc. history of the Black Sea area edited by G Tsetskhladze
much have
the same
Journal
been
appeared. followed
So
far 13 volumes
Archaeologia
have
Bulgarica,
been
published. a periodical edited
In 1997 by L.F.
Vagalinski and published in English by theArchaeological Institute of the Bulgarian
Academy
of Sciences,
Sofia.
It comes
Atlas of the Greek and Roman World, edited by atlas This is a comprehensive (Princeton 2000). the entire period and space of Gr and Rom civilization to AD 650. The atlas includes a detailed 1000 BC
The Barrington R.J.A. Talbert spanning from ca.
listing of periods of cultural activity, mod. names and locations, The Black Sea citations for each feature. and bibliographic and ca. 22-23, 52-53, 84, 86-88, by maps region is covered 1,300 anc. sites are briefly catalogued. and E.K. Three years later, D.V. Grammenos Petropoulos
editedAncientGreek Colonies in theBlack Sea (Thessaloniki 2003) in2 volumes. Thiswas supplementedin2007 by thesame Series editors in theBritishArchaeological Reports International (Grammenos topographically
and
2007). Petropoulos but contain
organized
Both
thematic
are publications chapters as well.
ARCHAEOLOGY INTHE BLACK SEA REGION 1993-2007 With a geographical approach also to be mentioned isM. Hermann Hansen and T. Heine Nielsen (eds), An Inventoryof Archaic and Classical Poleis (Oxford 2004). Though the inventoryis limited to theAr and Cl periods, it provides a of all known poleis and similar overview thorough up-to-date a units in the Black Sea at www.pontos.dk region. Finally, available gazetteer of anc. sites has been made by the Danish
Centre forBlack Sea Studies featuringphotographsof sitesand finds as well
as
literary sources.
In 1995 volume 4 of theLexicon ofGreek Personal Names region was published by P.M. Fraser Curated by V.N. Zin'ko, the Demeter
the Black Sea including and E. Matthews (2005).
Foundation inKerch has initiateda completepublicationof the holdingsof theKerch Archaeological Museum. So farvolumes on the sculpture(Zin'ko 2004), the coin hoards (Abramzon et al. 2006) and theAr toEHel lamps (Zuravlev,Bykovskaja and
Zeltikova
have
SNG
of
2007) volumes
Collection
appeared. the British
the National
and
To be mentioned
W.M. Museum, in Krakow Museum
are
also
the
Stancomb are
which
devoted exclusively to the Black Sea coins (Price 1993; Stancomb
Three major 2000; Bodzek 2006a). 2 monographs have been published;
amphorae
on
contributions
on Gr and Black
Sea amphorae found in theregion (Monachov 1999; 2003), and
one
on
late Hel
and Rom
amphorae
of Black
Sea
production
(Vnukov 2003). I.V.Tunkina has published a magisterial study on the researchhistoryof theold S Russia (Tunkina2002). A sizeable resumewithmajor additions ispublished inEnglish in BSS 1 (Tunkina2003). INTERNATIONAL
thematic
focus
Other
thematically
To these belong the recurring conferences Bosporan Kingdom. at Vani that also pre-publish abstracts. After the conferences the proceedings 1992 5 volumes
namely theBosporan Phenomenon (BosporskijFenomen) held ca. every one and a halfyears
in St Petersburg
and the Bosporan
Readings (Bosporskie Stenijd),which is annual. Thematically
both conferences have the Bosporan beyond developed so today the N Kingdom they cover the entire region along littoral of the Black Sea and themost important new discoveries of the current year are made public here. Substantial abstracts
have been pre-publishedforboth conferencesandmany of the
to the Kerch contributions conferences have later been in full in the series Bosporskie edited published Issledovanija in 2001; to date 20 volumes have by V.N. Zin'ko (first volume as well been as 3 supplementary published volumes). Unfortunately, on available
the volumes
with
conference
abstracts
are not
the book
but back issues can often be market, through the conference organizers. first St Petersburg on conference the Bosporan was held in 1998. Phenomenon Itwas a small, local enterprise bought The
organized on the initiativeof V Chrsanovskij in the State Museum of the History of Religion and dedicated to the as a historical and cultural phenomenon. Bosporan Kingdom this first conference, Since 6 further conferences have been
held:Gr culture in theperipheryof theanc. world (1999); colo
nization
of
establishment of poleis and the region, states monuments and (2001); funerary and (2002); problems concerning chronology of written and archaeo dating of monuments (2004); problems and sacred meaning of regions, sites and logical sources (2005);
objects (2007). The
Kerch
being edited. In September
appeared
as monographs. Since les traces des Argonautes
published (Sur
The Second
2001,
International
on
Congress
Black Sea Antiquitieswas held inAnkara, Turkey,which still awaits publication. In November the conference Les 2002, cit?s grecques, les soci?t?s indig?nes et les empires mondiaux dans la r?gion nord-pontique culturelle: origines et d?veloppe
ment d'une
koin? politique, et culturelle (Vile s. av. ?conomique was held in Bordeaux, France. The J.-C), were in 2007 proceedings published (Bresson,
s. ap.
J.-C.-III conference
Ivancikand Ferrary2007). InOctober 2004 theconferenceThe Sea
Black
Past,
Region:
Present
and
The
Black
Future
was
in
held
Istanbul,Turkey. Itwas published in2007 (ErkutandMitchell 2007). In September 2005 The Third InternationalCongress
on
Black
Sea
Antiquities, with Ancient
are
available
Central
Sea
Century AD) was at
on-line
Area
and Eastern
its
and
(1st
Europe
held in Prague.
http://www.fhs.cuni.cz/
conference/blacksea2005/default.asp?id=8. with this conference, The 11th International Ancient
the conference
Sea,
On
Production
InBatumi and Trabzon, inApril 2006, and Trade
the expanding
covering
Contemporary on the Symposium Sea Area was of the Black
and Archaeology
History
held inVani, Georgia.
in the Black of Amphorae field of amphora studies, was held.
18 March 2006, the Instituteof Archaeology of the
Jagiellonian
hosted
University
the conference
Pontica
which
was preceeded by a photographic exhibition In Search of Treasures.
Polish-Ukrainian
at the National Museum conference Research
(Krakow Recent Research Ancient
Research
near Odessa
at Koshary
in Cracow.
Proceedings of the
under the title Pontika 2006. Recent appeared in Northern Black Sea Coast Greek Colonies In April the 2nd Pontika 2008). 2008, conference, on
the Northern
took place
Times,
and Eastern
in Cracow.
published in theBAR series.
Black
Proceedings
Sea will
in be
Two
international conferences scheduled for 2008 major the 12thVani conference and regrettably been cancelled: on the conference and Pontus in antiquity and the Paphlagonia
have
EByz period to be held in Izmir. The abstractsof the latter conference, which available on-line
was
cancelled
with
a few days
notice,
are
(http://www.cca.unimelb.edu.au/community/
Events/PAPHLAGONIA-PONTUS-abstracts.pdf).
conferences
are organized
the first one
in 2000.
Only
EXHIBITIONS In 2007, theStateHermitageMuseum in St Petersburgclosed
down
its Black
by V.N.
Zin'ko
and
in recent years
has
a
antiquities promoted exhibitions
Sea
exhibition for a major renovation. exhibitions have made Black Sea large-scale known in theWest since 1992. However, the picture of the Black Sea cultures is rather biased, as the
A number
held in themonth ofMay in theformercapital of theBosporan Kingdom,
been
the
of
appearance sanctuaries
have have
[1990], 1996; La mer Noire, zone de contacts [1994], 1999; Religions du Pont-Euxin [1997], 1999; Pont-Euxin et commerce: la gen?se de la 'routede la soie' [1999], 2002; Pont-Euxin et Polis: Polis hellenis et polis barbaron [2002], 2005). The publication of the 2005 conference is currently
Abstracts 1992 a number of open, international conferences have taken place, which merit to be mentioned. Two of these were in the outset aimed at discussing the Bosporan Kingdom,
ethnic
have not at the outset been conferences to a historical such as the phenomenon
international
confined
Millennium BCSth
Since
the theme was
in 2004
processes; in2005 periods of destabilizationsand catastrophes; in 2006 oikos; in 2007 sanctuariesand sacred objects; and the latest in2008 focused onmilitar?a.
Relationship
CONFERENCES
chosen:
been
117
of
mostly
focus on gold
objects
found
in the region.
PIAGULDAGER BILDE ET AL.
118 In
1995
the exhibition was
antiquities
Georgian
zum Goldenen Vlies on Unterwegs held in Saarbr?cken (catalogue: Miron
and Orthmann 1995). In 1998-1999, the exhibitionAncient Gold - The Wealth of the Thracians: Treasures from the Republic of Bulgaria toured the United States (catalogue: Marazov 1998). In 2000 Scythian gold was displayed in 2 Deer Scythian of Eurasia: the Russian The Steppes,
exhibitions: The Golden competing and Sarmatian Treasures from
MetropolitanMuseum ofArt, October 2000 to February2001 (catalogue:Alekseev and Farkas 2000) andGold of theNomads, Treasures
Scythian
Ancient
from
which
Ukraine
travelled
the
United States fromNovember 1999 toAugust 2001 and ended inParis (catalogue:Reeder 2000). Also in2001 the exhibition -
Georgien in Bochum
aus dem Land
Sch?tze
Vlies was
des Goldenen
held
et al. 2001).
Gambashidze
(catalogue:
From February to July2004 the exhibitionGreek Gold the Treasure
From
Chambers
celebrated of the Hermitage a dependency of Amsterdam,
the
the of the Hermitage opening on the River Amstel in Museum of St Petersburg Hermitage Das Reich Amsterdam. The exhibition Die Thraker goldene des Orpheus
be
could
seen
in the Kunst-
und Ausstellungshalle
der BundesrepublikDeutschland at Bonn from July2004 to January2005 (Catalogue: Fol et al. 2004). FromOctober 2004 to February in 7,000
2005
years
-Romania
the large exhibition Gold Treasures was in Medelhavsmuseet, shown
Stockholm
(catalogue: Slej, S?rling and Popovici 2004). In connectionwith the Danish
Queen
Margrethe's
visit of the Bulgarian in Bulgarian tombs
to Bulgaria and the return to Denmark, the rich finds made
president in 2004 and
visit
e.g., of the magnificent
2005,
portraitprobablyofKing Seuthes III (Fig. 6), were exhibitedfor a short period inApril 2006 at the Danish National Museum. was closed Museum the Odessa While Archaeological Treasures
Ceramics
from
from theMuseum
2006b). exhibition
Itwas
also
Sea.
the Black
and Sculpture National inOdessa,
Gold,
of Archaeology
Museum inKrakow, March to June2006 (catalogue: Bodzek the closure
for renovation
in the State Hermitage
Museum
of the Black
that made
Sea
at the in the J. Paul Getty Museum the Hermitage 2007 to June Malibu, (catalogue: Villa, September Getty and Kalashnik Trofimova 2007). Thus 2007 was a great year for Black Sea exhibitions. Apart 2 in Malibu, exhibition mentioned the previously from
Art from
exhibitions could be enjoyed in Berlin: Im Zeichen des K?nigsgr?ber Greifen et al. 2007) and Griechen
Parzinger
der Skythen (catalogue: a Amazonen, Skythen
joint exhibitionby Freie Universit?tBerlin and the Staatliche
Museen
zu Berlin
(catalogue:
in the Pergamon
K?stner,
Langner
Museum, and Rabe
June to October
2007).
In
the
AntikenmuseumBasel and Sammlung Ludwig the exhibition Die
alten
Zivilisationen
Bulgariens from March
-
Das
Gold
der
Thraker
to July in the same year open to the public et al. 2007). Nikolov (catalogue: and the exhibition the Atlantic, Wine, Worship Crossing Treasures from The Golden Graves of Ancient Vani Sacrifice: Institute at the Smithsonian the Republic of Georgia was shown
was
inWashington DC
(catalogue:
Kacharava
fromDecember 2007 to February 2008 and Kvirkvelia
2008).
From March
to
June2008 ithas been exhibitedat the Institutefor theStudyof the Ancient September Houston.
and from June to New York University, World, of Fine Arts, itwas on display at theMuseum 2008 The exhibition has foremost featured the finds from
4 newly found richgraves unearthed inVani in 2004. This is have been finds from Georgia the first time that archaeological to the United States. Some of the finds have previously
brought
and are
in Tblisi
et al.,
Kacharava
illustrated in the catalogue Land of Golden
edited
Colchis
Fleece
(Tbilisi 2005). This smallerexhibitionwas earlierpresentedat
3 venues
in Berlin,
in Europe,
BULGARIA
and Nice.
Paris
(Fig. 2)
Since 1991, changes in the official governmentalfundingof research
archaeological activities
building
have
to
lead
a
in
decrease
to in Bulgaria, but due the number of rescue excavations
the
increased
excavations
systematic
has
risen
considerably (Cholakov and Chukalev 2008, 144). Thus, in 2006
rescue
amounted
excavations
on
out
carried
fieldwork
to half of the archaeological coast Black Sea
the Bulgarian
(Cholakov and Chukalev 2008, 146). Institutions
The National
Institute of Archaeology of the Bulgarian
coordinates of Sciences, with its museum (NIAM), Academy research over the entire territory of Bulgaria, the archaeological
and the InteragencyCouncil of Field Research of NIAM
appointed
of Culture by theMinister in Bulgaria. The fieldwork
ological the archaeological Archives
is also hosted
Bulgaria'
issues permits for archae of annual documentation
is kept investigations this amounts Presently
of NIAM.
sites investigated covering Informational Automated
during
in
the Research
to 812
the last 50 years.
collections A National
of Map System 'Archaeological at NIAM. The Centre for Underwater
in Sozopol Archaeology and the symposia Thracia
underwater investigations organizes and Pontica Mediaevi. Pontica
Conferences and principal publications Conference
activity
and
publications
have
continued
since
outlook reflectedboth in the 1993with a growing international
number
Thrace
Pontica
and the focus on Thracian participants other cultures. The main conferences were:
of international
interrelations La
possible
theencompassing exhibitionGreeks on theBlack Sea: Ancient
Goldenen
shown
by D.
for
a significantpartof itsholdingswas exhibited in refurbishment,
Cracow:
been
with
et les soci?t?s
maritimes
anciennes,
1994
(Thracia
1997); Thracians and Phrygians: Problems of
and Lynch 1995 Parallelism, (Tuna, Akture Thracian World at the Crossroads of Civilization,
The 1998); 1996 (Roman
1997); Thrace and the Aegean, 2000 (Fol 2002) and The
and and their Neighbours (Bouzek of Thracians can be Various Domaradzka periodicals Bulgarian 2005). the most finds in Bulgaria, for new archaeological consulted of ones the Academy by Bulgarian being published important for Helis is responsible Thus NIAM Sciences. (vols 3-5), in the and the annual reports of ongoing fieldwork Arheologia as as well i Razkopki, Otkritija country Archeologiceski na Archeologiceskija i and Izvestija proucvanija Razkopki on their website Institut http://aim.sofianet. (see more to Archaeologia in addition net/main.php?lang=ENG) since 1993 in the introduction, whereas mentioned Bulgarica of Thracology the Institute (http://www.thracologia.org/
Culture
publice.html) in Sofia has published vols 10-17 of Thracia,
vols
6-8
Bulgarian)
of Studia
and vols
10 of Thracia vol. (in Thracica, Antiqua see the For inscriptions, 5-15 o? Orpheus.
addendum toG. Mihailov's IGBulg (Banev et al 1999; 2001).
and in Bulgarian archaeology survey of new developments can be found in an extensive list of references and publications and Chukalev and Lozanov (n.d.), and in Cholakov Stoyanov on information Detailed the 2008 year 2006). (concerning and Romania sites in Bulgaria various Gr and Rom (as well as since 2000 made other countries), including maps, discoveries at can be found about research information and teams, : //www. fastionline. org/. http
A
ARCHAEOLOGY INTHE BLACK SEA REGION 1993-2007
119
Albesti# Sborianovo
Kallatis
Durankulak
Bizone
Dionysopolis
Odessos
.Smiadovo
Mesembria
Kazanlakj
Anchialos
Ostru?a
Burgas #ApolloniaPontike
Kabyle Deultum# Pistiros
Urdovisa
? Cape
#Agathopolis .Alexandrovo
2. Map
of S Romania
and Bulgaria
Agathopolis (Ahtopol') rescue
Sporadic
in Ahtopol' the have revealed town from the 5th Ct BC until the Med
stratigraphy of the anc. Part of the town's LRom directed
and Med
has been
wall
[1992], 62). The
tigated (AOR [1990], 81-82; were
in the text
sites mentioned
excavations
period.
excavations
with
# Thynias
inves
1999-2000
by D. Gergova.
A tumuluswith a rich burial of theHel period and later near
from the ist-2nd Ct AD
burials most
probably
belongs
S of the town
Sinemorec
to the still unexcavated
anc.
[1996], 40-41; [2007], 77-78; [2008], 233-34).
town (AOR
dishes
Thasos), jugs, oinochoai, were The grave goods astragals cremation (K.
Panayotova,
Fasti-online). inhumation
A. Nedev, common Most Traces
in Panayotova
common.
1998;
could
be documented
2004 Hermary, were the pit
excavations, with graves rituals at the
of repeated post-burial of performing memorial
grave testify to the tradition More the deceased. detailed found
also
always
the graves
D.
burials.
lamps were
ritually mutilated. found together with strigils, mirrors, or In a few reburial instances,
figurines were and jewellery. outside performed
Terracotta
and
almost
information Panayotova,
on
rites for
the finds
Riapov
can be
and Baralis
the 5thCt AD and theMed period, has been found on Cape Urdovisa near Kiten (AOR [2008], 454-62). Archaeological
2006; Hermary 2007; AOR (2007), 364-68. Several tumulifrom theHel period on Cape Kolokita S of Apollonia reveal Thracian burial rites (AOR [2007], 234, 244, 307; [2008], 309-31).
surveys National
different hoards
Urdovisa Cape Thracian and Gr pottery from the 5th-4th Ct BC,
have
been
organized several park, where
as well
as from
in the territory of the Ropotamo have been Thracian sanctuaries
localized (AOR [2003], 109). rescue
planning,
excavations
the architecture
new data about the town in Sozopol' and the stratigraphy of the town have
are among of Apollonia Pontike the best necropoleis To date 916 graves have been studied on the entire W coast. unearthed and Chukalev We thank 2008, (Cholakov 167-68). The
Baralis,
following
A. Hermary, K. Panayotova information on the necropolis
and A. Riapov for the of Kalfata situated S of
thecitywalls and dating fromtheM5th-M3rdCt BC (Figs 3,4).
and eighty graves and a large number of deposits artefacts have been found during the last 10 years. the grave goods were typical among fragrance vessels: and local hydriai (Fig. 5), lekythoi, askoi, alabastra and
Two
hundred
with
funeral
Most Attic
ung?entar?a.
Amphorae
(mainly
of Kyzikene silver coins have in the region between Apollonia In 1998 a hoard
all from the 4th Ct BC.
been revealed (AOR [2007], 353-58).
A.
number
of Kyzikean
Apollonia Pontike (SozopoP) During
A
from Herakleia
Pontike
and
origin was
found
been
found
in
and Nessebar, silver coins containing
in the chora
of Mesembria,
and
in 2000 another hoard was found inApollonia (Karayotov 2007).
Deultum (Debelt)
of Deultum, founded Investigations by Vespasian, comprise excavations of the Rom and Byz fortress as well as excavations was very This necropolis of the Thracian tumular necropolis.
long-livedwith burials from theLBA and EIA, and theRom period between the 1stand 5thCt AD (AOR [2007], 241-42). Burgas A Thracian studied,
fortress
and materials
by Lake Mandra from the EIA
near as well
has been Burgas as from the 3rd
quarterof the 4th-E3rdCt BC have been found (AOR [2008], 308, 427-28).
PIA GULDAGER BILDE ET AL.
120 Ile
Sable
: Kl
St Cvr?aq?e,
APOLLONIA
SOZOPOL R|gr 500m 0 100 2003 BnmoBAUDOIN -C.CJ. -oetoferc
Pontike:
3. Apollonia
Tumuli
from
of the location
map
the Rom
period,
of the necropoleis
lst-4th Ct AD,
have
of a Thracian
Excavations
cult complex by Manastir stone unearthed baths have
mineral
the Burgas
and Thracian
fireplaces,
and Gr pottery dated
near
Tepe
buildings, to the 3rd-2nd Ct
BC (AOR [1995], 70-71). Anchialos (Pomorie)
excavations
Archaeological
by geophysical Part of the Rom
preceeded in Pomorie.
initiated have been prospection as well as Med structures city's street grid and several buildings, near the village of excavations Rescue found. have been to Anchialos' of a tumulus Medovo necropolis belonging
containeda cremationfrom the2ndCt AD (AOR [2005]).
Mesembria Buildings
(Nessebar) from the Cl, Hel
and Med
periods
have
been
as well as new Gr inscriptions(AOR [2007], 273-75). latest
volume
of
the Nessebar
series,
Nessebre
found,
The
III, was
a good of the overview for giving and Apollo, included temples of Zeus a theatre and private houses.
is recommended
excavated
town which
the city archive,
with
a terracotta
continue.
in the necropolis figurine,
probably
Kybele,
a grave In 2007, discovered.
was
Other finds from this site are published in AOR 2007 and 2008.
K. Krusteff kindly reports that an archaeological expedition was I. of Nessebar in the municipality by Prof. organized The expedition and himself in 2006-2007. explored Karayotov
situated in the territory of the the valley of the River Hadzijka, and Thracians inhabited chora and Mesembrian by Greeks settled
in numerous
tiles, was through to Hel
roof
small katoikiai.
found.
A
times was
fortified found
pithoi and Pottery, mainly site inhabited from the IA
in the territory of the village
of
Orizare. from the Rom period was discovered of ceramic Rom pipes were found, pieces an aqueduct. On the left bank of the the remains of possibly was a small necropolis 5 mounds with Reservoir, Poroy inMesembria located. A coin hoard of 31 bronze coins minted Another
500m
published in 2005 aftera long delay (Velkov and Karayotov 2005). This volume includesmostly finds frombefore 1993, but
Excavations
been
studiednear thevillage of Fakia (AOR [1995], 101; [1996], 45).
was
E,
found
fortification
in which
in Snjagovo,
in the region
of Burgas,
dating
from
125-100 BC, and published by I. Karayotov in 2007 (Karayotov 2007, 148;AOR [2007], 304-05). Karayotov also published thegold and silvercoinage ofMesembria (1994). Archaeological
survey
in the area of Mesembria
out in2000 (AOR [2001], 115).
was
carried
ARCHAEOLOGY INTHE BLACK SEA REGION 1993-2007
121
*
m
3D--.
Ktf,
'*&$"V?t
?44 -5
B 11
^
+
o
i
KALFATA 2003-2004 4. Apollonia
Pontike:
plan of excavated
tombs
in the Kalfata
necropolis
5m
PIA GULDAGER BILDE ET AL.
122
and
cutting marks was
stones.
'5th-3rd Ct
When BC.
the
found,
the However, by radiocarbon
has
to between
analysis
olive
to the
dated been reputedly ca. 487 and 277 BC (Lund
material
organic
several
dated
amphora
and Gabrielsen
[2005], 164), but the amphora itselfstill awaits publication in as evidence this dating, which is cmcial of to the opinion of the trade. According M. Lawall and A. Opait, the amphora specialists
order
to confirm
Black
Sea maritime
amphora
should be dated to the2ndCt AD.
Dionysopolis (Balcik) In the spring of 2006, foundations of a Hel
mod.
city of Balcik. 2.5m h., and to other compared least
a team of archaeologists uncovered the on the fringes of the temple of Kybele The preserved walls of the temple are at of the building the foundation is large
The similar buildings of the same age. the temple revealed several Kybele reliefs, a bust of Helios, 2 statues of naked men, of a
within
excavations
a pediment with woman (possibly as well goddess,
a priestess) and an near life-size statue of the as an altar. Several found inscriptions were in the 4th Ct BC to the from the time of the construction
dating 4th Ct AD,
and votive inscriptions, including official documents all currently being treated by N. Sharankov. The Kybele repre sentations and epithets are in typical Hel style, except for the Pontia. The inscriptions hitherto unattested appelation Kybele
A limestone reveal Gr, Thracian and Rom names. slab with a lion figure has also been found, as has a 0.5m h. Doric column a well-preserved to the Rom with addressed inscription
in The is published report on the finds in AOR Enceva and Sharankov Mirceva, (2008). excavations of a tumulus at Taushan Yuk near Balcik
Licinius.
emperor Lazarenko, Rescue have
5. Apollonia
Pontike: rf Attic hydria from the Kalfata
necropolis
Bizone
(Varna)
Drilling sondages in the botanical garden of Varna in 2004
a single course of a stone wall and 3 dolia arranged to it. Three pits N of the dolia were excavated. The seem to suggest that a Rom villa existed at this investigations
revealed
parallel
likely a small
and most
settlement
appeared
around
the
villa duringL antiquity.Coins ofValentinian II (AD 375-392) and Theodosius II (AD 408-450) and small finds from the that the building was the 4th-6th Ct AD H. (V Slavchev,
excavation
indicate
the Rom
baths,
excavations
used
Kuzov
revealed
from the 2nd half Fasti-online). the decumanus
paved with slabs and a drain facedwith slabs below it.A later of rubble, sherds and fragmentary street-covering consisting in a few places over the slabs terracottas was preserved building of the decumanus in which 4 bronze coins of the end of the 4th
Ct AD
were
found.
The
decumanus
had
at least 3 construction
and the EByz the 2 phases during the Rom periods. During earlier phases, the street was paved with slabs, while the drain to the 2nd phase. remains of L antique Furthermore, belongs N and S of the street (H. Kuzov and buildings were discovered K.
Sokolova
Fasti-online). 2002, a shipwreck
was In August identified off the coast of Odessos research expedition headed by a joint US-Bulgarian and P. Dimitrov Coleman by D. (http://news.nationalgeo graphic.
a cremation.
contained
(Kavarna) underwater
The
amphorae,
tomb, and
lamps
in the area of Kavama's investigations from the Hel, Rom and Byz periods, as well
amphorae
as lead anchors,were discovered (AOR [1994], 93-94; [2002],
Odessos
of
tomb with Ct BC
weapons (AOR [2008], 300-01).
harbour,
Near
stone
to the L4th-E3rd
During
locality
a
disclosed
dating
com/news/2003/01/0110_030113_blacksea.html). was recovered from the wreck,
amphora single bones contained
of
a
large
freshwater
catfish
species
A
which with
Remains of a sunken 80). discovered during underwater
other building tive building, this location Fasti-online). have revealed
A
of stone blocks
series
as well
of Rom
archaeological in 2004 (A. Salkin
of Kavama
the harbour
Fasti-online). the sea level
quarter
were
Bizone
were
in explorations and P. Georgiev found
6m under
as
a well-preserved anc. millstone and It is assumed remains. that a large administra or a harbour storehouses installation existed on
period (A. Salkin and P. Georgiev near Kavama at Cape Cirakman from the 6th-E7th Ct AD. part of a large building Hel and Rom pottery, Hel amphora stamps, a head
during the Rom Excavations
Fragmentary in the of a terracotta figurine and coins of Dionysopolis minted found within the EByz 3rd and 2nd Cts BC were occupation level. Trial trenches on the E slope of Cape Cirakman revealed a fortification
wall defending the lower suburb (I. Sotirov and was Another monumental Fasti-online). building on the S slope of the cape. discovered The amphorae found in with this stratum were from Thasos, connection imported Herakleia Knidos and Kos. The Pontike, Rhodos, Sinope, I. Gatev
earliest strata contained vessels fragments of local Grey Ware Two other groups date and Gr pottery dated to the 4th Ct BC. to the same period: local brick-coloured ceramic vessels and
Celtic
This last group, and the fragmentary pottery. glass of Celtic excavations, type found during the previous of Celtic ethnic groups in the the question of the presence
bracelets raises
hinterland
of Bizone
Doncheva
Fasti-online).
(M. Tonkova,
C. Landes,
A.
Salkin
and M.
123
ARCHAEOLOGY INTHE BLACK SEA REGION 1993-2007 of
Excavations Kavarna
the L
evidence
provide
fortress at Timum antique for the existence of settlements
near
Pistiros (Vetren)
from
Since
andMed periods (AOR [2008], 454-58). theHel, EByz A
with
settlement
Thracian
finds
abundant
of amphorae
fromtheHel period has been registeredon a high plateau near thevillage of Top?la (AOR [1995], 121). of a Thracian
Traces
a Thraco-Rom
beneath
settlement
from the EIA
and a church
sanctuary
were
found
from the 4th Ct
AD near Top?la (AOR [2008], 498-501). Durankulak situated Durankulak, excavated has been An
Todorova.
on the coast
in the NE
for decades
under
overview
of the research
corner of Bulgaria, of H. the direction results
from
1974?
2005 can be found inTodorova 2007, which includes thefinds from the Hel
period, monuments,
stamps,
pottery,
etc.
burials,
Domaradzki.
Architectural
A good overview of theOdrysian Kingdom is provided in the by Z. Archibald,
The Odrysian
Thrace: Orpheus Unmasked (Oxford 1998). Helis? (Sborianovo)
of
Kingdom
resident
traders
of more
necropolis
and political
centre
of the
type and consists of several sanctuaries a Hel tumular necropolis, town, an EIA than 100 tumuli and several sacred places
(Stoyanov 2002; 2003; Gergova 2004; Stoyanov et al 2006;
and Chukalev Helis annual 2008, 160-62; 3-5; The city is situated on a plateau surrounded on report in AOR). 3 sides by the River Krapinec and enclosed forti by a massive fication and Chukalev The 2008, fig. 20). system (Cholakov main about fortification wall was /., built of large, 1,400m blocks of local limestone. Two main roughly-worked have been found to the S and N. Three diateichismata
gates with
In 1996 the inner separate entrances have also been identified. fortification wall was The fortified area of the investigated. a residential quarter plateau was densely built over. Recently
and NW, as well as on terraces in front of the S wall the fortified area, was There are 2 main unearthed. in the last quarter of the 4th Ct phases of the city. It emerged BC and was around 250 BC. destroyed by an earthquake situated W
outside
life was
resumed
in the city, but on a more
modest
scale by the end of the 3rdor thebeginningof the 2ndCt BC until the \{Ct BC. Two
sanctuaries
courtyard
on
of the Demir
the high plateau
Baba
monastery
of Kamen were
in the
Rid
founded
towards
theend of the2ndmillenniumBC and reconstructedin theHel Here
ritual pits, clay hearths, stone circles and a small as well as abundant have been discovered, building Thracian and imported pottery, cult objects, etc. (Balanska period. absidal
1998;Gergova 2004). The excavations of theHel necropolis, initiatedin 1982with
the discovery of the Sveshtari till now. tomb, have continued 20 tumuli excavated since 1982 reveal a variety of stone tombs with urns and a complex cist graves, sliding doors, of burial rites corresponding to a specific social system
The
hierarchy.
The
architecture
of
the tombs
indicates
the
long
distant contacts of theGetai withW Asia Minor, S Italyand
Palestine. Celtic
A Celtic
presence.
sword,
the town was
Seemingly
Large amounts and silver coins,
discovered during theexcavations shed lighton its internaland trade
contacts
on the Pontic
with
coast
and
the Odrysian rulers in the Mediterranean.
and
the Gr
In 1999,
Poliorketes,
fibulae
and
Lysimachos,
and Seleukos
Lysimacheia
I were discovered. The final destructionof the city is well dated by a large hoard of 561 coins, mainly minted by including
his
layers.
