Acidophilus - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

ACIDOPHILUS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N...

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ACIDOPHILUS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Acidophilus: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83678-7 1. Acidophilus-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on acidophilus. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ACIDOPHILUS ........................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Acidophilus ................................................................................... 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 6 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 8 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ACIDOPHILUS.................................................................................. 25 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 25 Finding Nutrition Studies on Acidophilus .................................................................................. 25 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 31 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 31 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ACIDOPHILUS ........................................................... 33 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 33 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 33 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 39 General References ....................................................................................................................... 45 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON ACIDOPHILUS ............................................................................. 47 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 47 Dissertations on Acidophilus....................................................................................................... 47 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 48 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON ACIDOPHILUS ........................................................................................ 49 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 49 Patents on Acidophilus ................................................................................................................ 49 Patent Applications on Acidophilus ............................................................................................ 83 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 90 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON ACIDOPHILUS ............................................................................................ 91 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 91 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 91 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 92 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 92 Chapters on Acidophilus .............................................................................................................. 93 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ACIDOPHILUS .............................................................. 95 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 95 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 95 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 96 Academic Periodicals covering Acidophilus ................................................................................ 97 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 101 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 101 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 101 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 103 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 106 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 107 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 107 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 107 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 109 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 111 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 111 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 111 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 111 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 111

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 117 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 117 ACIDOPHILUS DICTIONARY .................................................................................................. 119 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 165

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with acidophilus is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about acidophilus, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to acidophilus, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on acidophilus. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to acidophilus, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on acidophilus. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ACIDOPHILUS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on acidophilus.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and acidophilus, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “acidophilus” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Cystitis: The Bladder on Fire. What Should You Do? Source: Family Urology. 4(2): 9-12. 1999. Contact: Available from American Foundation for Urologic Disease. 1126 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21201. (800) 242-2383 or (410) 468-1800. Fax (410) 468-1808. Website: www.afud.org. Summary: This article reviews painful bladder conditions, including bacterial cystitis (urinary tract infections, or UTI) and interstitial cystitis (IC). The author notes that women and their physicians are often unaware of the variety of possible causes and the many effective treatments; indeed, many women are incorrectly diagnosed, offered no or inappropriate treatment, and denied referral for further investigation that may lead to successful therapy. In most cases, the correct diagnosis is strongly suggested by the

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history and examination of the urine and can be confirmed relatively quickly through basic testing. Other cases are very confusing and require a concerted effort from both the patient and the clinician to achieve success. In most cases of patients with frequent UTIs, no major abnormality will be uncovered and therapy must focus on prevention of the infections, notably with the use of prophylactic antibiotics. After a 3 to 6 month period of prophylaxis, the antibiotic can be discontinued and about two thirds of women will break out of the cycle of recurrent infections. The odds can be improved if the patient makes an effort to increase fluid intake, voids regularly, and regulates the vaginal bacteria by taking acidophilus preparations. In addition, hormone replacement in the postmenopausal female reduces the risk of recurrent infections and should be discussed in the context of the woman's overall health. IC is an inflammation that is not caused by bacteria; the symptoms occur consistently and over a substantial period of time in the absence of infection. IC has a natural course characterized by spontaneous flares and remissions; the author discusses the various risk factors for flare ups. The history is the single most important factor in making the diagnosis of IC; however, it is important to exclude other diseases that could mimic the bladder irritation seen in IC. Although there is no cure for IC, there are many treatments that can address the most bothersome symptoms with minimal side effects. The author briefly reviews bladder distention, DMSO bladder instillations, oral drugs, pain medications, dietary therapy, electrical stimulation (TENS), biofeedback, and acupuncture. The author concludes by reiterating that help is available for almost all patients with bladder pain and frequency who are willing to participate actively in their care. •

An Alternative Treatment Activist Manifesto - Special Issue Source: GMHC Treatment Issues; Vol. 7, No. 11 / 12. Contact: Gay Mens Health Crisis, 119 W 24th St Tisch Bldg, New York, NY, 10011-1995, (212) 367-1205, http://www.gmhc.org. Summary: This special issue summarizes information on alternative treatments for HIV/AIDS. It provides an historical review on alternative therapies and describes common alternative therapies, vitamins, Chinese herbs, and antioxidants. Specific therapies include Acemannan, Artemisia, Astragalus, Bitter Melon, Spirulina, Coenzyme Q10, Compound Q, Curcumin, Echinacea, Garlic, Germanium-132, Ginseng, Glycyrrhizyn (Licorice Root), Green Barley Leaf Extract, Hypericin, Iscador, Lactobacillus Acidophilus, Milk Thistle (Silymarin), PCM-4, Prunellin, Shark Cartilage, Shiitake Mushrooms, and Sho-Saiko-To (SSKT). The issue features an interview with Jane Buckle, Director of Research Coordination at the Research Council on Complementary Medicine in London, an advocacy agency for alternative therapies. Vitamin requirements, deficiencies, and supplementation are discussed. One article addresses antioxidants, oxidative stress, and the role of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in the synthesis of glutathione (GSH). It identifies points for evaluating alternative treatments and examines the controversial Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1993 (S. 784/H.R. 1709).

Federally Funded Research on Acidophilus The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to acidophilus. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of

Studies

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Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to acidophilus. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore acidophilus. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for acidophilus: •

Project Title: MURINE AIDS MODEL: OPPORTUNISTIC INFEC: MAIDS: TCR GENE:

C

PARVUM

PROBIOTICS,

Principal Investigator & Institution: Alak, John I.; Tuskegee University Tuskegee Institute, Al 36088 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The overall objective of this proposal is to study the host/pathogen interaction at mucosal surfaces and to develop prevention strategies that maximize protective mucosal immune responses to Cryptosporidiumum parvum (C parvum). We will develop and maintain a murine model for murine acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (MAIDS) which will be used to study the pathogenesis of C parmm; a potential pathogen commonly associated with AIDS. To develop the MAIDS model, C57BI_16 female mice win be immunosuppressed by inoculation with LP-BM5; then challenged with C parvum 3 months post LP-BM5 infection. Studies of experimentally induced cryptosporidiosis using this model, will serve as a relevant tool for evaluating various therapies for prevention of this opportunistic disease as our previous studies have confirmed that mice infected with LP-BM5, develop persistent experimental cryptosporidiosis with high numbers of oocysts shed in the feces. Since the spread of AIDS is global and frequently assoc iated with opportunistic infections including cryptosporidiosis, it is critical to control AIDS-related o0portunistic diseases to alleviate human suffering in order to minimize both social and economic impact on society. Our long range goal will be to develop effective prophylactic regimens for the control of Cryptosporidium. infection, especially through nutritional, immunotherapeutic or chemotherapeutic interventions. As yet, no effective treatment for cryptosporidiosis has been reported. We will achieve the following specific aims during these studies: elucidate the role of cellular gut immunity to C parvum in this MAIDS model by determining the roles and phenotypic frequencies of intestinal (1) intraepithelial (EEL's) and (2) lamina propria (LPL) subpopulations (CD4', CD8, IgA, IgG' and IgM') and cytokine (TNF-a , IFN-y, IL-1, IL-2, 4, 5 and 10) production post C parvum challenge. (3) evaluate the efficacy of Lactobacillus reuteri and L. acidophilus as probiotics for the control of cryptosporidiosis and (4) evaluate the efficacy of probiotics and (5) vavvines administered simultaneously for the control of cryptosporidiosis. Results obtained from these studies will be relevant in the development of new therapies for the control of

