ISSN 0570-6084
ARCHAEOLOGICAL REPORTS
FOR
2008-2009
CONTENTS ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2008-2009 Catherine Morgan withRobert K. Pitt and Todd Whitelaw
ARCHAEOLOGY INETRURIA 2003-2009 Margarita Gleba
WILLIAM JAMESSTILLMAN. IMAGES INTHE ARCHIVES OF THE SOCIETY FOR THE PROMOTIONOF HELLENIC STUDIES Deborah Harlan PUBLISHED BY THE COUNCIL OF THE SOCIETY FOR THE PROMOTION OF HELLENIC STUDIES AND THE COUNCIL OF THE BRITISH SCHOOL AT ATHENS 2009
Cover
illustration: Kalapodi,
Syriac LHittite bowl fromtheGeo S temple
Archaeological Reports is published by the Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies and the British School atAthens, for theirsubscribers. It is now also available to subscribers to theAmerican Journal of Archaeology (see back cover) and to members of the Society for the Promotion of Byzantine Studies under similar terms. Members of the public can purchase copies from the Secretary, The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies, Senate House, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HU, UK.
'Archaeology inGreece', compiled annually by theDirector of theBritish School atAthens, is the only account of recent archaeological work inGreece published in English. It is usually supple mented each year by reports from other parts of the ancient Greek and Byzantine world: South Italy, Sicily, Sardinia, Albania, Cyprus, Asia Minor and theBlack Sea are covered regularly.
Executive Editor Richella Doyle Production Editor Gina Coulthard
Archaeological
Reports is very grateful for the support of theA.G. LEVENTIS
FOUNDATION
? Authors, the Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies and theBritish School atAthens
2009
Printed inEngland by Stephen Austin and Sons Ltd, Hertford
CONTENTS
Archaeology inGreece 2008-2009 Introduction.1 Museums.2
Athens byRobertK. Pitt.3 Attica byRobertK.Pitt.5 Islands of theSaronic Gulf withKythera.6 Corinthia.11 Argolid.18
1
Thessaly with theNorthernSporades.54 Epirus.55 Western
Eastern Macedonia
with Mount
Athos.63
Thasos.65 Thrace.67
Arcadia.26
Islands
Laconia.29
Cyclades
Messenia.32
of the Northeast
Aegean.68
and Samos.70
Dodecanese.75
Eleia includingTriphylia.37
Crete byToddWhitelaw and Catherine
Achaia.38
Ionian Islands excludingKythera.42 Aitolia
Macedonia.57
Central Macedonia.59
and Akarnania.43
Phokis andWest Lokris.43 Boeotia byRobertK. Pitt.45
Sources
Euboia.47
Morgan.79
EasternCrete (Nomos ofLasithi).79 CentralCrete (Nomos ofHerakleion).90 Western Crete (Nomos ofRethymnon).97 Western Crete (Nomos of Chania).99 of illustrations.101
Phthiotisand East Lokris.51
Archaeology inEtruria 2003-2009. Introduction.103 Resources Site
and publications.103
reports.106 Excavations.106
.103 Museums.119
The CapitolineWolf.120 Acknowledgements.121 Sources of illustrations.121
William James Stillman Images in theArchives of the Society for thePromotion ofHellenic Studies
123
IN GREECE 2008-2009
ARCHAEOLOGY
INTRODUCTION The major storyof 2008-2009 was undoubtedlytheopening of theNew Acropolis Museum, which occupied theheadlines on
before occasions many June. As the culmination
on 20th ceremony of major museum,
the final
opening of the programme
site and archiveprojects reportedin 2007-2008, theAcropolis
and of a fundamental is the most spectacular example now far-reaching change in the range and quality of information to Greece, and in the research facilities to visitors accessible it is certainly not the only contribu to scholars. And available return to over the past year. We will tion of such magnitude
Museum
museums
note
and presently, and presented
landscaped
Kea, Phylakopi on Melos
and Petres in the prefecture of
of these impact of many projects has been considerable:
conservation
and/or
sites newly on Karthaia
the many anc. Kos,
academic
The
Fiorina.
among to the public,
restoration
the new
the most 2 years of intensive study, is perhaps in December the inauguration For researchers,
case.
striking
in restored neoclassical archive of monuments) (the national resource a significant for more in Thissio promises will be archive studies: this cultural-historical contemporary
premises
online
at http://nam.culture.gr.
The archaeological story in 2008-2009 inevitably
perhaps
so in the present
economic
is more mixed climate.
is
There
no doubting the variety and significance of the discoveries
which
we
have
In terms of period,
to report.
our understanding
of theEBA isgreatlyenrichedby thedetailed documentationof important
on Dhaskalio, where in the Cyclades, the for early bronzeworking complements
settlement
the largest
evidence
hoard of tools found in the sea offGlyfada Mesi inThrace. Spectacular individualfinds include thepublic archive of the cityof Pella fromtheL4th-lstCt BC, theVergina gold wreath, of Myc
the remains
and frescoes
architecture
palatial
in Thebes
and the pedimental sculpture (a gigantomachy) from a
monumental
on
temple
the hill
of Trapeza
near Aigion
in
Achaia. With its stylisticaffinitiesto thefirst,LAr, pediments of
the Temple
on Aigina,
of Aphaia
the Trapeza
sculpture
strengthensthegrowingpictureof early prosperityaround the CorinthianGulf (furtherechoed in this year's reportof the sanctuary
at Mamousia), about
which
the
dominant
in turn challenges long-held role of the NE artistic
assumptions trade and ports of connections, Long-distance P?loponn?se. the for example, form another theme, noting, important entry Research Harbors of the Saronic Archaeological findings
Project atMyc Kalamianos, and thework of theKythera Island Project on shiftingpatternsof LRom settlementon the island. current
Under
surprising
economic
to see slightly
fewer
it is circumstances, excavations large-scale
hardly than in
recent years, other than those funded throughmajor public works.
But
the cumulative
effect of an
increasing
number
of
topographical projects, documenting the location of urban centres of all periods and reconstructingchanges in their or physical form (as, for example, inTriphylia or at Kleonai more firmly remote is both for notable regions putting Kirrha), on themap and for challenging assumptions about sites and areas thoughtto be well-understood (Knossos being a case in rescue point). The major gap in thisyear's account is again the of absence the continuing archaeology, given Archaiologikon
Deltion.
The
syntheses
of rescue
excavations
have
of Ephorias
small
organized
one-
or two-day
but
Ithaca),
are
these
for publication.
intended
rarely
Our
inabilityat present fully to reportthe- vital rescuework of the
Archaeological for those who
and must be doubly so is frustrating conduct the excavations concerned,
Service
actually in extremely difficult conditions. include On a more note, we positive
often
and
reports of fieldwork
research
this year extensive from 2 of the 6
programmes
Archaeological Institutes(of Epirotic Studies and ofAegean Studies
-
the remaining
Studies
Studies, and of Cretan
four being of Thessalian Studies).
the Institutes of Macedonian
of Peloponnesian Studies, Institutes are separate These
branches of theMinistry of Culturewith thebrief to conduct from old excavations programmes, publish material events. and cultural conferences exhibitions, organize of long standing and with very are cultural foundations Several of the the origins for example, varied histories. Thus, research
2008 of thehistorical archives of theArchaeological Service
available
a number
workshops (in 2009, we note suchmeetings organized by the 7thEPCA on Elis and the 35thEPCA on Kephallonia and
and Thracian
reconstructionof thepalace of Philip II atVergina, achieved
after a mere
chapter, illustrate the way inwhich Sparta, cited in the Laconia Service in the Archaeological of colleagues the work of themajor anc. urban transforms our understanding especially their work chiefly to local audiences, centres. To communicate
in
and
Archaeological InstituteofAegean Studies lie in the FERT Institute,founded under the Italian occupation in 1927 to support the work the incorporation Institute operated the Dodecanese
After Mission. of the Italian Archaeological into the Greek State, the of the Dodecanese for Service as a branch of theArchaeological until
it was
when
1977,
established
as
a
regional unit of theMinistry of Culture and renamed the Archaeological and Historical Foundation of Rhodes. The Institute in 2002 as the Archaeological refounded and of the Aegean, Studies, with regional coverage the in recent years has collaborated closely with particularly of the archaeo in projects such as the unification 22nd EPCA Institute was
of Aegean
logical areas of the city of Kos, describedmore fully in our
reports below. Certain major will
conferences
held
be of interest to readers
of AR.
over the past year these are For convenience, of where primary material in Greece
into regional conferences, and will be reported fully when to AR was presented are published, and archaeological the conference proceedings on particular themes or periods. conferences Derne and the Ancient The Battle Marathon. Regional:
divided
relevance
(Marathon,demos ofMarathon, September2008); Cyprus and the East
Aegean.
Intercultural
Contacts
3000-500
from
BC
(Samos, DAI andAG Leventis Foundation,October 2008); 8th Symposium on Trikala Studies (Trikala, Philos Trikalinon, October/November 2008); First Pancretan Archaeological Congress:
Archaeological
Research
in Crete
University of Crete and 28th EBA, 3rdArchaeological
Meeting
on Thessaly
(Rethymnon,
November and
Central
2008);
Greece
(Volos, UniversityofThessaly andMinistry of Culture,March 2009); The Corinthia and the Northeast P?loponn?se: TopographyandHistoryfromPrehistoricTimes until theEnd of Antiquity (Loutraki, 37th EPCA, DAI and the General Directorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities, March 2009); 2Td Annual Meeting on Archaeological Research in Macedonia and Thrace (Thessaloniki,Ministry of Culture, and Thrace, and Aristotelian Ministry for Macedonia University,Thessaloniki,April 2009); Honouring theDead in theP?loponn?se (Sparta,UniversityofNottinghamCentre for
2
CATHERINEMORGAN
Peloponnesian Studies, April 2009); Euboea and Athens: a Colloquium inMemory ofMalcolm B. Wallace (Athens, Institute, June 2009);
Canadian
Unknown
Treasures
of Venetian
Chalkis (Chalkis, 23rdEBA and Society forEuboian Studies, January2009); Thasos ? ?poque classique: fronti?res,institu tions,?pigraphie (Athens,EfA,April 2009). Thematic:
(Volos,
2n
on Prehistoric
Symposium
Aristotelian
Archaeology
Thessaloniki,
University,
of
University
Thessaly and 13thEPCA, December 2008), 8th Scientific on Hellenistic
Meeting
Pottery
of Culture,
Ministry
(Ioannina,
12thEPCA and Archaeological Instituteof Epirotic Studies,
May
Les
2009);
arts
de
en Gr?ce
la couleur
the Celestial
Earthly,
and
the Underworld
et
ancienne...
ailleurs (Athens, EfA, April 2009); IMMORTALITY:
the
in theMediterranean
from theLate Bronze Age and theEarly IronAge (Rhodes,
University
of Crete,
Institute for Cretan
and Institute for
Studies
Aegean Studies, May 2009); Markets, Festivals and Feasts Tout June 2009); Homilos, et ?quipements des march?s
Monemvasiotikos (Monemvasia, tout acheter. Structures
vendre,
antiques (Athens,EfA andASA, June2009). saw 2 significant
2008-2009
anniversaries.
First,
the start
of thecentenaryyear (2009-2010) of theScuola Archeologica Italiana diAtene, marked inJune2009 by a conferenceentitled the Archaeology from a Greek Perspective. Secondly, of the National Research Foundation and the 50th anniversary an extraor 30th of its Centre for Greek and Roman Antiquity and productive group of scholars who have dinarily dynamic Italian
been
exceptional
colleagues
to all
here
in
the Athenian
community. On behalf of theBSA and the Society for the
Promotion
of Hellenic
Studies,
we
offer our warmest
congrat
ulations to both institutionsand every good wish for a successful
future.
of AR. ever, a brief note is due here on the production of Archaiologikon absence Deltion has already continuing been noted, and this year too, the proceedings of the previous As
The
AEMTh were notpublished (althoughwe are assured thatthisis a temporary The most hiatus). the Ergon of the Archaeological
up-to-date
source is published and we are particu
Society, Dr and to its Secretary General, larly grateful to the Society for the supply of many of the images used Vasileios Petrakos, in this year's reports. DeltChAE this 2008 has also appeared year. press
a particular and prepared illustrations. However, to the School Helen who took Clark, Secretary, a deserved retirement in July 2009. Helen has been
contributors tribute
is due
richly
stalwartofAR (as of all BSA activities)for some 30 years, and
I join all of our colleagues of her work appreciation the years to come. with We conclude
a
look
releases
are
consultable
online
since
in a historyof collaborativepublicationwhich dates back to the foundationof theBritishSchool. This long traditionof dissem
the results of archaeological inating to the scholarly community in Greece fieldwork conducted is shared by the Ecole fran?aise
d'Ath?nes,which since 1920 has devoted a part of theBulletin
account to a wide of archaeo de Correspondance hell?nique research in second Greece, and, every year, the logical Cyprus this tradition, and Cimmerian upon Bosphorus. Building to benefit most of scholars future generations of information available, effectively from the growing volume and lies at the heart of the academic mission of both Schools, enabling
for somewhile we have contemplatedways inwhich we might work togetherto improve the servicewhich we offer to the An electronic draws resource, which scholarly community. the strengths of both of our publications, is an essential to this end. The British School therefore had no
upon means
hesitation in accepting the invitationextended by theEcole in October
d'Ath?nes fran?aise creation of a wholly
new
languages, Chronique This Greece Online. respective websites not the replace
In such cases, the reports are referenced by date. reports below of the press related press edited translations release, with are also grateful to our many citations noted. We Greek who have taken time to provide short reports or to colleagues
are, as verify details of their work as reported in the press. We to present unpublished site reports and ever, mostly concerned
work originallypublished inGreek, and so foreign language reportshave been includedwhere theyare primarynotices of We
are grateful
time and effort to prepare
to all our contributors
for taking
reports for AR.
This editionofAR has been translatedand compiled by the BSA Director, theAssistant Director (Robert Pitt) and the Knossos Curatorial Fellow (ToddWhitelaw). We would also like to thank HeinrichHall forGerman translationand forkeen for final proof-reading John Hayes assistance, eyed editorial our production us on and Gina Coulthard, editor, for keeping course despite our worst endeavours. team of As ever, the BSA Penny Wilson
Zarganis,
Tania
Gerousi,
George
Bruseker
last
from
late autumn
Archaeology and will Reports,
Archaeological audience worldwide best
suited
to collaborate
in
the
in our respective tool named, en ligne and Archaeology in des fouilles via our resource, which will be accessible research
to access
our
in
2009, will Greece
enable
but
section
of
a wider
scholarly in the medium
information
It is an exciting
to their needs.
enhance
prospect,
on
and
behalf of theBSA team, I thankmy colleague, EfA director Dominique tolerance
Mulliez, and good
and for his
for initiating this collaboration humour throughout the ensuing
process.
Catherine
Morgan
The British School atAthens
at
following the link to deltia typouwhere http://www.yppo.gr, they are listed by date: individual citations thus appear in
new material.
in
Archaeology
as part of Archaeological of Hellenic Studies 1954 and these 55 years are but the latest step
Promotion
Reports
pendentlyverified or linked to a Ministry of Culture Press These
to the future.
for
Greece has been published jointlywith the Society for the
sources remain the most up-to-date published Otherwise, reports, and these have been cited where they can be inde
release.
our
and readers of AR in expressing and offering our very best wishes
and
Vicki Tzavara collected and collated material, liaised with
MUSEUMS As
the extensive
construction
noted
of museum and programme redesign a useful handbook last year continues,
new has
been published listing all archaeological museums and collections inGreece by region,with a brief review of their a ea a main holdings. A a E a a (Athens,Ministry ofCulture 2008) also appears in a pocket edition inEnglish. Among Acropolis
the new museums
Museum
attracted
in 2008-2009, the inaugurated the greatest attention worldwide.
Having been partiallyopen to thepublic forover a year, latterly for the temporary
exhibition
Nostoi:
Repatriated
Masterpieces
(September-December 2008), itwas formallyopened on 20th June2009. Displays in an exhibitionspace of over 14,000m2, some
10 times
larger than that of its predecessor,
now
include
findsfromthesanctuarieson theAcropolis slopes aswell as the major shrinesandmonuments of theAcropolis itself(notably theTemple ofAthena Nike), with a richcollection ofAr-Rom votive
material.
Further
www.theacropolismuseum.gr.
information
is presented
at http://
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2008-2009 and extensive of too, new building remodelling can be at the for example exhibitions reported, in November Museums of Ioannina (reopened Archaeological Elsewhere
existing
2008), Kalymnos (April2009) andChaironeia (May 2009). The
new Archaeological
of Patras,
Museum
in July
inaugurated
2009, just a month after theAcropolis Museum, is one of the
museums in Greece and by far the most largest archaeological adventurous architecturally (the work of the architect Theophanis material from across Achaia, It houses Myc-LRom Bobotis).
from Rom Patras. of mosaics notably the rich collection is also a new of Messenia Museum The Archaeological of Kalamata the site of the old market construction (on
most
destroyed in the 1986 earthquake), enabling a full and repre sentative
to be
from Messenia
of the rich discoveries
collection
on the has focused for the first time. Attention displayed on innovative, geographically-organized layout of exhibitions and Kalamata the Triphylia, regions, which are Pylia, Messene on as the such set alongside thematic subjects displays and the Villehardouins of the of Nestor, palace 'kingdom' Messenia, The
and Pylia renaissance
National
Museum, dedicated
galleries
rule (1206-1500). exhibitions permanent
under Venetian in
the
Athens
with
also
continues, to the minor arts and
in
the
the opening
of
the Vlastos-Serpieri
collection in February 2009, and to the collection of Cypriot antiquities inMarch 2009. 2009 is the 180thanniversaryof the
and the of the National Archaeological Museum, As of the present building. of the opening 120th anniversary the temporary hosted the Museum part of the celebrations, in Classical Women. Ritual and Reality exhibition Worshipping establishment
in collaboration organized Public Benefit Foundation.
Athens, Onassis
with
the Alexander
S.
reports on the 2008
J.M. Camp (ASCSA)
season.
excavation
In section BH (plan: AR 54 [2007-2008], 6) excavations continued below theMByz walls in, over and behind the
Painted
Both
Stoa.
the stoa were
the back wall
and
the interior colonnade
of
at its E end. preserved Largely the workmanship of the superstructure is of
limestone,
in
found well
the
which highestquality.The back wall has limestonefoundations
the inner face of the toichobate. Above, project 0.24m beyond 3 toichobate blocks and part of a 4th remain in situ, 1.205m /., 0.935m w., 0.26m h. The tops are finished with a claw chisel there are 2 pry-holes preserved. Resting of the outer run of orthostates
and
are 2 blocks 0.325m
were
h., which
0.915m
w.,
on the toichobate
in situ,
1.205m
originally joined with tops are finished with
/., a
a The clamp, now missing. chisel; the backs are well dressed with a drove and there is a rebate along the bottom, 0.09m h. and 0.01m d.; each block
double-T claw also
has a lifting boss preserved. the back wall was
terracotta
with
associated
pipe
a fragment of the pipeline found
found
Behind
a
large in situ
W, usually associatedwith runningbehind thebuilding further the Kimonian
bringing water
aqueduct
out to theAcademy.
The
was found inMByz fill, suggesting thatat theE end fragment of thebuilding the aqueduct had been disturbed. Behind the stoa, generally the fill exploredwas rubble of theMByz and and so remains have periods, are contemporary with the stoa.
LRom
not yet been
reached
that
Within the line of the back wall inside the building is a second heavy foundationof soft limestone (Fig. 1) running from the inner face of the foundations
0.30-0.35m wall
and measuring found in a similar
1.04m w. This situation
at
same
the W.
of the back
run of limestone Possibilities
was
include
version support for an inner bench or installation; a pre-Persian toAelius Aristeides attested in a scholion of the Stoa Peisianax,
ATHENS by RobertK. Pitt
case remains above would the better-preserved (in which or a remnant of the Ar city represent a post-Persian rebuilding); no trace of which has yet been identified. wall of Athens,
Athens
Central
Anc. Agora.
3
Within thebuildingwere exposed parts of the2 E interior
(1stEPCA: 1stEBA) An important and lavishly illustrated doctoral disser City Walls. tation on the literary, epigraphic, topographic and archaeological of the anc. city has been for the fortification walls evidence
a a A A produced by A. Theocharakis, e ? a (3 vols,UniversityofAthens 2007).
Acropolis.
M.
Parthenon:
structural
of the 2 survives only in its foundations, set side-by-side. The E is better preserved, on a side, limestone base, ca. 0.88m of a square
Ionic columns.
Ioannidou
consisting
The W
blocks
supportinga largecylinderof marble 0.18m h and 0.79m di. (Fig. 2). On topof this is the unflutedlimestoneshaftof the
column
itself, 0.59m
di., preserved
to a h. of 0.5m.
The
closest
Restoration
Acropolis
(Director,
2 limestone
Service) reportson thework of theService in2007 and 2008 (The Acropolis Restoration News [July 2008], 2-4). the
work
colonnade begun
on
restoration
with
continued,
members
of the dismantled 8 columns
resetting
the entablature
initiated.
Propylaia:
reset at
in place,
the
level
of
of
and the
W end of the colonnade thedismantlingof architrave.At the the metopes
was
restoration work
on
the
W hall has been completedwith the resettingof ceilings of the restored
Restoration
of
members
architectural
of the E portico
has
reached
the superstructure. the level of the frieze.
Temple ofAthena Nike: resettingof restoredblocks of the architrave
and
restoration
of the intervening
column
bases
continued,
alongside
structural
layers.
and To Vima (15/01/09)reportthefindingsof a Eleftherotypia
conservation
and excavation
project at the back wall
of the Stoa
of
Eumenes II on theS slope of theAcropolis. This wall appears tohave been constructedin the4thCt BC as partof an athletics
were facility, and also supported the peripatos above. Many graffiti discovered on the faces of the blocks, indicating that the structure was part of the first Panathenaic Stadium of theAthenians.
1.Athens, limestone.
agora:
Painted
Stoa,
foundation
and orthostats
of soft
4
.PITT
ROBERT
parallel is theL5l Ct Pompeion at theKerameikos. A rubble
column, 0.6m d. and running SW from the easternmost to 0.6m rests at about the level of the original stoa preserved floor and may represent a later blocking of the interior colonnade. section in a new created The excavation, by the
wall
demolitionof 2 buildings alongAg. Philippos Street, revealed latefill down to0.75m below thedemolition surface.At theE were reached the topsof rubblewalls of theByz period; to the the foundations
W,
of
the mod.
building
are more
extensive.
Several largeworked blocks in limestone and marble with anathyrosis
and double-T
clamps
suggest
they come
from more
thanone substantialCl building. The lowerpart of a marble was found reliefof theMother of theGods seated on a throne built intoa Byz wall. The head of a terracottahorse (Fig. 3) matches others found in thisarea, remindingus thatthisNW corner of theAgora and Hel times. In section
was
a centre for theAthenian
, excavation
cavalry
agora:
2 fractional
5. Athens,
agora:
amphora
silver coins
from section
.
in Cl
in an area of a cluster
took place
4. Athens,
of
small buildings of theCl period, immediatelyS of theTholos, which were put out of use in theHel period by the shiftingof thecourse of a road. To theE of thesebuildings is theshop of excavation
and irregular if private, whether
crowded and,
The aim of the the 'Strategeion'. whether these buildings small, were public or private in their plans function. The they had a commercial
to theW the cobbler, was to determine
Simon
discoveryof a tile-linedwell should confirmthe interpretation of
the area
as an open
courtyard.
A
the well
bg
lamp
from
floor
levels
and pits were
suggests thatitwent out of use close to the2ndquarterof the4th
Ct.
Elsewhere
in the area,
various
dug, mostly dating to the4thCt. Two fractionalsilver coins (Fig. 4) were found,plus a largefragmentof an amphorawith In many instances the fill contained a graffito (Fig. 5). numeroussherdsof the8thand 7thCts BC, perhaps indicativeof earlier houses
or disturbed
burials.
fragment with graffito from section
.
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2008-2009 Publications:
M.B.
Walbank,
Decrees
Fragmentary
the
from
AthenianAgora {Hesperia Supplement 38) (Princeton, ASCSA J.W.
2008); Pottery:
The Athenian XXXII. Hayes, Agora Fine-Ware Imports (Princeton, ASCSA 2008).
Roman
Vouliagmeni, Cape Zoster. To Vima (03/08/08) reportson excavations conductedby the26thEPCA in thegroundsof the
Asteras
Hotel.
stone
Athens
(2ndEPCA: 1stEBA)
Pounda
Kaisariani. Rizospastis (15/04/08)reportsthediscoveryby the 2ndEPCA, duringconstructionof a naturalgas line on Ethnikis Street, of a tomb dating to the 4* -3rd Ct, containing a skeleton, from the waist down, and a fragment well-preserved of a copper mirror.
Antistaseos
Western
upper Pal throughto theMes. and EBA
and
various
A 2ndphase of occupation
has produced tools manufactured forms of flint. Animals found
horse. Plant hare, deer and a species of now-extinct included wild cereals and pulses. Terracotta figurines from the LAr-Hel indicate later religious use. periods included
remains
The SacredWay. A studyof thehistory,topography, epigraphy, numismaticsand smallfinds of theSanctuaryofAphrodite and on
as well to Eleusis, Way other Attic Aphrodite sanctuaries
the Sacred
studies with
chamber encloses
Attica
In 2008 a topographicalsurvey of the industrial
and
the
theatre
area was
by R.
undertaken
Docter
(Belgian School/Ghent) in order toproduce a digitalbase map
in the course of excavations in 2006. Evidence Aigaleo begun has been discovered for hunter-gathers at the cave site from the
Eros
Clusters of small peninsula. cut into the hard limestone and a long wall the cemetery on the side facing the sea.
tombs were
quarter
Keratsini, Aigaleo. Ethnos (27/02/09) cites a reportby F. Mavridis (EPSNE) and L. Kormazopoulou of thediscovery of tracesof thevery earliest inhabitantsofAttica, dated by C to the 11th millennium, in a cave inKeratsini on theSW ofMt
radiolarite
(AAA 39
on the Pounda
of Asteria
Thorikos.
(3rdEPCA: 1stEBA)
the MNeo
K. Kaza-Papageorgiou
Glyfada.
(2ndEPCA: 1stEBA)
Attica
between
peninsula,
[2006], 45-60) reports the discovery of an extensive EH cemeteryon theside of a lowhill a fewmetres fromthe lastbay
Southern
ATTICA by RobertK. Pitt
from
were of the 3rd millennium phallic figurines, a tiny axe of green and abundant blades tools, obsidian
Structures
finds included
discovered;
stone, multiple ceramics. Central
5
as
comparative and shrines, has
now has been published:V. Machaira, To e A e a "E (Athens,ASA 2008).
a
of all excavated
architectural
remains
of the urban
settlement.
Documentation of all visible remainsbroughtto lighta hitherto unknown
cistern
in the industrial
quarter.
Attica
Central
E. Salavoura reports(AAA39 [2006], 61-82) the
Markopoulo.
of a cluster of 4 small Myc
excavation
chamber
tombs with
long
dromoi on the SE edge of theplain ofMerenda. The tombs contained 10 burials accompanied by much local pottery;of particular excavator
interest are a bovine interprets
figurine and a bronze razor. The the site as a small family cemetery which
began inLHIILA2 and continued inuse untilLHIIIB-LHIIIC. Excavations
Cholargos.
associated
with
the construction
of
themetro (To Vima [23/22/08])have brought to lighta stretch of a 5thCt BC roadwith drainage pipes 0.4m di. A roadside cemetery,
also
of the 5th Ct,
contained
the larnax burial
with grave goods includinga bg cup. infant,
of an
Eleusis . Clinton,
Publication:
The
Eleusis.
Inscriptions
on Stone:
Documents of theSanctuary of theTwo Goddesses and Public Documents
of theDerne.
Volume
II: Commentary
2008).
(Athens, ASA
Northern
and Northwestern
Halandri.
Eleftherotypia,
and
Southwestern
Attica
Avenue
from the Penteli
quarries
into central Athens.
revealed
a 19.7m
/. stretch of the road, 3.3m
w. with
wheel rutspreserved. Small finds included a leadweight and
Moschato, Piraeus. To Vima (18/03/09)reportsthatexcavations carriedout on a plot at 7 P?reos StreetbyM. Raftopoulou (26th EPCA) revealed 2 phases of a structureidentifiedas a shrine. The olderphase (5.5m 8.6m) dates to theLAr period; the later (7.35m 5.5m) to the4thCt BC. Both buildingshad gates at the entrance,in frontofwhich was foundan altar (1.55m Im). In Street, excavations
uncovered
hydraulic
installations of the5thCt BC with tanks,awell and clay pipes.
Voula.
and Ta Nea
The excavation by the 2ndEPCA of a plot at 133 Pentelis
(26thEPCA: 1stEBA)
another plot, at 30 P?reos
To Vima, Apogevmatini
(30/01/09) reportthediscovery of a section of the roadwhich
brought marble
Central
Attica
To Vima (25/02/09) reportsthediscoveryby K. Kyliti (26thEPCA) of a largeGeo tombonKapodistriou Street,during the installationof gas pipelines. The cover slabwas broken,but the tombcontained 6 vessels (skyphoiand prochoes) including a skyphosbearing figure-of-8shields.
Fr coins.
Nea Erythrea. To Vima (04/06/08) reportsthe excavation by the 2nd EPCA of a 0.2ha plot at the junction of Ethnikis
Antistaseos
Street and Lemnou
Street. A Neo
settlement
dating
to 3,500 BC was discovered alongside an anc. tributary of the Kifissos river. Postholes of hutswere found,with successive floorsof packed earth and gravel,which included stone tools, obsidian blades and small shallow storagepits containingpots. Marathon, Tsepi. M. Pantelidou-Gofas (ASA) reports(Ergon [2008], 13-23) on continued excavation of theEH cemetery. The fa?ade of tomb53was carefullyconstructedof stones from thenearbyScorpios riverand is significantlysmaller than the other
tombs
(1.3m
1.4m,
instead
of the more
usual
1.5m
CATHERINEMORGAN
6
0.8m, 0.81m d.) is
2.5m). The apsidal pit of the tomb(0.94m
The the floors paved with small stones. entrance on the E has 2 steps carved into the ground. The grave was full of bones, 14 skulls scattered without order. including lined with
slate
and
The skeleton of the last burial to theE side was found lying a mass
above
of bones.
is not that of the
form of the tomb
The
original; theburial pitwas lined and coveredwith slabs, but later converted
of steps,
an entrance
structure
surrounded
the construction
by
and
thresholdinkeepingwith burial habitsof theperiod. In itsfinal the tomb was
form,
a rectangular stones.
of small
per?bolos Tomb Irregular and itwas
a stone mound and lacks a per?bolos. the tomb at the level of the anc. surface
lies beside
54 slabs
covered
on 3 sides by river stones.
surrounded
by a
entrance
The
area was full of large closely packed uprightcobbles. Two stelai were
placed at the sides of the tomb, cut off above ground entrance slab was found in situ. The entrance has a
level.
The
stone
threshold; a large arch-shaped The tomb was full of bones,
above.
the
of
last
were
skeleton
broken
and
the jaw was
as a lintel
used
7 skulls.
including right beside fragments from in the tomb.
found
Bones
the entrance,
found
together with small stones and which were not found elsewhere been
stone was
large vessels, The skull had
from it; a large
separated
pebble had been placed in themouth, as had previouslybeen that the tomb was
It appears
in tombs 42, 45 and 68.
discovered
deliberately put out of use, judging from the absence of a per?bolos, the stones of which had been thrownin to fill the entrance
and
further use.
the tomb's
thus impede
Skala Oropou. A. Mazarakis Ainian (ASA) reports(Ergon In 2008, the [2008], 24-34) on continued excavation. section
remaining
was
of building
excavated
and proved
to
be elliptical (4.3m 7.3m) with an entranceat theS side and walls 0.5m d. (Fig. 6). To theE of the stone hearthfound in 2007
a pit full of ashes was
revealed.
From
two hearths
these
ISLANDS OF THE SARONIC GULF with KYTHERA (26thEPCA: 1stEBA) Salamis
Kanakia Y. Lolos (Ioannina) reports(Akamas 3 [2009], 2-8; cf. Ta Nea and Ethnos [10/03/09]) on the 2008 season of excavation
which
acropolis
and
focused
the
on
the Myc
neighbouring
Myc
?lite
on
residence
On
cemetery.
the
the
acropolis,building , thecentralresidence (ofwhich 45 rooms
an area of at have so far been revealed, spaces covering of one room least 750m2), was further investigated. Excavation of the this was attached to the so called wing was completed: entrance to the building, House' of the One-roomed (A2). area was a reception or waiting revealed. This was probably and
roofed from the beginning, and was set at a lower level than the rooms to the S of it: the main approach was through a wide entrance way on theW side with a built threshold. On theW
side of this area, stone steps (oriented N-S, 2.75m w.) led down A stone bench (2.5m /.,0.55m into the interior of the building. average d. and 0.4m h.), along the S wall, could seat 6 people. terracotta bath-tub (1.5m An undecorated /., 0.6m w. at centre and 0.5m
h.) was
set into the floor almost
touching
the
wall.
The area produced a large quantity of LHIIIB-LHIIIC
E
pottery, 2 tripod chytres, 50 stone tools and small objects, and fragments of a terracotta figurine. In the cemetery, an oval tumulus (20m 25m, over 2m h.) was discovered, set on bedrock within a stone kerb on theW side, and with a per?bolos wall of large, unworked set around and at some distance from it. The tumulus
SW
contain
burials.
It was
of an
likely marked
by
a stele,
stones did not
given
the
discovery approximately rectangular, roughly worked, thick stone slab, now set aside on its E side. A few Myc sherds were included in the tumulus fill; a clear Myc stratum discerned
a fewmetres from theW side provides good relativedating
ash had spread all over thefloor of thebuilding. Sherds of the 2nd half of the 8thCt were found,with loomweightsand a a bird.
seal depicting
serpentine
of thebuilding, two 12m /.stretchesof per?boloswalls,
one
the other
with the elliptical contemporaneous building, later, perhaps defined the S section of an anc. road. A few meters away to the NW two other elliptical
structures,
and E, came to lightbuilt one on topof theother,along with remainsof otherbuildings and periboloi. /. and 5.4m
, 8.6m
Building
w., built partially
on
top of
theolder E, belongs toa transitional period fromtheGeo to the was pavedwith EAr andwas inuse until the6thCt. The interior large stones and contained
much
ash and carbonized
fruit. In the
of S partof thebuildinga hearthwas foundbuiltwith fragments a circle of small
large pots within
door, on the S side,
stones. The
had a threshold of largestones.The NE quarterof the interioris separatedfromtherestby a wall. Inside thebuilding and along the wall
metal
were
found
Outside building
ash, which
may
be
stone weights,
beads, loomweights, iron, and EAr sherds.
clay
objects, mainly
to theSE was found a pit filledwith
the remains
of a posthole
to be associated
with anotherparallel to thebuilding'sW wall, which may have a roof to protect the building supported structure. to a 3rd elliptical
belong
Of the older building
section was
rain, or may
E (9m /.,5.5m w.) only a small
Pottery
investigated.
from
from the structure dates
to the
end of the8thCt., while outside thebuildingpartof theneck of a LGeo
Attic
amphora
was
discovered.
The
per?bolos,
outside
and E, was lm thick,remarkablefor andW of buildings thesite. E of the2 ellipticalbuildings,3 otherwalls (2 Geo, 1
Ar) were
exposed.
o ^Som 6. Skala
Oropou:
oval building
\g) AB'.
"e
.ron*** sooe
IN GREECE
ARCHAEOLOGY evidence
Two cut into the large openings empty of finds, are open to various of tomb robbing, unfinished graves,
for the construction.
bedrock
in antiquity, both interpretations (as remains
looted cenotaphs or bothroi for cult offerings). A LCl-Hel t?menos
is located
tumulus
is reinforced
by. The likely ritual function of the a few metres from itsW by the presence round exedra. pottery approximately LMyc close
of a paved, on its surface, along with and a few animal bones. figurines side
was
found
2 fragments of terracotta are The pottery shapes
mostly open (kylikes, skyphoi and chytres)and are similar to in use
in the last phase of activity in the residence. of a limited part of Finally, surface survey was undertaken An anc. (possibly Hel) round the area surrounding Kanakia. those
was cut into the limestone bedrock, (di. 1.2-1.3m), the recorded on the site of the mod. coastal well, directly below
well
W side of theMyc acropolis. The quarryfor thegrey limestone used
for the Myc
residence
was
located
close
to the acropolis
towardstheSE (towardsPyrgiakoni),where todayquarries are in use
as refuse dumps.
Other
focuses
of survey were
the
boundary of theMyc cemetery;documentationof a later(Hel) ca. 50m on the SE /. and side of the acropolis, of and evaluation oriented E-W; and documentation generally t?menos noted above. features inside the LCl-Hel
per?bolos
buckles.
G.
Kakava
and
S.
Zyrba
report
(Akamas
3
[2009], 19-22) on rescue excavationofLCh and EByz remains on the Sousti property,200m from theGulf ofAianteio and 350m
from
excavated.
of that name. Three tombs were the village I is a vaulted Tomb cist, built of rubble masonry
2 successive burial deposits. lime plaster, which contained the scattered bones of 6 adults, was upper, which contained and probably almost represents goods, entirely without 2 disintegrating adult reburial. The lower contained secondary
with The
a bronze pin and a bronze vessels, skeletons, with 7 plainware had Bronze indicate that the deceased and iron nails probe. the 5th bier. The tomb dates between been buried on a wooden
and 6thCtAD. Tomb II lies SW of tombI, and is awide, rectangularcist of masonry (0.4-0.5m thick)with lime roughlyworked irregular
a to a maximum h. of 0.65m, and with plaster, preserved It was entered from the E; the steps down into rounded vault. of bricks with wavy-line in situ, are made the tomb, preserved
In in 2 episodes. burials were made Many finger impressions. the upper, the skeletal material was scattered, with the remains
of at least 8 crania in theNW part of thechamber,with many fewer bones, chiefly from the lower limbs, over the remaining area. There were almost no grave goods merely parts of a pair of bronze earrings, a silver earring, 2 small iron nails and a vase
at theE side of the tomb. The presence of this jewellery is
to imply that at least 2 of the deceased taken by the excavators were women. In the lower level, 3 skeletons were uncovered
close to the S long wall of the tomb, in extended, supine position,directlyon theground. Three adult crania and one of a small childwere foundat theNW corner,while a quantityof lower limbboneswas foundalong the side. Despite thepoor condition of the skeletal material, 7 burials could be
A vessel was found accompanied by rich goods. recognized, ornament included broken at the entrance of the tomb: personal
a silverand a bronze pin, 4 bronze buckles (includingone of the de Bolgota type),a pair of bronze earrings,a bronze ringand a In bell, as well as one silver and 2 bronze probes. sizes and 2 iron rings. iron nails of various this level also were
small bronze
The goods assist in identifyingthe gender and age of the deceased: 6 were adults and one a child (to whom the bell belonged), and at least 3 of the adultswere men, perhaps of military or other official rank to judge from the formof the
large quantity that the victims
in an existing
together
of lime in the upper of some epidemic
and spacious
The
grave.
level supports were buried tomb generally
dates to the6thand 7S CtsAD. Tomb III,which ispartiallydestroyed,liesSE of tombII and parallel to tomb I. It is a built family tomb, of the same as tomb 1. It was and orientation construction dimensions, for tomb, but there is insufficient evidence probably a chamber burials. It contained 5 contemporary the form of the roof.
Three skeletonswere foundalong theS long side; tracesof a 4th
it,were observed cranium, with part of a bronze earring above in the NW corner. This skeleton must have been laid along the the tomb was damaged. wall and was mostly destroyed when A 5th, smaller and more delicate cranium was found at roughly
the level of thewaist of the2ndskeleton; itappears tobelong to a small child buried beside itsmother. The grave goods were mostly foundburiedbeneath thecollapsed tombwalls on theN, items inside or around the crania. and S sides, with personal vessels were from 7 plainware collected, along with bronze and silver jewellery (one silver and 4 bronze earrings,
W
Sherds
and 2 silver pins, part of a bronze necklace, 2 bronze probes, a small bronze
one bronze
as a pendant,
coin used
a silver
bell
and
many small ironringsprobably froma belt). Inside cranium2 a bronze
was Mavrovouni.
The
the view
7
2008-2009
20
nummus
coin
of the reign of
the Emperor
Phokas (602-610) from themint of Constantinople,which gives a secure tpqof theE7thCt AD for the tomb itself. I and
Tombs
at the same
III were
other, 0.3m apart. They are simple Tomb the same dimensions. mately
to each d., and set parallel of approxi constructions is larger and II, however,
to a particular of vaulted tomb with steps category belongs in the 6thCt. It is a more down from the entrance which appears elaborate notable
members
the and costly structure, and this, together with there were indicates that those buried grave goods, local family. of a prominent
E of tomb III, a wall may be part of a destroyed4thtomb, since thereis a largequantityof brick and tile (much ofwhich
has
wall
lime plaster, sherds of combed finger impressions), area part of a curved stone In the surrounding and bone.
similar
ware
was
excavated, plus sections of road of different periods. an extensive finds revealed, with portable pyre was
Finally,
which seem to date itearlier thantheECh period. The discovery of at least 3 family tombs at this site reinforces
somewhere
a permanent settlement the times. It complements
that there was
the hypothesis in the wider
area
in ECh
discovery of a 6thCt vaulted tomb at Pyrgiakoni, an E7thCt
vaulted
tomb at Perani
Saronic
and ECh
near Aianteio.
Athanasios,
Harbors
(SHARP)
tombs atAg.
Archaeological
Dimitrios
Research
and Ag.
Project
Tartaron and T. Pullen (AS CSA/Florida) (ASCSA/Pennsylvania) reporton a 2ndseason of fieldwork. In 2008, as in 2007, research focused on theMyc settlementat
D.
on the surrounding and territory. Korphos-Kalamianos was a major harbour settlement of theMyc palatial Kalamianos a focus of Myc a large urban centre that was period, with
activityextendingwell beyond the site itself. Work
Survey
continued
and
drawing
on
the mapping
of
structures
of architectural
continued
features.
at Kalamianos:
sectors 5 and 9 were targeted,in addition to the fortification wall. While over much of the site buildings are set some distance
apart, sector 5 has produced
the densest
concentration
of architecture(Fig. 7). Two streetsor alleys allow access
between
structures.
a major
organizational
One
seems to be of these, structure 5-1223, feature of sector 5, and can be traced for
nearly 60m N-S in 3 segmentswhich are continuous although
8
CATHERINEMORGAN little earlier or later Myc. Almost half of the site was a significant percentage of the survey area covered, although could not be walked due to steep slopes or dense vegetation. the survey identified FNeo, EBA, Beyond Kalamianos, LBA,
with very
Cl/Hel
and Emod.
sites. There
iswidespread evidence for small of which have had associated may these enclosures have clear views over
some enclosures, Myc towers. In all instances
the surrounding into the territory and control natural passages E of Korphos the mod. and region. bay, between village a series of stone cairns Kalamianos, previously interpreted as Hel boundary markers was on their form re-examined. Based and the ceramics remains Vassa,
contained
of another
EBA
they may
although
in them, they probably represent the fortified site, as nearby Vayia and have been reused in later periods.
On a low ridge between 2 hilltops atAkrotirio Stiri, high
a 2nd large above Kalamianos, settlement was discovered, Myc a steep cliff and with an view of the overlooking expansive Saronic Gulf to the E. This is smaller than that at settlement Kalamianos
(the main
is ca. 200m
part of the complex
70m),
but thearchitectureand chronologyare similar (Fig. 9). From the small hill S of the site,Kalamianos and theSaronic Gulf stretchingout to theS are in plain view,while from the cliff the settlement to the E, there is a much broader view delimiting of the Saronic and Salamis. the coasts, Thus, including Attica at Stiri could monitor maritime traffic on the community Saronic
as well
Gulf,
and
Geological Norwich,
Vermont)
as the land passes
above
Kalamianos.
research
geomorphological focused on problems
of erosion
(R. Dunn: and sedi
over and coastline time, and hydrology change on karstic features and the especially hydrology of the region. The lines of the bedrock across the site. joints were mapped These in fissures which occur joints often split into so-called
mentation,
7. SHARP,
sector 5 features.
Korphos-Kalamianos:
association
fresh water,
notperfectlyaligned. E of the partof thisstreetliesbuilding a very numerous 5-II, large structure with entrance on theW and several inbuilt features
rooms, (perhaps
a
clear
bins or
lies building 5-VIII, a structure with 6
platforms). To theW
units oriented N-S, each of which has 3 to 4 rooms The structure is thus an insula like those seen running N-S. was elsewhere in the Aegean. of the units, B2-B3, One
parallel
apparentlyrebuiltat a slightlyhigher level andwith somewhat some of the clearest 9 has produced Sector larger stones. reuse at Kalamianos. evidence for post-Myc 9-IV Building contains a (Fig. 8), a large Myc structure of canonical masonry,
possible kiln, the stone packing of which is associated with
finger impressed Rom in the vicinity, LRom
had a fortification
Kalamianos architecture
tiles and spiral grooved ware. Elsewhere 1 and 2 amphora rims were found.
(ca. 4ha),
as well
as
circuit
that enclosed
large areas
of open
all of the land (ca.
3ha). Two probable gates have been identified.A longwall (Fig. 8) runs from the E shore to theW, cutting off the
Kalamianos
Near the middle 2 of the wall, peninsula. 7-XXIV and 7-XIX, funnel access past a well parallel walls, tower (7-XV) to the narrow entrance to the site. To constructed the SE,
another
possible
gate
complex,
9-V,
controlled
access
between the lower,built-upportion of the site and thehigher, W and SW, thewall is unoccupied but fortified, hilltop. To the identifiedonly in small sections.Any wall along theS edge of the site would Intensive completed.
the mod. sea level. lie below probably site was survey of the Kalamianos archaeological Finds from individual collected rooms, within
walls and between buildings allowed thebuildings tobe dated
with
varying
degrees
of
precision.
Preliminary
suggests that thematerial is almost entirelyLHIIIB
analysis
in date,
as architecture; their distribution may Coring was undertaken with
buildings. in the region.
One
core, within
they seem to be sources be a factor in the location on
the Kalamianos
of of
site and
7-1, had a few particles
building
of partially burnt clay (perhaps burntmud-brick or daub), indicating
the presence
of cultural
deposits.
Kea Karthaia. E.
Publication: Panagou,
A
Simantoni-Bournia, ... a A A
L.G.
Mendoni
and T.-M. ...
(Athens,TAPA 2009; inGreek, English and French).
Kythera
Kythera Island Project. C. Broodbank (BSA/London) and E. Kiriatzi (BSA) reporton the2008 studyseason. was a principalobjective: theRom Study of theRom pottery component the absence
at Kastri
and at 26
of Rom material
further sites was
at many
more
examined
sites verified
and
(Fig.
10). Sites selected included large coastal establishments(for
site 129) and inland sites that range example, size (for example, sites 020 and 108). Overall,
in substantially LRom is most
common (17 siteswith substantialquantitiesof sherdsplus 6 but a substantial amount of MRom is also tiny amounts), are notable: distinct ERom small, coastal sites rich phenomena in finewares and a major Hel at and/or ERom presence
with
the alternative to Kastri, at a period when harbour are strong indications is reduced. There of activity at Kastri distinctions between assemblages at different kinds of sites, and much evidence for shifting patterns of off-island contacts and Diakofti,
activitywell into theL7thCt AD.
One further Cl site (082)
A to E/MVen emerged. large amount of MByz pottery (ca. fruitful comparison 12th-16th Ct AD) was studied: a particularly was made between 2 large inland sites, the slightly earlier site
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2008-2009
9. SHARP, Stiri: architectureat theMyc settlement.
9
CATHERINEMORGAN
10
108 and site 174, the latephase atwhich overlapswith the 18th
Ct AD
MByz chemical
start of regular census records. Two hundred samples of wares were and for p?trographie to E/MVen selected
the largest-scale analysis, in the undertaken yet Aegean.
sampling
of such material
Analysis of theCl-Rom metallurgical debris collected by the survey (primarilyca. 45kg of slag, mostly from23 sites)
continues of
occurrence The widespread contrasts the strikingly with of PH distribution copper metallurgy,
(M. Georgakopoulou). debris Cl-Rom small-scale restricted
extremely
thoughitremainsfarfromubiquitous. Specific instancesofCl
can be identified, and in the case of multi and Rom metallurgy sufficient is sometimes internal sites, spatial resolution period to indicate an earlier or later date for such activity. All slags a distinction have been examined revealing macroscopically, a group with a flow texture on their upper surface, between with associated sometimes with iron ore fragments, commonly
a
Kytheran or S Laconian
smelting excavation
has
been
material)
inferred and
smelting origin (bloomery
from Cl
another
fragments
group
in the Kastri
comprising
residues
fromsmall smithinghearths. On pureCl sites, the2 typesdo
not coincide,
10. Kythera:
perhaps
suggesting
site location map,
specialized
showing
production
all sites. Those
areas.
processed
are currently being observations tested preliminary and microstructural) examination (chemical through analytical to cover both slag-type and inter-site of a large sample selected variation.
These
Sklere. T. Gregory (Ohio) reports(DeltChAE 39 [2008], 259 with the 68) on a surveyof thefortifiedsite at Sklere, identified fortress of Ag.
conducted
Dimitrios,
Archaeological
Palaiochora-Kythera
as part of the Australian of the Australian
Project
Institute in Athens. Sklere is a ridge runningNW-SE immediatelyW of Aroniadika, which dominates the plain
between
Aroniadika
and
Potamos.
There
is a
significant
Ct potteryon thecentralpartof the ridge concentrationof 16th and in the immediatevicinityof thechurchofAg. Dimitrios, as
well
as well-preserved
walls
and
large
stone
piles
E
of
the
churchand just below (W of) thehigh point of the ridge. The stone piles stand out for theirsize and for the fact that they
two large features. Thus shapes of collapsed the N, each over lm h. (that on theW being ca. 1.5m 15m /. and ca. 5m w.), have clearly defined E-W walls ca. 2.5m w. w. The walls are broken by a probable passageway similar stone pile is the stone piles. Another between mid-way retain the distinct
stone
in 2008
features
on
are marked
by labels.
IN GREECE
ARCHAEOLOGY the SW, ca. 12m 5m and up to 1.5m h., with a in the top. To the E of this is an elongated feature in the E with a distinct circular depression SW-NE,
on
located
depression running
side: thisfeaturereaches thehigh point of the ridge andmeets the stone feature on the E
part of the site. Taken to see these stone features as towers and
it is possible
together,
end of the
into a rudimentary defensive circuit, ca. strong points joined 40m2. This cannot have been a true castle, as the high point of
theridge is leftoutside anythingthatcan be consideredpart of
the fortifications.
all the construction is in dry Furthermore, stone technique, which is not appropriate for any significant Ven fortification. Itmay rather be a local attempt to provide a of concealment
place
and safety from Ot
raids after the sack of
Palaiochora in 1537 (noting the local petition toVenice for in 1543).
assistance
fortifications.
CORINTHIA (37thEPCA: 25thEBA) Isthmia. E. Gebhard (ASCSA/Chicago) reports. Further studyof theAr temple (F. Hemans) confirmed the elevationof thefloors of thepteronand the topof thestylobate. What had been considered tobe a step at theSE cornerof the to a foundation in fact belongs for the sty lobate. The fa?ade the marble circular base perirrhante interpreted as supporting rion at the NE pteron bears evidence of being set into the floor
before being finished,and thefloorwas evidently laid at the same
architectural
the same
building.
time against it. The monument is contemporary with the of the temple. The same may be true of an iron
blocks were identified, bringing the totalof blocks of this type to 10.
of soil and landscaping of the area of the the Rom bath and the Byz between outworks, fortress, along the S side of the large ravine that runs from the centre of the Isthmus to the Saronic resulted in the Gulf, The
removal
Hexamilion
levelling of much of the soil E of the bath and S of the the lst-2nd Ct AD
and was
base.
and E. Michael)
Cheney
shows
that roasting
and
parts boiling of sacrificialmeat generally tookplace indifferent with
some meat
at the altar and
roasted
the
to the communal in proximity feast. Some and covered serving platters from the reservoir (Large are unusually used for vessels large, while Pit)
servings are slightly smaller than similar examples contexts from domestic in Corinth. Kotylai, skyphoi and one handled cups may have fulfilled a dual function at the feast, used both as bowls for food and cups for wine. individual
Study of worked completion:
objects
grinding
stones) and also
hammers),
discovered.
This
was
building
entered
in some way with
connected
the large E-W
building(s)
that lie essentially unexplored between the bath and the E.
Kenchreai.
nears tools (I. Gatsov, P. Nadelzheva) and other relate to food production (querns and construction floats and (masons' stone
include
gaming
boards
and a sun dial.
Korka
of
(Ministry
(ASCSA/Macalester College)
report on a further season of the anc. harbour ridge
J. Rife
Culture),
and P. Kasimi
(37thEPCA)
on the Koutsongila areas begun in 2007.
of excavation
in the 3 major
Nine new trencheswere opened and 5 distinct buildings explored (Fig. 11). Area A is theopen slope at theS end ofKoutsongila, with a commanding view of the harbour (Fig. 12). Exploration on a substantial
focused
and a rectangular
long wall
building,
firstuncovered in2007 (Fig. 13). A 6m /.stretchof a massive
wall
was
uncovered, with a foundation of blocks and overlying in irregular courses. Its purpose and date are uncertain, a W its face dense of large E-MRom is against deposit
rubble but
was
thus the wall
sherds:
constructed
no
later than the ERom
Its plan, the associated period (lst-2nd Ct AD). stratigraphy and the absence all suggest of nearby walls that the structure was neither part of an enclosed building nor served to retain soil. It
building
to the perirrhanterion
Study of thedistributionof LAr and Cl cookingwares (M.
stewpots Circular
were
to
16m) of
througha doorway leading fromtheareaNE of theRom bath,
adjacent
of the sanctuary, remainder boiled
the area
to open
designed
visitors,thefoundationsof a largebuilding (ca. 10m
may have settlement
.
In this operation,
Hexamilion.
tripodof the7thCt BC, the feet ofwhich were found in situ
construction
Risser,
all from identified, perhaps pieces were 2 additional Doric Thus epistyle-frieze
fortress.
Antikythera Anc. Aigilia. Ethnos (20/11/08) cites a report by A. Tsaravopoulos (26thEPCA) of excavation and cleaning of the Hel
unknown
11
2008-2009
prominent
a significant or trace a precinct. was (ca. 7.9m 5.8m) defined
to delimit space, for example of the rectangular Excavation on a Three walls completed.
survive. These consist of a few outcrop and dense rubble set in a coarse mortar blocks
bedrock
recycled
ashlar
is poorly
preserved,
and finishedon the interior with a finewhite plaster.The S wall seems
but the entrance
to have been
located
in theSE corner,where 2 adjacent steps (one paved) were cut intothebedrock. This building had 3 main phases of use from the ERom
to EByz
1st Ct AD,
it had
periods. a circular
In its original form, starting pit at its centre (ca. 0.91m
in the di.
0.33m d.) and a lowbench or platformalong theback (N) wall. The pitmight have held a large vessel or basin supportedby struts in the manner
for a brazier
of a tripod, or itmight out. later cleaned
that was
it seems facing bench, or sacrifices. ablutions series
of 5 low, parallel
to indicate
some
have been a firepit with the Together ritual activity, such as
in the 4th-5th Ct, a this, perhaps oriented N-S compartments (ca. 0.75
After
0.85m w.) were made across themiddle of thebuilding from
T. Gregory (ASCSA/Ohio) reportson a furtherstudyseason on finds fromtheRom bath, theareaE of the t?menos(East Field),
bones,
bath continued,especially those in roomsVI andXII, as did the cleaning and stabilizationof old trenchesin the areas S of the Rom bath and E of the t?menos. In thearea of theRom bath, a
In the6th-7th Ct, cist graves (G46-48, G55, G56, G59) were dug around theedges of thedilapidated and plunderedbuilding. It is noteworthythata conspicuous ERom buildingwith a ritual
and
the Byz
new
fortress.
series of doorways
Conservation
of the mosaics
to the Cl bath was
discovered,
in the Rom
and a dry
stonewall constructedalong thewhole S side of theRom bath. Study
of the anc.
architectural
blocks
in the area of the so
called Hexamilion outworks,NE of theRom bath, continued, with a pilot study for the use of RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technology for the location and detailed recording of these blocks in the field. Many previously
of numerous human and rubble. The presence intermingled by later disturbance, lamps and coins, that these compartments contained multiple burials. suggests strips of mortar
function was
converted
to funerary
use
in LAntiquity,
as
the
major cemeteryto the was apparentlyexpandingS towardthe harbour.
Area is the low-lyingarea near theSE edge ofKoutsongila where abundantstructural remainswere found in2007 (Fig. 14). Two ERom buildings can be identified,or perhaps one large complex with 2 distinct wings, separated by a narrow
12
CATHERINEMORGAN
11.Kenchreai,Koutsongila ridge.
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2008-2009
12. Kenchreai,
Koutsongila
ridge: area A.
13
14
CATHERINEMORGAN
passageway.
the same
are situateci on roughly
They
axis
as the
complex (probablya seaside villa) which was excavated at the base of the mole in the 1960s and sharemany structural with it.Only thebacks of thebuildingshave so farbeen features so their size
excavated, measured
as much
all the way
extended
was
the
To
unknown, but they might have that they front to back, assuming to the anc. cliff edge. remains
as 25-30m a
large
structure with
rectangular
irregular
rubblewalls, founded directlyonto thebedrock outcrop and pavedwith uneven terracottatiles(Fig. 15). Itsmost distinctive feature is a series of 5 almost conical pits thinlylinedwith (ca.
plaster
0.86m
di. and ca. 0.3m
d.).
These
were
probably
eithercuttingsfor largevessels (pithoi) or bothroi for storage.
of the structure, pits, together with the overall appearance a or small-scale industrial function, such as point to utilitarian or storage space. a workshop between this The relationship
The
building and theone to theS is uncertain,but theirproximity suggests thattheywere linked.The building seems to have unclear but it remains the ERom period, during In contrast, the itwas first used in the 1st or 2nd Ct.
operated whether
building to theS was opulent (Figs 14, 16). The walls were built from a mixture
Fragments
of painted
and irregular rubble. revetment in marble
of fine brick masonry plaster and moulded
variegated colours and textures(Fig. 17) found throughoutthe building show that thewalls had a decorative finish,while small
tesserae
Three
rooms
in diverse
have
been
come
colours
excavated.
from
The
the paved northernmost
floor.
is a
narrowcorridorwith a well at theback. This well was filled to a d. of ca.
5m with
structural
and
domestic
debris,
such
as
kitchen
vessels
and
animal
bones,
was
which
apparently
dumpedwhen thebuildingwas cleaned aftereithera period of total disuse
or
an
event
of destruction,
such
as
the major
earthquake(s) thatstruckthe region in theL4thCt. To theS is a finely constructedwater tankwith a lead pipe in the SW cornerdraining into the3rdspace to theS, which has a central
basin
The small scale of these by a channel. and the frequent presence of kitchen vessels remains, indicate that this is a private, rather than a
surrounded
hydraulic and faunal
features,
within a largerhouse. It appears largepublic, bathing facility, to have been built and firstused during theE-MRom periods
(ca.
lst-3rd Ct), but may
had a LRom
have
also
phase.
Area C is located in theheartof thecemetery, W of tombs3 and 23,where 2 wheelruts and 16 LRom-EByz cist graves had
been
uncovered.
ERom
Excavation
above-ground
of
chamber
building
(ca. 6.2m
the presence
of altars.
rectangular
the Southwest
tomb, was 5.8m) had
Building,
an
This
completed. ashlar foundations
set intobedrock andwalls of brick ineven coursesfinishedwith white plaster. Inside, the wall had a bench cut frombedrock and theS wall a bench built from largeslabs. In themiddleW area of thefloor,which was finishedwithmortar,cuttingsmay indicate
The
rock-cut cist in the
bench
(G50) reveals thatthebuildingwas used forburial. However, theSouthwestBuilding had collapsed in a single event during theM2nd Ct (or later)before itwas filled with burials. The tomb was
never
rebuilt and
the ashlar
foundations
were
robbed,
but duringLAntiquity (as late as the6thCt) simple cist graves were created in the destruction debris and the robbed foundationtrenches(G53, G58, G60).
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2008-2009 of
Investigation
the loculi
inside
tomb 7 was
15
justW of thewheelruts shows that thismain road into the
completed.
These contained the remainsof at least 37 individualsof all ages who had been buried during the Llst-3rd Ct. The
harbour was
tombs.
flanked by impressive
Finally,
evidence
for
burial activityacross theridgeuntil theL6thor 7thCt proves that times, but apparently
from other
into EByz survived the port settlement contracted S toward the harbour.
chambers on Koutsongila, itwill provide especially good
Eastern Korinthia Archaeological Survey (EKAS). T. Gregory (ASCSA/Ohio) and D. Pullen (ASCSA/Florida)
funerary derive
fication in the immediatevicinityofLychnaribay,E ofAlmyri.
numerous
types well-known represented funerary artefacts tombs on Koutsongila: coins, earrings vessels, glass tomb 7 seems to and finger rings, bone pins and lamps. Since other than many from looters received less attention have evidence
for reconstructing observations
Important
social concerning at Rom Kenchreai.
from
these
discoveries
structure, topography and settlement history art First, the wealth implied by decorative
Anc.
in the buildings of area B, as well as in the richestof the
tombs, reflects the great prosperity of local ?lites. The marble sculpture and mosaic high quality of the wall-painting, compares with the finest instances from paving on Koutsongila chamber
Rom
Corinth.
ularly
vessels
Moreover, and coins,
we
continue
that reveal
to find artefacts, partic the port's E connections.
Secondly, the small ERom buildingwith a ritual function in area A might
indicate
the presence
of a sanctuary
or demarcate
theS limitof thecemetery.Thirdly, theabove-ground tomb in
area C
is the first of its type found on Koutsongila.
15. Kenchreai,
Koutsongila
ridge:
building
Its situation
in area B,
of 2 LCl-Hel
report the documentation
rituals.
from
G. Sanders reports (ASCSA) in the area S of the South Stoa where
Corinth.
excavation had
revealed
a complex
early 1960s (Fig. 18). Work
house,
concentrated
inwhich
on 7 rooms
successive
iwwvyi
beaten
rooms flank The
South complex
a corridor
leading to the court. The was
supplied
continued
H. Robinson in the
and the courtyard of a Byz earth floors were removed to
trenches of the original the foundation expose The house consists of 9 rooms and a central Road
on
houses
and post-Med
of Med
walls
(Fig.
19).
Two courtyard. from the entrance on Lechaion remainder
with water
flank
from a well
the courtyard. in the court.
16. Kenchreai, Koutsongila ridge: S building in area B, from
NW.
NW.
towers and a rubble forti
with pilaster capitals fromtheS building. 17.Kenchreai, Koutsongila ridge:marble revetment
16
CATHERINEMORGAN
iL
18. Corinth:Med and post-Med houses S of theSouth Stoa.
On
the S side of the courtyard,
a stair ascended
to a veranda
and
upperstoreyover theSE 3 rooms.The housewas built in the2nd halfof the11th Ct and remainedoccupied for2 centuries. In the 13thCt, theW rangeof roomswas assimilated intoa property standing to theW, while theE part of thehouse continued in metal finds independentuse. Three spaces produced significant
had an assemblage (Fig. 20). The SW room, a semi-basement, of Fr tools including a scythe, a knife, an axe-hammer and a the stair ascending to the 2nd storey were a spear point. Beneath ladle or lamp, an adze-hammer and a keyhole Byz plaque.
Outside and to theNW was a dump of iron door fittings, includingpartsof lockmechanisms and keyholeplaques. The house provides a valuable complement to the Fr complex excavated by C.K. Williams S of themuseum in the 1990s and has parallels in theupper strataof theStoa Poikile in theAthenianAgora. The Med housewill be conserved andwill remain
exposed
as an
example
of a Byz
domicile
at Corinth.
Stymphalos. H. Williams (Canadian Institute/British Columbia) reportson continuing studyof thepottery,lamps and figurines from the 1994-2005 excavations, and on the preparation of an exhibition for the new 19thCt folk-life museum being built by thePiraeus Bank Foundation near the lake. In June2009, deep coreswere drilled in and around the lake as part of a project to study thegeomorphological history of the area.
19. Corinth:
2008
excavations,
Byz
house.
Taken
with
smaller
cores
recovered
in 2007,
these
offermuch promisingmaterial on theenvironmentalhistoryof thesite throughthepastmillennia.
17
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2008-2009 Nemea,
Sotira
Agia
R.A.K.
cemetery.