They
last
issues,
and
swords
by
and
spearheads of Celtic typesand a lateDuchcov fibula found in
Cholakov
Seemingly
in the town.
living
state, Teres or Sitalkes. kings of the Odrysian as well as hundreds of bronze of Gr amphorae,
Lysimachos
Getai, founded at the end of the2ndmillennium BC, began in 1982 under the direction of M. Cicikova and have been continued since 1996 by a teamdirectedby D. Gergova. The is of a dispersed from the ?A, a Hel
settlement
foundedbymerchants fromthe islandofThasos under thefirst
the destruction
of the religious
site
of a fortified
remains
552 silver and gold coins issued by Alexander the Great,
INLAND SITES
investigations
by a
undertaken
M4th Ct BC inscription in Gr found in 1990 (Velkov and Domaradzka 1994;SEG 43,486). The inscription made shortly afterthedeath of theThracian kingKotys I in 359 BC records the rightswhich the Thracian authoritiesgranted to theGr
Demetrios
The
been
to the 5th-2nd Ct BC have been unearthed. The name of the site became known as Pistiros, the emporion, thanks to a
centres
recent monograph
have
dated
external
THRACIAN
of Pistiros
1988, excavations
team of Bulgarian, British (from 1992), Czech (1993) and French (from 1997) archaeologists under the direction ofM.
bracelets
testify to a
reveal
that the city was
completely
destroyed by the Celtic campaign led by Kommontorios in 279/8BC (Bouzek et al. 2002). No cultural layerpost-dating thedestructionhas been discovered. Graffition Thracian and Gr
pottery
origins. The
that the inhabitants
suggest
results
were
of mixed
are published
of the excavations
ethnic
in the series
Emporion Pistiros inBulgarian (3 volumes to date) as well as in thePistiros series published inEnglish and French (vol. I, 1996; vol.
II, 2002).
Kazanlak The most
find occurred
spectacular
near Kazanlak
the Odrysian
was
Kings found, which
has
been
in the so-called
identified
of Valley a large tomb the mausoleum of
in 2004
where as
Seuthes III (330-301 BC), the king who built theThracian
In front of the entrance of the tomb, a capital Seuthopolis. over life-size bronze portrait interpreted as Seuthes marvellous III was no human found (Fig. 6). Inside the tomb, where were a gold wreath, a helmet remains with the found, etc. inscription 2EY0OY, weapons, gold and silver vessels, were found. An earlier tumulus, called Svetitsata, located not far from the one just mentioned, contained bronze armour, silver and bronze
vessels,
Gr pottery and a male
of solid gold weighing almost 700gr.
funerary mask
Ostrusa new painted
Several
tombs have
been
In particular,
unearthed.
theL4thCt BC tombatOstrusa near Sipka will be mentioned, which was excavated in 1993 (Kitov andKrasteva 1994-1995; Valeva
monolithic
The consists 2005). complex burial chamber resting on a
Inside,
against
chamber
was
the N wall
of the chamber,
of
a
rectangular
3-stepped podium. a stone-built kline
with carved legswas still standing.The cofferedceiling of the separated
carved
by painted
and painted in imitation of wood and coffer panels with scenes pertaining to the
thiasoi of Achilles and Dionysos.
The burial chamberwas
soon into a incorporated, after, perhaps of 3 rectangular rectangular, multi-room complex consisting chambers and a circular room, possibly a heroon. In one of the a horse burial, iron weapons, chambers silver harness fittings and silver and bronze vessels were found. subsequently
PIA GULDAGER BILDE ET AL.
124
Smiadovo interior, Very few Gr epitaphs have been found in the Thracian an epitaph on an architrave of a written but recently in the surroundings of the village of monumental tomb in the Sumen discovered. The district, was reads: 'Gonimaseze, inscription dated to the L4th-E3rd Ct BC wife of Seuthes' and Nedelcev 2002). (Atanasov Smiadovo,
Perperikon in the Rhodope in S Bulgaria, initiated in Research mountains a large multi-period 2000, has identified Thracian Perperikon,
site inuse fromtheChai period until theMiddle Ages. The site
oval hall with a is a fortified hilltop settlement. An unroofed, altar carved out of the rock, niches, artificially made and rock-cut steps support the theory channels caves, basins, round
that this site functioned
also
as a sanctuary
(Ovtcharov
2005;
www.perperikon.bg).
Kabyle
a Thracian settlement situated 70km from the coast, Kabyle, was as a Macedonian II later it established outpost; Philip by served as a Thracian by royal residence until itwas conquered
in the 1stCt BC. itwas never built over by Since Earlier research city, it is an ideal site for excavations. has revealed a Thracian mountain sanctuary and a Thracian city with town houses modelled after contemporary Gr standards the Romans
a mod.
(Archibald 1999, 441-44). In 2003, Bulgarian archaeologists excavated a building from theHel period (sectorV). The
It lies below the foundations of a L antique horreum. building was built in the 3rd quarter of the 4th Ct BC. After destruction recon the building was by fire at the end of the 4th Ct BC,
structedonly tobe demolished finally around theM3rd Ct BC. Kos
Attic
6. Kazanlak:
over
life-sized
bronze
portrait,
Thracian king Seuthes III (330-301 BC) tomb near Kazanlak
monumental
perhaps
of
the
found outside a
in 2004
from Chios, Herakleia, Thasos, pottery and amphorae were as coins of Alexander and Rhodes found, as well II Theos and Mesembria Seuthes Great, III, Antiochos
Getov,
K.
Rabadzhiev, In 2007,
online). research
I. Lozanov
and S. Bakardzhiev
a
directed
of the most
of Thracian important discoveries at the village of Alexandrovo in the Chaskovo
in
region
In
_Bulgaria_ThracianTomb_Alexandrovo_APP.pdf). scenes a frieze with 2 similar dromos
the
a horseman depicts a on a In of marble imitation. warrior foot above panel fighting another the W lunette of the small antechamber image of a In the central horseman fighting a standing figure is depicted. the decoration chamber, bands several horizontal friezes with
various
of the walls
and
the dome
are still visible.
The
4 hunting scenes, including 4 horsemen, foot attacking 2 deer and 2 boars pursued by 9 dogs. contains
consists
of
in red, black, white and yellow, and 2 scenes. The lower frieze is badly damaged figures taking part in a funerary or heroic
and only 4 human feast with table and utensils
upper frieze 4 hunters on Across
the
in incised on the wall-paintings graffito was in the style of a Gr Gr ca. 1.7m above the floor of the chamber chrestos (Kitov 2004; funerary inscription reading: Kozimases a 2-line
Sharankov tomb and ?lite
the
tumuli was
LI999 and it excavated between 2000 and 2003 (http://www. coe.int/t/dg4/cultureheritage/Regional/SEE/IRPPSAAH/FS/FS
entrance
around
settlement(AOR [2007]; [2008], 420-27).
Alexandrovo One
(L. Fasti
joint Australian-American-Bulgarian and A. Sobotkova by S. Ross began at the with the aim of determining the level site investigations of Gr and Rom (see impact on the indigenous population team
www.einaudi.cornell.edu/arcs/ARCSNEWSLETTER2007.pdf) in the area and a systematic survey was conducted
made
the
tombs.
to the Kazanlak The tomb is comparable 2005). us with a new centre of painted Thracian it provides
ROMANIA has the period of reporting the number of excavations During of rescue excavations. increased partly because considerably, Romanian field archaeology has become the responsibility of in consultation with the National the Ministry of Culture Commission museum
for Archaeology Since 2000 employees.
in Romania research ological in its activity. involvement
which
consists of mainly the reorganization of archae led to direct has political
Publications Although periodicals
academic generally archaeological delayed, new to appear have continued and even more have entered the international academic circuit.
periodicals From the IAB, the periodicals Dacia. Nouvelle Serie, Studii si si arheologie cercet?ri istorie veche Thraco de (SCIVA), si Studii si cercet?ri numismatice Dacica, (SCN) and Materiale cercet?ri contain numerous contributions (MCA) arheologice on rescue or research on Dobrudjan Brief reports antiquity. in Cr?nica have been cercet?rilor excavations published
ARCHAEOLOGY INTHE BLACK SEA REGION 1993-2007 arheologice din Romania (CCA), edited by theMinistry of
Culture
and
on
accessible
easily
the
internet
Cronica/selen.asp). (http://archweb.cimec.ro/scripts/ARH/ than 2,000 Cr?nica is an internet database containing more undertaken between reports on excavations archaeological
1983 and 2006 at 703 archaeological sites in Romania,
of the contribu Most accompanied by illustrations and maps. but about a quarter of the reports have tions are in Romanian, or French. The periodicals in English of the museums abstracts
are especially in Tulcea and Pontica, and Constanta, Peuce Pontica has recently important for the area under discussion. been posted on the internet as well.
an To a large extent Romanian has remained archaeology auxiliary science to historical research. An overall synthesis for but 2 exhaustive studies the period under discussion ismissing, stand out. One
W
is the study of M. Oppermann (2004) about the and the indigenous world before the Rom the other consists of the first 2 (7th-1st Ct BC),
Pontic
colonies
conquest volumes
of Istoria
Rom?nilor
(2001),
a collective
study edited
by theRomanian Academy (reviewedbyA. Niculescu inDada
are concerned with shorter Other studies [2004-2005]). for example 2001 ). the 7th-4th Ct BC (Buzoianu and relations of the Papers on the founding, the organization
periods, W
Pontic
Gr
cities
have
increased
in number
(e.g., Avram
1996b; Nawotka 1997; Avram 1999a; Ruscu 2002; Avram, Hind and Tsetskhladze 2004; Ivantchik 2005; Petropoulos
The same can be said about the later periods; there are 2005). a number of essays of historical 2006). (Zahariade synthesis Numerous studies focus on broader themes concerning the
such as economic between the territory of Dobrudja, exchanges Greeks and the local population from the hinterland in the 7th
3rdCt BC (Banari 2003), rural life in the lst-4thCt AD Ct AD (Baumann 1995a; B?rbulescu 2001), trade in the lst-3rd (Bounegru 2002), fortifications from the same period Ct AD (Zahariade andGudea 1997),LRom cities in the4th-6th (S?mpetru 1994) and E Christianity(Lungu 2000a). Only themes
a
few
are
studies
exclusively,
as
such
concerned
sculpture
with of
archaeological the Rom period
(Covacef 2002), Rom funerary stelae (Conrad 2004) or depictions of theThracian rider (Oppermann 2006). Another of category of studies is anthologies regarding the archaeology theW Pontic colonies 1999; Avram and Babe? (Alexandrescu
2000) or N Dobrudja published
an
(Simion 2003).
V
epigraphical studiy of names and, in the field of numismatics,
region (2004) cations concern
the production
and
Cojocaru
has
in the W
Pontic
numerous
publi
circulation
of coins
(e.g.,
Preda 1998; Vertan 2002; Poenaru Bordea 2004) and several catalogues have been published (SNG BM IX. 1; SNG Stancomb). Conferences Although having conferences has
little
international
the number
impact, some of
of
and them are held multiplied, The Pontica meetings held at annually. organized by MINAC the beginning of October unite Romanian and lately specialists also more and more from abroad. Another archaeologists annual is the session for archaeological meeting reports, of Culture in various in organized by the Ministry places A number Romania. of meetings have addressed specific thus numismatics is often discussed in the symposia subjects;
organized by IAB atChi?inau in theRepublic ofMoldavia; the
of Tulcea Museum has been involved in organizing colloquia on funerary a on archaeology; colloquium ethnicity and cultural was in Ia?i, and another regarding held 2005 the exchanges local production of ceramics in Bucharest in 2004. place
in theW
Pontic
Gr
colonies
took
Kallatis (Mangalia) Kaliatis
is situated
border.
Since
Mangalia, out. Even
on
the coast
the city small-scale
only
is
rescue
of
10km N
located
125
the Bulgarian
the mod.
under
city of can be carried
excavations
sources seem to though the literary and epigraphical on a foundation date towards the end of the 6thCt BC, the so far only provide discoveries evidence made archaeological agree
of a laterdate at the beginning of the 4thCt BC. Building elements pertaining to cult buildings of Hel date have been unearthed (P?slaru and Colesniuc 2004-2005b, 413-18).
Rescue
excavations
have
taken
in the Hel
place
and
Rom
necropoleis (P?slaru and Colesniuc 2004-2005a; Radu 2007). More than 100 tombsfromtheHel necropolis ofKallatis have been published, the oldest of which date to the 3rd quarter of the were In 2000, new excavations 4th Ct BC (Avram 2007, 243). initiated in the Rom-Byz of Kallatis. The 168 tombs necropolis found so far are published and R. Ionescu, N. Alexandru by M.
Constantin
(2002-2003). of Gr
new
A
corpus
and Rom
inscriptions
from Kallatis
(ISM III) has been published by A. Avram (1999), who has published
extensively
on
other
several
subjects
regarding
the
city (Avram2007). A discussion on the topographyisprovided inAlexandru et ai (2004-2005); on thewater supply (Papuc a monograph
2007).
Avram
ceramics
and B?rbulescu (Buzoianu have been published.
has also written
on the relationship
between Rome and Kallatis and the foedus signed by the 2 cities just before 100 BC (Avram 1999a). A few studies on stamps
Albe?ti
Excavations
have
taken
2004-2005)
at Albe?ti,
place
and amphora
located
in the W
ofKallatis (R?dulescu et al. 2002). It peripheryof the territory is a fortified settlement
Its centre x 40m,
site with
several large house complexes. of a rectangular fortification of ca. 40m later to 45m x 45m, with a corner tower of 9m
is constituted
extended
x 9m. Founded in thefirsthalf of the4thCt BC, thefortifica tionhas 3 main phases: thefirst2 phases date to the4thCt BC; rd phase,
the 3
an extension
representing
of the fortified area
to
the first one dating
to
theS, dates to the3rdCt BC. The structuresinside thefortified area date
to the same are 2 periods
There
centuries. of intense activity:
theend of the4thCt and E3rdCt BC, and the2ndone dating to
the 2nd half of the 3rdCt BC. The inhabitants seem to have been of mixed ethnic origin B?rbulescu and Chelut? (Buzoianu, Fasti-online'. fortificata de la 2000-2001; Georgescu A?ezarea La Cetate). Almost of the periodical Albe?ti every volume Pontica The
contains
an
article
first monograph
about
is currently
2008).
discoveries in print
from (due
this site.
to appear
in
Tropaeum Traiani (Adamclissi)
In the territory around Traiani of the settlements Tropaeum and pre-Rom periods have been for instance investigated,
Rom
a Hel settlementat ?ipote (CCA [2008]). Tomis (Constanta) The
anc.
city of Tomis
Constanta. systematic
Increasing research of
discoveries,
e.g.,
of
is built mod. the
over
town of by the mod. activities hinder building anc. monuments. Numerous
inscriptions,
sculpture
and
ceramics,
are
published inPontica. Dug-outs fromthefirsthalf of the5thCt
BC
situated
the main
in the Cathedral
archaeological
Park have been unearthed. Among are excavations in the Hel
projects
(Bucoval? 1995-1996), theRom and LRom necropolis (CCA [2007]), the citywall with themain gate and Hel and Rom houses (CCA [2007]).
PIA GULDAGER
126
extent of anc. Tomis
The
that of Istros to the N
and
and Kallatis
excavations
systematic
BILDE
have
been
ET AL.
to compared in the S, but unlike these, no on the settlements conducted
its chora has been
in the territory (Buzoianu and B?rbulescu 2007). A quadriburgium (53m x 41.3m) from the 6thCt AD has been investigatedatOvidiu, 10kmN ofTomis (Fig. 7). The site lies
on
the coast
a harbour.
and had
Several
discoveries
of LAr
and Hel date indicate earlier transport amphorae) the 16 archaeological the forti occupation. During campaigns, a Ch basilica and several LRom houses have been fications, In 2003, a hoard (named Constanta-Obor, excavated. hitherto (Klazomenian
of 6,500 coins and 500 coin fragments was found in a suburban area. The earliest coins date vessel
unpublished) in a ceramic
from the time of Licinius, the latest were issues of Valens and the hoard was probably buried in advance Valentinian,
8. Istros/Histria:
Hel marble
relief from the sacred
area 2002
and of a
Gothic attack in378AD (Buzoianu and B?rbulescu 2007, 320).
grecque
[fouilles 1915-1989]), M?rgineanu C?rstoiu 2006
XII.
(Histria
Architecture
2007 (Histria XIII.
Domaneantu
grecque
1999-2000
available
et romaine)
and Suceveanu
La basilique episcopate). and
Suceveanu
Of these, are
1999-2000
at
on-line
http://archweb.cimec.ro/Web-Histria/ Several 6bibliografie/bibliografie_eng.htm. updates studies
previous
have
to
been made.
the excavations themselves, Regarding they have revealed numerous data from Ar until LRom In the times (Fig. 8). sacred
area
the aim was
to find the S and W
limits.
To
the SE
of theAphrodite templea drop in thebedrock about 14m /.,7m
w.
and
3m d. was
uncovered,
on
the bottom
of which
were
2
massive parallel walls dated to the 4thCt BC (Fig. 9). The purpose of the structure is still unclear, the temple indicates a relation between sanctuary was sacred area (CCA central sanctuary
Ar
concerning
discovered
but its location
close
to
them. A new, possibly in the SE corner of the
recently the idea of one reinforcing large Another part of the city. goal has been to trace the city wall on the
[2007]), in this
the Ar period
W side of the city (CCA [1995]). A Hel sanctuaryof Kybele has
been
hypothesized
(CCA [2006]).
in sector X
on
the so-called
plateau
In 1994,A. Suceveanu and M.V Angelescu
frieze from the end of the 2nd reported the find of a Hel marble on its sides Helios Ct BC depicting and in the centre Apollo, Poseidon, Eros, Aphrodite, Zeus, Hermes Athena, Hephaistos,
0
1. Tomis,
5
Ovidiu:
10m
i
It was found in a foundation and, probably, Hera. basilica in the S part of the large square restoration
*.t 2003
quadriburgium
Istros/Histria (Sinoe)
site of Istros was discovered archaeological by V. P?rvan in 1914 and has enjoyed a long history of systematic investiga In contrast to earlier times, archaeological tions. research has almost exclusively inside the city, recently been concentrated
The
and
all
the
excavations
historical periods at the site have been
and A.
Suceveanu
alone.
The
volumes
finds
VIII.
Les
have
Suceveanu
1999-2000
si?cles
been
printed
timbres amphoriques
1998 (Histria VIII.
Ier-IIIe
attested.
Since
1990
by P. Alexandrescu 1999 by A. Suceveanu
directed
(both IAB) and from are published in the Histria
of Histria
(Histria
are
since
series.
1993: Avram
1 [Thasos]),
Eight 1996
Conovici
Les timbresamphoriques 2 [Sinope]), (Histria X. La Domaneantu
c?ramique 1999-2000
romaine
des
(Histria XI. Les bols hell?nistiques ? d?cor en relief), Alexandrescu Vianu en pierre), et les reliefs statues 2003 IX. Les (Histria La zone sacr?e Alexandrescu 2005 (Histria VII. d'?poque ap. J.-C),
9. Istros/Histria:
sacred
area 2004
ditch
of a
in 1994.
ARCHAEOLOGY INTHE BLACK SEA REGION 1993-2007 In the excavations Histria,
normally
from
referred
in the villae
1990-1997
to as the domus
quarters sector, a 4th villa
the 6thCt AD was explored (Bounegru 2000-2001).
of 1996-1998 campaigns by a team of German a number of preliminary allowed observations the topography of the anc. town. These included
of of
The
archaeologists on to be made the location
of
et al. the anc. harbour the Rom defence (H?ckmann 1998), the enlargement of the defence system in the time of Hadrian, of the Ar town in an E wall towards the N, the extension the sacred zone of Zeus, the so direction, including a Temple
called Temple A and thepropylon (all functioninginAr times), as well
as the habitation
the plateau, the 7thCt BC, the urban
area on the acropolis in this period. On were traces of urbanization evident already from
all supporting the theory that rational planning of here already in Ar times space was employed
(Alexandrescu2000-2001, 198). In2000, investigations began in the area
outside
the walls
of the L city with
the purpose
of
studyingtheERom city and possibly theHel city.The 2000 2003 investigationshave brought to light 3 buildings and a
number During
of structures, most of them dated before 238 AD. the 2004 the team excavated part of an Ar campaign casa no. 4, and a pit containing Ar that was named
127
in the territory are scarce, the excavations the Although number of publications is considerable. include papers They about research 1993; (Dom?neantu published previous Suceveanu and essays on the and Zirra 2003) 1998; Teleag? understanding
territory from a broader
of Histrian
(Avram 1996; 2001).
perspective
(Jurilovka) Orgame/Argamum The settlement with its large necropolis is located on Cape since Dolojman (Fig. 10). The site has been under excavation the M
1920s.
foremost focus
In the earlier
period and Byz of
the city's LRom overview (see
http://www.archaeology. have been found basilicas
it was investigations structures that were the
of
research
history
ro/argamum_istoric.htm). inside the LRom fortification,
at Three which
basilica IV, protected a settled area of 2.5ha. Another basilica, was excavated at theW border of the the fortifications outside Gr necropolis. the last 15 years, the main archaeological During objectives have been the necropolis of the Gr period, the Gr living quaters, the city wall as well as the LRom settlement. A tumulus, found
potteryN of this building (http://www.cimec.ro/Arheologie/
in 1995,dating to around theM7thCt BC is important evidence for theearly settlement(TA 95) (Fig. 11). Compared with the
web-histria/2cercetare/cercetarea_eng.htm). In 2002, after 21 seasons, excavations
average tumulus
building
episcopal basilica of the 6thCt AD
Recently,
excavations
resumed
in the sector
ended (Histria XIII).
at 3 other basilicas
connected
theLRom settlement(SCIVA 54-56 [2003-2005]).
10. Orgame/Argamum:
aerial
view
1999
of the to
A
ditch
continued
tumuli of the site's ismonumental, for offerings,
to take place
extended
tumulus
having a di. of 42m in which ancestor until
200
BC,
necropolis,
this
(tomb of ktistes?). or hero worship was the dug around
tumulus (Lungu 2000c; Lungu 2000-200lb;
Lungu 2007).
PIA GULDAGER
128
BILDE
ET AL.
,fW
"9
11.Orgame/Argamum:tumulus(TA 95) found in 1995 and dated to around theM7th Ct BC
Milesian pottery from the 3rdquarter of the 7thCt BC and Middle Wild Goat I (M?nucu Adame?teanu 2000) found in
other parts of the city support a foundation date towards the the same as Istros. Ar, Cl and Hel houses were M7th Ct BC,
uncovered in the 1980s and published in 1999 (Lungu 1999a).
The
ones
Ar
of humble
to those
similar
from
are (ca. 3.5m x 2.5m) the Gr plateau. Recently, the 5th Ct BC, has been
dimensions
the Histrian
built probably fortification, on excavated the S slope
in of
the
Adamesteanu 2005) (Fig. 12). The
necropolis,
covering
promontory
has
120ha,
been
a site located in the Danube delta, systematic led by M. Zahariade have been conducted inside the city. The main goal has been the study of the Bishopric basilica and the buildings it. around Inside the crypt 2
At Murighiol, excavations
were discovered, to 2 Ch martyrs perhaps belonging Other excavations have been undertaken (//Mar Nero [2006]). a tower has been in the area of the LRom city wall, where
skeletons
almost
(M?nucu
excavated
Halmyris (Murighiol)
since
entirely
excavated.
Pottery
published byA. Opait (2004).
1988 under the direction of V Lungu. Approximately 100
cremation
tombs have
been
uncovered,
most
to
of them dating
the4thand 3rdCts BC (Lungu 1999a). A funerarystele fromthe
Hel
dedicated
period,
to Apollonis,
wife
was
of Apollodoros,
found inanothertumulus(TB 95) in 1995 (Lungu 2004c). Due
to the large number of anc. remains area, it has been protected by national was made an archaeological preserve.
found
in the necropolis it 1995, when
law since
was the publication series Orgame launched, on the excavation notes of M. Coja's,
In 2005
the first volume
the excavations
reopened 2005). volume
The
1960
volume
of 40 years
of excavations
who
(M?nucu
Adame?teanu Another post-mortem.
7 years appeared series has published on colloquium organized
in the same
international celebration
in the
with
the papers the occasion
at Orgame.
from an of
the 12. Orgame/Argamum:
Cl wall
2004
from
this
site has
been
ARCHAEOLOGY INTHE BLACK SEA REGION 1993-2007 Nikonion (Roksolany)
UKRAINE
is among
Nikonion Pontic
Ukraine
Southwestern
With the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, a largepart of foremost sites of former S Russia, archaeological and Dniester and the Bug, Dnieper regions, came with A very useful homepage, under Ukrainian jurisdiction. the classical the Crimea
shortbiographies and bibliographies of Ukrainian Black Sea can
scholars,
be
at http://www.fridmanbooks.netfirms.
found
Systematic investigations are directed excavations by N.M.
Currently,
on
cities
started as late as
shore.
the
1957.
Sekerskaja
of
Odessa Archaeological Museum (since 1995) in collaboration with archaeologistsfrom the Polish University of Toru?. A comprehensive collection of articles published in 1997 as
i anticnyj mir Severnogo Pricernomor ja (Ochotnikov Nikonij et al. 1997) celebrated the 40 of the archaeolog anniversary ical excavation of the site, as did a small booklet edited by M. S.B.
Mielczarek, same year
com/authorancient/antiq.htm.
of the anc.
the least known
129
and N.V.
Ochotnikov
Sekunda
published
been
taking place
the
(1997).
Museums a major initiated in 2000 renovation was the A.G. the help of the Demeter Foundation. In 2003 the architectural Leventis Foundation renovation completed of the Archaeological the museological refurbishment and the Kerch Museum
At
with
Museum
of a
This was
of Odessa.
preceded by the publication of the collection's finest Cypriot
and of around 200 catalogue The and Vanchugov other artefacts 2001). (Karageorghis of Numismatics Virtual Museum Odessa (http://www.museum.
and English, offers a useful introduction as to the coinage of the anc. cities of S
inUkrainian com.ua/), as well to the museum Ukraine.
Leuke? (Island ofZmeinyj) In 1988 theOdessa Archaeological Museum initiatedfieldwork on
at the Island
land and under water
of Zmeinyj
E of
located
theDanube delta. The islandhas fora long timebeen identified
as Achilles'
of Leuke. The fieldwork, which is S.B. Ochotnikov and A.S. by The finds from the investigations have been na in a short monograph, Achilla Svjatilisce
sacred
is ongoing, Ostroverchov. summarized
island
directed
ostroveLevke (Ochotnikovand Ostroverchov 1993). Of great interest
are
the numerous
finds
of
lead
and
stone
elements
to anc. anchors. No less than 9 stone anchors, pertaining lead rods and 6 lead fastenings have been found, spanning
35 the
period from the LArc or EC1 period until the Rom period (Ochotnikov
and Ostroverchov
2002).
Tyras (Bel'gorod-Dnestrovskij) Between the 2 major poleis of the NW Pontic region, Istros and are the 2 smaller cities of Tyras and Nikonion. The 2 sites Olbia, are situated on opposite banks of the Dniester. Most parts of the
city of Tyras are lost, either to nature (being under water) or to culture, because part of the anc. city has been covered by either or by themod. city of Bel'gorod theMed fortress of Akkerman
In 1996, T.L. Samojlova took over the direction Dnestrovskij. of the excavations from LB. Klejman, with the collaborating Romanian Institute of Thracology and Brail Museum. In 2002 a monograph the collaborators on their investigations published et al. 2002). Most (Kozokaru impressive are the remains of the Itwas first constmcted in the L5th-E4th city's fortification wall.
Ct BC, and throughtheHel andRom periods itwas rebuiltand enlarged
several
times.
fragment of an Attic
A
recent find of great vessel dating
black-glossed
interest
is the
to the L5th Ct
BC with thegraffito[Achil]/ez ^[thias] confirmingthe titleof Achilles, Lord over Scythia (Cojocaru 2002). Tyras'
chora,
on
the right bank
of
the Dniester,
extends
between the village ofUdobnoe 30kmNW of the city to the
of Primorskoe 35km to the S. In this region approxi village mately 25 settlements have been found. The richest settlements seem to be located in the immediate itself, vicinity of Tyras around the village of Sabo, S.B. Ochotnikov has especially an overview of the settlement recently published systems on
both banks of the lowerDniester (Ochotnikov2006).
Kosary Archaeological
have
investigations
also
in
the stretchof land in theGulf of Odessa between the2 cities
mentioned
above
and Olbia.
important are the investiga located on a promontory on the
Most
tions at the large site of Kosary
rightbank of theTiligul' estuary.The excavation is directedby
E.I.
E.A.
Diamant,
Archaeological
Museum
Levina
and
in Odessa.
E.F.
Redina
of
the Institute
Recently,
the of
Archaeology of theJagiellonianUniversity inKrakow, Poland, has joined the investigations(Papuci-Wladyka,Chochorowski and Redina 2004). The site itselfis around 10ha in size. Itwas defendedby a wall to theW (trenchIII) and a rampartrunning NE-SW
with
(trench VII). individual farms
between
1999 and 2004
the fortification
Outside
is a
'suburb'
Excavations carried out (trench VI). revealed remains of the defensive wall.
a large ash hill, zolnik, ca. Apart from the extended necropolis, 20m x 30m with a preserved maximum h. of ca. 2.5m, is a This is considered 1998) being excavated. currently (since cult place by the excavators. Pit houses constitute the majority of the buildings at the site. The settlement was short-lived from
the beginning of the4thuntil thefirsthalf of the 3rdCt BC.
are annual An overview of the Gr reports in AVU. found at the site can be found in Papuci-Wladyka and amphorae Kokorzhitskaia 2004. There are several articles on the site in There
the proceedings of the Pontika Cracow 2008). (Papuci-Wladyka Island
conference
held
in 2006
in
of Berezan'
Scholars
from
the Institute of Archaeology of the Ukrainian and the State Hermitage Museum in St
of Sciences
Academy
have the Island of Berezan' in Petersburg investigated and the Bug rivers intensively during estuary of the Dniepr last 15 years. The project is currently led by V.V. Krutilov new literature has appeared D.E. Cistov. Much and the
the
the and last
a growth in non-Russian of which is S.L. Solovyov's 1999 monograph 2007 1999; see also Ksenofontov (Solovyov for the latest account). From June until September the 2005,
has witnessed especially, the most prominent publications,
decade,
State HermitageMuseum in St Petersburgheld an exhibition
to the of the archaeological 120th anniversary of the island. A catalogue and the release of the first exploration volume of a planned series of 5 volumes devoted to the Berezan' material the exhibition accompanied (Solov'ev 2005a; 2005b). devoted
The
most
on the island has been the significant fieldwork of a t?menos situated at theW of the Ar boundary settlement on the N part of the island, 100m approximately inland from the W coast The excavations (Nazarov 1997).
excavation
conducted therefrom 1996 to 1999 under thedirectionof the late V.V 5.72m
a small Nazarov revealed x 4.25m and an accompanying
ante-temple measuring alter surrounded by a
t?menoswall with 2 phases (Nazarov 1998; 1999a; 1999b; 2001b; dug-out
The temple was 2007). structures from which
constructed
on top of previous can be dated
the latest material
PIAGULDAGER BILDE ET AL.
130 to the M6th continues
Ct BC.
The material
the t?menos
with
associated
into the beginning of the 5th Ct BC and subsequent so far (Nazarov, has not been proven Pan'kov and
activity Nazarova
Most notable among 2003). are the terracotta statuettes
t?menos
of
seated
can be compared The assemblage at Miletos, sanctuary on the Zeytintepe A terracotta have been found.
'goddesses'. Aphrodite terracottas
finds from the
the many
and
standing to that from the where of
similar
a
standing a pigeon it is of particular interest, because holding 'goddess' can be associated with previously known ostraca from Berezan'
with graffiti mentioningAphrodite (Rusjaeva 1992, 100). The
hypothesis substantiated
been 2003).
previously
scant evidence
produced
for
metal working, but the discovery in 1998-2000 of 2 copper team testifies tometal working workshops by the St Petersburg in the early period of the settlement. The workshops (building 12m apart and partially dug complex nos 6 and 13) were placed into
the ground. as well
workshops,
Remains as 272
of small
kilns copper
were
in both
found
and one
droplets
ingotweighing 3kg (for previous finds see, Lapin
large
1961;
1999, 36, 52-53). Solovyov The habitation quarters on the N part of the island have also been subject to investigation. The layout of the LAr houses in the flat N part exhibit a structured plan with an situated
street grid approximate orthogonal Nazarov The reconstruction 2001).
and semi-dug-outs dug-outs a number of dug-outs have been
found in sectorR-25 (Krapivina and Bujs'kych 2006). They
also been found in the lower city (sector NGS), which, to be settled only in the Cl period, until now, was considered and thus later than the upper city, and, for the first time, remains of a LAr house with a dry stone foundation were excavated in the central part of the terraced city (Lejpuns'ka 2001). In the S part of the upper city remains of a temple dating
to
the2ndhalf of the4thCt BC have been found, including large
was
opened
elements
Aphrodite in an ultra-short, kline
of the Doric
order.