2

Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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cryptosporidiosis and other opportunistic diseases in immuncompromised individuals especially AIDS subjects. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PROTEGRIN DESIGN Principal Investigator & Institution: Lehrer, Robert I.; Professor; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Our long term goal is to design protegrin peptides that will be used both as topical microbicides to prevent sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and as topical therapeutics to remediate bacterial vaginosis (BV). The Specific Aims of this project are: 1. To design protegrin-like molecules that inactivate multiple STD agents and the bacteria associated with bacterial vaginosis, without affecting normal vaginal flora. 2. To determine how the beta-sheet and turn regions of protegrins contribute to these activities. 3. To learn how protegrins interact with factors relevant to their use as topical microbicides, including a) host proteins, peptides, peptides and cells; b) host and microbial proteases; c) nonoxynol-9 other surfactants. 4. To study the effects of protegrins on C. albicans a frequent vaginal opportunist. 5. To examine how protegrins assemble into dimers and oligomers, and ascertain if and how such assemble relates to their antimicrobial, cytotoxic and hemolytic properties. Protegrins are small, exceptionally potent, beta-sheet peptides that rapidly inactivate many microbes, including those responsible for most sexually transmitted bacterial infections. We will use solid-phase peptide synthesis and precise methods of antimicrobial testing to "fine tune" protegrins for future intravaginal application. Our intent is to develop protegrinlike peptides that do not affect vaginal lactobacilli (e.g., L. acidophilus and L. crispatus), but are highly active against C. albicans, STD bacteria, and the flora associated with bacterial vaginitis/vaginosis. We can obtain this constellation of properties by introducing one or two amino acid substitutions into protegrins with 15-18 residues and two intramolecular disulfide bonds. We plan to generate a relatively small number of additional protegrin variants and to test their activity against a panel of STD target organisms. Overall, these studies will facilitate the development of novel, peptidecontaining topical microbicides that are designed specifically for intravaginal use. Given the prevalence and serious consequences of STDs, topical microbicides that can protect and empower women are urgently needed. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, 3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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and type “acidophilus” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for acidophilus in the PubMed Central database: •

16S Ribosomal DNA Terminal Restriction Fragment Pattern Analysis of Bacterial Communities in Feces of Rats Fed Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM. by Kaplan CW, Astaire JC, Sanders ME, Reddy BS, Kitts CL.; 2001 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=92815

•

Antagonistic Activity against Helicobacter Infection In Vitro and In Vivo by the Human Lactobacillus acidophilus Strain LB. by Coconnier MH, Lievin V, Hemery E, Servin AL.; 1998 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=106686

•

Antagonistic Activity of Lactobacillus acidophilus LB against Intracellular Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Infecting Human Enterocyte-Like Caco2/TC-7 Cells. by Coconnier MH, Lievin V, Lorrot M, Servin AL.; 2000 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=91956

•

Antibacterial effect of the adhering human Lactobacillus acidophilus strain LB. by Coconnier MH, Lievin V, Bernet-Camard MF, Hudault S, Servin AL.; 1997 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=163848

•

Conjugated Linoleic Acid Accumulation via 10-Hydroxy-12-Octadecaenoic Acid during Microaerobic Transformation of Linoleic Acid by Lactobacillus acidophilus. by Ogawa J, Matsumura K, Kishino S, Omura Y, Shimizu S.; 2001 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=92720

•

Deoxycytidine kinase and deoxyguanosine kinase of Lactobacillus acidophilus R-26 are colinear products of a single gene. by Ma N, Ikeda S, Guo S, Fieno A, Park I, Grimme S, Ikeda T, Ives DH.; 1996 Dec 10; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=26141

•

Efficient System for Directed Integration into the Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus gasseri Chromosomes via Homologous Recombination. by Russell WM, Klaenhammer TR.; 2001 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=93172

•

Identification, cloning, and nucleotide sequence of a silent S-layer protein gene of Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 which has extensive similarity with the S-layer protein gene of this species. by Boot HJ, Kolen CP, Pouwels PH.; 1995 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=177603

•

Isolation and characterization of acidocin A and cloning of the bacteriocin gene from Lactobacillus acidophilus. by Kanatani K, Oshimura M, Sano K.; 1995 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=167361

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Isolation, partial characterization, and mode of action of Acidocin J1132, a twocomponent bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus acidophilus JCM 1132. by Tahara T, Oshimura M, Umezawa C, Kanatani K.; 1996 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=167854

•

Lipoteichoic Acids from Lactobacillus johnsonii Strain La1 and Lactobacillus acidophilus Strain La10 Antagonize the Responsiveness of Human Intestinal Epithelial HT29 Cells to Lipopolysaccharide and Gram-Negative Bacteria. by Vidal K, Donnet-Hughes A, Granato D.; 2002 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=127868

•

One Repeat of the Cell Wall Binding Domain Is Sufficient for Anchoring the Lactobacillus acidophilus Surface Layer Protein. by Smit E, Pouwels PH.; 2002 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=135259

•

The human Lactobacillus acidophilus strain LA1 secretes a nonbacteriocin antibacterial substance(s) active in vitro and in vivo. by Bernet-Camard MF, Lievin V, Brassart D, Neeser JR, Servin AL, Hudault S.; 1997 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=168570

•

The Lactobacillus acidophilus S-layer protein gene expression site comprises two consensus promoter sequences, one of which directs transcription of stable mRNA. by Boot HJ, Kolen CP, Andreadaki FJ, Leer RJ, Pouwels PH.; 1996 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=178355

•

Use of a Continuous-Culture Biofilm System To Study the Antimicrobial Susceptibilities of Gardnerella vaginalis and Lactobacillus acidophilus. by Muli F, Struthers JK.; 1998 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=105617

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with acidophilus, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “acidophilus” (or 6

PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for acidophilus (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

16S ribosomal DNA analysis of the faecal lactobacilli composition of human subjects consuming a probiotic strain Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM. Author(s): Sui J, Leighton S, Busta F, Brady L. Source: Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2002; 93(5): 907-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12392540&dopt=Abstract

•

A case of Lactobacillus acidophilus endocarditis successfully treated with cefazolin and gentamicin. Author(s): Vogt HB, Hoffman WW. Source: S D J Med. 1998 May; 51(5): 153-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9613195&dopt=Abstract

•

A lyophilized and inactivated culture of Lactobacillus acidophilus increases Helicobacter pylori eradication rates. Author(s): Canducci F, Armuzzi A, Cremonini F, Cammarota G, Bartolozzi F, Pola P, Gasbarrini G, Gasbarrini A. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2000 December; 14(12): 1625-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11121911&dopt=Abstract

•

A new screening method for the selection of Lactobacillus acidophilus group lactic acid bacteria with high adhesion to human colonic mucosa. Author(s): Takahashi N, Saito T, Ohwada S, Ota H, Hashiba H, Itoh T. Source: Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 1996 September; 60(9): 1434-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8987590&dopt=Abstract