Smith
(Canadian
M.K. Dabney and J.C.Wright (BrynMawr Institute/Brock), College) reporton the2008 season of excavation in theLBA chamber-tombcemeteryon thehillside ofAg. Sotira, outside near anc. Nemea.
of Koutsomadi
the village
Newly-acquired land of thefield investigatedin2006 and 2007 (Fig. 22) was explored using ground-penetratingradar and magnetometry,
test trenches
with
to investigate
anomalies.
No tombswere found. This was followed by an extensive programme
of test trenching.
Trenches
were
excavated
E-W
at
ca. 4m intervals.A fissure at theNW limitof thisarea proved to be the collapsed chamber of tomb6, making itpossible to excavate
both
21. Nemea,
the chamber
Sanctuary
and
of Zeus:
the dromos
block with guttae
paint fromthe4thCt BC Temple of Zeus.
20. Corinth,Byz house: Fr tools from theSW room and lock mechanisms and keyhole plaques fromthedump outside.
Nemea. season
K. Shelton (ASCSA/Berkeley) reportson the 2008
of study and conservation
at the Sanctuary
of Zeus.
Work continued in thepreparationofNemea IV: The Shrine ofOpheltey.a separatepublicationon theearly stadiumand the hippodrome is expected. Study continued for Nemea X: Chronologywith the ongoing analysis and cataloguing of the major ceramic deposits. Sherds fromdeposits ingrid squares, M12, N17, K14/15, L17, F18 and G18 were examined. An additional studywas conducted on pottery from a votive deposit excavatedby Biegen in 1925 to theE of the site. At theTemple of Zeus, work continuedon the foundations and krepidoma at theE end, especially theNE corner,and on restoration
of the columns.
Classification
and
registration
of
fragmentsof architecturalsculpturecontinued,mostly fromthe with Ar and LCI Temples of Zeus. Several largerfragments some the of retain mutules and original guttae preserved painted decorationon theworn marble surface (Fig. 21).
22. Nemea,
Ag.
Sotira:
simultaneously.
trench plan.
and preserved
CATHERINEMORGAN
18
The tombhad undergonemultiple openings. Since inmost
cases
was
the dromos
Pottery Excavation
are fill episodes carinated included
only 2 major the dromos
use,
previous
from of
the stomion
well
correlated The
in the dromos.
levels observed
to the floor
down
excavated
lowest
level of its visible.
clearly
with
the
taken for micromorpholog levels, from which samples were it is apparent that the Above these levels, ical analysis. use of the tomb. The rebuilt during a secondary stomion was
S side, facing the dromos, was set back, and the top of the E This reconstructed with rubble masonry. face of the doorway It E of the stomion. into the chamber continued masonry
seems thatduring an opening of the tomb, theE side of the silt
and layers of humus from S to N. chamber
of
Excavation of 9
minimum was
a
period,
individuals
the
revealed
the chamber
14 ceramic
with
vessels.
a
of
interment
the
On
2 including a was pit
discovered in the SW area of the chamber justW of the in burials. The bones this contained 4 or 5 secondary stomion; and included 2 adults and 2 or 3 this pit were better preserved, or children. vessels in the chamber The ceramic sub-adults
were
the burials
with
associated
outside
preliminarilydated fromLHIIIA2
of the pit, and can be
to LHIIIB2.
They include
and a flask dated to LHIIIB1. stirrup jars, jugs, an alabastron as is phytolith analysis in is residue process, analysis Organic and stomion taken from the dromos, from soil samples
reports
(ASCSA)
on
and conservation is underway from the fills of the shaft graves A storeroom in the Lerna the metal has begun. objects
of
conservation
plan
for the walls
been
undertaken:
of
the House
Museum
has
creation
of a digital
plan of Lerna.
the first phase
The
are
very modest was most
cemetery
in terms heavily
dated
walls
of the central was
and cleaning
area of house
undertaken
in various
in use
it continued
cemetery was Tsoungiza, generations.
a
on
to reconstruct
of use. T. Mattern
Kleonai.
scale
a tomb that had collapsed
(DAI/Marburg)
and K. Kissas
suffering
from congenital
anaemia
and
an 8/9-year-old
a project
was
developed
to assess
the Cl-Hel
Sanctuary
of Apollo
Deiradiotis,
with
a view
antiquities
and
to enhance
the environment
Argos.
The
during
(Director,
of the in the immediate surroundings inventory of remains a combination of field survey of the area city, through known sites and to the S, recording of previously immediately
anc.
of
assist
EPCA
records.
be of value
in coordinating Results
monuments.
An
initial
overview
of
this
as a tool to right, as well of archaeological the protection of anc. the identification include in its own
in the immediate vicinity of the city, some flanked roadways extramural sanctuaries were Several by funerary monuments.
located; theyprobably includeKhan Kourtesa, S of the city, of of a spring, a mod. church and several members Doric structure, part of a geison. including in the of grave material with earlier discoveries
the location
a monumental Together immediate settlement
vicinity here. To
of
this the Khan, of the Temple
the NE
a suggests of Herakles,
locus
of
several
a further extramural members may suggest of dispersed sanctuary, and S of the city wall there is evidence settlement.
remains
on
the
to creating
an
archaeological park for thebetterprotectionand display of the
an
will
child.
hill of Profitis Ilias, theMyc cemeteryon theDeiras and the
37thEPCA) reporton a collaborative pilot project to produce
analysis evidence
consoli
parts of the site
At the requestof the4thEPCA and themunicipality ofArgos,
in LHIIIA2
into LHIIIB2.
O were
(probablymale) adolescent 16/17 years old, a newborn baby
with the nearby settlement at probably associated over reused tombs and contained family is of continuity In tomb 6, the importance burials here by the fact that those who conducted
emphasized felt it important its period
lesser
the
comprises
study of the pottery and human bone remains Preliminary in the area of Vollgraff's from the 2007 recovered cleaning to a uncovered shows that the 3 skeletons excavation belong
and LHIIIB1, with some evidence forearlyactivityinLHIIIA1, and
is
(Fig. 23).
the wealth
of
used
the Tiles
Argos, Aspis. G. Touchais (EfA/Paris 1) and A. Philippa Touchais (EfA) reporton the2008 campaign.
Tomb 6 is similar to the other tombs discovered in this which
of
being developed and studyfor a revised site display inArgos
chamber.
cemetery, contained.
a further study
Further to theongoing studies and publications reportedin 2007 (AR 54 [2007-2008], 25), C14 analysisof 10 bone samples
The MH
levels, 2 vessels, prelimi were above the discovered
burials, layer of poorly preserved In addition, burials. 3 secondary
and
primary
In associated
to the Geo
narily dated stomion.
floor
collapsed portion of the chamber in stratified for this was preserved into the collapsed down sloping
and part of the SE rebuilt. Evidence
stomion
Weincke
season.
blocking wall, contained multiple thinlycompressed floor
and were
M.H.
Lerna.
kylix sherds. the various
level, beneath
ARGOLID (4,hEPCA: 5thEBA)
architectural
23. Argos,
Aspis:
SE
sector after landscaping.
of
the city
of
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2008-2009
19
Argos, Nannopoulos plot. A. Pariente (EfA/Lyon) and C. Piteros (4thEPCA) reporton the6thexcavationcampaign in this focused on the structures of the agora. Thirty six further tombs were excavated, mostly dug into the fill associated of the anc. agora. with the general abandonment Twenty held the remains of adults, 12 the remains of children area,
2
and
those
of babies.
Two
of a secondary
remains
had
and
burial,
primary burials plus one grave contained
the
the
double burial of an adult and a child (Fig. 24). All were pit graves complete
covered with planks possibly of grave goods, absence
In the almost
of wood.
the burials
not be
could
dated; theexception is a double burialwhere a tpq is provided by thefact thatthebottomof thepit restsonwhat isprobablya road.
By
Excavation
the E
of
exedra part of the monumental the interest is the junction between remains of the and the collapsed
Of
continued.
particular still in place
foundation
24. Argos,
Nannopoulos
plot: double
25. Argos,
Nannopoulos
plot:
burial.
seating,buried infill inwhich the latestitemsdate to the6thand 7thCts AD (Fig. 25). This impressivecollection of blocks from the lowest
level of the exedra
as collapse, disturbance.
indicated
foundations
for the seating
from sudden
resulted
and uniform
by the marked angle of the edges of the In total, 12 blocks have been revealed from 3 interior and
foundations,
(limestone
exteriorstepsplaced side by side, and a limestonebench) lying in the same relative order which they occupied within the structure
causes
itself. The
destruction
Mycenae. continued
before
no
suffered
previous
this collapse.
S. Iakovides (ASA) reports{Ergon [2008], 35-45)
excavation
the area of Petsas
on
in the lower city and
the acropolis,
in
House.
the acropolis,
On
remain to collapse are intact indicates that
of this massive
investigated. The fact that the blocks had level of the exedra the lowest
be
was
of building
excavation
completed
(Fig. 26). The oblong building had on theE side 3 rooms at level
ground
and
a staircase:
a courtyard
at
the edge
of
the
W of the complex isdelimitedby the Cyclopean wall. To the is an inclined passageway
rooms
with
an earthen
surface, which
leads intothecourtyard.The roomsdate to the 13thCt BC and
were
from earlier structures. They remained built using materials in use for quite a short period and were destroyed ca. 1200 BC.
The 2008 excavationwas limitedto thearea of the inclined
over which were passageway, round sockets for connection
4 dressed with
round structure built of unworked
blocks with square and as well as a other blocks, with a few stones, associated
The LHIIIB2 destruction and bones. level, which bore traces of fire, contained sherds, tile fragments, animal bone and many small finds (mainly fragments of wall-painting, figurines, blades and flakes, lead and iron beads, stone grinders, obsidian sherds
loomweights, objects, a half-worked were
strainers
sealstone
and spools). Among no decoration
with
these finds
and
a clay
sealing baked in thefirewhich destroyedthebuilding. Itbears a depictionwhich can with difficultybe read as theLinear for oil.
ideogram
Excavation continued in the lower city (Fig. 27). As in 2007, the topmost level dated to theHel period: in theNW
and remains of a potter's workshop square, an apsidal building were found. There may have been a kiln here. S Immediately
of theapsidal buildingwas theexternalwall of a largebuilding, and beneath itan orthogonal cist tombwith the skeletonof a mature individual,probably female, accompanied by 5 Geo vessels, a pin and an ironring,all dating to the9thCt BC (Fig. 28). In theSE sector layan apsidal buildingofwhich the2 end walls
were
preserved
along with
the interior cross walls.
The
building appears to be Myc and is partially covered by Hel remains
and part of a cobbled
road.
collapsed
seating
in the exedra.
small finds were discovered, including obsidian, of animal bones, sherds, wall-painting, pigments, fragments and coins, which date to the Myc, Geo and Hel metal objects are separated The remains of historical periods from periods. Various
earth thoseof theMyc period by a thicklevelof reddish-brown
down from the slopes of the surrounding hills and from the site of Mycenae. Sara, which dominates was Petsas House, of area At the so-called examination in 2008. On its floor, which was strewn with earth completed
washed Mt
and sherds, were
traces of fire and burnt bricks
from the super
20
CATHERINEMORGAN
26. Mycenae, acropolis: building
.
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2008-2009
structure which was inpartwooden. The S and room were
not found,
and
it is suggested
walls of the
that the room was
unroofed. Area 10 was partially investigatedin 2007, with work completed in2008. Neither theS wall nor a normal floor were
found.
Itwas
filled with
destruction
debris, with
a layer
of fire debris on thebedrock. Among finds from thisfill are figurinefragmentsand sherdsof at least6 LHIIIA2 stirrupjars In roomT, 2 similar to those found in 1950 in roomA. sandstone
rectangular
bases
each
had
a rectangular
cutting
in
the centre and other smaller cuttings around (Fig. 29) to wooden
accommodate upper
floor.
in the
In 2007,
partof the room: in theS part are fragmentsofwall
from room important information provide indicate Pithoi floor, which was decorated. a to maintain necessary storage of the commodities
Finds painting. about the upper organized
supports either for the roof or for an beam was discovered part of a carbonized
21
and workshops. It appears that the space was large household or at least the storage, of vessels and used for the manufacture, The pottery confirms that the area was destroyed figurines.
towardstheend ofLHIIIA2.
found
in Room
and mud. without
Y,
In2007, thebases of 6 pithoiwere
in situ on stone
slabs
In 2008, 4 further bases were a base. Thus the room contained
sitting
in small
stones
found, plus one slab at least 11 pithoi.
Hundreds of sherdswere found in the course of the 2008
excavations vessels,
in the Petsas
and an abundance
or restored House, plus 17 complete of small finds, mainly fragments of fragments were also found, as well as 2
Figurine wall-painting. a piece of repouss?e sealstones, gold and objects of stone and glass paste.
leaf, fragments
Publication: D. Danielidou, A a a a ? ?e (Athens,ASA 2008)
of
ivory
II. To
22
CATHERINEMORGAN
interior of the gallery was
The with
to a /.of ca. 3.5m investigated almost of a deposit about 0.9m d, which or the roof. The gallery is an underground passageway
the removal
reached
wall, which at thispoint is 5.7m syrinxthroughthefortification thick. Its side walls are built of boulders and curve slightly inward
towards
the top, while
the ceiling
is mostly
made
of
horizontalstone slabs (Fig. 30). The floor,of levelledbedrock, a slight inclination with low steps at several points. The is 1.4m h. and 0.6m w., runs straight through the syrinx, which
has
wall to the investigatedlengthof 3.5m. At thispoint itseems to turn to the
an exit. was
29. Mycenae,
Petsas
House:
Gr-Swedish
sandstone
excavations
Midea.
The
Midea
continued in 2008
bases
on
to run obliquely to emerge at and consequently to find the exit of the syrinx, the excavation outside the fortification wall.
In order
extended
in room T.
the Myc
acropolis
of
under the direction of K.
with the (Director Emerita, National Museum) Swedish of A.-L. Schallin Institute) (Director, in The Gr team excavated and N. Divari-Valakou (3rd EPCA).
Demakopoulou collaboration
theSW partof the loweracropolis and theSwedish team in the
area E of the east gate. The Gr team worked
on the lower W
terrace of the acropolis,
continuingthe investigationof thegallery discovered in 2007 wall. W sectionof thefortification throughthe thicknessof the
in the inner face of the wall, as well of the gallery is The entrance in front of it,were further cleared. construction. Bedrock was flanked by wall 3 and a megalithic in a large part of this area, sloping down towards the revealed via steps. entrance to the gallery, which was accessed
The
entrance
as the area
30. Midea:
interiorof thegallery throughtheW section of the
fortification wall.
in greece
archaeology
2008-2009
23
A largepart of theouter face of thewall was exposed fora
10m and a h. of 2.8m maximum. The wall, founded on bedrock, is very well preserved, built of boulders directly and large and medium-sized stones. The exit of the syrinx was /. of
located about 3.5m
of theaxis of the entrance in theother
Itwas
side of the wall.
found blocked
small
clear.
The
The
side walls
dimensions
consistent
with
of
the exit,
and
themselves. construction
to form a corbel w.
0.6-0.8m
is
arch. /?., are
lm
and
sally port, rather than a tunnel cistern.
to an underground
down
curve
of the opening
a secret
with medium-sized
the Mycenaeans its corbel-vault
stones, apparently by the exit is blocked, Although
leading
The excavated part of the syrinxcontained a fill of dark
LHIIIB2 sherds were stony soil. Abundant E sherds indicate that the entrance LHIIIC
recovered.
A
remained
open
few in
the firsthalf of the 12thCt BC, although the syrinxwas no
the LHIIIC E krater recon longer in use. Four sherds joined structed from fragments found in the upper layers of trench C
during the2006 and 2007 excavations (Fig. 31). Part of the lowerbody of a Group A deep bowl decoratedwith antithetic spiralsmay be dated toLHIIIB2 L or LHIIIC E. The LHIIIB2 pottery includes mainly deep bowls of Groups A and B, stemmed
bowls,
as well
and bowls,
cups
as
and
jugs
stirrup
jars. There are 2 sherdswith pictorialmotifs, one with a bull
The commonest fine plainware protome. shapes and dippers. There are many fragments of coarse
are kylikes storage and
such as pithoi, vats and a bowl. of cooking vessels, Fragments of Handmade Burnished Ware and some small large bowls
EMyc some
sherds were
(LHIIA-B) fragmentary
recovered.
human
clay
and
found were
Also
animal
figurines,
tools,
as millstones
such
and
notably
bronze
pounders,
scraps
including a small rivet from a knife or dagger, pieces of fluorite, mother-of-pearl small fragment of painted The
deposits
removed
and
ochre,
sea
plaster. from the area
shells, adjacent
as well
as
a
to the outer
faceof thefortification wall containeda largequantityofmixed and worn sherds. These mostly date to LHIIIB2 with a few LHIIIC E and PGeo sherds. There are also many MH and EMyc sherds,as well as potteryof theLRom and Byz periods. The LHIIIB2 potteryrecoveredfromthisarea includesa small is a large part stirrup jar now partly restored. Also noteworthy of a stone tripod mortar. The deposit below the floor of room I was also examined:
according to thepotteryfound in2007, thisdates toLHIIIC E.
to the inner face of the fortification wall was trench adjacent to a d. of 0.8m. The deposit excavated removed was clearly a debris layer containing many stones fallen from the fortification
A
wall.
The
LHIIIB2 L. constructed
pottery
fragmentary
from
this
layer
is dated
The
E krater from the gallery,
LHIIIC
trench C.
work
of the Swedish team concentrated on the upper of the east gate. Two areas E of the east gate were trench 12 and the baulk between trenches 3 and 9 investigated: SE
plateau,
(see AR 54 [2007-2008], 30 forwork in these trenchesfrom
2004
onwards). 12 is situated Trench
next to trench 3, along a row of wall, where buildings The outline of the structure within
the citadel unearthed. was
revealed.
the inner face of was
previously the citadel wall
The
first wall encountered, along the S scarp, is of that found in trench 3; it stretches towards the E and forms a right-angled corner with the other wall. The the continuation
thebody of a bovid decorated with rock pattern. The other small findsfromthe interior of thesyrinxinclude fragmentsof
stone
31. Midea:
latter wall, lower
level.
towards
running The
the citadel
complete perimeter in trench 3 is now exposed.
excavated
of
majority fragments,
LH
finewares
a bronze
pin
and
wall, of
is preserved to a the room partly Finds a comprise
coarsewares, Myc 3 obsidian arrowheads.
and
figurine Green
glazed sherdsfound ina pit provide evidence ofMed activity. Work
was
resumed
between
layout of rooms
architectural
trenches
encircling
9 and 3 to clarify the the citadel wall. Most
of theNW part of this baulk had been excavated down to bedrock in2007. Work in2008 provided evidence fora wall rested on bedrock and was preserved to a running E-W, which h. of 3 courses. The whole E part of the baulk was excavated
down to bedrock. The dark brown soil (layer 2) contained and an obsidian
pottery, bones
arrowhead.
Close
to the bedrock
in theSE corner of thispart of thebaulk, a cylinder seal of
black
stone
was
found,
depicting
quadrupeds
and
chevron
fillingmotifs (Fig. 32). The seal most probablybelongs to the LMyc
Mainland
Popular
Group.
to
This supports the conclusion that room I was
above
the destruction
debris
caused
the
by
Ct BC. The earthquake thatstruckMidea at theend of the 13th
pottery from the debris layer contained many fragments of deep bowls of Groups A and B, of a small bowl with an internal
pattern in added white paint, of jugs and of a miniature vase.
handmade
Other
figurine,
2
pearl. Work
continued
steatite
seasons.
finds
include
spindle-whorls on
a fragmentary clay human and pieces of mother-of
the conservation
of
ceramics
from
restored
from fragments, Huge pithoi, for the storage of agricultural inside provide evidence products In furtherance of the project the acropolis. to conserve the and arrangement of the and acropolis, with the maintenance previous
part of the site, a photographic survey was section of the fortification wall in this area.
SW
made
of
the
32.Midea: LMyc cylinderseal fromthebaulk between trenches 3 and 9, E of theE gate.
24
CATHERINEMORGAN
Publication: Shrine
G. Walberg, Excavations
Area.
Midea: on
the Megaron and Complex the Lower Terraces 1994-1997
(Philadelphia, INSTAP 2007).
thought to be linked to pottery production, was not a roofed space, but rather a courtyard associated with a building outside the S boundary of the excavation area. It is likely thatmost of the
Tiryns. J.Maran (DAI/Heidelberg) reportson the3rdseason of
examples of painted plaster found in 2007 and 2008 had decorated thewalls of thisbuilding. A Myc sealingwith an
Investigationof grid squares L51 and L52 focused on the
itcame to lightinsidethefabricof itsfloor.The ceramicevidence
in theW
excavation
hitherto
town.
lower
little-known
of the site during
occupation
the pre-Myc,
EMyc and EPalatial (LHIIIA) periods, as well as during the and EMyc levels have not yet been Although Pre-Myc course of occupation the basic is reflected in finds reached, as earlier admixtures in later levels. Another EH appearing
EIA.
sealing
the group
supplements
of such objects
known
already
from2007. An unusual object of likelyMBA date is a steatite the form and decoration
stamp seal,
inMinoan seals ofMMII-III The
earliest
confirmed
of which
date (Fig. 33). architectural
has close
parallels
remains
date
to
LHIIIA2 and belong toa buildingdistinguishedby itsrelatively large size
and massive
the LHIIIA wall, resembling building between 1969 and in the zone 1974
uncovered
complexes immediately
S of
the current
excavation.
Until
now,
only
deposits, surface
associated
which in an
had
floors have
been
accumulated area
open
above
exposed. the former
ground a 0.037m /.
the building,
outside
In refuse
tabletof very fineclaywas found (Fig. fragmentof a Linear a short segmentof one original straightedge of the 34). Only tablet
broken and
is preserved, and heavily
on
whereas
worn.
The
traces of a 4th, as well
all
other
surface
as one
sides
shows
partially
the piece is 3 parallel lines
preserved
sign.
Although thesize of theobject and itsbad stateof preservation as a textual source, its significance lies in the fact that it comes from a chronologically context, homogenous and it is the earliest example of such a tablet inTiryns. render
it useless
Stillwithin the sub-phaseLHIIIA2, theabove buildingwas
replaced
by
the room
uncovered
in 2007
and
interpreted
as a
probably
last year's
W by a row of at least 3 large stone blocks. Cut into the boundary
wall
stamp
seal.
at an approximate
and arranged
right angle
to it,
a Geo amphora layobliquely on itsbelly,with itsmouth toward the interior of the enclosed
Parts of another large vessel space. as a cover. theW side probably served Along an undecorated 2 small trefoil vessels, amphora, in jug and a decorated skyphos, were found standing
found at itsmouth the
mouthed
an uprightposition. Linked to thedepositionof theamphora is a pavement of broken limestone slabs which followed the inner side of the in a bow outwards in boundary wall and curved front of the mouth of the amphora. The amphora was removed en bloc
to allow investigation of the contents. In light of these the possibility arises that the pavement of large discoveries, limestone slabs uncovered in 2006, and first interpreted as the covering precinct. elaborate
of a cist
grave, a case
In such
construction.
served
we
A
as
would
remarkable
an
access
to the burial
dealing with a very stray find from an EIA
be
level is a golden spacer bead (0.0085m /.)consistingof 4 thin tubesofwhich the2 in themiddle are slightlyshorterthanthe ones on theoutside (Fig. 36). This is likely to come froma disturbedrichgrave of theGeo period. In grid square L51, the uppermost part of a curved with stones small This to. appear. began represents a PGeo house. Restoration
and
found
analysis between
of 1999
the and
structure possibly
of wall large complex in excavations 2001
3cm
3cm steatite
of the
and a subsequent
of the area during most of LHIIIB and LHIIIC. is a structure interpreted significant EIA discovery as a Geo burial situated inside the precinct, only partly area (Fig. 35). To the excavation the precinct was enclosed by a reused earlier terrace wall probably of Myc date, and to the
paintings
town: MBA
overlap
as
The most
which yieldedmost of the unusual objects, plus installations
lower
of only a minor
assessment
abandonment
built
33. Tiryns, W
the use of the courtyard,
predates
latestMyc building phase with LHIIIB1
potter'sworkshop. The walls of thislatestattested Myc building
and phase were not founded on top of those of its predecessor were built in a different technique. It is now clear that the room,
impression
confirmed
of a
segmentof theS exteriorwall of thisnew building and partsof
2 rooms with
unclear
34. Tiryns, W
lower
town: fragment of a Linear
tablet.
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2008-2009
25
36. Tiryns,W lower town:gold spacer bead probably of Geo
date.
Franchthi Cave. K.D. Vitelli (ASCSA) reportson continuing programmes. study and analytical of the Pal and Mes Study
was ornaments completed, rustica. from Columbella Study of the focusing on those made abundant shell ornaments Neo material was begun, revealing The Initial the overall picture of Neo ornaments. which change
Neo and ENeo are dominated by Columbella and Cyclope an element of continuity with the Mes. establish beads, which i.e. geometric beads In parallel, more 'typical' Neo ornaments, The rate of and pendants, appear as early as the Initial Neo.
andW boundaryof theEIA burial
35. Tiryns,W lower town: precinct slabs.
with
and
amphora
deposited
of
pavement
limestone
both
in terms of the composition
of the ornaments
and
the techniquesof production,is considerablyhigher in theNeo than the Pal and Mes
periods. to focus on trench Hl-B: analysis analysis continued from periods of material 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2, 3 and 4 is now at Franchthi Cave is unusual Taxonomic abundance complete. Faunal
conducted by theGreek Archaeological Service in thearea of the western
staircase
was
in cooperation
continued
with A.
Papadimitriou (4thEPCA) and U. Thaler. An intensivesearch for joins between the fragmentsled to significantprogress in fresco compositions reconstructing range of Tirynthian palatial frescoes, the religious sphere.
Publication:
L. Rahmstorf,
which
add
especially
Tiryns XVI.
(Wiesbaden,Reichert 2008).
to the known
scenes
Kleinfunde
to
linked
aus Tiryns
Asine Publication: Supplementary
A. Studies
Asine Ingvarsson-Sundstr?m, on the Swedish Excavations
III. 1922
1930, 2: Children Lost and Found. A Bioarchaeological Study ofMiddle Helladic Children inAsine with a Comparison to Lerna (Stockholm,Swedish Institute, 2008).
Epidauros. Eleftherotypia (23/04/08) cites a reportby V. Lambrinoudakis (President of the Committee for the Conservation
the
change,
of the Monuments
of Epidauros)
of excavation
of
parodos and part of the koilon of the little theatre.
Continuing study of the ca. 1,000 inscriptions from the theatre is noted, with particular reference to those on Petrounakos S. by
ca. 252 4thCt figurines,all of which were inscribedby their
dedicators.
in several
the anc.
respects, and provides important information about environment and subsistence. First, in all periods
taxa (birds, small mammals and period 2, small game In period in absolute abundance. reptiles) outnumber ungulates are more 2, the numbers of ungulate and small game specimens or less equal. Although small game have been shown to be an at Franchthi economies, they are important part of LPal across their consistency interesting for their early appearance, except
relative stability and their sheer numbers. Despite the sequence of small game versus ungulate in the representation taxa, there the small game and is substantial taxonomic change within
In the early part of the themselves. categories the ungulate dominates wild ass (Equus hydrantinus) red deer (Cervus However, steadily elaphus) assemblage. in period 3. in number until they surpass the equids increase ungulate
sequence,
Wild boar (Sus scrofa), wild goat (Capra aegagrus) and aurochs (Bos primigenius) never play more than distinctly secondary
roles.
The
small
game
assemblage
is comprised
primarily of hare (Lepus europaeus) and birds (namely partridgeand pigeon). The exception is a pronouncedpeak in period 3, when fish (primarilygilthead sea bream; Sparus aurata)
become
common
in the group given that pronounced until period 2 when from the sequence
the most
This peak assemblage. fish are virtually absent
is all
taxonomic
the more
less than 15% of small game they comprise in period 4. to this same low frequency
taxa. They
return
CATHERINEMORGAN
26
ARCADIA (39thEPCA: 5thEBA)
instead of fragmentary
A A A E A Y. Pikoulas (ed.), A A A. Proceedings of the International Symposium in Honour ofJamesRoy (Stemnitsa,UniversityofThessaly 2008) and history of the a range of papers on the archaeology articles are noted interest. Specific is of wide region which or signifi below they present new data only when (Istories) contains
cantly
previous
expand
site reports.
Kynouria, Villa of Herodes Atticus (Loukou). Kathimerini one of (02/05/09) reportsthediscovery by G. Spyropoulos of dead stelai set up over the Athenian the 10 tribal casualty the Villa The stele had been taken to decorate
at
of
Marathon.
Atticus
Herodes
The
antiquities.
a number
along with stele bears
an epigram,
and other of sculptures and lists 22 names of
thedead of the tribeErechtheis.
B.
Arachamitai.
Paraskevi
Agia
reports on work conducted trial trenches Further
Fors?n
roof tiles. The
finds, made
earliest
in the
S partof the trench,includepartsof a M5thCt local rfvase and Ct BC. Most finds date to the3rdand bg potteryof the4th-3rd 2nd Cts
and
BC,
include
Megarian
bowls
and
bronze
coins.
Several coins were found in the pit, including one of recovered
Kassandros,
at a d. of 1.55m.
The
composition
of the
finds is thus rather similar to that presented in the 2007
for the early phases excavations, although with more evidence a better picture of the as providing of cult activity as well stratigraphy of the dark soil layer. Gourtsouli
Th. Karagiorga-Stathakopoulou of the results of
(anc. Mantineia).
a synthetic account 125-43) presents (Istories, in 1962 and 1989-1990, conducted excavations
with
extensive
illustrationand discussion of the largelyunpublishedportable
finds from the Ar
shrine
(which was
established,
BA hiatus, towardstheend of the8thCt BC).
after a post
Institute)
(Finnish
in 2008. were
opened
around
function
of
the
large
courtyardstructureand Hei stoa (AR 54 [2007-2008], 32), in to define
order
to gain
structure,
and
the date
about
information
the
the relationship
courtyard between
these buildings, which are differentlyaligned and thus
of different date, perhaps activities currently known 2007. The
and
to obtain
only
through
of the monumental
plan
data on the pre-Hel in the few finds made
courtyard
structure
obtained
from the2007 magnetometer survey (Fig. 37) shows a series 6m
of 5m survey
rooms
suggested
sides
all
around
of
The the courtyard. in the centre of
of a round pit
the presence
thecourt, and 2 entrances in themiddle of theE andW sides A trial trench(E) at the location of thepossible respectively.
to confirm the information insufficient pit produced feature here. A 2nd trial (F) revealed of a man-made of one of the rooms of 3 of the walls location the exact are built of small walls These the courtyard. flanking stones with no mortar, are ca. 0.6m w. and stand ca. unworked
central
existence
h. beneath
0.6-0.7m was
mass
burned
ca. 0.2m
by a 0.1-0.2m of red clay,
covered
d.
room of top soil. The layer of roof tile mixed
possibly
the remains
interior with
a
of sun-dried
bricks from theupper part of thewalls. Very few findswere -
roof the collapsed in the layer below only some with sherds mixed and a few non-diagnostic of the and so the date and function and ash
recorded iron
nails
charcoal
However, many of the courtyard structure remain unresolved. in the typical with finger strokes decorated roof tiles were an approximate or LRom thus giving MRom manner,
indicationof datewhich is furthersupportedby a C14 sample takenbelow thecollapsed roof,which gives a date of the3r or 4thCt AD. A further objective of 2008 was todetermine thebordersof theshallow pit filledwith dark soil, largequantitiesof pottery and other small finds revealed in2007. The 2007 trench(A)
was 0.5m
its area a 0.3 to the S and W, revealing across roof of with mixed tiles, large fragments layer of pottery (including miniature vessels), fragmentary
extended
d. dark
amounts
terracotta figurines,
various
small
finds, charcoal
and ash.
The
layer is thickerand slightlydeeper in the towards the stoa like structure.Sterile soil laybelow thisdark layerexcept ina
of the trench, where more dark soil mixed small finds and ash of pottery, various large quantities surface. This dark soil, most at least to 1.7m below continues small
area
in the
with
likelyfroma pit, differs in that itcontains some large stones
37. Arachamitai: the courtyard
results of the magnetometer structure
and possible
the2007 and 2008 trenches.
stoa, with
survey showing the location of
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2008-2009 E.
Gyros.
Kourinou
(National
Archaeological
27
Museum)
presents archival evidence (Istories 163-87) which indicates thatthe7thCt BC seated statue (ANM 57) longassigned to the came
near Agiorgitika instead probably of Demeter Sanctuary near Mouchli, at Gyros, of Artemis from the Sanctuary
E
of
W foothillsofMt Ktenias, partiallyexcavated Agiorgitika in the in 1889. Documents here reproduced by V. B?rard of B?rard's finds and of items from the sanctuary
lists
include
confiscated
from a local smuggler.
Leondari. Elefthews Typos (03/09/08) cites a reportby D. Athanasoulis (now Director, 25thEBA) of the discovery of and sherds at the Med Kastro, fragments of LByz wall-painting as part of cleaning conducted operations during excavation 2008 had destroyed dense after the forest fires of summer around
vegetation
during
period, Thomas
the monument.
the 15th Ct, when
relate
finds
was
of Constantine,
brother
Palaiologos,
The
the Kastro
to the
the seat the
of
last Byz
emperor. Mt.
M.
of Zeus.
Sanctuary
Lykaion,
Petropoulos
(39th
EPCA), M.E. Voyatzis (ASCSA/Arizona) and D.G Romano (ASCSA/Pennsylvania) report on the 2008 season of excavation and survey(Figs 38, 39).
38. Mt Lykaion:
upper
sanctuary.
revealed stratigraphie sequences which probably a first use of the altar in the Myc period, characterized
Excavation
indicate
by dozens ofMyc kylikes and other small finds. Above this lowest
level,
the stratigraphy
includes
as well
EIA material,
as
Geo, Ar, Cl and Hel potteryand otherobjects apparentlyin a miniature sequence. Many as well as silver coins, metal
continuous
recovered, dedications
bronze
tripods were and miniature
objects EH and MH
sherds, as were uncovered amounts of FNeo, again this year large Masses of animal bones in nearly all layers of the altar. of various
kinds.
Numerous
as
well
to be unearthed, but no human bones have yet been Part of what may be the anc. t?menos wall was cleared continued In the lower sanctuary, excavation the altar.
continue found. S of
immediately and S of the seats or steps and outside theNE
amounts of Hel pottery corner of the xenon, where considerable a were found. More of the 67m /. stoa building was cleared: to the of the stoa to recover information trench was opened from a stele that had been illicitly uncovered. Work blocks.
continued
to document
the location
of all extant stone
on completion of the docu study focused of the stoa, the E wall of the steps or seats to the
Architectural
mentation
of the xenon and the fountainhouse to the S andW of the xenon. G. Davis'
team continued
the geological
survey of the area
immediatelysurroundingthe southernpeak of Mt Lykaion, the structural
defining
geology
of
the region.
Y.
Pikoulas
continued the historical study of the Mt Lykaion area, identifying anc. roads and towns (see below, under Theisoa). is http://lykaionexcavation.org. The project website Y
Theisoa. gation
Pikoulas
of the defensive
251-60) system of Theisoa
(Istories,
reports on an investi conducted under the
aegis of theMt Lykaion project,which led to the identification of at least5 isolatedpatrol stations in theS partof the territory ofTheisoa. These are located at Elliniaki (ca. 500m NNW of the cemeteryof the village of Ano Kotilion), Pyrgouli (ca. 300m below and E of theroad, 1kmfromthevillage),Alonaki W of the road),Vrachos (2km of thevillage, immediately touVidi (almost 2.5m NNW of thevillage) andGourtsoules. They likelydate aftertheM4thCt BC, and it is argued thatthey formed
Megalopolis
a
network
controlling from theW.
access
to
the
basin
of
39. Mt Lykaion:
Palaikastro
lower sanctuary.
(Gortyn). A.-V. Karapanagiotou (39thEPCA)
reports (Istories,
231-50)
on excavation
of a roadside
cemetery
of theLCl-Hel period,on theSW slope of thehill of Skeplia or
the mod. road from of Palaiokastro, above 1km ENE Steplia, to Rizospelia. A monumental limestone Palaiokastro grave in 4 h. and undecorated), than 4.5m stele (more preserved sections,
has
long
been
known
from
the site.
It
is best
CATHERINEMORGAN
28
In the S part of the cemetery, in
paralleled in LCI Attica. to common
addition
to date has revealed
excavation
graves,
the
along the line of the road. following monuments the of which structure A Im), (2.3m rectangular are preserved: this is built of small and medium foundations and
local
to a total h. of 0.7m.
No
sized worked courses
limestone
stone blocks, preserved in 2 evidence for the superstruc
turesurvives. An empty elliptical pit was foundbehind and the level of the foundations.
below
of a funerary monument 1.3m), (2.6m of the (notably part euthynteria of limestone blocks preserving 1.1m /.,0.6m w. and 0.29m NE corner block, the well-worked a 0.41m 0.81m such further smaller block, h., plus 0.27m). The
foundations
sat on bedrock, were of these blocks, which the blocks were between and the spaces only roughly worked, of the packed with smaller stones. This may be the foundation
The
lower
faces
or a similar such marker. large stele long known from this site, cut into the bedrock inside the 1.1m A cavity 1.3m was this was its foundations: and below empty, but had this monument above looted. Surface cleaning likely been a BC. of 370-340 of Heraia bronze coin produced structure
An elliptical pit (0.4m
bedrock,
contained
5 bg
0.85m and 0.4m c/.),cut into the
vessels
(an
a krater,
oinochoe,
2
skyphoi and a kantharos) of theL4th-E3rdCt BC, carefully to rituals
relate
These
of the
in memory
may together. placed then covered with limestone slabs. A further dead. The pit was 4 LCl-EHel vessels (a krater, 2 skyphoi and a trefoil-mouthed
oinochoe) were found in a similarpit, 5m to theS of thestele
monument
detailed
above.
Finally, following reportsof tombs on theW
4 ca. 80m NW of the stele monument, Skeplia, of which 2 have so far been excavated. discovered,
slope of
tombs were Tomb
1 is
a pit grave 1.15m 0.35m, inwhich only the lowerpartof the skeleton was
the bones was
among
preserved;
a tear bottle
and,
by the righttibia,a lamp,findswhich date the tomb to the2nd half of the2ndCt BC. A tombexcavated to theW of the road dates to the end of the 2ndCt BC on the basis of the grave offerings(a tearbottle and a lamp). Tomb 4 is a cist, 2m
an extended skeleton, head to the N, but 0.5m, which contained no grave goods. While the anc. road has eroded away in the area of the major sections of itwere found to the E of these graves. monuments, The road here is 2.76m w., preserved for a /.of 6.5m and is built
of pieces of the local soft bedrock, unworked slab-like stones and of this general area revealed a further 11m /. pot sherds. Cleaning stretch running N: the road surface was not preserved here, merely
thecuttingfortheroadbed (2.55mw.) and the lowerlevelsof fill consistingof chips fromthequarryingof thebedrock.
Kakouraiika
A.-V.
(Heraia).
cited
Istories, (E. Salavoura, chamber-tomb further Myc
is Karapanagiotou (39th EPCA) 79) as reporting the discovery of 2 in the region of this cemeteries
terrace
On
with
associated
cult structure (5.7m 1, a small Hel an altar been studied since has
this so-called
Underneath
orthostat
indicate
finds
associated
lay the foundations
building
of a furtherrectangularbuilding (5m a cult use.
8.1m) 2004.
7m) of theLCI period;
Probably
in the E
Excavation
in 2008
Imperial
Rom period, the orthostatbuilding was enlarged with the of 2 rooms
addition
to the
and S.
concen
tratedon theNE of theorthostatbuilding and on the the enlarged phase. The 2.6m) were uncovered
architectural
hall of
of the altar (1.3m altar is located 2.7m
remains
The
completely.
E of theorthostatbuilding and symmetricallyalignedwith it. state
bad
The
of this structure results from of preservation Two further architectural members that can,
recent disturbance.
to the altar lay in recent fills be ascribed by their measurements, area The of the altar yielded in its immediate vicinity.
severelyfragmentedfindsdating fromtheCl period to theE2nd
Ct
BC,
similarly
sounding in the
to the adjacent
of stratified Geo
discovery at area:
some
foundations
cult
structures.
A
deep
hall of the orthostatbuilding led to the
distance
lay very small
for the first time
material
pottery
in this
edge of the Hel fragments, several sherds of
the
below
lower
a cooking pot and of a largehydria;forboth vessels, 8thCt BC
dates
are
proposed.
The Hel peripteraltemple(15.8m
42.35m) had a peristasis
From E-W, in its initial phase. the sekos of 2 large halls with internal consists of a pronaos, a succession The 2008 from the W. inaccessible supports and an adyton, in theW hall of the sekos and the concentrated excavations
of 6
15 columns
In both areas, deep soundings aimed results from the E hall of the sekos concerning
colonnade. 2007
use of the area.
It soon became
clear
to verify the the pre-Hel
that the 6 limestone
slabs
thatonce held supports subdividing theW hall into3 aisles were partof theoriginalbuildingphase: ina situationsimilar to that in the E hall, the slabs reston foundationsof multiple layers deeply
cut blocks. these foundations limestone Further, into the virtually sterile layer of green clay that was Hel here to provide stable support for the monumental
of
placed structure.
The deep sounding in the following into which
colonnade produced the
the clay packing underneath sequence: stratigraphie had been lowered, there is a lm the Hel foundations
of fills, consisting d. sequence entirely of secondary deposits of the foundation these fills (ca. 1.6m beneath Geo pottery. Under a 2 well of the sekos wall) was primary stratum containing were 2 the vessels Placed in cooking pots. carefully preserved on on their shape, and especially a cup and a small jug. Based on the shoulder of the hatched the characteristic jug, triangles
thiseating/drinking assemblage can be dated to theGeo period (Fig. 40).
village, along theE bank of theAlpheios river,close to the cemetery
at Loutra
Heraias
reported
Andriopoulo (AgiosAndreas). from Arcadia, reported, E. Eleutheriou remains
most
inAR 53 (2007-2008),
In a general reviewof EByz
of which
(Istories,
33.
266)
have
notes
been
EByz
previously sherds at
thissite,which liesWNW of Karytaina, on theS bank of the Alpheios river, immediatelyESE of themod. church of Ag. Andreas. Lousoi. excavation
It is characterized
G. Ladst?tter season,
as a probable
(Austrian concentrated
farmstead.
Institute) reports on on the area of
the 2008 the Hel
peripteraltempleand thecult complex justW of it(see AR 54 [2007-2008], 33-34).
40. Lousoi: colonnade
Geo pottery from a primary of the Hel peripteral temple.
deposit
beneath
the
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2008-2009
29
overview
of ongoing research into the main quarry locations in and Laconia, sites briefly (Sparta 169-79). Quarry noted are: Gynaika, Vresthena, Platyvouni (Sochas), Chrysafa, Zarakas and Daimonia, Viglafia Ag. Marina, (Rom-ECh), Laconia
Tainaro. Fuller discussion is offered of Oitylo (including Rom-ECh cuttings) and especially Plytra (anc. Asopos), where 3 sandstone quarry sites (probably LHel-ECh) are identifiedand details of thequarry cuttingsand evidence for Rom
cult and Rom-ECh
burials
areas presented.
in the quarry
Anc.
Sparta E. Zavvou and A. Themos
Museum,
(Epigraphical
formerly 5th
EPCA) present(Sparta and Laconia, 105-22) a synthesisof the results of rescue
excavations in the mod. conducted city from their impact on our understanding of 1994-2005, analysing urban development from EH-ECh times. Significant changes to the existing
are provided,
picture
for example
by the presence
of EH activityon theSW edge of the city,and the extentof PGeo andGeo activityespecially in thearea of Limnai, S of the and at theW
acropolis, 41. Lousoi:
Geo
wall
the Hel
beneath
peripteral
Theatre.
Sparta
temple.
in theW
sekos
hall,
excavation
underneath
the sterileclay packing supportingtheHel temple revealed a stone
curved
setting built of broken-up
flysch and a few
local
pebbles (Fig. 41). Based on itselevation,building technique and stratigraphie
context,
this wall
can be associated
with
stone
settings recognized in the E sekos hall during the 2007 as an they can be reconstructed at least 7m /. This will have to be
in combination
campaign:
structure 4.5m w. apsidal further verified in future excavations.
The
deposit
of earth
within the suggested apse contained fragmentsof a jug with Geo
typical
band
decoration.
on
Based
the
information
the structure dates to the Geo period and is available, with the deep primary deposits under the peristasis. excavations in the area of the Hel urban centre of Although
currently associated Lousoi
revealed
evidence for earlier activities, only occasional to have been in use during the Geo period. this area also appears Finds so far indicate occasional activities, including eating and
drinking (feasting), perhaps with a cult background and
some with associated architecture. These simple results suggest that at the bottom of the Soudena preliminary plain lay a further Geo settlement or cult place, complementing the Sanctuary of Artemis about 1km to the NE, which can also probably
be tracedback to the8thCt BC. cases
there
structures
is evidence
in the Hel
It is further strikingthatinboth
for elaborate
rebuilding
of
Morgan
(Director, 5thEPCA) report on
In the sounding
C
the cult
period.
focusing Byz use
of the city.
edge
(Director,
the first season
of excavation in the anc. theatre, and investigation of the extent and nature of LRom new excavation of the space, and combining with
on
reappraisalof BSA work in the 1920s. was
Excavation
upper
A. Vasilogamvrou
BSA),
and K. Diamanti (Director, 5U EBA)
cavea
conducted
in order
to locate
in theW
and part of the middle edge of the LAntique
the SW
settlementon theacropolis and to establish the on
housing
theW
side of the orchestra,
partially
the 1990s (Fig. 42). Attention
settlement
limitsof the
excavated
in
on Byz between the main landscaping S of the lower retaining wall of the cavea, a
focused
areas.
M Byz (12thCt) terrace substantial wall preventederosionof the
onto structures downslope. This upper slope and hill-wash contains a quantity of architectural In spolia from the theatre. the easternmost of the upper cavea trenches, abutting the cavea
retainingwall, one of the radial paths which linked the 2 settlement In
areas was
the westernmost in the 2007
revealed
revealed, containing MByz pottery. an anomaly of the upper trenches, resistivity survey was found to be a mass
grave of theMByz period (Fig. 43). A largepit cut into the
a 2.5m 2m structure of clay fill of the theatre housed uncoursed architectural cobbles, with walls, containing spolia, which were well faced and plastered only on the interior. A lotus and acanthus reused within the lower composite capital
wall probably originated in theupper part of the theatre(Fig. 44). To the andW, theconstructionpitwas backfilledwith domestic refuse, includingEByz-MByz cooking and table and a quantity of severely burnt roof tile of Rom type, of a major fire nearby. It remains unclear whether the structure was entered from the side or from the top, and there to show how is no evidence it was covered. The chamber
wares, debris
LACONIA (5thEPCA: 5thEBA) W.
Cavanagh,
C. Gallou
contained and M.
Georgiadis
(eds),
Sparta
and
Laconia fromPrehistory toPremodern (London, BSA 2009)
the
offers an
invaluable
least one
are noted
below
in 4 episodes level contained
cantly
expand
of the region. overview articles Specific only when they present new data or signifi site reports. previous
in Laconia. G. Kokkorou-Alevras Quarries Chatziconstantinou (Athens), A. Efsathopoulos
Anc.
(Athens), A. E. (Athens),
Zavvou (Epigraphical Museum, formerly 5th EPCA), A. Themos (Epigraphical Museum, formerly 5th EPCA), K. Kopanias (Athens) and E. Poupaki (Athens) present an
remains
preliminary analysis adults of a wide age
the
child
of
suggests
more
than
both male
range, but with of 8-10 years. These
22
and
individuals;
female, a few sub-adults
mostly and at
remains were deposited The lowest featuring very different practices. an ossuary-like of crania against arrangement
wall with long bones together to the S (Fig. 45).
a low interior wall or bench was added on the Subsequently, W side of the chamber and a quantity of human bone was an inhumation which it. Over this was behind had packed
truncated. And finally, a large deposit of mixed heavily semi-articulated bone with badly broken bone overlaid it.
been
30
CATHERINEMORGAN
42. Sparta
theatre: 2008
excavation
43. Sparta
theatre: EByz
tomb structure.
plan.
'
^
f? ^^^^^^ 45 Sparta theatre:EByz multiple burial, phase 1.
~
"^^^^^^^liB
^"'^
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2008-2009
31
Over the entiregrave interiorlay a mixed deposit of pottery and
animal
It seems
bone.
as an ossuary
intended
that the structure
but was
reused
rapidly
was initially as a tomb. All
4 episodes took place within the 12,h-E13thCt and were probablymostly reburialsof remainsoriginally deposited on for a religious There is as yet no evidence the acropolis. in this area, but these unusual circumstances have a
building
possible parallel in a multiple burial excavated in 1926 S of the theatre.
Debris fromtheLRom and (mostly)Byz settlementon the was
acropolis
in all
encountered
the upper
a
trenches;
little
LRom pottery(3rd-6th Ct), tile and brick,EByz cookware (ca. 9th-E10thCt) and MByz (mostly 12thCt) amphorae and confirm
tableware
of which,
of
the chronology group of EByz
A distinctive
phases. earliest
the main
settlement
isolated, the cookpots was on a slow wheel and hand
manufactured
dated in theL8thor 9thCt. All trenches finished,is tentatively down from the Sanctuary pottery and votives washed on the acropolis. interest Of particular Chalkioikos terracotta antefix and a partially fragments of an Ar
produced of Athena are
2
preservedstone jumpingweight of theL6th-E5thCt BC with an unusually long inscription(Fig. 46). The name of theSpartan
who
and was probably on the weight is not preserved, can be Games halter, but a victory at the Olympic
restored,theathleteofferingup his sportingequipment to the
goddess
on his return home.
Ct
L6th-E5th
halter
BC
an
recording
victory.
Sparta,
SW
Laconia,
A. Maltezou,
A. Themos,
cemetery. on
261-69)
the results of rescue
G. Pantou,
G.
report (Sparta and
excavations
between
1994 and 2005 (especially on theKatsaris-Mavridis and the plots) which
Dimitrakopoulos-Zachariadis
have
than 700 burials of LHel-5th Ct AD of
discussion
tomb
types,
burials
revealed
date.
customs
more
Preliminary
and
is
offerings
presented. in the city area are Bakourou 301-11) by A.
remains
MByz Laconia,
presented
(Sparta
(formerly
Director,
and 5th
EBA), focusingon 2 adjacent buildingplots,O.T. 126 and 127, a funerary chapel, a church, a bath and an olive press The triconch funerary chapel was discovered discovered.
where were
126. This is a
on theTheodosopoulou-Karydi propertyinO.T
structure, 12.4m total /. 6.1m w (narthex simple, one-roomed in secondary 9m h>.). The structure included building material stone use (large orthogonal smaller blocks with limestone
fillingbetween them,plastered in),a techniquemostly used in 10th-llth on
structures
one
paintings;
Ct, although the site. The
depicts
fragment
is no
there
interior was an
evidence
for earlier
decorated
with wall
inscribed
scroll.
Evidence
combines to indicatea date of the2ndhalf of the 10thCt AD. Inside themain chapelwere 3 cist tombs(one in theS apse and W aisle),with a further 6 in thenarthex,below thefloor 2 in the the marble
funerary
This
threshold.
in its original
conception,
indicates
but burial
that the chapel was continued after its
Ct. Small destruction,fromthe 12thto thefirsthalf of the 13th rectangular
enclosures
were
built
to the W
of
it in this later
period, probably to organize the large cemeterywhich then developed inside and around thebuilding (26 cist tombshave
burials, and 25 pit graves recovered, containing multiple included bracelets, of Grave rings, goods children). mostly From the fill across the area buckles. earrings, and many MByz been
come examples of glazed potteryof the 12thand 13thCts, with restorable
vessels
from
funerary
feasts within
the cemetery.
Ct, most of the 11th Thirtyeightcoinswere found,3 of the 10th to thefirsthalfof the 13th Ct, and 3 Fr coins of theCorinthmint of ca.
On thepropertyof E. Rigos, just to theW inO.T. 127, are to lm h.), resting on of a Byz church (preserved structure. The building, which of a Rom has an
the foundations the remains
Tsiangouris and C. Phlouris (5thEPCA)
and
theatre:
Sparta
dedicated
a second
the
46.
Olympic
1250.
almost
square
has
plan,
3 aisles
with
at the E end and a
apses
narthexat theW (themain entrance is in theW side of the
in the central apse There are traces of wall-painting narthex). as well as of (and loose fragments found scattered elsewhere), and a marble floor. The altar table was in situ. marble cladding
On thebasis of thebuilding itself,its sculpteddecoration and the coins found (especially 2 anonymous folles), an 11thCt constructiondate is indicated; therefollowed 3 or 4 building phases, and it is likely thatthebuilding continued in use into late
Comninan
and
times
earthquake. A further rescue
on
excavation
to allowing
in addition
Androutsou,
it was
that
destroyed
the property complete
by
of S.
exploration
an
and
P.
of the
whole of thechurch, revealedMByz cist and pit graves along theentireE side of thebuilding. A small distance to theE of of a bath, the the church lay the remains preserving The central room had caldarium and frigidarium. apodyterion, served as a cistern. Remains of 2 apses around, one of which water the building. tanks were discovered The outside
hypocaust is poorly preserved, although the floors of theW niche
and
the 3rd room
than a private 1100-1260. olive
The
survive. and
building, press
was
discovered
a public the architecture
bath was
The
is dated
by NE
of
the bath,
rather to ca.
on
the
Philippopoulou plot. The large collection basin was well preserved, with central wooden
beam, supported further press was
a large rotating trapetum, with the slot for the axle pole which, together with a horizontal 2 millstones found
just
A turned by animal power. This is the first well
to the N.
preservedworkshop of thisperiod found in Sparta, although partial
O.T
traces of others
(for example,
on the Katsou
in
property
125) are preserved within the mod. city and on the
acropolis. Magoula.
E. Kourinou
(National
Museum)
and Y.
Pikoulas
(Thessaly) publish (Sparta and Laconia, 181-86) the remains
of an anc. bridge
over
the Skatias
river, on
theWSW
slopes
of
Magoula, which probablydates to theLCI orHel period (L4th 3rdCt BC).
CATHERINEMORGAN
32
Mistras. G. Marinou reports(AAA39 [2006], 211-28) on new the
be
of
niches
and
cleaning
on
the 1st floor
a ground
preserved),
traces
(only
floor
and
space
of successive
its 2nd storey are a stoa to the N. The
houses showing was Construction
of
mud-brick
A
Laskaris Metochitis, governor of the P?loponn?se), by Alexios with the addition of a large triclinium supported on a 2-storeyed This of the original house. to the E and vaulted extension additions windows
and of the seat by their sills, and
Especially
the form of the
The
pillar).
(2 openings
seen
is also
portico
arches, separated by a to be a 2-storeyed arcade on
semicircular
with
the E
On
the 2
fa?ade,
was also large arch on the ground floor beneath were installed on the balconies. Parapets with corbels The
replaced.
A date of the2ndhalf of the 14thCt is proposed for thisfinal and
reflect the new that the changes suggests rooms and westernizing features at the court of
the author
phase, taste for private Manuel the Despot
his wife
and
Kantakouzenos
S. Sinos
Isabelle
ea
a
(ed.),
de
H.W.
tools)
Catling,
Sparta:
Anthochori.
or impressed and stone
a palette
Messene.
P.Themelis (ASA) reports(Ergon [2008], 46-60) on excavation
of Isis and in the theatre, the Sanctuary stoa in the agora and at the in the
of 5
of a
bone
the human
and contained bodies accompanied constructions to a later, EByz and dated oinochoai, period. is the per?bolos of these cemeteries characteristic Particularly their in an ordered which encloses them arrangement,
remains
pottery
into unitary groups with the use of common partition separation on space and cost, and the fact in each row to economise walls a family. overall The that each group was likely used for of the burials confirms that they were contemporary appearance constructions.
from the site.
E. Zavvou (Epigraphical Museum) publishes from
finds
and Laconia, 29-42) (Sparta conducted by the former Director
the excavations
C. Christou,
of the 5th EPCA,
in the early 1960s, togetherwith the results of fieldwork conducted by theauthor (thenof the5thEPCA) in 2004. The
old excavation
finds
with LHIIA-LHIIIC. property
include much
and MH
EHII
pottery, along
A Myc burial discovered in 1970 on the
of V. Bourazelis
in the area of Anthochori
includes
2
LHIIA squat jugs. Sherds of Laconian PGeo skyphoi and closed
relate
vessels
are also
to the known
noted.
sanctuary:
Ar
and Cl
fragments
the 3rdCt BC preserve the stamp
showed in 2004 Survey over a large area around
one
contemporary
Alepotrypa Cave (Diros). A. Papathanasiou publishes (Sparta 21-28)
incised
had 3 tombs,the2nd7 and the3rd2 (Fig. 47). All were similar,
I. The Bronze
Menelaion
and R. Janko, Ayios Stephanos. fW.D. Taylour in Settlement at a Bronze and Medieval Age BSA Laconia 2008). (London,
and Laconia,
have
a mortar,
divided into4 groups; thesewere built fromtheworked stones
a
Agios Stephanos Southern
are noted.
finds (querns,
MESSENIA (38thEPCA: 26thE A)
by
Publication:
Stone
of the theatre, terracotta and stone slabs. The first group, tombs, included 4 found empty and one with the skeleton Of the other groups, young woman without grave goods,
Age (London,BSA 2009).
Excavations
or semi-coarsewares
finewares
in the EByz continued In the theatre area, excavation towards the Hel retaining cemetery reported in 2007, moving cist graves were excavated, Seventeen wall of the E parodos.
Menelaion Publication:
sometimes have an (oftenhigh) polish and/ora red slip, and
most
in the basilica, Sarapis, on Ithome. sanctuaries
a.
e
A a
E (Athens, A A 2009).
or semi-coarse, coarse with The pottery was mostly plans. saucers, deep rounded bowls, basins, pithoi and open jars being in coarser finer wares the most fabrics; shapes popular
continuing
Lusignan. Publication:
alterations.
at the level
large arches
beneath it were replaced by a wall with smaller pointed
windows.
and
Pottery from this lower layer dates early in EHII. the poor preserva in the E sector of the excavation,
decoration.
theE fa?ade. The 3rdphase saw theadditionof a special room with pointed door and window openings at the S of the triclinium.
superstructure
additions
in the herringbone technique, with a and probably roofing in schist slabs.
tionofwalls made it impossible to retrieveindividualbuilding
tympanumof the Byz arch on the E fa?ade beneath the triclinium
successive
in stone
large building was exposed in the NW sector of the
excavation.
of Ot Removal the site of earlier buildings. occupied its in the triclinium, masonry sealing (a cross-wall form of the triclinium the revealed floor, original etc.)
the windows
on of D. the property excavation EH to revealed architec the of the church, just over an area of 183m2. In a lower layer, remains were with rectilinear revealed, building phases Rescue
Katsoulakos, tural remains
Ct (possibly buildingwas extended in thefirsthalf of the 14th
extension
to the
probably was found.
building phases in detail. The original,
Ct AD, building is a rectangularstructure perpen possibly 13th dicular to the contours of the hill, with a small vaulted triclinium
di), with rectangular (1.7m h. and 2.38m and a short dromos, was and S of the chamber a storeroom rather than a tomb: no dating evidence
chamber
circular
in
house
Three
onwards.
are described
and
identified,
the course
in
town, revealed from 2002 work
lower
restoration can
and form of the Laskaris
for the architecture
evidence
e
pottery and votives tiles of of 4 stamped
a
/ a
.
finds concentrate that archaeological with the Church of theMetamorphosis,
material of thehistoricalperiod (bg sherds,pithoi and black painted tiles) especially to theS, and thatof PH periods (EH saucers, Myc kylikes, handmade of the church, on the property
100m W to the E. Ca. wares) an underground of P. Fraghis,
47. Messene:
groups
of EByz
cist tombs
in the theatre area.
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2008-2009 In the course
of the cemetery
33
the retaining wall
excavation,
was also fullyrevealed; theE end of theE parodos of thetheatre of this is now visible, where it turns in a rightangle and to the S.
continues
The W
retaining wall
the same
shows
trait.
The E wall is exceptionallywell preserved. It is constructedin a variant of the isodomic systemwith toolingon thevisible surfaces of the blocks and small infillings,and in one case deviation fromtheverticalityof thejointing(Fig. 48). In thefill between thegroup of 5 graves and the retaining
wall was
found
the head
statue of a woman:
of a marble
the face
with only theeyes preserved.The hairstylecopies is destroyed,
that of statues older
head was a recutting of an attested by other sculptures of
II. The
of Faustina
statue of a man,
a practice
the4thCtAD made ina localworkshop atMessene, such as the head ofHermes (Fig. 49) and thatof theEmperorConstantine, both re?ut from statues of women
were
of the Hel period. of Isis and the Sanctuary an underground was of clarified The TT-shaped plan Sarapis. from it by a located S of the theatre and separated reservoir
which
was
Excavation
branchof thereservoiris46.5m /.and the
road (6m w.). The
E and W
35.5m
in
resumed
w. and covered
/. It is 3.25m
with
an arched
vault which has no openings for light. However, one high arched opening was located, approximately in themiddle of W branch, and 4 smaller ones in the branch. At theend the of the4thCt AD, the reservoir,thenapparentlyout of use and
49. Messene:
unroofed,
Hel
served
as
of Messene
the inhabitants
a dump
for
refuse,sculpture included. AR 50 (2003-2004), 29 reported fragmentsof a statue of Perseus holding thehead ofMedusa
and
a seated
statue
of
Isis nursing
Horus.
New
4l Ct AD
head
of Hermes
statue.
re?ut from an original
fragments
belonging to thisgroup, fromthebody ofHorus, were found in 2008 (Fig. 50). The rightside of a head of a marble statueof a male figureof the2ndCt AD was also found,plus the life sized marble head of a lioness and pieces of many marble statues.
These
of
Sanctuary
all
Isis,
come
probably and are
from
of
products
the theatre local
and
workshops
the at
Messene, mostly of the2ndCt AD. They were probablybroken and deposited in thedisused reservoirby fanaticalChristians In theW branch of the around the end of the 4thCt AD. reservoir were as
many pavements, fragments of mosaic came from the decoration which probably
tesserae
as well of
the
Isis shrine. The function of the underground TT-shaped
structure
as a reservoir was
clarified
by the discovery
of water
channels in theupper part of thewalls. The Sanctuary of Isis layE of the reservoir,along with the remainsof thebasilica.
On
one
of
secondary
the architectural
use, was
members
an inscription
[-- e]
of
the basilica,
in
$ (see PAE
[2001], 82).
48. Messene:
theatre, E parodos
wall.
50. Messene:
Isis nursing Horus,
restored
statue group.
34
CATHERINEMORGAN
51. Messene:
The
narthex
one monolithic
bronze
statue of Scylla-Medusa.
was and uncovered, completely from the S colonnade re-erected with its
of the basilica column
base and capital. outside the S nave revealed Investigation many Ch cist tombs. A capital from the base of a bronze statue was found in use: an inscription in secondary large letters reads .Also a A in secondary use, as a paving stone in the a catalogue central nave, was inscription . a a a$ stoa of the agora, stone blocks were re-erected and In the conservation undertaken of the 2 counters for withdrawing and solids for the agoranomeion. On their undersides, measuring these blocks preserved sockets and clamps for the suspension of the receptacles into which fell the solid goods being measured.
The bronze head ofMedusa previously reported(AR 54 [2007 thus confirming 2008], 38) was conserved, acteristic deranged snakes hair, crowning
its form with
and
(Fig. 51). P.
Publication:
A a
. To
e
Birtacha,
A
e
2008).
arresting
e
char
gaze
52.
Ithome, Sanctuary
of Artemis
Limnatis.
53.
Ithome, Sanctuary
of Artemis
Limnatis:
a
(Athens,ASA
Ithome. P.Themelis (ASA) reports(Ergon [2008], 61-63) on
continued
at
excavation
the Sanctuary
of Artemis
Limnatis
members in sandstone (Fig. 52), which produced architectural
and
terracotta Corinthian-style
roof tiles, as well
as
terracotta
sima fragments with lion-headspouts (Fig. 53). Three hundred
metres
NW
of the Sanctuary
of Artemis,
at a sanctuary
investi
gated in 1989 (AR 36 [1989-1990], 33; PAE [1989], 107-10), sections
of column
order were previous
found.
excavation
and geison capital, epistyle A 2nd line of the inscription was read, making the text:
of
terracotta sima.
the Ionic
found
in the
'
a a a (or a ). The excavator suggests that a herehas thesense of dedication to theKali Thea or to the Kaloi (Daimones), i.e. to theKouretes (Fig. 54). A
Ane.
Thouria.