In 2000
a bothros
to in its vicinity. Inside, vessels with dedications terracotta relief with a female dressed and a unique
(a sacred
krotala next to a transparent dress playing were found (Fig. 13) (overview in
prostitute?),
Krapivina 2006b).
recent decades, in particular, Rom and LRom Olbia, During have become better known, first of all through the decisively in the S part of the upper and the lower city of investigations Olbia of the structures Here, most (sector R-25) 14). (Fig. unearthed
during
recent years have
been
dated
to the end of the
Q AD (Krapivina2007, 608-09). A largecivil building, 3rd_4th rd was
which
excavated. diploma
was lime mortar, of the 3 Ct AD a fragment of a Rom military in 2004, was to a veteran of the classis moesica
built with Here,
pertaining
found,thefirstmilitarydiploma found inOlbia and only the2nd
1999, 64-79; (Solovyov of individual houses is,
however, stilla topic of debate (Kryzickij2005). should Finally, mention 2002 of 2 pits containing quarter of the 6th Ct BC
to the well-known
city (sector AGD),
have
architectural
on Berezan' has recently working new evidence from the area of by extensive and Marcenko up the E coast (Domanskij of metal
half way This area had
Osnovoj
In addition of the upper
be made
of the excavation
ceramic
wasters
datable
in 2000 to the 3rd
Pan'kov and Nazarova (Nazarov, are red clay jugs, Grey Ware the wasters 2003). Among as fragments of painted jugs. oinochoai and a rhyton, as well The pits most probably functioned as waste dumps for a nearby
are the first proof of pottery workshop. They on Berezan'. In addition, recent NAA of production analyses have possibly identified the chemical pottery from Berezan' of the Berezan' (named BERa), pottery production composition
potter's
one
of which
example
pottery 2006;
includes
an amphora
151-54; 2006, especially (Kerschner Posamentir and Solovyov 2006).
imitating N Mommsen
Ionian et al.
Unfortunately, the island is still subjected to illicit
as well as deliberate and plundering, destruction of which continuously monuments, destroys valuable archaeolog ical records. the increase in the number of academic Despite are concerned few publications with contextual publications, excavation
of assemblages,
publication
(see, however,
Domanskij
such
as
the many
et al. 2006).
pits and wells
Olbia An
of the city from the Ar period through to description times has been presented in the monograph in published German and S.D. Kryzickij, Olbia -Eine by Ju.G Vinogradov overall
Rom
Altgriechische
Stadt
im Nordwestlichen
Schwarzmeerraum
in the
comprehensive monograph by S.D. V.V. Krapivina, N.A. Krizic'kij, Rusjaeva, Lejpunskaja, M.V and VA. Olvia. Anticnoe Anochin, Skrzinskaja (Leiden
1995), A.S.
v Severnom (Kiev 1999), as well Pricernomorije gosudarstvo as in the volume of collected Russian and essays by Ukrainian,
British scholars,Classical Olbia & theScythianWorldfrom the Sixth Century BC to the Second Century AD, edited by D. Braund and S.D. Kryzhitskiy (2007).
In 2006, as a response to extensive its necropoleis, Olbia, including was made a national preserve. and
illicit digging in the city the Island of Berezan',
13. Olbia: 2000
terracotta
in a bothros with
relief with votives
a sacred to Aphrodite
found prostitute? in sector R-25
in
131
ARCHAEOLOGY INTHE BLACK SEA REGION 1993-2007
features such as 3 to 4 rooms grouped courtyard and one or more well-built paved were of the walls cellars and the foundations
of common
number around
a central
cellar.
The
or less well-dressed the of more stones, whereas NGS was upper part of the houses were built of mud-bricks. situated not far from the harbour, and it is quite evident from lived here. that fishermen and artisans the finds in the houses constmcted
and fishing hooks attest to this, as well as small Net weights moulds for crafting simple metal jewellery. seems to have in sector NGS The earliest activity detected at least one
in the LAr period, when taken place into the ground, as well as a number
from
the N
Black
littoral
Sea
dug of 5th and
and Bujskich
(Krapivina
Three building
2006, 234; Ivantchikand Krapivina 2007). phases
hut was
Plenty
sector R-25
14. Olbia:
one
of pits.
can
a*1*-..
As in earlier in the 4th Ct AD. be distinguished the slope was terraced and the houses were situated on
periods, the lower and on
rather large, the upper terraces. They were with 2 floors, combining in plan, sometimes Their courtyards often had stone and workshops. dwellings A with metal has been revealed, drains. workshop paving large
'*W*
?^M,.'.?U/
**?e-? ??re
rectangular
also dated to the4thCt AD Bujs'kych 2004, 178). Rescue
excavations Here
were
a wide
(Krapivina 2006a; Krapivina and
carried
out
in sector L-1 N
street of the 4th Ct AD
was
?^'
of the
revealed.
praetorium. Under the N part of the road the remains of the paved courtyard of a house and ruins of a winery of the end of the 2nd-3rd Ct AD
were
*
*
I
-
'vil,
In the S part of the
excavated
2008, 102). (Krapivina sector a tile paving made in the Rom opus spicatum technique was The pavement, made of fragments of tiles, is revealed.
*?r^ /
seen here for thefirsttime inOlbia (Krapivina and Bujs'kych Two wineries
2004, 181, fig. 6). on the E excavated
of the 2nd and 3rdCts AD
^
were
ravine (sector R-21) slope of the Zajacja situated SE of sector 2008, 103). In sector NGF-SV, (Krapivina were rescue excavations Two main also carried out. NGF,
'&*
of the L2nd-3rd Ct AD period were revealed: is represented by 2 and of the L3rd-4th Ct AD. The first phase a in which and 2 rooms of a house, streets, a metal workshop The 2nd large number of coins and bone objects were found. levels of the Rom
'#<X **&*?&
^Irl?l
^{
is represented by the ruins of a large square, which phase of the previous The covered the street and workshop phase. square had a system of stone and terracotta drains and a cistern for gathering water (Krapivina 2008, of the period has been summarized
Krapivina (1993). In 2003,
the Danish
National
104). The material in a monograph
Research
Foundation's
^^.s
culture
with
of
(publication is due in 2009).
? ;
by V.V. Centre
??-y-V>: T
for Black Sea Studies initiated the publication project The Lower City of Olbia in the5thCenturyBC - 4thCenturyAD in collaboration (Sector NGS) of the National Academy
'-'*
^%
the Institute of Archaeology
Sciences
of Ukraine
Sector NGS
in Kiev
is situated in the
lower city in the northernmost part of the city near the city wall. since 1985 during part of the anc. city has been excavated annual campaigns directed by N.A. by Ukranian archaeologists
This
In this sector, remains of 8 house blocks have Lejpunskaja. been identified, 2 of which are now fully excavated. The house
522m2 and range in size between 1,200m2 and each contains 4 to 7 living units (Fig. 15). The houses are relatively modest. They do not have any uniform plan, but they have a
10m fcd
blocks
15. Olbia:
NGS
plan
of habitation
quarter
in the lower
city, sector
PIAGULDAGER BILDE ET AL.
132
E4th Ct BC material
that the area was
testifies
Cl
but building remains period, below because they are situated
in the
inhabited
of
that period later houses.
are
scarce
The
main
building phases belong to theLCI and EHel periods. In 331
the city. in
the Great's BC, Alexander general, Zopyrion, besieged the reason for a significant This may been have
drop
activities in thecity,as well as inNGS during the last3rdof the 4thCt, but already in theE3rdCt extensivebuilding activityhad resumed.
came
This
to an
abrupt
end
in the 2nd
sometime
quarterof the3rdCt BC. This periodwas a timeof crisis in the
N
Black
Sea
region,
and
the next
during
decades
very
little
activitycan be noted inNGS. At theend of the3rdCt BC, this sector of the city was partly reinhabited. The LHel period, until the 130s BC, was the last major habitation phase in sector NGS. It may have come to an end as a result of the Scythian King
contemporary policy. At least, this part of expansion in the 130s BC. In abandoned the city was almost completely to the the 60s BC the contracted subjected city was once more now the Thracian tribe, the Getai, under region's larger powers,
Skiluros'
theirking Burebista. Only during theRom period did Olbia
regain some kind of position. However, rebuilt, even though there was occasional number of furnaces and tombs.
was
activity
attested
by a
In 1996, as a result
in the necropolis.
continues
Fieldwork
never
sector NGS
of illicitdigging,4 tabellaedefixionumwere found,dated to the 2ndhalf of the4thCt BC (Tochtas'ev 2000; SEG 50, 700). In 2004 in theW part of thenecropolis a 4thCt BC mansion was of the the westward existed before expansion of cult A number and Ljasko 2005). (Papanova altars of various designs and pits, were unearthed. installations, to the 2 epitaphs with Latin In addition inscriptions previously 2 further fragmentary Latin found at the necropolis, inscrip
found, which
necropolis
to the 3rd Ct AD,
tions, dated
in 2002 (Zubar' and Kozub
continued
of Rom
presence the cults
Concerning
merit
publications
found, one
were
in Olbia.
and civilians
in general, 4 by A.S.
its chora
and
of Olbia
mention.
is the monograph
One
Rusjaeva, Religija i kul'tyanticnoj O'lvii (Kiev 1992). The same author also published the book Religija pontijskich ellinov bogov
v anticnuju Kul 'tyolimpijskich epochu. Mify. Svjatilisca. is i geroev though broad in scope, (Kiev 2005), which,
primarily
based
on
the
from
evidence
The the previous monograph. supplements of theW t?menos, which hensive publication in 2006, Drevnejsij a monograph published
and thus Olbia, 3rd is the compre was the subject of t?menos
OTvii
Pontijskoj (MAIET Suppl. 2). The lastbook tobe mentioned is
in the The Cult of Achilles by J. Hupe, Area from the Beginning Sea Black Northern of Greek Contributions Period. until the Roman Colonization Imperial the volume
to
the Field
Arch?ologie are discussed
edited
of Acculturation In this volume, 94). (Leuke:
S.B.
Research
(Internationale sanctuaries the main Achilles
Ochtonikov;
Tendra:
I. Tunkina;
Bejkus at themouth of theRiver Bug: S. Bujskich; Tyras, Neapolis Skythikeand Olbia: J.Hupe). Hupe concludes that the cult of Achilles
the Rom
Pontarches
became
period, of in Olbia, religious force for the entire population descent. both Gr and Sarmatian of the collections that 3 sizeable It should also be mentioned during the uniting
characteristic
Olbian
small
votive
lead
in Moscow
collections Lead
2004b).
in the inhabited
areas,
from
types
Petersburg (Zajceva for producing such
St
and
as well
plaques,
as moulds
items, are recurrently found in the public quarters and in the necropolis.
In 1996 L. Dubois published his Inscriptions grecques dialectales d 'Olbia du Pont (Gen?ve) presenting 110 different to and graffiti from Olbia inscriptions organized according on the function or type. is working Ivancik Currently, A. Some of the entire corpus of Olbian publication inscriptions.
new inscriptionshave been found inOlbia sinceDubois' book was published: in 1991 a decree dated to thefirsthalf of the4th Ct BC
with
was
found, which honours a and celebrates citizenship
Olbia
An
and Leukon.
inscription
the Bosporan
ruler Satyros
symmachia was found
treaty between in sector NGS,
dated to the2ndCt BC, with a dedication of thecitywall made son of Dionysios, to the Eleusinian deities Posideos, as as well to the Demos Kore and Plouton, and Lejpuns'ka 1994, 29, fig. 15); Krapivina (Krizic'kyj,
by
Demeter,
in the SE part to a white marble base found in 2002 according of the upper city in the territory of the citadel of the Rom period to another section of the city wall was dedicated (sector R25) son of Thyaios, of the Gods by Diogenes, theMother strategos Mithridates
under King
and city governor
in the year
Eupator
220 (78/77BC) (Krapivina and Diatroptov 2005). A fragment of amarble reliefwith the imageofMithras killing thebullwas found in sector R25 in 1993 (Krizic'kyj, Krapivina and Lejpuns'ka 1994, 35, fig. 20). Recently 2 monographs on Olbian numismaticshave been published (Karyskovskij2003; and Abramzon
Frolova
and
Western
2005).
Crimea
Central
16)
(Fig.
in 1994 and one
They testify to the
2004).
soldiers
uncommon
more
have
been
plaques and W. Zdrojewska (1998), who first, A. W?sowicz published: in in the National Museum their study on the collections based the first of recent are 2 articles by K.I. Zajceva, More Warsaw. common article on the most is an overview which types as well as double axes) in the (adorned heads of bulls and rams, and other museums State Hermitage Warsaw, Museum, The 2nd article contains a large number of the 2004a). (Zajceva
the stagnation of the early 1990s, an enormous spread of at nearly all known sites during the followed illicit excavations however, W Crimean archaeology Recently, reporting period. a revival and publishing in both fieldwork has experienced
After
activity. Publications
have
to
thanks
Largely
the
An
appeared).
the
with vol.
in 1996 important
late M.I.
6 was
(to date event was
edition,
Russian-English
bilingual Crimea
of
efforts
which
Sbornik, resumed
Chersonesskij in 1961, was
brought 9 additional
Zolotarev, to a hold volumes
the appearance Ancient Greek Sites
of a in the
covers other sites, which, among 2004), and the Limen Kalos its chora, Kerkinitis, Several new publication at the Gurzuf Saddle Pass.
(Kiev
Chersonesos sanctuary series were
and
initiated
in Simferopol,
and Eupatoria
Bachcisaraj
(ArcheologijaKryma [1: 1997],Archeologiceskie issledovanija v Krymu [1994; 1997; 2007], KrymskijMuzej [1: 1994; 2: 1996], Bachcisarajskij istoriko-archeologiceskijsbornik [1: 1997; 2: 2001; 3: 2008], Istoriceskoe nasledie Kryma [1-18:
few of them survived However, 2003-2007]). not always complete, couple of issues. Although
more
than a
a systematic
was given in reportingof thefieldworkconducted inW Crimea v in 2005 by succeeded Ukraini, vidkryttja Archeologicni doslidzennja
Archeologicni
Otkrytija Archeologiceskie archaeologists by Russian The
formation
development populations
and have
as as well in v Ukraini, conducted (where only excavations are reported).
of the Chersonesean relations
been
with
surveyed
state
Kerkinitis by various
inW
Crimea,
its
and
indigenous scholars (Rogov
1999; 2005; Kutajsov 1995b; 1996; 2001c; 2002b; 2003b; Vnukov 2001; Zubar 2004a; Lantsov and Uzhentzev 2007). The
anc.
literary sources
on the demography
of Crimea
in the
ARCHAEOLOGY INTHE BLACK SEA REGION 1993-2007
133
^Masliny
Meivodnoe anskoe
?ernomorskoe/Kalos Limen KuP?uk Beijaus. D2an-Baba
Crimea Donuzlavskoe
^CJu.
Air?T ^Kerkinitis NQajka^J-^ v#Kara-Tobe 'Sakskaja
Peresyp'
Novo-Fedorovka\?
Black
Simferopol'/ Scythian Neapolis?
Sea Ust'-AI'minskoe S
Bel'bek
Strabon's
S
IVj
Chersonesoa* .Balaklava
16.W
Crimea
5th-2nd Ct addresses (Stolba
BC
are
discussed
who also (1993a), by Stolba history of the region in the EHel period to various Much attention has been given 2005c). as to the study of particular of religious life, as well the economic
aspects cults: general:
Bondarenko
2003;
2007;
Herakles:
Agrafonov
1998; Stolba 2004; evidence from Cajka: Popova and Kovalenko 1996; 1997; 1998; 2000-2001; evidence from Masliny: Latyseva 1997; Parthenos: Stolba 1996c; 2004; Guldager Bilde 2003; 2005^ Braund 2007; Demeter and Kore: Hannestad 2002; Apollon: Sevcenko 1998; Sabazios: Sceglov 2000;
Sarapis,
Isis
and
Anoubis:
Vinogradov
and
Zolotarev
1998; 2000; evil eye beliefs: Stolba 2007e; inpress. conference
Chersones
v anticnom
mire.
Istoriko-arche
to 1 from 29 August aspect was held in Sevastopol 1997 (abstracts of papers published under the same September Preserve Tauric Chersonesos 1999, the National title). Since
ologiceskij
hosted
international with
collaboration
conferences
the Institute
in organized annually at the of Religious Studies to various philo and devoted
Cracow, Jagiellonian University and archaeological aspects sophical, historical in the anc. Black Sea and the Mediterranean International religij
Conference
stran
in the Study
of religious life (II Crimean
of Religion
Problemy regiona, under the
Cernomorsko-Sredizemnomorskogo 18-19 May 2000; materials published
Sevastopol, same title in 2001; M.I. Zolotarev [ed.], Chersones u istokov mirovych naucnoj religij: Materialy
Tavriceskij konferencii
[Sevastopol 2001] held in Sevastopol, 29-31 July 2000; IV
Mezdunarodnaja
Krymskaja
[Sevastopol, et Babinov
Conferences The
has
dialog
konferencija
materials 2002]; May al. [eds], Vostok-Zapad:
po
Mezkonfessional'nyj
[Sevastopol 2003]; V Mezdunarodnaja
po konferencija religiovedeniju [Sevastopol, as Ju.A. Babinov et al. materials published pamjatniki
religiovedeniju Ju.A. as,
published
v mirovoj
kul'ture:
archeologiceskij,
Krymskaja May
2003];
[eds], KuTtovye istoriceskij
i
134
PIA GULDAGER
BILDE
ET AL.
fllosofskij aspekty [Sevastopol 2004]; VI Mezdunarodnaja Krymskaja
po
konferencija
religiovedeniju
16
[Sevastopol,
20 May 2004]; materials published as Ju.A. Babinov [ed.], Simvol v religii ifilosofii [Sevastopol 2005]). Materials of the 4 following conferences volumes of a new series,
2008).
the
2005
Museum
of
Local
Crimea:
Anticnyj of Eupatoria, held anniversary et al. 2004) and Archeologija (Pridneva
on
Muzeja
Evpatorijskogo
Distant
Severo-Zapadnogo
the titleMaterialy
naucno-prak
Sea
in the
BC:
1st millennium
and History the direction of VF.
Human
initiated under
has been
Changes,
Stolba. In 2005, thecoringof 2 lakes,Saki andDzarylgac (Saki districts), was carried out by the joint team Centre for Black National Foundation's Research
and Cernomorskoe of the Danish
Sea Studies (VF. Stolba) and the Instituteof Limnology, St Petersburg of Sciences, Subetto, (D.A. Academy Kuznecov and A.V D.D. Ludikova). Long Sapelko, were for lithostratigraphy, examined sediment sequences
Russian TV.
magnetostratigraphy and malacofaunal
and
diatom, (ostracod, a varve with Along analyses). AMS C14 dating for the sequences of University Laboratory, Dating
biostratigraphy
polen
an independent chronology, was at the C14 produced Aarhus 2007a;
(Neustrueva Subetto
et al. 2007;
et al.
2007b;
et al. 2007; Subetto et Stolba and Sapelko
Stolba
Subetto,
2007). Dzarylgac In 2007 times)
Project (BA until E mod. multi-period interdisciplinary, the Dzarylgac survey project, Survey Project, directed an
Survey
by P. Guldager Bilde (CentreforBlack Sea Studies,University Aarhus)
P.
and
Attema
of Institute (Groningen themral It aims at investigating
was launched. Archaeology), hinterland of the settlement of Panskoe
I on both
sides of Lake
field been have systematic applied of surface finds, augering, geomagnetic walking as well as GPS and other surface measurements, recording and the first at selected sites. Already trial excavations during and collection
have
the investigations
settlement
pattern
revealed
the entire
covering
a rich and
survey
area
complex from the
coast and onto the hinterland slopes hithertoundetected by in the area.
working archaeologists the urgent need made apparent settlement history of the NW
results
These
startling revision of the for a large-scale Crimean landscape (Guldager
et al. 2007).
Bilde
Masliny/Vladimirovka No
since at the settlement has taken place investigation terminated in 1986. Various groups of finds have treated in a series of articles by the late VA. Latyseva
new
excavations been (1994:
terracotta;
1996:
handmade
the earliest
furnishes
evidence
360/350 BC;
The
extra-mural
on the graffito available in German
pottery;
Latyseva
Ct BC). Tadenev 1992: 4 leadweights of the3r?-2nd
in 1987
presence this letter found just outside of a and contains a mention
(Stolba 2005a).
cenotaph (yeuB?piov)
article
(2)
house
for the Chersonesean
1991). A private ceramic is written in Doric dialect
(Stolba
and
the area where
targeted
from U7
refering
Ju.G Vinogradov's for
1997;
(Vinogradov
is now
to Olbiopolitai
criticism,
see
soundings
2nd phase 1969
of the site's
to 1977,
is now
2002). its N
has periphery a complex in 1987 disclosed
of household pits overlaid by a block of buildings (U2) of the
Ct BC. House U2-2 (ca. 260m2) has been completely as was the NE part of an adjacent excavated, building, U2-3. a are of a similar structures Both orthogonal plan with L4th-E3rd
rooms at the NW side and 2 rows courtyard, a row of household The of the house. the NE wall of living units ranged along skeletons found in U2-2/rooms and human pottery assemblage
14 and 19, as well as in U2-3/room 25, indicate a termination date at the time of a general destruction of the settlement in the
first3rdof the3rdCt BC (Stolba& Sceglov 1995). To the same at U10 in the the remains of 2 rooms excavated period belong to be part of a larger S sector of the settlement which proved structure. One of these rooms produced fragments of terracotta
a tymiatherion. figurines and in the the only excavation In 1994, which was campaign team Russian of the the St under Petersburg report, period and of Sciences Sceglov (under the direction of A.N. Academy
Stolba) was working together with the Institute of Classical Denmark of Aarhus, (L. Hannestad) Archaeology, University and and Sceglov 1995; Sceglov, Hannestad (Stolba, Hannestad In the et al. Stolba 1995; Hannestad 1995). 1995; Sceglov to clearing and rescue confined area, work was necropolis The of graves destroyed by robbers in 1991-1993. excavations V.F.
complete necropolis print). An
carried out at the of the investigations publication in and Stolba in print (Rogov 1969 is now since of rf and bg pottery from the Panskoe overview
was
cemetery beads,
Dzarylgac. The methodologies
season,
270 BC.
of the monumental building U6, from the from which was occupation, investigated Stolba and Sceglov available (Hannestad, excavation At the settlement, along
coring project To study the impact of climatic and environmental changes on a and economic the ethno-political history of the region, Danish-Russian-Ukrainian project, Northern multi-disciplinary Climate
around 400 BC-ca.
ca. 360/350-ca.
Jajlenko2001a; also inGerman 2001b). Complete publication
Lake
of
work: (1) Olbian:
building
2003
of Chersonesos
Chora
of mod.
1969
27 August
ticeskichkonferencij[Simferopol2006]).
al.
excavations Cernomorskoe, on a and continued by A.N. Sceglov until the of the USSR. Two basis systematic collapse major in the site's occupation have been recognized phases by this in
excavated at tower III of the early fort (area U7)
Kryma held on 18August 2004 (published invol. 4 of Vestnik under
NE
10km
commenced
2 organized and anc. history to the dedicated
Lore
on the archaeology mir i archeologija,
focused
2,500th
Black
Situated
Chersonesean:
The Eupatoria conferences which
of W
as
in Sevastopol appeared et Profanum Sacrum (I-IV;
I
Panskoe
pendants
and Tunkina given by Rogov and amulets, and their role
(1998). in burial
treatedindepthby Stolba (2007b; inprint).
Finds
of
rites, are
of the Dzarylgac Survey Project, of theN, E and S parts of the settlement prospection geomagnetic in 2007 and 2008. The complete has been made by T. Smekalova can now be reconstructed. layout of the preserved part the framework
Within
a
Kalos Limen (Cernomorskoe)
continued (VA. Kutajsov) Expedition The stratigraphy of in the settlement and necropolis. 4 the site has been defined with more accuracy, distinguishing main horizons (1) Gr: E4th-3rd quarter of the 4th Ct BC; (A-D): The
West-Crimean
excavation
(2) Gr: last quarter of the 4th-1sthalf of the 2ndCt BC; (3) Scythian:2ndhalf of the2ndCt BC-lst half of the2ndCt AD; (4) Culture
Saltovo-Majak
associated
with
the Khazars:
8th-1st half
of the9thCtAD. Excavations in 1988-1991 in theE partof the site, omitted of the EHel 4.75m)
a 40m /. section report, unearthed with gates and a tower (5.5m x from the outside to the already existing curtain
in the previous wall defensive
attached
135
ARCHAEOLOGY INTHE BLACK SEA REGION 1993-2007 (Kutajsov and Uzencev 1994). A burntdestructionlayerof the 1stquarterof the3rdCt BC testifiesto a destiny similar to that
of mral
In the Scythian in the territory of Chersonesos. the above-ground structures, pit shelters 1994; 1997), type of architecture (Uzencev in 1994 seems to date as such dwelling excavated
sites
along with a common
period, became
one
although early as the 3rd quarter
of the 4th Ct BC
et ai
(Kutajsov
1991 \
Uzencev 2006). A 120m2 largeScythianhouse built in the 1st Ct AD in the area of the formerGr citadel, and leftby its inhabitants
some decades
Since
1992 excavations
of the site where
later, is published (2002). by Uzencev have mainly focused on the SW part rd a citadel was erected in the last third of the 3
the SW comer of the citadel, 4, protecting measures 10.2m x 9.2m and is the only one reinforced by an structures of orthogonal belt. Three adjoining 'anti-ramming' Tower
Ct BC.
plan (complexes I-III), unearthedhere in 1993-1995 and built over by the city wall, belong to the earliest phase of the site, the Their interpretation as a 1st to the 3rd quarter of the 4th Ct BC.
winery
was
but
suggested,
is uncertain
and Uzencev
(Kutajsov
the same
traced inside the citadel period have also been structures Ct BC were where of the L3rd-E2nd studied, to its N wall interpreted as including a row of rooms adjacent barracks.
The
fortifications
are the subject of a of gravemarkers and in their construction. One of
of the citadel
separate study by Uzencev (2004). architectural elements is recorded the gravemarkers name must
This
attested
bears have
several
by
the name
trenches were
son of Damis.
of Heronikos,
especially popular IV entries for Heronikos
LGPN
to Chersonesos
exclusively Smaller
Reuse
inW
been
as Crimea, restricted
and Kerkinitis. also
dug
in the central
as well
as
in
theNW parts of the settlement, where in 1997-1998 theHel
was the N defensive wall adjoining investigated and Uzencev and Kutajsov 1999; Kutajsov (Kutajsov 2005). of mention is a find of the bone Worthy inlay of a box with incised representation of a Nereid Red riding a hippocampus. house
6
and pottery from the site is treated by Uzencev slipped Trufanov In the and Trufanov (Uzencev 1999; Uzencev 2004). coins of Chersonesos numismatic material, by far predominate, other mints
being
Istros,
Olbia,
represented
Kallatis,
by
Amisos,
Pantikapaion, Dioskourias
Kerkinitis, and Egypt.
Uzencev 2006 isa useful syntheticstudybringingtogetherboth
literary and archaeological Kalos Limen.
burials
about
the settlement
of
in the tumular
SE and E of the necropolis, of a rescue character and mainly (Kutajsov and Pridnev Both mound 1994; Kutajsov 2007). in the area between and graves the tumuli have been
Investigations settlement, were Uzencev
evidence
barrows many The location of
been robbed in having already the flat ground cemetery remains antiquity. unknown. The earliest burials date to the 2nd quarter of the 4th Ct BC. No graves of the 2nd phase of the Gr occupation are so unearthed,
far
recorded.
excavated structures
mud-brick cists have been Above-ground in tumuli 12, 26 and 31, the other types of burial slab lined trenches, being represented by simple
are both of the classical graves, stone cists, etc. Gravemarkes and the anthropomorphic in the reused types, all found constmction
of the citadel.
Karadza
The impressivesite is located in theN outskirtsof thevillage of Olenevka
of the4thCt BC (Kutajsov 2006). A damaged fragmentof a limestone
debris
of a male
sculpture the upper
on
was
head
terrace.
in the stone
found
of mouldmade
Fragments until the 2nd Ct BC.
bowls
A 1stCt BC-lst Ct AD testify to occupation for the upper stratigraphie horizon, although dating is assumed the material retrieved to date is insufficient to prove this. Dzan-Baba In 2002,
the site
situated
W
200m
of
the settlements together with were Murzacok and Airci,
Mar'ino,
Beregovoe, Pridnev (2004).
the mod.
of village of Terekly-Konrat, by S.V. inspected
of an 'anti-ramming' belt of a tower Drawings as well as a surface in the eroding cliff were made, of pottery. No trenches were dug.
observable sampling KuPcuk
1996; 1997; 2007; Kutajsov etal. 1997;Uzencev 2004). Walls
of
ca. 200m x 160m. A trench dug in its trapezoid plan measuring a terraced building with a to erosion, revealed S part, exposed no earlier than the 3r quarter complex stratigraphy and material
In 2005 V.A. initiated (Karadza). Kutajsov the first archaeological at the site excavations, undertaking since 1901, when 5 burial mounds were excavated by the local landowner A.I. in the territory of his estate. The Popov at ca. 3.2ha, has a settlement, the size of which was estimated
A.S.
Golencov
at the fortified
excavated
settlement
of Kul'cuk
until 1994 (Golencov 1994; 1995). In2006 work at thesitewas resumed
2007).
under
The main
eroded, Scythian
the direction work
part and in the E and EMed periods
complex building (no. 2 in Lancov's
et al. Lancov (Lancov carried out in the S, intensively strata of the Gr, L sector, where of S.B.
has been
have
been
in the E
investigated
A large recognized. sector of the settlement
is trapezoidal in plan measuring numeration) with a tower (9.8m x 10.25m) reinforced by an 'anti-ramming' corner. belt in its NW An anti-seismic, rather than defensive, purpose of these belts is argued by V.M. x 25.6m
38-40m
Ivanov (2003). A destruction layerof the 1stCt BC has been in 2 rooms
recorded
in the NE
part of the complex. in the coastal
Several pit part so far dates to theM or 3rd quarter provide of the 4th Ct BC. Presumed in the same pottery kilns excavated area date to the Scythian period and went out of use no later than the 1stCt BC. Work has also involved excavations in the shelters
unearthed
by Golencov the earliest material which
situated to the N of the settlement. Excavated burials necropolis date to the 1stCt BC-1st Ct AD, but some reuse the tombs of an earlier period. Two bronze coins from Olbia are and Amisos reported among the chance to be from Messembria
finds. A 3rd specimen, which is said et al. 2007), to (Lancov belongs a limestone in 2008 produced relief
Excavations a reclining Herakles Similar reliefs have
Mytilene. depicting
(S.B. been
nication). and Mezvodnoe Cajka Chersonesean excavations Beljaus Excavations directed
commu Lancov, personal found at the settlements of
A brief account of the (Stolba 2004). from the 1989-1994 amphora stamps has been provided by Golencov (1999).
at
by O.D.
the
settlement
Dasevskaja,
and
continued
necropolis throughout
of Beljaus, the whole
period under report (Dasevskaja 1994; 1996; 1997a; 1997b;
and Golencov exam 2005; 2007). Dasevskaja Supplementary inations have been undertaken in various parts of the site. By 2008 the entire area (amounting to 6,000m2) has been almost excavated. in the necropolis Fieldwork 2 completely yielded
new burials of theHunnic period (Dasevskaja 1995; 2003). A fragment of a limestone
relief with
a representation
studied
by P.D. Diatroptov
of a funeral
banquet,which was found in 1988 in debris of the 1stCt AD Scythian
house,
has been
Zapadno-Donuzlavskoe and Golencov Dasevskaja of
the main
1967-1988.
results
have published (1999) of excavations conducted
(1994).
an overview in the period
PIAGULDAGER BILDE ET AL.