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A polyphasic approach towards the identification of strains belonging to Lactobacillus acidophilus and related species. Author(s): Gancheva A, Pot B, Vanhonacker K, Hoste B, Kersters K. Source: Systematic and Applied Microbiology. 1999 December; 22(4): 573-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10794146&dopt=Abstract

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A randomized trial of Lactobacillus acidophilus BG2FO4 to treat lactose intolerance. Author(s): Saltzman JR, Russell RM, Golner B, Barakat S, Dallal GE, Goldin BR. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999 January; 69(1): 140-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9925136&dopt=Abstract

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A search for Lactobacillus acidophilus agglutinins in human saliva. Author(s): Hook WC. Source: Am J Med Technol. 1971 March; 37(3): 95-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4994541&dopt=Abstract

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A yeast-like infection of the esophagus caused by Lactobacillus acidophilus. Author(s): McManus JP, Webb JN. Source: Gastroenterology. 1975 March; 68(3): 583-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=803465&dopt=Abstract

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Acidic fraction of ribosomal proteins from Lactobacillus acidophilus. Author(s): Grankowski N, Bytnar E. Source: Acta Microbiol Pol A. 1972; 4(1): 21-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4210772&dopt=Abstract

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Acidophilus for sertraline-induced diarrhea. Author(s): Kline MD, Koppes S. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1994 October; 151(10): 1521-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8092348&dopt=Abstract

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Acidophilus milk products: a review of potential benefits to consumers. Author(s): Gilliland SE. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 1989 October; 72(10): 2483-94. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2513349&dopt=Abstract

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Adhering heat-killed human Lactobacillus acidophilus, strain LB, inhibits the process of pathogenicity of diarrhoeagenic bacteria in cultured human intestinal cells. Author(s): Coconnier MH, Bernet MF, Chauviere G, Servin AL. Source: J Diarrhoeal Dis Res. 1993 December; 11(4): 235-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8188996&dopt=Abstract

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Adhesion of human Lactobacillus acidophilus strain LB to human enterocyte-like Caco-2 cells. Author(s): Chauviere G, Coconnier MH, Kerneis S, Fourniat J, Servin AL. Source: J Gen Microbiol. 1992 August; 138 ( Pt 8): 1689-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1527509&dopt=Abstract

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Alleviation of lactose malabsorption from sweet acidophilus milk. Author(s): McDonough FE, Wong NP, Hitchins A, Bodwell CE. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1985 August; 42(2): 345-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3927703&dopt=Abstract

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An audit of Gynatren (a Lactobacillus acidophilus lyophilisate) vaccination in women with recurrent bacterial vaginosis. Author(s): Pattman RS, Sankar KN, Watson PG, Wardropper AG. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 1994 July-August; 5(4): 299. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7948165&dopt=Abstract

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Antagonistic activity against Helicobacter infection in vitro and in vivo by the human Lactobacillus acidophilus strain LB. Author(s): Coconnier MH, Lievin V, Hemery E, Servin AL. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1998 November; 64(11): 4573-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9797324&dopt=Abstract

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Antagonistic activity of Lactobacillus acidophilus LB against intracellular Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infecting human enterocyte-like Caco-2/TC-7 cells. Author(s): Coconnier MH, Lievin V, Lorrot M, Servin AL. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2000 March; 66(3): 1152-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10698785&dopt=Abstract

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Antibacterial effect of the adhering human Lactobacillus acidophilus strain LB. Author(s): Coconnier MH, Lievin V, Bernet-Camard MF, Hudault S, Servin AL. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1997 May; 41(5): 1046-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9145867&dopt=Abstract

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Anticarcinogenic, hypocholesterolemic, and antagonistic activities of Lactobacillus acidophilus. Author(s): Mital BK, Garg SK. Source: Critical Reviews in Microbiology. 1995; 21(3): 175-214. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8845062&dopt=Abstract

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Antimicrobial protein produced by vaginal Lactobacillus acidophilus that inhibits Gardnerella vaginalis. Author(s): Aroutcheva AA, Simoes JA, Faro S. Source: Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001; 9(1): 33-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11368257&dopt=Abstract

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Bile salt hydrolase activity of three strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus. Author(s): Corzo G, Gilliland SE. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 1999 March; 82(3): 472-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10194664&dopt=Abstract

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Biomodulation of the toxic and nutritional effects of small bowel bacterial overgrowth in end-stage kidney disease using freeze-dried Lactobacillus acidophilus. Author(s): Simenhoff ML, Dunn SR, Zollner GP, Fitzpatrick ME, Emery SM, Sandine WE, Ayres JW. Source: Mineral and Electrolyte Metabolism. 1996; 22(1-3): 92-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8676836&dopt=Abstract

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Characterization of natural isolate Lactobacillus acidophilus BGRA43 useful for acidophilus milk production. Author(s): Banina A, Vukasinovic M, Brankovic S, Fira D, Kojic M, Topisirovic L. Source: Journal of Applied Microbiology. 1998 April; 84(4): 593-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9633657&dopt=Abstract

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Characterization of the Lactobacillus casei group and the Lactobacillus acidophilus group by automated ribotyping. Author(s): Ryu CS, Czajka JW, Sakamoto M, Benno Y. Source: Microbiol Immunol. 2001; 45(4): 271-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11386416&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical evaluation of the addition of lyophilized, heat-killed Lactobacillus acidophilus LB to oral rehydration therapy in the treatment of acute diarrhea in children. Author(s): Simakachorn N, Pichaipat V, Rithipornpaisarn P, Kongkaew C, Tongpradit P, Varavithya W. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2000 January; 30(1): 68-72. Erratum In: J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2000 February; 30(2): 228. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10630442&dopt=Abstract

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Colonization of a human intestine by four different genotypes of Lactobacillus acidophilus. Author(s): Sarra PG, Dellaglio F. Source: Microbiologica. 1984 October; 7(4): 331-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6439978&dopt=Abstract

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Comparisons of freshly isolated strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus of human intestinal origin for ability to assimilate cholesterol during growth. Author(s): Buck LM, Gilliland SE. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 1994 October; 77(10): 2925-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7836579&dopt=Abstract

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Composition of the Lactobacillus acidophilus complex isolated from vaginal flora. Author(s): Lachlak N, Ageron E, Zampatti O, Michel G, Grimont PA. Source: New Microbiol. 1996 April; 19(2): 123-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8722308&dopt=Abstract

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Deoxycytidine kinase and deoxyguanosine kinase of Lactobacillus acidophilus R-26 are colinear products of a single gene. Author(s): Ma N, Ikeda S, Guo S, Fieno A, Park I, Grimme S, Ikeda T, Ives DH. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1996 December 10; 93(25): 14385-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8962060&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of Lactobacillus acidophilus in feces of humans, pigs, and chickens. Author(s): Gilliland SE, Speck ML, Morgan CG. Source: Appl Microbiol. 1975 October; 30(4): 541-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=811162&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid in an isolate of Lactobacillus acidophilus. Author(s): Klaenhammer TR, Sutherland SM. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1980 March; 39(3): 671-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6770759&dopt=Abstract

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Development of a chromosome-plasmid balanced lethal system for Lactobacillus acidophilus with thyA gene as selective marker. Author(s): Fu X, Xu JG. Source: Microbiol Immunol. 2000; 44(7): 551-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10981827&dopt=Abstract