(Director,
E. Greco and P. Arapogianni (Director, SAIA) 38th EPCA) report on a further season of research at anc. Thouria, on a sector of the anc. focused city
Ellenika, located on the northernmost Three
and best preserved wall. The
fication
hill.
trenches were
opened immediately behind the longest stretch of the inner circuit of the city's forti aim
was
to define
more
precisely
the
Ithome, NW sanctuary: the temple krepis.
54.
part of the dedication
inscription
on
35
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2008-2009 chronologyof thewall, which is generally dated to the4l Ct
BC, and to reconstruct the structure and confirm the existence results are noted from of an inner curtain wall. Significant trenches 1 and 2.
In trench1 (close to the topof thewall) therewas a marked differencein findingsbetween the and S parts of the trench. a vault, which had been partially removed inmod. limestone blocks were the top of it, roughly worked this but not joined to, the arch centre. Over between, placed lenses of burning, within greyish stratum with lay a compact In the S was times; on
which were LCl-Hel sherds and a Cor coin of theE Imperial period. Trench
2 was
placed
at the foot of the curtain wall
in order
with the layersof fillpresentand the toconfirmtherelationship Over
rock beneath.
the entire area, a uniform
stratum of rather
soft clay lay directly upon the rock on which thewall was area there emerged collapsed relates to the supports and wall super probably in mod. formed structure; underneath it, a stratum probably of pieces of brick. almost exclusively times consisted In the northernmost
founded. material
Pylos. season. ical
which
reports on a further study (Director, ASCSA) of faunal remains and their archaeolog Examination
J.L. Davis
contexts
has
now
been
completed.
Some
13,000
specimens, fromtheend of theEBA until the finaldestruction
are of Nestor, have been studied; EMyc deposits remains and well Study of human represented. particularly LHIIIA is the principal is nearly finished. artefacts from graves with the palace, tombs associated period of use of chamber in LHIIIC. tombs in several burials there were although tombs at chamber from several of human remains Analysis on the SW edge of Chora, was begun in collabo Kato Rouga, of the Palace
rationwith the 38thEPCA. Analysis of pottery from the pantries continued; matching fingerprintsare helping to identifytheproductsof individualpotters. Systematicstudyof from the pantries
floor-plaster
of the palace
that here
suggests
themain buildinghad only a singleupper floor. Plasteroffering tables were
inventoried.
All
fragments
of wall-paintings
in the
Chora Museum have now been digitally photographed,with mending focusedon Hall 64 and Room 6; a surprisingnew find rendered running lion. A the latter is a naturalistically survey of nautilus representations (Fig. 55) reveals the stylistic to figures from New joins were made diversity of this motif. from
the large-scale
procession.
56.
Iklaina:
excavation
general
plan.
Iklaina. M. Cosmopoulos (ASA) reports(Ergon [2008], 64 80)
on excavation
in the BA
settlement.
In the S sector,
inves
tigationcontinuedof the layercontaining2 floorswhich bore
evidence
pebbles hardened
of destruction
by
fire.
beaten
burnt pig and ovicaprid
Both
floors
were
made
of
by a layer of fire and sherds, MHIII vessels various small finds, including an
earth, and earth which contained
and
covered
bones, and and 2 biconical spindle-whorls, anchor-shaped pendant small fragments of burnt plaster. The 2 floors were separated
55. Pylos,
Palace
wall-paintings.
of Nestor:
nautilus
representations
on restored
by a heap of stones formed by the disintegrationof wall foundations,
burnt mud-brick
and burnt MH
coarseware.
CATHERINEMORGAN
36
there were
In the S sector of the excavation
at least 2 rooms
occupied during the2ndhalfof theMH period and destroyedby
fire at the end of that period.
This
destruction
was
so extensive
that it is impossible to define the locationand directionof the
or the plan of the rooms. It remains unclear whether these In the upper levels 2 houses or 2 rooms in the same house. sherds mixed of both rooms were numerous LHIIIA2-LHIIIB
walls were
with MH
pottery, but there are no remains
excavated, function. exposing
of walls
In 2006, a long LHIIIA2-LHIIIB
with them.
associated
with
Excavation
of
parts of 4 houses
a
stone
this area and water
to associate
wall was
area of uncertain paved was to the E, extended channels, which probably
date toLHIIIA2-LHIIIB. (Fig. 56). House A has 3 rooms (Fig. 57). Room Al is rectangular (3.1m 2m), orientedNW-SW and enclosed by walls a, ?, and 5. The S half of wall a (up to 1.5m from its S end)
stones which one course of large and medium-sized preserved is half of the wall bear strong traces of fire. By contrast, the rows of medium-sized built of 3 horizontal stones, with no this part of the wall was the original construction. Wall
traces of fire: destroyed
built
after the fire had
?, which
is also burnt,
bonds and is contemporarywith the S part of wall a, while and N, are of and do not bear signs of fire. The S part a butterfly-shaped of which of the room contained construction, survive. The floor of the room, made of parts of 2 burned walls ,which y and different construction
walls
pebbles
and beaten
room Al
enclose
earth, was It is covered
built
to the E
over
a foundation
course
layer 0.1-0.2m by a destruction averaging 0.4m d. earth (with very strong signs d., which contained fire-hardened the butterfly-shaped of fire in the S part of the floor, around but only
structure, burnt pig, ovicaprid
sporadic and bovine
traces
bones,
in the
half), and numerous
stones
and
LHIIIA2
LHIIIB sherds. On thefloor and in contactwith the
arm of
structure, a large tripod vessel was found in lies to the E of Al, and is an irregular parallel and beaten earth The floor is made of pebbles
the butterfly-shaped
situ. Room ogram
A2
in shape. a foundation
upon room A2 was
the
also
level as that of room Al. identical
to that from Al.
pottery from lies to Room A3
The
of A2 and is separated from itby wall e. It is a small
room, perhaps used for storage; itwas full of stones which had above. House A fallen from the later water channel constructed
had 2 buildingphases. The earlierphase includes theS partof
Iklaina:
58.
house
B.
roomAl with theS part of wall a, wall ? and thebutterfly
were destroyed shaped structure inside the room, all of which the room took its final form with fire. After this destruction, construction
of the
same
The
extension
of wall
a, walls
y and
by the
,and the
unburnt part of thefloor. Rooms A2 and A3 belong to this pottery of the 2 phases does not differ signif in quick succession that they occurred it seems
phase. icantly, and
within theLHIIIA2-LHIIIB period. House lies to theE of house A. Room Bl, orientedNW
(Fig. 58), ismore recent than house A, and all its stones bear interior has not yet been fully The strong traces of burning. This floor is but part of a floor has been located. excavated,
SE
made
stone slabs
of medium-sized
animal
Room
bone.
earth, on which
in beaten
lay
sherdsmixed with burnt earth and burnt
LHIIIA2-LHIIIB
B2 has an E-W
/.of 5.4m;
S isnot yetestablished. In theE face ofwall
N
its dimension
,a rowof 5 large
/. 0.26m d. The stones forms a large rectangular bench 0.4m but the pottery from floor of room B2 has not been uncovered,
inside the room includesmany LHIIIA2-LHIIIB from burnt kylikes. House includes parts of 2 rectangular
sherds and
sherds
and S walls of room
The E,
E-W.
stone paving. to lay down the floor, made On found a large quantity beaten earth, was
removed pebbles
rooms oriented
survive,but theW wall was
and
LHIIIA2-LHIIIB
of of
pottery,includingsherdsof 2 rhytaand stems
of at least 60 kylikes, an animal figurine and a large number of The animal bones found in house animal bones. belong to pigs and ovicaprids, but there were also many bones mainly are evidence of extensive boar and hares, which shed set of deer antlers, on the verge of being was in the autumn. killed the animal indicates
of deer, wild A hunting. naturally,
Finally, thediscoveryof a forestspecies of snail (Lindholmiola corcyrensis) At house located
demonstrates
at the
the existence
, part of a building with edge of the excavation
of woodland
nearby. at least 2 rooms was area.
Room
1 was
the E-W long and narrow (1.3m internal w.) and oriented N-S; since the E part has yet to has not been established dimension An opening 0.5m w between the S end of wall y be excavated.
andwall ? of house
formstheentrance to thebuilding from
a courtyard, which opens to theW space, probably area. Room D2 was destroyed and leads to a paved by the are preserved. laying down of the paving and only 2 walls an exterior
Built water
these run E-SE
57.
Iklaina:
house A.
channels
and join
were
houses and ; placed between 1 is Channel the paved area in theW.
the largest; it is covered by 14 largeslabs, set ina straightline which follows the slope. At theW end of thechannel, by the
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2008-2009
37
slab, is a hole 0.1m di. and 0.22m d., filled with very the roof. held a post to support fine gravel, which probably itself and the cover slabs by From channel 2, only the channel 1 and are preserved. It lies 1.4m from channel the outflow final cover
of roomA3
curves fromSE toNW. The NE cornerofwall
was
removed
of the outflow
for the construction
of the channel.
The walls of the channel outflows are built of uprightslabs supportedby smaller stones. They are filledwith clayey earth of
outflows a very few undatable The sherds. come together at the NE edge of the paved
and
the 2
area.
channels
W of the longwall, at a d. of barely0.4m A burialwas found
the mod. ground surface. Only the cranium, parts of the a 12/15-year-old were excavated: right arm and 2 spinal discs female, buried in an upright, contracted position, with the head
below
markedly pushed down towards the chest and the righthand below
the jaw. The
young woman
suffered from porous
lesions
on the righteye socket and porotic hyperostosis in thecranial this case cannot be factors behind the precise While with are generally associated these symptoms determined, a result of lack of iron in the can be genetic, anaemia, which caused by parasites. Additionally, diet or of internal haemorrage is also show excess the 3rd molars enamel, something which
city wall.
59. Samikon:
vault.
This feature present on the crowns of the canines and incisors. illness or bodily harm one or 2 years before death. indicates The head rested on the neck and rim of a MH storage vessel. results of excavation
The
so far indicate
that the settlement
was firstoccupied in the2ndhalf of theMH period, and was destroyed by fire at the end of thatperiod. The site was in LHII-LHIIIA1,
reoccupied
as shown
by the walls
found
at
thedeepest points inhouse (walls and ) and house (walls 5 and e). Thereafter,in theLHIIIA2-LHIIIB period, theoldest partof house A was built (theS partof roomAl, with theS part ofwall a, wall ? and thebutterfly-shaped structure).Room Al was destroyedby fireduring this same period but was soon reused and extended to theN, with theadditions towall a and wall ?, while roomsA2 and A3 were added to thehouse and wall
was
built. The
next phase, which also dates to LHIIIA2 , the water channels and houses ,
LHIIIB, encompasses and A2. co-existed with rooms Al and the paved area, which is the long wall, which feature to appear The latest architectural
was built at a higher level thanwall of roomAl and above the was finallydestroyedby fireduring paved area. The settlement as is clear
LHIIIB,
from burnt pottery
in the destruction
layer.
the city In the anc. city (Fig. 60) above mod. Platiana, to structures within them and a complex outside, recorded. The upper town contains a theatre and
Platiana.
walls, visible the SW, were
as smaller as well buildings, large public are arranged along a rectilinear street These houses. remains of residential houses were also found on the grid. Many The upper town street grid is continuous very steep S slope. An isolated conditions. the difficult topographic here, despite several
other
residential
complex of buildings is located in thevalley, farbelow thecity. A towerhouse, built of largeblocks, probably controlled the path leadingup to the town.No findspredate theL5thCt BC. Lepreon. The 2008 campaign located thecitywalls and theS
are rooms Small of Demeter. the Temple as also its entire wall almost in the length, along city integrated A lower town. the wall the upper and within separating plateau
with
building in theW part of thewall, recentlyused as an animal a gate. Besides Geo have been shelter, must stray finds, such as include numerous Ar objects, artefacts from Lepreon sherds of plates, items (for example, lids, and many pyxis
footedcups and skyphoi)of the5thand especially the4thCt BC.
Vrestos. Only initialfieldworktookplace in 2008 at theanc. settlement
near Vrestos.
city wall in the N.
virtually a circular
circular
60. Anc.
Platiana.
one
ELEIA includingTRIPHYLIA (7thEPCA: 6thEBA) Triphylia.
J. Heiden (DAI) and C. R?hn (FH Wiesbaden)
netometry, at Skillous
radar and resistivity, took place ground-penetrating at excavations from older Finds and Babes.
Plans of of study of anc. Triphylia. report on the 3rd campaign at 1:2,000 and Vrestos were made Platiana, Samikon, Lepreon scale. A first series of geophysical using geomag prospections,
and Vrestos Platiana, Lepreon Samikon, (from both systematic before Service and cleaning excavation by the Archaeological
2002) were processed, and thosewhich provide evidence for site chronology
were
catalogued
and photographed.
Samikon. The citywall (Fig. 59) and all visible architectural remains
within
itwere
recorded.
The
residential
architecture
In the centre, S of the agora, phases. were apparently arranged unsystemati small in the E part of the city, residential houses were cally, whereas to have a rectilinear street grid. The city appears arranged along 2 chronological isolated buildings
indicates
been built in theE4thCt BC.
At
of a this stage, there is evidence towers and several rectangular
with
CATHERINEMORGAN
38
Agios Dimitrios Publication:
Settlement
. Zachos, A Prehistoric Ayios Dhimitrios. and The Neolithic in the Southwestern P?loponn?se.
Early Helladic Periods (Oxford,BAR 2008). Olympia. season
S
the
refuse
containing encountered.
So
where stadium, from sacrifices
far, excavation
anc.
undisturbed
and
has
broken
reached
votives
4th Ct BC
strata were
levels.
Examination of the tower E of the Leonidaion (Fig. 61) produced a coin ofMaximinus Thrax (AD 235-238) (Fig. 62) in its innerrubblefill: this is thefirstsecure tpq for thefortifi cation
of
the sanctuary's
central
area.
Geophysical
survey
conducted in collaborationwith the7thEPCA (AR 54 [2007 2008], 41) revealed several parallel linearanomalies E of the
to the location implied in anc. sources, they stadium. According to Work was hampered the by the may belong hippodrome. of the area into small plots, thus producing subdivision only for 2009. A results. Further studies are planned disconnected new
detailed
architectural
record
of
of Zeus the Temple 100 of the site's most
of over X-ray examination artefacts important provided important bronze about anc. metalworking techniques.
proceeded.
Preka-Alexandri
emerita,
(Director
and D. Athanasoulis
EMA)
(formerly6thEBA, now Director, 25thEBA) reporton a 2nd remains of an anc. naval of survey of the underwater and Fr harbour. The harbour had an important geostrategic and trade inW Greece location and a tactical role in warfare
season base
R. Senff (DAI) reportson the 2008 excavation
of
K. Kyllini Harbour Project. J. Pakkanen (Finnish Institute),
information
fromCl antiquitytoMed times,being theprincipalharbourof
anc. Elis.
The
existence
of Gr harbour
structures
below
those
of theFr periodwas verified in2007 and 2008.
features aim of the survey is to record all architectural area of ca. 350m 150m has so far been surveyed, and almost 16,000 topo points taken, mapping topographical The
in 3D.
An
and
graphical
features
archaeological studies
geomorphological
and
were
Marine
63). (Fig. undertaken marine
M.
G.
by
surveying side-scan
Geraga (Patras): include sub-bottom profiling, techniques employed sonar and magnetometry. Most walls and structures are in shallow water and relatively easy to record using a total station:
Papatheodorou
points
than 4m were
deeper
recorded
by a diver.
Fig. 63 presentsa preliminaryplan of thestudyarea in2007 and 2008 with a digital elevationmodel of themapped features The
in the background.
harbour
entrance
from the NE
is clear:
themouth may have been blocked by the destructionof the towers on both sides of the entrance
literary descrip
(matching
tionsof thedestructionof the installationsin 1428).
Fig. 64 is a more detailed preliminary plan of the structures at the E end of the study area: the darker areas are those parts is a typical Fr wall built inmixed currently above sea level. Wl
technique employing reused ashlar blocks and rubble set in
mortar.
Structure
Sia
is a Gr
platform
of
ashlar
blocks,
protected from thewaves by the Fr structureSib which is partiallybuilt on top of it. Sia clearly indicates the rise in to the present day: surfaces relative sea levels from antiquity set currently 0.6m below sea level have cuttings for iron dowels in antiquity. in lead, and thus must have been out of the water
ACHAIA (6thEPCA: 6thEBA) A.G.
Publications:
Vordos
and
E.-I.
61. Olympia:
tower E of the Leonidaion.
Kolia,
A
A
E A.
e a e a (Patras,Ministry of Culture a e a a A. A Gadolou, 2008); . e a e a a a a a
A
(Athens, Ach?ennes: Research
III. A.D. Acha?e A 2008); Rizakis, et histoire (Athens, National ?pigraphie Foundation 2008). A
Les
cites
Hellenic
on continuing G. Ladst?tter (Austrian Institute) reports Aigeira. on the Solon terrace in the of the so-called excavation since 1998, is building, excavated and the road. Its ground-plan side by a N-S rooms suggest fact that it contains several baths and banqueting
acropolis. accessed
an extensive
Here
on
itsW
that itwas a public guesthouse. The buildingwas built in the
use until the LHel, in continuous and remained period over time. It additions and modifications various undergoing use a the ERom in have had may Imperial partial secondary LCI
period (AR 54 [2007-2008], 43-44). concentrated
on the SW
dimensionsof 30m
The 2008 excavations
corner of the structure, enabling
28m tobe verified(Fig. 65).
the SW corner In spite of its poor state of preservation, as a peristyle courtyard, can be reconstructed guesthouse on 3 surviving placed plinths of local conglomerate, corners of a square 4m w. This open court is surrounded
62. Olympia: coin ofMaximinus Thrax (235-238).
its full of the based as
the
on all
4 sides by halls 3.3m d. To theE, itadjoins a roughlysquare 'central
room'
(6.6m
7m),
subdivided
by a N-S
wall
into 2
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2008-2009
" Kvllene Harbour Protect 200fl lIBIIIl 0 15 30 60 90 120m M^BBWWfe^
^M^^^^^^^^^^^^^^B
63. Kyllini Harbour Project: 2007-2008 studyarea (W = wall;
S = structure;
=
zone).
^mm^^^^maa^m
64. KylliniHarbour Project: structuresat theE end of thestudyarea. ?*\fl
1 ^^
^
^^
il^H
39
CATHERINEMORGAN
40
a preserved door compartments. Through roughly equal to the ensemble of antechamber this room gives access opening, in 2006 and 2007. Current understanding and andron excavated of the structure
indicates
that this S axis of rooms
is the result
of an E3rdCt BC modification,when theoriginalLCI building
was
to the S.
extended
to its later use, excavation the following has indicated in the peristyle and central room. Hel modifications advanced As
In the context
of the creation
of a small
bath
in the
wing
of
the peristyle,walls were placed between its pillars (2002, 2003 excavations); theS pillarswere probablywalled up at the same
Whether the peristyle remained excavation). an open courtyard at this time, or was roofed and integrated into cannot be ascertained. The earth the newly created complex, time (2008
deposits
that abutted
the walled-up
row of pillars contained of in the course placed
S
was which Hel material, levelling activity in connection with the architectural modifica and from very small fragments of coarsewares tions. Apart it included several substantially finewares, preserved plates, 2 copious
Of post-Hel use in theSW corner of thebuilding, a wall survives in thearea of theoriginalE wing of theperistyle.This stone setting follows the orientationof the building, but its foundation is at a notably higher level than theHel walls, and in conglomerate rubble. exclusively excavation of architectural remains
executed The
open-plan
in the SW
of theguesthousewas halted at the level of the loweredges of As already noted in 2007, underneath them packings. is a dark earth/clay packing 0.006m d. that contains exclusively PH pottery. A sounding in 2008 these results and supported the Hel
numerous
provided
of MNeo
fragments
and LNeo
vessels,
and
a fewLMyc specimens (Fig. 66). In thecontextof the2008 fieldwork, W. Gau? continued the study of finds the plateau SE
Alram-Stern
on from W. Alzinger's 1972-1981 excavations In parallel, S. Jalkotzy and E. of the acropolis. of Austrian Academy Commission, (Mycenaean
Sciences, Vienna) continued theirstudyof thePH finds from 1972-1981
Alzinger's
on the acropolis.
excavations
a bronze terracotta heads, coin of Sikyon and female sherds of a blue glass cup. In the 'central room', the floor was raised and a transverse small
wall placed in theE compartment,subdividing it into2 equal
is contempo 3m square rooms. The erection of this wall thus, we rary with the closure of the door to the antechamber; to the antechamber and must assume that a new, N, access to the evidence from andron was created at that time. Similar sized
the also
partof the 'centralroom' (2006), in2008 theS partwas
found
which
to contain
introduced deliberately for a new floor the substructure
clay
packings
level; in some These underfloor
formed
burnt clay floor levels had survived. numerous from heavily finds: contained apart coarsewares there were 2 and finewares, fragmented sherds of
places,
packings
carefullydeposited and fullypreserved filterjugs of advanced Hel date; a similarly carefully placed deposit in the same
66. Aigeira:
together with are connected with the symposi that these vessels suggested Another astic inventory of the andron to the SE. interesting
Profitis
context
of a largely preserved Hel plate of local clay, a well-preserved It can be Hel red-slipped juglet.
consisted
2008 find from theunderfloorpacking consists of 2 Hel clay
in the shape of female figures, roughly one-third life protomes arms. Several sized, and with outstretched fragments of them
had alreadybeen found in2006.
selection
of prehistoric
Ilias, Mamousia
ceramics.
Aigialeias
E. Kolia
(anc. Keryneia).
(6thEPCA) reportson systematicexcavations conducted at this
Ar-Cl
sanctuary
since 2004.
The colonnade of a largeDoric temple(36.4m 15.6m)of the end of the6thCt was revealed,alongwith an altar to theE. W of theAr templewas a smaller temple(13.3m 8.7m) of the4thCt BC (Fig. 67). In 2008, a layerwas excavatedNW of thesmall temple which
contained
stone
sherds
chips,
and
fragmentary
members fromtheAr temple(Fig. 68). Fragments architectural
of pedimental
sculpture were
found, as well
as pottery, figurines,
metal items(phialai, ringsand handles fromlargevessels) and a silver knob from a vessel (perhaps a pyxis). The finds date mostly to the6thand 5thCt, andwere placed at thisspot afterthe was destructionof the largetemplein the4thCt. Under thislayer a wall
of sandstone
height of one course.
to the blocks, oriented N-S and preserved This wall is 3.11m /.and 0.8-0.96m w., and
is likelypartof theAr per?bolosof thesanctuary.
Trapeza (Aigion). A. Vordos (6thEPCA) reportson 2 seasons of excavation, in2007 and 2008 (following trialsconducted in 1999 and 2000), of a Doric temple (31.56m 16.72m) dating fromthe lastquarterof the6thCt BC (ca. 530-510). The krepis are of grey sandstone, and superstructure members architectural preserved
of
and the large quantity drums and (column allows a secure recon
capitals, geison and epistyle blocks etc.) struction of the building. A quantity of architectural
65. Aigeira: guesthouse.
architectural
remains
in the SW
corner
of
the
terracottas
was found (simas, pedimentalgeison fragmentsetc.) on which the paint
is very well
preserved,
as well
as
fragments
of
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2008-2009
67. Mamousia:
aerial
view
41
of the 2 temples.
W pediment (and sculpture,also of sandstone,belonging to the W frontof the temple). found togetherimmediatelyoutside the These include thetorsoof a figureofAthena (wearinga sleeved chiton and himation, and with her aegis), fragmentsof the bodies
and
heads
helmeted
of warriors,
and
heads,
legs
and
in the surrounding
area
has
trappingsof horses. This combination likely indicatesthatthe subjectof thepedimentalgroupwas a gigantomachy.While the base of thecult statuehas been found in situ in thecella, there of thedeity isno evidence as yetforthestatueor for the identity worshipped.
Surface
prospection
revealedwalls, indicatingthatthe templewas situatedwithin a
settlement
area.
The
G.
Gremoulias.
archaeological Ladst?tter
Alexopoulou (6thEPCA) excavations Since
several
(Austrian
Institute)
roofed. and
G.
reporton continuing collaborative
on the Gremoulias
2005,
site has now been
saddle, 3.5km SE of Kalavryta. on the small plateau have
soundings
of graduallyrevealeda Doric peripteraltemple.The substructure in situ, and several is almost entirely preserved the peristasis have been found, some still limestone architectural members
of 13.9m positioned as theyhad fallen. Above a euthynteria 34.75m,
68. Mamousia:
Ar
temple,
antefix.
a colonnade
of 6
14 can be reconstructed.
The
archi
tecturalmembers (and particularly the shape of the Doric capitals) indicatethatthis limestonetemplewas built no earlier was discovered thanthe4thCt BC. In2007, a parallel foundation had fallen to theW. 10.2m E of the temple; its superstructure
42
CATHERINEMORGAN
shafts and capitals Blocks, parts of column to a monumental limestone can be ascribed Doric
of crystalline structure of the
L6thCt BC andwere reusedas spolia (AR 54 [2007-2008], 44). The
2008
excavation
on
concentrated
the LCI
limestone
In theW part of the temple, temple and the structures to its E. as for the first time, the substructure of the sekos was exposed,
was part of the foundationof theS peristasis (Fig. 69). The fullypreserved toichobate in the SW corner of the sekos is of
made
without
limestone
mortises
on
Based
places. found
slabs
any foundation. for the blocks in the N-S
of varying sizes, laid on the ground In the carefully smoothed top surface, of the wall above it have survived in the stone settings orientation, to the sekos. in 2005 also belong
their axial section
the relationship between sekos and peristasis in the as follows. The sekos had building plan can be reconstructed an outer w. of 6.6m and an internal w. of ca. 4.5m. This sekos,
Thus,
set symmetrically
within
the peristasis,
is clearly
narrower
than
the calculated position of the 2nd and 4thcolumns on theW
fa?ade (axial sekos should opisthodomos
the W limit of the Therefore, 7.5m). to have been a closed wall, not an assumed with the peristasis. This is further harmonizing
distance
be
W part supportedby thefact thatwithin the6.5m stretchof the no internal traverse wall was excavated, did not contain a separate W room. of the limestone the ground-plan temple, with its
that was
of the sekos
the sekos
detected:
Generally, 14 columns and its strikingly narrow elongated peristasis of 6 at the for example, sekos, suggests LAr features, as known, at Alipheira. In this context, one should also of Athena Temple the numerous
note
limestone
architectural
elements
of the LAr
Doric order thathad been built intothewall E of the temple. It ismore thanlikelythattheybelonged toa LAr peripteraltemple, the ground-plan of which was reused for the LCI temple. To the E of the temple foundations, excavation was extended southwards in 2 soundings. This led to the discovery of the
to of the N-S foundation. The rock, cut away the placing of this foundation, has a right-angled W turn in the S, and exactly on that E-W axis, another limestone slab
continuation allow
still rests in situ. In all likelihood the2 in situ limestoneslabs to a W
to the Contrary as a wall, interpretation supporting it can now be assumed that they are part of a small-scale archi 4m by at least 7m and placed tectural structure measuring in in front of the limestone axial 6.6m symmetry temple.
discovered
in 2007
initial 2007
belong
foundation.
of the remains
Probably, this is thealtarof thesanctuary(Fig. 70).
as in 2007, several LAr architectural members made as they had fallen from the were discovered use. They in which in secondary include they were
In 2008
of
limestone
structure
one of Doric shaft columns, fragments capital fragment. surviving to a /.of 2.05m and a Doric It is noteworthy that the entire area of the altar so far
blocks,
numerous
was
excavated
characterized
a by packing of dark burnt earth. and scarce bones small chips of
a few fragmented this area contained finds suggesting votive activity: the an Ar female head with a clay included assemblage polos, iron lance or spear points. A Geo bronze pigeon and numerous
Besides
pottery,
bull/cow peristasis
was
in a secondary found, albeit of the limestone temple.
deposit,
at
the S
Although the deity towhom this sanctuarywas dedicated
it can be assumed that the identified, yet be clearly was on in the the Gremoulias saddle sanctuary already established
cannot
to the results so far, a limestone peripteral According the monumental erected in the LAr period, marking For reasons that remain unclear, a new ization of the sanctuary.
Geo
period. temple was
peripteral temple was erected, with direct reference to the original same time, an altar was plan, in the LCI period; probably at the built to its E, using numerous spolia from the old temple.
70. Gremoulias:
S part of the altar (?) with
spolia.
IONIAN ISLANDS excludingKythera Kerkyra
(8thEPCA: 21stEBA) A.
Paliavlako.
P. Karkanas,
Darlas,
O.
Pali
and A.
Papadea
report (AAA 39 [2006], 11-30) on excavation conducted in 2002 by the (thenunified)EPS and the8thEPCA at thissite,
which
lies close
to the channel
the sea.
connecting
Lake
Korission
with
The discovery here in 2000 in Pleistocene levels of the
lower-right jaw of bones and a worked the Pal the sea sea
period.
exposed level; wave
which
a hippopotamus, stone, confirmed
The
artificial
channel
Pleistocene action
smaller together with human presence during the lake to connecting
7m d. which deposits then eroded a natural section
lay above into this,
was
It proved investigated archaeologically. to relocate the exact findspot of the jawbone due impossible to continued erosion. Excavation therefore focused close by,
35m
of
the artificial
initially
6m
/. (then narrowed
channel.
to 2m),
A
trench was opened, 0.3-1 m w. and 4m d.,
exposing all 12 levels within the Pal deposits. Only the
IN GREECE
ARCHAEOLOGY terrestrial
levels produced coastal) the lagoonal layers were
(or
remains, whereas were therefore sampled. groups level.
The
sieved
12
archaeological sterile: the former
and the latter only systematically can be divided into 3 successive
levels
to conditions according 1 and 2 reflect Levels
sea by the fluctuating or swamp conditions
created lagoonal
with drierperiods. The lowest phase corresponds to the ashy Levels 3-8 show a shifting clay of the MPleistocene. of coastal and swamp deposits with frequent changes complex in coastline. levels 9-12 show a development of the Finally, with sand and marshy above beach conditions, deposits, with the red clay palaeosurface. Marsh conditions concluding
correspond to periods of high sea level (probably throughthe
to coastal conditions post-glacial period), whereas correspond the area of the trench, 3 further levels low sea level. Beyond Four further 12, to a d. of 1.5m. in front collected from the shore immediately more in this of the trench, and there are undoubtedly lodged pebble beach. material consists of stone flakes, tools and Archaeological
were
preserved stone tools were
level
a
and
cores, which
above
few, poorly be identified.
can
preserved, The most
animal
few of bones, stone carefully worked
artefactsare assigned to theMPal (mostprobably to theend of theMPal or the beginning of theUpper Pal), and include examples of Levallois technology. Upper Pal lithicswere found
eroded
out of the upper levels outside the trench. Most accu not in situ; they represent secondary The after the erosion of older deposits. are small in different and of lithics layers
of the remains were mulations assemblages
it is argued relatively unhomogeneous: different parental formations.
that they derive
from
of
the bronze
of
II
the Naue
sword,
which apparently indicates that it could have been an Italian import.
on excavation (Ioannina) structure was /. 24.15m the walls,
in opus
at
the Temple w., with
reticulatum,
The
of Apollo. a transverse
9.2m
were
wall to a h.
preserved
of 1.75m. The partially preserved floor of the cella and
pronaos was base 0.55m
with
paved square
was
pebbles. found
In the centre of the cella, a around into the ground,
set
which the floor was decorated in pebble lozenges. excavator
observes
that the base
predated
the floor,
The
and
this,
with the reportof Fran?ois No?l Champoiseau (who together firstexplored the site in 1867) thataround a square base in the
cella
were
found
fragments
of a colossal
statue
and
inscrip
tionswith Hel andAr letters,is taken to indicate theexistence of an earlier temple. Champoiseau's discovery of 2 6thCt kouroi (LouvreMa 687 and 688, ofNaxian origin) at the site, plus
new
J.Z?rbach (EfA) andD. Skorda (10thEPCA) report.
Kirrha.
an exploratory season in 2007, research focused Following first on a complete survey, integrating remains topographical and excavated, and, secondly, on geomorphological previously
pedological surveyof theentireplain. It is clear thatfromthe out from LB A toLAntiquity,theshorelinelay50-100m further the present coast, which means that the PH site cannot have it is therefore argued that the so-called Cl and Hel coastal:
been
dockyards (neoria) have probably been misidentified. The courses
discoveries
of Ar
geison
fragments,
a column
also changed greatly in recent times are almost entirely artificial. nowadays of geophysical survey, several locations on the
of the 2 rivers have
their courses
and
In the course
tellwere surveyed(thepresence of olive treesmaking complete coverage impossible). What is probably a fossilized water course was
traced W
of the tell, which
the abrupt
explains
line
of the W hillslopewhich had been erodedby theflow ofwater, as well
as
terrace wall revealed the presence of a substantial The Cl excavation conducted by the Ephoria. of located at several points, and the presence
during a rescue circuit wall was corner
is now
towers
certain.
Part of the Cl
stoa, excavated
in
1937 and 1938,was also securely located of themound. This identification,along with that of the cemetery,provides a second fixedpoint fromwhich to reconstructtheplan of thePH in the E sector, the survey Finally, features open to detailed presents interpreta of an apse or parallel walls. open the possibility
of 1937-1938.
excavations
sometimes
plan
tion, leaving PH levels are present
in 2 areas
S and
of the potter's
(3m h.
with 24 flutes) and much Ar pottery,confirm this. The Ar sanctuarywas foundedby thepolis ofAnaktorion, 7km away on theSE side of thegulf ofAmbracia. The Rom templewas built after the battle of Actium, and is likely contemporary with thefoundationofNikopolis and thevictorymonument of Octavian (29-27 BC).
et
Luce
Publication:
J.-M.
Topographie
et architecture
(fouille 1990-1992). A (Athens,EfA 2008).
Fouilles de al, 13. L'aire du pilier
kiln.
II. Delphes des rhodiens
la fronti?redu profane et du sacr?
Niemeier W.-D. Kalapodi. season which of excavation,
reports on the 5th (Director, DAI) on the to concentrate continued
area of theS temple. of theW
pteron of the Ar S temple, destroyed by the in 480 BC, its limestone W pediment was excavated,
West
Actium. Eleftherotypia(13/10/08)cites a reportby I. Trianti
(3.43m);
PHOKIS AND WEST LOKRIS (14thEPCA: 24thEBA)
Delphi
Kouvaras Fyteion (Amphilochia). Further to thediscovery of theLHIIIC tomb (ca. 1200 BC) thatwas reportedinAR 54 ([2007-2008], 47), Eleftherotypia(01/10/08) cites a reportby M. Stavropoulou-Gatsi (Director, 36thEPCA) on the results analysis
43
The surveyhas shown thatthePH site correspondsclosely to the tell, and it thereforeseems that the settlementdid not move substantiallyduring thePH period.
AITOLIA AND AKARNANIA (36thEPCA: 22ndEBA)
of chemical
2008-2009
Persians
as it had fallen. Whether and in what medium this
lying ? was will decorated only become pediment difficult recovery of the severely burnt blocks. terracotta fragments their fallen positions were the central
wood
and
clear Also
after
the in
found
of the sima
and
of The combination (a horse protome). in this temple is of particular interest. The and a wooden rested on wooden columns
acroterion
stone
stone pediment entablature. Fig.
71
shows N. Hellner's
restoration
of theW
fa?ade.
W of theW ramp, the remains of theW pedimentwere removed in theprocess of building a bronze foundryin thefinal quarterof the5thCt BC. Threemoulding pits have so farbeen discovered, moulding
2 contained
in the lost-wax
remains
of clay moulds destroyed after A working platform was
technique.
constructedof reused roof tiles from the firstCl temple, destroyedby an earthquake in426 BC. It appears thata statue for the second
Cl
temple was
made
here.
In theGeo temple(discovered in2007, sincewhen itsE part
more of the metal votives placed at the excavated), of a larger the creation its ritual interment, before were include iron lance points and found. successor, They
has
been
time of
44
CATHERINEMORGAN
71. Kalapodi: reconstruction of the W fa?ade of theAr S temple.
72. Kalapodi: LHIIIC M kraterwith figuraidecoration.
knives,
bronze
necklaces,
rings and bird pendants.
Of
special
interestis a bronze bowl with a repouss? reliefof a circle of men, depicted frontallyand touchingeach others' hands (cover illustration). This is an importof SyrianLHittite origin, a as indicatingthatthe internationalsignificance find interpreted of the sanctuary(noted by Herodotus 1.46 for the6l Ct) may have itsorigins as early as the8thCt BC.
In the NE,
the excavation
of the Myc
strata was
completed
with the removalof 2 baulks. This produced furtherimportant finds,mainly fragmentsof vessels used in theconsumptionof wine: cups, kylikes and kratersof theLHIIIC M phase with impressivefiguraidecoration. These include further pieces of a krater of which sherds had been found in previous excavations. This bears a depiction so far unique (Fig. 72):
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2008-2009 men, armedwith swords and carryingfull sacks on poles over theirshoulders,climb a ladderand entera building,probablya with itsmasonry rendered in a chequerboard fortification, pattern.One man has fallenoff the ladder and lies beneath it. A notable votive from theMyc layers is a lentoid seal of the Island SanctuariesGroup inveined limestone,depicting2 bulls standing
back-to-back.
removal
of
The CentralArchaeological Council has now authorized the the open
structure,
after
constructed
the Persian
be destructionfromspolia in theruinedcella. Itwill therefore possible to examine theolder,Geo toMyc, phases here, in the assumed
centre of the sanctuary.
original
area
covered
contained
fragments
was
area.
a
From
and corridor, open rectangular inside this room came much
of
painted
a
wall-plaster,
steatite
A
spacious
rectangular
Dendron,
during
indications
of
settlement
remains.
gold
rivet heads.
However,
the most
neighbouring
with
a
further
room.
This
also
carried
decoration
bedrock.
The
chequered
of tectonic
pattern.
The
largest concentra
history
and
shifts in
V. Aravantinos (Director,9thEPCA) and I. Fappas (ThebesMuseum) reporton a rescue excavation in theS partof
Thebes.
the anc. acropolis.
Earlier excavations in this sector had brought to light a largeMyc building complex (Fig. 74) with floors of square bricks and fragmentsof wall-painting depicting a female procession. From July2008 to January2009, excavation at 3 with a thickdestruction Eurydike Street revealed a structure layerof theM 13thCt, containing roofbeams and cover tiles, many of which were found intact (and weighing between 8.5kg and 9.5kg each). This roof is estimated tohaveweighed covered
impressive,
if poorly
preserved,
four
The buildingwas destroyedby fire in theM13thCt BC. The data fromboth this and earlier excavations on the top of the citadel show thatthe regionwas at this timea fairlyluxurious and densely populated neighbourhoodofMyc Thebes.
as in a location known Tanagra, T. Some the excavations by Spyropoulos.
and a reconstruction material, water sources.
on all
long sides, which are decorated alternatelywith a palm and
near mod.
tons, and
large broken
important find was
impressivesurfaceceramics collected in2008 in thevicinityof the tombsclearly date to theMyc period, includingan LHIIB gobletwith pendant rockpatternthatpredates themain phase of tombdeposition inLHIII. R. Siddal began a geological and p?trographiesurveyof the survey area, focusingon theE side of the region, in order to complete amap of subsurfacedeposits, thesourcingofbuilding
at least 4
a
a 6-sided clay plaque (Fig. 76) with two holes for hanging, decoratedwith fish,possibly dolphin or tuna,on all 6 sides. A similarobject (Fig. 77) was found in theprevious excavation, along with an impressivedagger handle and a fragmentof a bronze dagger with gold rivetheads on the clay floorof the
composed primarily of roughly hewn
into the natural
groves
seal
room excavated
tionof tombsaroundEleon isbelow theChurch of ProfitisIlias, where over 20 chambers have been identified. These were revisited and more extensivelymapped in 2008. A similar numberof chamber tombs(Fig. 73) was mapped and surveyed in olive
In
of frescoes.
pottery,small glass beads with depictions in relief,burned
with
at the locationsofDendron andGephyra to theE of thevillage, thekastro locatedon thepeak to theSW and theMed towerto theNW. Three teamsofwalkers surveyed703 unitswithin an area of 5km2, inwhich individualtransectstotalled 175 km. Several of thechamber tombs,which contained thefamous painted larnakes excavated in the 1960s and 1970s, were cut
central
flower petal.
on the area surrounding in an effort the mod. village of Tanagra, tombs to provide a context for several known centres: the Myc
chambers
area, which
thecentreof the floorwas a largebath tubwith an impression on itsbase of a burntbasketwhich had been positioned next to it at the timeof thedestructionof thebuilding. of this
completes theplan of thebuilding.Numerous drinkingvessels (kylikes and cups) were found, along with a bronze dagger
.Burke Eastern Boeotia Archaeological Project (EBAP). . Bums S. (Wellesley), Lupack (Canadian Institute/Victoria), (London), V. Aravantinos (Director,9thEPCA) and I. Fappas (ThebesMuseum) reporton the2ndfieldseason,which focused
as were
form a central
fragments
Publication:V. Schild-Xenidou,Corpus der Boiotischen Grab undWeihreliefsdes 6. bis 4. Jahrhunderts .Chr. (Mainz am Rhein, von Zabern 2008).
located,
architectural remains, probably part of the Myc palatial complex (Fig. 75). Two especially large and well-built walls with door jambs, built in theMyc style of large roughly worked boulders with smaller stoneswedged between them,
depiction of a horse and a gold attachment shaped like a
A E EPCA: 23rdEBA) (9th by RobertK. Pitt
cemeteries were
45
73. EBAP:
chamber
tomb near Tanagra
village.
46
ROBERT
.PITT e
? o
*
? ?
t
?
r
a
?
*
?
0
74. Thebes:
plan of the rescue
excavations
of the Myc.
building
6m
complex.
75. Thebes: walls of theMyc complex. 77. Thebes: clay hexedral plaque with palm and chequered pattern.
Thisve (Kastorion). A. Dunn (BSA/Birmingham) and E. Gerousi (Director,23rdEBA) reporton the2008 studyseason. A Digital Elevation Model of the sitewas completed, and and architectural topographical in and around Thisve corrected
surveys of all visible and supplemented.
structures
Eleven EByz, MByz and Fr churchesand chapels have been recorded: at least 2 are probably MByz of the inscribed cruciformplan with 4 centralpiers (spolia) and 3 semicircular apses.
0 6cm
76. Thebes:
clay hexedral
plaque
with
fish decoration.
Less
typical
is the ruined, multi-phase
church
now
known asAg. Loukas (almostcertainlytheEpiscopal churchof thebishopric of Kastorion). Phase I of thisbuilding shows design
traits related
either
to the high-status
'transitional'
type
of theL6th-9thCt or to thePanagia of Skripou (873/874AD).
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2008-2009 The uppermostpart of the central apse is entirelyfacedwith
to ashlars divided by a reused cornice. Attached well-arranged cistern. Re-examination of the the NW corner is a monumental disposition orthostats
of Cl-Rom in locations
use as in secondary blocks the lower acropolis confirmed the
architectural around
outlines of several rectangularbuildingswhich might be either
Fr chambered with the diagnostically Byz or associated and spolia-built chapel. A record has been made of the traditional productive
tower
and monumental cisterns. lower acropolis) There A survey of Thisve's dam or barrage was completed. are no traces of the Rom or Byz phases reported by some EMod who
Anc.
traffic. Between
2 of these, and visually
loci of maritime
controlling
them both,
liesan unpublishedCl-Hel towerdescribedbyEl 9thCt travellers. This was locatedand surveyedon behalfof the9thEPCA. reports Thespiai. B. Slapsak (NetherlandsInstitute/Ljubljana) on
the continuing survey Cities of Boeotia Project.
of Thespiae
as part of
the Ancient
blocks
78. Lefkandi,
and
Xeropolis:
architectural
LHIIIC
provides
the first attestation
at Thespiae
of
the
EUBOIA (11thEPCA: 23rdEBA) Lefkandi Xeropolis.
members
continued.
'megaron'
and surrounding
of excavation.
I.S. Lemos (BSA/Oxford) reportson the
in region I and, in region II, to understand the 'megara' further function, extent and date of the 'walls' and to excavate the structures W of them.
and EIA
In region I, a LHIIIC (Lefkandi phase 2a) structurewas discovered under theLHIIIC 'megaron' (Fig. 78). This was equippedwith clay bins and pebble floors typicalof theperiod, as contemporary is on the same and orientation houses discovered. The building was abandoned and the previously area reused after a short interval, but with an alteration to the
orientationof thebuilding (now N-S), which tookplace most probably during Lefkandi phase 2b when a number of other in this part of the tell maintain the earlier grid lines. The is now a long, 2nd change was to the plan of the building, which end is lost to the erosion of the hill rectangular structure. The
houses
In 2008, geophysical prospection and the plotting of
scattered
interest: one
office of thepentekistologoi; a second is a bilingual building inscriptionof Domitian, possibly dated to86 AD.
The aims for2008 were to investigatefurthertheLHIIIC
almost
survey of the enclosed Thisve basin. had several Thisve and Byz Kastorion
of the mud-brick wall was important section acropolis recorded on the SW slope, 5.5m h. and 3.3m w. at its top. Of the 29 inscriptions recorded by the team, 2 are of particular
6th season
certainly misinterpreted overlying traces remain. The terraces, of which agricultural spolia-built a parallel environ interpretation of this dam will be aided by
mental
blocks of theHel citywall were found in situ in theNW sector.
An
instal
lationsof theoverlyingvillage (Ot Kakosi; renamedThisve in vats ( the20thCt). These comprise 8 wine fermentation ), floors (including 12 clusteredaround the 15 cobbled threshing
travellers,
47
Some
area.
CATHERINEMORGAN
48 and
and it is therefore of a LGeo house, or not the building was apsidal. The duration as indicated by the of the LHIIIC 'megaron',
the construction
unclear whether of occupation
pottery,is not yet determined,although it certainly includes White Ware of Lefkandi phase 2b/3, nor is the reason for its Further study is also thorough clearance. to determine this abandonment the interval between and
abandonment
required and the erection
of the EIA
successor.
to the E of the buildings revealed more about Investigation the structure termed the 'annex', which seems to follow closely
and the EIA
the history of occupation of both the LHIIIC
similar in construction Further E, other walls imply 'megara'. these were not investi of further rooms: while the existence
gated, ancillary
that
they raise the possibility rooms or units to serve
there was
the needs
of
a
duringboth itsLHIIIC and EIA phases. Finally, to the just outside
was
the 'megaron'
the flexed
of
series
the 'megaron'
skeleton
and
of a young
girl (to judge fromthe2 pins foundon theshoulders,a conical buttonand a pierced shell). The date of theburial is hard to determine
to be
it ought
stratigraphically:
later than the pre
LHIIIC building, a date which agrees with theLHIIIC M-L date assigned In region
to the pins. II, the 'walls'
series of straight,
mentary
are now
as a comple defined
understood
lengthy constructions
which
theW and S edges of the 'hollow' zone (Fig. 79). They may the area
delineate N,
across
lagoons phases revealed
the low
through which land isthmus
the site was and
to the E and W should
be
detailed
79. Lefkandi,
of Xeropolis. primarily within
information
Xeropolis:
about
region
II.
entered
from the
2 the possible date of their earlier
between The
LHIIIC.
Excavation
the sequence
has
of construc
tion
and
reconstruction
entrances
the S
of
these
and the insertion of drains.
(interior) wall was
to cover landscaping The so-called was
convenience)
LHIIIC
the locations walls, The final abandonment
of of
accompanied by large-scale
the remains.
zone a (at present further investigated. Structure A, 'ritual'
term
of
dating
to
(Lefkandi phase 1), is theearliest yet recorded. The of
irregularity
its
used techniques further excavation
form
indicate
and
a
is needed
the
different
complicated to clarify
construction
structural its plan.
history: Two main
floor surfacesof yellow clay were separatedby a thinlayerof a not associated with probably a thicker mix the 2nd floor, of The furniture in the and pis? was observed.
carbonized soil, intensely fire. Above destructive carbonized
soil
rooms is highly distinctive. Associated with the 1stfloor are 2 yellow clay drums of differentheights set against the middle of theS wall and a red-brownclay bin against the wall. was
In the 2nd phase, another and larger yellow clay drum set in the middle of the room, on the same N-S axis, and
with itwas found a large and shallow receptacle of reddish clay. On top of the supporting within its limits, a complete
surface
large
for the receptacle, red-deer antler
and
was
carefullyset (Fig. 80). to the S is a rectangularbuilding (4.6m Structure form to thepartiallyoverlying structureC, similar in 3.75m) although resemble
its
internal
furniture
that of structure A.
An
and depositional intermediate position
history in both
W an exteriorzone timeand building type is indicated.To its the earliest perhaps large shallow pit.
contains
of the circular
'platforms'
and a
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2008-2009
49
(O.T. 740, summarized inPAE [1984], 212-28) (Fig. 81). The goal by
was to verify the extension of some structures discovered P. Themelis the different chronological and to ascertain on the plot.
represented
phases
In theGeo period, 2 walls to theE protectedthesectorfrom
as an embankment M23 served intense flooding. wall, the settlement to theW from the sands and pebbles preserving Itwas built in ca. 725 BC, abandoned at of the river to the E.
the end of the 8thCt and replaced by a 2ndembankmentwall (M24). The functionofM22 ismore difficultto assess, since it seems unlikely to belong to the apsidal building, GG,
of floor levels, pits The current absence restored by Themelis. or graves that the area lies on the periphery of this suggests Occasional finds in the deepest settlement quarter. layers a small Neo
include
(Fig. 82). Ar
axe
serpentine
and a MGeoII
Attic
krater
layers are rare, to the point that some Hel strata layers. This may imply that the sector was scarcely later construction has during these periods, although earlier layers. obliterated
and Cl
follow Geo occupied certainly 80.
Lefkandi, structure A.
Structure
Xeropolis:
C,
a
is
building,
two-phase
on
antler
red-deer
in
receptacle
the
latest
discovered (in use between LHIIIC L andMPGeo):
so
far
itoverlies
structure B, but its internal furnishing and depositional history of are quite different. It contained circular 'platforms' made A shallow rounded hollow different sized stones and pebbles.
was
formed; its edge a kerb within which
stones ringed with medium-sized similar and smaller stones were
to form
to
laid
a close-packed ring. Then ever smaller stones, pebbles were to fill up the scattered and near-gravel sequentially is the and compacted cracks. A slightly domed upper surface
make
end result. No
or bones
ash, burning
are associated.
A number
of spindlewhorlsand a fewpendantswere theonly finds.The only
lumps and flecks of a white on a floor, nor attached to a (never structure C of whether the question
are sheets,
intrusive elements Their
appearance plaster. wall or a feature) raises was roofed (no postholes to
discovered
the
E
were of
in or around
found
structure
C
includes
it). Pottery to large
pots found together with cooking to have taken place appears Cooking where the pots were found: thus eating and drinking took place outside, but close to, structure C. the purpose of these structures is not yet clear, we Although area associated assume with the 'walls' was that the whole kraters
monumental
much
animal
devoted
and
bone.
to some
kind of ritual activity.
Indeed,
in
the recovery
area R and to the of the 'walls' of a numberof high quality figurinesmay suggest thattheyoriginated from the so-called ritual area
to theW.
Alternatively,
area may have In this oil or wine.
the whole
to the processing of olive dedicated the clay drums might have served as rests for the vessels set in which olives or grapes were crushed, with receptacles In order to lower on the floor or on another drum nearby.
been case
resolve
this, samples from the clay drums mental
samples fruits discarded.
will
have
been
taken from the dark
for testing. Residues be further scrutinized
soils
and
from the environ for evidence
of any
Most of the 2008 discoveries date to the Hel period.
Several
report on (Swiss School) with the 11th in collaboration
S. Fachard
and T. Theurillat
a rescue
excavation
conducted
EPCA (underA. Psalti) on theproperty(O.T 737) of P.Vrakas, S of theplot excavated by P. Themelis between 1974 and 1984
between
the very
end of
of cooking ware (lekanes, proportion and and drinking vessels (bowls
a high
with
character,
chytres, mortars,
lopades)
kantharoi). Several walls could belong to this firstphase of occupation:M30 and probablyM20 andM12. The floor level In a 2nd phase,
is at 3.9masl.
to this phase
related
M30
and
M20 were reused to forma quadrangularbuilding (8m 6m) composed of deep foundationwalls (M4,Mil, Ml6 andM17). The
with
associated
pottery
tpq in theM2nd Ct BC. Its function
the foundation
unclear
remains
since
a
trench suggests
no
identifiable
clearly
structureshave been discovered inside. A well (St26) in the NW corner is probably contemporary,although it could also to the previous phase. were discovered
belong
Numerous
finds
in the immediate
metalworking
related
to
surroundings
of the building: a low-shaftfurnace (St3), connected with
burned
and
slags
layers,
iron
testifies
'skullcaps',
to ore
refining.Ml was probably pierced during the same phase, in order to install a thresholdand canalization (St25) for the of waste
evacuation
more
containing
in the street. A
water
than 30
badly
discovered at the foot of Ml2;
at present. possible P. Themelis' Although
coin
hoard
bronze
preserved
coins
(Stl5) was
their identificationis not
excavations
showed
in the Rom quarter was densely occupied in 2008. To theW, remains were discovered
that the entire
few Rom period, 2 foundation walls
(M6 and M7) can be linked to themonumental building excavatedbyThemelis. To theE, a thickdeposit of the2ndand
3rdCts AD
seals
Imperial This
This contains numerous occupation. terracotta figurines, Italian sigillata, and 3 coins of the decorated discuses
the Hel
fragments of glass several lamps with
and
period. first campaign
Themelis'
chronology
on of
the O.T.
737 of
the Quarter
P. plot confirmed the Panathenaic
Amphorae (O.T. 740) and supplementstheplan of an important urban
Eretria.
can be distinguished
phases
of theplot is occupied the4thCt BC and the 1stCt BC. The In a first by a small street linedwith 2 walls (M32 andMl). phase, 2 pits (St33 and St 19) of the firsthalf of the3rdCt BC were found S of Ml. The pottery is mainly domestic in
sector
of the town occupied
from the Geo
to the Rom
period. Publication: L?derrey, (Lausanne,
S. Eretria
Verdan, XX.
Ecole
suisse
A.
Pfyffer and C. d'Er?trie g?om?trique en Gr?ce 2008).
Kenzlemann
C?ramique d'arch?ologie
50
81. Eretria:
CATHERINEMORGAN
2008
excavation
plan.
51
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2008-2009 MHI
strata were
and MHII
likewise
uncovered,
2
including
rectilinear buildings: building (MHI-MHII E) and buildingL (MHI). Too littlewas exposed to reveal the plan of those had at least 2 rooms; itsnorthernmost buildings. Building room
exposed Substantial
a built
had
hearth
oval
of pottery were
amounts
with
covered
plaster. these MH
with
associated
strata. of ELH
Excavation
in the NE
continued
levels
excavation
W wall of buildingD was area (Fig. 84). The remainderof the
that its S part had been robbed out over a No have yet been found floor deposits
uncovered, revealing of ca. 5m. distance
insidebuildingD, although theexcavation isnot finished.The
into a of building D had been converted as tomb during its last period of use, and possibly
interior area
central
monumental
early as LHIIB. The tomb is rectangular(ca. 5m
II Attic
82. Eretria: MGeo
Cleaning continued throughout
work
the season.
on
In area F, cleaning
operations
revealed.
E. Zahou (14th EPCA) and A. Van de Moortel (ASCSA/Tennessee) reporton the5thseason of excavation in 2008, which focusedprimarilyon 2 areas in theNE andNW of
Mitrou.
the
islet.
In addition, unexcavated
in trenches were 3 outlying opened at the areas in the NE corner (LR797),
E sea scarp (LX784) and in thecentral-Earea (LR770) of the islet (Fig. 83).
In trench to EHIIB. dated reached levels earliest The levels with substantial at least 2 EHIIB LX784, occupational and EHIII walls were found, situated close to sea level. EHIIB sea scarp of levels were also exposed during cleaning of theW
the islet,and EHIII walls were uncovered in trenchLR797 in the NE
corner
extensive.
of the islet.
In all
these
The
locations,
EH
settlement
was
therefore
fired roof tiles were
found as
well as Lefkandi I potteryand EH vessels of the local tradition. Too littlewas exposed to understandbuilding plans or the layoutof thesettlement.A clay seal found in thesea NW of the isletmay be EHII indate. settlement may have been equally extensive, with sea scarps as identified at the E and W remains architectural areas. A LMH wall (no. well as in the NE and NW excavation The MH
149) and pebble surfacewere uncovered E of and below the LHI-LHIIIA2 E monumental buildingD in theNE excavation area (trenchLP783) (Fig. 84). These are thefirstsecurelydated remains of theMH settlement in this area. In the NW excavation
at area, strata and
least
5
successive
tombs were
MHI
excavated
and
MHII
in 2007.
A
cist occupation in 2007 has now been dated to boat partially excavated wooden on the E sea scarp, at least 5 successive In trench LX784, MHI.
The
rebuilt and widened.
absence
of
is
interior faces
remarkableandmay indicatethatat thistimetheentirebuilding was filledwith debris and turnedintoa tumulus. Building D
was
streets to theW
bordered
by pebbled E of building
uncovered
and N.
remnants were
but
D,
street was
No
found of LHI,
LHIIB and LHIIIA structuresthatapparentlybelonged to the
complex as building D, but had much thinner area. the excavation lies outside of this complex uncovered In the NE corner of the islet, a grave plot was 1.5m cist grave (grave 51), ca. 1.8m with a monumental same architectural
walls.
of Halai
the acropolis
focused on theByz intrusionat theE side of trenchF9 first noticedbyVirginiaGrace in 1931 and on theS sides of trenches F9 and FI 1,where, duringpreparationsfora path and viewing stationforvisitors,theprobable S wall ofNeo buildingVI was
previously
large cut is preserved in situ. The
disk. Possibly at thissame time,theexteriorwalls of building
D were
of Halai.
conservation
slab
h. One
1.2m
2m) with
tomb had
and East Lokris Project Cornell Halai (CHELP). J. Coleman (ASCSA/Cornell) reportson continuingstudyof theNeo architectureand finds (especially pottery) from the and
lm w. and
the interior with
found intact and fragments of several more were in antiquity, but some human bones been robbed remained, as well as a gold ring, a fragmentary gold bracelet, a bronze ring, a piece of pierced gold foil and a small rock-crystal
krater.
PHTHIOTIS AND EAST LOKRIS (14thEPCA: 24thEBA)
acropolis
lined on
and
of mud-brick, sandstone slabs, ca.
walls
Most
built of roughly hewn large limestone slabs. to this monumental grave were perpendicular All graves of this plot had been robbed, graves. 0.9m,
Parallel
and
smaller
cist
but one
cist
tomb (grave 50) could be dated to LHI by a bichromematt a painted amphoriskos containedwithin it (it also held small bronze spiral). Study of thepotterycontinues,but it is likely date. Two more
are of ELH
that all these graves
LHI
cist tombs
(graves53 and 56) as well as anMHIII or LHI wall were fqunp1 in trenchLX784 at theE scarp of the islet.Grave 56 belonged toa juvenileburiedwith an LHI GreyMinyan teacup,a spindle whorl and an obsidian blade. Fragments(perhapsnot insitu)of a collapsed MHIII or LHI kilnwere found, representingthe in that location.
latest BA In
occupation trench LR770 parallel street. This
area
in the E-central stone walls
substantial
bordered
of
islet, 2 earth and
the
a 2m w.
to that on the side of street runs parallel pebble to be part of the building D, ca. 65m further N, and appears date at least to street pattern. The 2 walls same orthogonal On the latest earlier. but may have been constructed LHIIB,
surface of the street, in a mixed LH/PGeo context, was a small to a clay figurine of parturient squatting female, which appears In NW excavation the be of non-local area, origin (Fig. 85).
was opened (LG790), connecting2 previously only one trench Here
trenches.
excavated
same 2 successive
LHI
walls
and
occupation
surfaces
levels
found
to the belonged in the adjacent
trenchesinprevious years. An earlier cist tomb (grave 72) of a child buriedwith a GreyMinyan amphoriskosof LHI orMH
date was
also
On
found.
top of the LHI
strata were
successive
LHIIA and LHIIB levels, including a few walls and a substantial LHIIB burned destruction level with broken pottery and were much
several
disturbed,
trenchLF790 will undertaken.
animal and
horns.
To
the NW, of
the stratigraphy
these
strata
the adjacent
remain unclear until furtherstudy is
52
CATHERINEMORGAN
83. Mitrou: plan of the isletwith the2004-2008 trenches.
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2008-2009
53
Palatial period occupation (LHIIIA2 L and LHIIIB) remains
scarce
at Mitrou.
new
No
architectural
remains
to this
dating
period have been found in theE of the islet. In trenchLG790 in the NW
excavation
area,
limited
was
architecture
revealed.
One wall (no. 64) was reused, and perhaps a small curved enclosurewall (no. 65) abutting itwas built at this time. A largely intactLHIIIA phi-figurinewas found in a disturbed context.
In the same
unit was
a steatite
lentoid
seal
stone
modified into a bead, which is not closely datable. A large LHIIIB2 L potterydump was found against the S scarp of trenchLP782, SE of buildingD. At the end of LHIIIB or thebeginning of LHIIIC, 2 new walls (nos 119, 120) were constructed in trenchLG790 and a new
surface
laid.
On
a bronze
this surface
knife was
found.
In addition, the 2 palatial period walls continued in use. Contrary toprevious reports,theseare thefirstsecurelydated post-palatial architecturalremains found thus far in theNW area.
excavation
establish
They
for the first time that the post
palatial settlementreached this farW. In theNE excavation W of building D area, the latest surfaceof thepebbled street dates toLHIIIC. Thus themass of large roughlycut blocks found on top of it and blocking this streetmust have fallen thereinLHIIIC, and not during theLHIIIA2 E destruction,as previously conjectured. It is not yet clear fromwhich building these largeblocks came. More excavation and study is needed
in order
to reconstruct
the architectural
history
this area. one
Inside building or
two LHIIIC
L
aerial
85. Mitrou:
terracotta figurine
view.
of
successor to building D),
(the LHIIIC surfaces
84. Mitrou:
were
as well
uncovered
as
fragmentarywalls (nos 40, 41, 116) of a small structure (building J) thatmust postdate building and probably also building C. The remains of a largely destroyed cist grave were found on top of themonumental tomb, and can be plausibly associated with an LHIIIC L clay feedingbottle. At least2 cist graves (nos 70 and 71) foundE of buildingD may date to LHIIIC L or EPGeo. Cist 70 included a handmade miniature dipper cup similar in style to theminiature vases of building C. A 3rdcist grave (no. 69) in thisarea is datable to theSubMyc or EPGeo period by an intactcup on top of its capstone. Burial 52 S of building B, excavated in 2007, can now be dated toLHIIIC. new
One
PGeo
structure was
uncovered.
I is a
Building
small rectilinearstructure with thinwalls just S of building E. Because of itsclose proximity tobuilding E, itprobably also dates toLPGeo. Below the apse of buildingA was a rough semicircularplatform,possibly a hearthand probablyLHIIIC or PGeo in date, on top of which was a steatite seal stone of theMainland Popular Group (Fig. 86). Nearby were a
miniature
stone
axe,
a
and
spindle-whorl
possibly
a
of parturient
female
from trench
clay
spool. In addition, thewalls of trenchLR770 in theE-central area of the isletmay have been reused at this time. Several
new
PGeo
cist graves
were
uncovered
in many
locations
just
below theplough zone, includingat theE sea scarp, although not in trenchLR797 in theNE corner of the islet. Most of these tombs had been robbed. Cist 57 W of building I contained a miniature patterned amphoriskos or amphoroid krater, and cist 49 in trench LX784 at the E scarp a obsidian blade. Cists 59 and 63 in trenchLR770 fragmentary in the E-central
area
are of MPGeo
or LPGeo
date.
Each
contained a baby skeleton but no finds. By far the richest findswere found in theLPGeo cist grave 62 in trenchLG790 in the NW
excavation
area.
The
tomb belonged
to a ca.
6
year-old child buried with 3 small clay cups, a juglet, a feedingbottle and a pyxis, as well as 2 bronze pins, one or
more
bronze
earrings,
a bronze
bracelet,
a bronze
indeterminate piece of bronze jewellery and a bead.
ring, an
86. Mitrou: steatitelentoidseal of theMainland PopularGroup frombelow theapse of buildingA.
54
CATHERINEMORGAN
Exarchos. S. Voyatzis andV. Sythiakaki(DeltChAE 39 [2008], 207-20) present an architecturalstudyof theChurch ofAg. Nikolaos, which is dated to theend of the 12thor E13thCtAD, with the original wall-painting decoration dated to the last quarterof the 13thCt.
Northern
Sporades
Alonissos
Cave of theCyclops A.