136
and Pridnev report on a rescue excavation Kutajsov (1997) area in 1994. Out of 10 excavated in the necropolis burials, the rest being there was inhumations, only one cremation, in amphorae. None of these seems to including 2 enchytrismoi
Juzno-Donuzlavskoe site on the S shore of Lake
The
gated since O.D. Dasevskaja's account of amphora Abrief
investi
in the 1960s-1970s.
excavations
stamps has been given by Golencov from excavations and chance finds are published
Coins
(1999).
has not been
Donuzlav
Cajka The
of Cajka, of a
settlement
Kutajsov (2004) offersan importantsynthesisof thehistory
theW
outskirts
in the distant
sites
of mod. chora
1987 under since investigations, have continued Popova, uninterrupted.
results
of
these
were
excavations
recently
of the The
brought et Popova
and Kovalenko 2005; together in 2 volumes (Popova A brief summary of the sites in the immediate al. 2007). of Zaozemoe, of Cajka Pescanka, (the necropolis vicinity can be found in Kolesnikov and Jacenko Majak, Mojnakskoe)
along with house 1 published in 1991 by Jacenkoand Turina, 2 at the spot of an earlier fortified emporion. House and 11 is of a TT-shaped plan with a courtyard (ca. 450m2) rooms along theW, S and E walls of the building, its SW comer built
3, slightly smaller in size, by a tower. House the previous Unlike house 2 on the SE. adjoins it has 2 courtyards by a row of 4 rooms separated building, a workshop ranging from N to S. By the N wall of the house, was and uncovered mud-bricks for producing (Popova reinforced
partially
Built 2001). structures were destroyed
Kovalenko
result of a military
in the L4th Ct BC, BC
sometime by fire
both as
in the 270s/260s
a
attack.
the in 2004-2006, period, in the NW stmctures of the L Scythian period were investigated a section of the W settlement where part of the Scythian defensive wall, as well as 3 rooms along the N defensive wall, were uncovered and Egorova 2005; 2007). Along with (Popova the
Besides
numerous
strata
of
finds of pottery,
2007; reliefs
terracotta
and metal
the excavation
2007), with representations
each
(Popova and Kovalenko
artefacts
treated
of
2
yielded a standing
limestone
Herakles
1996; 1997; 1998; 2000-2001).
terracotta large fragmentary was identified originally
A
statuette
as
Museum) (in Eupatoria and too (Popova Herakles
1996, 68, fig. 5; 1997, 81, fig. 3), but it is now
Kovalenko
attributed as Dionysos (Il'ina 2007b). of the Gr attempts to date the foundation previous does not seem to the L5th or E4th Ct BC, thematerial from the The pottery assemblage this notion. to substantiate
appropriately Despite settlement well
the SW
below
to a considerably
tower, as well as numismatic later date in the 360s BC.
material,
point
Kerkinitis in the NW comer of the anc. city, taken place the site is totally to small trenches because of and excavations built over by mod. Soundings Eupatoria. 2 ash line uncovered the earliest defensive outside 1993-1994 stone of an EHel Remains hills of the 5th and 4th Cts BC. have
Excavations but were
restricted
are said to post-date these deposits, overlays and Pavlenkov of the city's territory (Kutajsov in the same area undertaken excavations 1994; 1999). Rescue a human cremation and remains of a round in 2000 unearthed
structure, which the expansion
tower of the E4th Ct BC, which possibly belonged to a farmhouse (Kutajsov,
built
in the
Pavlenkov
of
studies
tradition
the city and
about
the Bay
aspects of the by the same
of Kerkinitis
The literary has
been
examined by V.F. Stolba (2004). Despite attempts to find 2
of Herodotos different cities of the same name, both Karkinitis of the later authors refer to one and the and Carcine/Karkina same polis ical strata
inW of
Crimea, merely reflecting different chronolog to them. the source material The available in the later tradition
confusion
in whose
of Mela
work
is likely to predate it is first evident.
kolpos might be an original name of what is now the Substantial of (Stolba 2004). scholarly attention Eupatoria bay to the local coinage and coin circulation has been devoted
(Zaskoka 1995;Kutajsov 1995a; 2002a; Stolba 1996b; 2007a; 2007c). The spreadof thecultofArtemisEpheseia toKerkinitis is evidenced by 2 5thCt BC dedicatory graffiti:APTEMI and APTEMI EOE2H (Kutajsov 2001a; EOEIHIH:HAEA 2004,
figs
argument
this an the attempt to make However, 70, 72). foundation of the city seems far for the Ephesian
In 1998 Anochin
fetched (Kolesnikov 2004).
(1987), reading of the letter of Apatourios of rather fantastic, own, interpretation
Solomonik's
his
instead
(Anochin 1998). An overview found in the city in 1980-1987
rejected offering the text
of around 860 amphora stamps has been provided by Machneva
(1994).
the Gr
in a seriesof articles (Jacenko 1993; 1994; Il'ina 2000; 2007a; Egorova 2000; 2004; 2005; 2007; Belovinceva and Popova Zuravlev
Paleoeconomical
the subject
Karkinit?s
In the period under report, excavation has been focused on 2 2 and 3, which, (farmhouse) large EHel houses named usad'ba
being
been
author (Kutajsov 1999; 2001b; 2003a; 2006).
geographical the lifetime
(1999).
were
have
history
city's
where of E.A.
direction main
few
of Kerkinitis.
and archaeology
on
situated
is one
Eupatoria, Chersonesos
the 4th Ct BC.
post-date
by Stolba and Golencov (1999; 2000).
immediate
and Pridnev
vicinity 2001).
of
the city wall
Kara-Tobe excavations
continues
S.Ju. Vnukov
on
of Kara-Tobe
the W
outskirts
of the fortified of
the mod.
settlement
city of Saki,
identifiedas the Eupatorion of Strabo (Vnukov 1994; 1997;
2000;
The
2007).
site's plan
approaches
a square measuring
ca.
100m x 100mwith a tower (12.9m x 12.2m) in themiddle.
in 1992, are now tower, which began the earliest finds of pottery date back to no actual habitation layer prior to the 2nd Ct BC
of
Excavations
the
Whereas
completed. the 4th Ct BC, has been recorded.
in Soundings simple trench and The flat grave Ct BC-lst Ct AD. period has also been discovered and
catacombs
were
burials
inside
excavated
1993 N
of the site uncovered
niche-grave
burials
of the 1st
of the L Scythian necropolis W of the site; some child the the inhabited area, below
of the central tower (Vnukov 2005; Some groups of artefacts and Lagutin 2007; Vnukov 2001). found at the settlement, coins, bowls, including mouldmade etc., have been the subject of special studies (Vnukov weapons, floor
of room
15 and E
and Kovalenko 1998; 2004; Lagutin 1999). A unique golden staterof theBosporan King Asandros, found in 2006 in pit = 9/06,has thedateH (the 8thyear ofAsandros' rule 37/36BC) A fragment of an inscription and Kovalenko 2007). of a is interpreted as a dedication the name Aristonikos of the the from against campaign Diophantos' period tropaion
(Vnukov bearing
= theScythians (VinogradovandVnukov 1997 SEG 47, 1177).
Peresyp' Sakskaja The site is situated Saki
from
the sea.
in the SE part of a sand bar separating Lake undertaken excavation Rescue by S.B.
Lancov in 1986-1987 after the site began to be plundered covered place ground
an area
in 2007
of ca.
(Lancov structures have
A supplementary 500m2. survey took traces of above No convincing 2008). been recorded. Numerous fragments of
ARCHAEOLOGY INTHE BLACK SEA REGION 1993-2007 sculpture, prompt
dedicatory inscriptions, as well as pottery and coins of the site as a sanctuary which the interpretation
existed from the 2ndCt BC to the 3rdCt AD. inscribed
the name
bears
fragments
One of the A
of Artemis.
detailed
descriptionof the site and finds is given by Lancov (Lancov 2001a;
2003).
from
confiscated
coins
Seventy-four
local
schoolboys have been published separately (Lancov 2001b).
Several
more
hundreds
Simferopol,
including
in a private stater of Chersonesos
in
collection
remain
a gold
struck in the
year 119 (=AD 95) of the local era (Sidorenko 2001, 439, no. 7).
N
500m
of
the mod.
to speak
of a somewhat
in favour
later initial date
(2nd
To the 1sthalf of the 4thCt BC
quarter of the4thCt BC?).
x 2.1m. 2.4m rectangular pit shelter measuring stmctures are represented by remains of rubble Above-ground stone sockles. Along with the sites of Kizil-Jar 1989) (Lancov a
belongs
andVilino (Koltuchov,Zubar' andMyc 1992) foundS of Lake
this site fills the gap on Saki, between Eupatoria and Sevastopol. material excavated between Lake antedates
seemingly
of Gr settlements the map A 4th Ct BC barrow with Gr
Kizil-Jar
the Chersonesean and Uzencev
Trufanov
(Koltuchov,
Hel, LRom and EByz periods (Carteret al. 2000; Thompson 2000; Rabinowitz,Yashaeva andNikolaenko 2002). In order to obtain an idea about landscape transformation work in since 1997 archaeological Holocene, during the M-L the chora has been complemented pale by geomorphological, and studies obotanical and paleoenvironmental (Cordova
and Lake
Bogajly in the area
presence
W
home chora of Chersonesos has maintained its importance for the study of anc. land use and management. of Excavations and rural infrastructure have taken place at various farmhouses on the Herakleian locations. Earlier work archaeological since
the LI8th
Ct
Zubar' (2005; 2006a; 2007). of 2 volumes
appearance
until
is summarized
2000,
by
Of major importance is the
by G Nikolaenko, IV?III kadastr
Chora vv. do
Chersonesa
n.e. (1999; ZemeTnyj tools for anyone working in the area. S. indispensable in English the results of excavations of Saprykin has published
Tavriceskogo. 2001),
farmhouseson plots 9, 10, 86 and 57 conducted in 1974-1990
The fortified 1994). by the late I.T. Kruglikova (Saprykin settlement on the isthmus of the Majacnyj identified peninsula as the TraXai? of Strabo has been the (7.4.2) Xeppovnoo?
subjectof studiesbyA.N. Sceglov ( 1994; 1997; 2001 ). Pottery
of the 2nd-3rd Ct AD
from site 343
excavated
('Twins')
from
1987 to 1990 is treatedindetail by E. Klenina (2004). A brief
account
of the
University
1976-1987
at plot 227
of
excavations
(no.
the Moscow
150 of the old numeration)
State
has been
given byKuziscin and Ivancik ( 1998). Since 1994 themajor foreigncollaboratorwith theNational Preserve
Classical which
of Tauric
restoration work
has
Chersonesos
Archaeology and sponsored
been
the
Institute
of
of Texas, Austin, University in the excavation and participated (ICA),
on the Herakleian in the chora of Chersonesos in the city itself (J.C. Carter). This collaboration has also made it possible for the preserve to provide a compre hensive and highly useful homepage in 3 languages, Russian, Peninsula
Ukrainian
and
and English
(http://www.chersonesos.org).
During
the decade from 1994-2004, work of the joint Ukrainian
American
expedition
was
A well-preserved Bezymjannaja. 151, the plan of which parallels of Chersonesos,
was
Nikolaenko
resumed
of
the Kazac'ja
Bay.
of
excavations
on the Peninsula, and for the plan
Except
photograph of the trenchpublished by Nikolaenko (1999; 2006) and coin finds (Dem'jancuk et al. 2005, 438-46) is scarce.
information
The of the discovered interpretation et (Nessel proposed by the excavators An alternative interpretation is offered
as a t?menos, al. 2006), is uncertain. structure
by Bujskich and Zubar' (2007) who argue for its profane a 2 excavated 1993, on plot 53a, Nikolaenko was structure, which interpreted as a roadside Built of rubble, itmeasures 9.4m x 4.7m. Rock-cut pits In
character.
chambered shrine. were
in the corners
uncovered
of one of the rooms
and outside
no
but
BC,
terracotta
have
fragments
been
reported
Ct (Nikolaenko 1997; 2001; 2006). Material of theL4th/E3rd
The
Peninsula,
coast
of G
on the isthmus of theMajacnyj
the settlement
thebuilding. The finds includedpotteryand coins of theL4th
2005).
of Chersonesos
Chora
the direction
under
Ct Home
2007).
In 1996, theHerakleian Expedition of theNational Preserve
of Novo
village
was partly destroyed by systematic ploughing. The Fedorovka, in 1992 (Lancov last year of excavation was 1994). The site is the material broadly dated from the L5th-2nd Ct BC, although seems
a full publication at Bezymjannaja, of raphy of the farmhouse strata of the which is underway, is more complex comprising
Lehman 2003; 2005; Cordova, Rybak and Lehman 2001;
situated
site,
on 3 sides by a courtyard. and coins The pottery assemblage of provide a date from the 4th-2nd Ct BC. A general overview 1998. Unlike plot 151, the stratig finds can be found in Carter
Cordova
Novo-Fedorovka The
137
restricted
to
farmhouse other
fortified with
sites
a central
151
sites
and
on plot in the nearby chora excavated tower
surrounded
BC
has been
was
much
retrieved
from
on plot 39, which fortified multi
the farmstead
erosion. destroyed by coastal in the Berman ravine, where period complex in 1990, has continued to be excavated.
A
work was
resumed
L.A. Kovalevskaja carried out excavations of the farmhouse on plot 341, which consists of a courtyard with the household and living units on 3 sides and a tower in its SW corner.
10m x 11.3m, the tower was reinforced by an 'anti 2 rooms, in one of which was a ramming' belt and contained the other served as storage space. The earliest well, whereas
Measuring
find
is represented
by a single coin of Pantikapaion
from the 4th
Ct BC, thebulk ofmaterial belonging to the2ndhalf of the 3rd Ct BC-3rd Ct AD (Kovalevskaja 1994; 1997; 2007). With
on the site continued until the 13thCt interruptions, habitation AD. A pottery assemblage of the 2nd-3rd Ct AD is published by An outstanding find is a pentagonal (1998). Kovalevskaja an limestone slab with incised depiction as of Parthenos
Promachos (Fig. 17) following the iconographyof thegoddess
known
from
(Kovalevskaja
local
coins
and Sevcenko
of
the
2003).
1st Ct
A
Ct
BC-3rd
limestone
head
AD
in
found
1995 in room 13 is likelyto represent Herakles (Kovalevskaja
on 2007). Soundings uncovered the ceramic
the W
ravine slope of the Sarandinaki could be pipes of a water duct, which traced for a distance of 3.5km 1994). The other (Kovalevskaja localities on plots 129, 130 and 297, involved were farmhouses but the information is scarce.
Chersonesos
(Sevastopol) new guidebooks
Several
on the city have
appeared
(Zolotarev
and Chapaev 2002; Sorocan, Zubar' andMarcenko 2003). Of
these, Crimean Environs (Austin
Chersonesos.
and Museum, City, Chora, edited by GR. Mark and J.C. Carter, 2003), the most valuable and best illustrated introduction to provides the history and archaeology of Chersonesos and its environs, as
well
as
to
the finds.
A
substantially
updated
version
of
Saprykin'sbook,Gerakleja Pontijskaja iChersones Tavriceskij
PIA GULDAGER BILDE ET AL.
138
In its S part, supposed remains of an earlier in to the L5th or E4tfl Ct BC, were discovered
of the 3rd Ct AD. dated
city wall,
1994; Zolotarev 1995;
1993-1994 (Zolotarev and D'jackov and Usakov
Korobkov
Zolotarev,
His (2007a). reconstruction
by Ryzov of their general
outline
conjecture
(2005).
by Bujskich
proposed
In 2005
another
of the city's early fortifications sector of Chersonesos in the N
/. segment
5m
approximately was discovered
1997).
the
challenges excavation
The
at
thebasilika of 1935 in theN sectorof thecity,conductedby the Preserve
Chersonesean
with
in collaboration
the Macalester
College in St Paul, MN and theUniversity of Puget Sound in
Tacoma, WA, within Jews, Romans, Others Crimea (1993-1994),
of the project Diaspora Style Cities of First Century evidence for a Jewish revealed
the framework in the Greek has
in the city (MacLennan
presence
MacLennan
1996; Overman,
andZolotarev 1997;Edwards 1999). A largepiriformcisternof the Rom
valuable
sector. A NE in block XCVI, cleared period was from a Hel cistern of the pottery assemblage overview
unearthed
(2005).
in the same
in 1991
block
by Zolotarev
is offered
He also provides more detail on 14 pit shelters
are thought sector in the L 1980s, which Their size of the city's inhabitants. dwellings found in varies from 4m2 to approximately 10m2. The material situ on the floors allows for a narrow date from the L5th-lst 3rd discovered
in the NE
to be the earliest
of the 4thCt BC construction
In 2003, prior to the
(Zolotarev 1998).
in the central area of the Laboratory remains of an EHel J.C. Carter excavated
of the Packard
and city, S.G. Ryzov house with foundations
the graves of the earlier overlaying Some earlier burials have also (Ryzov 2007). city's necropolis rescue excavations in the N sector. Minor-scale been recorded have
17. Home
chora
rendering
of Parthenos
limestone
of Chersonesos:
as Promachos
found
relief with
incised
in the farmhouse
on plot 341
curtain
team years
aspects of the city's history (Zubar' 1993; 1994; 2004a;
Sorocan, Kravcenko
Zubar'
and
relations with
and
Marcenko
2001; Zubar', Bujskich, and political Economic
2005).
Rusjaeva
the Bosporan
in the 4th-2nd Ct BC were
Kingdom
the subject of a studybyMolev (2003). In 2002, VDI created
to Tauric Chersonesos section devoted aiming at the issues of its of themain of new finds and discussion publication history and archaeology. to all parts of the anc. city have been subjected Virtually the period under throughout investigations archaeological a special
the untimely Since report. excavation and conservation and
in the harbour
area
death
work
under
I.A. Antonova
of
have
continued
the direction
in 2000, in the citadel
of S.B.
Sorocan.
Built in the3rdCt BC (Zubar' andAntonova 2001), in the2nd 3rd Ct AD city, and
it accommodated
later on
itwas
a Rom
the location
in the stationed garrison of the Byz praetorium.
had been investigatedby 2008. A About 70% of its territory full account
hitherto conducted of archaeological investigations and in the citadel has been provided most recently by Zubar' of the Chersonesos The Sorocan (2008). joint expedition
and of Kharkov and the University (M.I. Zolotarev of a large public completed investigations D'jackov) the so-called barracks, near the SE gates of the city. building, were treated by M.I. this complex stamps from Amphora a constmction date shortly Zolotarev (1999) who suggested
Museum S.V.
after 350 BC. converted
In Rom
into a winery
times, the N part of the building was which remained in use until the 2nd half
conducted
in the city's
(Usakov
Stupko 2007), as well the Rom period were
At
in English in 1997. Several new monographs (1986), appeared treatments of various and in-depth scholary offer both popular
been
Quarantine Bay
necropolis
on both
sides
of
1994; Turovskij, Filippenko and
as in theW excavated
13 of the S defensive
cemetery where
11 graves
of
and Dmitriev 1997). (Magda the Ukrainian-American wall,
P. Arthur, A. Rabinowitz) (L. Sedikova, completed many of a large, 18m x 13.5m water cistern of of investigations
theLRom-EMed period (Sedikova 1994; 1997; 2007). A
new
archaeological was attempted largely on the observations
monuments
periodization
of
Chersonesean
(2002). Drawing by M.I. Zolotarev sector in the NE from his own work
of the city (Zolotarev 1996; 1998), he distinguished 6 main periods: (1) LAr (528 BC-last quarterof the5* Ct BC); (2) Cl (last quarterof the 5thCt-ca. 330 BC); (3) Hel (last 3rdof the 4th-MlstCt BC); (4) Rom (Mlst Ct BC-E5th Ct AD); (5) Byz Ct AD). (E5thCt-L13th Ct AD); (6) Post-Byz (fromthe 14th The heated debate which broke out in the late 1980s about the foundation suggested
date
date of ca.
of
the city has developed BC for the city's
528/527
further.
The
establishment
(Vinogradov and Zolotarev 1998a; 1999a; 1999b; Zolotarev 1993; 1994; 1995a; 1996) continues to be questioned by various scholars (Zedgenidze 1993; Saprykin 1998; Bujs'kych 2006; Tochtas'ev 2007; Stojanov 2007), who basically argue for a
somewhat
Abrosimov's excavations
later date
for the material.
Monachov
and
recent study of the pottery from old and more on the necropolis and (1993; with profile drawings to this discussion. Out is an important contribution
catalogue) include amphorae of 58 analysed and catalogued vessels, which and table ware, one 6th (9 items) prove to antedate 422/421 BC, the conventional date of the city's foundation by J.H. proposed
Schneiderwirth(1882) and A.I. Tjumenev (1938).
fineware been issues
from
revisited
the earlier
Finds of
in the necropolis have the articles address Several
excavations
(2005). by Stojanov of the city plan and defences
of the Gr-LRom
period
(Zolotarev 1995b;Antonova 1996; Zubar' andAntonova 2001; Bujs'kych and Zolotarev 2002).
ARCHAEOLOGY INTHE BLACK SEA REGION 1993-2007 EHel grave stelae, their fragments and from retrieved in the 1960s-1970s details, tower XVII (of Zeno) and in the city wall, make up a central part of a publication project undertaken by J.C. Carter in collabora
Approximately other architectural
tion with R.
300
P. Perlman,
Pozamentir,
V.N.
and A.V.
Danilenko
Bujskich (Carter2006). Danilenko (1996) suggests thata large of architectural
group
from
elements
this collection
to the construction of sarcophagi. belong local grave-markers, the anthropomorphic of which remains cultural attribution
in fact
may
A peculiar stelae, obscure,
group of the ethno has
been
discussed by Bujskich and Zubar' (2006; note also Pozamentir 2005; Rogov and Stolba inprint).As with theanthropomorphic
the interpretation of contracted burials, most of grave-markers, which come from the city's N cemetery and constitute another
peculiarity of local burial rites, continues to be fiercely disputed. The suggested interpretations range from regarding them as the of burials of the socially presumably dependent population,
slaves (Zubar' 1995), throughto the ideaof a Gr originof therite 1995; Zubar'
(Kadeev
to an utter scepticism
2006b),
of finding
any plausible solutionto theproblem (Stojanov 2002; 2003). The
and
organization of chronology
LCI
period
of the Chersonesean the bronze
and
mint, silver
issues
have
been
2008.
ical sequence,
of new
and descriptions
in
M?nzwerk
and chronolog been made
types have
by Stolba and Turovskij (Stolba 1996c;Turovskij 1997a; 2003); (1998). consider
scholars while
offers a discussion
also
Turovskij Peninsula
The
of finds
coin-like
pieces
from the Herakleian
of
some
lead, which
tokens 33-58; 2002, 2004b), (Kovalenko interpret them as 'emergency' money (Turovskij a matter remained of controversy, the albeit
others
a certain
have 2005), number of finds
son
Charmippos,
to Sarapis,
of Prytanis,
Isis
and
Anoubis, found in 1993 in theNE sectorof the city,offersa insight into the religious
valuable
in the 3rd
life of Chersonesos
Ct BC (Vinogradovand Zolotarev 1998b; 2000 = SEG 50, 691; Bricault
no.
2005,
document
for one 115/0302). Except I2, 5) and one recently found
(IOSPE
earlier
known
fragment from
Tyras (Ivancik and Samojlova 2007), it furnishesthe only epigraphicevidence fortheworship of theEgyptian triadon the
N
coast
in the Hel text An extensive period. and containing honouring T Aurelius Calpurnianus his wife Paulina, which shed new light on relations between and Rome at the time of the Marcomannic Chersonesos Wars, Black
Sea
2 decrees
was
found
I.A. Antonova
by
in the
1990
in the
excavations
harbourarea (Antonova and Jajlenko 1995;Vinogradov 1996; Svencickaja 1996; Smysljaev 1996; Jajlenko 1999; 2000; Haensch 2005; Demougin and Loriot 2005; Bull?p [1997], 425; SEG 45, 985). Saprykin (1998a = SEG 48, 999) has published the 2ndCt AD honorarydecree for the Sinopean Rom
examined by S. Kovalenko (1999; 2003 [inRussian] = 2004 [in English]; 2005). His corpus of coins produced in thecity in the in the series Griechisches appeared on the typology Important observations
has been suggestedbyMakarov (2000; 2002). A dedication of
citizen
the metrology
139
Valerius.
Gaius
period
In
6 more
1993-2001
from
inscriptions
the
fragments of were excavations
city
broughtto lightbyMakarov (2006b; 2007). IOSPE I2, 355, 423 and 691 have been republishedwith Italian
translations
Multiple
articles
by F. Canali De Rossi have offered commentaries
(1999, nos 148-50). and new interpreta
tionsof inscriptions of theIOSPE previouslypublished:no. 343:
an 1997b (new dating and restoration; conjecturing Vinogradov on the city environs already around 280 attack by the Sarmatians
BC); no. 349: Avram 2002, 71-73; no. 352: Gavrilov 1996; Avram 2000, 152; S. Anghel 1999-2000, 92-93; Heinen 2001, no. 353: Avram 2002, 69-70; no. 365: Saprykin 2002b, no. 381 :Makarov 72-84; 2006b, 89-92 (adding a new fragment to the proxeny for the citizen of Amastria); no. 401: Botvinnik
500-02;
(Tesserae
since their first description by Rostovcev urbis Romae 1912) has increased plumbeae signifi The Mithridatic bronze coins from the city's cantly. excavations have been brought together by S. Saprykin ( 1996), who also gives an overall account of coin circulation in the
1997;Gavrilov 1998 (on thetermsaster); Jajlenko2001a; Jahne 2002 (dating); D?ssel 2003, 179-96; Stolba 2005d (on the
chora (2004; 2005). For findsfrom particularsites, see Stolba and Golencov 1999; 2000; Vnukov and Kovalenko 2004;
Kovalenko
2006 (on the termsaster); no. 402: Heinen 2005; Hojte 2005; no. 403: Turovskij 1992 (proposing a date in the 230s BC); Solomonik and Nikolaenko 1995 (a French version of their articlepublished in 1990 in VDI); Bujskich 1998 (on the term
2001 2003; no. 410: Makarov reading and arguing that the annual offices of and the priest of Parthenos were combined duties of one, not of 2 different officials); no. 418: Jajlenko 2001a; Zubar'
2006.
Gold
coinage
of the lst-2nd Ct AD
has been
studiedby Sidorenko (2001). The distributionand chronology
of the Chersonesean
coin
of a posthumous
subject
of the 4th-2nd Ct
hoards
article by A. Gilevic
BC
is the
Detailed
( 1999).
descriptionof 61 EHel coins from a hoard found in the 1970s on theSE slope ofMt Sapun isprovidedbyAlekseenko ( 1998). Illicit metal
Peninsula of
new, Sidorenko
have
at the farmsteads of the Herakleian detecting brought to light 2 more hoards, as well as a number unrecorded 2005; 2003; previously types (Sonov and Sonov Tense foreign relations seem to 2006).
affected
which
coin
resulted
circulation
in a similar
both
in the chora
distribution
pattern Cessation of
and
in the city, and
of hoards
silver stray finds (Stolba issues, 2007c). of circulating coins and deteriora systematic countermarking tion of their alloy composition are likely indications of a crisis which struck the economy of Chersonesos and other major
centres of theN Black Sea coast in the L4th or E3rdCt BC
and archaeolog (Stolba 2005c). Paleobotanical, limnological ical data available to date prompt the suggestion that the crisis, like the general economic monetary decline, was rooted in substantial environmental (Stolba 2005d). changes Finds of several new inscriptions sparked notable activity in research as well. Eleven Gr inscriptions found in epigraphic the excavations of the city in 1983-1991 have now been
economical
implications
hekatorygos); (proposing the basileus
2004b (on the locationofpedion mentioned in this inscription
and IOSPE
L, 401
Armenian
archers,
both fragments, challenges the traditional notion republished for Armenia Minor and Kolchis to subdued arguing being VI prior to his conquest of Scythia. Mithridates with the inscriptions on stone, a certain Along scholarly attention has been given to the inscriptions on pottery and other such as loomweights, roof tiles, clay moulds, etc. objects,
(Solomonik 1993; 1994; 1995; Treister and Zolotarev 1993; SaprykinandD'jackov 1994;Turovskij 1997b;Efremov 1998). Vinogradov and Zolotarev ( 1999b) substantiallyextended the list of ostraka
entries article
a democratic by the authors. Supposing government, of ostracism to the E5th Ct BC. they date the implementation The chronology of these ostraka has, however, most recently been revised by Tochtas'ev An exhaustive (2007). study of the and
930-34,
2007).
reading
from Chersonesos, now amounts which to 45 doubles the number presented in an earlier
and almost
and
46, 923],
of the ); no. 597: an epitaph of the commander can now be supplemented by the fragment
found in 1971. Makarov (2005; also inFrench [2006a]), who
typology
936-37);
Ivanov
no. 404: Makarov
amphorae
a new
and
a new
= published by Solomonik (1996 SEG 46, 923, 924, 927-28, for her no. 2 [= SEG
of the text); Bondarenko
chronology roof tiles was
Consisting
of stamps undertaken
of 3 groups,
his
on
local
by Kac
chronological
transport
(1994;
2006;
sequence
140
PIA GULDAGER
BILDE
ET AL.
a period from ca. 325-179 BC. Different initial ca. 335/330 dates of the stamping, and ca. 150 have been proposed respectively, by Stolba (2005b), who a ca. 30-year gap in production in the 3rd Ct suggested
embraces
and
terminal
BC also BC.
Saprykin (1996b, the Russian version of this article being published in VDI [1996a]) argued, implausibly though, that stamps amphora reading Skythikon, eis emporion refer to Chersonesean
enigmatic Athenaiou
Taurikon
and
export to the and Taurians via Kalos Limen and Balaklava respec Scythians of stamps with eis emporion has also been tively. A discussion undertaken The numerous finds of amphora (1993). by Garlan from the Lower Don and the Dnieper stamps of Chersonesos areas flow of local Gr wine into the testify to an extensive barbarian hinterland and to the existence of a well-established communication
see already 2000; (Zolotarev from Chersonesos vessels measuring
system
Stolba have
KKC was also a topic of 2 PhD dissertationsdefended in St Petersburg Senatorov
and Kiev
Kravcenko
has
of KKC
excavations
2002; (Senatorov a treatment offered
in Chersonesos
(2000;
The
2003).
2008).
S.N.
pottery
from of
chronology
KKC has been reassessed byVlasov (1997b).
continued at the settlement of Shpil', 1km SE of of Druznoe, district. Here, no traces of Simferopol structures have cultural layers or above-ground recorded, but 99 household pits, spread over an area of ca.
Excavation
the village continuous been
5,000m2 and filled with the local handmade and imported testify to the Taurian
of the L5th-4th Ct BC,
pottery
presence
(ChrapunovandVlasov 1995; 1996-1997). A similarsituation
was
at the village
observed
where
of Tenistoe,
district,
Bachcisaraj
20 household
pits containing pottery of Kizil-Koba of a bg Attic skyphos of the L5th Ct BC
and
type were
fragments disclosed (Zajcev
been published by Fedoseev (2005).
In the Sarandinaki in the ravine, 2007a). home chora, such pits territory of plot 338 of the Chersonesean were related to the remains of a hut-like structure. One of the
pography.
pits
1990).
Stamped
Several
thought
the issues of onomastics and proso papers address names which A group of personal habitually was to be evidence for the presence in the of non-Greeks
city's population is examined by Stolba (1993b; 1996a). Articles by Sceglov and Gilevic (1996), and by Rusjaeva (2003) have investigatedthecareersofBathyllos andAgasikles
in the 4th-3rd Ct BC, whose the city's officials respectively, names emerge on local coins and amphora stamps, as well as in the inscriptions.
was made in in the early 1990s important discovery anc. literary sources in the bay which refer to as
Balaklava,
the construction works disclosed Here, 9 rooms of barracks, building, presumably unearthed in 1991-1992 by rescue excavations.
Limen. Symbolon remains of a Rom were
which
The buildingwas destroyedby fire sometime in the 1sthalf of the 3rd Ct AD.
the roof tiles, about
Among
coin
70 fragments
bear
and CAL A hoard found
the stampsVEMI, VEM, LEXICL inside
the youngest denarii, Severus under Alexander 1994; (Savelja conducted 170m NE of this excavations In 1996-1997,
the building struck being
1997). area revealed related
double
burial
of
a male
and
a
female
near the Maksimova Peninsula the English Daca, ravine (Savelja 1994; cemetery and the Laboratornaja 1997). Remains of a rectangular Taurian pit shelter, datable roughly to the same period, were recorded W of the Balaklava Bay at the
Herakleian
2 (Senatorov 1998). sites on the Herakleian of the KKC catalogue updated can now be found inKravcenko she Peninsula (2005). Recently at the site of Uc-Bas in the vicinity of resumed excavations A of the material from A.M. Inkerman. full publication site of Karan' An
Balaklava An
a
contained
the material of the L5th-E4th Ct accompanied by 2 dogs. Given BC, the site must antedate the Gr land division. Contemporary in other parts of the sites with KKC material were also recorded
57 Rom
contained
of Iuppiter Dolichenus of a sanctuary garrison stationed here in the 2nd half of the
remains
to the Rom
2ndand the 1sthalf of the 3rdCts AD (Samowski and Savelja 1998; 2000; Savelja and Samovskij 1999; Kryzyc'kyj and in The Latin 2000). inscriptions found in the sanctuary and 1996 have been published Zubar', Samovskij Savelja by Zubar' and Savelja also in German: Samowski, 1998), (1997;
at ridge A of the Taurian of 1956-1957 excavations I is now available of Urkusta (Leskov and Kravcenko necropolis the L3rd Ct for the necropolis, The lower date proposed 2007). the existing notion about the termination date of BC, challenges Leskov's
the KKC.