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Digestion and tolerance of lactose from yoghurt and different semi-solid fermented dairy products containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and bifidobacteria in lactose maldigesters--is bacterial lactase important? Author(s): Vesa TH, Marteau P, Zidi S, Briet F, Pochart P, Rambaud JC. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1996 November; 50(11): 730-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8933119&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of administration of milk fermented with Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-2 on fecal mutagenicity and microflora in the human intestine. Author(s): Hosoda M, Hashimoto H, He F, Morita H, Hosono A. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 1996 May; 79(5): 745-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8792276&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of Bifidobacterium bifidum and Lactobacillus acidophilus on gut mucosa and peripheral blood B lymphocytes. Author(s): De Simone C, Ciardi A, Grassi A, Lambert Gardini S, Tzantzoglou S, Trinchieri V, Moretti S, Jirillo E. Source: Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology. 1992; 14(1-2): 331-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1597660&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of chronic ingestion of a fermented dairy product containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum on metabolic activities of the colonic flora in humans. Author(s): Marteau P, Pochart P, Flourie B, Pellier P, Santos L, Desjeux JF, Rambaud JC. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1990 October; 52(4): 685-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2119557&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of feeding of acidophilus milk on intestinal lactobacilli and other gut microorganisms and on bile salt metabolism. Preliminary study. Author(s): Paul D, Stanley MM. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1970 September; 18(9): 755-63. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4993204&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of fermented milk (yogurt) containing Lactobacillus acidophilus L1 on serum cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic humans. Author(s): Anderson JW, Gilliland SE. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 1999 February; 18(1): 43-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10067658&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of lactobacillus acidophilus and bifidobacterium bifidum on rectal cell kinetics and fecal pH. Author(s): Biasco G, Paganelli GM, Brandi G, Brillanti S, Lami F, Callegari C, Gizzi G. Source: Ital J Gastroenterol. 1991 March-April; 23(3): 142. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1742509&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus on antibiotic-associated gastrointestinal morbidity: a prospective randomized trial. Author(s): Witsell DL, Garrett CG, Yarbrough WG, Dorrestein SP, Drake AF, Weissler MC. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 1995 August; 24(4): 230-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8551535&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of milks inoculated with Lactobacillus acidophilus or a yogurt starter culture in lactose-maldigesting children. Author(s): Montes RG, Bayless TM, Saavedra JM, Perman JA. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 1995 August; 78(8): 1657-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8786251&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of whey-based culture supernatant of Lactobacillus acidophilus (johnsonii) La1 on Helicobacter pylori infection in humans. Author(s): Michetti P, Dorta G, Wiesel PH, Brassart D, Verdu E, Herranz M, Felley C, Porta N, Rouvet M, Blum AL, Corthesy-Theulaz I. Source: Digestion. 1999; 60(3): 203-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10343133&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of a milk product, fermented by Lactobacillus acidophilus and with fructooligosaccharides added, on blood lipids in male volunteers. Author(s): Schaafsma G, Meuling WJ, van Dokkum W, Bouley C. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1998 June; 52(6): 436-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9683397&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of Cetyltrimethylammonium naproxenate on the adherence of Gardnerella vaginalis, Mobiluncus curtisii, and Lactobacillus acidophilus to vaginal epithelial cells. Author(s): Catalanotti P, Rossano F, de Paolis P, Baroni A, Buttini G, Tufano MA. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1994 November-December; 21(6): 338-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7871448&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of lactulose and Lactobacillus acidophilus on the fecal flora. Author(s): Conn HO, Floch MH. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1970 December; 23(12): 1588-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4991525&dopt=Abstract

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Electrotransformation of lactobacillus acidophilus group A1. Author(s): Walker DC, Aoyama K, Klaenhammer TR. Source: Fems Microbiology Letters. 1996 May 1; 138(2-3): 233-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9026452&dopt=Abstract

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Enterotoxigenic intestinal bacteria in tropical sprue. IV. Effect of linoleic acid on growth interrelationships of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Author(s): Mickelson MJ, Klipstein FA. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1975 November; 12(5): 1121-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=811564&dopt=Abstract

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Factors to consider when selecting a culture of Lactobacillus acidophilus as a dietary adjunct to produce a hypocholesterolemic effect in humans. Author(s): Gilliland SE, Walker DK. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 1990 April; 73(4): 905-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2111831&dopt=Abstract

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Fructooligosaccharides and Lactobacillus acidophilus modify bowel function and protein catabolites excreted by healthy humans. Author(s): Swanson KS, Grieshop CM, Flickinger EA, Bauer LL, Wolf BW, Chow J, Garleb KA, Williams JA, Fahey GC Jr. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 October; 132(10): 3042-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12368393&dopt=Abstract

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Genetic heterogeneity among Lactobacillus acidophilus strains. Author(s): Sarra PG, Magri M, Bottazzi V, Dellaglio F. Source: Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 1980; 46(2): 169-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6776893&dopt=Abstract

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Heat-killed Lactobacillus acidophilus inhibits adhesion of Escherichia coli B41 to HeLa cells. Author(s): Fourniat J, Colomban C, Linxe C, Karam D. Source: Ann Rech Vet. 1992; 23(4): 361-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1476406&dopt=Abstract

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Hemagglutination activity of Lactobacillus acidophilus group lactic acid bacteria. Author(s): Yamada M, Saito T, Toba T, Kitazawa H, Uemura J, Itoh T. Source: Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 1994 May; 58(5): 910-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7517228&dopt=Abstract

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Identification, cloning, and nucleotide sequence of a silent S-layer protein gene of Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 which has extensive similarity with the S-layer protein gene of this species. Author(s): Boot HJ, Kolen CP, Pouwels PH. Source: Journal of Bacteriology. 1995 December; 177(24): 7222-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8522531&dopt=Abstract

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Immune and clinical impact of Lactobacillus acidophilus on asthma. Author(s): Wheeler JG, Shema SJ, Bogle ML, Shirrell MA, Burks AW, Pittler A, Helm RM. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 1997 September; 79(3): 229-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9305229&dopt=Abstract

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Impact of Lactobacillus acidophilus on the normal intestinal microflora after administration of two antimicrobial agents. Author(s): Lidbeck A, Edlund C, Gustafsson JA, Kager L, Nord CE. Source: Infection. 1988; 16(6): 329-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3146551&dopt=Abstract

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Impact of Lactobacillus acidophilus supplements on the human oropharyngeal and intestinal microflora. Author(s): Lidbeck A, Gustafsson JA, Nord CE. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1987; 19(5): 531-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3122316&dopt=Abstract

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Improvement of lactose digestion by humans following ingestion of unfermented acidophilus milk: influence of bile sensitivity, lactose transport, and acid tolerance of Lactobacillus acidophilus. Author(s): Mustapha A, Jiang T, Savaiano DA. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 1997 August; 80(8): 1537-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9276791&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro lactose fermentation by human colonic bacteria is modified by Lactobacillus acidophilus supplementation. Author(s): Jiang T, Savaiano DA. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1997 August; 127(8): 1489-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9237942&dopt=Abstract