Publication:
and Neolithic
THESSALY
Intra-site
with theNORTHERN
SPORADES
Local
Analysis,
of the Cyclops. in the Northern Aegean, and
Industries,
Mesolithic
Distribution (Philadelphia, INSTAP 2008).
1.
Greece
Site
Regional
of Magnesia
Nomos
(13thEPCA: 7thEBA)
Fifty one
were
localities
surveyed,
32 caves,
counting
12
rock-sheltersand 7 abandonedmines. A typologyof 10 types
of cave-use
was
Three
developed. finds were collected
surface
hundred
from 17 caves
and
and
The finds
sherds and animal bones. pottery from 5 caves in the Mouresi municipality Bourdovanou and Tsouka, Gouronotrypa,
mainly artefacts
Diagnostic (Tsounaga,
Damouchari
IV) consisted mostly of PH and Hel-Rom
included pottery, but also jaw. Four of the localities A
six
forty
rock-shelters,
2 of which had already been visited in 2006. comprised
The
LNeo/EBA.
stone
polished are deep
of caves
number
tools
caves
and one
on the mountain
character
of their use
a human
and
were
is an anc.
used
cannot
from the
be established
from surface finds,but is probably not exclusively related to
herding. Several
of Larisa
Nomos
The Pilion Cave Project. N. Andreasen (Danish Institute)and A. Darlas (EPSVE) reporton the 2nd survey season, which focused on theE part of themountain between thevillages of Kalamaki in theS toVeneto in theN.
mine.
The Cave
Sampson, Networks
(15thEPCA: 7thEBA) Vasilis (Ennipea). Ethnos (05/11/08 and 21/11/08) and To Vima (21/11/08)cite a report(via aMinistry of Culture press release, 20/11/08) by G. Toufexis (15* EPCA) of the discovery, of Vasilis,
in the course
settlement, constructed
which
of a LNeo
of laying a gas-pipe settlement. This was
the village
outside
occupied
through
thefirsthalf of the5thmillennium BC before being destroyed by fire: thereare also traces of fire in earlier phases of the both
have yet to be investigated. in the wattle-and-daub technique
Houses
(noting
are
that
the burnt mud-plaster of the wood) and preserved impressions in mud-brick, and have clay roofs. The settlement contains
clay ovens
set in open spaces, much pottery including excellent stone grinding and cutting tools, of decorated wares, examples a few terracotta and the figurines loomweights indicating of wool. weaving
The sitewas reused in theHel period (3rdCt): 15 tombswere
found
(cists, pits and free burials),
containing
no grave goods.
World War II and theGr CivilWar. An significantroles during importantdiscovery was the find of a cave 2.5km SW of
Tyrnavos. I Akropoli (25/03/09)cites a reportbyA. Batziou (Director, 15thEPCA) of thediscovery of the remainsof a Cl (probably5thCt) public building,perhaps a temple.
equipment duringWorld War II. Although theGr military emptied thecave of ammunitionand explosives aftertheCivil
Nomos
Veneto
where
caves
undocumented
previously
the Gr
Resistance
stored
locally
played
ammunition
and
War, more than 40 combat helmets were found at the site along with buckles, leather straps and military iron pack frames for mules. The helmets areWorld War I 'Adrian' style helmets and
World
II M33
War
some
of which
models,
have
preserved
leather padding. It is possible that this equipment was obtained from Italian units stationed at Pilion when they left the region in 1943. cave
Another
above
the village
of Mouresi
was
used
as a
provisional fieldhospital for theResistance duringWorld War II and
later as a refuge
for several
local
families.
The main
chamber of thecave is accessed verticallyand it is difficultto enter without
a ladder.
No
or
artefacts
fireplaces
were
found,
as visibility is severely limited. A significantimplicationof the survey and the accompa nying interviewsis that the spectrumof activities performed at
caves
in rock-shelters
and
our
within
region
activity.
cave
Some
uses
connected
to agro-pastoral,
religious and military activities tend to be ephemeral and leave little culturalmaterial behind. This is the case even
where
several
a
persons,
involved. One
such
example
family
or groups
is a cave which
served
of people
are
as a secret
field
hospital duringWorld War II. At this locality therewas no visible culturalmaterial lefton the surface thatcould point to such use.
or
Other
quarantine sense, despite
confirmed
caves
/refuge-caves', are equally invisible
their local
and historical
partisan hide-outs in an archaeological
significance.
a -
Publication: E. Tsangkaraki (ed.), a a :A a e - a e a (Karditsa,Nomos ofKarditsa 2008). Nomos
e
ea e a
of Trikala
(34thEPCA: 19thEBA) Anc. Pelinna.
Ethnos (04/10/08) cites a report by L. Hatziangelakis (Director, 34thEPCA) of the discovery of a main gate in theW part of the city's fortificationwall, followingon fromtheearlierdiscovery of a smallerpostern in the same
area.
is much
broader than initiallyanticipated. Only in a few cases could artefact distributions or artefact types be related to any specific
of Karditsa
(34thEPCA: 19thEBA)
Pharkadon. Ethnos (15/11/08) cites a report by L. Hatziangelakis (Director,34thEPCA) of the discovery of 14 MH cist graves in thecourse ofwork on thenational road from Trikala contained
to Larisa
in
the remains
the area of both
of Pharkadon. adults
and
The
children,
graves
variously
oriented but usually in extended position with the hands crossed on the chest, across thepelvis or by the sides. In 2 cases, thebodies lay on theirsidewith theknees bent. Pottery found in the graves included plainware vessels, a perfume vessel,
sherds
from funerary vases, ware and ware
style of Bratislavan Volos. and Stone
bone
tools,
obsidian blades were also
as well
as pottery in the near from Petromagoula flint points and cores, and
included. Among
the more
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2008-2009 was
finds
significant
a
semicircular
out a burial
marks
probably
area;
on
which a child's
sequences, tests was
which
human activity here places date, and the Mousterian technique that the first of the stone tools in the analogous level, suggest were Homo neanderthalensis. Study of occupants Sapiens and
cereals fruits, seeds, of Pal levels proceeds.
carbonized sieving
pulses
the water
from
the FNeo
was
found
EPIRUS
D. Kalpakis,
a
and K.
F. Kefallonitou
2008);
in Early
Doumetios
Bishop
The
Gerolymnou, Christian Nicopolis
Basilica
of
recovered
of
them.
rulers
are
his
wife,
and
(a man Anna
depicted named
named
Komnenos
Komnenodoukene
Palaiologina), being crowned by theVirgin holdingChrist in her arms, along with
two princes:
these are
I
likely Nikephoros
date,
in Macedonia, and Franchthi
were
taken next
to the wall
date
to the
In order to study the size of PS 12, soil
and LBA.
taken in its immediate
indicate
surroundings. Preliminary is much larger than previously
that the site
walls
house surface
inside
survey
Zervochori
the fortification.
these
(PS 25),
Investigationfocused on
seemed
the basis
On
to be mostly
ERom
Four
trenches were
opened, revealing almost exclusively finds. the opus incertum Ct AD) By combining (lst-2nd visible the surface with those found in the trial above
trenches, the outlines of a large building, built on 2 terraces that to the S, are seen. The building is at least 140m 30m, it remains unclear where it ends towards theW. Due although
open
in the peristyle of the the founder's wall-paintings on the basis of fragments Pantanassa the Panayia at the W and G. Velenis end of the S portico,
Two
Hel). ERom walls
(Athens,
(DeltChAE 39 [2008], 81-86) presents the inscriptionson Doukas
and LBA
pottery Preliminary the FNeo and EBA
(opus incertum),although some pieces looked older (possibly
Philippiada. PL. Vocotopoulos (DeltChAE 39 [2008], 73-80) reconstructs
the 2 samples
whereas
of
ScientificCommitteeofNicopolis 2008; inGreek and English).
Church
it.
in theArgolid. Most of theEBA parallels are EHII. Three C14 samples from trenchesA (excavated in 2007) and D date to
the ordinary intensive
and D. Kyrkou,
C. Kappa
a (Athens, Scientific Committee of Nicopolis
A
of MBA
around
a small hill fortifiedaround 300 BC.
K. Zachos,
.A
as some
100m. thought, perhaps close to 100m The 2nd site excavated was Ag. Donatos,
of Preveza
Publications:
as well and EBA, and just above
some parallels with indicates near Ioannina, at Doliana Servia repertoires in Thessaly Pefkakia and, to some extent, Lerna
samples results
(33rdEPCA: 18,hEBA)
2m
by a couple of metres, but, later, one of the when remains of a rudimentary wall were
analysis
EHII,
Nicopolis
is believed
through what
enlarged The wall, which consists of 2 courses of stones to a h. was to a /. of 9m without of 0.2-0.3m, exposed uncovering corners. No floor level was found next to the wall. Pottery of
MBA
Nomos
separated
found.
Theopetra Cave (Kalambaka). Eleftherotypiaand Ethnos (21/05/08)cite a reportby N. Kyparissi-Apostolika (Director, EPSNE) of thermoluminescence dating of 2 childrens' the cave, BP. The
located N-S
tobe thecentreof the site. Initially itwas dug in 5 Im
cranium, on the interior the cranium of an adult, and there were traces of burning over the entire area.
footprints from prior to 135,000
trench was
The main
construction the exterior was
55
to heavy
erosion,
especially
around
the Chapel
of Ag.
Donatos,
the building is badly preserved and most of the trenches
and mixed Part of the original layers. collapsed was found floor (cocciopesto) only in one trench. It is once was of high status, as shown by clear that the building in different colours) and a (panels fragments of wall-painting contained concrete
few palmette
antefixes
(Fig. 87).
Probably
itwas
a villa
rustica
and his sonsThomas (proclaimed despot in spring 1294) and (who was
Thamar
in summer
married
1294),
likelydate for thepainting.
a
thus providing
of Thesprotia
Nomos
(32ndEPCA: 8thEBA) Thesprotia Expedition. B. Fors?n (Finnish Institute)reports on
the 5th field
season,
which
of continued geo from Lake sampling at 3 sites. Coring was to learn more about its
consisted
work, further palynological archaeological at Morphi and trial excavations Kalodiki also
undertaken
in Lake
environmental
general The
first site where
Acherousia
development. trial trenches were
opened,
PS
12, lies on
the lowermostE slope of theLiminari hill in the village of
Probes here in 2007 revealed mainly and ENeo-MNeo pottery, but also some LNeo was and MNeo the ENeo therefore to explore Sevasto.
estimate were
the site size.
found, although
In trench D2 more no ENeo-MNeo
FNeo
and EBA
sherds. presence,
The
aim
and
to
sherds 'impresso' layer. The early sherds
ENeo
were foundmixed with FNeo and EBA potteryand spindle whorls. In the hope of findingundisturbedENeo toMNeo
located on a small terrace uphill. This remains, probe H was remains of a dramatic erosion phase containing large produced stones mixed with bone, pottery and some roof tiles. The finds are mostly historical in date, perhaps Ar or Cl, and indicate the
87.
existence
Agios
of a settlement
of this date somewhere
higher upslope.
Thesprotia Donatos,
Expedition: Zervochori.
antefix
from
the ERom
villa
at
56
CATHERINEMORGAN
founded within the abandoned EHel fortress at some stage or Tiberius. No finds date later during the reign of Augustus than the ERom of the period, except for a grave ca. 10m of Ag. Donatos. The burial, 0.2m below the surface, Chapel
was
in a simple
placed
courses
cist of 1-2
of rounded
stones.
No grave giftswere foundwith the skeleton,which probably to a young woman. belonged individuals were found close
Single human bones from other some even on the to the chapel, a small cemetery next to the 17th
there was Obviously, Ct chapel, most likely contemporary surface.
with
The principal aim was the remains and establish
to explore the extent and character of the chronology of their use(s). A total area of some 350m2 was All systematically investigated. The outlines of at least 3 structures deposits were dry sieved. were revealed, aligned and juxtaposed along an E-W axis (Fig. . The Its fa?ade 88) largest is a -shaped burial enclosure. faces S and is 16.5m /. as currently revealed. The 2 sides are
it.
In the tower
the rubble
fill was
encountered
ca.
0.2m
the surface. The trench located at the presumed gate that there very few finds, but supports the assumption produced was a gate here, some 1.15-1.2m w. and protected by indented traces on both sides. Publication:
B. Fors?n
(ed.),
Thesprotia
Expedition
I. Towards
a Regional History (Helsinki,Finnish InstituteatAthens 2009).
Nomos
of
Ioannina
at the site of Ellinika,
a
a anc. mountain along possible a panoramic view of the complex that ultimately leads from the Ionian coast
sanctuary
of Dodona.
A
are scattered
unexcavated,
number close
of fortified
by (for example,
inside
general
view
of the 2008
of
the enclosure,
and a cleaned, only the surface was excavated. The area between the afore
The construction and of the technique both of the enclosures 6 graves in conjunction with the scanty pottery investigated, and other artefacts to their initial close recovered, points in EHel association times. The site probably chronological served,
perhaps
and/or
intermittently
in part,
as
a
burial
complex until theLRom period, to judge from8 coins found in
one
of the graves inside the largest enclosure. the However, of domestic handmade and wheelmade pottery,
large quantity
and thesignificantamountof animal bone foundwithin thefill
route, the site valley network to the oracular citadels,
of
excavations,
as yet -
looking
the 2 enclosures
various
times
the
and
the area
limestone
in between, that at suggest structures served non-funerary
purposes. The burial
at Ellinika enclosures form a rare example of this in the interior of Epirus. The type of funerary monument custom is most often associated with coastal cities such as
Kalogeritsa
292), but no systematicexplorationwas undertaken
Kopani:
limestone cist graves, all part of the interior (Fig.
was also On investigated. present it seems that building materials from and/or spolia evidence, were an activity space of the enclosures reused to demarcate some kind. Further E of the structures mentioned 2 above, more plundered graves were cleaned.
Ambrakia,
Leukas
and Anaktorio.
The
continuing
collaborative
projectwill also aim to identifythe organized settlement(s)
at that time.
88. Ellinika,
Three
in theW
later date, probably built in a
single visible cist grave mentioned enclosures
on
Theriakision, Ag. Kopanis, Georgios Mirodaphni Peston). Visible architectural Hel cist remains, along with plundered graves, were first reported here by I. Vokotopoulou (ADelt 23
[1968],
excavated
for non-funerary Another purposes. similar way, another burial perhaps was enclosure of smaller dimensions, partially investigated. to the concentration of large fallen blocks towards the Owing
theSE flanksofMt Olytsika (anc.Tomaros) at an elevation of Positioned
were
structure
550masl.
commands
5.4m. length, the E side measuring local of advanced limestone, with signs used for the construction. The is fa?ade
appears tohave beenmodified at 89) . The E partof the interior
Ellinika, Kopani. C. Kleitsas (12thEPCA), E. Kotjabopoulou andA. Panatsi (Archaeological InstituteforEpirotic Studies) of excavation
in
of
to a h. of 4 courses.
plundered,
(12thEPCA: 8thEBA)
report on the first season
were
preserved
was to gain a better picture lkm from Ag. Donatos investigated of its structure and date. Two small trenches were opened, one gate. below
blocks
erosion,
At Kioteza, Agora (PS 34), a small EHel fortificationca.
in theonly towerof the fortification, theother at theprobable
different
probably Worked
associated
S.
with
this cemetery.
57
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2008-2009 a known
Ar-EHel
cemetery,
2 more
with
in the
cemeteries
neighbouringhills. The kilnwas discovered in 1996 (ADelt 51 [1996], B2, 543) and systematicallyexcavated in2004. Sherds that a further scattered over a wider area, and it is possible remain to be discovered. installations kiln and workshop The kiln was a 2-storeyed construction, with an underground almost intact and a firing chamber almost furnace preserved
were
certainly stomion
this is now completely above it, although but only a few burnt bricks is half-preserved,
the eschara, none oriented NW-SE 1.8m maximum more
pear-shaped
in situ. The
remain of soil, is 1.8m w.
is cut into the natural
kiln
are 2.1m
its dimensions
and
lost. The
/.
It has rounded corners, h. preserved The furnace walls than rectangular.
being show
some (surprisinglylimited)exposure to high temperatures:in
89. Ellinika,Kopani: partof theTT-shapedburial enclosurewith 3 cist graves.
Nomos
in Hasaki Type la). The support is made of handmade, sundriedbrick for themost part,with moulded bricks forming thestraightsides. The stomion isprotectedby 2 flankingwalls.
MACEDONIA
WESTERN
traces of a clay lining. The support column they preserve places 0.36m maximum 0.7m w. /. for the eschara h.) is (0.8m the kiln chamber centre the furnace in the of (placing preserved
around
focused
2002,
the mod.
of
villages
Samarina, Smixi, Avdella, Perichori,Polyneri,Philippaii and in the SW mountain
Panorama
zone
of the Nomos
of Grevena
(see AR 51 [2004-2005], 68; AR 54 [2007-2008], 62). A high (butunspecified)numberofMPal siteshas been identified;these always lie above l,600masl and often above 2,000masl (the on highest site found in 2008 is close to 2,012masl), often in open-air
ridges (well above the tree line) and always to sources of water and sometimes close
mountain
locations
flint.
also
Many siteswithMPal lithicsare above themoraine depositsof was
Excavation
the last glacial.
is drawn
the survey. Attention
in
at 5 sites identified
conducted
lithic
of MPal
to the association
withNeo and BA (MBA) potteryat certainsites. technology A.S.
Monastery
of
likely come
from one or
of insulation
The fill in thechambercontained a largequantityof sherds,
in 9 different shapes (oinochoai, of domestic plainwares flour bins, pithoi and pithoid vessels, basins, amphorae, a strainer), but also cooking pots, bg and red hydriae, cups and 1 bolsal, 2 one-handled wares. Parts of 3 kantharoi, glazed
mostly
ladles,
skyphoi, 1 deep skyphosand 2 uncharacterizableskyphoiwere the basis
On
found.
are
local products, as is macroscopically,
that these vessels
are
the
the represented and decoration used on the plainwares technique of burnishing with plastic bands and incision. The kiln structure itself cannot rests on the pottery, and be used as a dating criterion. Dating clays
described
can only be givenwithin thebroad limitsof theend of the5thto theend of the3rdCt BC, although it isunlikelythatthestructure have withstood
could
that period.
use for more
Archaeomagnetic
than 2-3
analysis
generations of of samples
within
the kiln
fabric indicatesa date of 250-200 BC. After thekiln fellout of
Spilaio, Monastery of theDormition Publication:
2 courses
a curving profile, of the chamber.
but with
dimensions
Pindos. N. Efstratiou(Egnatia 12 [2008], 45-63) summarizes a (with full bibliography) trends in data collected in survey since
burnt masses
of clay foundnearbysurelycome fromthekiln andmay be part of the roof. A large quantity of mud-bricks, of different
(30thEPCA: 17thEBA)
conducted
two severely
roof survives:
trace of the vaulted
No
of Grevena
Petkos, Conservation of the Catholicon at Spilaio Grevena the Dormition
Ministry ofCulture 2008).
of the
use,
itwas
likely used
as a dump
for the waste
of the workshop.
(Veria, Nomos
of Pella
EBA) (17thEPCA: 11th Nomos
of Kastoria
(29thEPCA: 16thEBA) S.I. Chatzitoulousis (Egnatia 12 [2008], 65-85
Dispilio. publishes settlement,
woodworking, woodworking was used. The
wood
the waterlogged
the examining the evidence techniques
and
from
remains
used, species of toolmarks
the for
location
of
the nature
of
for which
the purposes
the Neo
the wood
periodical,
Anaskamma,
of which
volumes
1 and 2 (2008) have so far been published, is substantially
devoted
to reports of the Dispilio articles from which
excavations. can
be
The journal's is downloaded,
Pentavryso. A. Laftsidis publishes (Egnatia 12 [2008], 145 77) a potter's kiln located 1.8km from themod. village of and 800m
from mod.
Avgi,
immediately
of the
road between these 2 villages and only 200m from the PH NE of thekiln lies settlementofAvgi. On thehill immediately
from The
the main
workshop,
which remained inuse from the lastquarterof the4thCt until ca. 200 BC, containing
is a square complex with a central paved courtyard a well of an altar, surrounded and the base by
rooms and Kilns leading off them. found, as well as a system of tanks for the for the of clay, thus providing important evidence purification In addition, moulds for processes employed. technological luxurious domestic vessels, fragments of figurines, equipment, storage
which
have
areas were
and silver and bronze
www.anaskamma.wordpress.com.
Pentavryso
at some distance a potter's workshop centre of the city in the agora. commercial
of
porticoes
new biennial
website,
Pella. EleftherotypiaandKathimerini (31/03/09)cite a report EPCA) of thediscovery byM. Lilibaki-Akamati (Director, 17th
coins were
found.
Kathimerini (31/03/09) cites a report by I. Akamatis (AristotelianUniversity,Thessaloniki) of thediscovery of the
from of seals and sealings archive of the city. Hundreds have been found, along with a gold stater, papyrus documents for the production, and raw materials pens and ink holders, The public archive did not sealing and storage of documents.
public
58
CATHERINEMORGAN
only hold the officialpapers of theMacedonian kingdom, its officials, the cities of the kingdom and theirrulers,but was these documents were written, signed likely the location where and sealed. The archive was housed in a 2-storeyed building in the SW corner of the anc. agora, constructed in the L4th Ct BC
over an extensive
Cl
(of the period
cemetery
of Archelaos
and
Amyntas)which containedmostly child burials equippedwith richgravegoods. The buildingwas destroyedin theearthquake which devastated the city at thebeginning of the 1stCt BC. Several
of clay
hundreds
from papyrus
sealings
documents,
which fell from theupper floorwhere theyhad been stored in the peristyle and S stoa, were recovered from the ruins. In the same areas were found several fragments of pens, metal and
clay inkholders (one ofwhich bore thename of Philip), and
masses
to form sealings. Motifs depicted on the female and animal forms, portraits male, deities, vary: sealings and theMacedonian club and star. One group, which bears the of the clay used
A
E
legend
as a female
head wearing
a mural
, shows Pella personified
crown.
Other
sealings
show
thehead ofZeus with the legendof theMacedonian generals, in
some
Edessa, image
cases
of commercial and of the rulers of magistrates and various other cities. A number depict the Europos of a grazing of Pella: the cow, as used on the coinage
,whereas thatabove the legendon thecoinage reads E / cow on the sealings reads E E , thus linkingitwith theofficialorganizationof thecommercialcentre of the city,while emphasizing the fertilityof the region and perhaps alluding to the old name of the city,Bounomos or Bounomeia. A seal typedepicting thehead of a satyrmay have been used by officials inside thebuilding as a guaranteeof the of the documents
confidentiality Publication:
A.S.
Petkos,
there.
prepared
Guide
Diocletianopolis.
EBA 2008). Archaeological Site (Veroia, 11th Agrosykia Publication:
P. Chrysostomou,
A. E a
A Foundation
I.Aslanis
of
the
W
and A. Chrysostomou,
Ta Nea,
Kathimerini,
Eleftherotypia
and To Vima (11/09/08)partially reporta fullerMinistry of Culture press report (10/09/08) by P. and A. Chrysostomou (17thEPCA) of continuing excavationwhich has revealed a 43 tombs,comprising4 of theEIA (7thCt to 580 BC), further 31 of theAr period (580-480) and 8 of theCl-EHel period (480-279). The excavators note that the date of the earliest tombs indicatesMacedonian settlementof the area by the2nd half of the7thCt BC. Of theEHel graves,T714, theburial of a young girl, is of particular interest:this contained a gilded 3 clay vases, a bronze kantharos wreath, terracotta head of the deceased life-sized girl.
bronze
and
a unique
Of theAr tombs,20 were male burials and 11 thegraves of
women.
Five
of themale
burials were
in the 1stwarrior
category,
8 in the2ndand 7 in the3rd.Those in the3rdcategoryofwarriors contained
bronze
helmets,
iron weapons
(a sword, 2 spearheads and iron ornaments (pins, rings, terracotta sheet metal etc.),
and a knife), gold, silver, bronze and mouth-plates, eye-, chestfigurines, pottery and bronze vessels, furniture etc.
Singled
and
out for their wealth
Some
of
the gold mouth-plates and sheet of upstanding heraldic lions noted as Ceramics include Cor bf kraters,
bear depictions of royal power.
symbols
Atticizing kratersdepictinganimals and birds in themanner of of Lydos, which were mass
theworkshop
in a workshop
produced
in theChalkidike in theM6th Ct BC, andAttic bf kylikes. In 8 years of excavation since 2000, the 17thEPCA as having
reported
a total of 915 graves
uncovered
is
over an area
of ca. lha (estimatedat 5% of the totalarea of thecemetery): of these,231 date to theEIA, 441 to theAr period and 236 to the Cl-Hel
7 are undiagnostic.
period, while
Edessa Publication:
A.
a a
A
Chrysostomou,
e
a
(Edessa,
Ministry of Culture 2008). National
Road,
Publication:
Nea
A
Thessaloniki-Florina. Nea
Halkidona-Edessa
(ed.), National
Chrysostomou Rescue
Halkidona-Edessa
Excavations
Segment
Road at
in 2006-2008 Region
of
and English)
of
(Thessaloniki,
CentralMacedonia PublicWorks/17thEPCA/llth EBA 2008) accounts
well-illustrated
presents
(in Greek
excavations linked to thispublic constructionproject (notably at Pella, by theEdessa S bypass and at thePsili Vryssi site), as in previous
reported
of
Nomos
editions
of Archaeology
in Greece.
Imathia
Ta Nea (29/08/08),Eleftherotypia, Vergina (anc. Aigai). Apogevmatini (30/08/08) and Kathimerini (02/10/08) cite a report by C. Saatsoglou-Paliadeli (Aristotelian University, Thessaloniki) of thediscoverywithin anc. fill in the sanctuary of
a gold
wreath
of
oak
leaves,
of
same
the
dimensions and technique as those in the royal tombsof the
a (Veroia, National Hellenic Research
cemetery.
vessels.
of Eukleia
2007).
Archontiko.
faience
ornaments
iron models
are 2 women's
of carts, graves
of the3rdsocial rank,which containedgold, silver,bronze and
iron jewellery dress ornaments, (diadems, spirals, earrings, necklaces, mouth-plates, pendants, pins, rings, bands and sheet metal iron knives and etc.), glass, terracotta and faience beads, iron models of carts, terracotta figurines and clay, glass and
Toumba
Megali which
and surely of the same 4th Ct date. The wreath, bones, was contained within a solid gold
lay over human
vessel (a round,pyxis-likeshapewith a lidwhich so farappears which was itself contained within a larger (ca. 0.5m h.) of such cylindrical bronze vessel, also with a lid. The discovery a funerary assemblage outside the area of the royal cemetery raises about the function of the agora itself. questions
unique),
on why
centre
Questions
a surely
was
individual
significant
buriedwith suchwealth in themost public andmost sacred spot
within
the city walls.
of
the bone
(31/03/09), indicates that they
to a young male.
belong
examination
Subsequent
remains, reported in Ta Nea
Kathimerini,Ta Nea and To Vima (05/12/08) Eleftherotypia, reporta lecturegiven byA. Kottaridou (17thEPCA) inwhich she presenteda new reconstruction of thepalace of Philip II after an extensive
made
of restudy, excavation and programme undertaken since April 2007. A 2-storeyed
site conservation
building is reconstructed(13.6m h.% facing E, with two 10 column stoas along the fa?ade (Doric on the lower level and Ionic on theupper),flankinga largecentralpropylon. It covers an
area
of
ca.
7,000m2,
with
the
interior
alone
courtyard
coveringca. 2,000m2 (andwith 60 columns around the sides). There are indicationsthatone of the stoas along theE fa?ade may
have
served
as a pinakotheke.
Andrones
the court
around
included 3 large rooms (of ca. 250m2) capable of accommo
dating
some
30 couches
each,
several
plus
smaller
rooms:
the
court and the rooms around itwere all furnished with mosaic
pavements
of pebbles
or marble
tesserae
in coloured
plaster,
with designs varyingfromthesimple geometric to thecomplex figurative(forexample, theRape ofEuropa). The bottom 1.6m of the structure was
built of limestone
quarried
from Vermio,
ca.
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2008-2009 15km away, with the superstructure in brick and covered in earth (used here for the from a mixture of Theran plaster made
first time), lime and grit,with a variety of colours including red and ochre.
blue, were
The marble
of the entrance
threshold blocks
in situ; stone members preserved collapsed imitate window shutters and Ionic columns, which
from above, permit a full
of thefa?ade, includingthe 1stfloorwhich must reconstruction
have held
thewomen's
and sleeping
The
quarters.
roof was
tiled
in theCorinthiansystem.A separateblock held thekitchensand relatedfacilities.Constructionbegan in350 BC and isbelieved to have taken 10-12 years, formingpart of a wider building
under Philip programme the theatre. Dr Kottaridou
II which
also
develops
for example, included, a case for the identification
of Pytheos as thearchitectof thebuilding,notingcomparisons
with
at Halikarnassos
theMausoleum
at Priene:
the impact of Pythagorean
and the Temple
of Athena
on the design
mathematics
of thebuilding is emphasized.
(27thEPCA: 9thEBA)
to Katerini. close Three (anc. Aison), one at are to related this settlement noted: probably same to theW another ca. 2-3km (Cl-Hel), (of the
period) and the thirdvery close by,which is probablyEIA in in the settlement
Excavation
revealed
EBA
activity
in the
lowest levels (on thebasis of pottery,some datable to EHII, rather than architecture),followed by LBA (with handmade
and matt-painted, pottery of fine quality, burnished although no evidence of production in the Myc Architectural tradition). remains appear in the EIA: in the lower part of the settlement, an artificial terrace (more than 0.5m d.) may have been intended
to supportlargepithoi.Above thiswas a wall (ofmud-brickon a stone foundation), insidewhich were foundmore than 10 loomweights.While thepotteryfound in these levels does not the terrace dating, both as LPGeo-SubPGeo. characterized
close
permit
generally indicate that activity
and
Scattered
in the later phases
continued
can
the wall
be
sherds
of the EIA,
and the surface level (which lies directly over the LPGeo features) includes pottery and coins of theLAr-Hel period, it seems
when Byz
sherds
that settlement was
and coins were
on a large scale.
the authors note Finally, of a water the opening
the chance channel,
discovery of a closed
in 2005, tomb
EIA
The
burial
and
to
was
to be reported to in addition
contain,
an
a
extended
handmade
kantharos,gold spirals and a largequantityof bronze jewellery (fibulae,beads, pendants and 3 bracelets). The assemblage has
been
handed
over
Sidirodromikos
Stathmos
(i.e.
metro
and Eukleides
Panepistimio
and
stations;
the
interchangefor Sintrivani stationwhich is located S of the central libraryof theAristotelianUniversity. In total, 1,414 tombs from the E andW cemeteries of the city have been uncovered since thestartof excavation in2007, ofwhich 21.3% include
water
channels,
found.
architectural remains grave goods; (walls, floors and have also been kilns) so far confirm the current Archaeological findings
under
standingof the topographyof anc. Thessaloniki as based on previous rescue excavations conducted by the 16thEPCA and on preparatory
work
tunnel-boring
machine.
for the metro.
were
four
Ninety
tombs were
revealed,
to the local
revealed
authorities.
at a d.
of 3-5.5m
beneath
the mod.
rich variety of tomb types was revealed (funerary tile built-chamber monuments, tombs, cist and pit graves, structures and altar-like of unworked graves, enchytrismoi A
stones which
mark
graves), which mostly contain inhumations, reburial. Fifty of cremation and secondary or of these bronze coins, ceramic contained vessels, eight glass a few instances
with
gold and bronze jewellery,gold danakes, and bone andmetal This
artefacts.
cemetery was
part of theW
in use
from the Hel
LRom
period. Excavation
in this area is now complete. A further area of ca. 2,500m2 has been opened in theW part of the station area, 4 potters' at the front of the station forecourt. At a d. of 2-2.8m, and found, with a dump area for broken tiles, wasters theW city wall, was known clay. This area, outside the Potters' due to the presence Field of many ceramic
kilns were discarded as
workshops. (Further details are noted in Eleftherotypia without attributionto source: the largestkiln, 5m /. [22/08/08], and 3.5m w., is dated to theECh period and described as used for theproductionof tiles and bricks; a smallerkiln nearby is dated to the4thCt AD.) Agia Sophia. TaNea (08/04/08)reportsthedecision by the Council Archaeological discovered close to this station.
Central
Sintrivani.
Excavation
tombs of the Hel-LRom
assemblage atMoschochori, 5kmW of theKastro by theriver inhumation,
at: the Neos
is reported
Sintrivani,
A very few
found.
also
during
Mavroneri.
Work
themetro stationlinked to thecity'sNew Railway Station); the
surface.
river Mavroneri
date.
AR 54 (2007-2008), 74.
which
Adrianos, Rastro. S. Gimatzidis (27thEPCA) and R. Jung (DAI) report(PierikoiAntilaloi [11/04/08])on a trialexcavation on thisextensive (ca. 1.4ha)multi-periodhill settlement by the cemeteries
the grave is drawn directly from this press release: synopsis thus update those given for the same sites in totals cited below
bounded to the by 4 distinctper?boloswalls orientedNW-SE,
of Pieria
Adrianos
To Vima, Ethnos andApogevmatini (12/09/08). The following
Neos Sidirodromikos Stathmos. Excavation initially focused on theE part of the stationboundaries (an area of 1,350m2) and specificallyon thearea of theentryshaftfor the
CENTRAL MACEDONIA Nomos
59
to rebury a mosaic
pavement
in 3 areas,
took place
revealing
period.
During removalof thenetworkof public utilitiesoutside the
109 tombs were uncovered, of different types tile graves, without covers, tombs, pit graves vaulted cists, altar tombs, stone- or brick-built enchytrismoi,
station boundary, (chamber
like constructionsof unworked stoneswhich mark simple pits or orthogonalrepositoriesand a group of 5 vaulted chambers). Inhumation instances
is
the dominant
of multiple
rite,
inhumations,
are
there
though
secondary
several
reburial
and
cremation. Forty five tombs contained grave goods (pottery and glass
Nomos
(16thEPCA: 9thEBA) Thessaloniki,
metro
bronze
coins
and
gold
danakes,
terracotta
In
the
same
area
were
found
sections
of wall
and water
channels. excavations
A Ministry of Culture press release (11/09/08),which details progress
vessels,
figurines,bone pins, daggers, and gold and bronze jewellery).
of Thessaloniki
to date on the excavation
programme
conducted
by the
16thEPCA under thedirectionof L. Acheilara, iswidely cited in theGreek press: see, forexample,Eleftherotypia(28/09/08),
During
construction
of the perimeter
wall
of the station,
in
frontof theChildren'sRefuge, a totalof 178 tombswere found, of various types (chamber tombs, tile graves, pit graves, enchytrismoi,
vaulted
tombs,
stone-built
tombs,
altar-like
structuresand cists), including 6 small monolithic marble
CATHERINEMORGAN
60
90. Thessaloniki,
metro
or ossuaries
sarcophagi dominant
rite, but
burials, multiple tombs contained
of Rom
there were
of wall
and water
interchange,
was
of double
examples and cremation.
the and
Seventy bronze glass vessels, and terracotta figurines).
and
grave goods (clay coins, gold, silver and bronze jewellery, Part of a building with a mosaic pavement sections
Inhumation
date. also
reburial
secondary
station
Sintrivani
excavations:
channel
and partially preserved were also recovered. The
on each other density of the tombs and the fact that they encroach indicate the intensity of the use of this area over a long period of
time,fromthe3rdCt BC to the4thCt AD. the Sintrivani
At
station
interchange,
library, an area of 2,842.75m~
University
S of the Aristotelian was
opened,
revealing
a totalof 1,028 tombs,themost fromanymetro site (Fig. 90).
tile graves covers, free burials, (in pits without Types tombs and form or with cover tiles), cists, vaulted simple from one materials In addition, building enchytrismoi. include
construction were and
found.
times and parts of others, and storage pits of mod. forms of grave are free burials The most common
pits either
covered
with
schist
slabs
or uncovered.
One
hundred and twentyeight graves (12.5%) contained goods,
of clay vases and tear-bottles, bronze coins, bronze consisting and iron and gold jewellery, shells, bone and glass astragaloi, is Rom, but 35 items date to the items. The majority and bronze the Hel graves are noted: a stone ossuary Hel period. Among
(
746) which held theburntbones of a human and a small
mammal,
a gold wreath
of oak
leaves
and a clay
tear-bottle;
and
a cist grave 840 (previouslyreportedinAR 54 [2007-2008], 74) which contained theremainsof a wooden bier, plus 4 gold
wreaths bronze
leaves, jewellery, a gold danake, gold thread, a bronze mirror, and 1 bronze and 7 pottery vessels. coin, of olive
cemetery.
At
2
At is in preliminary further stations, work stages. to move the network of public station, work
Panepistimiou utilities was and
Street
without
completed Eukleides
At
remains.
station,
Street, Papanastasios services and public
network
of
one
the
encountering archaeological between Constantinoupolis initial work sink
3
to move
boreholes
the
revealed
partiallypreservedbuilding remainsof theLOt period and, in of
Landscaping
a marble architectural member. boreholes, revealed part of the general area of the work-site
of a mod. building (walls andwater pipes), probablya stable,of the L19th-E20th
Ct.
Angeloforos (01/02/09)reportsthediscoveryby the9thEBA station, at a d. of 4.1m
at the Venizelos
below
the mod.
surface,
(12th to firsthalf of the 15thCt AD) levels containingbuilding remains(floors,walls andwells) andmuch
of MByz-LByz pottery. Thessaloniki,
city centre
Eleftheros Typos (05/08/08) and Ta Nea (06/08/08) report analyses conducted by C. Papageorgopoulou (Zurich) on the body
of a woman
in a
sarcophagus
dating
to ca.
300 AD,
discovered in 1962 in theE cemeteryof thecity. The body, of a tallwoman 50-60 years old and of high status(covered by a silk cloth), was gold-ornamented purple-dyed, a mixture of resin, myrrh, olive and aromatic in Greece. earliest attestation of this practice in cotton and linen wrappings then placed Shreds inside the sarcophagus. palette eyebrows, condition,
arm
muscle
in addition
etc.
are
and
embalmed
substances
The body was laid on a wooden
of skin, hair, in very
preserved to the skeleton.
using the
reddish fragile
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2008-2009 Thessaloniki,
E.
Thessaloniki,
Toumba.
Tradition and innovation in theBronze Age potteryof the
of centre S. Andreou
(Aristotelian
University,
Thessaloniki) presents an overview of continuing study following excavations which took place between 1984 and 1998, and again from2006-2008. The goal of the latterphase of excavation
was
a close
of the settlement
understanding
from
theend of theBA and the transitionto theEIA. of old
Study
excavation
material
revealed
that the earliest
occupation on the slopes of theToumba spans theMH period (building phases 14-9) and is characterizedby monochrome potteryin a significantvarietyof shapes. With the startof the
LH
(phases
8-6),
settlement was
confined
to the upper
terraces,
and the potteryenrichedwith a small number of decorated vases (with inciseddecoration inphase 7 and inphase 6, incised andmatt-paintedexamples and one LHII Myc sherd). Primary studies
a a e a e a
of the pottery
Thessaloniki
e 2004;
Psaraki,
a
: e a a thesis, Aristotelian University, a
(PhD
Griza&id=gri-2004-444);
91. Thessaloniki,
are: K.
e a
http://cds.lib.auth.gr//archive.shtml?base= K. S. Andreou and Psaraki,
Toumba:
61
the settlement
on top of the tell.
Thessaloniki
Toumba',
inM.
H. Todorova
Stefanovich,
and G.
Ivanov (eds), The Struma/Strymon River Valley inPrehistory. Proceedings
of
the
International
Symposium
'Strymon
Prehistoricus\27 September to 10 October 2004. Blagoevgrad (Sofia,Gerda Henkel Stiftung2007), 397-420. The plan of the settlementon the top of theToumba (Fig. 91), with narrow brick complexes,
cobbled
remained
streets between stable
multi-roomed
throughout
mud
the later stages
of
theLBA (phase 2A). LHIIIB wheelmade vessels remainedfew in phase
5, but wheelmade
pottery was
much
more
common
in
phases 4-2A (LHIIIC E andM in the4 subphases of phase 4, LHHIC M and L and perhaps SubMyc inphases 3 and 2B, and EPGeo with concentriccircle decoration inphase 2A). See S. Andreou,
'Stratified wheelmade
Late
the Transition
pottery
deposits
and absolute
chronologyof theLBA to theEIA transitionat Thessaloniki Toumba', in S. Deger-JalkotzyandA. B?chle (eds), LH HI C and
to the Early
Iron Age.
International
Workshop Organized by the ?sterreichische Akademie der
23-24.2.2007 Wissenschaften. Akademie der Wissenschaften
(Vienna, forthcoming),
?sterreichische 15-40.
CATHERINEMORGAN
62 From
2006
only
excavation
onwards,
on
focused
uncovering
and E on theE partof thehill, ofwhich
building complexes
small parts were previously known. The aim was a better of the settlement of changes in the organization via 4-2A, particular complexes during phases
understanding and in these
and complex A, which the 2 new buildings excavated between 1985 and 1998 (this completely of more than 15 rooms and covers an area of some
comparison was almost consists 230m2).
A
between
further aim
of
was
this excavation
better
under
standingof the transitionto theEIA throughthe location of stratified
assemblages or completely absent previous
of phases 3, 2B and 2A, which are rare from complex A and the other areas of the
excavations.
stone foundations which are parts of well-built Non-joining with fill containing Ar and Cl pottery, domestic associated link to material and animal bone, although with no secure were in the surface floor levels, partially uncovered particular level. This
appears
to be the abandonment
and destruction
layer
of 2 or 3 houses which were built during the2ndhalfof the6th Ct and into theM5th Ct. An irregularlyshaped pit (maximum
intended to hold material di. 5m, d. 1.5m), which was perhaps tomake brick for later houses, destroyed older walls with which
and fills back to theend of theLBA in theSE partof building B. Itcontainsbuildingmaterial and potteryof theend of the5l and
the E4th Cts.
The walls of theAr and Cl periods sit directlyon, or have
the walls destroyed, and E, complexes complexes
partially
and fills of which
the later phases of are bounded on 3 sides
by roadswhich divide themfromeach otherand fromtheother (Fig. 91). The building buildings located to the S and techniques,
and
the
extent
and
of spatial organization 11 rooms or spaces, respec
and E (to date, 7 and complexes show similarities tively, have been excavated),
with
complex
A.
Successive rebuilding,floorsand stratifiedfillsof theend of the LBA and beginning of the EIA have been located in both complexes
(phases
92. Thessaloniki,
2A-4A).
Toumba:
grave
offerings
from the pithos
burial
The
fills associated
with the latest construction phase of the are disturbed. of complex However the floors in rooms B7-B9 are preserved (ca. 2.15-2.20m */.),as well as part
foundations
of the fillof the immediatelypreceding phase,which is linked to the first appearance
of several
EPGeo
closed
vessels
and
skyphoi decorated with concentric circles (phase 2A), the stone and and the debris of tools, large pithos stood in situ in room B9 and room traces of constructions for heating. Remains of were less well preserved in rooms B2-B4, which
of
presence
bone
A
stoneworking. B7 contained
this period had previously
been
partially
excavated.
A floor of the immediatelypreceding phase (2B) with L wheelmade
LHIIIC
in rooms
guished
B2/3
can be easily pottery, which was of the older excavations,
distin
traced
only in area B9. This is due to the fact that in the course of phase 3, the NW part of the building complex (B9) was demolished and reused only in the 2nd half of phase 2B of use are found
(traces phase
at a d. of
at a d. of ca.
3 (floors
ca. 2.5m). Notable have so far been 3.3m)
fills of
located
only in theS part of thebuilding (B4), where 2 very regular shallow pits probably indicate the existence of 2 more next
baskets 1990
to one of which
excavation, 4. phase
from
traces were clearly visible in the a remained in position plus pithos which A notable murex of fragmentary quantity
shells,which must be linked to theproduction of purple dye in B2/3,
the picture from the older excavations of complete a see R. For study of this dye production, S. Andreou and K. Kotsakis, 'Small scale Veropoulidou, in the Bronze Age of Northern Greece: purple-dye production 3.
phase
The
evidence
and
L.
Sobre Actas
from
the Thessaloniki in C. Afrano Toumba', Textiles Vestidlos, y Tintes. Estudios (eds), en la Antig?edad. la Producci?n de Bienes de Consume Karali
del
II Symposium
Internacional
Sobre
Textiles
y Tintes
delMediterraneo en elMundo Antiguo (Atenas, 24 al 26 de Noviembre, 2005) (Valencia, Universit?t de Val?ncia 2008), 171-80.
ii area B9.
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2008-2009 A largepithos lay exactlybelow the laterone inB9, while in theW part of B7, a layerwas locatedwith largepithos sherds
and red clay. Large pithos sherds went partially under the skeleton had
been
carefully
and red clay also covered and of an adolescent male which face down,
extended,
placed,
and with
the
armsby the sides, partially in theopening in the wall of the room and partially
in the road outside.
a whetstone
shell,
spondylus
The
inside a pithos, was
perhaps placed
and
2 LBA
deceased,
who
was
accompanied by a handmade
vessels
(Fig. 92), while a bronze knifewhich was foundslightlyfurther inside
the room could
also belong
to the same
The
assemblage.
burialwas probably placed here and coveredwith clay at the end of phase 3 or at some point in phase 2B, in thecourse of seems to have been unused. which the part of building Excavation continueddown furtherintothefillsof phase 4 only in the unexcavated
of
parts
rooms
and
B2/3
B4.
To
the
significantnumber of pithoi located in rooms Bl and B2/3, shouldbe added onemore inB2/3 and one inB4. Only fills of phases 3 and 4 were preserved in building complex E, since themore recentlevels had been destroyedby Ar and Cl construction.The fills and floor of phase 3, with were themselvespartiallydisturbedbymore LHIIIC M pottery, recent building activity,while it is likely that part of the complex was in E8, while
metallurgical
abandoned
quantities crucible
in phase 2B. There was a bin or basket of fragmentary murex shells, part of a and traces of burning in room E3 are
associated with theproductionof purple dye and with metal
inside the complex, similar to those activities located working in other buildings. See M. Vavelidis and S. Andreou, 'Gold and in Late Bronze northern Greece', gold working Age
Naturwissenschaften 95 (2008), 361-66.
The beginning of
3 and phase 4A are characterized intense by particularly activity, with many and frequent relaying of floors. To phase 4 a structure made of stone slabs with a flat top which belongs phase
may be linked to food production(B9) and an oven (B7) which in use into phase 3 and is associated with a thick In of ash rich in remains. archaeobotanical the E part of layer the complex, which had been partially excavated previously,
continued
there is a strikingpresence of storage spaces with quite large pithoi in situ. From thisview, building complexes E and reinforce
the picture
of centralized,
large-scale
storage which
is
plain in building complexA in phase 4, but which stands in contrast and 2A
Nomos
to the small-scale
and dispersed storage in the 2 recently excavated complexes.
of phases
3,2B
of Chalkidike
Publication:
Olynth.
C.
Ausgrabungen
and
H.
Das Kroll, in der Toumba Agios
EASTERN MACEDONIA
Pr?historische Mamas
1994?
withMOUNT ATHOS
/.A human
an area of ferrous
skeleton
here
discovered
: P. Malama
a
K.
and
a
e
Darakis,
a
e
e
a
a e Institute for
(Thessaloniki, 18th EPCA/Archaeological Macedonia andThrace 2008). of Drama
Nomos
(18thEPCA: 12thEBA) Piges touAngiti, Cave. K. Trantalidou (EPSNE), V. Skaraki (2ndEPCA) and E. Kara (1stEPCA) publish (AAA 39 [2006], 107-38) thepotteryassemblage fromthe interiorof thiscave. The site lies at the source of the riverAngitis (theW tributary of theStrymonriver), in theS foothillsofMt Falakrou, 25km
W
and at an elevation
of Drama
horizontal,
of 129m.
karst formation,
gallery-like
cave
The
is an almost
at 9-12km
estimated
/.,
which widens occasionally into chambers and through which the river Angitis
flows.
Traces
of sporadic
human
occupation
have been located in the firstchamber, throughwhich the
is entered: 2 small steps were cut in the SE area. The complex PH fill covered an area of ca. 100m2, to an average d. of 0.3m. Four round hearths, located on 2 small level areas and bounded with
unworked
limestone
blocks,
were
foci of human
activity.
Small pits for ash and rubbishwere associatedwith them. In
an undecorated 9 terracotta weights, total, 3,456 sherds, miniature 757 animal bones of domesticated and wild vessel, of species, 4 tools and items of shell ornament, and a necklace teeth were
wild-boar
found. The pottery ismostly monochrome smoothed and incised surface (with burnished, treatment), thick-walled and made of local clay. Mostly household shapes are represented: wares the monochrome into shallow divide
open (35.7%), deep open (4.5%), open storage shapes (47.6%) and closed vessels (9.2%). Only ca. 1% of thepotterybears linear decoration
painted,
a handle
(3 rims of open vessels,
of a
closed shape and 23 body sherdsof open and closed shapes).
One
wide
of an open vessel was found. light-on-dark ware show influences from a shapes and painted decoration the plain of area, from the Danube, Thrace, Aegean
sherd
Ceramic
Drama, theStrymonvalley and as far as E Thessaly. Pottery seasonal
occupation
from the LNeo/FNeo-EH
period.
of Kavala
Krinides. Apogevmatini (04/07/08) cites a report by T. Salonikios (18thEPCA) of thediscovery, in the course of the of an extension
construction
to the water
supply network
to the
village of Krinides, of 5 unlooted Rom tombs,plus funerary
monuments
which
had
been
opened
some
and
Byz
artefacts.
The tombsare cist graveswith tilecovers. The site lies close to anc. Philippoi: themod. village ofKrinides isbuilt over theanc. Dikili Tash.
P. Darcque (EfA/CNRS) and Ch. Koukouli Chrysanthaki (ASA) report on the first season of a 3rd
of Serres
Mt Menoikio. Ethnos (25/10/08)reportsthechance discovery by cavers of rockart in theentranceof a cave in thearea ofNea the village of Anastasia. This horizontal outside cave, Zichne, ca. 0.4-0.5m the after the first 350m. Within h., was flooded a network
inside
150m
city of the same name.
(28thEPCA: 12thEBA)
cave was
the cave was
500m
(18thEPCA: 12thEBA)
(Olynthos) Becker
ca.
to the Civil War.
date
Publication
Nomos
1996. Ern?hrung und RohstoffnutzungimWandel (Rahden, Leidorf 2008).
Nomos
may
Ca.
extraction
indicates
(16thEPCA: 10thEBA) Agios Mamas
recent decades. metal
63
of water
courses
in use
from antiquity
until
programme
of collaborative
excavation,
which
aims
to bring
of thebirthof the togetherinformation enabling reconstruction tell in theNeo period and itsevolution intomod. times.During this first campaign, findings could
new
research was
be
obtained
questions posed (Fig. 93).
confined
to answer
to 3 sectors where the main
research
64
CATHERINEMORGAN
At the foot of the S slope of the tell, a firstintervention aimed to trace thepossible limitof thePH settlement.Under thehillwash, stones appeared in theS part of the trench, mixed with LNeo and EBA sherdsand bones: these lookmore like a mass
of fallen
discovered
rocks
than a continuation
the 2nd programme
during
of of
the weathering excavation. It is
possible thatthepreserved limitsof the tell lie here. Part of a Neo vase decoratedwith an applied anthropomorphicfigure was discovered in thissector (Fig. 94). In sector 6, itwas
hoped
to reveal
the continuation
1 (LNeo II) as well as levels of the LNeo-EBA Apart
from the unexpected
discovery
of a silver
of house
transition.
tetradrachm
expected,
covered
by a thick destruction
layer, recog
nizable from thecolour of theburntdaub. This lay under the EBA levelwhich produced a hearthas well as silos, thewalls ofwhich were coveredwith a white coating. In theSW of the excavated
area,
lying on
a hearth, was
an
intact, two-headed
zoomorphicfigurine,ca. 0.2m /.(Fig. 95). The typeis rareboth at Dikili Tash and in theAegean world in general, and the discovery
of such an item in situ is exceptional.
93. Dikili Tash: siteplan locatingareas 2, 6 and 7.
In sector 7, close to the top of the tell, themain objective to explore the possible in this area. But
discovered
excavation
in sector 7 exposed
successor
to a LBA
house
before
this house, reaching a sequence of occupation levels
of thisperiodwhich produced abundantfinds: several bronze objects, includingthecomplete blade of a small dagger, and a of a cupwith painteddecoration imitatingaMyc type fragment (thefirstdiscovered atDikili Tash). LBA occupationwas thus not a shortepisode in the lifeof thePH settlement,but had several
cance
phases, lending it a rather different than hitherto recognized.
historical
signifi
of
Alexander III (struck in the royalmint ofAmphipolis between 315-294 BC), the continuationof house 1 appeared in the location
was
Publication:
H. Koukouli-Chryssanthaki, de
Tash, Village pr?historique Recherches Franco-Hell?niques
R. Treuil Mac?doine dirig?es
par
et al., Dikili orientale. la
Soci?t?
Arch?ologique dAth?nes et Ecole fran?aise dAth?nes (1986-2001) (Athens,ASA 2008). Philippoi. E. Gounari publishes (Egnatia 12 [2008], 87-123) a study of the mosaic
pavements
which date to the3rdCt AD.
from the Circus Mosaic
Insula,
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2008-2009
65
95. Dikili Tash: LNeo II 2-headed zoomorphic figurine,found on a hearth.
a large built successively during the last phase of occupation: vat of uncertain function was largely covered by a large oven which was relatively well preserved. domestic The most
work was
important part of the season's
conducted
in the wing (Fig. 97). Beyond thecorner room, the wing is
94. Dikili Tash: LNeo sherd with anthropomorphicplastic decoration
(LNeo).
of
formed
a
row
of
rooms
4
of
sizes
different
emblema had at the centre a mosaic by two diagonals, in front of the included, lost; all round, a large border corner a doormat The of wine-coloured entrance, pebbles.
crossed now
9.3m) as
room (21) is exceptional as much for itssize (6.3m
for the richness
Mount
Athos
had a yellow
Dimitrios ofVatopedi (the katholikonof themonasteryofAg. a building sequencewhich DimitriosChalkeos), reconstructing Ct AD. dates back to thefirsthalf of the 11th
abandonment.
of the kyriako
and decoration
of the skete of Ag.
of theArtemision. A. Muller (EfA/Lille3), E Blond? (EfA/CNRS) and S. Dadaki (12th EBA) report on an conducted
in collaboration
with
the
explored
on
an
extensive
in stages
since
surface
treatment.
remains
of
of of the site after a long period reoccupation an Ot In the area of room 20, there was of consisting perhaps a lime-burning establishment,
workshop, a pit and two summarily
built kilns.
The
these
level containing
kilns held plentiful evidence for the existence of a potter's include
discoveries
notable
a
from
the
of
an
fragment
acroteriondepicting a runningpeplophoros, found in 1983 in the S area, a Hel
female
head and, especially,
a Rom
relief (1.1m
/*.),the iconographyofwhich is heroic incharacter(Fig. 98).
12th
EPCA and theUniversityofAthens. Excavation EBA, the 18th focused
paved with mosaic
For the firsttime in this sector itwas possible to identify
residence,
Area
season
part was
theW
in the area, also of the Ot period. workshop to the many members In addition architectural
THASOS (18thEPCA: 12thEBA)
excavation
of its decor:
andwithmarble slabs at thefootof thewalls, and in theE part of the wall, which it is at leastpossible todetect the treatment
P. Androudis Skete of Agios Dimitrios (Vatopedi). (DeltChAE 39 [2008], 195-206) presents a new studyof the architecture
and
The 2 W rooms are distinguished appearances. by the richness set in of their decor. Room 20 has a pavement of white pebbles Its central decorative red-tinted mortar. area, in opus spicatum
which has been residence EByz this structure suffered severe 1971:
disturbance in ca. 570 and was finally destroyed in 619 or slightlylater(Fig. 96). of theE wing, thefill laiddown justbefore In the triclinium was of this held 2 heaps the final destruction excavated; a The extent in opus signinum. pebble pavement fragments of of the neighbouring only in a narrow courtyard was explored were were used which discovered Two installations strip.
The
macellum.
J.-Y. Marc
study season. identification The
(EfA/Strasbourg)
reports on
the
2008
of a glass by finds
manufacturer's
workshop
in
fragments including numerous The presence of tubes and wasters. of unworked glass, blowing a bronze workshop in room 54 is also confirmed by finds numerous of furnace remains mould wall, fragments, including of of slag; the presence crucible fragments and many pieces room 57 was
confirmed
many forgingslags also indicates that ironworking tookplace here.
66
CATHERINEMORGAN
PCE18 PCE17
4*134?
/ PCE13 8TU107?
STUIwi PCE24
PC?27
96. Thasos: EByz residencefollowing the2008 excavations.
97. Thasos:
W. wing of EByz residencefromthe
? -r
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2008-2009
67
and focused on the continued, Study of the wall decoration walls of the Ionic passage, entrance to the i.e. the monumental macellum study
from
A the agora. mechanism
led to the discovery in the court of the hundred
fortunate
of a fountain
A mysterious, block can flagstones. roughly circular marble as be explained from the lower part of a marble coming thanks to comparison with identical from blocks labrum,
in the Museum of the Imperial Fora. The Rome, displayed set over basin was in the court of the hundred the well flagstones.
THRACE Publication: Zetemata
L.D. Loukopoulou I (Athens, National
and S. Psoma
(eds), Thrakika Research Foundation
Hellenic
2008). Nomos
of Xanthe
(31stEPCA: 15thEBA) Abdera K. Chryssanthaki-Nagle, L'Histoire mon?taire en Thrace Ile s. ap. J.-C.) (Athens, (Vie s. av. J.-C. Hellenic Research Foundation 2007).
Publication: d'Abd?re National
Nomos
of Rhodope
EBA) (19thEPCA: 15th Maroneia S. Psoma, C. Karadima and D. Terzopoulou, The a and the Classical from Maroneia City at Molyvoti: to theHistory Contribution Thrace (Athens, National ofAegean Hellenic Research Foundation 2008). Publication:
Coins
Glyfada, Mesi. To Vima, Imerisia,Eleftherotypia(12/12/08) and Ethnos (13/12/08) report,on the basis of a Ministry of Culture press release (11/12/08), a discovery by G. Koutsouflakis (EMA) who, together with thediversA. and I. undertook
Kouvela,
a preliminary
survey of a site off the coast
of thevillage ofGlyfada,Mesi, which had been reportedto the
Service Archaeological by a local resident. tools was bronze located and subsequently from the coast than
greater
A
retrieved
450m
and at a d. of 3.5m, concentrated in an area no and ten tools had been One hundred 10m2.
identifiedat the time of writing,with more remaining to be
different
Nomos
sizes.
The of lath-hammers and single presence as as well is attested in smaller numbers, of tools of unidentified the tools, sunk type. Below
axes
fragments down into the sea
the tomb was
the existence
debris
evidence settlement
at present remains nearby.
The
details
nor are
there
of the context
combine
to indicate that the hoard was most probably deliberately
concealed addition
in a coastal
to providing
location which information
was
about
then on dry land.
metalworking
In
styles
and techniques in theS Balkans during theEBA, thisdiscovery also promises to shed lighton thephysical developmentof this area of coast.
surface
remains
(pottery,
stone
tools and
Samothrace
Sanctuary of the Great Gods. York)
reports on the 2008
season
J.McCredie (ASCSA/New
of study and conservation.
In addition toongoing projects previously reported(see AR 54 [2007-2008], 87), a digital survey of the sanctuarywas document
is no
of Neo
of tool manufacture).
far found
There
chamber tomb containing many vases. 2.45m, with a h. of 2.3m. The date of not confirmed at the time of the report.
collapsed is 1.7m
Potamos. S. Kiotsekoglou (Thrace) notes (Pyrsos [25/03/08])
begun. western
or the neighbouring Balkans. to link it with a shipwreck
relief.
Itea. Ethnos (20/12/08)reportsthediscoveryduringploughing
of a partially The chamber
2 bases of EH vessels, which bed, were the hoard: mat impressions were also found probably contained in a mass of bronze. This is the largest EH hoard of tools so in Greece
hero
of Evros
of EBA
hoard
are from the mass inwhich disengaged they were found. These a type of almost tools, especially exclusively percussion axe with 2 percussion occurs double surfaces which in 3 bladed
Rom
98. Thasos:
A
reconstruction
hill was
Publication:
also
the associated
of
the Milesian
Dedication
begun, alongside continuing architectural blocks.
N. Dimitrova,
Theoroi
and Initiates
on
the
work
to
in Samothrace.
The Epigraphical Evidence (Athens,ASCSA 2008).
CATHERINEMORGAN
68
ISLANDS OF THE NORTHEAST (20thEPCA: 14thEBA)
A furthertrenchwas opened in theE part of theHouse of
AEGEAN
In the north the Columns, in order to expose the structure. ernmost part of the trench, the SE corner of a room appeared,
Lemnos
Hephaestia. E. Greco (Director,SAIA) reportson continuing excavation on theLazaridis plot, S of the Isthmuswall, in the vicinityof thefuneraryenclosure (Fig. 99). A
rectangular
strip was
the long side
excavated,
of which
was perpendicular to theboundarywall. The edge of the trenchis defined by the exteriorwall of a LRom house, the wall. There were 2 walls ofwhich obliteratedthefortification phases
of monumental
construction.
The
later is represented
by
a short section of the foundationof a largewall; the earlier consists of a building complex, the so-called Lazaridis building, uncovered in 2005. Investigationin 2008 served to W side of thebuilding. clarifyseveral structuralaspects of the Besides thediscovery of thecomplete partitionwall between room and the already known floor of C was traced. A collapse
a new
deposit
adjoining related
room C, the to the support
structureof the room provides potteryfrom theL6th and E5th Cts BC. In addition, trench6 was extended to theE: thistrench was opened in 2006 in one of theByz roomsbuiltwithin the 'late'
curtain wall.
the house.
Work
has now
reached
theW
boundary
of
the thresholdofwhich was preserved on theE side. The Ar
ran immediately area between the Ar
wall SE
corner
on the to the S. focused Investigation and Mate' walls, where in the E part the was of the House of the Columns At a exposed.
considerable depth in thecentralpart of the trencha level of was
collapse
investigated,
and
terrain.
Investigation
in area
two
final
layers
recognized
toS, following the slope of the
which slope markedly from 18 was
aimed
at the chronological
and
stratigraphicalunderstandingof thewall on the summit of Hephaestia, along the promontorySE of the peninsula of Palaiopolis, inparticularat thepointwhere theNE tower is set against
the defensive
circuit.
Excavation
in area 26
(the
Alteras
plot)was completed (Fig. 100). It proved possible to identify4 phases of occupation: settlementdating back to the 7thCt BC, urbanizationof the district in the 5l -4th Ct BC, constructionof a house with a centralcourtyardin the4thCt BC and a final renovationin the 6thCt AD.
Restoration
was
completed
of the funerary enclosure
of theend of the4thCt BC, the so-called pyrgos (excavated in 1930), as well as thatof thewall behind thismonument.
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2008-2009
100. Hephaestia:
area 26
(Alteras
property).
Publication: E. Greco and E. Papi (eds), Hephaestia 2000
2006.
Ricerche
Atene
e scavi
in collaborazione
della
con
Italiana
Scuola
Archeologica di Archeologia il Dipartimento
Lesbos
di e
Storia delle Arti dell'Universit? di Siena (Paestum/Athens, Pandemos 2008).
(Mytilene,
Antissa, Methymna, and Ag. Phokas), architecture.
Eressos, Pyrrha [Tsamour], reference to their submerged
Kalo with
Limani particular
At Methymna, part of theharbourmole of the4thCt BC is
in excellent condition: preserved of the anc. and mod. orientations
its line reveals
harbours.
The
the different
remains
of the
at Eressos, which lie in the area of the mod. fishery, to the other harbours of the small architectural differences
harbour
Lesbos Harbours
69
of Lesbos.
A Ministry
of Culture
press
release
(12/12/08) reportsa 2nd season of work by a team underTh. Theodoulou (EMA) tomap and photograph the harbours of
show
island,which may be chronologicallysignificant.At thefishery
at Ag.
Phokas,
near anc. Vrissa,
plans were made
of the face of
CATHERINEMORGAN
70
in situ for a /.of 25m on the which is preserved In the region of this harbour, the inner face of the breakwater. of enriches our understanding discovery of many constructions are of this The results this relatively unknown survey region.
of the Cyclades
the waterfront
Nomos
includedon thewebsite of theNational Technical Universityof
Kythnos Mandraki.
at http://www.limenoscope.