Taurian data from various anthropological to indicate the prevalence of the mesobrachi The emergence of broad-faced 1997). type (Nazarova
cemeteries cranial,
The
seem
as Tauroskythai in and Skythotauroi is likely to of the Rom period in the foothill and steppe zone of ethnic processes
hybrids ethnonymic and the inscriptions reflect actual
such
narrative
Crimea, which, having started fairly early, must have in theMithridatic and post-Mithridatic (Stolba periods
increased 1993a).
Zubar'
with
illustrations
of the Rom
of other finds
infrastructure
too.
are now
Balaklava Bay (Ivanov 2002). Genoese
of the area
colonization
Synchronous found on theW
components coast of the
The activities prior to the are also
documented
at the
site of theMed fortressof Chembalo placed on top of the
rocky Mt Kastron of finds coin
at the entrance
the
Rom
and
to the Balaklava Byz
periods
Bay, where were made
Scythian
and
Sarmatian
of the Crimean
Sites
Steppes
and
Foothills
The fieldworkconducted by theNorth Crimean Expedition of theCrimean Branch of the InstituteofArchaeology in theN,
NW
and central
part of Crimea
has
expanded
substantially
our
knowledge of Scythianburials of theEIA. Published reportsof the campaigns
of 1981-1991
and
1991-1993
are now
available
(Alekseenko 2007).
(Koltuchov,Kislyj and Toscev 1994; Koltuchov, Kolotuchin andKislyj 1994;Kolotuchin 2000). Along with thehistoryof
Taurians
Jurockin
research
burial literary sources, traditionally associated to Culture the Kizil-Koba with according occupied, (KKC), as well as the Herodotus part of Crimea (4.99), themountainous The ethno foothills all the way up to the city of Kerkinitis. The Taurians
of the anc.
and EIA in this area at the rum of the LBA processes who argued for were the subject of a study by VA. Kolotuchin, and the Sabatinovka the KKC a genetic between relationship cultural
and Belozerka Cultures of theLBA (Kolotuchin 1996). The
of Scythian the fortifications
in the field
2004), rites of its population
antiquities of Crimean
in the LHel
been the subject of special Puzdrovskij 2007). Scythian Neapolis (Simferopol)
and (Koltuchov and the Scythia
and Rom
periods
studies (Koltuchov
have
1999;
the presumed capital, or, rather, one of the Neapolis, has been excavated of the Scythian Kingdom, system The main most in question. of the period throughout atically of the so to finalizing the excavations attention was given
Scythian capitals
ARCHAEOLOGY INTHE BLACK SEA REGION 1993-2007 called
Southern
the
Palace,
residence
supposed
of King
Skiluros (Zajcev 1994; 1997a). Ju.P.Zajcev has established 2
main
in the history of this building with multiple sub stages to stratigraphical horizons E and D periods, which correspond of the site and cover a period from around 140 to ca. 112/108
BC (1995; 2005; 2007b). Excavations in 1999 of theSW part of
Palace of a produced multiple fragments a Scythian chieftain for Argotas, presumably
the Southern
funerary
epigram
of the 2ndCt BC (Vinogradov and Zajcev 2003), which must
have the
decorated
central
his heroon
necropolis the new research
in the immediate data
(2005). at this site since
conducted
in a monograph
found
built
gate. Anthropological were treated by Nazarova
(2003; 2004).
A synthesis of the 1980s can be
in Russian
by Zajcev,
vicinity of the city's
from
and
English
(Trufanov,Puzdrovskij and Medvedev 2004) and Visnevoe (Turovskij 2002), and on theKazan-Tas hill (Zajcev 1997b). Vdovicenko and Koltuchov (1994) have published 6 Sarmatian burials of the 3rd Ct AD, excavated by the in 1986 near the village of Tankovoe. Museum In Bachcisaraj the State Historical resumed investi 2004, Museum, Moscow, near the village at the necropolis of Ljubimovka of gations
Belbek IV,where during 1991-1996 over 300 graves had been The destroyed by robbers (Zuravlev and Firsov 2004). of 331 burials of the lst-3rd Ct AD, excavated there publication team in the period has now been 1969-1991, by the Moscow and Zuravlev. The Crimean Branch of prepared by Guscina the
of the Late
Sites
and
Scythian
Sarmatian
West
Cultures
of Simferopol
Southwest
Institute
of Archaeology, in collaboration Museum and the Freie Universit?t, rescue excavations of the Alma-Kermen
Bachcisaraj undertaken and
and
141
the necropolis
at the village
of Zavetnoe,
with
the
has Berlin, settlement datable
to the
lst-3rdCt AD (Zajcev et al. 2005a; 2007). In grave 310 an Achaemenid intaglioof the 5th/4th Ct BC was found (Fig. 18). A
treatment of red-glazed is pottery from this necropolis At the settlement, a destruction offered by E. K?hnelt (2007).
with the Scythian royal fortress of the Chabaioi of the
layer of the 2ndCt AD produced multiple finds of roof tile bearing the stampsLEXICL (Zajcev et al. 2007). The burial
Diophantos since 1991.
necropolis,
The
settlement
of Bulganak,
some
which
scholars
identify
(IOSPE I2, 352), has not been excavated articles which have appeared in the period under report offer a discussion of its fortifications (Chrapunov and Mul'd 1993) and pottery assemblage stamps: (amphora
Chrapunov 1997a).
decree
Several
and
Fedoseev
In the same
of Simferopol University some containing multiple with the nearby Scythian (Chrapunov, excavations
Masjakin at the near
Alminskoe
1997; handmade pottery: Vlasov near the village of Kol'cugino, the undertook excavations of 14 graves,
area,
structures
and
grave Sovchoz
from goods 10, have been
the previously excavated addressed in a number of
articles by Vysotskaja (1998; 2000; 2001; Vysotskaja and Zestkova 1999).
in the necropolis associated burials, settlement of the 1stCt BC-lst Ct AD
and Mul'd settlement
the village
1997). The results of earlier and of Ust' necropolis
of Pescanoe,
district,
Bachcisaraj
are now brought together by Vysotskaja (1994).
In the
of the Simferopol Institute of period, the expedition headed by A. Puzdrovskij, continued excavation Archaeology, at the necropolis of this site, where 626 new graves in an area of ca. 5,000m2 have been excavated. The earliest complexes, to the 1st Ct BC-lst datable Ct AD, often contain multiple reporting
sometimes
burials, simple
trenches.
placed
to toe, in earthen vaults or of the 2nd half of the lst-E2nd Ct
head
graves
Many
AD contained richly furnishedburials of the Sarmatian ?lite (Loboda, Puzdrovskij and Zajcev 2002; Puzdrovskij and
iR
In particular to be mentioned are remains of Over 100 burials on the territory of ca. lacquer boxes. ca. 5km S of lha had been robbed near the village of Levadki, The excavations undertaken there in 1997 by the Simferopol.
Zajcev Chinese
2004).
of Simferopol and the Crimean Branch of the University Institute of Orientalistics 12 Scythian graves which unearthed date from the 1st Ct BC-3rd Ct AD, and were left by the inhabitants of the nearby settlement of Zmeinoe (Chrapunov, Stojanova
at place settlement Bachcisaraj by robbers
and Mul'd the
2001).
necropolis
of Balta-Cokrak, district, where in 2001-2002.
In 2003, associated
rescue
excavations
with
the L
near
the village
took
Scythian
of
Skalistoe,
graves were burials Thirty-nine
destroyed unearthed
around
500
of which the majority is represented during these excavations, by niche graves, date to the 2nd-3rd Ct AD. Anthropological et al. 2005b). data were retrieved from 15 burials (Zajcev
rescue at other excavations robbing instigated too. Burials of the Rom period are reported from the near the villages of Suvorovo and necropoleis (Belyj
Extensive
locations
Nenevolja 1994; Zajcev 1997b; Zajcev and Mordvinceva 2003), Krasnaja Zarja (Belyj and Nenevolja 1997;Nenevolja 2007; Volosinov, Masjakin and Nenevolja 2007), Cholmovka
18. Zavetnoe: necropolis
Achaemenid
intaglio
from
the
late
Scythian
142
PIA GULDAGER of the Late
Sites and
ET AL.
BILDE and
Scythian
Cultures
Sarmatian
Kimmerian Bosporus (Fig. 19)
East
of Simferopol
Southeast
and the Bosporan in Bosporos The study of the anc. cities was particularly of the affected by the disintegration Kingdom in 1991, as the 2 sides of the straits suddenly Soviet Union to 2 different newly formed countries. of the Many belonged
composition, including L Scythian, was of the lst-4th Ct AD, and Alanian burials at the necropolis 15km E of Simferopol, observed of Opuski, of the University of Simferopol and excavated by an expedition
A
complex Sarmatian
ethno-cultural
in 2003-2004.
In 1990-1994, the same team, headed by I.N. the 3rd-4th Ct AD necropolis of Druznoe explored
Chrapunov,
(Chrapunov2002), SE of Simferopol in the immediatevicinity
of
the
settlement
of
in 1990-1991
excavated
Zolotoe
(Chrapunov
Jarmo, which e/a/. 1994).
which had traditionally archaeological expeditions, on sites of the Gr and Rom period in S Ukraine, been working in the Crimea, the regions of their investi changed particularly their efforts on S Russia instead. Despite the gations, focusing
Russian
Chrapunov
Since 1996, theUniversityof Simferopolhas been involved of the Rom necropolis of Nejzac (Neusatz) Two consistent chronolog village of Balanovo. are associated were which with the established,
considerable difficultiesof the 1990s ithas proved possible for
staff and institutions to preserve their main scientific many excavations. funds for conducting obtain the necessary
to
in the excavations near
the mod.
ical horizons
and Alanian
Sarmatian
presence. of the Rom
there among the graves Belozerka Culture (Chrapunov
Muid 2005).
Surprisingly, excavated AD, from the Nejzac culture
which
(Chrapunov, In 1996, started
Eight
LBA
burials
found
period were attributed et al. 2004; Chrapunov
to the and
a contemporary settlement of the 2nd-4th Ct in the Barabanovskaja ravine, just 200m away features necropolis, was to attributed
Vlasov
different material Scythian
period
and Smokotina
the Crimean
investigations
a quite the L
Branch
2007). of the Institute of Archaeology
of the Scythian
aristocratic
necropolis
foothills,
where
65
barrows
have
been
on
located
(Koltuchov andMyc 2001). Many of themdate to the4thCt
burials of intmsive containing occasionally in tumulus burial The context of the main period.
BC,
The
periodical
appeared
the Rom Bes-Oba
Bospora 1998,
has (Bosporan Antiquities) and Bosporskie Issledovanija now numbers 20 since 2001,
many
Bosporskij Numerous
articles longer sbornik has
from appeared
the
while Bosporan
irregularly
other volumes Readings. since 1992.
and Bosporan history concerning a few: S.Ju. Saprykin To mention appeared. the Bosporan the E post-Mithridatic period; (1999), VA. Goroncarovskij by M. Mielczarek
monographs
have archaeology addresses (2002a) is studied
(2003) and Ju.A. Vinogradov (2004); and N.I. Vinokurov
treatment of wine making offers an exhaustive 2007) unfinished Further chapters of Rostovcev's (and consumption). in have been made available study on Scythia and the Bosporos
(1999;
German translation(Heinen 1993) and his book on thewall paintings Kingdom
Azov
since
Studies), published of which are monographs,
(Bosporos
1914).
IV/2has been treatedbyKoltuchov (2007).
Drevnosti
annually
volumes, include
army
theridgesof theAk-Kaja and Bes-Oba hills, in theE partof the
Crimean
Publications
1913? has been reprinted (Rostovtseff and the Bosporan coinage of the cities in Bosporos are treated in several studies (Frolova 1997; Anochin
of S Russia
The
Sea Kuchugury Golubitskoer?
Black
Sea Gorgippia
19. Kimmerian
Bosporos
ARCHAEOLOGY INTHE BLACK SEA REGION 1993-2007 1999; Frolova and Ireland2002; Frolova 2004; Abramzon et al. 2006). An illustratednew edition of Corpus Inscriptionum
et al. 2004). in 2004 (Gavrilov appeared have been about the content of the volume questions Although a with CDs illustrations the accompanying raised, provide useful tool. Graffiti and dipinti have been collected by S.Ju. (2007). Saprykin and A.A. Maslennikov Regni
Bosporani
Kerch
8km SW
continued
excavations
into the
fortress built under the entire site of a single period nearly Asander (47-17 BC) and continuing no later than Aspurgos (8
The site may be the SkythotauronLimen or
structure mentioned by later sources. A pentagonal than 1,500m2 has one large and 3 smaller covering more In the court, a row of towers, and rooms inside along 3 walls. 6 rooms extends from the S wall. The pottery and the ethnic of the assemblage, of the composition implications consisting are considered in Lantsov and of handmade ware,
mostly
Yurochkin 2007.
and Moleva
of Theodosia
chora
on
has been
explored of known Gr
received
(Gavrilov
excavations
finds, carried
includes a 2004) and also contains
a Mithridatic
the E approaches
controlling
extensively by A.V sites now and Rom
out at rural sites, 1 (5th-3rd Ct BC) and Uzun Syrt (6th-3rd a settlement founded in the 3rd Ct BC, in the area, after reports of coin finds
recent
notably Novopokrovka Ct BC). Kuru Bas, in 2003 discovered apparently
in a nearby fort garrison to the city after the area was incor
porated into the Pontic Kingdom. At Tepe-Oba, 4kmW of a single farmstead from theM6 Ct BC grew into a resembles larger settlement in the 5th and 4th Cts. The material et al. 1997). cultures (Bejsans Scythian and Kizil-Koba A total of 1,262 amphora in the stamps has been recorded
Theodosia,
chora
(Gavrilov
and Fedoseev
2002),
with
the overwhelming
majority being Herakleian (700) and Sinopean (446). Kim mer
been
inaccessible for 50 years due to the presence of the site of Kimmerikon installation, exploration was resumed in 1991. Results of recent fieldwork
at Mt Opuk are offered by the late VK. Golenko for a summary in (2006; see Golenko The exact location of the early English, 2007). town has not been established. it has been Traditionally, located on the SW slopes or on hill A to the SE, but walls and
material from the L6* Ct BC to theMed period have been detectedon theN slopes as well. In thecitadel onMt Opuk a W curtainwall and proteichismaand 3 adjoining sectionof the rooms,
one of them with
a kiln, were
excavated.
This
enabled
thedatingof thefortification tonot earlier thantheE4thCt AD,
the present structure probably an earlier overlies although construction. The surprising find of a Runic inscription below the walls of the citadel has caused some debate (Golenko et al.
1999).
than 30 mral that the sites
closest to Kimmerikon began in the L5th Ct BC, while the whole territory flourishedin the4thand 3rdCts until,by the2nd only
furthermore,
been
to
possible
has
of the
further graves
revealed
in print.
In 1994, fieldwork resumed and below seashore
the larger sites remained.
at the site of Akra, sea
the
near
level
on
discovered the
of
village
Nabereznoe in theE 1980s (Kulikov 2007). Parts of theHel
city wall with towers have been traced both above and below sea level along with a number of Rom houses of a consisting courtyard and one or 2 rooms, dated to the 2nd and 3rd Cts AD, have been uncovered. The size of the double-faced foundation
walls have The
not
which may suggest 2-storey buildings, appear had tiled roofs. One house has a primitive wine finds at the site yield few clues as to the date
but foundation, around 530-520
evidence BC.
continuous
identified.
until
from
the chora
Occupation the 5th Ct AD.
of Akra
The
on
10 unfortified
rural
these was
of
largest
a
indicates
the site seems
date
to have
sites have
Zavetnoe
to
press. of the
5
been located
1.5kmNW ofAkra, which was excavated from 1999 (?epko
The only traces of the early occupation of the site in 2002). are more the L6th-5th Ct BC than 50 household Two pits. dug-outs with an associated threshing floor dated to the L4th
E3rd Ct BC
Nymphaion
On
the S
to the latest period
belong
site.
slope
interest
particular
of occupation
at the
excavation
of the
of the city of Nymphaion,
t?menos (sector M)
has continued (Sokolova 2000).
is the find
of
an
Ionic
Of
at
propylon
the
entrance to the t?menos (Sokolova and Pavlicenko 2002) (Fig.
The 50-odd architectural of 20a, 20b). fragments found, made local limestone, were stuccoed with marble dust to resemble marble and painted red, blue and yellow. The structure carried
a dedicatory inscriptionby the agonothetesTheopropides to or 387-347
I (393-353
all
Theodosia, and Psessoi.
Bosporos, Dandarioi From
of
is called archon of BC), who Sindika and of the Toretai,
a Polish-Russian
1994-1998,
team excavated
sector N
in the SW part of town (Cistov and Domzalski 2002). A pit
with
LAr
relatively belongs Herakleian
material
indicates
A early on. to the L5th-M4th
that
the area
was
used
from
material large part of the excavated Ct BC, with many Chian, Thasian and
was Hel material found, during the Rom period, from a number of when ceramic storage pits has produced ample material. The final, 3rdCt AD, phase revealed signs of irregular town planning. but the area
amphora fragments. came into use again
No
In 1995 a refuse dump was excavated outside the city wall with a wide selection of Rom fineware, notably some of which was Pontic Sigillata, to X-ray fluores subjected to the SE
cence analysis (Domzalski & Zin'ko 2000). Excavation
of the chora have revealed more Investigations settlements. Excavation and surface finds show
Ct BC,
at the necropolis
Excavation
Leukon
ikon
After having of a military
It has,
2007).
In the chora
and the number Gavrilov, totals around 80. His monograph of sites and of coin catalogue information
the entrance
until
establish that the city was abandoned in the L6th Ct AD.
been
Theodosia (Feodosia) The
at
at Kytai, by E.A. Molev
Akra of Sudak,
early 1990s, headed by S.B. Lancov (1999), and uncovered
Athenaion
continued
now
Athenaion (Kutlak)
37/38 AD).
to the straits, were In a 1996 and again from 2005. of 4 houses of the 2nd-5th Ct AD, ritual complex consisting of dogs, took place animal sacrifices, (Molev predominantly
Excavations
3rdCt BC and of L antiquity.Molev's monograph on Kytai is
Peninsula
At Kutlak,
Kytai
143
of the city's
rupted
(Solov'ev
2003),
number
of articles
concern
graffito
of
has continued uninter necropolis and the material from the large
excavations in the 1970shas been publishedbyGrac (1999). A the ship
Isis,
the spectacular find in 1982 of the those by Ju.G Vinogradov
notably
(1998) and O. H?ckmann (1998).
In 1999 a conferenceon
144
ET AL.
BILDE
PIA GULDAGER /\
i fc'j h h
was Nymphaion 60th anniversary
at the entrance
Ionic propylon
20a. Nymphaion:
in commemoration in St Petersburg et al. of the expedition (Boriskovskaja and
later addenda
by V.N. particularly Polish collaborative
rn n
11 m
ih
11 ii
2500
of the 1999).
A fullbibliographyofNymphaion has appeared (Kunina et al. 1995) with
loi tinn
to the t?menos
held
46, 89-91; 50,83-86). work has been Much
m fc-j
20b. Nymphaion:
Ionic propylon
at the entrance
to the t?menos
(ArcheologiaWarsz
corrigenda
in the chora of Nymphaion, and a Ukrainian-Russian (2003) and an archaeological map of the
done
Zin'ko project,
ofNymphaion has been produced (Scholl and Zinko territory 1999). Survey, identified have which At
have
prospection geophysical 16 necropoleis and 42
and
trial excavations
settlements,
some
of
been more 2
Geroevka
fully excavated. on the seashore
4km
S
of Nymphaion
(excavated in 1992-1994) 2 dug-outsyieldingmaterial of the L5th-L4thCt BC were found. A small pit in the S part of the in phase of the settlement the high percentage dug-outs, rites at the and the burial handmade pottery present suggest that the site may have been settled at least in part After the indigenous long abandonment, population. excavation
L6th-E5th
revealed
Ct
BC.
the earliest The
the of
site by a
farmhousebuilt in the6thCt AD was occupied until its sudden destruction in the 8thCt AD (Butjagin and Solovyov 2001).
the most Generally L4th_E3rd Ct BC
extensive
use
of the chora
occurred
in the
An aqueduct, dated to the 4thCt BC and consisting of
ceramic
observation
pipes
surrounded
shafts, was
by discovered
stone with masonry 2km W of the town (Scholl
stone
and Zin'ko 1999, 107-12) (Fig. 21).
21. Nymphaion: 4thCt BC aqueduct 2kmW ofNymphaion
ARCHAEOLOGY INTHE BLACK SEA REGION 1993-2007 Iluraton 17km
SW
of Kerch,
water
continued
until
To theN, a long
2000 underVA. Goroncarovskij (2007).
tunnel, not unlike the ones underground lead to a water supply outside the walls, other
in Pontos,
encountered
and along the NE wall In the upper found. inhumation graves, predominantly
installations
have
been
more than 200 necropolis both pit and cist graves and chamber tombs, have now been A clear change is seen from the earlier 1stCt AD pit excavated. cist graves and graves closer to the city to the 2nd-3rd Ct AD tombs further away. chamber 'Sarmatian' mirrors Weapons, of the skulls suggest that a new and, particularly, the deformation ethnic group became predominant around the turn of the 1stand
2ndCtsAD (Gorontcharovskiy 2007, 909-10). Many findsfrom
the Hel period confirm the suggestion that Rom Iluraton was built on an already existing site (Chrsanovskij A bone 2003). object found in tomb 211, with engravings, has been interpreted as a calendar
(Moleva,
and Chrsanovskij
Tul'pe
2004).
included storage facilities and a further fish salting installation of 3 vats which in the 3rd-E5th Ct AD. functioned consisting The area was Other partially built over in the Med period. sectors in the city have been re-excavated NE of and preserved. the city a L antique
necropolis
was
excavated
(Ermolin
2006).
Pantikapaion (Kerch)
The
on the acropolis results of the last 20 years of excavation at are summarized V.P. Tolstikov Pantikapaion by (2002; 2003). On theW plateau of the first saddle, excavations of the basileia
of theSpartokidshas been completed (Fig. 22). The complex,
built around
the M4th Ct BC, covered an area of 1,350m2. The centred around a rectangular 2-storey building was peristyle Under the basileia, remains of 4 houses of the L5th courtyard one of which had a coloured E4th Ct BC! were uncovered, pebble in the andron. In a well mosaic in the courtyard, a large marble head of a goddess was deposited. The excavators have identified
her as Athena and dated her to theM4th Ct BC (Tolstikov2002,
fig. 19). A head covering, helmet or polos, was added separately in a different material. The style and technique suggest that she is rather a 2nd Ct BC acrolith. to the N of the Immediately x 7.4m) the foundation and architectural basileia, (10.5m of a Doric found (Svitaseva fragments temple in antis were
1999). The templewas built in theM4th Ct BC, and seemingly
until destroyed by an earthquake, the one in probably the new epigraphic finds is a proxeny decree of Among I (Vinogradov, Leukon Tolstitov and Selov-Kovedjaev 2002). On a plateau further to theW, another Doric temple in antis survived
63 BC.
(8.4m x 3.8m) was found (Zin'ko 2001). an E3rd Ct BC
covered
scratched.
with The
date
painted temple
Stamped roof tiles
for the construction.
stucco
restored
et al.
(Zinko
forthcoming). copper coins was
Bosporan
the showing of Demeter,
after serious
danger of destruction In 1995 a hoard of more than 450
et al. found by chance (Abramzon of the coins were struck in the final year I 341 AD. Interestingly a coin of Kotys
Two 2006, 117-31). of Bosporan coinage,
In around theM4th Ct AD. AD) was still in circulation new evidence, M.Ju. Trejster considers a Rom military of light at Pantikapaion evident (Trejster 1993). presence (49-54
Myrmekion Excavations
in the small
town of Myrmekion, NE of Kerch, until 1994. A small LAr by Ju.A. Vinogradov on the W part of the site, fort was unearthed along with the more EC1 city wall substantial and Tochtas'ev (Vinogradov were
continued
1994). Fieldworkwas resumed in 1999 in theSW part of the
in the central (sectors S and T) and earlier excavations of Demeter In sector T, 2 (sector I) were continued. found, one mentioning fragments of marble inscriptions were
was
The
Demeter
Thesmophore,
mentioning
Aspourgos. been stored
the other an early manumission decree set of 74 A had loomweights
in a wooden box (Butjagin et al. 2004a). have clarified the chronology of the I, excavations The house-like sanctuary. building with an altar erected in the 1sthalf of the 5thCt was covered by an ash hill around 400 BC.
apparently In sector
Around
370 BC
again was
In 2003,
2004).
stmcture was built, which house-like BC (Butjagin by an ash hill around 300-250 a hoard of 99 staters (53 electrum Kyzikean
another
covered
differenttypes) concealed in a bronze jug (Fig. 23) was found in the Sanctuary indicates
of Demeter et al. 2004b). The (Butjagin that the jug was placed in a pit in the comer no earlier than 375-350 in BC, possibly the ongoing Herakleia. struggle against
context
the sanctuary connection with
of
Another hoard of 722 Pantikapaian copper coins of the 3rdCt BC was
found
37). An devoted
exhibition
in sector S in 2002
et al. 2006, 31 (Abramzon at the State Hermitage Museum was from Myrmekion et (catalogue: Butjagin
in 2006
to the finds
al. 2006). Porthmion
at Porthmion, after an
Excavations resumed
in 2002
have Investigations the town's existence.
been
directed interval
by M. of more on
concentrated
Houses
were Vachtina, than 10 years. the early phases of
stone foundations
with
and mud
brickwalls dated to the 2ndhalf of the 6thCt BC have been far no dug-outs have been found in Porthmion. the turn of the 6th and 5th Cts BC, there are clear It has lately been possible destmction. to signs of widespread locate the town's necropolis 300m to the W. Seven graves
uncovered. From
So
around
to the 3rd-2nd Ct BC
belonging recently dromos,
interior
have
been
excavated.
robbed
crypts, both consisting of a burial chamber contained multiple burials (Vachtina 2005).
Two and
on which
apparently
graffiti had been in a fire destroyed
Ct BC) shortlybefore theM 1stCt BC. The richfinds (3rd-1st
include amphorae, table wares, bowls including mouldmade and a lagynos, terracottas (mostly females), 48 coins, notably a VI, and a small marble head, possibly gold stater of Mithridates
a portraitofMithridatesVI (Zin'ko 2004, 185).
2 workshops, a terracotta of the 2nd Ct Recently workshop BC and a pottery workshop terra sigillata of the 1st producing 3rd Ct AD, have been excavated and Kulikov (Ermolin, Gecko On 2007). catacombs
of Demeter, with frescos and a medallion with the head
Sanctuary
In 2002, at Tyritake, excavations 11km SW of Kerch, were resumed by V.N. Zin'ko and Zin'ko (Zin'ko, Ponomarev 2004), a large section in the central part of the city (sector opening This has revealed a Rom residential quarter, which also XXVI).
indicate
Tomb
rape of Persephone found in 1895, was
city
Tyritake
was
1stCt AD
The at Iluraton,
Excavations
145
the N slopes of Mt Mithridates, has been investigated (Zin'ko
a system of L antique and Bejlin 2005).
Northern
Kerch
Peninsula
Many mral settlementsof the4thCt BC-3rd Ct AD have been investigated along the Azov the Northern Crimean
by
1993,
including
Sea
coast
of the Kerch
Archaeological
General'skoe-Zapadnoe,
Peninsula
since Expedition Artezian (Vinokurov
1998), PustynnyjBereg, Zelenyj Mys and Il'icevka, but fuller publication Maslennikov with
larger
functioning
is still awaited
for most of results in (summary A site hierarchy seems to have existed, 1998). fortified sites, such as General'skoe-Zapadnoe, as central for produce. At points collecting
PIAGULDAGER BILDE ET AL.
146
~1
v - ,,,.
O
tower I
22. Pantikapaion:
plan
of the basileia
on the acropolis
at the necropolis in 2003, excavations discovered from the 2nd Ct BC-4th Ct AD crypts with material Lancov and Minaev Two new fish-salting (Zubarev, 2007).
Belinskoe several
installationsat Salacik (excavated in 1987) and Zolotoe (in 1990) have been published (Vinokurov 1994), showing thatthe of fish products was not confined at Tyritake installations and Myrmekion.
manufacture known
dated to the 2nd-4th Ct AD, had complexes, tanks than the previously known examples.
to the already The 2 new
somewhat
larger
During
been
the
last 2 decades,
several
rural
identified. A.A. Maslennikov
publication settlement uninhabited remarkable
of several of
of these
Poljanka room 11 has
among
(see been
sanctuaries
(2007)
sites for the first time. also
have
offers full At
the
Maslennikov
interpreted the finds dated to theM
the 2006), as a heroon. Most 1stCt BC
is a set of
a Mithras-Attis 33 terracottas, including Men, Kybele, Mithras, a Thracian an horseman, rider, a Dionysos mask, Aphrodite, a bull and Herakles, and, strong foreign Apis indicating partie
ARCHAEOLOGY INTHE BLACK SEA REGION 1993-2007 the M3rd Ct BC. of
earthquake
63
After its destmction, possibly by the it was
BC,
at
further sanctuaries
and
reconstructed
until the3rdCt AD. functioning Three
147
the settlement
continued
of Sirenevaja
Buchta (lst-3rdCt AD), atUscel'e Ved'm (cultdebris of the2nd Ct BC-2nd Ct AD) and at a cave onMt Sjujurtas (3rd-2nd Ct BC) have been published (Maslennikov 2007). Furthermore, ash hills (zol'niki) in theN Kerch Peninsula and a house at
sanctuary A.A.
Maslennikov
ramparts running across known for centuries and
has (2003) the Kerch
and C14 dating, the ramparts more precisely.
bronze
99 Kyzikean
jug concealing
electrum
in the post-Mithridatic period. Also of In the neighbouring incense burners.
rooms4 and 11,2 coin hoardswere found in 1984 and 1985, and have now been published by Frolova (1998). The first consisted
of 70 copper coins, mostly Bosporan but also several from Pontic cities. Coins of Asandros give a tpq for the hoard in the 3rd quarter of the 1st Ct BC, which also dates the
destruction
of the site. The
2nd hoard
consisted
of 1,140 copper
the numerous both
large wall
the ones
identified. to date running
Using several of
from Lake
Uzunlar toKazantip Bay to theN dates to the 3rdCt BC, with additions
in the 1stor 2nd Ct AD.
made
ramparts
influence ularly, Pontic note are 2 amphora-like
by
discussed
recently he has been able The
considered
Peninsula,
those more
trial trenches
23. Myrmekion: staters
are
General'skoe-Zapadnoe
Maslennikov (2007).
consist
actually
of
3
The
different
so-called
sets
of
Tyritake defensive
to the Gr period. is dated structures, only one of which there were smaller ramparts enclosing Ak-Burun addition, the territory of Nymphaion. The
In and
as a whole and the rural Kingdom discussed by A.A. Maslennikov (1998),
chora of the Bosporan
settlements
have
been
SJu. Saprykin (2004a) and V.N. Zin'ko (2007), while T.N. Smekalova
S.L. and Smekalov have (2006) to identify roads and anc. and old maps photographs inmany parts systems. The plots of land detectable are invariably square and measure Peninsula 350m
used
aerial
land-division of the Kerch x 350m.
coins
from Pantikapaion. predominantly On the flat summit above General'skoe-Vostocnoe,
2 ritual
were excavated. The W one consisted of a small complexes room. In square room (2.5m by 3m) and a larger rectangular the smaller room several terracottas were found together with handmade incense burners along with lamps on tall stems and a small
terracotta
to the 2nd-E3rd Ct a bronze bowls and
altar. The
is dated
complex of mouldmade
finds AD, although arrowhead indicate may
earlier use as well. The larger E consisted of a row of 5 rectangular shrines with one to complex 3 rooms, which to the E (Fig. 24). all have the door opening Each has a square or round altar in the centre of the largest room and what would to have been benches appear along the
walls.
large
No
architectural
collection
details
of mouldmade
or roof tiles have bowls
been
found. A
glass vessels was and incense burners.
and
as numerous terracottas found, as well Most interesting is a votive relief, probably the Eleusinian circle. The sanctuary was
depicting deities of constructed around
RUSSIA Northern
Maiotis
Taganrog
in the Don
Taganrog
territory of Russia. which Investigations,
were
initiated
VrA IP T3
CTpd?4 24. Northern
Kerch
Peninsula:
plan
ctpo^s
(T T^P^S^
Cf*"""3
of the rural sanctuary
is the earliest settled
concentrated as
in 2004
a
in the Gr colony in the L7th or E6th Ct BC. on the S shore of the river,
collaboration
between
the All
Russian
of Surviving Monuments of History and Community on Don Culture in Rostov and P.A. (VOOPIK) (A.O. Kozin at the same place the Paedagogical Larenok), University (VP.