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Inability of Lactobacillus casei strain GG, L. acidophilus, and Bifidobacterium bifidum to degrade intestinal mucus glycoproteins. Author(s): Ruseler-van Embden JG, van Lieshout LM, Gosselink MJ, Marteau P. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1995 July; 30(7): 675-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7481531&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of a synbiotic mixture consisting of Lactobacillus acidophilus 74-2 and a fructooligosaccharide preparation on the microbial ecology sustained in a simulation of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem (SHIME reactor). Author(s): Gmeiner M, Kneifel W, Kulbe KD, Wouters R, De Boever P, Nollet L, Verstraete W. Source: Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2000 February; 53(2): 219-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10709985&dopt=Abstract

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Ingestion of yogurt containing Lactobacillus acidophilus as prophylaxis for candidal vaginitis. Author(s): Hilton E, Isenberg HD, Alperstein P, France K, Borenstein MT. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1992 March 1; 116(5): 353-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1736766&dopt=Abstract

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Ingestion of yogurt containing Lactobacillus acidophilus compared with pasteurized yogurt as prophylaxis for recurrent candidal vaginitis and bacterial vaginosis. Author(s): Shalev E, Battino S, Weiner E, Colodner R, Keness Y. Source: Archives of Family Medicine. 1996 November-December; 5(10): 593-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8930233&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibition of adhesion of enteroinvasive pathogens to human intestinal Caco-2 cells by Lactobacillus acidophilus strain LB decreases bacterial invasion. Author(s): Coconnier MH, Bernet MF, Kerneis S, Chauviere G, Fourniat J, Servin AL. Source: Fems Microbiology Letters. 1993 July 1; 110(3): 299-305. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8354463&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibition of Candida albicans by Lactobacillus acidophilus. Author(s): Collins EB, Hardt P. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 1980 May; 63(5): 830-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6771309&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibition of Candida albicans by Lactobacillus acidophilus: evidence for the involvement of a peroxidase system. Author(s): Fitzsimmons N, Berry DR. Source: Microbios. 1994; 80(323): 125-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7898374&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibitory effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus on Helicobacter pylori in peptic ulcer patients: in vitro study. Author(s): Vilaichone RK, Mahachai V, Tumwasorn S, Nunthapisud P, Kullavanijaya P. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2002 June; 85 Suppl 1: S79-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12188456&dopt=Abstract

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Interference in initial adhesion of uropathogenic bacteria and yeasts to silicone rubber by a Lactobacillus acidophilus biosurfactant. Author(s): Velraeds MM, van de Belt-Gritter B, van der Mei HC, Reid G, Busscher HJ. Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology. 1998 December; 47(12): 1081-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9856644&dopt=Abstract

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Lactobacillus acidophilus (enpac) in treatment of hepatic encephalopathy. Author(s): Read AE, McCarthy CF, Heaton KW, Laidlaw J. Source: British Medical Journal. 1966 May 21; 5498: 1267-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4957275&dopt=Abstract

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Lactobacillus acidophilus (strain LB) from the resident adult human gastrointestinal microflora exerts activity against brush border damage promoted by a diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli in human enterocyte-like cells. Author(s): Lievin-Le Moal V, Amsellem R, Servin AL, Coconnier MH. Source: Gut. 2002 June; 50(6): 803-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12010882&dopt=Abstract

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Lactobacillus acidophilus administration added to omeprazole/amoxycillin-based double therapy in Helicobacter pylori eradication. Author(s): De Francesco V, Stoppino V, Sgarro C, Faleo D. Source: Dig Liver Dis. 2000 November; 32(8): 746-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11142590&dopt=Abstract

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Lactobacillus acidophilus as a dietary adjunct for milk to aid lactose digestion in humans. Author(s): Kim HS, Gilliland SE. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 1983 May; 66(5): 959-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6409948&dopt=Abstract

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Lactobacillus acidophilus endocarditis after an appendectomy. Author(s): Bessis D, Le Quellec A, Sotto A, Perez C, Ciurana AJ. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1995 March; 20(3): 724-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7756510&dopt=Abstract

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Lactobacillus acidophilus inhibits growth of Campylobacter pylori in vitro. Author(s): Bhatia SJ, Kochar N, Abraham P, Nair NG, Mehta AP. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1989 October; 27(10): 2328-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2511224&dopt=Abstract

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Lactobacillus acidophilus LA 1 binds to cultured human intestinal cell lines and inhibits cell attachment and cell invasion by enterovirulent bacteria. Author(s): Bernet MF, Brassart D, Neeser JR, Servin AL. Source: Gut. 1994 April; 35(4): 483-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8174985&dopt=Abstract

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Lactobacillus acidophilus peritonitis in CAPD. Author(s): Schleifer CR, Benz RL, McAlack R, Poupard J, Calmon J. Source: Perit Dial Int. 1989; 9(3): 222-3. No Abstract Available. Erratum In: Perit Dial Int 1990; 10(1): 117. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2518697&dopt=Abstract

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Lactobacillus acidophilus sepsis in a neonate. Author(s): Thompson C, McCarter YS, Krause PJ, Herson VC. Source: Journal of Perinatology : Official Journal of the California Perinatal Association. 2001 June; 21(4): 258-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11533845&dopt=Abstract

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Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium lactis and Lactobacillus F19 prevent antibiotic-associated ecological disturbances of Bacteroides fragilis in the intestine. Author(s): Sullivan A, Barkholt L, Nord CE. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2003 August; 52(2): 308-11. Epub 2003 July 15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12865387&dopt=Abstract

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Lactose malabsorption from yogurt, pasteurized yogurt, sweet acidophilus milk, and cultured milk in lactase-deficient individuals. Author(s): Savaiano DA, AbouElAnouar A, Smith DE, Levitt MD. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1984 December; 40(6): 1219-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6439026&dopt=Abstract

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Lectin-like activity of Lactobacillus acidophilus strain JCM 1026. Author(s): Mukai T, Arihara K, Itoh H. Source: Fems Microbiology Letters. 1992 November 1; 77(1-3): 71-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1459421&dopt=Abstract

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Lipoteichoic acids from Lactobacillus johnsonii strain La1 and Lactobacillus acidophilus strain La10 antagonize the responsiveness of human intestinal epithelial HT29 cells to lipopolysaccharide and gram-negative bacteria. Author(s): Vidal K, Donnet-Hughes A, Granato D. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2002 April; 70(4): 2057-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11895971&dopt=Abstract

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Microencapsulation of L. acidophilus (La-05) and B. lactis (Bb-12) and evaluation of their survival at the pH values of the stomach and in bile. Author(s): Favaro-Trindade CS, Grosso CR. Source: Journal of Microencapsulation. 2002 July-August; 19(4): 485-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12396385&dopt=Abstract

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Modification of sweet acidophilus milk to improve utilization by lactose-intolerant persons. Author(s): McDonough FE, Hitchins AD, Wong NP, Wells P, Bodwell CE. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1987 March; 45(3): 570-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3103415&dopt=Abstract

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New binding assay and preparative trial of cell-surface lectin from Lactobacillus acidophilus group lactic acid bacteria. Author(s): Matsumura A, Saito T, Arakuni M, Kitazawa H, Kawai Y, Itoh T. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 1999 December; 82(12): 2525-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10629796&dopt=Abstract