Athens
ntua.gr.
pottery,
reports on continuing work in the castle of Mytilene. of for the publication study focused on preparation and figurines.
lamps
on Rom
Work
(J.
pottery groups
Hayes) includedexaminationofmaterial fromthe 1960-1961 Nikomedia Street excavations (directed by S. Charitonides), which includes the latestformsof ?andarli ware (E4thCt AD) of which
hundreds
Canadian
excavations
were of examples of 1986-1990.
also
found
in the Gr
on Aeolic
Work
grey new
Excavation
under
Loupou
terrace of the castle
under
remains
of an
Ct Ot building,perhaps a house,which had been destroyed 18th in thegreat earthquakeof February 1867. The Ot structurelay under a completely rebuiltOt building of the later 19thCt.
Coins
a second indicate the date. Nearby, a possible road and a mass of kitchen debris which included glassware, the same earthquake, of the 1870s
uncovered
of a 2nd season directed
Kourkoumellis statue wearing is 1.2m h. and
by A.
(EMA). a corselet
of underwater Mazarakis The was
is preserved
excavation
torso of a
(Fig. 101). The torso to the neck; the left In addition, a bearded
from the knees
arm only survives, holding a himation. head was found (0.36m h. and 0.3m
whether
it is part of the same
w.)\ it is as yet unclear statue as the torso. These pieces
W extensionof had been reusedas buildingmaterialwithin the the harbourwall (parallel to the coastline) which would, in
from the bastion
of the wall
1.2m 0.4m). triangular profile came Rom and other amphorae
weights and a tinygold bead.
was
From vessels,
lifted (this has a breakwater
the anc. plus
trench
buried
after plates, culture of for the material cups, cutlery, etc., useful evidence There was also at least one undisturbed M 19th Ct Ot Mytilene. context (to judge from the pottery recovered). Augustan
Chios (20thEPCA: 3rdEBA) Apogevmatini (04/08/08) cites a Ministry of Culture press on
release
(01/08/08) emerita, (Director
a
led by K. Preka-Alexandri survey with the American in collaboration
EMA),
Woods Hole (led by B. Foley), which Oc?anographie Institute, documented and photographed 10 shipwreck sites on theNE and Oinoussa
of Chios
coastline
which,
on an initial estimation,
date fromEC1 toByz times,with one possible Med site. Four sites are new
of these wreck into the DNA
Research
discoveries.
continued
in the recovered
contained
the substances
of
amphorae.
CYCLADES Publications:
and SAMOS and S.B.
L.G. Mendoni
in the Cyclades Foundation 2008).
Roman
Zoumbaki,
Hellenic
(Athens, National
Names
Research
and A. Giannikouri C. Papageorgiadou-Banis (eds), on the Economy and Trade in the Aegean. Readings Foundation Research Hellenic National (Athens,
Sailing Routes 2008).
Publications of new primarydata from theCyclades and the
are numismatic, Dodecanese, especially of synthetic essays of wide general collection
Nomos
included
in
a
interest.
of Samos
(21stEPCA: 3rdEBA)
0 20cm
Samos Publication:
N.
zweiten D?pteros
Hellner
Samos
von Samos
XXVI.
(Bonn,
Die
Habelt
S?ulenbasen 2009).
in the anc.
and D. (Thessaly) life-sized Rom male
Ainian
discovered
male
crown-block
(Director,
revealed a much disturbed probable Med Ch
on the central
cemetery
of A.-C.
the direction
harbour
on dry land. They were found at a d. of antiquity, have been In addition, 4 marble stelae (ca. lm /.) have been located, 2.5m. that the head relates to one of these. A stone and it is possible
continued: nearly 2 dozen (V. Lungu and R Dupont) from the 5th Ct forms of grey finewares have been discovered little known elsewhere. BC levels, a period
wares
14thEBA)
Ta Nea, To Vima andKathimerini (03/10/08)report (developing a Ministry of Culture press release, 02/10/08) the
results
Mytilene (anc. city). H. Williams (Canadian Institute/British Columbia) Museum
(21stEPCA: 2ndEBA)
des 101. Kythnos:
Rom
statue from the anc. harbour.
lead
fishing
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2008-2009
102. Delos,
Heraion:
Syros Chalandriani.
M.
2006
of 2002,
excavations
Marinari
and 2008.
of the largestquadrangular tripodbase known at Delos (the
21st EPCA)
(Director,
reports
(Ergon [2008], 87-92) on continuingexcavation on thehill of Kastri (plan: AR 53 [2006-2007], 83), in theSE part of the I 6-7 and wall upper crescent-shaped 6). The d. of (squares to the profile of the the fill varied from 0.1-0.9m, according finds were many and varied, but mostly sherds and bedrock: tools for day-to-day of various bowls
Pottery included tablewares, or conical cups with mat
types, the base, 2-handled vessels for the storage
on
impressions cups.
activities.
Larger
beakers and
i.e.
leaf
and
bell-shaped transport of foodstuffs
include kadoi, small pithoi and largerones with plastic or with
incised
incised
on
decoration
decoration, amphorae A third with cylindrical necks. and large prochoes the basin of vessel is cooking category equipment, chiefly shaped hearths which were built directly into the ground. Other
shapes represented with burnished, impressed or incised Imported vessels from Siphnos, Melos communication found, confirming In addition between the islands. obsidian
blades
and
unworked
small
kernoi,
decoration, and Thera
kraters
and pyxides. to be continue
and
trading connections to pottery, finds include stone of obsidian, pieces
grinders and rubbers, and a small spool-shaped bone. Evidence of the diet of the inhabitants
rubber made
of
of the settlement
is provided by shells and ovicaprid bones. The acropolis is to be
shown
dwellings
the site of an organized settlement, with roofed and foodstuffs the necessary equipment
containing
for daily life. Sherds of 2-handled beakers and bell-shaped
cups
were
also
found
in the previous
excavation
campaign
conducted in the 1960s, in the settlementimmediatelybelow the crescent-shaped
wall,
to theL stages of ECycII. decoration, MCyc
which
period,
indicating
had been
are now
seen
that the summit wall
dates
In addition, thepithoiwith incised at the start of the
thought to appear to begin earlier.
as the pillars which sacred way or on the large bases along the Stoa an electromagnetic The second aim was
could
10m h. as well
exceed
The
sanctuary. 8.5ha, will
had 2 main
reconstruction
of
votive monuments
monuments
the pillar-shaped with one or more
which
stood along the of the Naxians.
survey of the cover an area of ca. plans, which and combined with the data from the
zone.
H. Sarian (EfA/ S?o Paolo) reportson the 2008
Heraion.
season
excavation The
most
(Fig.
important
102). results
came
from exploration
of
the
terrace W of theHeraion: herepartsof 2 walls (X andY), which
run parallel
had been discovered N-S, layer containing Geo sherds. Renewed these walls continue S and of theW
in 1964, excavation
along with a revealed that
terrace.
The westernmostwall lies under theper?bolosof temple II, it serves
for which
the SW,
towards
as
its NE
a foundation. angle
has been
Although recovered.
it disappears Wall Y is at
a significantly greater depth, in the Geo layer noted above. At an angle and continues to the E. both the S and N, itmakes
Wall Y was very likelytheper?bolos forthefirststageof temple I. The associated layer is full of sherds, includingLGeo of this period have already been recovered fragments. Vessels from the sanctuary's votive deposit. The earliest level in the sanctuary, until recently dated to 700 BC, should therefore be
set back to theLGeo period (750-725 BC). Aphrodision
C. Durvye (EfA) reports on
of Stesileos.
undertaken
Excavation
of the smaller
be
the Hel
to clarify
the chronology
the E wall
of the temple and the corner date for the temple.
and
articula
tionof buildingswithin thiscomplex.
Sanctuary ofApollo. R. Etienne (EfA/Paris 1) reportsthat,in addition tocontinuedcataloguingof strayblocks,work in2008 objectives. work Architectural study encompassed and the evolution the Apollo sanctuary
resulting
can
be compared in 2007 to trace the anc. coring and resistivity survey conducted shoreline. The result will be a 3-D reconstruction of the coastal
excavation
Delos
restoration
of which remains unknown). This position as a new conception of the sanctuary during categorized number of votive columns period, with a substantial original
the
handles
in sherd form include
71
on of
of the periboloi sacred space,
in the sanctuary, a new base GD 14, research on columns
and
restoration
between
2 provides
of oikos
the first archaeological
This confirmsthehypothesisthatthe templewas built tohouse the statue dedicated by Stesileos, which firstappears in the accounts
of the Hieropes
Excavation
within
in 304 BC.
the ramp between
oikoi
2 and 3 showed
that the bedrock was high at thispoint, thus explaining the
difference temple
in level between
court,
separated
the E part of the sanctuary and the rock ridge. evidence Ceramic
by a
CATHERINEMORGAN
72
indicatesthatall of thefills revealed in thistrenchare laterthan 150 BC. The fillswhich formeda ramp infrontof thedoorway of oikos 2 covered a ditch runningunderwall 21 inwhich were found 93 fragmentsof terracottafigurines (draped, body bases
fish,
fragments,
with
moulded
decoration
and
one
fragmentof a plaque depicting a seated female inbas relief). Potteryfromthisditchdates thefill to theHel period. A sondage inside oikos 4 revealed that the fills which supportedthe floorof theoikos (which post-date 150 BC) rest on traces of previous occupation with, in particular, a 3rd Ct BC on a older which goes back to still sequence sequence resting
the6thCt BC. The division of space was different during the
oldest
were
3 walls
phase:
discovered
within
the sondage.
Cleaning was undertaken in oikos 5 before the layingof to support the stray blocks of the temple. A paving horizon was distin and abandonment destruction
concrete jumbled
in irregular covered, guished which these floors was abundant material,
the 3 floors.
fashion,
On
including storage vessels, lamps, which will sustain a
pottery and equipment, study of the furnishing of a room probably
cooking general
used
as a
hestiatorionat theend of the2ndCt BC. of
'Chapel'
J.-C.
Dionysos.
Moretti
and
M.
on each
for the restoration
infamous
Fincker
side of a base
a phallus. of the physical remains and Examination bearing lead to its identifi with the monument inscriptions associated as an altar of a type derived from the altar in antis. This to Dionysos of independence in the first decades
cation was
traces of colour
dedicated
(more precisely,ca. 280 BC) (Fig. 103).
are preserved;
and
shops
bread
selling
andwine, includinga bakery inwhich theoven and thebase of a mill of Santorini lava were preserved. Slightly furtheron
were
found
a medallion
earrings,
gold
and
necklaces
dating
fromtheE 1stCt BC, productsof a local goldsmith.A rarefind for this period is an engraved gold bead bearing theword 'eirene'.
perfumed
to the palaistra, was area bore evidence
close
Opposite, oil. The
entire
a shop selling the 2 cata
of
strophicfires attested in69 and 88 BC. On theTerrace of the Lions were founda largequantityofHel pottery,2 deposits of cooking vessels, as well as sherds of older Cor and a purple-dyer's shop. V. Chankowski, sur Recherches
Publication: classique.
Ath?nes
and Cyc
et D?los
l'administration
? du
vessels,
l'?poque sanctuaire
d'Apollon d?lien (Athens,EfA 2008). Keros Kavos-Dhaskalio. reports on
(EfA/CNRS) report on a study of the erroneously-termed 'Chapel' of Dionysos (cat. 81 in the Guide de D?los), a
monument
well-preserved copy of theAphrodite Ourania of Pheidias on
which
C.
Renfrew
the 3rd and final
season
(Chairman, BSA/Cambridge) at Kavos of excavation and
on the neighbouring isletof Dhaskalio (AR 53 [2006-2007], 86-89; AR 54 [2007-2008], 90-93). Kavos:
on the Special
work
with
the stratigraphie The excavation baulks.
study of 3
South was Deposit and removal of a
completed, number of
4m 4m squares outlying of the deposit had been reached. A sample of 20% of all excavated soil was again water sieved, the absence of human remains or workshop further confirming debris. that the extremities
confirmed
S,
Immediately
in the small
caves
and
cavities
below
the
A again yielded traces Special Deposit South, thearea of trench
of human
bone.
Excavation
in the Middle
between
Area,
the
Special Deposits South andNorth, revealed some simplewalls of
local metamorphosed cultural material.
but very to earlier
limestone, Contrary
nying
little accompa indications,
no
evidence for ECyc settlementwas discovered in theMiddle of the Kavos
Area
catalogue
site.
survey of the islet was all visible surface
Dhaskalio: of
a
completed, along with on Dhaskalio features
(numbering146) and atKavos (42) (Figs 104, 105). This was aided by ground-controlled helicopter photography (Department
of Rural
Survey
and
Aristotelian
Engineering,
University,Thessaloniki), and kite and pole photography(C.
Photomosaic for both Dhaskalio coverage Gaston). was and on this basis orthophotographic achieved,
and Kavos
coverage
(and a digital terrain model) at a scale of 1:500 will soon be
Altar
103. Delos:
of Dionysos
available.
from the SW.
was
Atlas ofDelos. J.-C.Moretti (EfA/CNRS) et al. reportthatthe 2008
season
mentary drawing
was to the preparation of comple largely devoted to the general The final profile information plan. was made, in and the plans, profiles and plates made years
previous
Fieldwork
checked.
for
the project
is now
complete. Street
of
the Lions.
To
Vinta,
Ta Nea
Apogevmatini
and
the Street
of the Lions.
(18/03/09) report the resultsof excavation conducted by P. Hatzidakis (21st EPCA) as part of a cleaning operation to remove
old
excavation
Hel manufacturing
spoil along and commercial
quarter was
discovered
remains
of metal
of paints,
focused
16m
on the summit
/. and
area where
running N-S
along
the
spineof thesummit,was unearthed(Fig. 106). This is themost substantialbuilding yet found in an ECyc settlement.A hoard
of 3 copper
or bronze
axes was
found
in a small
room at the S
end (Fig. 107): a solid flat axe or chisel, 0.222m /. and weighing 35 lg; an axe-adze, 0.196m /.andweighing 637g; and a shaft-holeaxe, 0.101m /.andweighing 139g. ImmediatelyS of thismain building on the summitwas a roughlycircular enclosure,
di. 2.4m, with
limestone
beach
an opening
to the S.
During
its later
use, thiswas the locus of deposition ofmore than300 rounded beach
on
Ano
a painter's with workshop, figurines; and fragments of figures, including a
palettes
Excavation completed. a substantial structure, ca.
A
the E side of the street. This included a workshop for the
manufacture
Investigationof themassive terracewall identifiedin2007
at Dhaskalio Kouphonisi.
These did not come from the nearby pebbles. from but were probably collected Kavos,
Study of thepottery indicates thatsettlementat Dhaskalio and thebeginningof deposition in theSpecial Deposit South should both be dated to the early phase of theKeros-Syros
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2008-2009
50m
104. Dhaskalio: surveyplan.
74
CATHERINEMORGAN
105. Dhaskalio: detail of surveyplan.
culture.
the results
Pending
of C14
analysis,
the chronology
established at Markiani on Amorgos places this phase (Dhaskalio phase A) at ca. 2800-2500 BC. The buildings on the summitwere begun during this phase and reconstructed duringphase B, which, on thebasis of importsof theso-called 'Kastri Group',
dates
to ca. 2500-2200
BC.
The
later use
and
abandonmentof thesebuildings falls inphase C, which, on the basis of importswhich include sherds of the Phylakopi I culture,dates late in theECyc, provisionally ca. 2200-2000/ 1900 BC. The
settlement
at Dhaskalio
is currently
the largest known
fromtheECyc period at ca. 7,000m2. Ithoused awide rangeof activities,includingtheproductionof obsidian tools (studiedby
T. Carter
and M. Milic).
Examination
of the ground-stone
tools
(Y. Rowan) indicatesa ratherrestrictedrange. Figurine finds includeseveralmarble examples (and perhapsone lead) ofwhat may now be considered theDhaskalio varietyof theschematic figurinesof theKeros-Syros period. These are of fine white marble,
and
in some
cases
are complete.
Yet,
so far, Dhaskalio
has produced no examples of the folded-armfigurines so common (but always broken) in theSpecial Deposit South at
Kavos.
Study continues of metallurgical activity (M. Georgakopoulou), thesources of importedpottery(J.Hilditch) and thesources of themarble for themarble objects found (Y Maniatis with D. Tambakopoulos). The use of the various
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2008-2009 structures
is being
examined
via
soil micromorphology
(C.
Frenchwith S. Taylor) and thestudyof phytoliths(L. Zorzos).
of plant remains (E. Margariti) has revealed cereals, Analysis and marine vine and olive: shells is study of animal bones on the human remains from pending. Finally, work continues trench A
bone
on Kavos
on Dhaskalio
and from a deposit (I. Moutafi).
containing
burnt human
Amorgos Arkesini.
Further
at
work
undertakenby theASA
tower
the LCI
75 was
residence
in2007 and 2008 (Ergon [2008], 92
The plan of the structure, and details of its construction the function of rooms, was of revealed, with the clearance extraneous architectural remains and unworked (worked
97). and
numerous
The
blocks).
finds
portable
lamps, household
pottery,
consisted
of mostly iron nails and lead
coins,
equipment,
clamps. A 2nd inscription(notingpreviouslyErgon [2006], 64,
pi. 65) was
of the tower, cut
found SE
into a large unworked
stone: it is a 3rdCt hows inscriptionof at least 15 lineswhich
makes
to the house,
reference
the garden
and
its dependencies.
Thera
Akrotiri. C. Doumas (ASA) reports(Ergon [2008], 112-18) on a further study season on Work
wall-paintings.
completed. Study intention of the
and
conservation of the continuing the Panel of the Large Spirals was of the MCyc with pottery was concluded, to
proceeding
speedy
publication.
Additionally,potterystudies focused on material frombuilding B,
from
sector
A
and
on
and chemical Petrographical data on pottery to provide
imports analyses
of
the LCyc undertaken
were
technological
period. on the
between
change
the
ECyc andMCyc periods, and for thestudyof the techniquesof
manufacture
use
and
of cooking
vessels
of
so far been
found on some
the ECyc,
MCyc
and LCyc periods. Study continued of themostly inorganic
pigments which local preparation
have
and
use of red and
500
utensils: of
pigments
yellow
lead
oxide (lithargyros)and of white fromcerusite (white lead) or The identification of riebeckite makes it almost hydrocerusite. certain that one of the blue colours which were used in the wall
was on site. The of produced large quantity quartz and pieces of faience paste found at Akrotiri pulverized the probability demonstrate that the many and varied faience found here were products of a local workshop. objects Study
paintings
of theobsidian found in the cuttingsfor the supportsfor the new roof proceeds,
with
some
18,457
pieces
catalogued.
Study
of the osteological material has filled out the picture of the wildlife of PH Thera; a significantproportionof the remains rodents. Phytoliths indicate belong to small animals, especially to the use of papyrus plants of the genus cyperaceae, known in anc. Egypt have been used for the manufacture of rope, baskets
etc.
Publication: C. Doumas, A A a e a 1967-1997. E 19-20 e e ? 1997 (Athens,ASA 2008). W. Friedrich (Aarhus), (Stuttgart),
J. Heinemeier,
a
a
a
.Kromer (Heidelberg),M. Friedrich T. Pfeiffer
(Aarhus)
and S. Talamo
(Heidelberg) report(Science 312:5773 [2006], 548) C14 dating from a tree buried
of olive wood date
range for the Minoan
alive
eruption
in tephra, which gives of Santorini of 1627-1600
a
BC with 95.4% probability. A continuationof thiswork is reported in Ethnos (27/11/2008) and Angeliophoros (3/12/2008).
DODECANESE (22ndEPCA: 4thEBA) Publications: the East
axes
from hoard.
and BC.
at Held Archaeological Symposium 2008 11th-lg* Samos, October Pythagoreion, (Nicosia, A.G. Foundation Leventis 2008).
An 107. Dhaskalio:
V. Karageorghis and O. Kouka (eds), Cyprus Intercultural Contacts from 3000-500
Aegean. International
76
CATHERINEMORGAN
and A. Giannikouri C. Papageorgiadou-Banis (eds), on the Economy in the Aegean. and Trade Readings National Hellenic Research Foundation (Athens,
Sailing Routes 2008).
Publications of new primarydata from theCyclades and the
are Dodecanese, numismatic, especially collection of synthetic essays of wide general
included
a
in
noted
previously
in print.
New
tanks also
traces of other pigments,
contained
from antimonial
discoveries
are noted
Chochlakies (Palaio Chorio). P. Triantaphyllidis(22ndEPCA) reports(AAA39 [2006], 181) on surfaceremainsat thishill site, located ofAionia (NW of Palaio Chorio). On the topof the hill were
the remains
features,
level
terraces
traces of dug of severely damaged walls, and a few plainware sherds of the Hel
and Rom periods. Reuse of thesite, thefact thatthebuildings
below.
have
Anc. Tragaia. P. Triantaphyllidis(22ndEPCA) reports(AAA39 [2006], 181-83; expanded in an account cited in To Vima [20/04/08])his discovery in 2001, and systematicexcavation from 2006,
overlooking
of an EHel-ERom
fortified
the bay of Maistros.
The
at Kastraki, anc. port now
settlement
associated
lies below sea level, adjacent to theE wall of thefortification. The ,E andW sides of thehillwere fortified:an area of ca. 0.5ha
lies within
the walls.
The sitewas fortifiedin theEHel period (L4th-E3rd Ct BC). The walls, which forman orthogonalshape ca.lOOm 30m (h. 1-1.5m, d. as reported post excavation limestone extracted from a local anc. the
construction
technique
are built from
1.8-2m.), quarry.
(pseudo-isodomic
Dating with
rests on smaller
stones plugging gaps) and on finds includingAttic and
silver and bronze coins of Pergamene bg pottery, and many Miletos. The fortified area was arranged in terraces, with traces of excavated
steps evident
at theW
edge of the fortification.
Changes in thebuilding scheme occurredduring the2ndand 1stCts BC, a period of great instabilityin theAegean. A rare find,which may be linkedwith theputtingdown of piracy, is part of a stamped
inscription
or decree
on a terracotta
erected to commemorate the victory. Excavation here possibly to date terracotta continues. Finds include: of figurines ram-bearers, and animals and birds (for example, kourotrophoi, a quantity of metal objects such as a lead cover for a box eagles), and bronze and furniture, fittings for household equipment terracottas. These inscribed sherds and many architectural likely
to the apothetes of a Hel sanctuary (probably a road-side shrine, since the location is close to the city gate). a system of cisterns Further S, outside the fortification, is
belong
towells. A large water cistern, 3.5m d. and probably connected 4m di., cut into the bedrock and lined with waterproof cement, was on terrace of the settlement. the upper investigated for its date, and for that of the settlement, is Important evidence
provided by a deposit containinga largequantityof LHel and household
pottery,
such as amphorae,
beehives,
basins,
cookpots, red-slippedplates and lamps (many of which bear dedicatory inscriptionsto Zeus Lykios on the base). Some 3,000 were
fragmentary vessels locally manufactured
have
found, most of a discovery
been
(the
of which
terracotta
potter'swheel is noted). The significanceof honey production is evident.
the beehives
Residue
at NCSR
is being analysis Democritos.
conducted
on a sample
of
on also produced Excavation Purple dye was Agathonisi. revealed part of a workshop for pigments and dyes, located on the fringes of the settlement. Two tanks were found,
has
connected
to each
other by an overflow
system,
and,
foundations and the thinness only superficial levels which were in heavy away easily washed to destroy most of the anc. remains. combined
of the anc. rain, have
Mikro Damaki (Damakia). P. Triantaphyllidis(22ndEPCA) reports(AAA39 [2006], 183-85) on evidence fora cemeteryon thishill site SE ofMegalo Chorio in theE of the island. An inscribed
XPHCTH
stele of the LHel
funerary
period
reads:
...]HCEIC
On theE side of thevalley, close to the
XAI[PE].
river, is a strong wall
of polygonal
masonry
dating
to the pre
Rom period,with sherds (chieflyplainware) on theE slope. To theS, at thecoastal site ofTsangaris, are ECh building remains
and remains of floors). The cisterns, wells (walls, to the of a basilica also of the ECh period are known on the lower slopes of Mt Kephala, Ioannis beneath N, at Ag. the mod. church of Ag. Ioannis Pr?dromos and Ag. Eirene. remains
Visible
architectural
members
a
include
column,
2 marble
column capitals ofCorinthian typedatable to the5thand 6thCts AD and 3 joiningpieces of amarble inscriptionreadingE A t which is now in thecourtyardof themod. church. S, on the summit
ofMt
Kephala,
are FNeo
sherds.
roof tile
(L2nd-ElstCt BC). This refersto a militaryvictory,possibly in the harbour of Tragaia: e / / e / e <; e/ / $. The tile likelycomes froma public building
ERom
as yellow
such
lead and white.
interest.
Agathonisi P. Triantaphyllidis (22ndEPCA) offers a full account of the antiquitiesof the island (AAA 39 [2006], 175-92), including material
red dye is extracted. Several of this type of shell, as deposits as shells of other gastropods, were found inside and around the tanks: many had been broken or crushed in antiquity. The
well
in them,
largequantitiesof sea shell,much ofwhich had been stored in a stone troughinsideone of the tanks.These shells includeda largeproportionof murex brandaris fromwhich deep purple
P. Triantaphyllidis(22thEPCA) reports(AAA 39 [2006], 185-86) on thediscoveryof an anc. quarryNE ofMt Kephala
Kavi.
and Prezibolia, where plainware (close to the sites of Benetou sherds have been discovered). of Upstanding, quarried masses were areas where blocks rock are visible, between which can be traced. There are 4 incised foot impressions quarried
which
are life-sized
which
contains
name A
E
A
(maximum a dedicatory (w. 0.325m,
d. 0.05-0.lm),
/.0.28m,
inscription recording h. of letters 0.05m).
one of
the man's
Tholoi. P. Triantaphyllidis (22ndEPCA) reports (AAA 39 [2006], 186-92) on investigationof a monumental, probably EByz, complex near thebay ofTholoi, ca. 2km SE ofMegali Chorio. and
structure is orthogonal, 25m 23m, oriented N-S, rooms or spaces with built vaults, 7 ground-floor of isodomic from the E and walls rubble masonry.
The
has
entrances
The walls, and parts of the stone paved or pebble floors, are coated
with
thick
lime
plaster.
Terracotta
pipes
run down
vertically inside thewalls, probably as air channels, as well as in the ceiling,
a clear
feature of the domed
ceiling
construction.
was incised intothewall plaster, In the3rddome, an inscription in 2 lines next to a Christogramwithin a circle, reading EA IC NK. The building at present / appears
unique
in the Aegean.
The
use
of quarried
stone
and
the absence of brick is a distinctivearchitecturaltrait, which classifies thebuildingwith the architecturalstyles of Syria andAsia Minor inLAntiquity. The tholoiwere probably stores for grain
or other
foodstuffs.
Indications
that this was
a 2
with storeygranary include thecomplete sealing of the interior plaster, the air channels in the domed ceilings and dividing walls, and the fact that the floor is supported on columns (suspensurae). The formof thebuilding orientedN-S and
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2008-2009 with small spaces of equal size laidout in lineand protectedon theE side by a stoa - indicatesthatit is tobe associatedwith a horrea militaris. Use of the building in later phases is some
confirmed:
of the domed
entrances
on
the S
side were
blocked and cuttingsare preserved in thewall above them to support
the joists
for a wooden
floor above.
reports
Studies)
a programme
of
study
of human
skeletal
remains from the excavations of the 22ndEPCA, from the funerarymonument on the Koundouri plot in the city of
on Rhodes and Ar cemeteries Myc graves at Charaki The project also includes examination of remains from and bones from tombs on cinerary urns and hydriae, ossuaries and Nisyros. Rhodes Rhodes, on Kos.
Kalymnos
Ta Nea (19/03/09;24/03/09)and To Vima (24/03/09)reportthe discoveryby fishermenof a bronze statue,probablyof theLHel period (end 2nd-ElstCt BC) in the sea between the island of
Nera
part
Kos. Of and Kephala, torso wearing is a male
this equestrian statue, the preserved a short chiton with short sleeves, a
corselet and chlamys, and with his rightarm raised and the
other
across
his body;
a sword
hangs
from a shoulder
strap,
which isdecoratedwith an engravedplaque bearing a depiction an Archaising statue was removed Nike. The and conservation. of EMA for desalination the laboratory
of
Kos
to
the
Unification of the archaeological areas of the city of Kos. A. Giannikouri (Director,Archaeological InstituteforAegean Studies) reports.
108. Kos:
harbour
The earthquakeof 1933,which levelled thegreaterpart of thecityof Kos, highlightedthenecessity foran up-to-datecity plan, in which, following the views of the archaeological zones were formalized and characterized service, building-free as archaeological as an parks, with the aim of promoting Kos between the anc. and the archaeological city. The dialogue
mod.
A. Giannikouri (Director,Archaeological InstituteforAegean
area after landscaping.
77
from that point.
city began
The
excavations
large-scale
of
theyears 1928-1943 and then thework of theEphoria of the
Dodecanese
have
uncovered
its cemeteries.
city and
a large part of the the Hel-Rom towards unification in began
Work
2002 with the display of the archaeological site of the settlement
agora/harbour
at the beginning
of an archaeological
trail (Fig. 108). With funding from the EU 3rdCommunity
the 2nd-3rd Ct AD Casa which Romana, Support Framework, covers an area of ca. 2,500 m2, was conserved and restored (Fig. The archaeological trail incorporates the Rom odeion, 109). which was restored under the Italian government and conserved
and stabilized in the 1990s. Recentwork includes the layingof a metal
floor
in the substructure,
the organization
graphic exhibition combined with the history
concerning
and
operation
of
conservationof theECh house E of it.
of a photo
audiovisual media the odeion,
and
the
Kos. F. Sirano (SAIA) continuedstudyof theHouse of theRape of Europa,
the House
Asklepieion,
of the Silen
preliminary
and
the Casa
observations
were
Romana. made
At
on
the
the
paintingswhich decoratedone of thevaultsof theGreat Bath on terrace III. The wall-painting of the House of the Rape of Europa can now be contextualized within the Decumanus quarter and,
more generally,within thecity and territory of Kos. The basic characteristics
of the local Koan
workshop
can now be defined:
motifsfindprecise parallels in thecontem typicaland recurring
CATHERINEMORGAN
78
Tilos Publication: CM. a
A
a
:
Koutelakis, of the Dodecanese
Nomos
(Athens,
a
2008).
Rhodes Publication:
and E.K.
fT. Archontopoulos
Papavasileiou
(AAA
39 [2006], 193-210) synthesize published and unpublished locations
for burial
evidence
Rhodian
A. Giannikouri
amphorae. for Aegean
Institute
on Rhodes
and practices
4,h-16th Ct AD.
from the
(Director, Archaeological on the creation of
a
reports
Studies)
database of the many thousands of (largely unpublished)
amphorae, with stamped Rhodian and the assembly of the amphorae, archons. chart of the eponymous
109. Kos:
study typological of a complete chronological and chemical Petrographical in collaboration
fabric has begun
analysis of the amphora Demokritos. NCSR
Romana.
Casa
associated
with
A. Giannikouri in antiquity. (Director, Archaeological Institute for Aegean reports on a research programme Studies) art from the use of colour in Rhodian of the Institute concerning
Colour of Ephesus, Athens, Corinth and Thessaloniki, porary workshops instead of the expected derivation from the repertoire used in the and cross-fertil in Italy. Some connections West and especially are limited. We are but izations are obviously very they present, of pictores now in a position to confirm the existence a workshop parietales
including
perhaps
a pictor
of Kos.
A. Giannikouri
SAIA/Bari) data using
to create
Topography for Aegean Institute Studies) the Italian with programme Livadiotti, ical map
from
imaginarius.
settlement
an archaeological-topograph of the Italian the excavations
a series of studies:
from LNeo
on the successive
onwards
settlement
is examined
phases
from the
of architec and photography description city: systematic is used for 3-D information which tural members, generating
Coinage
of
of the monuments.
the Dodecanese.
A.
Giannikouri
(Director,
Archaeological InstituteforAegean Studies) reports the first result of this research
programme
of the Institute: a volume
(in
press) on thesilver and bronze coinage of Kos (Fig. 110), and thecoinage of foreigncities and kingdoms incirculation in the LCI and Hel city. This focuses on chronology (according to excavation
data
micro-analytical
such
techniques,
as
A. Giannikouri Corpus of Hel pottery from Rhodes. (Director,Archaeological InstituteforAegean Studies) reports on the creation of a digital archive of themore than25,000 so far discovered.
vessels
Rhodian
Hel
reconstruction
and
photographyunderUV light.
via
PH period,on the locationof theboundaries of thepolis ofKos Meropidas (10ndCt BC until thesynoikismof 366 BC) and on theHel cityand thesettlementremainsof theEChr period. The programmebegan with the studyof thepublic buildings of the
computer
come Centre. the Ormylia Art Diagnostic analysed Samples vases with applied colour from mortars, (such as figurines, of Rhodian Hadra columns, altars, manufacture), hydriae using sculpture etc. PH and Hel pigments have been analysed non-destructive
(Director, Archaeological reports on a collaborative and M. School (G. Rocco
Archaeological Mission, the22ndEPCA and the4thEBA. Continuous
thePH period to LAntiquity,conducted in collaborationwith
Publication:
a
a
G. Zimmer
a
and K. Bra?by,
a
Kasos A. Giannikouri
(Director,
Institute
Archaeological
forAegean
Studies) and F. Zervaki (22ndEPCA) presentan account (AAA 39 [2006], 253-66) of thearchaeological collection of Kasos, housed
in the former Demarchion
thanks
to
from
support
and now open to the public, on Small Islands
the Museums
programme of theMinistry of theAegean. includes
cults,
one
room
sanctuaries
devoted
and
settlements
The display
a 2nd on the period, of historic times, and a 3rd
to the PH
on theLCI and Hel cemeteries of the city. In addition, the exhibition
covers
aspects
of the mod.
history
the island.
events in relation to the historical and hoards) as on the study of types, weight standards
of the period, as well and fractions. Astypalaea
Vathy. C. Doumas (ASA) reports(Ergon [2008], 119-23) on of a hillwhich overlooksVathy bay, in the part investigation ofAstypalaea. On theNE side of thehill,building remainsmay to an ECyc fortified settlement, dated by surface sherds, belong stone vessel fragments, rock engravings and a schematic marble In the Hel period, the hill surface was levelled, a large figurine.
and strongTT-shapedretainingwall built and a towerbuilt on
found in the Aegean the resulting terrace, like those generally of the tower and neigh of the architecture Much islands. in a lime kiln built here some remains was consumed bouring decades ago, before the site was preserved.
a
a E
(Athens,TAPA 2008).
110.Kos: didrachmof Kos (355-335 BC).
and
folklore
of
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2008-2009 CRETE byToddWhitelaw and CatherineMorgan Publications:
M. Andreadaki-Vlazaki,
C. Sophianou (24 EPCA) reports on Papadiokambos. fieldwork at thisM harbour townbetween theMirabello and Siteia
G. Rethemiotakis
and N.
Dimopoulou-Rethemiotakis (eds), From the Land of the Labyrinth:Minoan Crete, 3000-1100 BC (Athens,Ministry of Culture 2008); H. Hughes-Brock with J. Boardman, Oxford. Ashmolean
The
Museum.
der
Corpus
minoischen
und
mykenischenSiegel (Mainz am Rhein, von Zabern 2009); J. Phillips, Aegyptiaca on the Island of Crete in their Chronological Context: a Critical Review (Vienna,Verlag der der Wissenschaften 2008); ?sterreichischen Akademie
A.
Iraklion
Xenaki-Sakellariou, Giamalakis.
Sammlung
Corpus
Museum: arch?ologisches der minoischen und
mykenischenSiegel (Mainz am Rhein, von Zabern 2007).
of
L.H.
A study season. flotation material,
Sackett
worked
specialists
charcoal,
including
on a further
reports
(BSA/Groton) team of environmental
shells,
on
foraminifera,
seeds (grape, lentil and olive) and bone, as well as other as
such
fragments
An
plaster.
unusual
lead
bezel
ring
recognized frombuilding 5 may be a companion piece to the
gold
ring with
hunt scene
from the same
area.
on a on pottery from excavations focused 26) study season conducted by N. Platon in theM palace and town of Kato Zakros.
Pottery from rooms 44 and 45 of the S workshop sector coarse
household
ware,
the interpreta
strengthening
tionof theassemblage as linkedto theproductionand storageof foodstuffsand other goods. The relativelyfew examples of
LMIB
painted
ware
were
accompanied
by
animal
bones,
includingjawbones of ovicaprids and bovids. The potteryfrom
areas 70 and 71 in the E wing
comprises
undecorated
vessels
shows
that the area was
reoccupied
almost
immediately
followingthedestructionof thesettlementand thepalace at the
end
of LMIB,
that there were
and
links with
from
Knossos,
where tablevessels ofhigh qualitywere imported.Potteryfrom terrace on the slope
the upper
of Ag. Antonios
included
vessels
for liquids,mostly handleless conical cups and kyathoi,many preserved
more
pretation unworked
that
or less
the
intact. This
artificial
stones were
used
at theW
of house A.l a
and
completed,
end
ground-penetrating
radar survey of the surroundingyard undertaken (Fig. 111). rooms were
Ten
on the ground
uncovered
floor
of
(ca. 80-90%
theoriginal plan): theundisturbedcollapsed upper storeywill allow foran unusually detailed understandingof the layoutand
contents
rooms.
of the upstairs
House
A.l
has 2 architectural
phases, the2ndofwhich isLMIB, thoughprobably not as late as theF LMIB phase identifiedat othersites inE Crete. The 1st phase of the house, dated toMMIIIB/LMIA, ended with the
Theran
eruption. In area B, trenches were
in house opened is a more impressive
B.l
House
150m B.l, construction
of
SE
than
supports N. Platon's terraces constructed from
as a kind of open-air
The
111). were
aimed
geological destruction
town appears to cover 4-8ha. at reconstructing the BA events
and tectonic
and preservation
studies
Geological
and
landscape thatmay have been factors of the site. In area D, waves
the in the have
exposed a thick layerof tephrafrom theBA Theran eruption, covers M walls
which
and pottery.
The firststage of thepotterystudyof house A.l has been were
Samples
collected
from all ceramic
and many
stone objects (600 artefacts)and 100 samples chosen for the final organic residue study. More than 400 soil flotation now
have
samples
an
produced
sorted
been
and
record
exceptional
House
studied.
for
A.l
the preparation
and
consumptionof shellfishand fish,while soil samples fromthe
hearths
and
and B.l jars from houses A.l of carbonized plant remains (olive,
collection
fig and almond).
olive
a
grape,
rich
Preliminary studies of the artefacts and
suggest that the inhabitants oil and wine in the houses.
ecofacts
contain
legumes,
produced
small
amounts
of
for
the storageof liquids. In the town, thepotteryretainedfrom building was studied. The discovery of part of a probable LMII Ephyrean goblet from the area immediately of the building
and conservation was
the settlement
completed.
Zakros. E. Platon (ASA/Athens)reports(Ergon [2008], 124
comprises
of
houseA.l, both in termsof itsarchitectureand thefinds,which include a copper ingotfragmentand a pithos stamped 10 times with 2 differentseals. All visible walls were mapped in areas B, C and D, which probably includes the centre and E end of theM town (Fig.
Itanos
Palaikastro.
bays. excavation
The
area A.
EASTERN CRETE (Nomos ofLasithi) (24thEPCA: 13thEBA) Demos
79
inter
large
sanctuary.
P.P.
Pseira.
Betancourt
(ASCSA/Temple)
and
C.
Davaras
(Athens) reporton fieldworkfocused onmapping thegeology of Pseira and thequarriesused by theMinoans.
Three major quarry areas have been identified on the island, 2 were to quarry metacarbonate, an altered used limestone with a layered structure that breaks easily into slabs, and the 3rd produced hard and compact dark gray limestone. small areas where stones were Other from bedrock removed of which
have
also
been
identified.
These
materials
were
used
differently in the architecture of the town. The metacarbonate was used primarily for floor slabs, thresholds and staircases, while the dark gray limestone was used for load-bearing walls. These
Demos
of Siteia
Mochlos.
J. Soles (ASCSA/ North Carolina) and C. Davaras (Athens) reporton a furtherstudyseason. Experimentalpottery
continued with the M potter's wheel production was in the artisans' Site conservation quarter.
reconstructed
completed
for
large parts of building C.7 and house C.3; the Prepalatial remains along theS fa?ade of C.7 were also consolidated and left exposed
2 materials, the major formed plus mud-brick, of the Pseiran houses, components along with smaller amounts of other stones, sandstone from the coast including quarried near mod. Mochlos and a crystallized from an limestone unknown location.
to view.
Publication: J. Soles, Mochlos IIA: Period IV: theMycenaean Settlementand Cemetery,theSites (Philadelphia,INSTAP 2008).
Demos
of Leuke
SE Crete, Archaeological Land Survey. S. Apostolakou (Director, 24thEPCA) and N. Schlager (Austrian Institute/ Vienna)
report on
the 2008
survey
season,
a continuation
of a
collaborative project begun in 1996 (see AR 43 [1996-1997], 117-18) and continued in2000.
TODD WHITELAW AND CATHERINEMORGAN
80
site map
111. Papadiokambos:
and plan of house A.l.
At Aspro Nero (Paletsi) furtherCyclopean walls were foundabuttingthe bastion to theN. These are closely similar in construction
technique
and
size
of boulders
to the walls
of
the largeMM/LM settlementatChametoulo (Aletourgio/Vrysi) as a fortified 1.7km to theN. Aspro Nero may be interpreted from thecoast up the post controlling low-lyingvalley leading to Chametoulo.
Most
datable
sherds
in the area of these walls
(and elsewhere on the site) areMM, with some LM and a few Byz or Emod. glazed sherds. At theS borderof thesite,S of
a huge natural limestone resembles bastion, outcrop Some with their long axis oriented N-S. Horns of Consecration In an to the E lies a small artificial platform. distance below the S
narrow on crevices its E side, outcrop deep, numerous MM sherds, mainly pots, bowls cooking
contained
and cups,
deposited deliberately. This assemblage appears to be the debris
from outdoor
feasting
in association
with
the outcrop.
At Ag. Irini it is evident thatthe2 sitespreviously identified (20 and 21) formpart of one large FNeo-EMII settlement extendingfromthe topofKastri down itsS and E slopes.There are
no
substantial
differences
in the materials
and
building
techniquesof themuch eroded, flimsywalls just below the top of thehill compared to those furtherdownslope. The earlier MM date for theterracebuildingsmust be assumptionof a later
abandoned, Considering site, the MM
on terrace III. although MM pottery is conspicuous across the material the vast amount of FNeo-EMII imply a partial,
sherds
temporary,
perhaps
reoc
cupationof thisspecificarea in theMBA, thoughnoMM archi tectural
remains
devoid
of
Melian
obsidian
blades
The top of the hill is recognized. of Numerous features. fragments and cores, and local flints, concentrated
been
have
architectural
on terracesI and II, implyknappingandworking areas used by
or imported foreign raw craftsmen, who acquired on tools the spot. and probably produced indicates that this is one of all visible remains Documentation
specialized materials of
the
Zakros,
largest
FNeo-EMII
settlements
in the area
between
and Goudouras.
Xerokampos
Prior to2008, thecoastal stripand plateau ofLivari had not been surveyed in its entirety(Fig. 112). Parts of itwere atCheromylia (site documentedin2000: an ?EM/MM settlement 36), an EM-MMI cemeteryand tholos tombat Skiadi (site 37: see Goudouras
and a FNeo
below)
settlement
at Katharades
(sites
34 and 35) on highgroundabove thecoast. In2008, theareawas completely mapped, all of which were
including
all anc.
previously
known:
and mod.
site 38
structures, not denotes those
structures W of thegorge ofAnkastara (N of sites36 and 37) and site 39
those to the E.
Confirmed
anc.
sites are as follows.
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2008-2009
81
Site 38A (Fig. 113): FNeo-EMII settlementwith a minimumN-S extensionof 75m along theE slope of thesmall coastal
range of Kastrokephalaki.
Site 38B:
rock
quadrangular
cut featureat thepeak ofKastrokephalakiwith small cleft in the rock. Site 38C: walled-off and partly robbed cave on theW slope of thesame rangewithmany EMI/EMII sherds,including one fragmentof fineVasiliki ware of EMIIB. Since no bones
were
the function of the cave detected, doubtful. Site 36: the site plan was of walls
addition
and
buildings finds confirm
Pottery and portable the presence of LM
as a burial
not
place
supplemented
remains with
the
previously recognized. a date no earlier than MM; indicates continuing activity into
pottery
was identifiedand theLBA. Site 37: more EM and laterpottery recorded in and around tholos tomb Iwithin thenecropolis of site 37 (Skiadi). Because of itsproximityto 38A, itmust be seen now
as the contemporary
cemetery
of that settlement.
In addition, site 39A is a 19thCt AD walled look-outpost (vigla) on topof thesteep cliffat theE limitsof Livari. This
season's
work
development
a summary of the local in the area: (1) FNeo settlement:
allows
of settlement
Katharades acropolis (site 35) andKatharades bastion (site 34); (2) FNeo-EMII settlement:Kastrokephalaki (38A) with cult place (38B) and cave (burial?) deposit (38C); thenecropolis at Skiadi (37) probably built and in use contemporaneously;(3) MM/LM settlementat Cheromylia (36); part of cemetery at Skiadi probably still in use; (4) LBA: end of continuous settlement
at Livari.
The hypothesis thatCl-Hel
Livari
could
Goudouras
not be confirmed
Stalai should be located at
archaeologically.
C. Sophianou (24th EPCA)
(Livari-Skiadi).
of a Prepalatial reports on the excavation cemetery, at the site of on a small promontory 5km E of Goudouras at Livari-Skiadi, the edge of a coastal plain. A
circular
tholos
walls
tomb
and
a
were
noted:
of additional
burial
rock-shelter
the existence
fragmentary suggest was in the area. In 2008, excavation limited to the buildings interior of the tholos (interior di. 4m), the entrance towhich is to the SE. The burial stratum was unlooted but mixed due to the use of the tomb. It contained large quantities of very burials. Other fragmented, burnt human bone from secondary sea shells, chipped finds include clay vases, animal bones, obsidian and chert tools, a copper dagger and several items of continuous
gold, silverand stonejewellery. Preliminarystudyof thepottery indicatesthatthe tombwas built inEMIB and continued inuse A and EMIIB, and probablyEMIII/MMIA. thoughE
112.Livari:Kastrokephalakiwith site38 in the lowermidground, Katharadeswith sites34 and 35 behind and to the left.
113. Livari: Kastrokephalaki, site 38 with FNeo-EMII settlement(38A), ?hilltopshrine (38B) and cave (38C).
Demos
of
Ierapetra
Kephali Aphroditis. P.P.Betancourt (ASCSA/Temple) reports (Kentro 11 [2008], 12-13) on studies ?f this site,which was excavated in 1996 byT. Iliopoulos (24thEPCA) and in2003 by S. Apostolakou (Director,24thEPCA). The EMI site,which consists of a small 2-room building and
courtyard
surrounded
by a fortification
wall,
is situated
on a hilltopW of the village of Episkopi, overlooking the
mod.
road across
structure
had
the Isthmus
a stone bin, and
of Ierapetra. The S room of the a bench along the the wall
114.Kephali Aphroditis: reliefpithos.
82
TODD WHITELAW AND CATHERINEMORGAN
and a stone or more
Nine
for a wooden
support
large pithoi were
column
to hold
preserved
(among
up the roof. the earliest
known in Crete) (Fig. 114), in addition to smaller clay
vessels.
of
Immediately
was
the building
a
area
large
where fireshad burned the soil red. It is suggested that this was the location of a signal fire,with the fortifiedenclosure as a The wall refuge for the local population. the entrance to a small cave which could
serving enclosed
water
provided
new
provides
and
additional
evidence
for storage. space for the unsettled conditions
also
have
The
site
in E Crete
at thebeginning of theBA.
Pacheia Ammos, Pefka. S. Apostolakou (Director,24thEPCA)
excavation reports (Kentro 11 [2008], 1-2) on an exploratory conducted at Alatsomouri. just SE of the rescue excavation removal of the topsoil, 7 in the Upon rectangular cuttings soft limestone were ca. 2m apart. revealed, evenly spaced are described These as vats or basins by the excavator (Fig. To the of this row, 2 larger rock-cut were 115). depressions
found: the 1stis round (2m di), while the2nd,a small distance
to the E, measures ca. 4m 2.5m and to a d. of had been excavated 8.5m).
is 0.5m
d. (within
it a well
Azoria.
D. Haggis (ASCSA/North Carolina) and M. Mook (ASCSA/Iowa State) reporton the 2nd season of study and
conservation
the 2002-2006 excavations. following Study of and slag allowed the identification of a number of smithing hearth bottoms from EIA and Ar fill levels. Seventeen iron artefacts
inscribedsherds (6th-5th Ct BC) were studied forpublication.
Animal
bone
were
identifications
for residue
sampled
analysis.
Study
and querns were completed, of the human remains from
thesmall tholos tomb in trench3700 indicatesa minimum of 7 individuals(5 adults, 2-3 children). All structureson theSW of the S acropolis
slope Gournia
begun
conserved.
L.V. Watrous
Survey.
continued was
were
reports on survey. Work
(Buffalo/ASCSA) from the 1992-1994
study of material in the area
of
Sphoungaras,
are
identified
were
Prepalatial tural purposes.
Monastiraki
as fortification
house
walls,
walls
(with towers), others yet others served agricul
while
Katalimata K. Nowicki,
Publication:
Monastiraki
Katalimata:
Excavation
of a Cretan Refuge Site, 1993-2000 (Philadelphia, INSTAP 2008). Pacheia
Ammos,
S. Apostolakou
Alatsomouri.
reports (Kentro 11 [2008],
EPCA)
of a rock-shelter
excavation
for the cemetery
of Pacheia
In addition to a M
Prepalatial
exposed Ammos.
pottery
was
24th
(Director,
1-2) on the rescue construction
during
work
pithos burial, an assemblage of in one
discovered
of
a
series
of
trenchesopened along the lengthof the site, along with stone
tools and an almost
was
square
pit dug
into the soft rock. The
latter
probably part of a rock-shelter destroyed by the
its contents A undisturbed. leaving the a of the shelter. Inside, shaped opening layer ca. 0.4m d. contained a large almost 100 quantity of vases, stone tools, 8 loomweights, a few obsidian flakes and 2 or 3 of potters' turntables. The is entirely fragments pottery
mechanical
wall
handmade
digger, closed
in local
clay. While
many
vessels,
including
wide
mouthed prochoes, pithoi, amphorae and tripodcooking pots, are made a wide coloured
from a red, coarse-looking in clay, a greater number are made of shapes from a yellow-ochre
variety clay
and
in some
cases
are
decorated
with
dark
colouredbands or drips.A smallernumberbelong to theLight
on Dark
style, with
the linear decoration
characteristic
of the
end of thePrepalatial period inE Crete. The functionof the rock-shelter
remains
of bones
the complete absence unknown, although the usual use as a tomb. An explanation in
precludes terms of storage of materials exceeds quantity of vessels
An
answer
may
be provided
also
has weaknesses, because the that of usual household storage. by chemical
residue
analysis
of
the 500 samples which have been taken from the pottery assemblage.
Pefka:
Ammos,
plan of rock-cuttings.
and
identifying
mapping thewalls excavated by Harriet Boyd in 1901-1904: some
115. Pacheia
The and
5:
remains
only preserved these form a
of walls
lie between
4
basins
1 row of small stones shape, with Between these walls were found fragments of murex preserved. shell. Due to the shallowness of the fill, excavation across the entire area yielded only a small amount of pottery and very few stone tools from most of the basins, plus a small quantity of murex shell. of basin in However, 2, and investigation the deep
particular
well,
produced
more
pottery,apparentlyall of theMMIIB large number animal bones
of stone a
and
than 50
crates
of
period, togetherwith a
tools, a few clay few bones of an
loomweights, adult male
shells, human.
Flotation of thesoil providedpalaeobotanical evidence as well as carbon. More
than 100 vessels
have
so far been
restored,
including
tripodcookingpots, prochoes,a bottomless tripodvessel, pithoi
and amphorae conical
with
characteristic MMIIB carinated decoration, and a few examples of Kamares cups, basins From the well also comes a 3-sided steatite seal which to be a product of the Malia appears workshop. The number and position of the vats or basins, the deep well and the channel which connects itwith one of the rectangular the troughs dug in the ground, the murex shells basins, between the basins, a pithos base found full of shattered murex
cups, Ware.
shells, the type of stone tools and the large quantity of coarse
utilitarian
pottery
(cooking
pots,
amphorae,
basins,
pithoi and spouted cups), oftenwith unusually thickwalls, suggest
that this is an
industrial
area
for the working
of murex
and the dyeing of wool purple (and perhapswith other plant
and mineral
colours
as
well).
It has
been
argued
that the
production of purple dye began on Crete during theMM period, due to the discovery of murex shells with potteryof this period at sites such and now Pacheia Ammos
as Kouphonisi, Kommos Palaikastro, and Chrysi in E Crete. Yet very few sites have been identified as installations for the production of and these are mostly outside purple dye and/or dyeing works, and of more Greece recent periods. It is hoped that organic residue from samples taken from more than 600 analysis
sherds will
undertaken
provide further evidence of the activities
at this site.
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2008-2009 Vasiliki. Publication: A. Zois,
a e a
a
:a
e a
e
small
a
: a
deposits
use
of Agios
Nikolaos
A. Farnoux (EfA/Paris),H. Wurmser (EfA), S. Apostolakou (Director, 24thEPCA) and V. Zographaki (24th EPCA) reporton continuingresearchon theLato region.
Mirabello.
At
a
Lato,
series
located,
previously
cores
of
in furtherance
were
in
taken
the dolines
of the hydro-morphological
of Lato. At Dreros, a studyof theW limitsof the territory
preparatory and maps monuments
was
campaign
and
plans,
Andreion'). and Dreros),
(the
undertaken
to produce
topographic excavated previously and the so-called agora
re-examine
temple,
the
At theEIA site ofAnavlochos a study
season
was
conducted
(betweenMalia
with
the aim
of
publishing thematerial excavated by P. Demargne. While the majority of thematerial dates fromLGeo and thebeginningof theOr period, occupation continued in theAr period, perhaps until thebeginningof the5thCt BC. Priniatikos Pyrgos. B. Molloy (IIHSA/Dublin) and B. Hayden (ASCSA/PennsylvaniaMuseum) directed excavations at the FNeo-Ot
previous
seasons
in 2 trenches opened site, continuing work and opening 2 new trenches (Fig. 116).
in
In areaH, themain objectivewas to clarifythenatureof the deposits filling theclefts in thebedrock in thearea behind the
116. Priniatikos
Pyrgos:
site map with
trenches.
some
While
of
the earlier
into these gaps, most material
was deliberatelyintroducedas a levellingdeposit. The material is primarilyEM with some FNeo, but therarer MM sherdsgive a likelydate for thisactivity. It isprobable thatthekilnwas in
(Athens,Apodexis 2007). Demos
kiln previously excavated. could have been washed
83
inMMIB.
One wall appears tobe MM indate,with possible reuse in theHel period. A pebble layerdirectlyE had smallworn sherds of consistentEM date, probablybroughtfromnearby to create a level
terrace.
This
area has
suffered much
from both marine
and aeolian erosion,making itdifficultto ascertain itsoriginal and use.
nature
The
ceramic
sequence
preserves
phases
from
FNeo throughto theMMIB, with some LM and Cl/Hel sherds levels. in the uppermost In trench II, walls
ossuary)
were
further.
The
and
encountered
other
directly
features beneath
an (particularly the surface during
the 2007 campaign (Fig. 117). These featureswere exposed associated
pottery
is predominantly
LByz,
and
includesexamples of veryhigh quality (forexample, imported wares), indicatingactivityof significant sgraffitoand trail-slip a monastic and perhaps settlement. Local tradition reports churches on Priniatikos Pyrgos, and the mortar used in
status,
one apsidal wall suggests an EByz date for the revealed structure.
Since
the 'apse'
would
be
located
on
the N,
rather
than theE, side of thebuilding, thismay be part of a triconch
the walls
revealed were
Excavation within the room to apses. trace of a floor, but 3 probable MM-LM at deeper of one levels. The alignment
,E and W
church with
no
exposed
suggests a Hel date, but thepottery in thefill around itwas
predominantly
LMIA.
TODD WHITELAW AND CATHERINEMORGAN
84
quantityof EM pottery,but the less numerousMBA sherds A indicate that it was probably constructed in MMI-II. sounding to theW revealed small patches of surfaces and a potterysequence probably spanningMMI-II toLMIA. Trench IV was opened to the E to determinewhether substantial depths of PH deposit exist on this side of the promontory.All of thewalls encounteredappear todate to the 19thCt, thoughno associated floor levelwas discovered. An earlier,EM orMM, metalled surface lay justbeneath thewalls, though
this was
discontinuous
throughout
the trench.
Erosion
had stripped away later soil horizons (consistentwith the damaged conditionof thesurface)and thissurfacewas exposed inparts, possibly in the5thCt BC and certainly inE historic times.A largedeep pit,possibly a well (excavation stopped at -1.6m), was
located
in the SE
corner of the trench.
The chronological span of occupation underlines the site's importance.PH, Cl and LByz materials inparticularreflectthe high status of the settlementat least in these periods. The secure deposits of various dateswill be used to refinethe local chronology developed for the Vrokastro Survey Project, allowing amore detailed understandingof thiscentrewithin its regional
context.
The
diachronic
research
strategy will
further
illuminatethe role of thiscommunity in the environmentally and culturallydynamic land and sea-scape settinginvestigated by the IstronGeoarchaeological Project. Demos
117. PriniatikosPyrgos: trenchII.
A major feature in trenchII is anMByz or LByz ossuary. has produced remainsof Excavation of ca. 35% of thestructure at least 20 individualsdeposited in a single event. These may originallyhave come froma cemeteryassociatedwith an EByz when a laterchurchwas built. orMByz church,being reinterred Since some of thepotteryis EByz, it is clear thatsome of the originalgraves date to thisperiod. Two
several
revealed
soundings
exploratory
phases
of
differentsize beach pebbles in metalled surfaces,incorporating different phases. While much of thepottery in thefill above was Rom, the surfaces appear to be of MM date. They represent
a large outdoor
area near
the summit of the headland,
of Malia
Malia, Quartier Delta. M. Pomad?re (EfA) reportson a 3rd campaign of excavation inbuilding TT. The principal objectiveswere to define the limitof the main building in the Neopalatial period; to complete the W sector (zones 4 excavation of the levels of thisphase in the and 5); and tomake soundings to reconstructthe complete occupation sequence of thebuilding. As presentlyunderstood,building TT(Neopalatial phase I) is bounded to theE by a lane (Fig. 119). To theNE, wall 109 formed the fa?ade separatingthebuilding fromareas to the which seem tohave been largelyabandoned afterMMII (areas 17-18 and perhaps 21). In theNW, where an exteriorwall had been expected, itappears thatarea 8 was bounded to the only with a passage to theNW. Immediatelyto by lightstructures, the is a courtof beaten earth (25), which seems tohave been used in theProtopalatial period, andwhich produced 2 sherds inscribedwith hieroglyphic signs (a potter's mark and an inscriptionformed of 3 signs). Two walls delimitwhat is
possibly associated with a building underlying the Byz structures.
between W of thepromontory, Trench IIIwas opened on the kilns 1 and 2, to investigateactivities in thisarea and determine thenatureand extentof tidalerosion of deposits on thisslope. A cobbled surface in theS of the trenchappears tobe part of a Hel
or Cl
road.
Deeper,
a series
of clayey
laminations
were
apparentlywashed into the area. It is suggested that these incorporatedebris frompotteryproduction, as the spot lies between twoPH kilns, thoughthedeposit appears tobe LMIA at theearliest.This fits thesuggested industrialfunctionof this area
throughout
PH
and historic
times.
Further N,
a cement
lined reservoirmay be Ot in date, reusingpart of a MM wall. Beneath it in thecentreof thetrench,paving slabs of limestone, schist
and
conglomerate
extend
over
an area
larger
than any
domestic paved surfacesat nearbyLM Gournia (Fig. 118). was built at or just above the of thepaving, an artificialterrace level of outcropping bedrock. The fill contained a large
118. PriniatikosPyrgos: trenchIII paving.
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2008-2009
Um MIillull
MMUMtoJIfcto 17
85
r
rc*? NI %jyjwc
typostyk
15 10 16
11
119.Malia: plan ofQuartierDelta, area of building
a street, which
probably
out
opens
into this court
.
from theW.
Lastly, a small soundingwas openedW of theW fa?ade of building TT,inorder todeterminewhether a streetpassed here.
The
structures
revealed
partially
(flagstones
and
a sandstone
'gourna') ratherseem to be part of a Neopalatial building a
between
and
The
IB,
domestic,
residential
11, and areas 14 and nature of relatively modest
10 and
semi-basements
notably
storage vessels, In particular,
and
the
ceramics the SW
related
to food production and 16 was occupied
angle
of area
cups,
several
by 2 linesof largejars or pithoi, forminga niche inwhich were found many
complete
conical
cups
and
animal
bones. A complete tripodpot also comes from thisdeposit, intended for food production. Many difficultiesremain in reconstructing
the organization
of the sector and
the circulation
patternsbothwithin thebuilding and in theneighbourhood. Several
the sector.
levels
seem
on EM
to rest directly
that traces of Protopalatial
occupation
It is deposits. were completely
removedduring theconstructionof theNeopalatial building, in the limitedarea exploredby soundings.
Demos
of Neapolis
16.
Neopalatial building is confirmedparticularlyby thepottery, weights.
possible
.
Excavation of thepalatial levelsof building TT relatedto the
corridor
Neopalatial
of occupation in the sequence illuminated soundings between the N, which was There is a distinction
abandoned after theProtopalatialperiod, and theS, where the
Sissi. J.Driessen (Belgian School/UC Louvain) and I. Schoep (Belgian School/KU Leuven) report on a 2nd season of excavation
at
the M
settlement
and
cemetery
on
the Buffo
(Kefali touAg. Antoniou), working in 6 zones across the site and images are providedon (Fig. 120). Additional information the project website:
http://sites.uclouvain.be/sarpedon.
terraces on
slope.
In zone 1 (Fig. 121), theburial area occupies several natural the NE
To
theW,
dense fill of MM, LMI and LMIII animal
bones,
charcoal
fragments
a rock-shelter
produced
a
sherds, associated with and
a human
leg bone.
Burial building 1.9-10 contained 2 chambers, the 1stofwhich held the skulls of 9 adults, a child and a newborn, as well as long bones, all probably cleared fromother burial buildings.
86
TODD WHITELAW AND CATHERINEMORGAN
120. Sissi: sitemap with trenches.
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2008-2009
87
The 2n , not yet fully excavated, yielded 3 skulls and other bones.
No
objects
the depositions
accompanied
in either room.
E of thebuilding are tracesof sandstone quarrying. Upslope are burial have
may
of small buildings made been through the eroded
the entrances fieldstones; walls. Dense deposits of
potteryand bones between the rearwall of each building and the rising bedrock
building
1.1-2-3,
trussed
skeleton
may space
represent tomb clearance. 2 articulated 1.2 preserved
In burial
skeletons
deposited inEMIII/MMI. An MMII pithosburial contained the a woman
of
around
aged
40.
1.3
Space
contained EMIII-MMIA cups placed upside down, with a bronze pin and a single bone. Excavation of burial building 1.6-7-8 continued from 2007. Room 1.8 held 3 adults and 2 children, and room 1.7 an adult and a child. One of the adults in 1.8 was in an articulated 1 of the children was position, associated with a shell; a quartz bead and 2 MMIB-MMII cups
were
In burial building also recovered. contained 1.11-12,1.11 4 primary burials, at least 3 vases, the remains of a larnax and a fragment of stone vase. In 1.12, at least one burial was found
in theN, while to theS, 2 jars, 2 spouted jars and an EMIIA tumblerwere found; at least2 of thejars held the remainsof or newborn
foetuses
infants.
In zone 2, furtherexplorationof themegalithic building a mature
revealed
LMI destruction deposit in room 2.1. The main 8.86m, with a few thin large room, ca. 10.3m A was constructed partitions. platform against the E wall, with a possible column base in front of it. Finds include bronze needles is a
structure
and fragments of other bronze tools, a steatite button, a schist disc, loomweights and stone tools. Four small rooms added at the SE contained pottery, stone tools and loomweights. Since neither
121. Sissi: plan of zone 1 burial buildings.
the layoutnor thecontentsof thebuildingappear domestic, it is
Two structures to the NE interpreted as an industrial complex. similar construction and plan may also be industrial facilities.
of
Inzones 3 and 4 on thesummitof thehill,excavation in2007 revealed a largebuildingprobablyconstructedinEM 11I/MMIA and reused inLMI and LMIIIA-B (Fig. 122). The terrace walls defining theW and edges of the summit largelymask the exteriorwalls of thisbuilding,butwhere visible, theyare built
with
large, sometimes
dressed
blocks
or
of limestone
conglom
erate,presentingimposingfa?ades.During LMI and LMIIIB the was
building
ca. 40m
25m,
and of irregular shape,
constrained
by theshape of thehilltopand a roadon theSE. The SW fa?ade of thebuildingmay have been reached,thoughit ispossible that thereis a court located further S. It is likely thatthiswas the have been
was
on the site during these phases. traced but not yet fully excavated.
structure
main
rooms
Many
In 2007, a LMIIIB destructionlevelwith pithoi and kraters in rooms
found
confirmed
in room 3.4.