Kopylov) and theEurasia Abteilung of theDAI (O. Dally and M. Ullrich) (Dally and Larenok 2002; Kopylov et al. 2005; Kopylov and Solov'ev 2005). A series of drillings and exploratory
trenches
reaching
a d.
of
almost
7m
has
been
carried out by theGeophysical Department of the Institutfur
I i7
\
delta It was
"??w?,?
I I
HJ^*"^7W
Tp0~"1
at General'skoe-Vostocnoe
CTp~~t2 1m
' / 3ABAH
i 'i Llt^nl
PIA GULDAGER BILDE ET AL.
148
Geowissenschaften
der Christian
(W. Rabbel, H. Hydroacoustic
Albrechts
Universit?t
St?mpel and Ch. M?ller)
Research
Group
of
Kiel
and by the
the
f?r
Institut
Nachrichtentechnikund Informationselektronik (GWendt).
The settlement is partially EGr is pottery submerged. from the site to the shore of the Don. To continuously washed than 20,000 of high quality and date, more pieces of pottery are known. A catalogue EGr of pottery from predominantly
the site, kept in Taganrog Museum, was published in 1994 (Kopulov and Larenok 1994).
Tanais at Tanais took place Investigations during the whole period under review, from 1993 until today, the results of which have in several articles, as well as in a monograph been summarized
et al. 2007). For more than 10 years, a Russian (Arsen'eva the S part of the town German expedition investigated the German From 1993, 1999). archaeological (Arsen'eva team
conducted the area
extended
in sector XIX, excavations where they to the N, E and S to explore the Hel and Rom From 2002 and Ullrich Fomasier 2002).
agora (Arsen'eva, Two the central square area was 2005, investigated. in the central part ofW fortification have been revealed
towers line. A
Sholl, group, directed by T archaeological et of the W fortified line (Arsen'eva investigations 1981 Tanaisa. The monograph Raskopki NekropoT
Russian-Polish continued al. 2006). 1995 gg.
summarized
the Lower
by Sciences
the results
of the excavations
of
Don
conducted
of
the Russian
Academy Expedition of Tanais for 15 years and W necropoleis Excavations of the and Tolocko 2001). Bezuglov
in the E
(Arsen'eva, flat ground and 2004.
of Tanais were carried out between 2002 necropolis a wide from covered period chronological They
theHel to theMigration period.The lastphase of thenecropolis was dated to the 2ndhalf of the 5th-1sthalf of the 6thCt AD (Arsen'eva, the Pontus
Bezuglov
The first volume of 2005). to the amphora dipinti devoted
and Tolocko
Septentrionalis
was
(B?ttgerand Shelov 1998).
settlement, situated in the delta of the River Don was one of the of the mod. village of Elizavetovskoe, in the EIA, of the N Pontic settlements steppe zone
fortified
3km NE
largest trade. serving as a nodal point in inter-tribal and 'international' as the 'capital' of it could be considered From theM4th Ct BC even of the entire NE Azov the Lower Don region and perhaps area. Excavation of the site and its chora has been carried out
since 1954 by theSouthernDon Expedition of the Instituteof
of Sciences, Culture the History of Material (Russian Academy Four main periods have been established. St Petersburg). (1) 3rd-4th quarter of the 6th-5th Ct BC, lasting for about 100 years.
During thisperiod the site constitutedthewinter quarterof one of thenomadic tribesof theLower Don region. (2) The entire 1sthalf of the 4thCt BC. During this time the settlement the largest trading centre of the NE
became
Pontic
region.
(3)
In the 2ndhalf of the 4* Ct BC the site became a strongly
site with a separate Gr quarter. fortified barbarian (4) The last this period an BC. During ca. 300-280s/270s period was brief, The located on the acropolis. Gr settlement was extended are summarized in the monograph results of the investigations
byMarcenko, Zitnikov andKopylov (2000). The
kurgan
necropolis
of Elizavetovskoe
is one of the most
of the N the Scythian cemeteries among fully investigated from the burials of the 5thCt BC have Pontic steppe. Weapons An article by A.N. been published (2008). by S.Ju. Jangulov Kovalenko ofthe4thCtBC.
(2008)
analyses
was
Tomasevic-Buck, was necropolis
Taman'
funerary complexes
of the 2nd half
situated
ca.
16km E
by a Russian-Swiss Ivanov and Kovalenko
investigated
in 2002
excavated
of Elizavetovskoe
expedition
(Kopylov, The site's
2002).
(Prochorova
2004).
Peninsula
In 1993 theTaman' Expedition team of the IA RAS published
an
of
map
archaeological
the Taman'
Peninsula
based
on
A 1931-1985. comprehensive investigations during the period of amphorae detailed of the 6th-5th Ct BC was chronology issued
and P.A. 1993; Paromov 2000) a compact handbook for the identification centres based on analyses of archaeo production and Paromov
(Abramov
Abramov
published
of amphora
from the Athenian Agora and N Black Sea logical assemblages centres (Abramov 1993). The role of interdisciplinary research in Cl archaeology has in recent years. Worthy of mention is the increased considerably
Russian-French
and
Palaeoecological
Palaeogeographic
Programme (1997-2000) with the participationof IA RAS,
of Paris 4 conducted and the University this has been 2001, programme technology. on the running under the direction of Ju.V Gorlov working both State University
Moscow with
GIS
Since
Taman' Peninsula (Gorlov 2007) and on theE Black Sea littoral Considerable and A.A. Porotov). (GR Garbuzov, GV. Trebeleva in of changes attention has been paid to studies of the dynamics the climate and the Black Sea shoreline, as well as the identifica tion and analysis of traces of the anc. land tenure, etc. In 1998, in order to attract greater attention to the German Russian
the DAI
in N Maiotis,
investigations
the Eurasia
of
Abteilung
launched the bilingual publication series Pontus and Russian.
in German Septentrionalis have been published.
To
date
3 volumes
Patraeus has
A.P. Abramov
Elizavetovskoe The
Niznegnilovskoe A fortified settlement
confined
excavations
at the town site which
1993; Abramov (Paromov may be identified with anc. Patraeus an archaeolog In 1993, Ja.M. Paramov et al. 2005). published V.N. ical topographic 1993a). plan of the site (Paromov are conducting annual investigations and A.G Vasil'ev Taskaev are the remains of an in the bay near Patraeus. Noteworthy and a number of submerged wells extensive dam embankment and
rooms.
results
The
of investigations
carried
out
in 1949,
1961 and 1966 at theruralsettlement Kucugury 2, dating to the 6thCt BC-6th Ct AD, have been published (Bonin 2005).
Kepoi Ja.M.
Paromov
has
an
published
archaeological
plan
of
the
kurgannecropolis ofKepoi (Paromov 2003). Close toKepoi a 6m
was of the Hel burials period In Sudarev. N.I. and A.P. Medvedev by a battle scene were found N of Kepoi reliefs depicting
h. barrow
1983,
with
several
in 2002
excavated
(Savostina 1999; 2001). Phanagoria In Phanagoria well
and
as remote
terrupted, increased
but
its environs
and geophysical in recent years
Since
considerably.
Expedition Phanagoria detailed topographical
as investigations, archaeological unin have continued surveys,
has plan
been
scale and intensity have of the the director 1993, In 1993 a V.D. Kuznecov.
the
of Phanagoria
with
verified
records
of all the landplots investigatedup to and including 1989was published (Paromov 1993b).The resultsof thefieldworkof the late 1980s and thefirsthalf of the90s have been published by
ARCHAEOLOGY INTHE BLACK SEA REGION 1993-2007 A.A.
The main efforts have been (1998; 2004a). Zavojkin in the Gorod, concentrated i.e. the city, in the area of the upper terrace. In 1995, the Royal Holloway, of London University
(C. Morgan) joined the expedition and a publication project
was 3 planned volumes In 2004, excavation activities.
with
set up as a supplement the first volume devoted
The most
remarkable
discoveries
were
area in the submerged remains of a pier of the LCI period were stone blocks in its construction, used
and
2004-2007
to the
direction
in 1999-2002
made
a number
the the
of building
with fine architectural details, fragmentary and, most building and grave importantly, dedicatory Special inscriptions were found, along with pottery and coins. one are: a marble finds worthy of mention stele of Hypsikrates; fragments sculptures
of the wives
of Mithridates
for the cubicularius Sauromates Aspourgos
VI
Eupator; Julius Menestratos
II; a votive and dedicated
statue
of
to Aphrodite
a dedicatory inscription to the king of Bosporos, Eros erected by King the Lady
Ourania,
of
Apaturos (Fig. 25); a building inscriptionof 220 AD (Fig. 26) and a flagstone with
a tamga,
the family emblem
burials of the4thand 3rdCt BC have been excavated at theW necropolis excavations
of the city. Here, revealed. Between
of Sauromates
II (Kuznecov 2005; 2006; 2007a; 2007b; 2007c).
at the necropolis of Phanagoria of Several dozens consideration.
continued under
the period
to the
Attic finewarepotteryof thesitewas published (Morgan 2004).
have
Excavations during
149
under
of T.
the direction
Savyrina. resumed
were
in the E
necropolis of A.P. Medvedev. Here,
In under
2005, the
at least the same number
of
of varying types and dated to the 5th-3rd Ct BC has been stone In 2003, a robbed but fairly well-preserved investigated. in the vault of the 4th Ct BC, with a stepped roof, was revealed graves
S
necropolis
Phanagoria
in the
co-called
a lead plaque
Near of Kurgans. dated to the 3rd
Avenue a Gr
with
inscription
2ndCt BC was found accidentally (SaprykinandMaslennikov a list of 7 male
It features 2007b). barbarian. a
For
number
information
5 Gr and 2
of years,
investigations using geospatial in have been conducted technologies with the aim of finding traces of the In land demarcation 2007). (Garbuzov
system (GIS) of Phanagoria
the vicinity land tenure and
anc.
names,
personal
rescue
of kurgans of the 4th Ct BC-2nd Ct out along the route of railway construc as excavation at the Cl settlement of Vinogradnoe
addition, AD have
been
excavations
carried
tion, as well 7, headed by I.I. Marcenko. Hermonassa The
(Taman') site of anc. Hermonassa
has
and E.R.
since
Finogenova excavations
TONE P?TAAfpOAETTHloY PANfolAnAToYpoYME^EOY 2H? XAPIZXHFIO/nT
Ustaeva
been 1988.
by S.I. investigated recent years
During in 4 main areas:
theNagorny j been conducted areas. Strata dating from the SE, N and NE to the 2nd quarter of the 6th Ct BC have been and the limits of the city itself have been defined. have
(mountainous), present back
uncovered, Remains of a number
of dwellings and possibly and public as well as several of various periods, buildings a small extramural In addition, streets, have been unearthed. Due habitation block of the 4th-3rd Ct BC has been excavated.
household
to the very thick cultural layers of up to 13m, it has so far only to dig down to the bedrock in 3 of the areas. An possible
been
inscribedgrave stelewas found in 2003 (Agafonov 2006). A cemeteryof the EMed period was investigatedon a limited
0
-'' . 10
?
20
25. Phanagoria: and
Aspurgos
?_i_i base
30cm of votive
dedicated
Ja.M. Paromov has investi (2002) by V.N. Ccheidze. and composition of the kurgan burial the dimensions a topographical map. ground around the town and published scale
J statue of Eros
to Aphrodite
gated
erected
Ourania,
by King of
Lady
Gorgippia (Anapa) The
results
of the studies
were
brought
together
as been have conducted, mostly carried out by local archaeolo investigations in 2006 has a fairly large-scale of 2,000 excavation gists. Only in the revealed m2 taken place, which part of the necropolis small-scale sporadic
ArA6Hl
TYXHt\
BAIlAEYoNTolBAXIAEaZTlfeEri?ri?tfsldi PHXKoY?o0^oSY!?^rMoYBAaAEClIl?f
IT"
of Gorgippia
by E.M. Alekseeva (1997; 2002). During the lastdecade only
Apaturos
BoYITrNF?^CloAEMQKATA^APEGAN WC*lBElBlo2AXAl ,ANA2KETAIAIEK?B ^^NoY?ToYBEIBKVAoXWt>5BAhmMAXoYTWAmiTTl^?IEra^ EKTCd hEAEIAIHAJ?YttlNA A. ET1 KAIMiNLAnfll ZJ$
excavations
rescue
form of 7 burials
(A.A. Kolesnikov). of the 2nd quarter
in the centre of the town of the 5th-E4th Ct BC The necropolis was covered by urban strata
of the 4th-1st third of the 3rd Ct BC, and later strata dating to the lst-3rd Ct AD, with remains of several A burnt household dwellings, buildings, pits and pavements. as well as a stratum dated around 240 AD has been recorded,
by
rich assemblage
of pottery.
The
new
inscriptions
found
here
have been published (Smirnova2002). The statusofGorgippia
within
the Bosporos
Kingdom
has
been
studied
by A.A.
Zavojkin (2002). Other In
Taman'
1996-1997
sites small-scale
excavations
were
continued
at the
settlementsitenear Il'ic, known for itsfinds fromtheCl period
of the Tuzla Since 1995, rescue excavations Zavojkin). and Cape and underwater surveys near Cape Tuzla have been almost without conducted interruption Panagija (A.A.
26. Phanagoria: building inscriptionofAD 220 AD
necropolis
PIAGULDAGER BILDE ET AL.
150 under
of A.V
the direction
Kondrasev
Semibratnee
2005;
(Kondrasev
W of Patraeus, at Tsetskhladze andKondrashev 2001). Slightly of a settlement and a cult complex IV, excavations carried out by N.I. Sudarev and A.A. Zavojkin
Beregovoe have been
It has been
respectively (Zavojkin and Sudarev 2005). that the settlement
established
at least 45ha.
a necropolis cult complex,
and The finds
area
in its earliest
phase covered structures, household pits of the L6th-4th Ct BC have been unearthed.
Remains
of mud-brick
which
has
also
rich and remarkable yielded and votive objects, probably
as terracottas, lamps for the worship of the Eleusinian
such
served
rescue
Small
2004b). Sudarev's
team
at
site
neighbouring
(VA. the 5th Ct BC Ct
BC
of Kamennaja
the area of a t?menos with
and
were
recovered
(Goroncharovsky
in geophysical
specialized
investigations
an altar of the 3rd
A team 2005). and and surveys,
directedbyO.V Sarov in2004 and S.Ju.Vnukov in2007, joined In 2006 and 2007, T.N. area of a considerable
the investigations.
defensive residential
Smekalova
conducted
in the SW
part of the the outlines of the
has identified technique with towers, and the orthogonal layout of the quarters, as well as separately standing monumental
wall
stonebuildings (Fig. 27) (Smekalova andGoroncarovskij 2006;
In 1994, a base and Djukov 2007). Goroncarovskij fragment of a grey-ware cup with the stamp AFT in a circle was found on the surface, that it functioned either as a indicating ritual or a votive vessel (Novicichin 2006).
Smekalova,
Batarejka. In 1998
team
the Azov
of
the Taman'
N.I. carried Sudarev) in the area of a cluster of
and
Zavojkin excavations
were renewed at this site interruption, excavations Remains of a defensive wall of Goroncarovskij).
in 2001
surveys magnetic town site. This
goddesses (Zavojkin were conducted by
excavations
the
a long
After
(A.A. rescue
Expedition out limited settlements
to
dated
different periods among which were the remains of a settlement of the L6th-lst half of the 4th Ct BC, Priazovskoe 4, situated near Cape Kamennyj on the high shore of the Taman' Peninsula
In cooperation the Sea of Azov. with the DAI (U. in 2006 the State Historical Museum Schlotzhauer), (D.V. initiated excavations of a settlement at Golubickoe 2 Zuravlev) of
surveys were conducted interdisciplinary along the coast of the Achtanizovskij the Boris-and-Gleb mud Liman, including volcano. and
the now partly surveys revealed magnetic ditch and rampart encircling the site to the in the M5th Ct BC. constructed The presumably
At Golubickoe excavated
defensive were
E which
settlementitselfwas founded in the2ndhalf of the 6thCt BC,
but was Finds
the M3rd Ct BC. by a strong fire around destroyed from the fill of the ditch were and fairly numerous
coins and bone arrowheads, including objects, fragmentary pottery with graffiti. After the fire, the settlement was and continued until the turn of the 2nd and 1st reoccupied diverse,
Cts BC.
rescue
Small-scale
excavations
of burials were
near in 2006-2008 Sudarev the by N.I. Golubickoe situated further to the E along the Azov Taman' Peninsula. out
2004, a team of the State Historical Lomtadze has been conducting
Since by G A. stratified
site NW
of
the mod.
carried
townsite coast
Museum excavations
of
of the headed of
a
of Achtanizovskaja village plan of the settlement and
its 4). A detailed (Achtanizovskaja In one of the excavated has been produced. areas, surroundings pottery of the oldest period of the site's occupation (1st half of the 6th Ct BC) was unearthed. Since 2006, the central fortified section
of
been investigated, with remains of a of the 2nd-1st Ct BC, dating to the period the destruction of the settlement.
the site has
strong defensive
wall
before immediately Numerous sites have
are BA been among which investigated, of Volna. other Among kurgan burials near the mod. village in this area, finds unearthed remains of iron-smelting are noteworthy. workshops
team of the Bosporos Since of 1998, the Bugaz Expedition the Institute of the History of Material Culture, headed by Ju.A. has practically the excavation of the Vinogradov, completed settlement
of Artjuscenko
1, dated
to the LAr
and Cl
periods
(Vinogradov and Lebedeva 2005; 2007). Another team of the
same expedition, under the direction of E.Ja. Rogov and later S.V. Kasaev, has excavated the settlement of Vysesteblievskaja remains from the Hel and Med and the 11, revealing periods, necropolis
Vysesteblievskaja noteworthy. burials with
2005).
At 2, dated to the L6th-4th Ct BC. of Jewish stelae is 11, a series grave a number the necropolis, of well-preserved
of Artuscenko At
grave
goods
of the Cl
period
stands
out (Kashaev
27. Semibratnee:
Northern
aerial
photo
and magnetic
of the site
map
Caucasus
Since 1998 theGelendzik-Novorossijsk Expedition has been
headed
by A.A. Malysev, the Raevskoe settlement,
who
conducts
annual
Kuban (Malysev 1995; 2000; Malyshev 2007). 2007
were
excavations
one of the key fortresses
at
on the River
From 2000
of the defences of Raevskoe investigations survey in the valley of the River Bedricka, a system of settlements. In addition, revealed
archaeological A conducted.
S of Raevskoe,
of the Krasnobatarejnoe investigations were Liman settlements initiated.
and
Borisenkov
at surveys Magnetic Raevskoe and Krasnobatarejnoe T.N. Smekalova revealed by traces of a strong fire the defensive walls and a tower with
et al. In collaboration with A.V 1999). (Aleksandrovskij has conducted Dmitriev, A.A. Malysev surveys and excavations
ARCHAEOLOGY INTHE BLACK SEA REGION 1993-2007 of the necorpoleis and surroundings and
necropolis
sites
Vickers
in the area between
Motzenb?cker
conducted
rescue
necropolis
near
a Cl
of
excavations
An
and Gelendzik.
Anapa
expedition of the Novorossijsk Museum
(A.V Sislov) has
and
flat grave In 2008,
Byz
the village of Juznaja Ozerejka. rescue excavations were carried and small-scale
surveys a team of the East
out by of Gr
at a number Expedition Bosporos in the region of Gelendzik and O.D. (N.I. Sudarev
sites
period
Project, led byA. Kakhidze (Batumi) in collaborationwithM.
in the Cemesskaja of various periods Valley of Novorossijsk, site including the long-lived of Myschako and E.I. (jointly with A.N. Gej
Savcenko, 1990-1991, 2000). Myschako is the largestof the Gr-period
The (Oxford). have conducted
T?bingen
In the first years of the period under discussion, Georgia suffered from civil war and, consequently, shortage of fuel, food and other basic necessities. This affected the archaeolog
so that almost ical community, cations could be undertaken. The main
institution
no major
conducting
or publi
excavations
fieldwork
archaeological
is
of Sciences, in which carries out work Academy several counties. The Georgian National Museum is the head of a network of museums, which take care of the cultural The current director is D. Lordkipanidze, heritage of Georgia. the Georgian
the former excavator
at Dmanissi.
Teaching
of Cl
is
subjects
the responsibilityof Tbilisi State University's Department of
as its Director. Studies, with Prof. R. Gordesiani the institute's homepage (www.greekstudies.caucasus.net) further information.
Classical
In general, fieldwork archaeological report (Kacharava given in the previous the local archaeologists have continued The
later
1990s
and Georgian
saw
several
followed
1990-1991). their projects
collaborations
A notable
researchers.
has
between
example
See
for
The
languages.
Most
of
until now. Western
is the Pichvnari
1997; Furtw?ngler, Knau?
construction
in 2002-2005
pipeline
economic
Kobuleti/ Batumi Gonio
28. Georgia
i
i
fcPichvn?r
in Georgian,
in Western
offered a pipeline project to Georgian This archaeology. situation led to a much needed
The
museums and sites. An archaeological to write a general survey of the Gr and Rom was made in 1994 (Braund by D. Braund
1994). New
periodicals 1999,
Dziebani
Archaeological This journal,
Studies
has
Journal been
of
issued
the
Centre
for a year. the provides twice
roughly
with volumes, supplementary and most complete quickest insight into Georgian ical projects and fieldwork. ithas replaced Thus,
archaeolog the series PAI
(PolevyeArchaeologiceskie Issledovanija) fromthe 1970s and
1980s, covering all PH, are written in Georgian, international
languages,
The articles antique and Med periods. but due to figures and summaries in Dziebani is a most important working
tool. Since 2004, and published completely in English, the
Journal
of Georgian
Archaeology
is a supplement
to Dziebani.
Since 1999, theDepartment of Classical Studies of theTbilisi has
University
published
the
international
PHASIS, accompanied by the journal LOGOS
journal
since 2003.
written
the Batumi
In
most Batumi Museum, being Georgia's Sea port, released its own series of reports, important Black Batumi Archaeological Museum. The Works. The articles are 2000,
in Georgian,
with English
Poti iVani
and
and others; Korfrnann From 1998 onwards, new
Gora
or Russian
kEshera
Black Sea
and
of the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan oil a series of rescue excavations
made
its route. along amount of money
important attempt history of Georgia
State
the lines
of Halle
sites in E Georgia
1999; 2004 for Naomari Gora). local publications have appeared, mostly written but regularly furnished with short summaries
Since
theOtar Lordkipanidze Centre forArchaeological Research of
at EIA
et al.
the improved reconstruction of
(Fig. 28)
universities
excavations
1998 for Ciskaraant
and
GEORGIA
German
(Furtw?ngler and Knau?
necessary substantial
Cevelev).
151
Izkh?taV TbilisiXom?i
?mbati #^ U?ra
summaries.
PIAGULDAGER BILDE ET AL.
152
Vani
Eshera From
at the settlement
excavations
2003-2006,
of Eshera
N
of
Suchumiwere carriedout by the expeditionsof theAbkhazian Institutefor Humanities Research (Suchumi) and the State Museum ofOrientalArt (Moscow) (Erlichet al. inprint).A layer debrisdating to the 1stquarterof the6thCt BC was of construction The pottery contained a number of E Gr vessels including a L Kolchian inWild Goat dating necropolis Style. Nearby,
found. some
from theend of the5 -1st half of the4thCt BC was investigated. site from theHel period intheE partof thefortified Constructions have
been
An
examined. hill was
Verescagin
also
indigenous investigated.
on
settlement
Both
sites were
the nearby destroyed
Ct BC and ceased to exist. by fire in the 1st Remains of a richwarriorburial dated to theAr periodwere discovered SE ofEshera byKutyscha in2005. The assemblage a very interesting cuirass consisting of a breast-piece bronze sheet and 3,000 oval bronze from a hammered
contained
made
scales, eachwith 2 holes. This is thefirstfind of itskind in the
an iron axe, an akinaks with the cuirass, Together of 2 E of iron were found. Fragments dagger and arrowheads a date in Gr rosette bowls were found in the tomb, suggesting region.
the 1sthalf of the 6thCt BC (V.R. Erlich et al. http://www.
arcaucasica.ni/index.php3?path=_english/publication_report& source=erlikh_elite_assemblages). Phasis The Gr colony
was
of Phasis
founded
probably
the end
towards
of the7thCt BC byMilesian colonists. Severalmissions have triedtofind remainsof thecity,but have faileddue to thevery
maritime complicated Poti wetland of mod.
and
alluvial
conditions
the mouth
and
of the River
in the coastal Rioni.
the period
During
report, excavation was carried on at the Several of Vani. richly exceptional the administrational earlier witness excavated under site
Kolchian major furnished burials
and probably religious importanceof thesitefrom the5thCt BC grave 24, was and Kvirkvelia
In 2004, another spectacular burial, in the settlement of Vani (Kacharava
onwards.
discovered
2008, 175) (Fig. 29). It can be dated to the later4thCt BC by
a tpq after 330. According a Pantikapaian to the coin providing position of the grave goods and skeletal remains, 5 individuals can be distinguished. An and a horse richly enormously into the grave. He 'lord' was followed by 4 'servants' equipped
was
in a
clad
innumerable
with adorned garment beads. Additionally,
glass
gold he
appliqu?s a wore
and
large in the
and bracelets of granulated golden jewellery scene style. A silver belt decorated with a symposium as well as a the corpse, and an iron spearhead lay near for and Gr clay vessels of silver, bronze collection designed A Neo-Babylonian seal is a particu aristocratic banqueting. collection
Persian
the connection of the that witnesses object larly remarkable to administration. the Achaemenid deceased imperial of the Persian Empire were Governmental certainly practices
new finds underline the precious centre with indigenous independent to the Greeks and even more so with the Persian
in Kolchis.
imitated position
of Vani
wooden
settlement
The
as
an
strong contacts It is important to note that Vani was neither a Gr colony world. nor part of the Persian Empire. The prosperous period of the 4th of the, until then, the transformation Ct BC just predates into a sanctuary
site with
impressive
stone
architecture.
The
best suggestionfor the city's location is still thebank of Lake or somewhere
Paliastomi
ruins of its waters, where found, as already reported by D.
underneath
the L antique period have been Kacharava (1990-1991, 79). Pichvnari
foremost dated to the in the necropolis of Pichvnari, the 5th-4th Ct BC, has been continued as a joint venture between and the Ashmolean Museum Batumi Archaeological Museum, Excavation
University of Oxford. A bilingual publicationwas issued in 2004 (Vickers andKakhidze 2004). Following the traditional of the parts separated geographically been identified as different burial areas for a
2
interpretation, have
necropolis Kolchian
at the site. As the differences and a Gr community are not very strict and the internal the grave goods structure of the large settlement itself remains practically some criticism. this interpretation has met with unknown, between
the documentation
Nevertheless,
of 300
burials
from
the Cl,
29. Vani: the rich grave 24 dated to the later 4th Ct BC in the settlement
discovered
in 2004
Hel and LRom periods offersthebestmaterial forsocial studies so
far available
to the one
volume
recent additional in the region. The most cited above refers to the results of 20 years
of excavation prior to 1987 (Kakhidze 2007). Unfortunately the text ismostly
written
in Georgian.
Apsaros (Gonio) In a jointGeorgian andGerman project (Universityof Jena) the Rom
fortress
mapping
near Batumi, Apsaros in Cl and Byz and excavated 2005, (Plontke-L?ning important outcome of the project is the accurate
of Gonio
times, has been 133). The most
explored
of the fortress
and
its surroundings.
The
site was
settledfrom the 8^-7* Ct BC untilOt times,but certainlyhad
period onwards, when the castrum was built as part of the E Rom defence To date, the system. of the recent fieldwork are those by A. Geyer main publications its heyday
from
the Neronian
and S. Mamuladze (2002); andA. Plontke-L?ning (2005).
Atskuri Under
the direction
of V
Licheli,
excavations
have
continued
in
thecomplicated siteofAtskuri inS Georgia (Licheli 2007, 55). Ct BC and the4thand 3thCts Only graves dating to the7th-E6th have
been
observed
so far. Architectural
remains
are restricted
to theperiod of the6^-4* Ct, which correspondsroughlyto the
Achaemenid
times. Most prestigious
in later Hel and occur again period, are a number of grave goods remarkable
Persian
items
in cheaper
materials,
and Rom
such
that copy as clay
copies of anAchaemenid phiale and an ovoid flask originally
in precious metal, as well as several designed stones with indigenous motives. Obviously,
sits at a major the upper Kura Valley, which Sea and the Persian between the Black Transcaucasia,
attempted
to use
Persian
seal locally made the inhabitants of connection
route
in E province symbols and customs
ARCHAEOLOGY INTHE BLACK SEA REGION 1993-2007 at the lowest
level.
imaginable
they had
Nevertheless,
access
to a littleGr bf and bg potteryas well, brought infrom the coast.
Kolchian
in her 50s grave of an elderly woman the foundations of the Svetitskhoveli
In 2001, the remarkable discovered under
was
in Mzkheta, the anc. capital of E Georgia. By her a portrait, title and name she has been signet ring bearing identified as a queen. in the grave with her were Bestowed vessels made cosmetic of jade and a unique, golden jewellery, large silver-gilt pencil case. On its front it shows the 9 Muses
Cathedral
in high relief and on its back Homer, Menander
Demosthenes
and
a balcony-like in which the pocket The flat body of the case, with inserted.
decorate
ink pot was
golden
silverquill pens inside, can be closed by a golden lidwith an
? jour. The inscription informs us that the to the kings Ustamos and Eugenios who are object belonged otherwise unattested. The burial can be dated roughly to the inscription worked
3rd-4th Ct
even
AD,
the
Unfortunately yet.
publication
if some
are certainly older. objects not entered international
has
grave
Preliminary
information
at www.
is available
magticom.ge/magazine/2002-4/2002-4-7.html. Gumbati In
a
1996,
team
40m
unique Gurjaani at least
x
a the University of Halle excavated near at Gumbati mud-brick building Its characteristic plan and fragments of
from 40m
in E Georgia. 5 bell-shaped
Achaemenid
column
residence
a genuine suggest for a minor local
bases
probably
governor (Fig. 30). According the dating of the pottery finds,
built
to the architectural
the small
style and
was
palace
probably
constructedat the end of the 5thor thebeginning of the4thCt
BC.
Similar
discovered
and
even
at Sari Tepe
much larger and Qaradjamirli
structures
have
inAzerbaijan,
been
as well
as at Benjamin inArmenia (Knauss 2006, 104). Togetherwith the
Achaemenid
palaces
at
Eribouni
(Erevan)
and
Argishtichinili (Artvin), theyform theadministrativenetwork of the 13thPersian districtmentioned by Herodotos (3.93).