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Preservation of intestinal integrity during radiotherapy using live Lactobacillus acidophilus cultures. Author(s): Salminen E, Elomaa I, Minkkinen J, Vapaatalo H, Salminen S. Source: Clinical Radiology. 1988 July; 39(4): 435-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3141101&dopt=Abstract

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Production of free conjugated linoleic acid by Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus casei of human intestinal origin. Author(s): Alonso L, Cuesta EP, Gilliland SE. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 2003 June; 86(6): 1941-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12836928&dopt=Abstract

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Protein-mediated adhesion of Lactobacillus acidophilus BG2FO4 on human enterocyte and mucus-secreting cell lines in culture. Author(s): Coconnier MH, Klaenhammer TR, Kerneis S, Bernet MF, Servin AL. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1992 June; 58(6): 2034-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1622282&dopt=Abstract

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Purification and characterization of an arylamine N-acetyltransferase from Lactobacillus acidophilus. Author(s): Chen GW, Hung CF, Chang SH, Lin JG, Chung JG. Source: Microbios. 1999; 98(391): 159-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10464952&dopt=Abstract

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Rapid detection method for bacteriocin and distribution of bacteriocin-producing strains in Lactobacillus acidophilus group lactic acid bacteria isolated from human feces. Author(s): Kawai Y, Saito T, Uemura J, Itoh T. Source: Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 1997 January; 61(1): 179-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9028050&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship between bile tolerance and the presence of a ruthenium red staining layer on strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus. Author(s): Overdahl BJ, Zottola EA. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 1991 April; 74(4): 1196-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1713599&dopt=Abstract

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Relative efficiency of yogurt, sweet acidophilus milk, hydrolyzed-lactose milk, and a commercial lactase tablet in alleviating lactose maldigestion. Author(s): Onwulata CI, Rao DR, Vankineni P. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1989 June; 49(6): 1233-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2499174&dopt=Abstract

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Response of patients with irritable bowel syndrome and lactase deficiency using unfermented acidophilus milk. Author(s): Newcomer AD, Park HS, O'Brien PC, McGill DB. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1983 August; 38(2): 257-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6410897&dopt=Abstract

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Safety assessment of potential probiotic lactic acid bacterial strains Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001, Lb. acidophilus HN017, and Bifidobacterium lactis HN019 in BALB/c mice. Author(s): Zhou JS, Shu Q, Rutherfurd KJ, Prasad J, Birtles MJ, Gopal PK, Gill HS. Source: International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2000 May 25; 56(1): 87-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10857928&dopt=Abstract

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Selected nutrient intakes and blood serum mineral concentrations of elderly humans fed regular and sweet acidophilus milks. Author(s): Rojhani A, Kies CV. Source: J Nutr Elder. 1994; 13(3): 35-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7830220&dopt=Abstract

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Survival of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum in ice cream for use as a probiotic food. Author(s): Hekmat S, McMahon DJ. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 1992 June; 75(6): 1415-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1500547&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus administration upon the survival of Salmonella in randomly selected human carriers. Author(s): Alm L. Source: Prog Food Nutr Sci. 1983; 7(3-4): 13-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6419279&dopt=Abstract

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The growth of Gardnerella vaginalis and Lactobacillus acidophilus in Sorbarod biofilms. Author(s): Muli FW, Struthers JK. Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology. 1998 May; 47(5): 401-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9879940&dopt=Abstract

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The human Lactobacillus acidophilus strain LA1 secretes a nonbacteriocin antibacterial substance(s) active in vitro and in vivo. Author(s): Bernet-Camard MF, Lievin V, Brassart D, Neeser JR, Servin AL, Hudault S. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1997 July; 63(7): 2747-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9212421&dopt=Abstract

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The interaction of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Trichomonas vaginalis in vitro. Author(s): McGrory T, Meysick K, Lemchuk-Favel LT, Garber GE. Source: J Parasitol. 1994 February; 80(1): 50-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8308658&dopt=Abstract

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Thrush bowel infection: existence, incidence, prevention and treatment, particularly by a Lactobacillus acidophilus preparation. Author(s): Alexander JG. Source: Curr Med Drugs. 1967 December; 8(4): 3-11. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4980517&dopt=Abstract

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Transmission of Lactobacillus jensenii and Lactobacillus acidophilus from mother to child at time of delivery. Author(s): Carlsson J, Gothefors L. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1975 February; 1(2): 124-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=809467&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of oral ulcerations with Bacid (Lactobacillus acidophilus). Author(s): Gertenrich RL, Hart RW. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1970 August; 30(2): 196-200. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4988795&dopt=Abstract

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Use of the DNA sequence of variable regions of the 16S rRNA gene for rapid and accurate identification of bacteria in the Lactobacillus acidophilus complex. Author(s): Kullen MJ, Sanozky-Dawes RB, Crowell DC, Klaenhammer TR. Source: Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2000 September; 89(3): 511-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11021584&dopt=Abstract

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Variable response to exogenous Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM consumed in different delivery vehicles. Author(s): Varcoe J, Zook C, Sui J, Leighton S, Busta F, Brady L. Source: Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2002; 93(5): 900-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12392539&dopt=Abstract

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Viricidal effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus on human immunodeficiency virus type 1: possible role in heterosexual transmission. Author(s): Klebanoff SJ, Coombs RW. Source: The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1991 July 1; 174(1): 289-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1647436&dopt=Abstract

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Yoghurt enriched with Lactobacillus acidophilus does not lower blood lipids in healthy men and women with normal to borderline high serum cholesterol levels. Author(s): de Roos NM, Schouten G, Katan MB. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999 April; 53(4): 277-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10334653&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ACIDOPHILUS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and acidophilus.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Acidophilus The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “acidophilus” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

26 Acidophilus

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “acidophilus” (or a synonym): •

Absorption of immunoglobulins from dried and freeze-dried cows colostrum supplemented with bioactive compounds. Author(s): Akademia Rolnicza, Wroclaw (Poland) Source: Szulc, T. Zachwieja, A. Dobicki, A. Kucera, J. Acta-Universitatis-Agriculturae-etSilviculturae-Mendelianae-Brunensis (Czech Republic). (2001). volume 49(5) page 17-23.

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Isolation and partial characterization of an antibacterial substance produced by Enterococcus faecium. Author(s): University of Sofia (Bulgaria). Dept. of Microbiology Source: Pantev, A. Kabadjova, P. Ivanova, I. Dalgalarrondo, M. Haertle, T. Dousset, X. Prevost, H. Chobert, J. M. Folia-Microbiologica (Czech Republic). (August 2002). volume 47(4) page 391-400.

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Lactobacillus acidophilus M92 as potential probiotic strain. Author(s): University of Zagreb (Croatia). Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Dept. of Biochemical Engineering Source: Suskovic, J. Brkic, B. Matosic, S. Maric, V. Milchwissenschaft (Germany). (1997). volume 52(8) page 430-435.

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Living it up for dinner. Author(s): Yakult UK, 12-16 Telford Way, Westway Estate, Acton, London, W3 7XS (United Kingdom) Source: Shortt, C. Chemistry-and-Industry,-London (United Kingdom). (1998). (no.) page 300-303.