3.1, 3.2 and Pithoi were
3.3, and recovered
in 2008
this was
in rooms 3.3, 3.4 and 3.5, there was a probable hearth in 3.4 and a small staircase the main may lie between 3.3 and 3.6. Room 3.1 was probably room of the complex. to a range of vessels, more In addition
than 80kg of pumice may have fulfilled some workshop
steatite cores, a circular stone function, since obsidian blades, with a central depression, stone vase fragments and other stone debris were also recovered. A large clay tube with 3 attached horns of consecration raises the possibility a that there was shrine
in room 3.8.
Outside
the entrance
to room 3.3,
a niche
containing4 identicaljugletsmay be some kindof ritualdeposit. In zone
4, room 4.4
(E of the monumental
threshold
revealed
in 2007) may have been an open court.Where theS wall of
room 4.5 was
abuts
discovered.
theW This
wall
of room 4.4, a foundation deposit of a large open vessel closed
consisted
with a sherd (witha handle), an inverted(Neopalatial) conical cup
contained
tritonshell.
within
this vessel
and,
above,
fragments
of a
In themiddle of room 4.6, a slab probably
supported
a column.
The
ceramic
material
may
suggest
an
earlierdestruction(LMIIIA) than inzone 3. In theNW corner
some destruction was the complex, caused II gun emplacement; War other possible ments extend downslope to the NW. of
World
Exploration more buildings.
of zone Rooms
rooms
5 revealed
5.6, 5.8 and 5.12
by a probable such emplace to one
belonging preserve
or
burnt debris
and potteryincludingfine decoratedLMIIIA1 drinkingvessels.
In the SW corner of room 5.8, hidden beneath the floor, a large handleless lead vase was recovered. (d. 0.46m) In zone 6, tests made in a large structure revealed the E fa?ade and at least 3 rooms. From the destruction layer outside came the building a tiny fragments of coloured wall-plaster, of the fragment of a stone vase and an ogival cup. Excavation a interior is unfinished; a lead fragmentary potter's wheel, weight and an LMIIIA2 amphora have been recovered.
A massive cyclopeanwall (Fig. 123) formsa corner at the SW foot of the hill. One segment is about 2m h. and is
for almost 10m. A Neopalatial deposit was stratified against this wall, although a fragment of a Rom amphora was also recovered. Since this is the easiest access to the hill, the walls may have been intended to serve as a defensive bastion. preserved
Excavations historical
in 2008
that the hill was in use
confirmed
interest of the site.
Some
at least visited
from EMIIA
onwards,
the chronological span and sherds suggest FNeo/EMI
at this time. The and
the settlement
cemetery was from at least
EMIII: both continued tobe used inMMII, althoughperhapson a more limitedscale. During LMI, theEMIII/MMI buildingon top of thehill was reused, and industrialbuildingsmay have occupied destruction
the middle in mature
terrace.
LMI
on
at least LMIIIA1
onwards,
occupied.
The
earthquake,
occurred
destruction, in the mature
From
final
is evidence
There
the summit only
and middle
the summit was
for
fire
terrace.
densely also by fire and perhaps LMIIIB period.
TODD WHITELAW AND CATHERINEMORGAN
88
122. Sissi:
aerial
of zones
view
3 and 4, summit building.
were
bones
disarticulated
and
sorted
by
the Minoans
before
being placed in the cave, at least 400 individualsof all ages and both twice
sexes
are represented, and or more. There
trepanation. Among
several
hare, represented, with
pig,
the actual are
this figure
bird,
thousand dog,
cat,
sheep/goat
animal badger
number may
several
be
of
examples
bones, sheep or goat, cattle, are and other species
forming
the largest group.
Some
animal bones have cut marks indicatingbutchery,and it is assumed
that many
of the bones
represent
food buried with
the
deceased.
Karfi. 123. Sissi:
cyclopean
S. Wallace (BSA/Reading) directed excavations at the mountaintop settlement(ca. 1200-1000 BC) and MM peak
wall.
sanctuary
of the Oropedio
Demos Agios
Charalambos.
Davaras excavated Over
Lasithiou P.P. Betancourt
(ASCSA/Temple)
and C.
(Athens) report on continuing study of material from the cave
10,000
human
of Ag. bones
Charalambos. have
been
catalogued.
While
the totalnumber of individuals is still uncertainbecause the
of Karfi
first excavated
by J. Pendlebury
in 1937
1939. The aimwas to investigatethedistributionof thesettlement over the3 peaks ofKarfi,Mikri Koprana andMegali Koprana, of this occupation, clarify the chronology identify and charac of site use and explore terize earlier phases the potential for further research.
Four
trenches were
opened
in different areas
of the site (Fig. 124), togethercovering ca. 124m2 and each investigatingspecificquestions.
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2008-2009
124.Karfi: sitemap with trenches,plan of trenches Al and Cl.
TODD WHITELAW AND CATHERINEMORGAN
90
In area A, E of the ridge linking the settlementzone
excavated
in the 1930s
with
the
large
area
unexcavated
on
to its S, a massively-constructed, 300m Megali Koprana large and isolated, surface-visible building with a 'Mycenaeanizing'
plan (Al) suggested a temple or other public building of LMIIIC date. This suppositionwas supportedby some details of construction
and
the artefact
record
recovered:
the
latter
a surface
includes
figurine, fragments of clay stands, large of finewares and at least one giant pithos. Since the sector of Karfi had its own public temple, excavated
quantities previously
founded buildingAl (ifa temple)might representan institution by a community located in area
a distinct,
with
sub-sector
separate identity, several sub serving
or a sanctuary MG, within the town. Evidence
communities
for such
a
level of
political and social complexity is lacking in any of the (mostly smaller) 12thCt settlements systematically investigated in
Crete.
On the summitofMegali Koprana (areaMG) a very dense
and
area
extensive
of LMIIIC
sector of probably
well-defined
a separate the town. Itwas
forms
architecture
ca.
lha within
investigatedthroughthe excavation in its part of a LMIIIC building complex of at least 3 rooms (2 very sizeable and one with a centralhearth)which had been destroyedby fire. This ensured
of artefacts and organic remains preservation large burnt beams lying at floor level. The trench also the only exterior deposit so far recorded on the site, produced to the E of MG1. This seems to comprise refuse immediately
layers, characterized by a high density and variety of animal subsistence bone, and will be extremely useful in characterizing at this upland site.
In area B, a house of LMIIIC date (Bl) was investigated
to Pendlebury's in order to excavation, immediately adjacent a document for the previously representative stratigraphy zone. rooms of a structure Two N-S excavated orientated at
including
least
rooms
3
were
half-sectioned, allowing of understanding of the site through
enhancement significant the first proper of recording in the E room platform/stand
a
hearth
a
and
corner
work
of a very wide range of as complete or vessel types preserved almost-complete seem to have been These in the burnt smashed
LMIIIC vessels.
seem
to have
somewhat
different
the town over
development specific new
of
and
historical
interpretations terms of its internal spatial, its wider
time.
Each
to be made social
context.
about
allows building the site, both in
and economic
organization, of the most interesting
One
findings is thatat least some parts of the site (Bl, MG1) were violently destroyed by fire:most LMIIIC settlementswere hithertothoughttobe peacefullyabandoned at thebeginningof the polis-state in Crete, ca. 1000 BC. This emergence process not only makes for outstanding of the archaeolog preservation ical remains, but potentially the historical under changes
standingof theperiod.
a number of scientific The also includes studies project to extract the maximum information from this site, designed and pursue research questions centred on economic adaptations in a period of major upheaval in Cretan history, here involving of a sizeable
movement These
include
morphology, identification.
to an upland environment. population for wet sieving, soil micro systematic sampling residue analysis, C14 dating and charcoal organic
of the building. soil sampling, systematic Extensive for organic residue extraction from the full range of sampling ceramic wares and soil micromorphology studies on and around features within the room will greatly increase our understanding
of how
were
these spaces
used.
An
extensive
of MMII
deposit
date was found under the LMIIIC house. This is highly significantin relationto theMM use of theKarfi peak, located as
to the W,
150m
CENTRAL CRETE (Nomos of Herakleion) (23rdEPCA; 13thEBA) of Arkalochori
Demos Ini.
Ethnos
(17/05/08)
vessel
a peak
was
and an Episcopal basilica similar to thatatGortyn (Fig. 125). of Gazi
Demos
sanctuary
. The
and may
represent
deposit
Agios Nikolaos, Gazi. / Tolmi (25/01/09) reportsan account byA. Vasilakis (23rdEPCA) of excavations in2006 and 2008 of a Neo and EPrepalatial settlementon a plot belonging to the cemetery opening
of Ag. Nikolaos. The of a new road between
found)
the date of its construction
located
there.
as
ancillary
and the date
of themaximal spread of theLMIIIC settlement,and to help assess
and use of the wall.
the date
Excavation
of the S room
suggested thecomplex tobe of LMIIIC date, and showed it to preserve
a
large number
of complete
ceramic
vessels
and
2
hearths (one roughlycentral, the other against the S wall). there was
the investigation
with the room, apparently no communication the phenomenon of may be able to elucidate
theone-roomhousehold inLMIIIC Crete, thoughinterestingly
the room excavated of the period,
larger than typical one-room those in the old Karfi excavated
ismuch
including
houses zone.
site was
Gazi
discovered during the and Ammoudara, and is
located on theW slope of a hill overlooking the rivervalley. The centralsettlementprobably lay to theSW on theheightof Papoura (or Baira); it is likely thata major BA settlementis
sanctuary. In area C, a large 2-room building of massive construction was visible on the surface at the site's extreme E edge and close to a probable structure was LMIIIC fortification wall. The to establish
by A.
Ten inscriptions were referring to the 2nd site of anc. Arkadia. a bath, an plus several buildings, including aqueduct
activity of a kind not previously documented at any peak
investigated
of excavations
preserved,
currentlyexposed is not definitelyof ritualcharacter (though
one miniature
reports an account
Vasilakis (23rd EPCA) which brought to light inscriptions
and
destruction
Since
complexes
excellent
including
ca.
4 building
The
dateswithin theperiod definedby LMIIIC ceramics,and study of theirartefact recordwill throwconsiderable lighton the
125.
Ini: basilica.
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2008-2009 on round cuttings In 2006, research in the rock focused exposed by the road construction, which were initially thought to be LMIII of the pottery collected. Six graves on account round, well-like cuttings were found, which were entered from
looted in antiquity, so while they had been completely sherds of all periods, animal bones and many they contained not be ascertained their function could from their stones,
above;
contents.
to the surface of the plot, then moved Investigation the topsoil was removed over a 25m 5m strip. A large
where
quantityof fine-qualitypotterywas collected fromdisturbed
use of the site from M to levels, indicating continuous Rom times. One small cutting located close to the others was excavated, noting another 3 larger ones further S which were surface
in a row. Two of these large cuttings were spaced to charac but yielded little information with which
evenly
excavated,
terize them,as theyhad been robbed in antiquity,just as their
smaller The They many
had been.
counterparts
of these features thus remains open. interpretation or broken stone tools, contained stones, many unusable animal bones and much coarse and cooking ware which
ismainly Rom and EByz in date. The most likely interpreta
tion of
these
is as
features
for grain or agricultural found an unusual tool of
stores
cutting was is reported
In the middle
products.
flint, which grey-black older than Neo.
as
somewhat
appearing
UndisturbedFNeo (4300-3000 BC) and EPrepalatial (EMI and EMIIA, 3000-2600 BC) layerswere themajor discovery. A deposit of potteryand stone tools isprobably associatedwith a small
were
house
no
covers divides
excavated
architectural
an area
to the S, though immediately in the EM remains level. This
1.35m
into 2 principal
0.7m
and
is 0.15m
d.
or wiped
scored
categories:
and an ash grey or black
surface
come
a cup
and was
Excavation
pottery ware, made
This
from large vessels.
II-V.
Extension of the excavation of building I, between the alley Bll and the site fence,has identifiedthe limitof court
B12
as a terrace wall
of sandstone
blocks,
partially
collapsed
into 12,which supporteda fill (perhaps an open and paved space). The fillwas definedon theE by space B23. In building III, excavationwas limited to removal of the alluvial soil in theNW quadrantof the largecourtyardB6. The limitof thiscourthas yet to be defined,nor is its function clear, although itmay lead froma porch to the S (space B5), inside which
was
a circular
structure.
In building IV, extension of the excavation has allowed the identificationof 3 new spaces (B20-22), probably all belonging to building IV, with which they share E andW perimeterwalls, thoughas yet no doorways have been found limit between thesespaces and those to theS (B16-17). The of the new stone
chips fill of small
spaces has not been covered the remains stones
reached.
a layer of In B20, a that delimited
of structures
and earth extending
layerof the7thCtAD.
V, W
of the N-S
alley
12 and units, as seems to be the case for 18, or if one court to 2 units, as perhaps be common for B6. An important
may
discovery in space B20 is the firstreportedstructuresof a Hel complex buriedby abandonmentlayersfromthe7thCt AD. in the Byz quarter.
Building S
reports on a 2nd season
Macerata)
G.M. Fabrini (SAIA/
of excavation
in the quarter
of theByz houses, in an area occupied by the largeS building W street,andwhich by virtueof itsdistinctive which faces the structural
plan,
characteristics
and
should
location,
be
charac
terizedas a public building .Completion of the sondage in the central area (area 53) allows the precise definition of the of the monument in this part of chronological phases the city. In the large central hall, excavation was conducted down to
various
virginsoil, intowhich were cut thefoundationsof theperimeter
walls.
Onto
pavement
made
set the foundation for a fine virgin soil was of slabs of calcarenite: dating of the finds
indicatesa tpqfor theconstructionof theS building in the last
partial wall,
of the 4th Ct AD.
over an abandonment
InB21 and B22, theabandonment layer
Excavation
revealed
a later alteration
onto which was ruin of the pavement set, into theW basin of grey Gortynian marble, in rectangular
a small
and preliminarystudyof the fragilecondition.The stratigraphy to suggest
finds combine
that the destruction
of area
53
and
perhaps of theS building are linked to the earthquakeof 670, since
there are considerable
Quantitative tiles preserved homogeneous
of Gortyn
in buildings
in building
resumed
of the wall to create a doorway linkingwith the adjoining area (area 50). At an undefineddate, thereis evidence of the
Gortyn Profitis Ilias settlement. N. Allegra (SAIA/Palermo) reports on the2008 season of excavation in the area of building I, and
sherds:
18, and has betterdefined thecharacterof thissector,which was inhabitedin the7thCt AD. There is a recurrent patternof on theE-W streetaxis. wide courtyards(B12, B6, 19) fronting It isnot yetclear iftheopen spaces relateto individualinhabited
comparability Demos
other
eschara.
In the centre of 17 lay set on edge, above which a form of this was probably
level
dates to theLNeo period, although some sherdswith pattern burnish could be EMI PyrgosWare. Many of the sherds collected
structure made
decades
The
colour.
was
but not investigated. from stones
reached
a circular
there
in brown clay which varies from light to dark and black, and which showsmany varieties of decoration (fromlightand fine todeep andwide impressions),and burnishedware with simple or pattern burnish
has been
91
traces of fire.
and
analyses typological in the destruction found with
those
group
consists
used
to
of cover
of
the mostly
layer confirm roof the area.
tiles of types known
well their The from
Gortyn in theLRom and Byz periods. Among the ceramics discovered are Byz overpaintedglazed wares, Byz lamps and eastern of African, late and local types amphorae. In addition, the surface levels were in areas 59 and investigated In the latter area, excavation 52b. of a mod. ditch revealed part
of a pavement,
corresponding
in elevation
to that of the paved
level of area 53. The discovery in thefillof thisditchof several
sherds of 13th Ct sgraffito ware the Ven period.
attests
to use of the area during
The Hellenistic temple. E. Lippolis (SAIA/Rome) reportson the completion of the excavation of theHellenistic temple in the insula of thegymnasiumof thepraetorium.The building formspart of a monumental display foundedboth outside and in theSE angle of an insulawhich was developed to the of the praetoriumcomplex, in a quarterwith a high density of public buildings.
near nymphaeum reconstruction proposed.
The monumental
and
a new
the temple was studied, Excavation conducted
beside theE anta gave importantinformationabout an older building of smallerproportion,perhaps a firstnymphaeum, to was added between the2ndhalf of the2nd which a side fountain and the 3rd Ct AD. The temple was shown to have 2 symmetricalpilasterswhich articulatethe internalspace of the pronaos, engaged with the side walls. Excavation in the
TODD WHITELAW AND CATHERINEMORGAN
92
original emplectonproduced potteryof the finalquarterof the 2ndand thefirsthalf of the 1stCt BC. In thearea between the nymphaeum
the
and
temple,
hall was
a monumental
built
perhaps at the end of the 1stCt AD: the robbing trenchof the wall and at least half of a large thresholdblock ofwhite front limestone,restingagainst theE wall of the sacred building, have been identified.This new building forms a continuum with theS fa?ade of the insula,but is only partiallypreserved. the LImperial
For
occupation
phases,
research
concentrated
on the final phase in the area NE of the public building constructedon topof the templeduring the2ndhalfof the4thCt AD. The levels immediatelypredating thefinal abandonment were
excavated.
Under
a partial
of the upper
collapse
part of
thewalling emergeda hearthconstructedon a simple clay base with a cooking potwith a lid close by. This was complete but having been suddenly crushed by fallingblocks fragmentary, between the7thand the8thCtAD.
E. Zanini Byzantine quarter of the Pythion. (SAIA/Siena) reportson the6thseason of research in the so called Byzantine quarter of the Pythion,which resulted in partial completionof an excavation initiatedin2002. Fieldwork concentrated in theW part of the area, immediatelyin frontof theTemple of PythianApollo, where in the course of the 2007 campaign significantremains of a
The
Rom but of presumably building were discovered, this function. The principal objective was to excavate remains of the overlying monument dismantling completely,
monumental uncertain
theLAntique and EByz periods,with theaim of understanding over timeuntil itsfinal itsoriginal formand its transformation the from urban landscape (Fig. 126). disappearance Excavation confirms thehypothesisadvanced in 2007 that thebuilding is square in plan with sides of 4.2m, contains a
perfectly cubic
F. Ghedini and J. Bonetto of the Pythion. (SAIA/Padua) led a team from theUniversity of Padua in stablizingand consolidating some of thewalling of the theatre
Theatre
Work focused on the lower annular passage of the Pythion. were are not completely the vaults, which where preserved,
reinforcedwith wooden props to prevent any possibility of
collapse.
In the area of the scene
undertakenon theE part of the leaning markedly.
Surface
clearing
building,
consolidation
was
enclosingwall which was
was
undertaken
inside
and
outside the building, and tree and plant growth, which with thevisibilityof thebuilding and threatenedthe interfered structure
itself, was
removed.
DI ATENE SCUOLA ARCHEOLOGICA ITALIANA UNIVERSIT?' DEG? STUDI DI SIENA oiPAirriMefToraAncHEOLOwESTOfwoej^Af^ DEL ^QUARTIERE A GORHNA-AREAARCHEOLOGICA
"
126. Gortyn: theByzantine quarterof thePythion.
round
interior space
via a door
accessed
in theW
side,
which faces thePythion,and has in thecentrea large limestone block,
perhaps
a statue base.
From
the doorway,
one or
two steps descend to thefloor level. Of theoriginalpavement W half of thespace; in theE only thefoundationremains in the earth. there is just beaten traces of activity were preserved
half
this space numerous Within than 35 in particular, more
lamps (many complete), several amphorae necks and jars set into the ground
and burnt animal
bones.
The
state of preserva
tionof thebuilding does not at present allow any convincing
to be developed about its reconstruction, hypothesis are preserved no traces of roof collapse because
not
inside
least
the
building. The date of the building is also a matter for conjecture, although the building technique and the lamps Ct AD. togetherindicatea date probably in the2nd-3rd
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2008-2009 The
excavation
monument
also
acterized
by partial
involved
to
trace
the history of the of development char use which and secondary first
aimed
a course
to its abandonment,
despoliation the interior with
covering
structures
private
of
the
LAntique andEByz cityand thenitsfinaldisappearance. In the a wall was built against last of these reuse phases, the building, several incorporating sculptural
of
a medium-sized
including
edge
fragments, the torso preserving
statue
marble
the
and legs of amale figurepartiallycoveredby a chlamys closed by a fibula on the rightshoulder.A preliminaryidentification of the figureis anApollo of a typesimilar to thatfound at the cannot
Pythion, although other interpretations view of its state of preservation. E. Vitale, La ceramica (Padua, Erasmo 2008).
Publication: Gortina
Lendas (Lebena) Publication:
M.
in
bizantina
di
sovradipinta
. E. Hatzaki (BSA/Cincinnati) reportson the
Little Palace
study season. The earliest activity
2008
site
to EMIII-MMIA,
dates
and obliterated
surfaces
of the Little Palace.
the drain running
This major landscaping is associatedwith white plaster floors on 2 levels bordered
by an ashlar-faced
wall
and
running N-S
abutting theLittle Palace fa?ade immediately of room 11. The space created was filled in, during 2 major dumping episodes representedby highly fragmentedceramics of the FPalatial-Postpalatial periods dating toLMIIIA2 and LMIIIB E,
Neither
respectively.
can
deposit
be
as
interpreted
redepositeddestructiondebris; furtherstudyof the faunal and
a Lebena
di Asclepio
(Athens,SAIA 2007).
on
representedby fill dumped in a shallow E-W ditch. The substantial landscaping of the FPalatial period (LMII LMIIIA2) eliminated all traces of Neopalatial occupation
archaeobotanical
// santuario
Melfi,
be precluded
Knossos
93
to the ceramic
in relation
remains
material
will clarify the nature of these dumps. The next building activitytookplace during thePostpalatial period (LMIIIB L with
contemporary Museum
LMIIIC),
renewed
at
construction
site to theW.
extension
Stratigraphical
the
of the
Sections
fa?ade were demolished while otherswere incorporatedintobuilding 1 (previously designated the 'Re used Ashlar Building'). Most of thebuilding's fa?ade and
Little Palace of Gouves
Demos
Skoteino cave.
L. Tyree (ASCSA), A. Kanta (Herakleion
and C. Davaras continued the preparation Museum) (Athens) for publication of the materialfrom Davaras' 1962 excavations in the cave.
the natural
Over have
3 seasons, been planned
and cultural
in the cave
features
conventionally, complemented by 3-D laser to capture of the cave the complex scanning physiography interior. On-site documentation includes geological and spele as well as ambient atmospheric measure observations ological
ments.
The
fieldwork
to understand cave
and study of the excavated material aims historical and cultural uses of the
the physical, from antiquity tomod.
levels were
associated
Evans'
excavations.
narrow
space
building complex with dual, defensive and religious, a probable
defensive
tower
which was transformedinto a church inLByz timeswith the Due
to the density
of burials
in the floor
of thechurch (12 to date) and the2 arcosolia in the wall, it is likely thatthiswas a burial chapel, a view strengthenedby a section of wall-painting with a depiction of the Second Coming.
In the apse
of the shrine were
preserved
in situ parts
of the procession of officiatingdignitaries or priests, and to the W,
part
of a palm-bearer.
The
discovery
of
the wall
paintings is significantas this is the 2ndensemble in a town church, alongside those in the church of Ag. Petros of the Dominicans. The limitsof thebuilding complex have not yet been uncovered on theN, W and S sides. The 1567 map of Domenico Rosse da Este places the ruined Church of St Catarina appears
E of Ag. Petros, on a map of 1570.
towards
and
NE
by a paved with building
court
sealed
associated
reassessment from
and
platform
constructed
2, also
dating
to
the sea wall;
it no
longer
e : a a Publication: A. Karetsou et al, a a a a Kriti Nea (Herakleion, 2008).
of
the
the Little
coarse
Palace
and
stratigraphical the rich and
picture complex
of theMinoan UnexploredMansion, and be linked stratigraphy to thewider pictureof LBA activities in thecore ?lite sectorof
Evely
of an apse.
in the
dumps
the Neopalatial
The project isproducinghighlydetailed datasetswhich will
in the area of Bedenaki, between the sea wall the discovery and Sophokles Venizelos Street, in the course of works by the at Herakleion Port Authority of a Herakleion harbour,
addition
further
after its abandonment.
urban Knossos.
originally
but
LMIIIC. The upper levels of building 2 were heavily disturbed by EIA activitybut a small deposit of advanced LMIIIC (M or L?) implies some activity takingplace outside this structure enable
To Vima (02/08/08),Kathimerini (05/08/08), Apogevmatini (04/08/08) and I Avgi (09/08/08) cite a press release of theMinistry of Culture (01/08/2008) concerning
was
the EIA,
levels occurred during
of LMIIIC
succession
between
levels were
terrace up
Herakleion.
This
A
created
latter. These
one
times.
of Herakleion
functions.
during
thebuilding 1W fa?ademight be associatedwith theuse of the
available Demos
removed
disturbance of the shallow LMIIIC
Publication isplanned in a series of articles in theAnnual of theBritish School at Athens, the firstof which, on theEIA
levels, has appeared: E. Hatzaki, and A. Livarda, 'Knossos,
D. Prent, f N. Coldstream, the Little Palace North Project,
M.
part 1: theEarly Greek periods' BSA 103 (2008), 235-89.
V. Isaakidou (BSA/Sheffield) and P. Tomkins (BSA/Sheffield)reporton studyforpublication of thematerial
Neolithic.
from the excavations and
around
in
of J.D. Evans
the M
(1959-1960,1969-1970) Studies of the faunal
remains, tools, and human figurines have been chipped and ground-stone A the ceramic study is close to completion. completed, while palace.
digital archiveof theexcavation recordshas been compiled, and interim
studies
involving
a range
of questions
and materials
have been published inV. Isaakidou and P. Tomkins (eds), Escaping theLabyrinth:New Perspectives on theNeolithic of Crete (Oxford,Oxbow 2008). C. Macdonald (BSA/Edinburgh), C. Knappe? (BSA/Toronto)and I.Mathioudaki (Athens) completed thepre publication study of MMIII deposits from the palace at
Palace.
in order Knossos, transformed between Study
of ceramic
to
determine
how
the
structure
was
and Neopalatial the Protopalatial periods. contexts has in their architectural deposits
clarifiedtherelativelyobscureMMIIIA andMMIIIB periods at
94
TODD WHITELAW AND CATHERINEMORGAN
Knossos,
and
indicates
structural
important
and rebuilding 'New' palace
the palace underwent there was no wholesale
that, although inMMIII,
changes
so
redesigning,
to think of a
it is not accurate
the Old'.
replacing
The
will
research
be
published as a SupplementaryVolume of theBSA.
SW houses. C. Macdonald (BSA/Edinburgh)reportsthatstudy of theceramics of 2 of theSW houses (S.V and S.VI) has been completed. This MMIB-II
was
residential
terraces descending
quarter from the palace.
SW
on
constructed
the 4
Complementing
MMIB-IIA deposits published recently,smaller deposits of these periods have been studied throughoutthe SW houses, includinga MMIB deposit fromS.VI.4 with a clay 'pommel' sealing. Two successiveMMIIIA depositswere studied in the was the later MMIIIA and in S.VII.4, where passage associated with the earliest ashlar house wall outside the palace.
N-S
Within S.VII, a largedestructiondeposit ofLMII, belonging to thefirstphase of thebuilding,was studied; it includes a large number of melon-shaped loomweights in a phyllitic fabric, probably
not local.
Knossos Urban Landscape Project (KULP). M. Bredaki (Director, 23rd EPCA), A. Vasilakis (23rd EPCA) and T. Whitelaw (BSA/London) reporton the3rdand final season of areas on theperipheryof which focusedon 4 different fieldwork, thecentralblock of land surveyedin2005 and 2007 (Fig. 127). aim was
The
to survey all of the landscape
currently available
for
investigationwhich potentiallymay have been utilized for cemeteriesor otheroutlyingsitesor activityfoci relatingto the
urban
through all periods of its occupation. on the areas had concentrated
site of Knossos,
In 2007,
investigation
of
known cemeteries in theS partof theKnossos valley,within the protected
alpha
zone. Work
in 2008
the coverage
completed
of
thealpha zone, both to theE on the summitofAilias and the prominenthill to theNE, and in the farSW. While the latter area
extends
the zone beyond sherd densities and
well
low
remains,
of previously known scattered tombs were
was also intendedtoprovide a identified,and the investigation of the alpha zone in this far enough from the urban
for the effective management as well as taking the coverage
basis
area, site potentially
to encounter
small outlying sites and track how to the expansion and contraction of the urban
they responded centre. The W boundary
of the alpha
zone
runs along
not
as
surveyed
record
the surface
is swamped
was
extended
to the extensive
quarries
at Ag.
Eirene
(never systematicallyinvestigated)and to theSE of Spilia, to
ensure
that the Knossian
mortuary
landscape
stopped
at the
Spilia gorge, ratherthanextendingbeyond it,along theaccess route intothevalley fromtheS. To theN, themajor focus of the year's work was the ridge, known
Kephala-Isopata
to have been
used
for high status
burials in laterprehistory.This area is outside thealpha zone, and
so has
reduced
protection,
and
is also
a fast-developing
suburb of Herakleion. While it was not expected that undisturbedtombswould be detected throughsurfacesurvey,it was essential thatall available fields on the ridge be investi gated before theydisappear beneath housing and other (for example,
the new
cemetery)
developments.
Coverage
extended
over the entire ridge and the slopes around the village of Kallithea, up to thenational road and across it, to include the previously investigatedNeo site at Katsambas. Some fields passed-by in either2005 or 2007 were also surveyed,particu larly along
the Kairatos
river.
on a 20m grid,
units defined
on the
located
groundusing satelliteimageryand 1:5,000maps, with positions checked every few squares by GPS. Where feasible, 2 20m transects were
and down features.
across
walked
each
the centre, to allow A transect lm w. was
square,
scanning searched
usually along a side of the entire unit for
searched.
Numerous
were
features
so 40m2
for material,
(a 10% sample of the area in each unit) was encountered,
intensively likely
including
tombs(principallyRom, in theS of thestudyarea), small rock sheltersand theprobable base of theRom aqueduct, slightly upstreamof theOt aqueduct at Spilia. While a low density scatterofmaterial of all periods was over most
encountered
areas
of the investigated
in 2008
(Fig.
128), themajority of the sherds recovered (ca. 57%), were of
date, not surprising given the amount of landscape in areas of new housing development. Some 23% of surveyed was the pottery recovered in light scatters PH, primarily the Kairatos, cemeteries flanking probably representing post-Rom
at Zafer Papoura, those already known Sellopoulo, and Isopata. Two known areas of later PH occupation
between
Kephala
on thesummitofAilias were betterdefined. Deposition in the Hellenic toRom periods is highly nucleated at the city,with few outlying
scatters
and relatively
little material
recovered
in
on
the
the peripheral areas surveyed this season (11% and 8% of
material
One
respectively).
summit of Ailias
small Rom
concentration
is directly associated with the extensive
quarries, giving support to the Rom date hypothe in the past. The earlier glazed wares among the post-Rom below Fortetsa and along the Kephala pottery are concentrated some etchings of the siege of Ven Cand?a Isopata ridge, where limestone
sized
the extensive
place
(1648-1669)
Ot
encampments.
The 21,000 units investigatedhave yielded nearly 500,000
sherds
and ca. 7,000 collection
other finds.
the surface
Demos
phase
The
2008
season
of the project.
completed
of Thrapsanos
by mod.
debris deposited downslope fromthevillage. In theS and SE, coverage
collection
involving
the ridge
occupied by Fortetsa village, thoughthe steepE-facing slope
was
Some 11,400 20m 20m grid unitswere surveyed,bringing to21,000 the total investigatedduring the3 years of fieldwork. Approximately 30% of the 2008 units (with 72,000 sherds) were preliminarilyprocessed; the remainderwill be sorted in 2009. In addition, itwas possible tofinish initialprocessing of thematerial collected during2007. The fieldmethods followed thoseused successfullyin2007,
Galatas.
G.
Rethemiotakis
(Herakleion
Museum)
reports
on
the 2008 excavation season at theM palace and town of Galatas, focused on buildings 6 and 7 S of the palace and building 1, some 100m E. Building 6 is a large, 300m2 building,most ofwhich was excavated in2007. The M hall and theadjacent lustralbasin, as well as thebuilding's locationclose to the W wing of thepalace and the courtwith the baetyl, indicate its importance in the settlement.
annexes
Some
walls
to the enclosed
and a paved area at its SW corner are in 2007. space with the altar excavated
This area provided sound evidence for religious activity,the most spectacular object being a unique shrinemodel with a seated goddess figureinside. Building 7 is another large building of slightly smaller dimensions,
badly
preserved
due
to cultivation
and erosion.
Its
walls are parallel to those of building 6, suggesting thatboth belonged to a unified building programme. The same orientationis repeated inotherbuildingswhich can be tracedon the surface
represent
of the hilltop.
a planned
to the excavator, these According involves layout which large urban blocks
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2008-2009
127. KULP:
general
map
showing
areas
surveyed
and aggregate
pottery density.
95
TODD WHITELAW AND CATHERINEMORGAN
96
PREHISTORIC 15,900 SHERDS
0 0-16 6 sherds/m2
ROMAN
POST-ROMAN 12,112SHERDS
16,979SHERDS 0.0-6.3 sherds/m2
0.0-4.3 sherds/m2
,
128. KULP:
pottery densities,
4 phases.
narrow a probable N-S artery, with alleys along As documented by test pits along the exterior walls, inMMIIIA, which means that the structures were constructed
arranged between.
thepalace and themajor urbanbuildings around itwere erected as parts of a uniformbuilding programme. To this period belong the contentsof a room at theNW side of building 7
which
contained
many
vases,
domestic
and finewares
as well
as
a pithos, the innerwalls ofwhich were coatedwith lime. The
in the other rooms included sherds of EMI-IIA floor make-up of Prepalatial and MMIB. Small collections pottery recovered come from open shapes, in the bedrock mostly from crevices vases with incised concentric thick-walled semicircles namely and herringbone
patterns.
Associated
with
are
results
summarized
[eds], Monuments
I. Schoep in J. Driessen, and R. theMinoan Rethinking of Minos'.
Palaces [Li?ge,Universit?de Li?ge 2002], 60-61). Excavation
was
to in this important and well-preserved building area The for its function and date.
resumed
obtain
more
excavated, constructed
evidence ca.
is only 40m2, and well-preserved
a small
part of this large, well Parts of 2 joining urban house.
at
walls
revealed.
The
corner
the NW
latter wall
and
is 1.7m h. with
a partition a marked
wall
were
inclination
E, apparentlythe resultof theearthquakewhich destroyed the courses of the exterior walls used large were the upper parts, fine ashlar blocks consistent with palatial standards. The associated
building.
The
boulders,
but
employed, pottery, which
lower
for
came
from the upper floor, dates
the destruction
of thebuilding toLMIA. The vessels comprise jars, amphorae, pithoid jars, jugs andmany cups, all evidence of drinkingon a Some large scale. fragments of stone libation tables and a vat an exact copy inminiature of the spouted vat of a wine
model,
to some
relate
press, may
kind of religious
activity.
Evidence for the earlier use of thebuilding is provided by
the sherds, obsidian
blades and flakes indicatecraftactivitieson thespot. Building 1 iswhere the excavation started in 1992 (initial Lafflneur
exterior
the contents
partition wall.
of
the corridor
In this narrow
between space,
the W
exterior
no more
and
the
than 5m2, were
hundredsof densely packedMMIIIA vases, intactand broken.
The
vases
had been
discarded
during
a major
reconstruction
of
thebuildingwhich followed a catastrophiceventat theveryend
of this period.
After
that, the doorway
was
blocked
and the area
remainedout of use to theend of thebuilding's life,providing
an uncontaminated event
are attested
The consequences deposit. in the palace: this is a major
of
and
the same
uniform
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2008-2009 destruction horizon involving building debris mixed with MMIIIA
abundant
was
reused
vases
are
coarsewares:
pottery.
After
the destruction
this material
as a fill underlying MMIIIB floors. Many types of finewares and documented, amply involving shallow cups with out-turned rims, semi-globular
and cylindrical cups (some with ribbed or grooved walls), basins, kalathoi,many tripod cooking pots, jugs, amphorae, some with crinkled kantharoi, More than 20 footed, cup-rhyton. a type known from an MMII hearths,
miniature
cups, chalices nest and a bird's
rims,
circular,
portable
and
Phaistian cultic assemblage, testify to substantial religious activity inside the building.Many fragmentsof wall-plaster
were
discarded
the pottery
alongside
in the same
space.
They
come from pictorial wall-paintings with subjects similar to those previously red 'net'. These
i.e. twigs with fragments, along with
leaves
reported,
those
in blue
found
in 1992
which belong to the same composition,date toMMIIIA. are contemporary with in the palace. Coming
and a
They
the fragment of wall-painting excavated from uncontaminated these are deposits,
the earliest well-dated
fragments
Crete.
of pictorial
from
wall-painting
In all likelihoodMMIIIA was thegreat era ofGalatas. Not
a palace created out of nothing, but also splendid only was urban buildings were erected, luxuriously decorated with wall
L.V. Watrous
Survey.
the firststudy season. Much of the PH, Byz, Ven and Ot potterywas restudiedfor thepurposes of fabric analysis and dating. Ovicaprid and bovid bones from 2 Neo siteswere identified.
A
total of
sites were
169 Neo-Ot
on
recorded
period maps. Regional developments during the BA were related to thehistoryof thepalatial site ofGalatas. Pediadha
N.
Survey.
Panaghiotakis
and M.
Panaghiotaki
(Universityof theAegean) reportthe completion of studies of the regional topography,geology, hydrology and botany;
are well In of pottery and clay analyses advanced. on documenting recent years, field studies have focused the architectural remains on BA, Cl and Rom sites before they are studies
destroyedthroughagricultureor illegal antiquitiescollecting.
Geo and georeferencing work was completed. located on the summit and slopes of Marathovigla. in an area immediately NW of survey was conducted
Mapping sherds were Intensive
the cemetery
of Ag.
Pavlos
and
the village
of Ag.
Ioannis.
Preliminary study of the results allows the recognitionof a settlementquarterdensely settled in theM period and again in Hel times.A significantdiscovery is a Cretan LGeo aryballos Ct BC) preserved almost intact.For the studyof (end 8th-E7th theCl andHel city,great interestattaches to thediscoveryof 7
walls
which
define
dimensions
one example
buildings; Publication:
O.
Erasmo 2008). Kommos. on
in the area
the contours
that none
lengths mean
and
Palio,
J.W. Shaw
site maintenance
represents / vasi
the remains
inpietra
and M.C.
Their investigated. can be ascribed to of the S city wall. da Fest?s
minoici
(Padua,
Shaw (ASCSA/Toronto) report the strengthening of walls and
involving
scarps, and the digging of foundation trenchesfor a possible to protect
the Gr
and
temples
stoa area of
the
and a programme completed, the storage of all antiquities about
to clean, repackage and organize initiated. Further information
on the web-site
the site is presented
(http://www.fineart. the on-line archives include
utoronto.ca/kommos/index.html):
most of the site publications as well as field records 3004). (https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/ Demos
of V?annos
Kato Syme Publications:
P. Muhly,
The
of Hermes
Sanctuary
and
Aphrodite at Syme Viannou IV: Animal Images of Clay:
Handmade
Figurines;
Attachments;
Mouldmade
a (Athens,ASA 2008); N. Zariphes, e a A E AristotelianUniversity,Thessaloniki 2008).
Plaques
e
thesis,
(PhD
of Tymbaki
Demos
Agia Triada. V. La Rosa (SAIA/Catania) reportson the2008 excavation
season,
which
focused
on
the large stoa
in the so
called agora,which can be assigned to a latephase ofLMIIIA2 (2ndhalf of the 14thCtBC). A
and Salerno and the23rdEPCA.
was monumentalM buildingT. The new studycentre/apotheke
on
reports
(Buffalo/ASCSA)
season of
around the city and in the territory of Phaistos, survey as a collaboration conducted between the Universities of Pisa
future shelter
paintingsprobablyby painters trainedatKnossos. Galatas
Phaistos. M. Benzi (SA A/Pisa) reportson the2
97
reconstruction
of the monument
made
in 2005
Demos
proposed
2 areas of thebuilding theworking hypothesisthatthefurthest and thesteps at the limitwere a late addition to thecomplex. was opened to theE of thesteps To testthishypothesis,a trench to expose thefoundationwall of thebuildingwhich appears to be bondedwith theE wall of thestaircase.A 2ndtrench,inside area VII, produced no indication in the bedrock for the existence
of an earlier
end wall
that was
present, therefore, there is no evidence later extensions. of the building were
later removed.
At
the whole workshop:
area the
A white-stuccoed
was
almost
link with
channel
which
connected
certainly structures the various
ran across with
of Anogeia
Zominthos. Y. Sakellarakis (ASA) reports(Ergon [2008], 98 111) on continuing
excavation
of theM
quantity
of vessels
of various
types such
lopades,
kalathoi,
crystal).
The
settlement,
focused
on
room 15 and area 19 of thecentralbuilding (plan:AR 53 [2006 2007], 112). The investigationof room 15 was almost completed. The roomhad an E entrance,a window in the W wall and 2 niches in theS wall. The floorwas paved, and on itwas founda large as handleless
conical
cups, bridge-spouted and cylindrical cups, large and small
that the furthest 2 areas
Surface clearing in front of area VI of this building confirmed that the largewall with off-sets (of the start of LMIB) was already in ruinsbefore the layoutof the square in front of the stoa.
WESTERN CRETE (Nomos ofRethymnon) (25thEPCA: 28thEBA)
a
in the area
suggests a constructiondate towardstheend of the 15thCt BC.
amphoriskoi,
braziers,
prochoes,
stirrup jars,
chytres,vessel lids, pithoid vessels and lamps,which date to LMIA. It is likely that room 15 was used as a workshop to judge fromthenumberand position of thevessels, fromcertain features and from the discovery of pieces of quartz (rock latter is found
in the area around
Zominthos.
On
thebasis of his researchat Zominthos and in theneighbouring cult site in the Idaean cave and theM peak sanctuaries of
TODD WHITELAW AND CATHERINEMORGAN
98
and at Ag.
Iouktas, Kofinas
that natural, proposes M cult practices.
on Kythera, the excavator crystals were used in certain
Giorgios
polyhedral
as grinders and obsidian blades. ceramic vessels with Three large cylindrical M reed motif, were found with the well-known
feet, decorated in one of the 2
niches in theS wall (Fig. 129); these are similar in shape to stone
vessels.
rhyta. vessels
All
3 have
holes
in the base
to the excavator, the dual purpose
According underlines
gorges that would
streams
as
Holocene
In room 15, pieces of pyrolusite (manganese oxide) were
sheen, comes from Melos found; this has a semi-metallic and Lavrion, and can be used in the preparation of pigments and of porcelain. The excavator's view that room 15 the production was a workshop is strengthened by the discovery of tools such also
Numerous
and were
used
as
'the discovery of these of the foundation of the
at an elevation at Psiloreite, large central building industry and cult', noting also that itwas namely close to the route leading to the Idaean cave.
of 1,187m, located very
springs,
suitable
to the Libyan Sea, with extensive wetlands
created
level
rose.
In addition,
and
rock-shelters, for habitation.
focused
Survey
have
the sea caves
have
scarps
cut S
on
limestone
caves
usually
perennial in the E
local fault many associated with
near freshwater
estuaries
sea in regions where the present shoreline is near the E Holocene level. Fieldwork where Pleistocene and E targeted paleosols are likely to be preserved. Holocene remains these Using criteria, 18 lithic scatters were found and a sample of 1,764 stone artefacts collected. Small artefacts of Mes type were found at all but 3 of the sites, and large tools of Pal type were found at 4 sites. The found Mes sites in coastal project regions where streams
freshwater
Damnoni,
and
Ammoudi, The Plakias
rivers entered
the Libyan Sea (i.e. the Preveli and Ag. Pavlos Schinaria, are similar to Mes surface remains
regions). cave from Franchthi cave, Klisoura 1, Sidari, assemblages Kandia and Maroulas. The assemblages primarily consist of microlithic flakes struck from small pebbles (ca. 0.01-0.04m)
of quartz and chertby directpercussion (Fig. 130). Flakes of
different sizes were then retouched, often on multiple edges. is seen also on the Retouch, uniformly small and discontinuous, cores and on debitage of all sizes and shapes, suggesting use of raw materials. somewhat Differences among expedient
or functional the assemblages may have chronological signifi cance. Chert artefacts were more plentiful at the sites around Ammoudi and Ag. and quartz was the Damoni, Pavlos, at the sites from Schinaria and Preveli. preferred raw material The
lithic scatters
campsites.
Only activities
to represent appear at Damnoni 3 was
temporary or seasonal evidence observed for
other than flaked stone production possible 2 or 3 possible circular stone features were located shelf directly below the mouth of the cave. 129. Zominthos:
rhyta from room
15.
In area 19 of the central building, to the E of room 15,
in the E part. At some depth a wall of to a found, running from E toW and preserved the finds were 4 conical cups and height of 3 courses. Among such as kadoi and pithoid vessels, fragments of other shapes concentrated
research
stone
slabs was
and beads
Demos
of sard and agate.
of Arkadi
Eleutherna
a 11:3: Publications: T. Kalpaxis, E e e of A a A a (Rethymnon, Crete University 2008); A. Kotsonas, The Archaeology of TombA1K1 of Orthi Petra in Eleutherna: theEarly IronAge Pottery (Athens,Universityof Crete 2008). Demos
of Phoinika
Plakias Mesolithic Survey. T. Strasser (ASCSA/Providence), P. Murray (ASCSA/Boston), E. Panagopoulou (EPSNE), C. Runnels (ASCSA/Boston) andN. Thompson (EPSNE) reporton on finding pre-Neo remains on Crete. areas in the nomos of coastal and Ag. Pavlos were selected because they have environmental Rethymnon site the preferred that closely characteristics approximate a survey which The Plakias
locations Epirus,
focused
of Mes
the Argolid,
in by discoveries foragers as demonstrated the Cyclades and Cyprus. the Sporades,
130. Plakias:
Mes
flakes.
and use: on a
low
99
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2008-2009 Its main
period
of habitation
is LBI,
when
itwas
destroyed,
very probably by an earthquake, and partly burnt. MBA pottery
and
some
architectural
are also
remains
present.
This
building hosted mixed activities, as shown by its rich fallen or in situ. and contents, whether Storage, grinding and more industrial work, specialized perhaps pounding, were to perfume, metal and pottery manufacture, related them. certainly among
The potteryismainly locallymade and includespithoi,jars,
basins, amphorae,
cooking but
pots, dishes, jars as well few cups,
and as
many some
jugs small,
and/or nicely
decorated eye-jugs (Fig. 132) reminiscentof Cyc ones, and at least one
medium Cretan
soft to stirrup jar. Local clays are generally fabrics recall pale and gritty, and the coarse fabric. Despite its obvious M style, the pottery local technical and and conservative long-lasting small
hard, oatmeal
shows
vases and pushed-through features. Thus, handmade are dominant BC, and throughout the 2nd millennium for glossy there is a clear preference surfaces, often painted and with with vivid orange-red familiar, colours, repeated aesthetic
handles
Pal hand-axes.
131. Plakias:
crosses, pairs of spirals, groups of pendent (for example, to a Gavdiot and wavy lines etc.) which semicircles point
motifs
workshop. to 4
Three identified
sites
believed similar
in locations
to date
to the Lower
to the Mes access
Pal were
sites, to facilitate to fresh water and
other finds are small stone vases and several stone Among and clay lids, a few bronze items, and jewellery, including in faience, Egyptian beads blue, rock crystal, steatite, agate
incorporating strategies hunting cliffs of the Preveli The S-facing of raw material. outcrops are close scatters to Two 2 3 sites. had gorge together and after Another site was found on further analysis may be combined.
theE side of theKotsiphos gorge inan area thatremainstobe investigated.
thoroughly
The Pal assemblages employ mostly dull, opaque and blocky quartz, often poorer in quality than thatused inMes Use of lustrous and fine-grained. is translucent, times, which is suggested by a quartzite biface fragment from other materials
Preveli 2. The Pal industryis distinguishablefromtheMes by the larger size of the cores,
debitage,
flakes and tools, which
are
typically0.08m tomore than0.15m /.(Fig. 131). There are
also
differences:
technological
cores
are
typically
unidirec
tional,bifacial or flatwith centripetalflaking. Flakes were the
desired
of the reduction
end products
strategy, averaging
about
0.08m in size and very thick (typically0.035-0.045m) with w. platforms up to 0.03-0.04m are and include distinctive bifaces, types denticu side scrapers, double converging cleavers, hand-axes, burins and denticulates, truncations, flakes, lates, pointed and
broad The
dihedral
sometimes
retouched
Clactonian
tool
notches
on flakes.
132. Gavdos,
Katalymata:
two jugs.
133. Gavdos,
Katalymata:
beads
thatMes material would be good reason to believe on Kythnos, on Crete, since sites have been discovered tools The Lower Pal Acheulean and Cyprus. Alonnissos
There was found Youra,
are surprising,though lithicsof all phases of the Pal have
Since Crete has been an recently been reported from Gavdos. Event almost 6 million island since the Messinian years ago, use a sea-craft to reach Crete. This pushes early hominids had to to at in theMediterranean for early sea-faring back the evidence least 250,000
WESTERN Community
years ago, and possibly
CRETE
much
earlier.
(Nomos ofChania)
of Gavdos
of K. Kopaka (University Siopata-Katalymata. near Siopata, in the at Katalymata reports on excavations in recent years. of about 450m2 explored complex
Gavdos. Crete)
and jewellery.
100
TODD WHITELAW AND CATHERINEMORGAN
134. Gavdos,
Katalymata:
aerial
view
of building.
and amethyst(Fig. 133). Two seals have been recovered: a
MBIII-LBI executed random
'talismanic'
seal
in veined
boat, and a small discoid or a cross with filling. scratching sailing
agate, with a finely seal in steatite with
All thisreflectsconsiderable comfortin the lifeof theusers of theKatalymata building (Fig. 134), and general prosperity in the lifeof Gavdos; both conditionsmust be linked to the contemporary
cultural
acme
of Minoan
Crete.
of Sphakia
Demos
P. Mortensen
Loutro.
On-line
of Souda
of coarse white
Publication (in Greek and English): V. Niniou-Kindeli, e A (Crete,35thEPCA 2008)
to reddish-brown
chert and
limestone
are
described. Consideration is given to thepossibility thatthese produced
'geofacts',
but
the pattern
of flaking,
presence of bulbs of percussion and probable preparedplatform on
Aptera
a brief account
Project
individual bifacially and unifacially modified cobbles and
flakes
are naturally
Demos
presents
(Copenhagen)
Gallery http://www.antiquity.ac.uk/ at ca. 150 of lithics collected ProjGall/mortensen/index.html) on the surface of redeposited sediments. 220masl Twenty one (Antiquity
one
artefacts. picks,
are example, forms The
points,
scrapers
to demonstrate that they are include flakes, choppers, represented the and a hand-axe. Typologically,
argued
artefactscan be compared with L Lower Pal and E MPal assemblages
from
Africa
and S Europe.
ARCHAEOLOGY INGREECE 2008-2009 SOURCES
OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Archaeological
Institute
Archaeological
Institute
forAegean Studies forEpirotic Studies ASA
108-110 88-89 6, 26-29,
38-39,
129
ASCSA
1-5,
7-9,11-21,
130-131 Austrian
Institute
Belgian School Canadian Institute
40-41,
65-66,
47-54,
56-58,
55, 83-86, 69-70,
112-113
120-123 BSA 10, 42-46, 78-80,104-107,124, 127-128 22, 73 DAI
cover,
33-36,
59-62,
71-72
EfA 23-25, 93-98, 102-103, 119 Finnish Institute 37, 63-64, 87 INSTAP-EC (P. Betancourt) 114 116-118 Irish Institute SAIA 99-100,126 Swedish Institute32 81-82 Swiss School 67-68 6thEPCA (E. Kolia) 9thEPCA (V.Aravantinos) 74-77 90 16thEPCA (L. Acheilara) 125 23rdEPCA (A. Vasilakis) 24thEPCA (C Sophianou) 111, 115 S. Andreiou
91-92
K. Demakopoulou
30-31
K. Kopaka A. Mazarakis Ainian
132-134 101
IN ETRURIA 2003-2009
ARCHAEOLOGY INTRODUCTION last report on archaeology Now! conference,
The
Etruscans
in Etruria was at
held
occasioned
by the in Museum
the British
are
December 2002 (the acts appeared as J. Swaddling and R Perkins (eds),Etruscan Studies 9 and 10 [2002-2003 and 2004 2005]). Although theperiod covered by this reportis shorter, of new publications, exhibitions and excavation in the period is greater. This under consideration new therefore focuses on the most significant publica
the number
projects review
as well
tions and discoveries, Etruscan
as
of the past
archaeology
the more prevalent five to six years.
in
topics
Emilia-Romagna
archeobo.arti.beniculturali.it/). other useful and Among
significant
on Etruscan
Information
and
studies
but
several
available. is regularly
published inStudiEtruschi,which remainsthemajor journalof thefield. The Notizie degli Scavi regularly publishesfield reports of Etruscan
excavations.
Etruscan
Studies
covers
American
researchin thefield.The Annali della Fondazione per ilMuseo 'ClaudioFaina' has been efficientinpublishing thefoundation's
and the latest information on archaeological yearly conferences in Umbria. work The latest installements include: G.M. Delia Fina
inEtruria. Atti dell'11
(ed.), Igreci
della Fina (ed.), Gli Etruschi e politica. Atti del XIII convegno storia e l'archeologia dell'Etruria
greci, (ed.), Etruschi, centrale. Atti del XIV storia
fenici
e
convegno dell'Etruria
e archeologia
e ilMediterraneao: internazionale
(Rome
commerci
di studi G.M.
2006);
sulla
della Fina
The journal aims to publish peer-reviewed rasenna/). that address topics across a range of interdisciplinary
and provide
excellent
Archaeology,
Papers
colour
the
of
excavation
The conferencesof the Istitutodi Studi Etruschi ed Italici to be
the most
S. Gori
and M.C.
for Etruscologists. important meetings of proceedings have been published:
Bettini,
Gli Etruschi
Review
2008.05.09);
da Genova
adAmpurias.
Atti delXXrV Convegno di StudiEtruschi ed Italici,Marseille Lattes, 2002 (Rome/Pisa 2006) (reviewedby J.M.Turfa,Bryn Classical
Mawr
and La
citt? murata
in
Etruria. Atti del XXV Convegno di Studi Etruschi ed Italici, Chianciano Terme, Sarteano, Chiusi (Rome/Pisa 2008) (Reviewed by I. van der Graaf, BrynMawr Classical Review 2009.07.70). Topical conferences and theirpublications are countless.
The
most
important
articles
perspec
field
as well
as
articles.
The
to encourage to responses scholarly affords publication electronic medium
cost and formatting constraints, and permits the publication Links full-colour and audio clips. segments images, video
of
to
other sites can be embedded in the text. Publishing electroni cally can submission
the amount
halve
an
of more
permitting
article
of
time elapsing between the in print, thus its appearance of scholarly ideas. transmission
and
efficient
Finally,given therisingcost of printproductionand decreasing an electronic publication funding for library resources, that the international of scholars has community access to the latest research in the field. unlimited
ensures
free
and
at
electronic
the University archive of back
is an of Massachusetts Amherst, issues of the journal Etruscan Studies
dating from 1994 to 2001 (http://scholarworks.umass.edu/ new
of
them will,
be
therefore,
Another
recent volumes
More
etruscan_studies/). become available.
will
to Etruscan
dedicated
as they
be posted
studies
is
ological
2007).
scholarship, especially important Etruscan reports of the foreign institutions in Italy.
two latest installments
the
(Rome
include
continue
at
Studies
OfficinaEtruscologica, which hopes to fill a gap in thearchae
British School at Rome and M?langes d'Arch?ologie et d'Histoire de l'Ecole Fran?aise de Rome, Antiquit? regularly
The
for Etruscan
the Center
Journal of Massachusetts Amherst, Rasenna: of the University Center Studies for Etruscan (http://scholarworks.umass.edu/
nel Mediterraneo cartaginesi internazionale di studi sulla
The popularArcheo andArcheologia Viva are often thefirst
to publish the latest discoveries illustrations. Journal of Roman
and
Department
Studies
di studi sulla storia e l'archeologia dell'Etruria (Rome 2004);
G.M.
is the
resources,
A further useful serviceprovidedby theCenter forEtruscan
internazionale
convegno
web
opportunitiesthatcannot be matched by printjournals due to
on Etruscan
excavations
(http://www.
new electronic journal, inaugurated in 2008 by theClassics
published
the last report, printed sources of information have remained archaeology largely unchanged, new have internet resources become important
in particular and
tives and to provide substantivereviews of the latestbooks in
AND PUBLICATIONS
Since
and as yet unpublished of the archaeological soprinten of Umbria (http://www.archeopg.
the websites
arti.beniculturali.it/)
the
RESOURCES
of Italy,
denze
on recent
internet resources
Useful excavations
sector
journal
of publications
to facilitate
and
access
to
scholarship in the field. Conceived as a continuingworkshop
of information, the journal will for the analysis and elaboration research on Etruscan and provide a new way of communicating Italian archaeology, covering subjects ranging from the end of
theBA to theperiod of Romanization. Focusing on archaeo
records and logical materials recovered
finds
from new
in museums,
field
it will
or
research
contribute
from
to
the
currentdebate on methodology and keep pace with scientific
a in the field of anc. culture, whilst progress providing convenient for sharing new ideas and information. The place include monograph twice a year, and will journal will appear
issues of interestto thewider public as well as to thescholarly community. The firstmonograph issues will deal with the following topics: (1) the archaeology of production: furnaces
workshops,
and
appropriation
and
craftsmen's
quarters; the circulation
re-elaboration:
(2) between and diffusion
ofmodels; (3) Veii. Among the general publications on Etruscan art and V.
archaeology,
Izzet,
The Archaeology
of Etruscan
Society
del'Istituto di Studi Etruschi ed Italici (available online:
(Cambridge 2007) (reviewed by M.R. Ciuccarelli, European Journal ofArchaeology 11 (2008), 105) discusses thechanges thatEtruscan society underwent at the end of theAr period,
http://ancientstudies.fas.nyu.edu/page/etruscan),
dealing
mentioned in sections of thisreportcovering specific subjects. Etruscan
News,
Bollettino
della
Sezione
Americana which
has
been published regularlysince 2002, is devoted to the studyof art history and linguistics, and is a great archaeology, for the latest excavation articles, reports, reviews, as well as and conferences of museum exhibitions
Etruscan
resource news
announcements
of other Etruscan
and Roman
news
items.
with
various
types
of
evidence,
from mirrors
to
domestic and funeraryarchitecture.Unique to thiswork is the theoretical
framework,
which
considers
material
culture
as
societies. A livelygeneral playing an active role in structuring illustratedguide to the architecture,painting and sculptureof the Etruscans
is F. Borelli
and F. C. Targia,
The Etruscans:
Art,
104
MARGARITAGLEBA
is partic and History Architecture, (Los Angeles 2004), which at a for its 200 colour illustrations. Aimed ularly valuable but of use
audience,
younger
to all students of Etruscan
culture,
isG.M. della Fina's Etruschi: Vita quotidiana (Rome 2005). For
in the field, Italia
specialists
ante Romanum
in an impressive six-volume publication. to probe the extent Etruria offers an exceptional opportunity of ritual practices in the anc. world, because of the diverse
available for the study of Etruscan range of evidence religion. Etruscan religion has been a very prominent focus of investiga to the conferences and volumes dedicated tion, with numerous of mythology, and other ritual, divination of them in English. J.-R. Jannot, topics, many in Ancient Etruria WI transi. J.K. 2005, (Madisson
aspects
pertinent Religion
Whitehead; original French version 1998) and N.T. de Grummond and E. Simon (eds), The Religion of theEtruscans (Austin2006) (reviewed byA. Carpino, BrynMawr Classical Review
overviews of provide comprehensive on combined religion, based literary, archaeological and artistic evidence. of Etruscan Our understanding gods and 2006.08.57)
Etruscan
their mythologies has also been expanded by thepublication of
N.T.
de
Etruscan
Grummond,
Sacred
Myth,
History
and
Legend (Philadelphia 2006) (reviewed by B.B. Powell, Bryn
Mawr
Classical
Review
and L.
2007.06.16)
Bonfante
and
J.
Swaddling, Etruscan Myths (London/Austin 2006). The Thesaurus Cultus et Rituum Antiquorum (ThesCRA) (Los Angeles 2004-2006) also offersmany contributionsdealing with
various
Etruscan Places
and
of aspects archaeological and H. Becker (eds), Votives, Studies inHonor Religion. of
iconographical M. Gleba religion.
and Rituals
in Etruscan
JeanMacintosh Turfa (Leiden 2008) (reviewedby L. Cleland, BrynMawr Classical Review 2009.06.55) offersa collection of on Etruscan ritual through different case customs, votive rituals and other considering mortuary of Etruscan The archaeology religious and daily-life practices. also the topic of the international religion was colloquium
essays studies
that focuses
Material Aspects ofEtruscan Religion, held inLeiden in 2008 (B. van der Meer, Etruscan religion
(eds), Religion (reviewed
by
Several
forthcoming). can be found
R.
in C.
in Republican Stewart,
Bryn
important articles on and P. Harvey Schultz
Italy (Cambridge 2007)
Mawr
Classical
Review
2008.05.05).
An additional topic thathas come into fashion in thepast few years is thearchaeology of identity,which looks at the development of individual and group identities and the processes
these form, change and by which the interactions between the various
respect, the Mediterranean
and Europe
continue
In this
interact.
cultures an
to be
of Italy, important
investigativedirection,exemplifiedby thevolume G. Bradley, E. Isayev and C. Riva (eds), Ancient Italy Regions without Frontiers (Exeter2007). The colloquiumGender Identityin the FirstMillennium BC Italy,held inLondon in2006 (E. Herring and K. Lomas [eds], 2009) dealt specificallywith female identityand the role of gender in theformationof identitiesin early Italy.Another symposium,CommunicatingIdentities in IronAge Italic Communities,held inCopenhagen in 2008 (M. Gleba andH. Hornaes [eds],Oxford forthcoming)explored the many and varied identitiesof the Italic peoples of the IA from to S of theApennine peninsula, both thepersonal identities of the individuals and the identitiesof groups on various political,
social,
gender,
from
several
ethnic and religious
levels.
The field of Etruscan epigraphy and
benefited
resources.
E. Benelli,
recent
Iscrizioni
publications Etrusche.
Leggerle
Wallace, ZikhRasna (AnnArbor/NewYork 2008) is a compre of Etruscan and grammar description inscriptions as well as for classicists, designed linguists and archaeologists, interested readers from other disciplines. Besides presenting all the grammatical elements of the language, the text also covers
new
online
e capirle
the alphabet, important methodological approaches, variations in language and orthography, historical to Lemnian and the evidence for connecting Etruscan
regional
changes and Raetic.
texts from a wide It treats nearly 200 inscriptional variety of genres, with word-by-word analyses of great value to students.
More Etruscan and
D.F.
specialized, but of great value for the study of palaeography, Maras, Review
and
epigraphy
Corpus
(Pisa/Rome 2006)
Classical
is G. Colonna language, Etruscarum 1.5
Inscriptionum
(reviewed by J.M. Turfa, Bryn Mawr and R.E.
2007.07.04
Wallace,
Rasenna
2/1
[2009]). The fascicule deals with the inscriptionsfromVeii,
mainly from theAr period, but also contains and Sabine II, from the Faliscan, Capenate awaited
revised
edition
of Thesaurus
addenda
to volume
territories.
Linguae
A
Etruscae.
long I.
Indice lessicale, editedby E. Benelli with the collaboration of M. PandolfiniAngeletti andV. Belfiore (Pisa/Rome 2009), is a wonderful update of thefirst1978 editionbyM. Pallottino. Of relevance to both epigraphic and religious studies is a much
needed
and
votive
Etruscan votivo.
dei
Gli
excellent
new
material
epigraphic e il sacro
nelle
classified
collection
by D.F. Maras, iscrizioni etrusche
of
// dono di
culto
(Pisa/Roma2009).
to the study of Etruscan Another contribution major as well as religion, is the first complete language, analysis of on a unique Etruscan van der and comment L.B. document; The Linen Book of Zagreb. A Meer, Liber Linteus Zagrabiensis.