FSK_-.-?-" 30. Gumbati:
TURKEY N
Turkey Black Sea
Mzkheta
reconstruction
of the Persian
palace
still remains area.
one
of the least explored parts very few investigations
while
However,
of the were
carriedout throughout much of the20thCt, thingshave begun
to change over the past 15 years when a number of excavation In addition to the and survey projects have been initiated. coastal in included cities, a number of inland sites have been this report since the area in the Hel and Rom periods clearly formed part of the same political entity. on the Pontic Kingdom Three and important monographs VI in particular have appeared Mithridates (Ballesteros-Pastor
1996; Saprykin 1996d; Erciyas 2006). The first2 mainly treat
the literary sources, while the latter incorporates material and recent survey results.
archaeological
The bibliography by O. Tekin (1993) includes previous numismatic studies inN Turkey. F. de Callatay's (1997) study
of the coinage of Mithridates VI has revealed a clear correlation between the frequency of issues and military activities during
theMithridaticWars. Callatay (2005) has also made important
to the study of the bronze municipal coins of the classifica cities, adding new types to Imhoof-Blumer's a new dating scheme. Coins of the Gr cities tion and proposing
contributions Pontic
are included in thepublications of theBritishMuseum (Price 1993) and theStancombCollection (Stancomb2000), while the
Rom
coin in the ongoing Roman Provincial types appear Coinage project (online database: http://rpc.ashmus.ox.ac.uk/). A fine, well-illustrated to Rom introduction rule in the of Pontus and provinces (2003), who has also made
is offered by C. Marek Bithynia an in-depth study of the cities and
theirterritories(1993). The BithynianKingdom is treatedby Gabelko (2005). Trapezous Salvage elements
(Trabzon) excavation dated
in the city has revealed architectural to the 2nd-4th Ct AD: bases, architraves, friezes
and a Corinthian capital (Kaya 1999). The most interesting
find
is an over
identified
~ ^^.
153
?^-^|
life-size
by the excavator
Hel
bronze
as Hermes.
statue
of a young
male,
PIAGULDAGER BILDE ET AL.
154 The
area
E
of Trabzon
structural
surviving
to record the been surveyed for the Rom and EByz military Itwas established and Bryer 1997). has
evidence
in the area (Crow presence that the most likely site of Hyssos was at Arakh Kalesi.
visited
Limen,
by Arr?anos,
In 2004, under the direction of D. Burcu Erciyas investigations were site of Komana the supposed around Pontike, begun The visible remains 9km NE of Tokat. located at Hamamtepe on
been
the hill have conducted
on the surface.
and a geophysical been mapped, survey has not visible to determine the extent of buildings Surface finds are Byz or later, but investigations
In the vicinity trench also yielded Rom material. were identified and a hexagonal of the hill, Rom necropoleis area is also rich in Byz pool also dating to the Rom period. The and Kalayci remains; among these 2 basilicas (Erciyas, S?kmen of a looter's
A corpus of the Rom 2007; www.komana.org). and Komana has been prepared by M. Amandry
coins B.
of
R?my
(1999). Amaseia
(Amasya) different has considered French the 1990s, D. to in 'Amasian Notes'. Amaseia his related aspects epigraphical
Throughout
interest is no. 5 (French particular t?menos of Zeus Stratios at Yassi?al. The
Of
the 1996) concerning site was first described
by Cumont in 1901, but French offersthefirstsketchdrawing
with
the location
villages, Amaseia with
of the 32
which,
according The exclusively.
an entrance
a
large 40m altar similar
to the NE.
and
regions inscriptions, mentioning to the territory of to French, belonged site has a perimeter wall of 150m di. In the centre
x 40m
is what
to be appears a monumental
held that probably podium to the one seen on the coins of Amaseia.
No
prior to the Rom period were found at the site. At around the city, the museum several places rescue excavations of the Rom necropoleis. undertaken most with
tetrastyle
and columns (C) a portico without pediments; columns and archivolt top; and (E) a portico without of the tombs seems to at the top. The chronological sequence the architectural be A, C, B, D and E. Somewhat surprisingly, with
seem to move from a purely Gr style in the 3rd Ct development the Pontic to a more local BC style in the 2nd Ct, when
Pontike
Komana
(A) a hexastyle porticowith pediment; (B and D)
porticos rounded
finds has The
common chamber tomb, sometimes type is the vaulted The associated finds frescos, but cist graves occur as well.
date to the 2nd-4thCt AD (Eski ?amlar: Y?ce 1995; Uygur: Y?ce and?zdemir 2000; Kur?unlu: Doganba? 2002). From 2002, R. Fleischer has led a small team investigating the city. Elevations, the royal tombs above plans and sections have been made, and, based on the cuttings in the rock, it has of the tombs to establish the original appearance been possible
(Fig. 31). The 5 tombsnumberedA-E fromrightto lefthad:
increasingly Hellenized
became
Kingdom
(Fleischer
forthcoming).
Fleischer (2005) has furthermore managed to solve finally the puzzle of the inscriptionson theMirror Tomb (Aynah
below, read: Tr)? Me[v]?v5pou. S.
Ireland from
coins
2 inscriptions, from later use
The outside Amasya. the entrance and the one
Magara) above
and kcci 'Hy?Oeos
| apxHl?P??s
has (2000) the museum
the original the tomb
of
the extensive published in Amasya, which was
|
collection
of
reopened
in
after renovation.
2006
Euchaita (Bey?z?) In 2007, a survey under the direction a
season
was project around anc. Euchaita and H. Elton. of J. Haldon During
number
of
spolia,
the first
were including inscriptions, scatters in the vicinity revealed
in the city, and survey from the PH to the LRom
recorded of pottery
initiated
period.
Amisos (Samsun)
A
in English, in Turkish with a summary of Amisos, recent archaeological work, was published by S. trenches were of Karasamsun, On the acropolis (1997). further in the 1990s, revealing within the military base
history
covering Atasoy opened mosaics
also
to LRom and pottery from the LCI period. find inAmisos is that of the most spectacular Undoubtedly a rich undisturbed in tomb discovered during road construction
The tomb chamber, measuring 1995 (Erciyas 2006, 67-115). cut into the limestone and had 5 rectangular 5m x 5m, was to the cut into the bedrock Access 3 walls. graves along a chamber was through a hole on the E side of the roof, where
a door marked the entrance wall with (Fig. 32). interred in of only 3 skeletons were found, probably to the E3rd Ct BC, The grave goods, datable wooden chests. a glass bowl and phiale, an inkwell type alabastra, comprised is the extraor lamp and incense burners, but, most remarkable, a fine necklaces, wreath, including jewellery, dinarily gold retaining Remains
earrings
with
figures
of Eros
cloth appliqu?s (Fig. 33).
and Nike,
several
bracelets
and
few have turned up in controlled excavations, Although in the of terracottas Amisos evidently had a large production as shown by the study of L. Summerer Hel period, (1999). are clearly among the themes and theatrical masks Dionysiac in most favoured motifs. This may reflect the use of Dionysos of Mithridates
the propaganda Dionysos'. Several out
extensive
in the central
VI, who
took
the epithet
surveys and site visits have been Samsun Black Sea region around
'Neos carried (briefly
presented inBelli 2001 with bibliographies), but theprojects on the PH period and focus primarily on the Gr and Rom material. comments
tkiztepe
At
tkiztepe
near
Bafra,
a
tumulus
with
only
a
offer
sporadic
dromos
and
2
chambers, dated to the 1sthalf of the 3rdCt BC, has been excavated. posthumous recovered. 31. Amaseia:
reconstruction
of the earliest
of the royal
tombs
The
been robbed, but a Lysimachean stater and Hel pottery were gold also revealed LIA pottery similar to excavation tomb
had
Alexander The
thatfound atAkalan (Bilgi 1999, 27-54).
155
ARCHAEOLOGY INTHE BLACK SEA REGION 1993-2007 Pompeiopolis (Ta?k?pr?)
were at Pompeiopolis initiated under the investigations A topographical of L. Summerer. map of the plateau of Zimbilh Tepe, NW of the mod. showing city, was produced, fortress. further than the LRom that the city extended much
In 2006, direction
80m survey has identified the forum, measuring to the forum is a it. Next surrounding porticos a gymnasium and an with 2 building phases, possibly revealed To the W, excavations part of a bath with
Geomagnetic x 100m with building odeion. hypocaust
and,
to the E, part of a villa with mosaics
to
dating
theL4th-E5thCt AD. Although plentyof strayfinds testifyto
the stratified structures in the 1st and 2nd Cts AD, activity new to the L antique Three all belong excavated period. honorary inscriptions have been found, one for Gn. Claudius
H JJil ? ?
?
32. Amisos: tombfound in 1995
and another the son-in-law of Marcus Severus, Aurelius, a member The of the Severan last, on a dynasty. honouring a on at least 3 sides, honours inscribed pillar monument
an office previously The inscrip unattested. Paphlagoniarch, in of expenditures tions on the sides seem to be an account with
connection
a
festival
(http://www.klass-archaeologie.
lmu.de/Pompeiopolis/pom_index_de.html).
Hadrianopolis Between
Sinope (Sinop)
In the vicinity of Sinop, several amphora workshops have been and between 1993 and 1997, Y Garlan excavated. On Boztepe 2 kiln sites at excavated the director of the museum, ?. Tathcan,
Zeytinlik, recoveringhundreds of stamps all belonging to the E3rdCt BC. In 1996,anotherkiln,withmaterial of theL3rdand E2ndCt BC, was revealed atNisik?y, 3km fromthecity (Garlan and
Tathcan
excavations 1994-1997
a geophysical survey, Following 14km S of Sinop were conducted from and Tathcan 1996; Kassab-Tezg?r (Kassab-Tezg?r 1998). at Demirci
1998) and again in 2000 (Kassab-Tezg?r and Dereli 2001), several
revealing
kilns.
from a small workshop
Apart
active
in
the later4thCt BC, theworkshops functionedfrom the 3rdCt
AD
and possibly LRom uncovered
excavation
into the 6th. Rescue
mosaics,
polychrome
one
in the city has of which had a
diamond-shaped panel with a female bust labelled TPYOH (http://www.cca.unimelb.edu.au/community/Events/PAPHLA
GONIA-PONTUS-abstracts.pdf).
In 1996 the Sinop Regional Archaeological Project was initiatedunder the leadershipofO. Doonan (2004). Extensive
survey and 1997-1999
at Sinop investigations intensive survey was
itself were
carried
out
and from made, in the Demirci
intensive the aim
(Eskipazar)
R. and 2001, surveys in the ?ankin of establishing the 1997
Matthews long-term
Project Paphlagonia identifiedabout 300 sites,many of them
the Rom period had a with Gr and Rom material. Particularly, and settlement pattern across the entire landscape, widespread a clear hierarchy of sites, ranging from small hamlets to large towns such as Hadrianopolis which has and Antoninopolis, located
been
at Kizillar
(Matthews,
Pollard
and Ramage
mosaics
excavated
showing personifications in 2003. by themuseum
of 4
Since
by E. Lafli have revealed a largeLRom bath building and a 6th Ct AD geometric mosaics (A) with well-preserved in square frames. Two of animals inscriptions depictions the name of the dedicator.
basilica with
give now At Kimistene, the NE of Hadrianopolis,
from illegal excavations revealed Phrygian
have
10km to through inscriptions, were recorded. monuments Trenches
identified around Grey
the podium Ware
of the Rom
pottery
edu.tr/paphlagonia/index.html).
use of the period are characterized by extensive lands in the valleys for the cultivation, presumably,
The inscriptionsfrom Sinope have been published by D.
a
Sinope
is a stele with The most important new addition 3 3-line of a treaty between inscription complete dated 353/352 and the tyrant family of Herakleia,
(2004).
nearly
346/345 BC. considerable
Stamped amphorae from Sinope have received
interest
from
scholars,
most
notably
Y.
Garlan
(2004), N. Conovici (1998) and N. Fedoseev (1999), who
a novel dating scheme. propose of renovation, After several years in 2006. reopened
the
local
museum
At ?iftlik, 10km S of Sinop, an EByz (4th-5th Ct AD), 3
aisled
washed
basilica away
with
by
geometric the sea, was
mosaics, surveyed,
and studiedfrom 1993-2000 (Hill 1998).
in danger
excavated,
of being
protected
rivers, was excavations led
biblical
2005,
area in the IA and Cl period,while theHel period and particu
French
1998).
At Hadrianopolis an EByz basilica (B), with 6l Ct AD
More than 170 sites and on Boztepe. the Karasu Valley to the Ot period were The recorded. dating from the Neo of sites in the coastal settlement pattern shows a contraction larly the Rom
and
with provinces, settlement patterns.
Valley,
agricultural of olives.
extensive
led
and Karabuk
33.Amisos: gold bracelet found in the tomb
temple
(http://web.deu.
PIAGULDAGER BILDE ET AL.
156 Tieion In 2006 centre, surface
and 2007, S. Atasoy conducted in the city excavations the necropolis, the theatre and on the acropolis, and and geomagnetic surveys have also been carried out.
Sherds of black and red figured ceramics were recovered on the and in the city centre 2 Rom baths and 3 paved acropolis, streets were uncovered. Amastris
(Amasra) in Amasra, initiated in the late 1980s, were Investigations continued. The Hel foundations of the city wall, of consisting courses of squared blocks of limestone, were identified in was Rescue excavation carried out in a large places. were found. bath and 2 pools with associated hypocausts at different the W 2 sets of quays harbour levels were
several Rom In
the Cl identified, indicating a sea level rise of ca. lm between and the LByz level, period. As the Byz quays are at the mod. an outlet there seem to have been little change since then. Also, for a water channel was exposed, possibly the one described by
?i ?
Pliny theYounger (Hill 1994). In 1993, 4 marble statues,one of thema cuirassed imperialstatue,possiblyHadrian (Fig. 34), the others
of local dignitaries,
were
work.
Herakleia
found during
construction
(Eregli)
have been carried out at Herakleia, but 2 on the city have appeared: an S. Saprykin monographs (1997), translation and adaptation of his book in Russian from English No
excavations
1986; and A. Bittner translation of Memnon
types. Furthermore, tural fragments and
also features a German (1998), which and an appendix of the pre-Rom coin
k.>.
the anc. stelae,
architec remains, predominantly have been catalogued by T. Akkaya
A* i
(1994). The inscriptionsofHerakleia have been published by L. Jonnes (1994), with a prosopography by W Ameling. Surprisingly, Rom period.
no
inscriptions
seem
The
stamped
amphorae
to have
survived
from Herakleia
prior to the have been
studiedbyKac (2003; 2007), who offersa revised chronology.
N, 34. Amastris:
marble
statue, possibly
Hadrian
>v;
ARCHAEOLOGY INTHE BLACK SEA REGION 1993-2007 ABBREVIATIONS AA
Archaeologia
Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to
Acta Hyperborea
ADU AIK
in Danish Studies Hyperborea. Classical Archaeology. Copenhagen. v Ukra?ni. doslidzennja Archeologicni Kiev. Simferopol. mir
AMA antiqua
Anticnyj Anatolia
AO
i archeologija.
Archeologiceski Sofia. Archeologicni Kiev.
ArcheologiaSofia
Archeologia.
Archeologia
Archeologia. archeologii
Warsz
akademii
A rcheologijaKiiv
Arch Vesti
KSIA
vesti. St Petersburg. v Ukra?ni. vidkryttja
BAR
BritishArchaeological Reports. Oxford
Bosplssl
Bosporskie Kerch.
BospSbor BSS
Bosporskij Black Sea
BullEp CCA
Bulletin ?pigraphique, inREG, 1888
cisarajskij istoriko-archeologiceskij sbornik. Simferopol.
Chiron.
Simferopol,
AC
Epigraphica
Anatolica
EurAnt
Eurasia
Historia
Historia.
NumEpigr
din
IAB IAIAND
Hyperboreus.
Alte
ICEM
Tulcea.
Eco-Museal
i epigrafika.
des
The
Journal
Moscow.
e?udes grecques.
Rossijskaja
archeologija.
Institute issle Donu.
Russian Research
Bucharest. arheologie. Siudii cercei?ri ?i Bucharest.
SEG Supplemen?um Leiden. St
of Sciences. of
Bucharest.
Museum, Chronicle.
PAVPeierburgskij archeologiceskij vesinik
SCN
Gesch
Academy.
Institute of Archaeology,
Historical
Numizmatika
REG Revue
SM?BMIX.l
Istoricesko-archeologiceskie v g. Azove i na Niznem dovanija
Academy Institute
of National History and
The Numismatic
f?r
Azov.
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antiken
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K.I. 2004a. Zajceva, Svincovye izdelija v vide golovok bykov, baranov i sekir iz Ol'vii, Bosplssl 1, 356-90. ? 2004b. vv. do n. e. mestnogo IV?II izdelija Svincovye in: G.V M.M. Ol'vii', proizvodstva Vilinbachov, Dandamaeva and A.A. Trofimova (eds), Ellinisticeskie studii v Ermitaze. St Petersburg, 120-49. V.M. 1995. Novaja nachodka monety iz Kerkinitidy, Zaskoka, 152.
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ArcheologijaKiiv
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2007b. The ScythianNeapolis and Greek culture of the northernBlack Sea region in the 2nd centuryBC, in:
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2005, 259-73. 2007a. Ochrannye issledovanija mogil'nikov pozdnean v Bachcisarajskom i Tenistoe ticnogo vremeni Tas-Tepe rajone, AIK 1995 g., 57.
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an historical-archaeolog ical essay, in: Tsetskhladze 149-75. 2001, v. n.e. Moscow. 2003. Pricernomor skie amfory I v. do n.e.-II 2005. Raboty na gorodisce Kara-Tobe Saki v 2004 g., g. pod ADU 2003-2004 rr., 87-89. u g. Saki, AIK 1995 g., 30-31. 2007. Raskopki
?
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8, 207-11. 1999g.,/YF# 2001. The north-western Crimea:
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?
chronologiceskich ramkach kizil-kobinskoj
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?
?
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gosudarstv
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?
?
Rybozasolocnye kompleksy chory Ross A 4, 154-70. Bospora, Evropejskogo v 1998. Archeologiceskie urocisca Artezian pamjatniki
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2003,
800-01
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20b
22
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J.M. Hojte
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and Kvirkvelia
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Adame?teanu
J.N. Nieling T.N.
and A. Karjaka
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Smekalova
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10,
28 27
https://webtearn.ox.ac.uk/site/human/classics/teaching/ca/gksc 6 ulp/sculpture/LecturelO.ppt Zajcev
et al. 2005a,
fig. 68
18
15
173
RECENT ACQUISITIONS AND CONSERVATION OF ANTIQUITIES AT THE URE MUSEUM, UNIVERSITY OF READING 2004-2008 The Ure Museum
in the Department of Archaeology, has of Reading, experienced
of Greek
at
the University of a renaissance
Classics
It acquired in the 3rdmillennium. something in 2008. status as a registered museum in 2001 and accreditation a bespoke since 2002 web-accessible database It has boasted a
and
designed
professionally
website
in 2005
2004
since
its physical
display Finally, (www.reading.ac.uk/ure). was completely the existence of theMuseum redesigned. While to known have and some of its collections long been well thanks to the tireless efforts of Percy and scholars of Gr vases
The brownish-blackslip (which lends itselfto thealternate
in the Maroni used by H.B. Walters 'black ware', terminology, Excavations in Cyprus H.B. Walters, tomb lists (Notes and 1897 Maroni Excavations 1895-97. [London, Tomb-Lists) British Museum, of Greek and Roman Antiquities, Department
65a]) has been severely eroded from the surface. Manuscript are still visible the and below Some fingerprint marks above snakes, applied
areas where the craftsman indicating to the body. the plastic decoration
would
have
Annie Ure in thefirsthalf of the20thCt, includingtheir 1954 Vasorum
of Corpus
publication
Great
Antiquorum.
Britain
12.
UniversityofReading (London,OxfordUniversityPress, 1954), AR 9 (1962-1963) and some listingsinBeazley and Trendall's volumes ed.
(see
[Oxford,
Attic Red-figure J.D. Beazley, Clarendon Press, 1963], A.D.
2nd Vase-painters, and A. Trendall
Cambitoglou, The Red-figured Vases of Apulia Clarendon
Press,
1978-1982],
A.D.
[Oxford,
The Red-figured (Oxford, Clarendon
Trendall,
Vases of Lucania, and Sicily Campania Even remains unknown. much of the collection Press, 1967) of fragments, in the 1960s, after all, the publication lamps and And the Ures, remained ceramics unfashionable. Cypriote
experts inGr pottery,were little interestedin publishing the Egyptian artefacts (approximately a 5th of the displayed and other non-ceramic artefacts. As part of the Ure staff and students of Reading renaissance, University are researching treasures: its hidden and gradually publishing
collection) Museum's A.C.
Smith,
Corpus
Vasorum
Antiquorum.
Great
Britain
23.
ReadingMuseum Service (ReadingBorough Council) (Oxford, Oxford
most
Press, 2007) documents more than 150 vases, University Service in the Ure Museum, from the Reading Museum
(Reading Borough Council); a forthcomingfascicule of the Corpus of Cypriote Antiquities will catalogue the Cypriote holdings Vasorum the Ure discussed
of Corpus in the Ure Museum; and another volume will detail approximately 200 holdings of Antiquorum The items Museum that are hitherto unpublished.
however, are those that have been acquired by since 2004, as well a sample of the 19 Coptic out of storage, have been brought fragments, which
below, the Ure Museum
textile
conserved
by the Textile
Conservation
Centre
inWinchester
and
are now displayed in theUre Museum (since 2005).
1.Right side view of handmade Cypriote jug (2004.10.1)
RECENT ACQUISITIONS 2004.10.1 (Figs 1, 2). Handmade Cypriote jug. H. 21.2cm; ca. 1300-1100 BC ring I ware, in the collection of R. Crowhurst; II). Formerly (LCypriote donated by the Chichester District Museum. The shape, with flaring lip, tubular neck, ribbon handle
maximum
di.
12.6cm.
Base
attached from the middle of the neck to the shoulder, bulbous the higher footed and anticipates body and short ring base, consists of 2 Plastic decoration smaller base ring ware flasks. the middle of the neck, 2 stylized snakes across rings around
the shoulder,terminatinginpointed heads (each with 2 round
eyes) on either side of a vertical line. The latter element recalls
a wavy vertical loop enclosing the stylized (and meaningless)
in copied from the Egyptians element might Egyptianizing then this might argue for have been borrowed by the Cypriotes, a later date in the range provided above. 'cartouches'
that the Phoenicians
the 12thCt.
If such a Phoenician
2. Detail of thefront of handmade Cypriote jug (2004.10.1), showing
applied
snakes
on either side of a 'cartouche'
176
A.C.
SMITH
see M. parallels, de l'Universit? chypriotes For
Fortin, Laval
Canada). (Qu?bec, fran?aise inMediterranean 16. Studies
Les
collections
et du Mus?e
d'antiquit?s de
l'Am?rique
Antiquities of Cypriote P. 20.16 Archaeology (G?teborg, in J. Johnson, Maroni de Chypre. Studies Astr?m, 1996); P. 59 Mediterranean Astr?m, 1980), Archaeology (G?teborg, pi.
17.70;
P. Astr?m,
The Late
Corpus
Cypriote
Bronze
Age.
Swedish
Cyprus Expedition 4.1c (Lund, Swedish Cyprus Expedition, 153, fig. 49.2.
1972),
rf stemless cup. H. 4.6cm; w. Paestan BC; attributed to the LCI, ca. 350-325 On loan from Sally and Terry Fox. Group. early Apulianizing from rim at The shape stemless cup with bowl separated a carination handles and clay and elaborate squared - are Yet the reddish-brown Paestan. micaceous style typically L.2005.7.1
(Figs 3, 4). handles 25.4cm.
across
in terms of: characteristic is strongly Apulianizing a hovering matter Eros on the interior and includes
subject on one
on the other exterior side, exterior side, and a rushing maiden each figure with curly hair emerging from a sphendone; vegetal treatment of drapery; and frequent use of wg, some decoration;
with
added
yellow.
5. Core-formed
3. Paestan
4. Detail woman
cup
of
glass
alabastron
(2005.9.1)
(L.2005.7.1)
exterior
of Paestan
cup
(L.2005.7.1),
showing
6. Obverse
of silver
tetradrachm
of Herakles
wearing
a lion skin
7. Reverse enthroned
of
silver
tetradrachm
(2006.6.1),
(2006.6.1),
showing
the head
showing
Zeus,
RECENT ACQUISITIONS AND CONSERVATIONAT THE URE MUSEUM 2005.9.1 with
blue
12.6cm.
Core-formed decorated alabastron, (Fig. 5). glass and white zigzags in a counter-clockwise trail. H. ca. M4 Said to have been found -L3rd Ct BC. EHel,
in Egypt. in theMustaki Collection. Purchased from Formerly Charles Ede Ltd, through a bequest from Rosemary Chapman and an anonymous donor. The
has an applied
alabastron
broad
horizontal
rim disk
that
taper and slopes sharply to a cylindrical neck, with a downward an angled join with convex shoulders, at the top of a cylindrical to a rounded bottom. Two each body, broadening lug handles,
to the sides. This trails, are applied longish unevenly toMediterranean II. 1, as articulated shape corresponds Group Hills (New York, Hudson by D.F. Grose, Early Ancient Glass Press in association with the Toledo Museum of Art, 1989),
with
127, following D.B. Harden, Catalogue of Greek and Roman in the British Museum Glass British Museum (London, Publications, 2006.6.1
1981),
100-21. AR
6, 7).
(Figs
tetradrachm.
Amphipolis. EHel, 315-294 BC. Heracles seated
a to right, wearing on a throne in % view
his right hand (or
amphora?)
8. Front
donated
view
2.5cm.
Minted
at
Obv: head of youthful
headdress. lion-scalp to left, with an eagle
Rev:
Zeus
perched on left hand. Kantharos and sceptre in his upraised in right field: under throne. Inscription
AAESANAPOY. Crowhurst;
Di.
Formerly in the collection of R.
by the Chichester
of marble
dolphin (L.2005.10.3)
statue
District
of Aphrodite
Museum.
with
Eros
on
L.2005.10.3 Aphrodite
and
(BM
Eros.
1418) (Figs 8, 9). H.
Rom, probably 2ndCt AD.
0.94m,
h.
Aphrodite, (missing)
Statue of bathing
including
plinth
1.07m.
Found in 1861 at the Sanctuaryof
at Cyrene in the excavations Aphrodite On loan from the British Museum. Half-draped the left. Her
177
of R. Murdoch
Smith.
bent at the knees, turned slightly to have reached up to her
arms would
(missing) head. At her right side is Eros astride a dolphin. The dolphin,waves lapping around her feet and fish (behind
the dolphin) marine such as associations, suggest Aphrodite's or her birth from the sea (Hes. her role as 173ff), Theog. at (cf. Paus. 1.1.3), which was appropriate Aphrodite Euploia
at Cyrene. the Gr harbour See A.H. Smith, A colony in the Department and Catalogue of Sculpture of Greek British 2 (London, Roman Museum British Antiquities, de la Museum, 1900), 237, no. 1418; S. Reinach, R?pertoire et romaine statuaire grecque 2 (Paris, E. Leroux, 1899), 357,
fig. 9; J.J.Bernouilli, Aphrodite (Leipzig, Engelmann, 1873),
263; R.M. Discoveries no.
Smith
and
at Cyrene 72. 51, pi.
E.A.
Porcher,
(London,
Day
History and Son,
of
the Recent
1864),
96,
102,
2006.5.2 (Fig. 10). Roof tile antefix decorated with a palmette. terracotta. H. 13.8cm; maximum Medium-grained pinkish-red w. d. 17.8cm. in Undatable. Purchased 18.8cm; maximum
Tunisia before 1918. Gift ofMr David Stafford.
9. Detail
of marble
dolphin and a fish
statue
(L.2005.10.3),
showing
Eros
on
178
A.C.
SMITH RECENTLY BYZANTINE
CONSERVED TEXTILES
LATE
ROMAN
AND
In 2005, 6 textile fragments from the collection of LRom and were conserved at EMed textiles at the Ure Museum Egyptian at Winchester. the Textile Conservation Centre in These, common have
the rest of the museum's
with
not hitherto
been
published.
collection
of textiles, to an accompa
According
nying note (undated but presumed to be 19thCt), theywere acquired from archaeological sites in Egypt in the LI9th Ct, with several pieces coming fromAkhm?m (theRom and Byz city of Panopolis) on theE bank of theNile in S Egypt. This area
was to several Ct excavations and LI9th subject (see, for example, R. Forrer, Die Graeber antiquarian pursuits von Achmim-Panopolis und E. Textilfunde [Strasbourg, of the pieces were previously in the Birkh?user, 1891]). Most
a Greville John Chester (1830-1892), of Egyptian of the antiquities. Many textiles now in the collections of major British the Victoria including those in the British Museum, of the Rev.
possession well-known
10.Roof tileantefixfromTunisia (2006.5.2)
collector
Egyptian museums, and Albert
the Ashmolean and Museum, Museum, Oxford, were acquired in Egypt in the Museum, Liverpool by Chester were the cemeteries 1880s whilst The Ure being opened.
Museum's textileshad apparently leftEgypt by 1888, but it is not
clear
to be in the possession of the Ure they came not being established the University of Reading at It is most likely that they were part of a variety of
how
Museum, that date.
'unconsidered
trifles' given
in the 1930s.
Museum
to the Ure by the British Museum no record exists of the
Unfortunately, of the British Museum's
precise contents gift; similarly, there is no record of the provenance of the other pieces in the are from cemetery collection. Their closest parallels, however, and Akhm?m itself. sites, such as Antino? It is well in the known that the dry, sterile conditions deserts have preserved many thousands of anc. and Egyptian Med often emerge from the earth in excellent textiles, which 11. Glazed
ceramic
tiles from Tunisia
condition.
(2006.5.3-7)
The
initial
of these
rediscovery
textiles
coincided
with the growing interestinEgyptian archaeology by 19thCt collectors of and amateur many antiquities archaeologists, whom travelled to Egypt for the opening up of newly rediscov ered cemeteries there. Thus, than a century many for more thousands
and Byz textiles have been preserved in as well and N America, throughout Europe as elsewhere, and have become the subject of a burgeoning literature. Unfortunately, the methods these scholarly by which
museum
of LRom
collections
textiles were
and recorded were often poor, even by the day, and fell far short of modern-day standards of archaeological excavation and excavated
the standards
of
acceptable recording.
methods. On exceptional Dating date such textiles with reference deposits, historical
but
far more
and
technical
other media, methods have
12.Glazed ceramic tilefromTunisia (2006.5.5)
yellow,
(Figs blue and
15.5cm; maximum
11,
12).
Five
d. 2.2cm.
18thCt AD.
Purchased inTunisia before 1918. Gift ofMr David Stafford. Cf. Couleurs du monde
de Tunisie. arabe,
1994),
25 si?cles no.
de c?ramique
(Paris,
Institut
193. A.C.
Smith, University
to
archaeological to art according
often they are dated with criteria, as well as by comparison as wood or architecture. These carving
under much and scrutiny in recent decades are now extreme archaeologists' likely to exercise caution when dating a textile that has no parallel from stratified
ceramic tiles, with glazed decoration. Maximum /.
green vegetal w. 15.7cm; maximum
it is possible
'textile
archaeological 2006.5.3-7
such come
occasions to stratified
of Reading
layers.
The development of AMS
the
testing
of very
small
radiocarbon dating, permitting
samples
of material,
has
proved
extremelyhelpful in dating Egyptian textiles,although few textiles from museum
AMS
radiocarbon
collections
dating
tends
have, as yet, been sampled.1 to be reserved for textiles
extracted from the ground with mod. archaeological excavation where useful diagnostic tools for methods, they are potentially the dating of other materials. In most cases where radiocarbon
179
RECENT ACQUISITIONS AND CONSERVATIONAT THE URE MUSEUM have
dates
been
obtained
tional thinking on the broad
conven they have rarely challenged date ranges of the textiles.2 In fact,
the increaseduse ofAMS radiocarbondatinghas facilitatedthe insofar as of dating, a of range equally possible give one precise date over another.3 For in matters
latitude
trend towards
greater radiocarbon
calibrated
dates
dates, rather than favouring not to subject the textiles itwas decided these reasons, toAMS collection radiocarbon dating. the technical analysis of such textiles has come As fore of the field, a vast array of new information methods has also become available. and weaving
on
figurative to have argued
spinning
in the Ure Museum
items of clothing. Wool comprise a variety of colours, but linen was left usually an off-white and would have colour, appeared
although most
now
extant examples
appear
as cream
in the these are not represented date, although From of the 6th and 7th Cts, the rendering in textiles is generally and zoomorphic motifs
to the
pillowcases and other bedding. It is likely thatmost of the dyed unbleached
from an early collection.
Ure
Egyptian either from linen or wool (or a usually woven All combination and Byz periods. of both) during the LRom manner of household cloths were woven, curtains, including
was
reference
in this
textiles were
textiles
the 5th Ct onward, monochrome appear with designs a to figurative art, seemingly reflecting and include influence, allegorical figures, stronger Gr-Rom and birds. The riders and so on, as well as animals huntsmen, was use of polychrome in Egypt motifs also popular figurative From
more
or beige.