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Probiotics and prebiotics: can regulating the activities of intestinal bacteria benefit health? Author(s): Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY (United Kingdom) Source: Macfarlane, G.T. Cummings, J.H. British-Medical-Journal-Clinical-Researchedition (United Kingdom). (1999). volume 318(7189) page 999-1003.

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Probiotics and product innovation. Author(s): Nestle UK Ltd, London (United Kingdom) Source: Richardson, D. Nutrition-and-Food-Science (United Kingdom). (1996). (no.) page 27-33.

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Role of bacteria in the pathogenesis of short bowel syndrome-associated D-lactic acidemia. Author(s): Department of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Nijmegen Sint Radboud, Nijmegen (Netherlands) Source: Bongaerts, G.P.A. Tolboom, J.J.M. Naber, A.H.J. Sperl, W.J.K. Severijnen, R.S.V.M. Bakkeren, J.A.J.M. Willems, J.L. Microbial-Pathogenesis (United Kingdom). (1997). volume 22(5) page 285-293.

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Starter cultures employed in the manufacture of biofermented milks. Author(s): University of Huddersfield, School of Applied Sciences, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH (United Kingdom) Source: Marshall, V.M. Tamime, A.Y. International-Journal-of-Dairy-Technology (United Kingdom). (1997). volume 50(1) page 35-41.

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Survival of probiotic bacteria in South African commercial bio-yogurt. Author(s): Free State Univ., Bloemfontein (South Africa). Microbiology and Biochemistry Dept.

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Source: Lourens Hattingh, A. Viljoen, B.C. South-African-Journal-of-Science (South Africa). (May/June 2002). volume 98(5/6) page 298-300. •

The role of milk in human health: an Australian perspective. Source: Towers, P.A. Harden, T.J. Nichol, A.W. Halley, S. Nutrition-today (USA). (October 1997). volume 32(5) page 219-225.

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Verification of hypocholesterolemic effect of fermented milk on human subjects with different cholesterol levels. Author(s): Gujarat Agricultural Univ., Anand (India). Dairy Microbiology Dept. Source: Ashar, M.N. Prajapati, J.B. Folia-Microbiologica (Czech Republic). (June 2000). volume 45(3) page 263-268.

Additional physician-oriented references include: •

16S ribosomal DNA analysis of the faecal lactobacilli composition of human subjects consuming a probiotic strain Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM. Author(s): Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA. Source: Sui, J Leighton, S Busta, F Brady, L J-Appl-Microbiol. 2002; 93(5): 907-12 13645072

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Acidophilus milk as therapy in gastrointestinal disorders. Acidophilus-Milch zur Therapie bei gastrointestinalen Storungen. Source: Alm, L. Nahrung-Food. Berlin, E. Ger. : Akademie-Verlag. 1984. volume 28 (6/7) page 683-684. 0027-769X

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An electron microscopic study of the adherence of Lactobacillus acidophilus to human intestinal cells in vitro. Source: Hood, S.K. Zottola, E.A. Food-Microstruct. Chicago, Ill. : Scanning Microscopy International. 1989. volume 8 (1) page 91-97. ill. 0730-5419

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Antibacterial activity of human strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus grown in milk against selected pathogenic and spoilage type bacteria. Source: Khedkar, C.D. Dave, J.M. Sannabhadti, S.S. Sheth, M.C. Cult-Dairy-Prod-J. Washington, D.C. : American Cultured Dairy Products Institute. November 1990. volume 25 (4) page 29-31. 0045-9259

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Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of various Lactobacillus acidophilus strains. Author(s): Department of Food Science & Technology, G.B. Pant Univ. of Agric. & Technol., Pantnagar, India. Source: Gupta, P K Mital, B K Gupta, R S Indian-J-Exp-Biol. 1995 August; 33(8): 620-1 0019-5189

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Anticarcinogenic, hypocholesterolemic, and antagonistic activities of Lactobacillus acidophilus. Author(s): Department of Food Science and Technology, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Nainital, India. Source: Mital, B K Garg, S K Crit-Rev-Microbiol. 1995; 21(3): 175-214 1040-841X

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Bile salt deconjugation activity of cultures of Lactobacillus acidophilus isolated from the intestines. Source: Walker, D.K. Gilliland, S.E. Misc-Publ-Agric-Exp-Stn-Okla-State-Univolume Stillwater, Okla. : The Station. June 1989. (127) page 263-265. 0471-4091

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Characterization of the protein-synthesis dependent adaptive acid tolerance response in Lactobacillus acidophilus. Author(s): Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos, CONICET, Tucuman, Argentina. [email protected] Source: Lorca, G L Font de Valdez, G Ljungh, A J-Mol-Microbiol-Biotechnol. 2002 November; 4(6): 525-32 1464-1801

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Cholesterol uptake by culture of Lactobacillus acidophilus used for nonfermented acidophilus milk. Source: Gilliland, S.E. Walker, D.K. Misc-Publ-Agric-Exp-Stn-Okla-State-Univolume Stillwater, Okla. : The Station. June 1989. (127) page 258-262. 0471-4091

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Composition of the Lactobacillus acidophilus complex isolated from vaginal flora. Author(s): Laboratoire de Bacteriologie et Virologie, Universite Paul Sabatier, Faculte de Pharmacie, Toulouse. Source: Lachlak, N Ageron, E Zampatti, O Michel, G Grimont, P A New-Microbiol. 1996 April; 19(2): 123-32 1121-7138

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Depression in hepatic 'glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase' linked NADP+ reduction in rats fed with cow milk, dahi and acidophilus milk. Source: Chawla, K. Kansal, V.K. Milchwissenschaft-Milk-Sci-Int. Munchen. W. Ger. : Volkswirtschaftlicher Verlag. Sept 1983. volume 38 (9) page 536-537. 0026-3788

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Effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus on antibiotic-associated gastrointestinal morbidity: a prospective randomized trial. Author(s): Vanderbilt Voice and Balance Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Source: Witsell, D L Garrett, C G Yarbrough, W G Dorrestein, S P Drake, A F Weissler, M C J-Otolaryngol. 1995 August; 24(4): 230-3 0381-6605

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Effects of Cetyltrimethylammonium naproxenate on the adherence of Gardnerella vaginalis, Mobiluncus curtisii, and Lactobacillus acidophilus to vaginal epithelial cells. Author(s): Istituto di Microbiologia, Cattedra di Microbiologia Clinica, Facolta di Medicina e Chirurgia, Seconda Universita degli Studi, Naples, Italy. Source: Catalanotti, P Rossano, F de Paolis, P Baroni, A Buttini, G Tufano, M A SexTransm-Dis. 1994 Nov-December; 21(6): 338-44 0148-5717

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Effects of ciprofloxacin and vancomycin on physicochemical surface properties of Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus acidophilus. Author(s): Laboratory for Materia Technica, University of Groningen, The Netherlands. Source: Cuperus, P L Van der Mei, H C Reid, G Bruce, A W Khoury, A E van der Kuijl Booij, M Noordmans, J Busscher, H J Microbios. 1995; 82(330): 49-67 0026-2633

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Evidence for the involvement of thiocyanate in the inhibition of Candida albicans by Lactobacillus acidophilus. Source: Jack, M. Wood, B.J.B. Berry, D.R. Microbios. Cambridge : Faculty Press. 1990. volume 62 (250) page 37-46. ill. 0026-2633