Comment on the Longest Etruscan Text (Leuven 2007) by
(reviewed
J.M.
Turfa,
Bryn
Mawr
Classical
Review
2008.05.37). Known as theMummyWrappings ofZagreb, it is dated to thefirsthalf of the2ndCt BC and contains the longest
appeared.
text (ca. 1,330 words). and Italic names have important studies on Etruscan M. Morandi Etrusca Tarabella, 1,1 Prosopographia
includes
629
known
Etruscan
Several
(Rome 2004) is a catalogue raisonn? of all known southern Etruscan family names from the 7th to the 1stCt BC that Marchesini,
ordered
alphabetically
Etrusca,
Prosopographia
II,
while S. entries, Gentium 1, Studia.
Mobilitas (Rome 2007) sketchesa pictureof ethnicmovements and
the consequent
admixture
of people
(gentes)
inAr Etruria,
P. Poccetti (ed.), especially in thesouthernpartof thisterritory.
L'onomastica
dell'Italia
antica:
aspetti
storici,
linguistici,
culturali, tipologici e classificatori (Rome 2009) is a publication of a conferencededicated to thecomplex topic of the onomastic
of Italy.
patrimony
A wonderful new tool is provided by theEtruscan Texts Project (ETP), an online edittominor of Etruscan inscriptions published under the auspices of theClassics Department and the Center for Etruscan Studies at the University of
Massachusetts
Amherst
(http://etp.classics.umass.edu/).
Reliable web resources devoted to the study of theEtruscan language
are virtually
non-existent,
so
the presence
of ETP
establishes a scholarlyoutpost on thefrontierof theelectronic
medium.
ETP
makes recently recovered Etruscan inscriptions to the scholarly community in a user-friendly format. that have been recovered since corpus includes inscriptions
available The
language has
and
many
to non-specialists, is an introduction although 2007) as well. to specialists entries will prove useful R.E.
hensive
Imperium.
Scritti di antichit? etrusche, italiche e romane (1958-1998) (Pisa 2005) gathers togetherthewritings ofGiovanni Colonna
various
(Ancona
1988 and thus not published in H. Rix, Etruskische Texte (T?bingen 1991). ETP updates thecorpus on a monthlybasis
as Etruscan
inscriptions
are recovered
and made
public.
105
ARCHAEOLOGY INETRURIA 2003-2009 In the field of archaeological are, remains, the publications to provide a complete list here, so only the again, too numerous more significant among them will be mentioned. An important to the discussion contribution of early Etruscan and Rom archi romana e is G. Cifani, Architettura tecture Edilizia arcaica. - a e Reppublica traMonarchia societ? compre (Rome 2008) and its surroundings hensive catalogue of 121 contexts in Rome
which have yielded remains of buildings dating to theAr period, including recent finds such as the so-called villa and the Ar houses on the Palatine. architectural
On
a major
terracottas,
Auditorium
to the
contribution
field is themonumentalN.A. Winter, Symbols ofWealth and Architectural
Power.
Terracotta
in Etruria
Decoration
and
Central Italy,640-510 BC (AnnArbor 2009), which provides a definitive ture.
of the evidence
overview
that will
for these roofing elements and anc. architec
our knowledge of Etruscan third volume of the triennial
enhance The
on new
conventions, featuring papers on architectural terracottas
in anc.
Italy,
Fictiles
Deliciae
and research
discoveries has
appeared
(I.
Edlund-Berry,J.Kenfield and G. Greco [eds],Oxford 2006). The fourth Deliciae Fictiles conference(October2009) focused on mostly
terracotta
handmade
roof decoration
from Etruria
and central Italy,Campania and Sicily featuring images of
gods, monsters A lavishly
and heroes.
illustrated
S. Steingr?ber,
volume,
Abundance
of
Life: Etruscan Wall Painting (Los Angeles 2006) (reviewedby traces Classical Review Puma, Bryn Mawr 2007.08.54) of Etruscan and evolution wall stylistic iconographie over a span of 500 years, analyzing what they reveal paintings
R. De the
about Etruscan daily life, religion and funeraryrites. The
volume,
by one of themost important authorities on the an update to the author's still unsurpassed provides Raisonn? Wall Catalogue of Etruscan Painting.
written
subject, Etruscan
Painting (New York 1986) and includes the latestdiscoveries and a careful
of the present state of our knowledge area of Etruscan studies.
review
this important
about
An importantcontributionto the field of Etruscan vase is M.E.
painting raccolta
vaticana
Settecento. 2008),
Musei
in Vasculis. La Picturae Etruscorum Masci, e il collezionismo di vasi antichi nel primo Vaticani:
the first volume
Museo
Etrusco Gregoriano (Rome e in a new series, Documenti
to appear
Monografie, thatwill make available the richesof theVatican archives in order to reconstructthehistoryof thecollection of the Museo
drawings in 1734,
Etrusco. Gregoriano and watercolours made
It reproduces in colour the Poli by the painter Bartolomeo
vases in the Vatican and Apulian of Etruscan, Attic often presented collections, together with the original vases. have appeared, Numerous important studies on ceramics on bucchero. P. Perkins, Etruscan Bucchero in the particularly
Collection of theBritishMuseum (London 2007) (reviewedby Review 2008.08.33) Classical Puma, Bryn Mawr a complete up-to-date listing and description provide
R. De
to
aims of
the
collection ofbucchero in theBritishMuseum, which consists of over 300 itemsincludingexamples of all the importantregional
productions
of bucchero.
This
replaces
a previous,
partial
publication of thecollection in 1932. Other works to be noted are: A. Naso (ed.), Appunti sul bucchero: atti delle giornate di studio (Florence 2004); W. Imitation
Regter,
and
Creation.
Development
of Early
Bucchero Design at Cerveteri in the Seventh Century BC by (Amsterdam2003); S. Stopponi (ed.), textsand illustrations F. Capponi
and S. Ortenzi,
Museo
Claudio
Faina
di Orvieto.
Buccheri (Perugia 2006), the tenthcatalogue to be published fromthisrich collection, covering460 black or greybucchero vases in awide rangeof shapes and types,mostly typicalof the regions
of Orvieto
and Chiusi.
M.C. Or
con decorazione Orientalizzanti Impasti tirrenica (Rome 2007) centrale studies with decorated designs images and ornamental
Biella, nell'Italia
incavo
fabric
ad the cut
out of the polished, these dark surface of brownish impasto; a coloured so that the were material inlaid with originally tableware
had
of precious
the appearance
The dark impasto fabric was The
from S Etruria.
bucchero
centres
the provenances,
book
or
niello
intaglio.
related to the deep black account is a painstaking and chronology
of production
of of
thesevases, made in thecourse of the7thCt BC, principally in
Falerii
L.M.
and Capena.
Le
Michetti,
ceramiche
e
argentate
a rilievo inEtruria nella prima et? ellenistica (Rome 2003) is the first systematic including a catalogue of known
eration
of Etruscan
overview of 700
entries.
'silvered
on careful
Based
this monumental
contexts,
archaeological
pottery', consid
study provides conclusions regarding the identificationof production centres (Volsinii, Falerii and Volterra) and the assessment
Tarentine
in particular and of chronology iconography, on a Another influences. important contribution
vast but largely neglected class of fineware with linear is D.
decoration
metrico
del
Fr?re
VI
secolo
subgeo fini a decoro (ed.), Ceramiche e in a.C. meridionale in Etruria
Campania (Rome 2007). While the publication of Corpus Vasorium Antiquorum (CVA) fascicles continues, an invaluable new website is the CVA project (http://www.cvaonline.org),which began digitizing the available fascicles in 2002, finishing in September 2004. The project is ongoing; new fascicles are being published and participating museums have the to contribute to the online database. opportunity on Etruscan mirrors should Several contributions
be noted:
A.A. Carpino, Discs of Splendor: The ReliefMirrors of the Etruscans (Madison WI 2003); and N.T. de Grummond, Etruscorum.
Speculorum
Corpus
Great
Britain
3:
Oxford
on Etruscan
Stone
(Rome 2007), which covers themirrors from theAshmolean
and Museum, Clay don House B. van der Meer, Myths
the Pitt Rivers Museum. and More
Sarcophagi (Louvain/Dudley,MA 2004) is thefirstsystematic treatment of Etruscan
stone
sarcophagi
since Helbig's
study of
1952. The main focus of thevolume is on the iconographyand its interpretation, but it also the people interred.
discusses
chronology,
provenance
and
The firstsystematic investigationof textile production in
Etruscan
and Italic
Pre-Roman
societies
Italy (Oxford of textile remains
analysis recovers book differentiation
information of labour
in isM. Gleba, Textile Production a comprehensive Featuring 2008). and textile tools from the period, the funerary ritual, the sexual and weavers were usually
about
(the spinners
women) and the importantrole played by the exchange of luxury
textiles
Luxury
in the emergence in alabaster,
of an ?lite.
objects
glass,
bone,
ivory and ostrich
egg,mainly fromtheTarquinia, are collectivelypublished inF.
Materiali Colivicchi, struzzo. Materiali
in alabastro, vetro, avorio, osso, uova Nazionale del Museo Archeologico
di
di
Tarquinia by (Rome 2007) (reviewed by J.M. Turfa, Bryn
Mawr
Classical
Review
2009.08.53).
Etruscan jewellery and its artistic influencehas been the focus of several exhibitions throughout the world, with particular exhibition
reference Castellani
to the major The of Campana. collections and Italian Archaeological Jewellery'was
on display in Paris, New York and Rome in 2004-2006: see A.M. Moretti Sgubini and F. Boitani, /Castellani e l'oreficeria archeologica italiana (Rome 2005); F. Gaultier andC. Metzger, Tr?sors 2005);
Bijoux antiques. and S.W. Soros
de
la
collection
S. Walker,
Campana Castellani and
Archaeological Jewelry (NewYork 2004).
(Paris Italian
106
MARGARITAGLEBA
The
second was
which
on the Guglielmi
and last installment
an outcome
of extensive
collection, research
archaeological
carriedout inVulci in thefirstdecades of the 19 Ct, has been M.
published: II: Parte
Sannibale
Guglielmi, (ed.), La raccolta Giacinto e materiali vari. Musei Museo Vaticani,
Bronzi
GregorianoEtrusco, Cataloghi, 4/2 (Rome 2008) (reviewedby
M.C.
Classical Review 2009.06.02). Bryn Mawr several important festchrifts with Etruscans
Biella, Finally,
topics
should be mentioned: S. Bell and H. Nagy (eds), New Perspectives on Etruria and Early Rome (Madison,WI 2009); J. Swaddling and R Perkins (eds), Etruscan by Definition: Papers inHonour ofSybilleHaynes (London 2009). SITE REPORTS Numerous have On
on specific
site reports and syntheses
important
appeared. the Etruscan
town ofMarzabotto,
sites
E. Govi, Marzabotto,
while
introduction,
M.
Bentz
and
C.
Marzabotto.
Reusser,
Planstadt derEtrusker (Mainz amRhein 2008) is a detailed and The latter includes recent synthesis on the subject. such as the newly discovered excavations, sanctuary of Tinia
up-to-date
(since 1999) which is importantboth architecturallyand in terms of votive
be attributed
finds.
The
famous
to this sanctuary.
A
Gr marble
new
can now
kouros
find from the sanctuary
is a bronze kore statuetteholding a flowerbud inher righthand,
one of the finest products of Etruscan sculpture. to studies on anc. Felsina A new contribution and A.
Storia
Donati, 2005).
(Bologna
M.E.
di Bologna. Tamburini-M?ller,
is G. Sassatelli
nell'antichit? Bologna La necropoli Campo
del Tesoro-Lavatoio di Verucchio (Rn) (Bologna 2006) is dedicated to thestudyof theearliestEtruscan burial nucleus of Verucchio; thematerial is partly preserved in theMuseo Civico
M.
di Bologna.
Archeologico
Volterra:
Bonamici,
l'acropoli e il suo santuario. Scavi 1987-1995 (Pisa 2003)
(reviewed
by W.V.
excavation
on the acropolis
Harris,
Mawr
Bryn
Classical
Review
2005.05.11) makes available the results of nine years of of Volterra,
which
focused
on the
Hel phase and on theearlier levels datingback to theBA. New
on
studies
dimenticati,
Chiusi
memorie
include:
recuperate.
M.
Restauri
e acquisizioni
nel
Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Chiusi (Chiusi 2007), which deals with a fragmentof a Gr vase discovered in 2003 in the area of Fonte Rotella
that turned out be a part of a krater known
since the 19thCt and currentlyin theArchaeological Museum
of Florence, vase. See
thus confirming
also, A. Minetti,
the Clusine
a Chiusi
L'orientalizzante
of
provenance
e nel
the
suo
territorio(Rome 2004), which for the first time collects togetherall the informationon the grave goods of about 80 mainly unpublished tombs of this period and addresses the issues of chronology,typologyand topographicaldistribution of
tombs;
and
G.
Paolucci,
Documenti
e memorie
sulle
antichit?e ilmuseo di Chiusi (Pisa/Roma2005). On Orvieto, there is Etruschi a Orvieto: Il Museo Archeologico
Nazionale
di
Orvieto:
collezioni
e
territorio
(PonteSan Giovanni 2006). R. Leighton, Tarquinia. An Etruscan City (London 2004) (reviewed by P.S. Lulof, Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2005.07.30) is a study exclusively dedicated to one Etruscan site,but italso presents theresultsof thoroughresearchwithin a deep understandingofEtruscan society,based on all available sources. The book is an introductionto thiskey site as well as to important
topics
in Etruscan
archaeology
and
Mario Cygielman and L. Pagnini, La Tomba del Tridentea Vetulonia (Pisa/Rome 2005) presents the resultsof a studyof the documentation
is an example
in this case
of early excavations,
the records
of an excavationcarriedout in 1902 by IsidoroFalchi of an EOr tomb inVetulonia
with
the remains
include
as well
equipment,
extremely luxurious grave goods. These of several chariots, armour, wool-working as gold, silver and amber ornaments.
EXCAVATIONS and surrounds Bologna In Emilia much work has been carried out by Romagna, per i Beni Archeologici Soprintendenza dell'Emilia-Romagna area. in the Bologna
the
was at Marano discovered necropolis of Bologna, and was excavated by the Nine dell'Emilia Romagna. Archeologica
Proto-Felsinean
a suburb
Castenaso,
Soprintendenza cremation burials
were
to the 7th Ct BC,
all dated
excavated,
wooden boxes and one ofwhich eightofwhich contained intact a pozzetto
was
tomb.
tombs were
Four
covered
with
a layer of
pebbles. Eight tombshad single funerarystelae and burial no. two.
2 had some
The
cases
burials
decorated
vases
contained
with
amber
and bronze
and glass
paste.
items, in Over tombs
7-9, the 'Stele of theSwords'was foundwith tracesofpaint still
on It has its surface. present horseshoe and is decorated shape
a
typical Proto-Felsinean with waterfowl, wheels,
palmettesand a feline (Fig. 1). Two figuresbrandishingswords are depicted at thebase. This is thefirstscientificallyexcavated of the Proto-Felsinean
necropolis
period.
New Etruscan necropoleis (Fig. 2) were discovered in
on Piazza Azzarita, Piazza Vili Agosto, Via Belle Arti Bologna and ex Manifattura while remains were settlement Tabacchi, on Via Andrea Costa and in the Fiera Quarter. In the excavated
necropolis ofVia Belle Arti, among the 170 burials dated to the a burial
8- 7th Ct BC,
containing
two horses was
found,
the cast
of which is currentlyexhibited in the Civic Museum of The
Bologna.
Materiali
Iozzo,
studies that attempts to put phase in Etruscan into the broadest socio-economic and political physical context possible. sites
A
an Etruscan Town (Bologna 2007) provides a richlyillustrated
new
of a welcome
animals,
buried
under
a large
tumulus
of river
pebbles,were probablyburiedwith theirhind legs tiedandwere found
still with
lance was
placed
bronze
bits
A
in their mouths.
on the neck of one of the horses
large bronze at throat level;
it is likelythatthiswas theweapon used to sacrificetheanimals. It is notpossible to attributethe tumulusto a single tomb:more likely
the horse
surrounding
sacrifice or even
burials
to several be connected may to a larger area of the necropolis.
Verucchio
Patrizia von Eles reportsthat,since 2005, theexcavationof the
Villanovan
Lippi
necropolis
at Verucchio
has
recommenced.
Itsmain objectives are: (1) to verifyas much as possible the topographicorganization of the necropolis, and,with this in
mind, more
than 350
tombs excavated
by Brizio,
Scarani,
Zuffa,
Gentili and BermondMontanari have been integratedinto the GIS system; (2) to dedicate particular attentionto the strati graphic relationshipsand post-depositionalprocesses in order to identify the articulation
of funerary
structures
and to acquire
detailed informationregarding funerary rituals, integrating these data with the knowledge acquired by Gentili and BermondMontanari; (3) to develop and implementa database to integrate and cross-analyse the data from the old and can be used for the excavations. This database investiga
in order
new
tionof otherVillanovan necropoleis and easily adapted to any necropolis,
in particular
those with
cremation
burials.
ARCHAEOLOGY INETRURIA 2003-2009 The
excavations
which
107
in recent years covered
took place
the
centralarea of theLippi necropolis,where 85 tombshave been identified,which are connected with the group partially exploredby Gentili in 1970 and BermondMontanari in 1988. The emerging picture is complex and confirms the local for the cremation
preference
rite, while
demonstrating
a notable
ofboth singleand double tombs(a pozzo, varietyin thestructure or without
lateral spaces; with a simple ossuary, dolium or use of box; in a tree-trunk container), with a complex the spaces related to the various parts of the funerary ceremony.
with
wooden
The
inhumationrite is absent until the last phase of the necropolis: a very small group of tombswith relativelypoor
burial
is located
assemblages
in probably
the central area, which
up to thispoint in timehad remainedunoccupied. Here, in 2008, were discovered two horse depositions (Fig. 3). In the of Verucchio,
necropoleis
animal
burials
or
were
sacrifices
unknown until now, although theyare noted inBologna (see inVeneto. and in particular Thus the discovery of two to each other where two and three horse large fossae close came as a great surprise skeletons respectively were deposited
above)
and presents evidence of great significance. It is difficultto if the ritual
determine
individual,
involved was
to a particular rather, a sacrifice the necropolis. We
connected
a
family group or if it was, the entire community that utilized
involving can only be certain that one of the latest burials, an inhumation, over the earlier horse deposition. is superimposed
1. Marano
Castenaso:
stone stele
T. 65, horse burial
3. Verucchio:
The
excavated
tombs, several
area
a group
included
of which
presented
peculiar
of densely positioned elements. To begin
with, thepresence of 4 tombscontaining a throne;14 tombs with helmetsof various types(conical, composite,with a crest); 3 tombswith at least one charriot (currus), 4 of which have been
found,
is surprising.
The
female
tombs of this group
are
generally very rich although theycontain fewer indicatorsof distinction
to the other
compared
groups
of
the necropolis.
There are also many tombs with a wooden throne (10 documented thusfar),which allow explorationof thequestion of the significancewhich this symbolically loaded object of Oriental
derivation
assumed,
based
on
the details
of
its
deposition in thegrave, in thegeographical areas of itsdistri
bution
The
(Latium, Tyrrhenian Etruria, new excavations have also
internal Etruria, Romagna). our improved significantly
This of metal production. includes banqueting understanding and ornaments, and demon of ritual use, weaponry vessels area in the strates both the complete insertion of the Verucchio 2. Bologna,
Fiera Quarter:
excavation
of necropolis
circuits
of contact
and
exchange
between
various
Italian
and
MARGARITAGLEBA
108 transalpine
regions
production. cups with
Among a raised
the existence
and
the ritual vessels, decorated handle
local of specialized of note are the footed a
with
sun-disk
and
which represent the world and by small quadrupeds, is also decorated with In some of these cups, the handle
surrounded nature.
a standing male figure. of the metallurgical The evidence
of Verucchio production a of small 3-D figures, which variety by a certain level of standardization indicating for the local ?lite. The most destined production
has also been demonstrate specialized
enriched
common subject is an aquatic bird, followed by the human figure,often limitedto the imageof thehead,which is differ or headdress. Metal finds by the details of the hairstyle with decorated include fibulae of various multiple human types, a pendant heads or small monkey figures (Fig. 4). Furthermore, was found. a male ithyphallic figure standing representing amber objects also yielded numerous The new excavations entiated
conservation
The meticulous
5).
(Fig.
of these
6. Verucchio:
T.
12/2005,
bronze
cauldron
with
cross-shaped
attachments
items permitted
the investigation of the sophisticated technologies of
production produced
of
the most
for single
refined objects, which were ladies. of aristocratic
certainly
burials
In2008, twomale burials (T. 12/2005andT. 71/2008)were investigated(the formerdiscovered in 2005). Both of them included
bronze
a
large wooden
assemblage,
among
a rich ceramic and containing which was a cauldron with cross
chest
basin (Figs 6, 7) with shaped attachmentsand a three-footed
located near each Both burials, inVetulonia. clear comparisons function metal of dozens contained also other, objects whose had been ritually altered, among which were chariot elements also
to Vetulonia (for the exhibition comparisons bearing section below). from both sites, see the 'Museums'
of
objects
7. Verucchio:
T.
12/2005,
bronze
three-footed
basin
Spina A new project has begun at Spina, as reportedby Vedia Izzet (Universityof Southampton): The anc. Etruscan cityof Spina lies in thedelta of theRiver 4. Verucchio:
T.
12/2005,
bronze
fibula with
human
heads
between Ferrara and Comacchio. Po, S of Venice, discovered during reclamation work undertaken and
1920s.
continued sporadically
site was
The
in the 1910s
the cemeteries
have
has been the settlement 1950s, current The Soprintendente, investigated.
more
While
since
the excavations
of
the
Dott.
Luigi Malnati, has initiateda systematic investigationof the site,
collaboration involving Ferrara and Zurich,
Bologna,
with
the universities
the last led by Christoph
of Milan, Reusser.
Geophysical survey,initiatedbyVedia Izzet, formedpartof the investigation
of the site.
The
aims
of the survey were:
to test
theviabilityof geophysical investigationat the site; to verify the inferredextent of the site; and to identifyand locate
5. Verucchio:
T.
12/2005,
bronze
fibula with
amber
studs
Itwas also hoped that the results trenches. previous excavation structure of the underlying would give some indication of the Etruscan city.
ARCHAEOLOGY INETRURIA 2003-2009
8. Spina: magnetometry map
109
MARGARITAGLEBA
110
was Magnetometry were taken at 0.25m
to survey the site, and readings traverses of 0.5m within along
chosen intervals
30m2 grids (Fig. 8). The resultsof the surveyhave been very promising:thealluvial natureof thesite isparticularlysuited to a 'quiet' background work, signal providing features can be seen at different depths of clarity,
magnetometer against which
depending on theirmagnetic strengthor depth. The geology of stark, visible features that were easily ones. Preliminary from interpreta archaeological distinguished the site, that two rivers bounded tion of the results suggests also
a number
created
forming a triangular area of settlement running N-S and NW-SE, to be organized in a very structures appear These remains. a to of series of consist manner. The settlement appears regular insula blocks, each consisting of roads and walls, next to which,
smaller structures appear. Some of the blocks with particularly anomalies irregular or curvilinear Such features may be explained by the presence strong signals. often gives off a stronger magnetic of burnt material, which and within which,
contain
These
than other material.
response furnaces
features
could
be
kilns, end of the
or hearths, and appear to be placed at theW runs the length of the settlement large linear feature to be a road or canal. direction, and this appears
A
blocks. in a N-S
in under results are of singular The survey importance The systematic pattern standing the urban settlement of Spina. of the features suggests groups of residential buildings method
ically laidout inblocks divided by a series of roads.
more
than likely. The number of cups, and hence of partici to the assembly of 100 in the ceremony, can be connected
pants elders,
by Romulus
constituted
of Hallicarnassus
(Dionysius
II.12.1-13.1).
Poggio Colla
the past
During
Poggio Colla
The
director
The
five
years,
have
excavations
continued
at
in theMugello valley (http://smu.edu/poggio).
of the excavation,
Gregory
P.Warden
research design at Poggio Colla
reports:
combines field
and with regional survey, geophysical prospection and is study of fauna, flora and ceramic geochemistry, a regional sanctuary and its a tantalizing picture of producing physical and social environment. have now been identified at the Four phases of construction excavation scientific
fortified, hilltop sanctuary:EIA huts (I), a monumental temple two and phases (III-IV) with largecourtyardbuildings. The (II) remarkable
evidence
for ritual activity
includes
two important
deposits in thephase III/IV courtyards.The firstconsists of a natural
fissure
in the bedrock
that, after the destruction
of the
phase II temple,was capped by a moulded podium block from the temple (Fig. 11), placed upside down next to the fissure along with a gold ringand long strandsof gold thread. The second deposit is a nearby stipswith over 400 bronze objects layered
into a channel
cut into the bedrock.
Parma
An Etruscan settlementdating to the 7thCt BC has been near
discovered
an
industrial
park
on
the outskirts
of Parma.
The finds includehouses builtwithin a networkof channels for and a kiln for bucchero rainwater, production the most recent finds is a home furnishings. Among
collecting numerous
was inhabited fine jug dating to the5thCt BC. The settlement
of Parma. The foundation the Etruscan for 150 years before to the archae or Perugia, settlers came from Chiusi according in charge. ologists Populonia Moving
the excavation
intoTuscany,
per
Archeologica
Soprintendenza
in progress
on the slopes
of
in Populonia, organized by the
Poggio del Telegrafo
la Toscana
with
the participa
tionof theCattedra di Etruscologia eArcheologia Italicaof the
has and coordinated of Rome Bartoloni, by Gilda University on terraces that the settlement was shown already organized a terraced area with habitation the earliest phase: during
9. Populonia, Poggio del Telegrafo: postholes of thebuilding
structuresfrom thebeginningof the IA to theLOr period has
been
The
revealed.
areas
along
the ridges of the hills were
also
inhabited. The rectangular building found during the excavationsof Poggio del Telegrafo (Fig. 9), which is identifi
able as a structure of high social
standing
in terms of dimensions
and architecturaltypology,must be decidedly attributedto a have structure would regal figure. This seems posts, and it supported by wooden at least three times before being abandoned
had
a
thatched
to have been
roof, restored
in the first quarter of
as the 'King's of thisstructure the7thCt BC. The identification
House'
the primary the intentional
reveals
city. During
use of the acropolis of the Etruscan a cut of the complex, abandonment
(0.60m by 0.40m by 0.50m) was made throughthe southern filled post-holeof the thirdline,and subsequentlyintentionally by a deposit of a largenumberof kyathoi(Fig. 10). The locationof theposthole filledwith about 100 cups in the that of a ceremony represents evidence of the 'royal of the destruction the occasion and their of these cups with wine connection
centre of the structure took place
building'. pertinence
on The
to a group
of eminent
people
has
to be considered
10. Populonia, Poggio del Telegrafo: the posthole with the deposit of cups
111
ARCHAEOLOGY INETRURIA 2003-2009
11. Poggio
Colla:
block
podium
upside-down
and fissure
evidence for ritual is also providedby Especially intriguing in 2005 and 2006, whose excavated Deposit', be that other deposits nature may suggests and a group for instance a group of gold jewellery
the 'Inscription unequivocal dedicatory, of exactly
The
100 silver Victoriati.
'Inscription
Deposit'
was
placed in a pit in a room at theNW corner of the phase II It includes a large sandstone cylinder (Fig. 12), most courtyard. a votive column or small altar, placed upside likely the top of statue in the centre of the pit along with two sandstone down
and strands of gold broken bronze objects bases, deliberately is or thread, all axially The wire larger base arranged. the lead fitting that must have and its top preserves pyramidal
held a bronze figure of significant size; it is inscribed. was thediscovery in 2006 of a very thin Especially important interred with the bones of a Itwas bowl. bronze mesomphalic small animal, a piglet, that were placed both under and inside crushed and the bowl. Next to itwas another bowl, deliberately of these objects The arrangement stuck upright in the ground. of the process of deposition. the reconstruction allows located approximately The structure in the Podere Funghi,
12. Poggio bases
a nearby pottery excavated, along with four pottery kilns and or midden. in the field, utilizing Survey work continues dump and shovel-test both magnetometry survey to study the areas to evidence ceramic The the structure. points surrounding
a large, roughly trapezoidal structure, building L, with an open courtyard and four or sides of ca. 20m, embracing long more The beaten earth courtyard irregularly shaped chambers. a large rustic altar, a hearth/altar set into the ground, contained
600m below theacropolis of Poggio Colla has been completely
activity in thisarea fromas early as theE4thCt BC until the The main
E2nd Ct BC.
of the structure
element
is a rectangular
room (10m by 4 m) whose S part included a circular hearth
surrounded
the primary thus probably vessels, cooking located to theW and E of Work spaces were
habitation
by area.
the central
room. There
of other structures
is evidence
and kilns
in thefields surroundingthePodere Funghi, suggestingthatthe
structure may
have been
the acropolis
surrounding
part of a network of production sanctuary on Poggio Colla.
areas
Cetamura del Chianti The
results
of
at
excavation
Cetamura
del
Chianti
(http://www.chiantistorico.com/en/history/cetamura.php), are reported have also been ongoing, where investigations de Grummond: Nancy During
the years
2005-2008,
excavations
by
by Florida
State
permission
and
University at Cetamura del Chianti under the direction of Nancy
T.
de
Grummond
and
with
the
supervisionof theSoprintendenzaper iBeni Archeologici della
have focused on Soprintendente), (Fulvia Lo Schiavo, an Etruscan sanctuary of the 3rd-2nd Ct BC (Fig. 13). Located the sanctuary to an artisans' quarter, immediately adjacent
Toscana
Colla:
upside-down
column/altar
element
and statue
featured
at least six more
with
channels
votive
leading
areas
to it.
and a ritual cavity
in the bedrock
Votive feature(VF) 1, a pitmeasuring 1.13m by 0.90m (d.
included more than 50 ca. 0.30m) with three levels of deposits, a miniature brick, an iron ring vessels, items, such as miniature
with carved chalcedony stone (Fig. 14), a broken and burned bronzegrater,good luck tokens(one of polished jasper and the other a rounded, smooth ceramic oval), remains of some seven to be but possible into pieces, small beakers (mostly broken restored) and 11 iron nails and four bronze nail caps. A large
dolio, brokenoffabout halfwayup, sat uprightin themiddle of thepit, holding the remainsof grapes, apples and sorb apples, and nearby were found remains of barley and emmer wheat. A in a chariot, bronze silvered denarius showing a Gallic warrior Roman 118 BC struck around Republican (M. Crawford,
Coinage [London 1974], 282/4), provides a firmchronological context
for VF
Another centrepiece
1.
remarkable a bowl
collection
of cooked
of
chickpeas,
items, VF 7, had as its a two with adjacent
handled black-gloss goblet (Morel 3451a, 160?50), sliced in half verticallywith only one side included in the offering.
Around
the two vessels
were
scattered
a number
of pieces
of
MARGARITAGLEBA
112
identified as a iron artefacts, carefully cut up, one of which was a candelabrum. the shaft of have been while another may strigli,
Near to thiswere found deposits of other food offerings, including
barley, olives
and grapes.
Analysis
of carbon
samples
in thecourtyardrevealed thatthefollowingtreesprovidedwood
for the sacrifices: kinds
elm,
hazel,
hornbeam,
beech
and
several
of oak.
It is evident
that many
of the offerings
at Cetamura
were
probablymade by individualsand possibly even groups from the
artisan
class,
providing
a
different
perspective
from
sanctuarieswhere offeringsby persons of ?lite statustendtoget the most
attention.
Miniature
bricks, weaving
implements
and
iron nails
and
in the artisans'
represent the interests of workers rings probably there is a kiln for making brick, quarter, where
tile and loomweights(structure K), as well as evidence for a weaving workshop (structureC) and slag from ironsmelting. an especially frequent offering, and it is clear that so varied that they in size, number and placement understood simply as remains from some piece of The nails and nail caps at furniture or other wooden object. of nails, as in indicate a cultic significance Cetamura probably a nail was at Volsinii, where the case of the temple of Nortia into the side of the temple once a year to indicate the hammered
Nails
were
they were cannot be
inexorable
passing
of time.
ARCHAEOLOGY INETRURIA 2003-2009
extension,
comprise
and labelled CC7 del Tesoro, terraces that of several the highest along S face revealed traces of a large oval Civitate's
units S of Piano
Excavation CC7
113
Poggio
midden (Fig. 17). Excavation of thedebriswithin themidden produced fragmentsof chronologically diagnostic pottery dateable to themiddle years of the 7thCt BC. Although the indications of a is not yet complete, on the perimeter of the oval, suggesting served as a hut with a recessed floor, akin
of the midden
excavation posthole the space
were
revealed
originally
to examples of IA domiciles from sites to the S of Poggio
Civitate.
del Chianti:
14. Cetamura
ring with
finger
carved
If true, the presence
of such
a hut would
imply that
gem
at almost the same moment coincidence, By a remarkable zone near in the artisans' the sanctuary was first identified, names of two structure K, there appeared inscriptions giving the Lur and Leinth (N. de were worshipped at Cetamura: gods who di in Rivista and G. Colonna, Grummond forthcoming
These gods are rare in the of Studi Etruschi). Etrusca in particular of Cetamura, pantheon, but the evidence thus far the nails and numerous 'lucky' pebbles, polished they were gods of fate and fortune. suggests were research at Cetamura The results of the collaborative
Epigrafia Etruscan
of the Etruscan ofAlvaro Tracchi
The Sanctuary in an exhibition, presented The Legacy at Cetamura del Chianti: Artisans
in San
(catalogue by N. de Grummond, Florence 2009) in summer
Valdarno
Giovanni
2009.
Poggio Civitate, Murlo AnthonyTuck (UniversityofMassachusetts Amherst) reports on theexcavations at Poggio Civitate,Murlo (http://poggiociv itate.classics.umass.edu):
Excavation at Poggio Civitate from2003 to2008 focusedon areas of the site's Piano
two major
areas
several
Excavation
of exploration away to the units placed
structure, OC2/workshop, the area's with associated
revealed
furniture and other wooden
objects
as plateau as well itself. from Poggio Civitate industrial of the plateau's
del Tesoro
an abundance
Finds
activity.
manufacturing
15. Poggio
Civitate,
Murlo:
carved
bone
head
Civitate,
Murlo:
bronze
bracelet
of evidence
of
partiallyworked bone and antler along with finishedobjects, such as a carved bone head (Fig. 15), reflecttheproductionof Bronze
shown
working,
adorned.
that such materials
by fragments
of crucibles,
rivulets
of
bronze as well as complete objects such as the linkbracelet shown inFig. 16 all point to theactivitiesof a foundrylocated
textile and ceramic in the same area. Terracotta production, for of grains and animals and the processing manufacturing from this area. recovered food are all reflected in the materials
the presence units revealed these same excavation In addition, the of a series of column bases, spaced at intervals of 2.7m
intercolumniationemployed in theOC2/Workshop
area
(Fig.
speculate
column
bases
17, that these column
labelled
bases
1-5).
represent
The
-
in this
excavators
an earlier phase
of
workshop, architecturallysimilar to theOC2/workshop, that perhaps
the materials
supplied
associated
with
the construction
of themain buildings of theplateau's 7thCt BC complex (A.
Tuck
Poggio
and
E.
Civitate
Nielsen, (Murlo):
8 [2001], 35-64).
at complex Orientalizing period Studies a preliminary view', Etruscan
An
I 16. Poggio
I
114
MARGARITAGLEBA
non-?lite structuresemploying the architecturalvernacular of LAdomiciles stood on Poggio Civitate at roughlythesame time as thebuildings utilizing tiled,terracottaroofs,associatedwith the site's aristocratic?lite,were constructedatop thePiano del
Tesoro
plateau.
Excavation away fromPoggio Civitate, in thenearby town of Vescovado di Murlo, also revealed traces of non-?lite occupation of thearea. Domestic architectureof the5thto the 3rdCt BC was revealed in theColombaio districtof the town (A. Tuck,
J. Bauer,
K.
Kreindler,
T. Huntsman,
S. Miller,
S.
Pancaldo and C. Powell, 'Center and periphery in inland Etruria: Poggio Civitate and the Etruscan settlement at Vescovado diMurlo', Etruscan Studies 12 [inpress], 211-33). Beneath
this domestic
floor
surface,
excavators
recovered
substantial deposits of Ar period pottery, suggesting that Etruscan period occupation in thebroader vicinityof Poggio Civitate did not end as abruptlyas itdid on Piano del Tesoro in the 6 Ct BC. The Poggio CivitateArchive, available on thewebsite of the Center forEtruscan Studies at theUniversityofMassachusetts
Amherst
(http://poggiocivitate.classics.umass.edu/index.asp),
contains theongoing compilationof data fromtheexcavations since 1968. The catalogue record,until 1999,was maintained on index cards, and personnel in following seasons have
worked to digitize the catalogue record in order to provide a more advancedmethod of researchfor thissignificantand large set of data.
The
artefact
catalogue
currently
contains
descrip
tions and data formore than 8,000 artefact fragments. In addition to themost crucial recordsof theartefactand fragment data, there are accompanying photos, provenance mapping, records of the trenchdiaries and other visualizations of the historyand process of theexcavation.Many of theseeffortsare ongoing andwill likelycontinue forseveral seasons as thedata remaining to be digitized and presented spansmore than 30 years of compiled paper records. The available records and visualizations
are searchable
or browseable.
Accesa Excavations
also
continue
at the site of Accesa
near Massa
Marittima,where, since 1980. a settlementextending to about 30ha and dated between the8* and 7thCts BC, which is located near the metal-bearing mines, has been explored by the University of Florence under the directionof Giovannangelo Camporeale. Until now fourseparatequartersof thesettlement have been identified.In2005, a 6thCt BC tumulus with a tomb a camera (no. 40) was investigated. In 2006, another tumulus tomb(no. 41) was excavated,but the investigationalso returned to the settlement
area,
focusing
17. Poggio Civitate,Murlo: plan showingOC2/Workshop and associated areas of excavation
on zone E.
ARCHAEOLOGY INETRURIA 2003-2009
115
Sarteano
A new tomb called Tomba della Quadriga Infernale'was found in 2003 in the countrysideof Sarteano. In 2006 itwas restored,made accessible to the public and thoroughly published (A. Minetti, La Tomba della Quadriga Infernale [Rome 2006]). The main figurativecompositions representa chariotpulled by fantasticanimals and drivenby a demon (Fig. 18); a banquet scenewith twomale figuresrecliningon a couch and
attended
being
a young
by
servant;
a
and
three-headed
serpentand a seamonster at theback of thetomb(Fig. 19). The objects found inside thetombincludea rfkylixbelonging to the Clusium Group,which supportsthedate of the tombas ca. 330 BC, and a largealabaster sarcophaguswith a recliningfigureon the lid,which was found shatteredand representsthe earliest of anc. Chiusi. example of itsclass in the territory Marsiiiana d'Albegna In 2009, thearcheological researchactivities at theEtruscan site of Marsiliana d'Albegna (Manciano) continued under the direction of theDepartment ofArchaeology and History of Arts of the University of Siena (directed by Andrea Zifferero). Started in 2002, the Marsiliana Project has contributedto the rediscoveryof this importantProto-historic and Etruscan site, already known for its rich and large necropoliswhich was brought to lightat thebeginning of the 1900s. The 2009 campaign involved the excavation of an Etruscan production site (a kiln?) located near theAlbegna a massive
river, where
outcrop
of
transport
18.
della
Tomba
Sarteano,
a
Infernale':
Quadriga
drivenby a demon
chariot
from
amphorae
the 6thCt BC and production waste lies contiguous to a
containing building ware. The excavation
bucchero, continued
coarseware
and
Etrusco-Cor
a
delle Anfore',
in the 'Casa
peripheral residencewith central atrium,dated between the lastquarterof the6thCt BC and theend of the5thCt BC. The surveywithin Corsini's estate also continued:with the aims of cleaning and identifyingsome of thegraves not previously explored, and discovering new siteswhich might offera more precise picture of the living and funerary fabric of the
Etruscan
age.
Campo della Fiera, Orvieto Many new and very importantdiscoveries have been made in Umbria over thepast severalyears. Of greatestsignificancefor Etruscan archaeology iswithout doubt theexcavationatCampo della
The
Fiera, Orvieto.
director
of the excavation,
Simonetta
19. Sarteano,
Stopponi (Universityof Perugia), reports: The excavation of the area began in 2000 and has been
serpent
farcovers about 3ha (Fig. 20). In one of the topographically highest areas of the site, a 2.5m w. drymasonrywall in opera poligonale on one side was uncovered,probably dating to the Augustan period. Next to itwas a typeof platea,which partly
seems
in annual campaigns, which have yielded extraordi proceeding area investigated thus nary amounts of finds and features. The
covered
a deposit
of architectural
terracottas
of notable
quality
wall, and in dating tovarious periods. To theSE of the terrace a prominent
position,
is a monumental
structure
in tufa blocks,
which appears to be a foundationof a large building,most likely a temple.
an enclosure
Nearby
surrounds
a monumental
area
is criss-crossed
fountain,which may have had an importantfunctionin cultic activities.
At
a lower
level,
the excavation
by two paved roads. The eastern road dates to theEtruscan period andmay be identifiedas theVia Sacra of thesanctuary; itcovers an earlier road of theAr period. The stretchthusfar excavated
is over 70m
/. and
in some
places
exceeds
6m
in w.
The second paved road, of theHel period, is 5m w. and has been
uncovered
pavement
has
for 55m.
It connected
traces of wheel
ruts.
Orvieto
to Bolsena.
The
Tomba
sector
In the central
of
to form an enclosure
area was
a structure that the excavations, sides around a sacred irregular
with
In the centre
found.
a three-headed
Infernale':
della Quadriga
of
the area
enclosed
by
the
t?menoswall, is a temple6m w. and 12m /. It seems to be into three parts. At
divided
the moment
we
can assume
that the
templehas a phase at least of the 5thCt BC, followed by a renovationof the 4th-3rdCt BC and by another rebuilding dating to theL Republican period,when thebuildingwas paved with red opus signinumwith black andwhite tesserae. and In frontof thetemplethereare twoaltars,one in trachyte one
in tufa. The
altars were
of unequivocally
by residues
surrounded sacrificial
by strata characterized activities. Furthermore,
along one of thesides of thealtar in tufawas a thesaurus,found untouched (the containerstill had a 'lid' on), which included over 200
coins
in bronze
and
silver.
In the area between
the
altarsand the temple,a marble bust,possibly ofGeta (Fig. 21),
was
found,
which
was
meticulously
buried
in a fossa,
apparentlysaved fromthedamnatiomemoriae sufferedby this emperor.
MARGARITAGLEBA
116
20. Campo della Fiera,Orvieto: aerial view of thesite
The
excavations
have
also
uncovered
a
large
church
complex,known inMed documentsby thename of St Pietro in The lost until now. toponym completely is being confirmed to a pre-existence, which excavation.
Vetere
and
alludes
Among
the numerous
finds,
architectural
terracottas
clearly by the are of
particular significance in termsof theirquantityand quality (Fig. 22). They are characterizedby a still vivid polychromy and cover an ample chronologicalperiod, fromtheL6th to the E3rd Ct. Many pieces were probably produced locally and specifically matrices. Of
great
conspicuous
for the sanctuary,
as proven
by
the finds of clay
of the area is a for the reconstruction importance number of magnificent and consistent fragments
ofAttic bf and rfceramics, belonging over all to kratersand votive and prestigious served as sumptuous large cups, which at the sanctuary. other interesting finds are Among
offerings
loomweights (one with inscription),many of miniature
dimensions, taken place
which
that must have practices small in size, the numerous
to votive
allude
in the area.
While
confirmationof the bronze figurines(Fig. 23) provide a further sacral
function of the area.
Siculo-Punic)
indicates
The presence of 'foreign' coins (Gr, a varied of the sacred fr?quentation
area, which
evidently
had
fame
and prestige
beyond
Etruria.
is supportedby thediscoveryofGr marble This interpretation rare in Etruria but have statuary fragments, which are generally at Orvieto and provide further evidence of various attestations the importance of the sanctuary. The
excavation
campaign
of 2008
provided
more
extraordi
nary data: thefirstsignificantproof of one of thecultswhich tookplace in thisarea isprovidedby a bucchero base inscribed can of whom father'), referring toTinia, an hypostasis apas('oi in Voltumna, deus Etruriae be recognized princeps according to Varr?. The excavation results thus far allow us, with more than a reasonable Campo
della
of security, to identify the area of margin Fiera with none other than the fanum Voltumnae.
(See latest report in S. Stopponi, 'Notizie preliminaridallo scavo di Campo della Fiera', Annali Faina 14 [2007], 493-530).
Castel Viscardo Interesting excavation
new finds are reported after the first three seasons of at Coriglia, central Italy, located Castel Viscardo,
as it links only 8kmNW ofOrvieto. The location is important easilywith theTiber valley, thevia Cassia and, a few hundred
metres
from it, theVia Traiana
Nova.
Itwas
discovered
by agri
cultural activity in the late 1980s and firstexplored in 1990
117
ARCHAEOLOGY INETRURIA 2003-2009
1993 by the Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici dell' current
The
Umbria.
excavations
began
in 2006,
a joint
with
team from the University of Oklahoma and Saint Anselm
settlement and, The site started as an Etruscan USA. College, Tufa and with no interruptions, ended with a L antique phase.
Ct BC) drymasonrywalls as well as bucchero pottery(6?h-5th
to the first phase. the 2008 season, a portable XRF (x-ray florescence) During in situ at the to analyse mortar and metals used device was at Bolsena at Coriglia excavations and, as controls, (Poggio
pertain
near Orvieto. The della Fiera and Pagliano Campo Moscini), chemical allows for portable non-destructive XRF analysis of in of trace elements in situ. Analysis material archaeological themortar
researchers
allows
to demonstrate and walls, evident by visual inspection,
relationships between not otherwise repair work as well as to document different
to establish
anc.
phases inhydrauliccement (bothwalls and floors). In addition, theXRF technologycan be used to date (or confirmthedate) of severely
generally
21. Campo
della
Fiera, Orvieto:
portrait bust of Geta
in situ
coins
corroded
datable
not otherwise
or only very
datable
examination.
by visual
Poggio delle Civitelle of anc.Volsinii, theexcavations at Poggio Still in the territory delle Civitelle, San Venanzo, initiatedby theUniversity of Florida in 2000 (see AR 49 [2002-2003], 89-103), were concluded in 2006. The site is located between Orvieto and and
Perugia
is believed
of Volsinii.
The
by the excavators excavation 2003-2006
to have
an
been
have
campaigns of the site substantially. the understanding Discovery on of proto-historic pottery, as well as black and grey bucchero
outpost increased
theW and E slopes of thehill, demonstratedthatthe sitewas occupied at least since theEIA. One of themost interesting was
features discovered
a cistern-like 3m
and measuring
the bedrock
circular
structure cut into
in di. and 3.5m
d., and
located
on theS slope of thehill (Fig. 24). Itwas completelyfilledwith of of roof tiles, pottery, large quantities consisting iron and bronze bones glass, cattle), (in particular The elements layer at the bottom dating to various periods.
material animal
consistedmainly of potteryand other small objects, suggesting were
that whole
vessels
excavated
in earlier
thrown into the structure at the time of
itsabandonment(like in thecisternlocatedon thetopof thehill
tion material
22. Campo
della
Fiera, Orvieto:
architectural
terracottas
(tile
before larger debris seasons), and bone was and stone)
of construc thrown
in.
Discovery of coins of Constans allowed fordating the single fillingevent to theL4thCt AD, which corresponds to the time of the site.
of the abandonment
in the fill
presence
of
Of
architectural
the great importance was a terracottas, including
female head antefix (Fig. 25) and floraldecoration,dating to theHel period, suggesting the presence of a probably cultic building on topof thehill. Perugia Another
important Etruscan
been
investigated
2004
work
centre
recently, mainly
inUmbria, Perugia, has also in urban excavations by the
Soprintendenza per i Beni Archaeologici dell'Umbria. The on
the conservation
of the St Lorenzo Capitolare several areas which exposed
and
Cathedral a series
of the Museo expansion of involved excavation
of strata from FBA
to the
post-Cl period, includinga burnt layer thatprobably refersto
Inside the sacristy, one of the conflagrations of the Rom period. which included an area of the Hel uncovered, period was
foundationsof a building. The finds included architectural terracottas
from a temple, which
are dated
to the 4th-3rd Ct BC.
During consolidation of Etruscan walls inVia della Cupa in 2008, 23. Campo
della
Fiera, Orvieto:
bronze
figurines
several
were in order opened and stratigraphy of the walls.
trenches
structure, elevation
to verify
the
118
MARGARITAGLEBA
4 Poggio
delle Civitelle:
One
the
of
largest
cistern-like
centres
circular
of production
and
craftwork
among thosesurroundingPerugia in the lateHel age developed
This zone, to Lake Trasimeno. on the road leading from Perugia of the comuni between situated at the present-day boundary of was and still is rich in deposits and Cordano, Perugia anc. for both times since travertine, abundantly quarried studies have Recent and for craftwork. building materials of Perugia were built using stone from Thus a settlement probably existed quarries.
that the walls
discovered
Sabina
the Santa
in the area around the quarries, inhabitedby thepeople who
worked
there. While has been
necropolis
no traces remain of this settlement, a large It consists to located near Strozzacapponi.
date of about 100 tombs,and was explored already in the 19th Ct by Vermiglioli and later in 1960-1970s by the Soprintendenza. entrance dromos
The
tombs
type, with an into the earth according
are of the chamber
and stairs, and are dug to a regular 'town' plan, they are prearranged: apparently and inside same size and type of construction, of the generally the for placing there are benches chambers the rectangular are relatively which urns the burial and offerings, cinerary modest. in conducted Recent excavations, by the Soprintendenza connection new
with
construction
Etruscan
of a roundabout, brought to light tombs, dug into the travertine: 34
hypogaeum looted had been a camera Some and 11 a fossa. most were the intact. but others important Among antiquity tombs
of materials
richness
is
the
tomb
of Anei
Marena
in in
called
on 4 July 2008. The Funebre', It is preceded discovered. intact when tomb was by a long The sealed with a travertine block. and was dromos square that run along has a central pillar, benches burial chamber 'Tomba
del Letto
three walls funerary
discovered
On and a central pozzetto. The in travertine.
urns
the benches were eight are reliefs sculptural lid has a Each blacks.
reds, blues and emphasized the deceased reclining figure representing in vivid
delle Civitelle:
25. Poggio
structure
and an inscription
in
architectural
terracotta
The urns are referring to the family of Anei Marena. the siege of a with various motifs: a married couple, a female a and Centaurs battle between Scylla, Lapiths, city, on a marine monster and a bucranium. Inside, (pistrice) figure were which remains textile in some cases, preserved,
red paint decorated
contained
the cremated
remains
elements
of a bronze
to the urns, bench. have
They covered
remain.
The
bed were
found
on
the left
and must are of extremely high craftsmanship a traces few of which the wooden beams, only feet and fulcra with include animal elements
and duck
horse
In addition
of the deceased.
heads.
The
find
is of great
both
importance,
forthehigh quality of itsexecution and in relationto the rarity of thefind. found deposited burial goods and in the pozzetto of the benches
The base
miniature numerous ring. Also
around
the urns,
at the
include ceramic
vessels, were also
There and plates. unguentaria mirrors and strigils, some connected by a to be noted are some elements of a chest inworked
vases,
bronze
bone. The polychromeurnsand therichburial goods belong to a family of considerable
means,
which
is surprising
since
the
restof the tombs appear to be of persons fromfamilieswith relatively modest
means.
Lazio sites of S at some of the major continued work In Lazio, was included of Cerveteri Etruria. The Banditacela necropolis
Worldwide Heritage list in2004. by UNESCO in the In 2007, the Institutefor theStudy of the ItalicCivilisations andAncientMediterranean (ISCIMA) andConsiglio Nazionale the Soprintendenza with in collaboration per Ricerche, of archaeo launched a new programme 1'Etruria Meridionale, The first of theManganello sanctuary. logical investigations
delle
seasons have shown thattheplans originallypublished by R. Mengarelli ('Il tempio del Menganello a Cerveteri', Studi Etruschi 9 [1935], 83-94) are often approximate and even
ARCHAEOLOGY INETRURIA 2003-2009 incorrect, and
that generally the situation is far more complex. and W of the temple uncovered many quarry to distinguish various construc permitting excavators E
Investigation marks, tion phases. a number
Finds
a mass
include
of anatomical
of terracotta votive
ex-votos.
Residual
finds
heads
indicate
and that
the site occupation goes back to theOr period and a few
theW impasto fragments suggest an even earlier date. Along outer wall of the temple, a cylindrical well was its investigated, fill including Ar architectural tufa blocks, stone terracottas, slabs with masonry
periods. Along
marks
the
of a stone
mouldings
and ceramic
slope of the plateau
altar were
of different
fragmentary
which
recovered, cult structure.
of a monumental
presence
fragments
suggest
the
The Castellani Collection, which includesover 700 objects
from Etruria, Latium and Magna Graecia since 2005 at the Capitoline Museums
of particular oinochoe Tragliatella objects
a
hosted
form the core of many been actively involved
old and newly excavated materials museums and collections, which have
not only inpublicationbut also in theexhibitionof thesefinds. the important museums Etruscan materials and
of
displaying established. Laura
krater, the importance are theAristonothos and a seated male figure from the Tomba
large exhibition,
Etruschi.
Le
antiche
have
(re)opened galleries new museums have been
reports on news
Minarini
2005,
from theMuseo
an exceptional
Civico
di
relief of a male
Etruscan
figure in nenfro,donated to theMuseo Civico di Bologna by the private
collector
Guidone
was
Romagnoli,
shown
del
It
the development of Etruscan civilization in Latium by focusing on four of itsmost important centres: Veio, Cerveteri, as well as on their and Tarquinia, Vulci relationships with and on
the city of Rome. Museum
of Grosseto
Archaeological
organized
an
fra Populonia It focused on
the7thand 6thCts BC, theperiod of theEtruscan 'golden age',
with
a
on emphasis The materials region. important sites: Populonia,
Maremma five
particular
d'Albegna
and Pitigliano-Poggio
the emergence of ?lites in the on included finds from display
Vetulonia, Buco.
In 2009, Museo Civico Archeologico
Roselle,
Marsiliana
'Isidoro Falchi' at
an exhibition, Sovrani Etruschi dei due mari: e d'ambra e Verucchio, d'oro Tesori da Vetulonia which the connections between aristocratic communities emphasized of the Tyrrhenian and Adriatic Seas during the Or period.
Vetulonia
Bologna: In December
in Rome
metropoli
followed
Elites etrusche exhibition, Signori di Maremma. e il Vulcente (M. Celuzza (ed.), Grosseto 2009).
Both
displayed Etruscan
Lazio (M. Torelli and A.M. Moretti (eds), Rome 2008).
The
Several
has been
in Rome.
delle Cinque Sedie inCerveteri. In 2008-2009, the Palazzo delle Esposizioni
influences
MUSEUMS
119
hosted
for the
firsttime in connectionwith thenew exhibitionof theGreek Collection
its provenance (Fig. 26). Although, unfortunately, is unknown, the exclusively destination of Ar funerary stone sculpture Etruscan that this sculpture was an suggests ornamental element of a funerary monument. The presence of
wings suggests that the figuremay be a Boread, one of the children
of the mythical of the wind, Boreas, personification in mythology to the Argonauts and Harpies. and stylistic comparisons with other Etruscan Iconographie
connected
sculptures
of the Ar period
allows
to be dated
the sculpture
to
theM6th Ct BC and to attributeit to theproductionofVulci. The provenance fromVulci is also strongly indicatedby the results of p?trographie
Furthermore,
analysis.
in 2007,
a space
was dedicated for the new finds recentlydiscovered by the dell'Emilia per i Beni Archeologici Soprintendenza Romagna, in particular from the Etruscan of Piazza Azzarita, necropoleis VIII Agosto, Piazza Via Belle Arti, ex Manifattura Tabacchi and from settlement
remains
inVia Andrea
Costa
and
the Fiera
quarter. The Florence
Museum has reopened its Archaeological after many years: it includes examples of Clusine Ar sculpture in pietra fetida, aniconic cippi, house-shaped funerary urns from Chiusi, a lion in nenfro from Tuscania dated to the X
Sala
E6th Ct
BC
Furthermore, Hel cinerary
a in peperino from Orvieto. sarcophagus on display is the almost entire collection of urns from the Portone of Volterra, necropolis
and
also
from the collection
mainly
of Giosto
Cinci.
In 2007-2008, the exhibition Gli Etruschi di Volterra. Capolavori da Grandi Musei Europei (Milan 2007) brought to Volterra
back
presently Etruschi:
housed La
some
of
its most
in various
Collezione
museums, Bond Casuccini
important monuments, while the exhibition (D. Barbagli
and M.
Iozzo, Siena 2007) has reunitedfor the firsttime finds from
Chiusi
that were
part of the Bonci
In 2006, theMuseum
Casuccini
collection.
of Rocca Albornoz
at Viterbo
new galleries finds from the excavations opened displaying as well the Etruscan sites of San Giovenale and Acquarossa, new
finds from the habitation
site near Blera.
of as
26. Bologna, nenfro
Museo
Civico:
Etruscan
relief of a male
figure
in
MARGARITAGLEBA
120
The Museo Archeologico di Verucchio has in recentyears organized several exhibitions,displaying for thefirsttime the from some
material
exceptional
the most
of
tomb
important
complexes foundat thesite. In 2005, theexhibition//potere e e simboli explored the topic of la morte. Aristocrazia, guerrieri of in the Villanovan role of male community figures
the
Verucchio during theOr periodwho used funerarydisplay as an
for communicating Evidence the community.
instrument
within
men within
aristocratic
and transmitting their status of the rank and power of these religious and military spheres
political, in their attire, banqueting
ismanifested
and military
equipment.
The materials,mostly displayed for the firsttime,came from the princely burial B/1971 Lippi and some other rich tombs in 1988, supplemented by some relevant objects from In contrast, the recent 2005 excavation campaign. alla Le ore e i giorni delle donne. Dalla quotidianit? e VII secolo a.C. tra Vili (R von Eies, Verucchio
excavated
the more exhibition sacralit?
2007), thatfollowed in2006, was dedicated to thecomplexity of the Villanovan
in the context
of the female world
Romagna
between the8thand the7thCts BC. new museums
Several
should
be noted.
of the Villanovan
the birthplace
Castenaso,
In May culture,
in 2009, theMuseo
della Civilt? Villanoviana opened, exhibitingsome materials fromtheexcavationsof this importantsite (Fig. 27). A
new
museum
archaeological
inaugurated at Castellina in the Piazza
Located
for the Chianti
was
region
in Chianti on 21 April 2006.
del Comune
of Castellina,
the museum
brings togetherfor the firsttimefinds from themost notable the area in the part of Italy known as Chianti Geografico: towns of Castellina, Gaiole the modern of Siena, comprising with as Castelnuovo as well and Radda, Along Berardenga. sites
didactic
handsome
touch-screen prehistoric attention on
screens and including multi-media displays, of the evidence feature the cases
exhibits, and historic
with particular of Chianti, lion's remarkable The components.
periods
the Etruscan
head inpietra serena found in a tumulus(L7thCt BC)
prize
piece
of the museum.
91 years
Discovered
ago,
is the
it is now
on permanentpublic display forthefirsttime.One roomof the
museum
is given
over
to finds
from
the Etruscan
fortified
Ct BC at Cetamura (Gaiole) and settlementsof the 4th-2nd
la Croce, and features an impressive array of objects Poggio the different that relate to daily life and trade, and demonstrate centres. these fabrics from and ceramic types
The Museo
2003 with
dell'Agro Veientano at Formello opened in
an exhibition
titled Dalla
capanna
alla
casa.
abitantidi Veio (I. van Kampen (ed.), Formello 2003). Outside
Italy,
the permanent
Etruscan
Gallery
I primi
of
the
University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology inPhiladelphia (reinstalled in2003; see AR 49 [2002-2003], 89-103) has received a new and splendid Catalogueby J.M.Turfa (Philadelphia2005), which isnot only a
list of artefacts
most The
but
a comprehensive of the overview Etruscan studies. on various of topics
also
recent scholarship refurbished Galleries
of Ancient
Classical
Art opened
at
theMetropolitan Museum ofArt, New York, in 2007. The
new information chariot provides newly restored Monteleone Art on display. The catalogue, and there are additional objects
of theClassical Worlds in theMetropolitan Museum ofArt.
Greece, provides
Rome 2007), (New Haven/London Cyprus, Etruria, lavish illustrations of selected objects. Conspicuously
In 2006, antiquities. Italian government
the Metropolitan
of Art
Museum
an
under
agreement krater and several
signed
and
the
which
other pieces of of the Euphronios ownership for long-term loans of art were returned to Italy in exchange other comparable objects owned by Italy. The krater returned
to Italy in January2008 and is now on display in theVilla in Rome.
Museum
Giulia
museums. pursuing Italy has
also
and
Boston
emblematic
has become
of
museums in Los Angeles, the private collector Shelby are under way with other institutions in and with
Negotiations the United States, Europe of which many question, number well
over
Agreements bearing
with
deals
struck
Princeton,
White.
already
case
The
of anc. art by the acquisition surrounding questions has begun In recent years, the Italian government In the last few years such cases more aggressively.
the ethical
and
the Far
come
The
East.
from Etruscan
in
items
tombs,
now
100.
between
American
positive
results.
museums As
Italy are its agreement
and
a result of
with theMuseo Archeologico in Florence, theJ. Paul Getty in Los
Museum
bronze
Etruscan
also
Getty Rom
and
Etruscan
currently exhibits Angeles work known as the Chimaera
a masterpiece of Arezzo.
of
The
of anc. bronzes, including Gr, plans an exhibition to and a show devoted Etruscan works, solely in of 2009, Etruscans art. Another major exhibition
From
Dallas
the Temple
and
the Tomb:
Etruscan
Treasures
Meadows Museum at fromTuscany,brought400 objects to the SouthernMethodist University inDallas, spanningthewhole range of Etruscan
chronological
history
from the 9th-2nd Ct BC,
with objects from the IAVillanovan period to theLHel. The exhibit
draws
Archeologico
on
primarily in Florence.
THE CAPITOLINE
material
from
the Museo
WOLF
Iwould like to finish thisreportby mentioning a controversy thathas been going on for the last two years regarding the Capitoline
of the art collections in the anc. important pieces It has now been proven to have Museum of Art. Metropolitan near tomb inGreppe Sant'Angelo been looted from an Etruscan
history
Cerveteri inDecember 1971 and thedealer who sold it to the
Villanoviana
della Civilt?
MetropolitanMuseum ofArt in 1972 forone million US$ is currentlyon trial for allegations of traffickingin illicit
absent fromdisplay is theEuphronios (or Sarpedon) krater,one of thefinestGr vases inexistence and in 1972-2008 one of the most
Museo
27. Castenaso,
Wolf,
Rome's
most
famous
symbol,
representing
themyth of thecity's origins,which has longbeen considered
on the art. Handbooks of Etruscan the masterpieces of Etruscan it as an example include of art regularly the famous it to Vulca, attribute and some craftsmanship
one
of
sculptorfromVeii who was called toRome in theL6thCt BC,
at the time of Tarqu?n
the Proud,
to decorate
the Temple
of
More recently,itwas held tobe thework of Capitoline Jupiter. a later artist from Veii,
a sculptor
of the following
generation,
who created and cast it in theyears 480-470 BC. known
for some
time that the twins were
added
Ithas been
inAD
or
1471
when thebronze statue,a giftof Sixtus IV to shortlythereafter, the city
was of Rome, to the transferred from the Lateran In 1997, the statue's restoration was entrusted to an art historian restorer who and Carruba,
Campidoglio. Anna Maria
in the study
specializes
and
of anc.
restoration
bronzes.
An
accurate study of the casting techniquebrought out the fact that the statue had
single
a
casting,
been
cast using the lost wax to have believed
technique
process evolved
in a and
become more sophisticated in the course of theMiddle Ages, and thus suggesting thatthe Wolf itselfis also a latercreation and should be dated to a period between Carolingian and art. The
Romanesque
findings
are presented
inA.M.
Carruba,
La Lupa Capitolina, un bronzomedievale (Rome 2006), which
has sparked art. Etruscan
considerable
among
controversy
scholars
of
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My greatestgratitudegoes toLarissa Bonfante,who put atmy disposition information to
Gilda
Camporeale, Izzet, Laura
the
resources
of
the Etruscan
News.
For
the
on excavations
I am greatly indebted and projects, Claudio Bizzarri, Giovannangelo von Eies, Nancy de Grummond, Vedia
Bartoloni, Patrizia
Simonetta Minarmi, Tuck, Stopponi, Anthony P. Warden, per i Beni Archeologici Soprintendenza The translations of all Italian texts are dell'Emilia-Romagna.