Textile art and L Antique costume. Themain burial riteduring this period was
become
a linear and and decoration. Where styles of textile production hierarchical between and 'folk' textiles 'official' relationship
chronological period.
sewn onto a base
fabric
(e.g., 2005.7.4); from one garment to decorate
removed
linen tunics with
Simple have been
woven
in one
sometimes
bands were
another.
to appear openings on the loom and then sewn piece and length of the body. Decorative were often produced around the ends slits for neck
the arms together along borders in tapestry weave of the sleeves and the neck
opening, with bands of ornamenta tion running vertically down the length of the garment on either side of the chest, from the shoulder to either the waist or hem.
These
ornamental
vertical
bands
are known
as clavi
as tapestry (e.g., 2005.7.4, always produced sometimes terminate in a leaf or an arrow motif
almost
thickness.
Decorative
were 2005.7.1) of the garment dress
placed
or (orbiculi) at the shoulders
are
10). They and vary in squares (e.g., or at the base
at the opening. as with most forms of These, were in a tapestry usually produced of unbleached combination linen and wefts on warps of unbleached linen.
ornamentation, woven in a
weave, coloured Art
roundels
sometimes
and
wool
historical
motifs discerned
The range of colours and dating categories. was a repertoire can be extensive, although and monochrome designs were particularly popular
used
between theL3rd and 5thCts AD. Museum
collection
Several pieces in theUre
and comprise simple motifs such as wreaths vine scrolls woven in brown-purple wool against a background of unbleached linen (e.g., 2005.7.1,4). Other variants of purple are also represented, red and including 'optical purple', where blue yarns are plied the effect of purple together to produce 'True' purple, that is, purple dye produced (e.g., 2005.7.12). from the shells
Egyptian popular
of murex
textiles.4 (e.g., 2005.7.1).
has rarely been whelks, use of interlace was The
identified particularly
in
is now
are still divisions terms, these chronological the and archaeologists, by textile historians although between the phases of transition is probably overlap greater than much previous and there now scholarly work has allowed, to acknowledge is more readiness the co-existence of various
comprising often highly decorated, with motifs and decorative bands and borders being into the cloth during the weaving incorporated Sometimes decorative bands were process. separately produced
are in the form of fragments, usually Egypt dress ornamentation of some kind. Garments were
art
In general
Are
from
of Gr-Rom
accepted
and the archaeological record suggests that it became bodies were wrapped increasingly rare thereafter. Occasionally, in curtains or other items of household in the textile, presumably of a designated absence shroud. Complete garments usually tunics do survive, but the vast majority of LRom and Byz textiles
in stylized, possibly The and the Far East.
and on textiles from this later period human pronounced are in frontal pose, with the head out of often depicted figures to the body. proportion
was
4th Ct
and more
more
in inhumation and the body was usually dressed sometimes wrapped in a shroud. Emperor clothes, I banned mummification of the dead at the end of the
everyday Theodosius
more
to contacts with Central Asia response contrast with the naturalistic figures
once posited, this is now much more open can be used at all meaningfully. categories the textiles
is because
identity of the Christian population to the present day, rather down
religious flourishes
Church
'Coptic'
if such
is still widespread There usage of 'Coptic'? textiles' but, while not wholly this inaccurate, In the main, been challenged. increasingly the term 'Coptic' refers to the linguistic and
the term 'Coptic has terminology this
to debate,
dates
of Egypt, which than to a discrete
The official establishment of the
to 451, when
it separated
from the rest
of theOrthodox Church following its refusal to accept the tenets of the Council
of Chalcedon.
the use of the term 'Coptic' as a blanket term for textiles has served to separate in post-Pharaonic Egyptian terms the textiles from the and Islamic Rom, Byz analytical worlds of which their weavers an integral and owners were Therefore,
as having a date range between part. They are usually accepted the 3rd and 10thCts AD, and as such span the LRom, Byz and or Umayyad) Islamic (E immediately post-Byz periods. some textiles were for an Moreover, although clearly produced 'market', most give no indication of the religious their producers, sellers or consumers. For these as here are described therefore, the textiles published
ecclesiastical
beliefs
of
reasons, 'LRom and Byz' rather than (and, where appropriate, 'Arabic'), The term 'Coptic' may be appropriate as a descriptor 'Coptic'. for the religious in the textile, especially identity expressed where identities are explicit. not perfect, religious Although is a
'Arabic'
less
problematical than 'Islamic', and cultural identities. textiles
conquest religious
term
which
for describing post obfuscates political,
and the use of tapestry as a decorative processes Like many technique. tapestry motifs and bands of this period now inmuseum these fragments have been severed collections, from the garments into which once they were incorporated. it is still possible to ascertain the ground weave Nevertheless,
Weaving
textile) inmost in unbleached
(or background 'tabby') weave design
is incorporated.
passes
over
Tabby
cases.
This is usually a plain (or the tapestry linen, into which is the simplest of weaves, one in
which the shuttlecarrying theweft (the transversethreads) and
under
alternating
single
warp
strands
(the
longitudinalthreads)on the loomwhilst travellinginboth the 'outward'
shuttle
and
'return' directions. On the 'return' passage of the over and under the threads to opposite warp
it travels
180
A.L.HARRIS that
those
on
it encountered
'outward' completed of 2 'picks' of weft.
and
the
'outward' is a
'return'journey
'pass', made
up
are beaten or packed the wefts down each pass, over and under the warp before the shuttle is passed together the wefts are packed The pressure with which threads again. together, along with the spacing of the warp threads, determines After
'weft-faced' the cloth will be (with only the weft threads showing on the surface) or 'warp-faced' (where the weft the threads are scarcely apparent and the warp threads dominate here have ground surface of the cloth). The textiles published
whether
weaves
the proportion of warp threads to weft threads is and the resulting cloth is a plain tabby that approximately equal, or slightly weft-faced, if it is either. is only slightly warp-faced are are the warp the weft threads and which which Identifying where
threads
ismade
if there is a selvedge.
straightforward
However,
sincemost of thesefragments(with theexceptionof 2005.7.13) no selvedge,
have
the warps
The
tapestry technique term is sometimes
the
and wefts
to be presumed. of plain weave, although to all pictorial applied
have
is a variation
erroneously to In this technique, discontinuous wefts are employed weaving. In other build up a, sometimes extremely complex, design. travel from one words, the same weft thread does not necessarily to the other.
and Instead, itmay be passed backward a select number of warp threads, whilst wefts of backward and forward over other colours are passed
selvedge forward
over
different
The wefts are packed for the design. threads, as necessary closely together so that the warp threads are not usually visible, In and the result is a weft-faced textile with areas of design.
warp
tapestry areas thewefts are usually woven on 2 or 3 warp threads. to secure the discon A variety of techniques was employed of a durable piece of tinuous wefts and to permit the weaving
cloth.
The
techniques,
textiles
in this collection
display dovetailing, including single and multiple are alternately of different colours wefts
adjoining thread (e.g., around the same warp or almost straight straight vertical design without alternative way where warp
compromising of achieving
discontinuous thread, 4,
2005.7.1, curves,
several
12).
This
by
features
that resemble
stitches
by the introduction of a thin weft thread over The the rest of the tapestry. diagonally is known as the 'flying shuttle' technique (also known procedure or 'weft brocading') as 'flying thread brocading' and was used to add detail to designs and to highlight patterns and forms. the weaving that 'floats'
process
is used to produce a thin vertical line the same technique the tapestry areas it is known as 'vertical weft brocading'. in which The direction yarn is spun has, in recent years,
Where over
of much research, and it has been noted that are usually from the E Mediterranean originating as opposed woven or flax spun in the 'S-direction', from wool with to the 'Z-direction', which ismore associated commonly the subject
been
textiles
theW
in this period. the alphabet
letter of
The
'S' and
formed
by
'Z' designations refer to the 'S the twist in the yarn. to the left (anti-clockwise),
spun yarns were spun on the top of the spindle. The strongest the whorl mounted yarns are those spun in one direction and then plied in the other, common in the E Mediterranean world 'S the most being direction'
with
direction'
as might
direction', 2005.7.1 foliate 220mm
in the 'Z-direction'. Most being plied spun with this technique date from the L6th here are spun in the 'S yarns published
spun yarns
of yarns examples The Ct onward.
be expected.
and (Fig. 13). Tapestry square (tabula) with canthares linen and dyed wool. of unbleached design, made x 220mm. From Akhm?m, Egypt, 4th-6th Ct AD.
This executed
is a tapestry square in russet-coloured
cut-out with wool
on
a design principally linen unbleached
an
from this is a small central The only deviation background. intended to represent gold. The circle in yellow wool, probably x 84mm) with 4 a central square (84mm design comprises
into the
decorative
An the strength of the cloth. this effect is to use 'slit tapestry',
are
decorative
the main of embroidery tapestry woven overlying in a single thread These 'stitches' are usually produced design. colour. They of undyed flax against a much darker background as an integral part of are not actually embroidered, but produced
fine
looped enables
where
the same around looped instead threads warp (e.g., adjacent can also be used to build up technique the looping of the wefts around
wefts
but around
2005.7.1, 4). This lines to be woven
of these
of the textiles have
Some
Each
passage.
not
borders.
central yellow circle (di. 7mm) is framed by an octagon or star formed by the roots of 4 stylized trees. Each tree trunk runs at 45 degrees to the corners of the square and each tree has The
staggering used threads. 'Slit tapestry' was warp perhaps on weaver to it the focus because building permits principally onto in one area of the textile before moving up the design successive
results By contrast, the dovetailing technique, which in a stronger piece of cloth (that is, one without potentially large to focus at all the weaver slits in it), requires and weakening is rather than one part of it. This times on the overall design
another.
if discontinuous wefts are alternately looped around the same warp the weaver has to work with all the relevant on the rather than simply concentrating wefts simultaneously, use of one single weft at a time. because
The
basic
methods
of
collection usually between
tapestry weave ornamentation.
was
often Some
by other supplemented in this of the textiles
where additional weft threads, 'inlaying', display are laid at regular intervals in a different colour, the wefts of the ground weave 13). (e.g., 2005.7.11,
weave wefts may pass over and under thread, the inlaid weft may pass over 4 warp warp threads, say, before passing under a single warp thread. A variation on this method has inlaid weft pass over and under the
Whereas every
the ground
alternate
warp threads with less attention to regularity, e.g., passing over 5 threads, under one thread, over 3 threads, under 4 threads, over 2 threads, before finally passing under 5 threads.
13.
Tapestry
(2005.7.1)
square
with
canthares
and
foliate
design
RECENT ACQUISITIONS AND CONSERVATIONAT THE URE MUSEUM
181
3 trefoils
to the limits of the leaves), extending (representing vases The roots of the trees emerge from 4 ornamental
square.
one of which is located centrally along each side of (canthares), the square. The square itself is bordered by a solid russet-coloured line.
This, in turn, is bordered by a 4-strand interlace or cable border in the flying shuttle technique. Another solid russet-coloured line frames
this interlace border. the whole is Finally, design trefoils and tendrils, by 4 vine scrolls with alternating one on each side of the square. Each vine scroll protrudes from a canthare similar to those found within the square itself.
bordered
The
textile is produced in finely spun linen and wool and not appear to be shrunken, although the weave is slightly in places. distorted The is intact, although square approxi away, leaving mately Va of the wool wefts are worn completely does
a triangular and wefts.
area
comprised
only
of unbleached
linen warps
The canthare with vine tendrils emerging from its neck is a very common motif in textiles from Egypt. Analogous tapestry are found in several museums, also from Akhm?m, squares, at the Textile Museum with a close comparison inWashington
DC (71.119): J.Trilling,Roman Heritage: Textilesfrom Egypt and the Eastern Mediterranean, 300 to 600 AD (Washington DC, The Textile Museum, 1982). The same overall design can on another square, so as to form an also be found superimposed at the Ashmolean star, as, for example, Museum, 8-pointed
Oxford (1888.744) and theCluny Museum, Paris (13162): A.
Les Tissus coptes au Mus?e du Moyen national Age, de Cluny: des ?toffes ?gyptiennes de lin et catalogue de laine de l'Antiquit? tardive aux premiers si?cles de l'Islam des mus?es nationaux, (Paris, R?union 1992), 76, no. 11. In the Lorquin, Thermes
latter example the canthare motif is almost identical in form size to those forming the central part of this fragment. In as in an other cases, a much more simplified version appears, in the Victoria and Albert Museum A.F. example (203-1891): and
in Kendrick, Catalogue of Textiles from Burying-Grounds I (London, HMSO, The canthare 120, no. 281. Egypt 1922), also appears as a motif in its own right, as, for example, in the Museum furAngewandte inVienna Kunst ?sterreichisches (T P. Noever and A. V?lker, Remnants: 661-1883): Fragile Textiles of Late Antiquity and Early Islam Egyptian (Vienna, Museum f?r Angewandte ?sterreichisches Kunst, 140, 1994), fig. 80. Technical A.
Ground
details.
Base
fabric. None.
weave.
unbleached linen, S-direction Warp: 14 threads per cm. Weft: unbleached linen, spin, approximately 15 threads per cm. Weave: S-direction spun, approximately
simple tabby (1/1).
B. Tapestry areas. Tapestry weave. unbleached Warp: S-direction 20 threads per cm. spin, approximately unbleached Russet-coloured linen, S-direction spin. yellow faced
wool,
S-direction
linen, Weft: and
weft per cm: 7. Weave: on 3 warp threads. Special and finer details of the canthares
spin. woven
Ribs
tapestry interlace design in one single thread produced by the 'flying shuttle' technique of unbleached flax; 'split tapestry'; dovetailing; wrapping around one warp thread and vertical weft brocading tabby;
techniques:
2005.7.4
of linen with 2 tapestry bands Fragment (Fig. 14). of unbleached (clavi) of foliate and zoomorphic design, made linen and dyed wool. 117mm x 290mm. From Akhm?m, 5th-7th Ct AD. Egypt; probably The (clavi)
textile fragment consists of 2 matching to each other on a base stitched parallel
in unbleached tabby weave central row of repeating vine
linen.
Each
scroll with
tapestry bands fabric of plain
a incorporates alternating trefoils and band
14. Fragment zoomorphic
linen with
of design
2
tapestry
bands
of foliate
and
(2005.7.4)
are in brown-purple and brown-black wool. These flanked on each side by a solid line, one of brown-purple wool and the other of brown-black wool. The solid lines are, in turn, tendrils
flanked by a row of repeating small brown-purple circles, each scrolls and each filled with a small enveloped by 2 brown-black brown-black dot. are almost The patterns of the 2 bands as one that they were woven other, suggesting motif (possibly a bird) enclosed zoomorphic on one of the bands. at each The oval merges vine
scroll.
This
band
also
has 2 possible
identical
to each
piece. A in an oval
stylized
end
appears into the main
slits (up to 20mm
/.)
182
A.L.HARRIS
to the long side 150mm apart and placed perpendicular spaced of the band. These are 67mm and 217mm from the respectively In other respects the 2 bands are identical. edge. now main in 2 shades is produced of wool, design on a background of and brown-black, appearing brown-purple
hemmed The
linen.
unbleached
motif
zoomorphic red wool.
The
central
a heart
lozenge and a trefoil.
with
2
small white
They are joined by a thin white 2 arrows at its centre. The small
linen) line with crest border, also has a wave in unbleached linen in its centre.
(unbleached red medallion leaf motif
is decorated
in red wool,
and a
In addition, the lips of the stylized are comprised of some 3 or 4 stitches in fine
tapestry bands the horizontal
are stitched
The that
other. motifs:
vine
y
to the backing in such a way runs in opposite pattern
scroll
directions.
The longest sides of each band have been turned at their edges and tacked to the base fabric with a loose running stitch, before being secured with a simple left-slanting overstitch. On one short side of the fragment the ends of each
under
band
are
turned
under
and
overstitch, forming a simple on the base similar hemming The threads. heavily distorted. A
to the backcloth
fastened hem.
There
fabric
itself.
is no
in extremely fine wool fragment is produced some It is in good condition, although with body fluids. The stained, possibly
vine
with
indication and
of linen
fibres
are
weave
is
C*
to that on the Ure piece, design analogous motif, is found on a zoomorphic accompanying of band, dated to the 5th Ct, which is now at Bologna scroll
albeit without fragment
(487): F. Ghiggini, Tessuti Copti: La Collezione del Museo StoriciDidattico della Tappezzeria (Bologna, CLUEB, 2000), no. 30. Yet more
64-65,
can be found
motifs,
examples, in the Victoria
this time with zoomorphic and Albert Museum (T41
1936) and theBrooklynMuseum (08.480.52): D. Thompson, Coptic Textiles in the BrooklynMuseum (New York, The 12. A crudely-executed Museum, 34, no. 1971), Brooklyn a zoomorphic motif inside design of a vine scroll incorporating
an oval can be foundatBargello (596D/F): P. Peri (ed.), Tessuti
nelle copti Associazione
collezioni
del
del Museo
amici
It is possible
del Bargello, 1996). that the tapestry band
(Florence,
Bargello is older
than the base
fabric on which it is stitched and that the fragment is an of the reuse
example
of textiles
in dress
ornamentation.
Such
practices are known from Byz Egypt, although it is unlikely that the tapestry bands would than the base fabric to which Technical 117mm
details.
Base
x 290mm.
be more
than a few decades
Warp: 13 threads per cm. Weft: unbleached approximately direction 17 threads per cm. spin, approximately
simple tabby (1/1). A. Ground
weave.
older
they were stitched. fabric. Dimensions: approximately unbleached linen, S-direction spin, linen, S Weave:
None.
B. Tapestry areas. Tapestry weave. unbleached linen, Warp: S-direction 16 threads per cm. Weft: spin, approximately unbleached linen, S-direction spin. Purple and 'brown-black' S-direction weft-faced spin, Z-direction ply. Weave: on one or 2 warp threads. Ribs per cm: tabby; tapestry woven 14. Special techniques: flying shuttle technique; dovetailing.
wool,
a of linen textile incorporating (Fig. 15). Fragment small medallion motif and band, made of unbleached linen and x 35mm. 170mm Provenance dyed wool. Approximately 2005.7.10
5th-6th Ct AD. unknown; probably A fragment from an (probably
unbleached linen tunic) a narrow band (clavus) and a medallion comprising (possibly on a ground weave of plain part of another clavus) tabby in finely spun unbleached executed linen thread. The
band
by narrow unbleached band
takes
a series of 3 elongated lozenges joined are worked in red wool against a plain At each end of the fragment the linen background.
comprises necks. These
the form of 4 red trefoil motifs,
each
joined
to the
15. Fragment
of
linen textile
and band (2005.7.10)
incorporating
a small medallion
RECENT ACQUISITIONS AND CONSERVATIONAT THE URE MUSEUM The has areas of 'self-banding' in ground weave (also linen threads) on either side of the red wool unbleached band. This in LRom to and Byz weaving technique was often used draw
areas of decoration to adjacent or to the edge of without the introduction It involves of colour.
attention
a garment
multiple picks of weft being insertedwithout changing the in plain tabby weave the Ordinarily, be changed after every passage of position of the heddle would the shuttle. In this example thicker weft threads have also been of the heddle.
position
to produce more variety and texture in the design. is in fair condition; to the medallion is attached piece the rest of the fragment by only a few threads. textiles are held by the Mus?e de Mariemont Analogous inserted The
(DM96) and theTextile Museum, Washington DC
See A. Azzam du Nil
and M.-C.
(Mariemont, Mus?e Roman Heritage:
Trilling,
(72.165).
Bruwier, ?gyptiennes Etoffes coptes de Mariemont, 1997), 176, pi. 58; J. Textiles from Egypt and the Eastern
Mediterranean, 300 to 600 AD (WashingtonDC, The Textile Museum, Textiles
1982), from
Provinciaal
34, pi. 5. See also A. de Moor Private Flemish Collections
van
Museum
Archeologisch 198. 1993),
Vlaanderen, excavated
Another
(ed.), Coptic (Zottegem, Zuid-Oost
Mus?um
d'Histoire
Naturelle
de Colmar,
1997),
120. Technical
details.
95,
Rassart
one
side
unbleached
A.
fabric.
unbleached linen, S-direction Warp: 9 threads per cm. Weft: blue-red wool, S spin, approximately direction S wool, spin, Z-direction ply. Brown-yellow direction
Z-direction Weave: ply. over one warp thread. Ribs areas. Warp: yellow-brown Z-direction spin, ply. Weft: yellow-brown spin, Z-direction ply. Special techniques:
by a narrow linen.
(3mm)
area
of 5-6
in
tabby; per cm: 9. S-direction wool, S-direction wool, inlaid threads or
darning.
2005.7.12
(Fig. 17).
geometric design, made wool. Approximately
Fragment of purple tapestrywith
of unbleached 120mm
x
linen and
125mm.
7th-9th Ct AD. probably of a probable band (clavus).
dovetailing;
self-banding;
the effect of purple. This is a well-known technique, as effect often described 'optical purple'. a coloured yarns were regularly combined to produce
resultant
variety of weaves background
shades.
Persian-influenced
textiles.
has
The
also
been
use
of blue
associated
dyed wool with Persian
design on this fragment comprises circles and sometimes scrolls, interconnecting vertical in vertical weft brocading. lines executed The
wave
central
crest motif
in unbleached
linen thread borders
There
is an analogous
textile
fragment
150mm
and
red wool
that combines
to produce is without too, provenance. fragment, Technical details. Base fabric. None.
16. Fragment
of textile with
This
of textile with darned areas, 16). Fragment (Fig. and unbleached linen. Approximately dyed wool x 110mm. Provenance 8th-10th Ct unknown; probably
existing weft threads, so that they are visible only on the front of the textile and do not appear on the reverse side except where there is a change in their direction. The inlaid threads are of 2-ply yellow-brown wool, spun in the S-direction comprised so as to produce an optimally in the Z-direction, and plied stable and durable thread. larger
extant
to have been part of a much fragment appears to reconstruct and it is not possible the pattern, to have been comprised it appears of a series of or squares. It is in good condition.
textile
rectangles Published
are rare, but this may represent the comparisons museums to of and to publish those pieces with accept tendency than archaeological value. The appearance higher art historical of fragments
analogous
to this may
have
caused
them
to be
of
linked
by
A one
running length
the effect of purple.
areas which The piece to have been appear incorporates or repaired with achieved inlaid strengthened by darning, are thicker weft threads laid over the top of pre threads. These
although
a series
in the Ashmolean
This is a fragment of weft-faced brown tabby comprising over unbleached and blue-red wool wefts woven yellow wool It is possible threads. linen warp that the blue-red wool is a form of 'optical purple'.
The
in or
Museum, Oxford (1956.702), also worked in a blend of blue
of
AD.
is
worked in a blend of blue and red wool, plied togetherto
of the band.
per cm: 9. Special techniques: around one warp thread. wrapping
'blue-purple' Provenance
ground weave
The
Fragment
Different
self-bands
weft-faced
spin,
tapestry woven B. Darned
141, flg.
None.
None.
weave.
Ground
greater
Base
Ribs
2005.7.11
Gallery, 2006), 40, fig. 3.14. Technical details. Base fabric.
produce a with
B. Tapestry areas. Tapestry weave. unbleached linen, Warp: S-direction 18 threads per cm. Weft: spin, approximately unbleached S-direction linen, S-direction spin. Red wool, spin. over 2 warp Weave: threads. tapestry weave; tapestry woven
made
threads(T.8505): F. Pritchard,ClothingCulture:Dress inEgypt in the First Millennium AD (Manchester,Whitworth Art
(Colmar,
weave. A. Ground unbleached linen, S-direction Warp: 21 threads per cm. Weft: unbleached linen, spin, approximately S-direction 22 threads per cm. Weave: spin, approximately is flanked (1/1). Other features: the clavus simple tabby weave
on
Gallery,
from the published against and thus to appear missing An exception is the child's tunic in theWhitworth Art which has darning in at least 10 different colour
unknown;
comparative piece was in the first decade of the
from grave 433 at Antino? M. 20th Ct and is now in Haute-Alsace (965.157.1-8): en Haute-Alsace Textiles d'Antio? Debergh, (Egypte)
selected record.
183
darned
areas
(2005.7.11)
A.L.HARRIS
184
17.
of
Fragment
purple
tapestry
with
design
geometric
(2005.7.12)
wool, S-direction spin, Z cm. Weft: blue-red 10 threads per ply, approximately 18 S-direction wool, ply, approximately spin, Z-direction Other features: weft-faced threads per cm. Weave: tabby. weave.
A. Ground
blue-red
Warp:
direction
none.
c
unbleached B. Tapestry areas. Tapestry weave. linen, Warp: Weft: 8 threads per cm. S-direction spin, approximately S-direction unbleached linen, S-direction spin. Blue-red wool, weft-faced tabby; tapestry woven ply. Weave: spin, Z-direction over one warp. Ribs per cm: around one warp thread. 2005.7.13 design,
probably and wool
purple 156mm. A
(Fig.
8.
techniques:
wrapping
of tapestry with 18). Fragment or square, from a band (clavus) linen. Approximately unbleached
geometric in brown
Provenance line
solid
unknown; in unbleached
Special
35mm
7th-9th Ct AD. probably on 3 sides linen appears
x
of the
side of the line there is a zigzag motif, while fragment. on the other there is a geometric of diagonal design consisting The design is lines and small flowers or petals of red wool. On
executed
one
in unbleached
linen
threads
on
a
brown-purple
background. is one There
that this is the indicating selvedge edge, as woven on the loom. A zigzag of the textile edge runs alongside the selvedge, bordered by the solid line in
transverse motif
linen.
unbleached The selvedge overstitch.
side
of
has been
the fragment turned under
to running perpendicular and hemmed with whiplash
the or
to this is appended single stitch in pink-red wool sewn some to at that the was, stage, fragment edge, suggesting a pink-red textile of unknown form and size. A
18. Fragment
of tapestry with
geometric
design
(2005.7.13)
RECENT ACQUISITIONS AND CONSERVATIONAT THE URE MUSEUM include
Comparisons
Museum
a fragment
of tapestry
in the Victoria
(481-1889) and another in Liverpool
and Albert Museum
A.F.
(56.20.799):
Kendrick,
of Textiles
Catalogue
fromBurying-GroundsinEgypt I (London,HMSO, no.
85; M.
Seagroatt, Textiles
of Coptic
1922), 85,
on the Collection Notes Coptic Weaves: Museums in the Merseyside County 1965), 37, pi. 18; M. County Museum,
(Liverpool,
Merseyside 10 The textile collection' Bulletin Coptic Liverpool in the Fayum area, Both of these were excavated (1961-1962). has been suggested for although an origin in Syria or Anatolia
Seagroat,
the Victoria
and Albert Museum
comparative du
pieces. mus?e
coptes
textile.
See P. du Bourguet, Louvre (Paris,
du
nationaux, 1964), 337 (F239).
Antino?
in
the Museo
bordered
in an analogous
Nazionale
The
has more
Louvre
Catalogues Editions
des ?toffes mus?es
des
A fragmentof tunic from di
tapestry weave,
Ravenna
has
albeit with
a
cuff
a slightly
different decorativepattern(2465): C. Rizzardi, /TessutiCopti
del Museo e Zecca
di Ravenna Istiruto Poligrafico (Ravenna, Stato, 1993), 108-09, pi. 44. This might suggest for the Ure fragment. Another purpose comparative Nazionale
dello
a similar
is now in Haute-Alsace fragment from Antino? (Eg. Cpt.176): en Haute M. Textiles d'Antio? Rassart-Debergh, (Egypte) Alsace d'Histoire Naturelle de Colmar, (Colmar, Mus?um
1997), 160,fig. 253. Technical
A. Ground
details.
weave.
fabric.
None.
None.
B. Tapestry areas. Tapestry weave. unbleached linen, Warp: S-direction S-direction wool, spin. Brown-purple spin, Z direction ply. Approximately 16 threads per cm. Weft: brown purple tabby; Special
wool,
S-direction
tapestry woven techniques:
NOTES 1
Exceptions
spin, Z-direction ply. Weave: plain over 2 warp threads. Ribs per cm: N/A. 'inlaid' or 'floating' wefts.
include
textiles
from
private
collections
in
Belgium and theWhitworthArt Gallery at theUniversity of
van Strydonck, K. van der Borg and A. de M. in textiles by radiocarbon Jong, 'The dating of Coptic analysis' A. de Moor Textiles from Private Flemish (ed.), Coptic Collections Provinciaal Museum (Zottegem, Archeologisch
Manchester:
van
Zuid-Oost-Vlaanderen,
F.
65-71;
1993),
Pritchard,
Clothing Culture: Dress inEgypt in theFirstMillennium AD Art Gallery, 2006), 13-25. (Manchester, Whitworth 2 A. Paetz gen. Schieck, Die Koptischen Textilien: Gewebe und aus Gew?nder des ersten Jahrtausends (Cologne, ?gypten 10. 2005), Strydonck, K. van der Borg of Coptic textiles by radiocarbon Textiles from Private Coptic
Kolumba, 3 van M. dating
and A.
de
Jong, 'The inA. de Moor
analysis' Flemish
Collections (ed.), van Zuid-Oost Provinciaal Museum (Zottegem, Archeologisch Vlaanderen, 1993), 65-71 4 J.Wouters, of Coptic in A. de Moor textiles' 'Dye analysis Textiles from Private Flemish Collections (ed.), Coptic (Zottegem,
Provinciaal
Vlaanderen, 1993), O.F.A. Meinardus, (Cairo,
Base
185
The American
Archeologisch 53-65. Two Thousand University A.L.
Harris,
Museum
van Zuid-Oost
Years of Coptic
in Cairo
Press,
University
Christianity 9.
1999),
of Birmingham
ABBREVIATIONS Chronology: Ar Archaic BA Bronze Age Byz CA CC CG Chai Cl Ch Cor Cyc EIA Geo Gr
Byzantine Cypro-Archaic Cypro-Classical Cypro-Geometric Chalcolithic Classical Christian Corinthian Cycladic Early IronAge Geometric Greek
H
Helladic
Hel M
Hellenistic Minoan
anc.
ancient
Med Mes
Medieval Mesolithic
mod.
modern
Myc Neo Or Ot P
Mycenaean Neolithic
Also
Pal PH
E M
Rom
Palaeolithic Prehistoric Roman
Ven
Venetian
Specialized Ephoreias: EBA Ephoreia of Byzantine Antiquities EMA Ephoreia ofMaritime Antiquities EPCA Ephoreia of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities EPSNE Ephoreia of Palaeoanthropology and Spelaeology Southern Greece EPSVE Ephoreia of Palaeoanthropology and Spelaeology Northern Greece
e.g.:
Proto Geometric Middle Bronze Age
Compass
points:
N S E W and combinations thereof Measurements:
for
asl
above sea level
for
d. di. h.
depth/deep diameter
Scuola Archeologica Italiana di Atene Archaeological Receipts Fund
Bibliographical: AA AR Arch?ologischer Anzeiger AAA Athens Annals ofArchaeology BCH = ADelt BSA Chronika) Archaiologikon Deltion (Chr AE DeltChAE Archaiologiki Ephemeris AEMTh Archaiologiko Ergo stiMakedonia kai Thraki AJA American Journal ofArchaeology AKunst Antike Kunst AM Mitteilungen des Deutschen Arch?ologischen Instituts,Athenische Abteilung
late final
Pottery decoration: bf black figure black glaze bg rf red figure white ground wg
Institutions: ASA Archaeological Society atAthens ASCSA American School of Classical Studies atAthens BSA British School atAthens DAI Deutsche Arch?ologische Institut EFA ?cole Fran?aise d'Ath?nes SAIA TAP
in combination,
used
PGeo MBA
Orientalizing Ottoman Proto
L F
early middle
ha /.
height/high hectare length/long
m
metre
w.
width/wide
Other: Ct
century ante
taq
terminus
tpq
terminuspost quern
quern
Archaeological Reports Bulletin de correspondence hell?nique Annual of theBritish School at Athens Deltion tisChristianikis Archaiologikis Etaireias
JDAI
Jahrbuch des Deutschen Arch?ologischen Instituts
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The spelling of anc. site-names usually follows the standard transliterationof ancient Greek: a/a ?/b y/g (yy/ng yK/nk y?/nx yx/nch) 8/d e/e ?/z r|/e 6/th i/iK/kX/l |i/m (n?/b piTr/b)v/n o/o Tr/pp/ro,?/s t/? u/u (or y) q>/phx/ch y/ps co/o. Exceptions to the rule are made where anglicised place-names are very well established. By contrast, transliterationsofmodern Greek personal- and place-names follow themodern convention.
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