Gregory my
own
and so is the responsibility
SOURCES
OF ILLUSTRATIONS 5
G. Bartoloni C. Bizzarri
7
P. von Eles
2
9-10 20-23 3-7
M. Gleba 2 N.T. V.
de Grummond Izzet
for their accuracy.
?
24-25 1
13-14 8
26 Museo Civico di Bologna 2 Soprintendenzaper iBeni Archeologici ' dell Emilia-Romagna A. Tuck
I- 2, 27 15-17
G.P. Warden
II- 12
www.montepiesi.it
18-19
Margarita Gleba InstituteofArchaeology UniversityCollege London m.gleba@ucl.
ac. uk
WILLIAM JAMES STILLMAN IMAGES IN THE ARCHIVES OF THE SOCIETY FOR THE PROMOTION OF HELLENIC STUDIES1 Previous discussions of collections printed inArchaeological Reports
have
consisted
of antiquities.
of catalogues
This
contri
bution does not deal with antiquitiesper se, butwith objects depicting antiquities 46 glass plate photographicnegatives are these objects century. However, artefacts. Most of them are large,
dating to the nineteenth also culturally-produced
approximately20cm by 20cm, glass plates, though some are
In addition, rectangular of both smaller and larger dimensions. in a British standard there are seventeen images duplicated lantern slide format. These 8.25cm by 8.25cm glass artefacts of a much
are remnants
larger collection
of negatives
and slides
amassed by theSociety for thePromotion ofHellenic Studies Hellenic Society) in the late nineteenthto the first (hereafter half of the twentiethcentury.2 The majority of thenegatives depictmonuments ofAthens and can be attributedto theAmerican photographer William James Stillman (1828-1901). Stillman iswell-known forhis album of 25 imagesof theAthenianAcropolis, photographedin 1869 and published by F.S. Ellis3 of London in 1870 as The of Athens, Illustrated Picturesquely and Acropolis Architecturally in Photography. Numerous photographic publishingfirms,such as theAutotypeCo.,4Marion & Co.5 and also
Bedford-Lemere,6
reproduced
and
Stillman's
sold
Athenian images as individual albumen prints.7 The images were highly regarded and avidly collected. Stillman's can in archives of Athens be found various of photographs scholars
such
as
those of Sir Lawrence
Alma-Tadema
1912) and Sir JohnBeazley (1885-1970).8 views
Stillman's
to be
considered
of
the monuments
aesthetic
and
romantic
of
(1836 are
the Acropolis
observations,
distinct
from thoseof contemporaryphotographerswho catered to the buying public.9 In his autobiography,Stillman indicates the differencebetween his views of theAcropolis and others: set about photographingthe ruins ofAthens, which I foundhad never been treatedintelligently by the local photographers'.10 Observations based on the subtitleof TheAcropolis ofAthens stress
intention
Stillman's
'to
illustrate
architecturally',
implyinghis desire to show theelementsof thearchitecturein
relation
to space
as seen
in the absolute
symmetry
of some
of
the images (for example, nos 3001, 3003) and in the strong
shadows has
term 'picturesquely' in the subtitle light.11 The aesthetic with Stillman's associated philosophy,
and
been
stronglyinfluencedby Ruskin, implyingthatStillman stroveto
combine
inherent
beauty
and
artistic
interpretation
in his
photographs.12
In addition to his photographic work, Stillman was a journalist,diplomat,artcriticand painter,who lived formost of his adult lifeoutside his nativeUnited States, in Italy,Greece, Crete and England. Most studies of Stillman stresshis ties to literaryand artisticcircles of the nineteenthcenturyand his connections,
in particular,
with Ruskin
and Rossetti.13
Indeed,
Stillman is often described as the 'firstAmerican pre Raphaelite painter' and his photographsare discussed inartistic terms.
Though he has also been called anAmerican philhellene,14 therehave not been extensive studies on Stillman's interestin Classical antiquities and the emerging discipline of archaeology. Stillman had attaineddistinction in thefield at least by 1879 when he was invited to become one of the
foundingmembers of theHellenic Society.15Between 1880, in the firstvolume of theJournal ofHellenic Studies (hereafter JHS), and 1901, theyear of his death,Mr. W.J. Stillmanwas listed as a member of theHellenic Society, his name marked with an asterisk denoting founding status. Some of his publishedworks during thistimereflecthis interestinClassical antiquitywhere he makes use of his keen skill of artistic observation,his first-handknowledge of the landscape and his with thepeople and politics involved in conducting familiarity in Italy and Greece.
archaeology Stillman's
scholarly
publications
are few in number.
In the
firstannual reportof thenewly formed Archaeological Institute ofAmerica (hereafter AIA) in 1880, Stillman contributedan article describing his investigationof the 'Cyclopean' or
in Grosseto, 'Pelasgic' walls of Monte Leone Italy.16 Stillman's as a is better known, second report to the AIA primarily to Arthur Evans's at Knossos.17 With excavations precursor
financial support, Stillman had planned to excavate
AIA
Knossos, vations
he submitted obser but, failing to secure permission, on the site, describing Kalokairinos' and excavations,
remarkedon linear signs found on building blocks thatwere printedas an appendix in the second annual reportof theAIA in 1881.18 A publication in theBulletin de correspondance hell?nique describing a chance findof anArchaic decorative bronze cuirass (no. 3043) followed in 1883.19 Several years later,Stillman was asked by theAmerican Numismatic and Archaeological Society ofNew York toprovide a reporton the Cesnola collection,primarilyrespondingto thedisputed issues of attribution
and repairs
and alterations.20
However,
the bulk
to various
popular
of Stillman's archaeological writings during this period of
consisted
short
articles
and
letters
periodicals, most notably The Nation.21 collected
together,
in book
observations of the Aegean
format,
in Century magazine.22
appeared
Later in life, he
several
archaeological
islands that had previously
In theformativedays of theprofession,when therewas little
distinction logical
between
professionals
community
acknowledged
and amateurs, the archaeo and Stillman's contributions
he is occasionally referredto inJHS. The firstmention of Stillman at a Hellenic Society meeting in London is in the
for the 1882 annual meeting, where his remarks on proceedings are noted.23 Walter W.M. Ramsay's Phrygian Expedition armour in JHS 1883 indicates that Leaf note on Homeric Leaf's
discussedwith Stillman thebronze cuirass published thatsame of a writing report of the
observations year.24 Thirteen years after Stillman's in the second annual appeared system at Knossos
AIA, Arthur Evans delivered a paper to a meeting of the Hellenic Society on 'primitivepictographs' of Crete, elevating the signs Stillman to marks' script.25
recorded
and
sketched
from
'mere mason's
During thedecade of the 1880s, Stillmanbecame embroiled inan archaeological debate thatincludedotherHellenic Society
members
over
the accuracy
of Schliemann
's and D?rpfeld's
Stillman, insistingthatneither Schliemann interpretations.26 -
nor
D?rpfeld
were
trained
scientific
archaeologists,
believed thatHisarlik was not the true site of Troy. He also firmlybelieved thatthedating ofmany walls atMycenae and
Tiryns was much
later than reported by the German
excavators,
basing his chronologyon his extensive studyofwall construe
124
DEBORAH HARLAN In 1881
tion techniques.
wrote
Stillman
in The Nation
on
the
'True Site of Troy' and the 'The True Age of theMykenae Finds' and followed up with subsequent articles in the same periodical on similar topics related to Troy,Mycenae and Tiryns.27 In 1886, Schliemann and D?rpfeld were invited to attenda specialmeeting of theHellenic Society to discuss the remainsatTiryns thatwas held in theSociety ofAntiquaries in London on 2 July 1886.28 Stillmanwas also invitedto attend, but he declined 'post-Hellenic' his describing
the offer.
date
and
on a
position
his
in language often-intemperate to fuel the controversy, continued were of the prehistoric convinced
opponents after many scholars at Mycenae antiquity of the walls
even
adamant
Stillman's
and Tiryns.29
One of the original objectives of the Hellenic Society, stipulated in the Society's Rules,30 was the compilation of
to document and photographs sketches, engravings, rubbings Greek works of arts, inscriptions, sites and remains. Therefore, it is not surprising interests and connections given Stillman's his in the Hellenic that appear Society's images would The
collection.
first mention
of Stillman's
images
at
the
Hellenic Society is in theTransactions of theSociety for 1886 1887.31 The reportindicated thatMr Stillman had offered 'to place at the disposal of the Society the negatives of a very importantseries of photographstakenby him ofmonuments of
Athens'.
Twenty
of images were mounted
five proof copies
and
placed in a portfolio to be held in the libraryof theHellenic
to peruse.32 The negatives Society for members and arrangements by the Autotype Company to order enlargements.33 members Society
Hellenic
Society's
gleaned
from a larger negative
were
to be held
made
for
the 1902, had grown consider
collection
photographic
were
By
ably with over 4,000 prints and over 1,500 lantern slides, collection.
JHS
for that year
listsselect sets of photographsfromwhich enlargementscould be ordered.34 The firstset listed is the 25 enlargementsof ancientAthens followed by a listof 23 photographsof Sicily also byMr W.J. Stillman.35Other photographicsets ofAthens listed for sale were byWalter Leaf, R. Elsey Smith and J.
Thacher
Clarke.36
The existingStillmannegatives and slides all have catalogue
numbers
that correspond registers held
negative handwritten These
to entries in
in the first of six volumes
the Hellenic
negative registers number, number of negatives, catalogue tick-marks if an image was duplicated format.
3001)
The
of
archives. Society's contain for columns caption, donor and for into print and slide
first entry for the series of Stillman negatives (no. an annotation in the donor column indicating
contains
that the Hellenic Society bought the negatives from the
Autoytpe Company WJ. Stillman'.
who,
in turn, 'had acquired
them from Mr
monuments
with
variations
in angle
and distance.
It is known
thatStillman returnedtoAthens in 1882 and rephotographed
each
of
the monuments
from
the same
viewpoints.37
The
majority of theHellenic Society negatives date to this later, 1882, rephotographingof themonuments. The largeFrankish tower,dismantled in 1875,38does not appear ina numberof the images, including the top-rightcorner of the image of the Propylaea in negative number 3019, but is prominent in the similar image, photographed in 1869, depicted in plate 6 of The Acropolis of Athens. The 1882 date has also been confirmedby comparison of theHellenic Society collection with a photographicalbum labeledAtene 1882 in theStillman archive at the SchafferLibrary,Union College, Schenectady,
New
York.39
3042,
however,
monuments
Athenian
depicting
may
to 1869.
date
The
and
has
Stillman's
signature
and thedate ('69) physicallyscratchedinto theemulsion of the negative in the foregroundof the image. It shows thenorth In the lower right looking west. '13'. This image does not match
colonnade
of the Parthenon, is the painted number
corner
thepublished plate 13 in TheAcropolis ofAthens thatshows a over
view
the Parthenon, 3042 may
number
negative
east. It is possible that looking have been one of numerous images
taken in 1869, but ultimately rejected for publication in the album.40 If thedate of 1869 is secure, speculation thatStillman initiatedthe rephotographicprogramme in 1882 because the original 1869 negatives were lost or destroyed may be incorrect.41
The Hellenic Society negative registercontains44 entriesfor Stillman'sGreek images,beginningwith thecatalogue number 3001 and concludingwith 3043, with the entryfor 3011 left
blank. that
of the captions contain enlargement numbers are said to in the 'almost images (or equal')
Thirteen
'equal'
numberedlistof 25 photographsof ancientAthens mentioned in the1902 editionofJHS. It is likely,therefore, thatthenegatives purchased by theHellenic Society, probablypost-1902,42were not the same negatives
to produce
used
the enlargements.
Tick
marks incolumns indicatethatall of thesephotographicimages
were
in print format and nineteen of them in lantern reproduced tomembers slide format, which were made available for loan or
purchase.43All but a few are imagesofAthens: 3037 is said to be of Mycenae and 3043 is the bronze cuirass found near Olympia, publishedby Stillman in 1883. The negative registerentryfor3044 has been erased, but a negative in thecollection is labelled 3044 and the image looks like the Italian countryside. Entries 3045 to 3050 are completely blank. Entries begin again with 3051 to 3090,
marked donor
'Roman
column
Series'.
a
The
reference
'Roman
back
Series'
list in the
entries
to catalogue
number
3001,
indicatingtheywere also acquired fromtheAutotype Company andwere photographedbyWilliam Stillman.A further notation at Rome, was also the British School 'BSR', denoting the donor column. Only six of this series, 3085-3090,
with the Greek images in the present Hellenic A
collection.44
negatives
have
number
two negative
remain
'Roman existing numbers, one corresponding
of
the
in
added
Scoiety Series'
to the
Hellenic Society registerand a second numberpreceded by the initials A', possibly indicatinga separatecataloguing system in use prior to theirplacement in theHellenic Society. The 'Roman
Series'
is not mentioned
in JHS.
it is known
However,
thatStillman photographed inRome and Italybetween 1861
and
None of theviews in theHellenic Society's collection are exact duplicate images of those inStillman's 1870 publication. They are very similar compositions showing the same
number
Negative
negative is slightlylargerand thickerthan theothernegatives
1897.45
The negatives show signs of age: chips and cornerbreaks, cracks,flaking emulsion and clouding caused by decomposing chemicals.
Negative
labels
are usually
catalogue
numbers
but
sometimes includecaptions. They are either inkeddirectlyon
the border, etched onto a corner of the image or are written onto side. Also, modi pasted paper labels, usually on the emulsion to the negatives occurred over a long period of time. fications
Masking with paper tape and marking with a thin ink line served as guides for cropping,highlightingthemonuments in thecentreof the image. Blocking out of areas, particularlythe sky, marks
on the negatives was a common alteration. Unintentional such as fingerprints also appear on the negatives (for
example, nos 3018, 3038). The blocking,possibly to cover up indicatethat, dustparticleson thenegative,and thefingerprints with the exception of negative number 3042, the collection is comprisedof copy negatives. Given thecolumn fornumberof negatives
in the register,
it is clear
that numerous
negatives
WILLIAM JAMESSTILLMAN
125
there are no entry. Though catalogue the label on negative in the collection, at one time a 'duplicate that it was from'. However, only one example of each
were
for each produced now negatives duplicate indicates number 3003 to choose
negative negative
was
column
in the register may
saved,
at a time when
possibly
the large-format
It is also possible that the
glass negatives fell out of use.
included
have
produced
negatives
fromtheoriginals for theproductionof lanternslides ofwhich can be found
one example
in the collection
(no. 3031).
Images in theformatof lanternslides in theHellenic Society
as part of the slide loan collection a wider audience and in demonstrations they were heavily used in public as were Stillman's all of Not reproduced images teaching.46
reached since
Most of the seventeen slides. slides, lantern existing were cropped. This was from Stillman's negatives, reproduced a smaller to accommodate done format, but more perhaps was a way of focusing on those elements of the significantly, In the to be worthy of attention. considered view that were
sets of slides based on popular topics early twentieth century, or annotated slide lists were formed, accompanied by lectures that boosted written by a 'recognized authority on the subject' At least two of Stillman's borrowing and sales of lantern slides.
images (nos 3005, 3006) were included in the slide set The Parthenon and two more (nos 3019, 3022) in the set The
of Athens.47 Acropolis Stillman's images,
as photographs and lantern reproduced practice of scholarly part of a nineteenth-century in of photographs and arrangement collection exchange, of repre forms other and learned institutions.48 Photographs as were such as casts and reproductions sentation compiled a the of nineteenth-century product documentary images, slides
were
empirical
drive for categorizing
and recording,
as a
particularly
way of expanding knowledge of the visible world with the growth of the British Empire.49 The masking and other to the to the negatives, contradictory seemingly is rationalized observation, by an objective in a particular way or to to view the monuments expectation In a series of essays in the scene. focus on particular elements Elizabeth and historical on visual photographs, anthropology alterations
of
concept
Edwards points out that the formation of photographic
are processes of the exchange images and a visual economy that reflected complex in turn, and social networks' which, scientific wide-reaching artefacts cultural These to the image.50 gave authority an into were formalized Stillman's image library, negatives of the late nineteenth and became part of the visual economy collections
and
'enmeshed
within
century
that allowed
through
imagery.
intellectual
communities,
such
as
the
Hellenic Society, control of the dissemination of knowledge CATALOGUE51 note in the negative W. front (a). Pencilled and Alma-Tadema Lawrence 'Sir (?) in doorway' says register v. different style from fig. a later note added 'probably not A-T and a print copy. lists four negatives in 3012'.52 Register
3001:
Union College Stillman photographicalbum Atene 1882, no. 28a:
west
'Parthenon
Negative:
20cm
Fa?ade'. 20.2cm.
Label
'3001'
appears
both
top
and bottom, inked intotheborderson theemulsion side. (Fig. 1)? 3002:
Parthenon:
from N.W.
(b).
Register
lists four negatives,
a printcopy and a lanternslide. Appears in the 1913 Slide Catalogue. Union College Stillman photographicalbumAtene 1882,
2a. 3002
Parthenon:
no. 27:
'Parthenon
from north west'.
Negative:
20cm
20cm.
on
Masked
emulsion
side
by
black cloth tape, top (2.5cm wide), bottom (2cm wide), right and left (each 0.5cm wide). Paper label,with inked '3002', pasted onto Lantern upper-
top mask. (Fig. 2a). slide: number Catalogue
right corner,
circular white
label in in rectangular in upper-left corner.
sticker
The image has been cropped from the negative along the bottom,
and
the E end of the structure
cut off. The
effect
is to
focus on thecentredepicting theentrance to theW end of the Parthenon. (Fig. 2b).
DEBORAH HARLAN
126
3004:
from N.E. to enlargement
Parthenon:
corresponds
indicates that the negative Register no. 9: 'Parthenon - from the N.E.'
(JHS 1902). Register lists threenegatives, a printcopy and a lanternslide. Appears in the 1913 Slide Catalogue also listed as no. 14 in The Parthenon set of select slides. Union College album
Stillman
photographic from north east'.
12.1cm.
21cm
Negative: emulsion
side,
Atene
upper-left
1882,
'3004'
Label
corner.
no. 46:
Emulsion
'Parthenon
is
on
inked
or
silvering
on glass side, covering clouding. Black paintwith fingerprints partsof thesky. Some chips in thecentre-topplate. (Fig. 4a). Lantern
upper-right
slide:
corner,
in rectangular number Catalogue sticker in upper-left circular white
in
label
corner.
No croppingof the image. (Fig. 4b).
2b. 3002
3003:
E. front. Register to enlargement closely
Parthenon:
corresponds
indicates no.
8:
that the negative East
'Parthenon
Front' (JHS 1902). Register lists four negatives and a print copy. Negative: with labels
'3003'
20cm on
are perhaps
older
Thee
20.2cm.
emulsion
side, ones,
paper
pasted corner.
top-right on the glass
pasted
labels, one other Two side, one
top
leftwith caption 'Fa?ade of Parthenonfromfront(Duplicate to
choose
choose bottom
to centre repeating 'Duplicate from)' and other top off in upper-left corner and iswearing from'. Emulsion left corner of in lower two corners. Fingerprint
emulsion. (Fig. 3).
4b. 3004
3005:
Parthenon:
from S.E.
Register
lists four negatives,
a
print copy and a lanternslide. Appears in the 1913 Slide
Catalogue
and
is also
listed as no.
15 in The Parthenon
set of
select slides. Union College Stillman photographic album
Atene
3. 3003
1882, no. 33: 'Interior of Parthenon in the distance'.
Hymettus
looking
south
east,
WILLIAM JAMESSTILLMAN
127
5a. 3005
Negative:
20.lem
20cm.
lines on
Inked
the emulsion
side, topand bottom.Two paper labels,both inkedwith '3005', on glass side, upper leftand lowercentre. (Fig. 5a). Lantern
right corner,
slide:
number in circular label in upper Catalogue circular white sticker in upper-left corner. Image
has been cropped along themarked lines indicated on the negativeplusmore on therightside. The effectis tocentre the imageon thecornerof thecolonnade. (Fig. 5b). lists four interior, looking W. Register a a lantern four and copy print duplicate negatives, negatives, not in the present collection. in the slide. Negative Appears
3006:
Parthenon:
1913 Slide Catalogue. No negative in the collection. Union College Stillman photographic album Atene 1882, no. 38: 'Interior of Parthenon
looking west'. number in circular label Catalogue corner. right corner, circular white sticker in upper-left Lantern
3007:
slide:
Parthenon:
interior,
looking E.N.E.
Register
in upper (Fig.
6).
lists four
negatives,a printcopy and a lanternslide. Appears in the 1913 Slide Catalogue. Union College Stillman photographicalbum
Atene
1882, Negative:
no. 32:
'Interior of Parthenon
20.1cm
20.1cm.
Black
looking
paper
north east'.
tape masking
on
emulsion side top (4.6cm wide), left (1cm wide), bottom (2.5cmwide) and some remainingon right(0.5cmwide). Paper label '3007' is affixedto the topmask on the right. Emulsion is silvering
or clouding.
Another
paper mask,
perhaps
addition, is attached to theglass side of the negative on top (5.8cmwide) with '3007' writtenon it. (Fig. 7a). Lantern
right corner,
slide:
number in circular label in upper Catalogue circular white sticker in upper-left corner. Image
shows some croppingalong the leftside of theslide. (Fig. 7b). 3008:
Parthenon:
E. Colonnade,
from N.
showing
curvature
Stylobate. Register listsfournegatives and a printcopy.
of
is on label '3008' 20.1cm. 20.2cm Paper side, lower left. Inked lines appear across the top and on emulsion is in an advanced side. The negative stage
Negative:
emulsion bottom
6. 3006
a later
of decomposition; emulsion beginning to fade and yellow. Some emulsionbeginning topeel along thebottom. (Fig. 8).
3009:
Parthenon:
E. Colonnade,
interior
looking N.
no. 37a:
'Eastern
Register
lists fournegatives and a printcopy. Union College Stillman
photographic Parthenon'.
album
Atene
1882,
Portico
of
20cm 20.1cm. label '3009' appears on Paper side, upper left. On the emulsion side, the areas the columns and around the structure have been
Negative:
the emulsion between
blackened out with ink. On theglass side, furtherblocking, perhaps
a later alteration with
paper tape, appears columns. (Fig. 9).
over
the use of orange paper and black and the areas between the
the sky areas
DEBORAH HARLAN
128
9. 3009
7b. 3007
3010: Register
Parthenon: indicates
W. Colonnade, that it corresponds
looking N.W. no. to enlargement
interior closely
4: Acropolis - from theHill of theNymphs'. However, it is likely to be enlargement
no.
12: 'West Portico
of the Parthenon'
(JHS 1902). Register lists fournegatives, a printcopy and a lantern slide. Negative:
20.1cm
20.1cm.
Paper
label
theemulsion side, upper right. (Fig. 10a). Lantern
upper-right
slide:
corner,
corner. (Fig. 10b).
Catalogue rectangular
number
white
'3010'
appears
on
label in in rectangular in upper-left sticker
3011: Blank entryinnegative register.No negatives listedand no tick-marks
3012:
in the columns W.
Parthenon:
lantern slide.
for print and
door.
Notation
in negative
register
identifiesthefigure to the leftof thedoorway as Sir Lawrence
Alma-Tadema.53
Register
lists three negatives,
a print copy
and
a lanternslide. Appears in the 1913 Slide Catalogue. Union College Stillman photographic album Atene 1882, no. 35: 'Door
of the Parthenon
Negative:
10cm
(Byzantine)'. 20.1cm. Paper
emulsion side, upper left.
label
Emulsion
'3012'
appears
on
is beginning to
WILLIAM JAMESSTILLMAN
129
silver/cloud.Black paper tape is on all four sides (ca. 0.5cm wide), on glass side. (Fig. 11a). slide: number Catalogue in upper-right corner, circular
Lantern
its side,
in rectangular white sticker
label, on in upper
leftcorner.Masked along the linesof thenegative. (Fig. lib). 3013:
Erechtheum:
Register no. 13:
view from N.E. general angle of Parthenon. that the negative corresponds to enlargement 'Erechtheion from the Parthenon' (JHS 1902). one duplicate lists four negatives, a print negative,
indicates
Register
copy and a lanternslide. Appears in the 1913 Slide Catalogue. Union College Stillman photographicalbum Atene 1882, no. 50a:
'Erectheum
from the Parthenon'.
11a. 3012
Negative:
20.1cm
20.1cm.
'3013'
Label
is scratched
into
the emulsion, upper left,and inked on the border on the emulsion side, upper right. (Fig. 12a). Lantern
slide:
upper-right
corner,
in rectangular number Catalogue circular white sticker in upper-left
label
in
corner.
The image has been cropped on all sides, primarily top and bottomgiving theeffectof placing thestructurein thecentreof theentiretophalf of theslide. (Fig. 12b). 3014:
Erechtheum:
that
the
negative
Ionic
colonnade
corresponds
on E. to
Register
enlargement
indicates no.
15:
'Erechtheion- East Side' (JHS 1902). Register lists four negatives and a print copy. Union College Stillman photo
10b. 3010
Polias'. graphic album Atene 1882, no. 51b: 'Temple of Minerva Negative: 20.1cm 20.1cm. Paper label '3014' appears on
theemulsion side, lower right. (Fig. 13).
DEBORAH HARLAN
130
13. 3014
12a. 3013
3015: Erechtheum:Karyatid Porch fromW. Register listsfour one
negatives,
duplicate
a print copy
negative,
and
a
lantern
slide. Union College Stillman photographicalbumAtene 1882,
no. 44: The
Negative:
20.1cm
of the Caryatids'. 20.1cm. Paper
appears
label
'3015'
appears
slide:
leftcorner. (Fig. 14b).
3016: Erechtheum: Karyatid. negative
in
corner on the emulsion
side. (Fig. 14a). in rectangular number Catalogue sticker in upper-right corner, circular white
lower-right Lantern its side,
Tribune
corresponds
label, on in upper
Register indicates that the
to enlargement
no.
a print copy and a lantern slide. Union College negatives, album Atene 1882, no. 49: 'Caryatid'. Stillman photographic Negative: 20.1cm 20.1cm. Partial paper label '3016'
18:
'Caryatid.
Single
Figure from theErechtheion' (JHS 1902). Register lists four
on
the emulsion
side,
lower
left, and an etched
'3016'
appears in the lower right.Masked black paper tape (ca. 0.5cm wide) indicatesthecropping linealong the lefton theglass side. (Fig. 15a). slide: in rectangular label in Lantern number Catalogue upper-right corner, square white sticker, partly scraped off, with '22' in upper-left corner. The the number image is cropped
following themask mark on thenegative and cropped top and bottom. The effect is to focus on the single caryatid,now in centreof image. (Fig. 15b).
WILLIAM JAMESSTILLMAN 3017:
Erecthewn:
. porch:
general
view.
Register
lists four
negatives and a print copy. Union College Stillman photo
graphic album Atene 1882, no. 54: 'Fa?ade of the Panarosium'. label '3017' 20.1cm 20cm. Negative: appears on Paper the emulsion side, lower right. In the lower-left corner, on the
emulsion sidewith theemulsionpeeled away, is anotherpaper labelwith '33'. Cropping linemarked on the emulsion side with an inked linealong therightside. (Fig. 16). 3018: Erectheum: N. porch from E. and a print copy. negatives 20.1cm 20.1cm. Negative:
Paper
Register lists four label
'3018'
appears
on
theemulsion side, upper left.Another label,with thenumber
14b. 3015
131
'42', appears on theglass side, top right. Inked lines on the emulsion side, indicatingcroppingguides, appear on both right and leftsides; a faint linealso appears at the top. Fingerprints are found along the top of thenegative on theemulsion side. Chemicals are beginning to degrade, causing some clouding and thereis some flakingof theemulsion. (Fig. 17). 3019: Propylaea: frontfromW. general view. Register listsfour negatives,a printcopy and a lanternslide. Appears in the 1913 Slide Catalogue, also listedas no. 17 inTheAcropolis ofAthens set of select slides. The lanternslide version is croppedwith most of the leftside missing. Union College Stillman photo graphic
album Atene
15b. 3016
1882,
no.
18:
'Approach
to Propylaea'.
132
DEBORAH HARLAN N. wing from S.S.W. indicates Propylaea: Register no. to enlargement the negative closely corresponds
3020:
that 23:
'Propylea and NorthWing' (JHS 1902). Register lists four negatives and a print copy. Union College Stillman photo graphic albumAtene 1882, no. 21: 'Propylaea& Bibliothek'. Negative:
20.2cm
20.1cm.
Paper
label
'3020'
appears
on
theemulsion side, upper right.Negative number is also inked in the border
on
top.
Inked
line on
the emulsion
side
is across
the top just above the roofof thePropylaea and anotheralong the bottom of the negative, indicatingguides for cropping. There is some flakingof emulsion. (Fig. 19).
17. 3018
Negative: the emulsion
20.1cm side,
20.1cm. lower
right.
Paper
label
Paper
labels,
appears on top and bottom,
'3019'
are on theglass side, perhapsmarking thecropping line. Faint bottom and top on the emulsion side, also corner broken and line. Top-left cropping in There are some ink marks corners are missing.
inked lines are across the same
marking both bottom
thesky.The emulsion isbeginning to cloud. (Fig. 18a). Lantern
upper-right left corner.
label in in rectangular slide: number Catalogue corner, top half of a circular white sticker in upper areas The removing the labelled image is cropped,
of thenegative along topand bottom.Also cropped on the left side. The focus of the imagenow lies on the stairs leadingup to theentrance. (Fig. 18b).
18b. 3019
WILLIAM JAMESSTILLMAN 20.1 cm
Negative: the emulsion
side,
20.2cm.
lower
left.
133
Paper label '3022' appears on on emulsion Inked guidelines
side on topand bottom. Paper tape (3.2cmwide) appears along the top on the glass
side. The
upper-left
corner has been broken
off,but laterrepairedwith sellotape. (Fig. 21a).
slide: Catalogue label in Lantern number is in rectangular sticker in upper-left corner corner, square white upper-right to the number in labelled with the number '14', corresponding
theslide set TheAcropolis ofAthens. (Fig. 21b).
3023: Temple ofWingless Victoryfrom thePropylaea. Register indicates
that the
to enlargement
no.
5:
corresponds negative - from the Propylaea' (JHS 'Temple of Wingless Victory 1902). Register listsfournegatives, a printcopy and a lantern
20. 3021
3021:
Propylaea,
print copy. Negative:
from S.W.
20.2cm
Register
20.2cm.
Paper
lists four negatives label
'3021'
and a
appears
on
theemulsion side, upper left. Inkedguidelines appear on the
emulsion
side,
across
all
four sides,
to show
cropping
lines.
Chemicals are degrading,causing clouding. (Fig. 20).
3022: Temple ofWingless Victorywith bastion, lookingS.W. Register
lists four negatives,
a print copy
and
a lantern slide.
Appears in the 1913 Slide Catalogue also listedas no. 14 inThe Acropolis ofAthens set of select slides. Union College Stillman photographic album Atene 1882, no. 24: 'View out from the PropylaeaTomb of Philopappus in thedistance'.
21b. 3022
134
DEBORAH HARLAN
slide. Appears in the 1913 Slide Catalogue. Union College Stillman photographicalbumAtene 1882, no. 22: Temple of
Nike Apteros'.
Negative: 20cm 20cm. Paper label '3023' appearing on the emulsion side on paper tape, upper left. Paper tape on emulsion side appears on top (2.5cm wide), left(0.5cm wide) and bottom (1.4cm wide). The bottom tape is partlypeeled away to reveal an inked line. (Fig. 22a). Lantern
upper-right
slide:
corner,
in rectangular number Catalogue circular white sticker in upper-left
label
in
corner.
Image follows themaskingmark of thenegative and is cropped on left.The croppingremoves the impressionthatthe temple is high on a bastion and focuses insteadon the structureitself. (Fig. 22b).
23b. 3024
3024: Temple& Precincts ofAsklepios. Register indicates that the negative corresponds closely to enlargement no. 24: Temple and PrecinctsofAsklepos' (JHS1902). Register lists fournegatives,a printcopy and a lanternslide. Union College Stillman photographic album Atene 1882, no. 15: Aesculapeion'. Negative:
20.1cm
20.2cm.
Paper
label
theemulsion side, upper left. (Fig. 23a). Lantern
22b. 3023
upper-right
slide:
corner,
corner. (Fig. 23b).
Catalogue rectangular
number
white
'3024'
appears
on
in rectangular label in in upper-left sticker
WILLIAM JAMESSTILLMAN 3025:
135
Theatre
indicates 'Theatre
of Dionysus fr. S. showing Auditorium. Register no. 21: to enlargement that the negative corresponds of Dionysos from the South, the showing
Auditorium' (JHS 1902). Register listsfournegatives, a print copy and a lanternslide. Union College Stillman photographic 1882, no. 10: 'Theatre of Bacchus'. label '3025' 20cm 20.1cm. Paper
album Atene Negative:
the emulsion above
side,
the Acropolis
tape along
lower wall
left. on
the top on the glass
Black
ink covers
the emulsion side. The
side.
emulsion
to silveror cloud along theedges. (Fig. 24a).
appears on in the area Black
paper is beginning
25. 3026
slide: Catalogue Lantern in rectangular number label, on its side, in upper-right corner, circular white sticker in upper on right side removing most of the paved left corner. Cropped interior of the theatre, focusing on the rows of seats up to the
wall of theAcropolis. (Fig. 24b).
view of interior. of Dionysus from E. general to indicates that the negative closely corresponds no. 20: 'Theature of of General View enlargement Dionysos
3026:
Theatre
Register
Register lists four negatives, one
Interior' (JHS 1902).
duplicate
negative,
a print copy
and
a
lantern slide.
Lantern
slide does not exist in thecollection. Union College Stillman
photographic Negative:
album Atene
1882, 20.1cm.
no. 9:
'Theatre
of Bacchus'.
Paper label '3026' appears on the emulsion side, lower right. The negative number is written is some in pencil on the emulsion side, upper right. There is beginning along the edges. Emulsion flaking of the emulsion 20.1cm
to silver. (Fig. 25).
3027: Acropolis & Temple ofOlympian Zeus from theStadium. Register
indicates
that
the negative corresponds from the Stadion'
no. 3: 'Acropolis enlargement lists four negatives Register
and
closely
to
(JHS 1902). a print copy. Union College
StillmanphotographicalbumAtene 1882: no. 3: 'View fromthe Stadium
Hill'.
Negative:
20cm
20cm.
Paper
label pasted
on
the glass
side along the entire rightside of thenegativewith the inked negative Gardens
and the caption from the '3027', number, 'Acropolis of the Illyssus. Athens'. There is some silvering of the
emulsion along theedges. (Fig. 26).
3028: Acropolis & Olympieion from the King's Garden. Register Stillman
and a print copy. Union lists four negatives album Atene 1882, no. 4: 'View
photographic of Illysus'.
gardens Negative:
24b. 3025
College from the
Two paper labels appear on 20.1cm 20cm. side; '3028' on the right and 'B58A' upper border on emulsion on the emulsion on the left. Another label, '3028', appears
DEBORAH HARLAN
136
side, lower left,obscuring thestructure(disusedwindmill) and probably versions
serves
as
of the same
approximately
19.5cm
are two There for cropping. on the same negative plate, each image The top image ismarked with 9.5cm.
a marker
an inked 'X' on theemulsion side. (Fig. 27).
3029: Acropolis from theHill of theNymphs. Register listsfour negatives and a print copy. Union College Stillman photo graphic Hill'.
album
Negative:
Atene
20.2cm
1882,
no. 6:
20cm.
'View
Paper
label
from
the Musaeum
'3029'
appears
on
theemulsion side, lower right. Inked line along the topon the emulsion side. The emulsion isbeginning toyellow. (Fig. 28).
1
r
29. 3030
3030: Acropolis & HymettusfromMuseum Hill. Register lists fournegatives and a printcopy. Union College Stillman photo graphic album Atene 20cm Negative:
1882, no 8: 'View from the Nymphaeum'. on the 20cm. Paper label '3030' appears
emulsion side on top of paper tape, upper left. Black paper masks are on theemulsion side, along the top (4cmwide), the bottom (4cm wide) and along both sides (each 0.5cm wide). (Fig. 29). 3031: Theseum withAcropolis in the background. Register indicates
27. 3028
that the negative
'Acropolis and Theseion'
corresponds
(JHS 1902).
to enlargement
no.
1:
Register lists one
WILLIAM JAMESSTILLMAN negative,
one
duplicate
negative,
a print copy
and
a
137
lantern
slide. Lantern slide does not exist in the presentHellenic Society collection. Appears in the 1904 and 1913 Slide Catalogues. Entry in registeris struckthrough, probablypost 1913, and pencilled notationsuggests theuse ofD101 instead.
32. 3034
Negative:
9cm
10.5cm.
number
Negative
'3031'
is
marked in inkon the lowerborderon theemulsion side. This is a smaller
format
lantern slides. 7.2cm
used for contact printing onto in the centre (approximately appears image with rounded edges. The negative was found negative
The
5.9cm)
inan envelopemarked '(size 1)'. (Fig. 30).
3032: Theseum. Register lists no negatives, but lists a print
copy. No extant negative or Hellenic collection. Society
lantern slide
exist
in the present
3033: Acropolis fromN.E. Register lists fournegatives and a printcopy. Union College Stillman photographicalbumAtene 1882, no. 2: Acropolis fromtheHotel de Gde Bretagne'. Negative:
20.1cm
20.1cm.
Paper
label
theemulsion side, lower right. (Fig. 31).
'3033'
appears
on
3034: Old Cathedral at Athens. Register lists fournegatives and a print copy. Negative: 19.9cm the emulsion
side,
19.5cm.
lower right. On
Paper label '3034' appears on the glass side there are some
orangepaint spotsover theskyarea. The emulsion isbeginning toflake and cloud. (Fig. 32). 3035: Byzantine Church of St. Theodore. Register lists four and a print copy. negatives Negative: 20.1cm 20cm.
Paper
label
'3035'
on
appears
theemulsion side, lower left.On theglass side is anotherpaper label with
caption,
'Byzantine
lower right. (Fig. 33).
Church.
3036: Athens: Pelasgic Houses
Athens',
located
on
the
at the back of Pnyx Hill.
a print copy and a lantern slide. lists three negatives, Register Negative: 20.1cm 10.2cm. Paper label '3036' appears on
theemulsion side, upper left. Scratchingon theemulsion and black inkcoveringpartof theskyon top right. (Fig. 34a). Lantern
31. 3033
right corner,
34b).
slide:
Catalogue circular white
number
sticker
in circular
in upper-left
label
in upper
corner.
(Fig.
138
DEBORAH HARLAN 3037: Mycenae: no negatives,
lantern slide exists 3038:
Athens:
four negatives,
to Treasury ofAtreus.54 Register lists or lists a print copy. extant negative No in the present Hellenic Society collection.
entrance but
architectural a print copy
lists fragments. Byzantine. Register and a lantern slide. Union College
Stillman photographicalbum Atene 1882, no. 56: 'Details of architectural Negative:
ornament, Acropolis'. 20.1cm 20.2cm.
Paper
label
'3038'
appears
on
theglass side, upper left.The emulsion isbeginning to yellow and peel from edges of the plate. Top-right corner slightly chipped. Fingerprintfoundon top leftof image. (Fig. 35a). slide: Catalogue number in circular label in upper circular white in upper-left corner. (Fig. 35b). sticker corner, right Lantern
34b. 3036
35b. 3038
WILLIAM JAMESSTILLMAN
139
3040: Metope from theParthenon. Register listsfournegatives and a printcopy. Negative:
20.2cm
20.2cm.
Paper
label
'3040'
appears
on
lists
no
the emulsion side, lower left. The emulsion is beginning to yellow and peel at theedges. Some of theemulsion has been scraped off the topof theplate. (Fig. 37). 3041:
Parthenon: but
negatives,
interior looking E. Register lists a print copy. No extant negative
or lantern
slide exists in thepresentHellenic Society collection.
N. colonnade, Parthenon: and a print copy. negatives Negative: 25.5cm 20.2cm.
3042:
affixed
to this negative.
However,
looking W.
Register
lists four
No specific label has been there is some marking on the
negative itself. The name 'W Stillman' (with theW and S combined
in monogram)
and
the date
('69')
are reversed
and
lightlyscratched into thenegative on the lower-leftside of the image (Fig. 38a). A reversed,painted '13' iswrittenon the emulsion side on the lower rightof the image.All foursides of theglass plate have been masked (0.5cmwide) with black tape. The emulsion isbeginning to cloud and fade. (Fig. 38b). 3043: Engraved bronze cuirassfromOlympia, cf.Pfuhl III p. 30 or Olymp. IVpl. 59.55 Register listsfournegatives and a print copy. Stillman originally published thisArchaic cuirass, a chance find from theAlpheus valley near Olympia and at the time in a private collection ofMr Crowe, theBritish Consul based inZante (Zakynthos), in theBulletin de correspondance hell?nique (1883) and photographsof itappear inplates I?III at the end of thevolume.56 In 1890, Furtw?nglersubsequently published alongwith others found in and aroundOlympia the cuirass (also called breastplate or corslet) with a fuller analysis of thedesign accompanied by a line drawing.57The idea
that the breastplate
was
of Archaic
manufacture
Cretan
is
mentioned by Pfuhl and repeated by Lamb and Benton.58 Boardman,
however,
showed
that
the
'Crowe'
along with the others in the Olympia
breastplate,
series, were of
classified it as an Peloponnesian Snodgrass workmanship.59 Archaic 'Bell'-corslet and dates it to the third quarter of the
seventh century,thoughby this time the object is listed as 'untraceable'.60 Negative: the emulsion
marked
on
20.1cm 20.2cm. Paper label '3043' appears on side, lower right, and an inked negative number is the centre-bottom border. Inked masking is on the
emulsion side, carefullymarking out the tophalf of the image, blacking
out an area just below
(Fig. 39).
37. 3040
3039:
Athens:
architectural
lists four negatives,
one
ornaments.
duplicate
Byzantine. Register and a print copy.
negative
Union College Stillman photographicalbum Atene 1882, no. 56:
'Details
of architectural
Negative:
20.4cm
the emulsion
side,
image, negative
each
ornament, Acropolis'. 20.2cm. Paper label '3039' appears on of the same versions lower right. Two
approximately lower plate. The
20cm
image
9.7cm, is marked
appear on the same with an 'X' on the
glass side of the plate. An inked line on the emulsion side appears on the rightand left throughboth images. There is some flakingof theemulsion. (Fig. 36).
38a. 3042
the breast
section
of the cuirass.
140
DEBORAH HARLAN
3
Erased pencilled notation in caption: 'Identifywhen printreturns'.Though thisnegative is groupedwith theGreek negatives, the image depicted (given the architectureof the church tower) is probably not of a setting inGreece. Itmost resembles photographs of the Italian countryside around Sestaione takenby Stillman.61Register listsfournegatives and a printcopy.
3044.
Negative:
20.2cm
20.1cm.
Paper
label
'3?44'
appears
on
theemulsion side, lowerright.An inkednegativenumberalso appears on theemulsion side, upper left. (Fig. 40). 3045 to 3050. Blank entries. 3051 to 3084. Beginning of the 'Roman Series'. Not included in this catalogue.
3085: Roman Series: Tiberfrom below theAventine.Register listsfournegatives and a largemounted print. Negative:
39. 3043
25.2cm
20cm.
Paper
label
'3085'
appears
on
theemulsion side, upper left. Inked labels A 35' and '3085' appear on theborder of emulsion side, upper right. Emulsion isbeginning to cloud. Lower-leftcornermissing. (Fig. 41).
WILLIAM JAMESSTILLMAN 3086: Roman Series: Tiber from below theAventine.Register and a large mounted lists four negatives print. Inked labels AA 20.1cm. 25.2cm Negative:
36'
and
'3086' appear on the emulsion side, upper right.Also, upper right,scratched into theemulsion of the image, is thenegative number. (Fig. 42). the Atrium Series: Forum, looking E. across and a large mounted lists four negatives print. Register into is scratched '3087' Label 16.2cm. 21.4cm Negative: Roman
3087:
Vestae.
the emulsion, upper centre,slightlyto the right.The negative
was
found
in an envelope
marked
with
the date
'25 Feb.
possibly indicating that this slightlysmaller negative duplicate, reproducedat a latertime. (Fig. 43).
41. 3085
28',
was a
44.3088
141
DEBORAH HARLAN
142 3088:
Forum, from S. Maria looking N.W. and a large mounted lists four negatives
Series:
Roman
Liberatrice.
Register
print. Negative:
is inked on the
'AA 38'
Label
20.2cm.
25.2cm
border of the emulsion side, upper right. Below this label is '3038' is etched onto the top edge of the image. Emulsion is beginning to silver. (Fig. 44). lists four Fountain Roman Series: of Trevi. Register and a large mounted print. negatives on 25.4cm. 20.2cm Negative: Paper label '3089' appears the emulsion side, lower right. Inked labels 'AA 39' and '3089'
3089:
appear on theborder of the emulsion side, upper right. The to silver around
is beginning
emulsion
the edges
of the image.
Aurelius.
lists Register large mounted
(Fig. 45). 3090:
Roman
Series:
print. Negative: '3090'
duplicate
negative
on the emulsion
and
Inked
25.1cm.
20.1cm
appear
ofMarcus
Column
one
four negatives,
side,
a
4AA40'
labels
and
top left. On
in the border,
theglass side, thereare papermasks on both rightand leftsides
with negative
number written on pencil
on right mask.
(Fig. 46).
NOTES 1Iwould like to acknowledge thehelp of a numberof people in
the Executive Richella of this paper. the preparation Doyle, me unlimited access Society, allowed Secretary of the Hellenic of the Hellenic to the archives and, throughout, Society me to pursue my study of the material. encouraged at Schaffer Library, head of special collections Fladger, and her student assistants kindly compared College, with Stillman's collections from the Hellenic Society
45. 3089
Ellen
Union images
photo at the Institute Ian Cartwright, photographer me with valuable Oxford University, provided of negatives. information regarding the reproduction
graphic albums. of Archaeology, technical
2Harlan (2008). 3
F.S.
Ellis
was
-^U.
i;
of such nineteenth-century the publisher and Morris Gabriel Rossetti, William
as Dante
luminaries
with Rossetti Wilkie Collins. It isperhaps Stillman's friendship thatenabled him to publish his photographsof Athens with Ellis.
1
4The Autotype Company was the firmthatprintedStillman's photographs,mentioned on the titlepage of The Acropolis of Athens, for thepublishinghouse F.S. Ellis. The Autotype Fine Art Company of London held the rightsto thecarbon pigment
as the coined that was of photographic reproduction process Process' and the resulting print was often referred to Autotype The company was known for its high quality as an Autotype'.
artand photographicreproductions.See Hannavy (2008) 103?
04. 5 Marion
&
commercial
Co.
was
one
photographic
of
See Hannavy (2008) 892-94. 6
Bedford
Lemere
&
the largest and most important in the late nineteenth century.
firms Co.
specialized
in
architectural
See Hannavy (2008) 62. photography. 7Ehrenkranz (1988) 22. 8The Alma-Tadema Archive at the Universityof Birmingham numerous
contains
Stillman
photographs;
see
Pohlmann
(1997) 122-23. Twenty one of Stillman's 1869 photographs
exist
in
the
Beazley
Archive,
http://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/antiquaria/
9
Oxford
University; default.htm.
see
Szegedy-Maszak (2005); a shorterversion of this article appears inHistory ofPhotography291 \ (2005) 1-34.
46. 3090
.mi
WILLIAM JAMESSTILLMAN 10Stillman (1901) 454, quoted inEhrenkranz (1988) 22. 11Eisler (1988). 12 162. 13Szegedy-Maszak (2005) Ehrenkranz Lindquist-Cock (1979); (1988); Eisler (1988); Szegedy-Maszak (2005). 14 Arnakis (1976). 15 Macmillian iii. 16Stillman (1929)is following in a traditionset by an early (1880)
American
John
antiquarian,
Izard Middleton.
See
Norton
(1885), whose tributetoMiddleton includes a reference to photographsby Stillman thatduplicate theviews of 'Pelasgic' walls drawn forMiddleton by the artist,Edward Dodwell. Stillman
seems
thorough
than those of any other
to have
made
his
name
as
an
expert
on
'Pelasgic' walls, as Norton ((1885) 9) stated thatStillman's 'studiesof Pelasgic walls have probablybeen wider andmore living archaeologist'.
17Driesen 18-20; Brown (1993) 35. 18Stillman(1990) (1881a). 19Stillman 20Stillman (1883). 21See Miller(1885). 235-47 forStillman's bibliography. 22 Stillman (1974) The book, On theTrack of Ulysses, was (1888). copiously illustratedwith Stillman's own drawings and photographs, and a favourable review of the book promptly soon after publication
appeared
by another
founding member
of
theHellenic Society,OscarWilde (1888). 23/#S3 xlvi. 24Leaf (1882) Stillman (1883). 298; 25Evans(1883) 282. (1894) 26See Stillman (1884b), where fellow foundingmembers R.C.
Jebb
and
J.P. Mahaffy
are named,
on opposing
of
sides
the
controversy.
27Stillman (1881b; 1881c; 1884a; 1886a; 1886b; 1889b). 28JHS 7 liv-lxiv. (1SS6) 29Stillman's letter defendinghis position is printed inStillman (1889a) and D?rpfeld's response to Stillman in D?rpfeld
(1889). 30JHS 1 (1880) ix;JHS 8 (1887) liv;JHS 10 (1889) xxxix. 31///S 8 liv-lv. 32As of(1887) this 2009, portfolio could not be located in the
Society's
library or archives.
33The notice states that the Autotype Co. physicallyheld the
and does negatives to or purchased
not indicate
that the negatives the Hellenic Society
were
donated
at this time. by therefore, must have been later, though no specific Acquisition, can be found in the JHS. confirmation of donation or purchase 34 were approximately 17 inches by 13 inches, at Enlargements the cost of three shillings each, unmounted, and four shillings six pence, mounted.
35Stillman is said to have donated the negatives of Sicily in 1890; see JHS 11 (1890) xxxviii-xxxix. However, thereis no mention of these images in the Hellenic Society negative registers,
are
nor
they among
his known
work.
photographic
Stillman, however, published a number of articles in The Nation on prehistoricSicily in 1889 and it is likely thathemay have takenphotographsat this time; seeMiller (1974) 243. 36Numerous entries in the first negative registervolume list Walter Leaf, Elsey Smith and Thacher Clarke as donors to the photographic
collection.
37Ehrenkranz (1988) 23, 83-89. 38Hurwit (1999) 299. 39 Union
143
40Other examples of Stillman photographsproduced in 1869, but not published in TheAcropolis ofAthens, can be found in archive at Birmingham Two such theAlma-Tadema University. come from Portfolio 78. Alma-Tadema examples photograph no. 9881, marked Stillman's initials, date (69) and the number
16 in theforeground,is thesame as publishedplate 17,with the exception of an added figureof a boy (Stillman's son,Russie) in theAlma-Tadema
print. Alma-Tadema
photograph
no. 9910
also contains Stillman's initials,date (69) and the number26 (onemore thanthepublished number). 41 Ehrenkranz (1988) 27, .20. 42The post-1902 acquisition date is furthersupportedby the 1923 publication date of a reference listed in the negative register caption for negative number 3043, though this
see reference could equally have been a later annotation. Also n. 33, on the acquisition of the Stillman negatives. 43 a member Sir Lawrence of the Hellenic Alma-Tadema, Society
from 1904-1911,
version
of Hellenic
numerous
collected
prints produced
fromStillman's Hellenic Society collection in addition to the many printsreproducedfrom1869 photographs;seeTomlinson (1991) 18. For example, in his archive at Birmingham University, in Portfolio 75 photographno. 9779 is a cropped no.
Society
3027.
same
The
follows
for
Alma-Tadema no. 9789 (Hellenic Society no. 3019) andAlma Tadema no. 9796 (Hellenic Society no. 3022). 44 A
larger number of the 'Roman Series' must have existed in as late as 1988. collection Ehrenkranz the Hellenic Society
were sent (1988) 26 mentions thatphotographicreproductions toher fromthe secretaryof theHellenic Society and included thephotographof theTemple ofNeptune. Negative no. 3078, depicting theTemple ofNeptune, is no longer in thecollection. In 2005, what remained of the glass negative and slide was to institutions in Athens dispersed the missing negatives may be located.
collection
where
45Ehrenkranz (1988) 72-81,123-25.
46 The
lantern slides were
lent, as well
as copied
and Rome
and sold, and
widely used by educational establishments and individual scholars
in the English-speaking
world.
Borrowing
statistics
were kept by theHellenic Society from 1903 to 1932 and reported
in the library committee's
reports
in JHS.
47Slide setswere published in the 1913 catalogue of lantern Lists
slides.
of available
accompanying
texts were
periodically
printed in JHS after that time: for example, JHS 46 (1926) JHS
xxviii;
50
slide
Acropolis
lvii. The Parthenon (1930) sets were associated with
and The Athenian
a
text written
by
ArthurHamilton Smith. Typescriptsof these texts,alongwith slide
lists, can be found
in the Hellenic
48 (1998). 49McCauley Rosenblum (2007) 155. 50Edwards (2001) 27. 51 The
italics
captions appearing in the catalogue
archives.
Society
in register are marked the catalogue, Throughout
in the negative
entries.
references are made to the 1902 list of photographic enlargementsets,JHS 22(1902) 1?li,and the 1913 catalogue of lantern slides, Hellenic Society (1913). Measurements are width by height.All of the lanternslides are a British standard 8.25cm
by 8.25cm.
Locations
of marks,
labels
etc. are given by
viewing thenegativeor lanternslide fromtheglass side,not the emulsion
side,
and oriented
by
the image.
Some
figures have
been enhanced inAdobe Photoshop inorder to show details. 52
Lawrence
Alma-Tadema
was
an avid
collector
of Stillman's
mater. In 1959 and 1974, Stillman's familydonatedhis letters, books, photographic albums and various memorabilia to the college. See Miller (1974) and the special collectionswebsite:
photographs,but it is unclear if the twomen knew each other. Pohlmann (1997) 120 speculates thatthey may have been social acquaintances, but Tomlinson (1991) 19 indicates they with probablywere not acquainted,given Stillman's friendship
http://www.union.edu/Library/about/speccoll_stillman.
Rossetti,
College
in Schenectady,
New York, was
Stillman's
alma
html.
who was
not a supporter
of Alma-Tadema.
See
n. 53.
DEBORAH HARLAN
144
53 Contemporary
photographs
Macmillian, G.A. (1929) An outline of the history of the Hellenic Society', JHS 49/1, i-li The SouthKensington McCauley, A. (1998) 'Invading industry.
do not resemble
ofAlma-Tadema
thisfigureor thefigure in no. 3001. See n. 52. Photographic
in the National Alma-Tadema Portrait portraits of Sir Lawrence online: http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/
Museum
Gallery
and
person.php?LinkID=mp00090. 54The fact that this image of the entrance to theTreasury of Arteus atMycenae is listed in theHellenic Society negative registermay be due to Stillman's preoccupation with the of wall
chronology
construction
techniques
at the site.
4Pfuhl III p.
reference
30'
refers
See
to the three-volume
78-82.
59Boardman (1961) 142. 60 Snodgrass (1964) 73-75. 61Ehrenkranz (1988) 76-77.
Arnakis, G.A. (ed.) (1976) William J. StillmanDispatches from Crete (Austin,TX) Benton, S. (1939-1940) The datingof helmets and corslets in early Greece',
BSA
40, 78-82
Boardman, J. (1961) The Cretan Collection in Oxford: the Dictaean Cave and IronAge Crete (Oxford) Brown,
A.C.
(1993)
Before Knossos:
Arthur Evans's
Travels
in
U. (1997) Alma-Tadema E. Morris, E. Prettejohn Becker, Lawrence Alma-Tadema (Liverpool)
? ? ?
? ? ? ?
Driessen, Palace
?
Edwards,
andMuseums (Oxford)
Ehrenkranz,
A.
'William
James Stillman:
105-15 Eisler, L.S. Ferber and A. Jammes (1988) A. (1894) 'Primitive pictographs and a prae-Phoenician
Evans,
?
painter, critic, L.S. Ferber and
(1988) inA. Ehrenkranz, C. Eisler, photographer', A. Jammes 28 Localities 9-27, (eds), Poetic (New York) 90, 116-26 'Stillman: apostle of art', inA. Ehrenkranz, C. Eisler, C. (1988)
script,fromCrete and theP?loponn?se', JHS 14, 270-372 A. (1890) Die Bronzen und die ?brigen kleineren Furtw?ngler, Funde vonOlympia (Berlin) Hannavy, J. (ed.) (2008) Encyclopaedia ofNineteenth-century Photographyvol. I (London) Harlan, D. (2008) 'Institutionalizingimages',paper given at the VIA workshop: Visualization andKnowledge Formation in Archaeology (Southampton,October 2008) Hellenic Society (1913) A Catalogue ofLantern Slides in the Library of theSocieties for thePromotion ofHellenic and Roman Studies (JHS 33, Suppl. 1913) (London) Hurwit, J.M. (1999) TheAthenianAcropolis (Cambridge) Lamb,W. (1929) Greek and Roman Bronzes (London) Leaf,W. (1883) 'Notes on Homeric armour',JHS 4, 281-304 Lindquist-Cock, E. (1979) 'Stillman,Ruskin and Rossetti: the strugglebetween nature and art',History ofPhotography 3/1, 1-14
museums Haworth
Classical
archaeo
in E.
and photography', and J. Treuherz
(eds),
111-27
Pfuhl,E. (1923)Malerei undZeichnung derGriechen (Munich) Rosenblum, N. (2007) A World History ofPhotography (4th edn) (NewYork) Snodgrass, A. (1964) Early Greek Armour and Weapons (Edinburgh) Stillman,W.J. (1870) The Acropolis of Athens, Illustrated Picturesquely andArchitecturallyinPhotography (London) ? (1880) Ancient walls onMonte Leone, in theprovince of
theBalkans and Crete (Oxford) D?rnfeld,W. (1889). 'LetterfromGreece,' AJA 5, 331-36
in the Mycenaean J. (1990) An Early Destruction at Knossos (Leuven) E. (2001) Raw Histories: Anthropology Photographs,
first American
Pohlmann,
?
BIBLIOGRAPHY
The
(1885)
logist',AJA 111,3-9
Adler.
56Stillman (1883). 57 Furtw?ngler(1890) 166-69, pl. 59. 58Pfuhl (1923) I: 160, ?155; III: 30,Abb. 135 (reproductionof Furtw?ngler's linedrawing);Lamb (1929) 62-63, fig.4 (repro duction of Furtw?ngler's line drawing); Benton (1939-1940)
CE.
Norton,
work by Pfuhl (1923), ofwhich the thirdvolume contains the plates. Olymp. IV, pl. 59' refersto Furtw?ngler (1890), the fourthvolume in theOlympia series edited by Ernst Curtius and Friedrich
the entry of photographs into public in the nineteenth in M. century',
Booth and A. McCauley (eds), The Museum and the Photograph. Collecting Photography at the Victoria and AlbertMuseum 1853-1900 (London) 23-71 Miller, F. (1974) Catalogue of theWilliam James Stillman Collection (Schenectady,NY)
Stillman (1881c); (1886a); (1886b); (1889b). 55 The
and
libraries
'Extracts
(1881a) Institute
? ?
Second
Stillman'
Annual
Report,
First
Archaeological 41-49
(1881b) True siteofTroy', TheNation 32 (5May), 315 (1881c) 'The trueage of theMykenae finds',TheNation 33 (18August), 132-33 (1883)
'Une cuirasse
antique',
BCHl/l,
1-5, pis
I?III
(1884a) 'The site ofTroy', TheNation 38 (6March), 210 (1884b) 'The war of theHellenists', The Nation 38 (24 April), 362 (1885) Report ofW.J. Stillman on theCesnola Collection
(NewYork) (1886a) 'The tumulus at Mykenae', The Nation 43 (19 August), 158-59 (1886b) 'Mykenae andTiryns revisited',TheNation 42 (20 May), 423 (1888) On theTrack ofUlysses; Togetherwith an Excursion inQuest of theSo-Called Venus ofMelos: Two Studies in Archaeology,
?
of letters ofW.J.
ofAmerica:
of America:
Institute
Grosseto, Italy', Archaeological Annual Report, 81-90
Made
During
a
Cruise
Among
the Greek
Islands (Boston) (1889a) 'Prehistoricchronology',TheNation 48 (13 July), 482-84 (1889b) 'More light on Mykenae', The Nation 49 (14
November),
390-91
(1901) TheAutobiographyof a Journalist (London) Szegedy-Maszak, A. (2005) 'AnAmerican on theAcropolis: William
James Stillman',
in C.L.
Lyons,
J.K. Papadopoulos,
L.S. Stewart andA. Szegedy-Maszak (eds), Antiquity and Photography: Early Views ofAncientMediterranean Sites (London) 148-93 Tomlinson,R.A. (1991) TheAthens ofAlma Tadema (Wofeboro Falls, NH) Wilde, O. (1888) 'Venus or victory',Pall Mall Gazette 4777158 (24 February),2
Honorary
Deborah
Harlan
Research
Fellow
Department ofArchaeology, UniversityofSheffield d. harlan@sheffield.
ac. uk
To view largerimages of thecollection,please consult: http:www.hellenicsociety.org.uk/stillman
ABBREVIATIONS Chronology: Ar Archaic A Bronze Age Byz CA
Byzantine
CC
Cypro-Archaic
H
Helladic
E
Hel M
Hellenistic Minoan
M anc.
ancient
Med
Medieval
mod.
modern
Cypro-Classical
Mes
Mesolithic
CG Chai
Cypro-Geometric Chalcolithic Classical Cl
Myc Neo
Mycenaean Neolithic
Or
Ch Cor
Christian
Ot
Orientalizing Ottoman
Cyc EIA Geo
Cycladic Early IronAge Frankish Geometric
Gr
Greek
Fr
Corinthian
EPCA
EPSVE
bf
Rom
Prehistoric Roman
bg rf
Ven
Venetian
wg
and Spelaeology
asl d.
for
di. h.
Institutions: ASA Archaeological Society atAthens ASCSA American School of Classical Studies atAthens BSA British School atAthens EfA SAIA TAP
Deutsche Arch?ologische Institut ?cole fran?aise d'Ath?nes Scuola Archeologica Italiana diAtene Archaeological
black figure black glaze red figure
white ground
Measurements:
for
ha
DAI
/.
depth/deep diameter height/high hectare length/long metre
w.
width/wide
taq tpq
Bibliographical: AA Arch?ologischer Anzeiger AR AAA Athens Annals ofArchaeology BCH = ADelt BSA Archaiologikon Deltion (Chr Chronika) AE DeltChAE Archaiologiki Ephemeris AEMTh Archaiologiko Ergo stiMakedonia kai Thraki
above sea level
m
Other: Ct
Receipts Fund
century terminus ante quern terminuspost quern
Archaeological Reports Bulletin de correspondence hell?nique Annual of theBritish School atAthens Deltion tisChristianikis Archaiologikis Etaireias
AJA American Journal ofArchaeology AKunst Antike Kunst
JDAI
Jahrbuch des Deutschen Arch?ologischen Instituts
AM
JHS
Journal ofHellenic Studies Praktika tis enAthinais Archaiologikis Etaireias
Mitteilungen des Deutschen Arch?ologischen Instituts,Athenische Abteilung PAE
Greek
late final
Compass points: N S E W and combinations thereof
Ephoreia of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities Ephoreia of Palaeoanthropology and Spelaeology Southern Greece
Ephoreia of Palaeoanthropology Northern Greece
F
Pottery decoration:
Palaeolithic
Specialized Ephoreias: EBA Ephoreia of Byzantine Antiquities EMA Ephoreia ofMaritime Antiquities EPSNE
L
Also used in combination, e.g.: Proto Geometric PGeo MBA Middle Bronze Age
Proto Pal PH
early middle
place-names:
The spelling of anc. site-names usually follows the standard transliterationof ancient Greek: a/a ?/b y/g (yy/ng
/nk y /nx yx/nch)5/de/e / /e /thi/i /k /1 /m( ?/b
/b)v/n /
/ p/r , /s /tu/u(ory) /ph /ch
/ps co/o. Exceptions to the rule are made where anglicized place-names are very well established. By contrast, transliterationsofmodern Greek personal- and place-names follow themodern convention.
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SOCIETY
to advance the study of Greek literature, Society language, in the ancient, Byzantine and modern is open to all, and there is a reduced history, art and archaeology periods. Membership was first rate for students. The Society has four main areas of activity. Publications: the Journal Studies ofHellenic (JHS)
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for the Promotion
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Studies
in 1879
founded
issued in 1880 and is internationallyrecognized as one of the foremostperiodicals in the field of Classical scholarship. It
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variety of Hellenic
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