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Frequency and occurrence of Lactobacillus acidophilus in the gut of the pig, as indicated by its presence in the faeces. Author(s): Department of Microbiology, University of Pretoria. Source: von Aulock, M H Holzapfel, W H Onderstepoort-J-Vet-Res. 1987 December; 54(4): 581-3 0030-2465

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Fructooligosaccharides and Lactobacillus acidophilus modify bowel function and protein catabolites excreted by healthy humans. Author(s): Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801, USA. Source: Swanson, K S Grieshop, C M Flickinger, E A Bauer, L L Wolf, B W Chow, J Garleb, K A Williams, J A Fahey, G C Jr J-Nutr. 2002 October; 132(10): 3042-50 0022-3166

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Identification of the pH-inducible, proton-translocating F1F0-ATPase (atpBEFHAGDC) operon of Lactobacillus acidophilus by differential display: gene structure, cloning and characterization. Source: Kullen, M.J. Klaenhammer, T.R. Mol-microbiol. Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications,. Sept 1999. volume 33 (6) page 1152-1161. 0950-382X

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Immunostimulatory actions of Lactobacilli: mitogenic induction of antibody production and spleen cell proliferation by Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Lactobacillus acidophilus. Source: Easo, J.G. Measham, J.D. Munroe, J. Green Johnson, J.M. Food-agric-immunol. Abingdon, Oxfordshire, U.K. : Carfax Pub. Co., c1989-. March 2002. volume 14 (1) page 73-83. 0954-0105

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Influence of a synbiotic mixture consisting of Lactobacillus acidophilus 74-2 and a fructooligosaccharide preparation on the microbial ecology sustained in a simulation of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem (SHIME reactor). Author(s): Department of Dairy Research and Bacteriology, University of Agriculture, Vienna, Austria. Source: Gmeiner, M Kneifel, W Kulbe, K D Wouters, R De Boever, P Nollet, L Verstraete, W Appl-Microbiol-Biotechnol. 2000 February; 53(2): 219-23 0175-7598

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Influence of bile salts on beta-galactosidase activity and cellular integrity of Lactobacillus acidophilus. Source: Gilliland, S.E. Noh, D.O. Misc-Publ-Agric-Exp-Stn-Okla-State-Univolume Stillwater, Okla. : The Station. June 1989. (127) page 257. 0471-4091

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Influence of different factors on activity and stability of beta-galactosidase from Lactobacillus acidophilus. Source: Gupta, P.K. Mital, B.K. Garg, S.K. Mishra, D.P. J-food-biochem. Trumbull, Conn. : Food and Nutrition Press. 1994. volume 18 (1) page 55-65. 0145-8884

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Isolation and characterization of two bacteriocins of Lactobacillus acidophilus LF221. Source: Bogovic Matijasic, B. Rogelj, I. Nes, I.F. Holo, H. Appl-microbiol-biotechnol. Berlin, Germany : Springer Verlag. May 1998. volume 49 (5) page 606-612. 0175-7598

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Microencapsulation of L. acidophilus (La-05) and B. lactis (Bb-12) and evaluation of their survival at the pH values of the stomach and in bile. Author(s): Department of Food Technolog, Faculty of Food Engineering, State University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Source: Favaro Trindade, C S Grosso, C R J-Microencapsul. 2002 Jul-August; 19(4): 48594 0265-2048

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Nutritional & therapeutic aspects of Lactobacillus acidophilus in dairy products. Source: Welch, C. Cult-Dairy-Prod-J. Washington, D.C. : American Cultured Dairy Products Institute. May 1987. volume 22 (2) page 23-24, 26. 0045-9259

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Nutritional and therapeutic benefits of a blended-spray dried acidophilus preparation. Source: Prajapati, J.B. Shah, R.K. Dave, J.M. Cult-Dairy-Prod-J. Washington, D.C. : American Cultured Dairy Products Institute. May 1986. volume 21 (2) page 16-17, 20-21. 0045-9259

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Prevention of colonic preneoplastic lesions by the probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFMTM in F344 rats. Author(s): Chemoprevention Program, American Health Foundation, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA. Source: Rao, C V Sanders, M E Indranie, C Simi, B Reddy, B S Int-J-Oncol. 1999 May; 14(5): 939-44 1019-6439

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Prevention of gastrointestinal infection using immunobiological methods with milk fermented with Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus acidophilus. Source: Perdigon, G. Nader de Macias, M.E. Alvarez, S. Oliver, G. Pesce de Ruiz Holgado, A.A. J-Dairy-Res. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. May 1990. volume 57 (2) page 255-264. 0022-0299

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Production of bacteriocins by strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus from different animal origins. Source: Kim, S.H. Gilliland, S.E. Res-rep-P. Stillwater, Okla. : Agriculture Experiment Station, Division of Agriculture, Oklahoma State University. November 1993. (P-933) page 95-99. 0361-5804

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Reduced incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis associated with enteral administration of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium infantis to neonates in an intensive care unit. Author(s): Children University Hospital Lorencita Villegas and Professor of Pediatrics, Universidad el Bosque, Bogota, Colombia. [email protected] Source: Hoyos, A B Int-J-Infect-Dis. 1999 Summer; 3(4): 197-202 1201-9712

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Selection of Lactobacillus acidophilus strains for use in “acidophilus products”. Author(s): Animal Science Department, University of Wyoming, Laramie 82071. Source: Johnson, M C Ray, B Bhowmik, T Antonie-Van-Leeuwenhoek. 1987; 53(4): 21531 0003-6072

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Special report on acidophilus milk: sorting out the truth behind the health claims. Source: Environ-Nutr. New York : Environmental Nutrition, Inc. April 1987. volume 10 (4) page 6-7. 0195-4024

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Survival and therapeutic potential of probiotic organisms with reference to Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium spp. Author(s): Centre for Advanced Food Research, University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, Australia. [email protected] Source: Kailasapathy, K Chin, J Immunol-Cell-Biol. 2000 February; 78(1): 80-8 0818-9641

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Survival of Lactobacillus acidophilus in fermented products. Source: Robinson, R.K. S-Afr-J-Dairy-SCi-Suid-Afr-Tydskr-Suiwelkunde. Verwoerdburg : South African Society of Dairy Technology. March 1987. volume 19 (1) page 25-27. 0379-6027

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Sweet acidophilus milk. Source: Kroger, M. Nutr-Forum. Philadelphia, Pa. : George F. Stickley Company. Sept 1986. volume 3 (9) page 72. 0748-8165

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The bactericidal effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus, garcinol and Protykin compared to clarithromycin, on Helicobacter pylori. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, Creighton University Health Sciences Center, Omaha, NE 68178, USA. [email protected] Source: Chatterjee, A Yasmin, T Bagchi, D Stohs, S J Mol-Cell-Biochem. 2003 January; 243(1-2): 29-35 0300-8177

Nutrition

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Variable response to exogenous Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM consumed in different delivery vehicles. Author(s): Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108-6099, USA. [email protected] Source: Varcoe, J Zook, C Sui, J Leighton, S Busta, F Brady, L J-Appl-Microbiol. 2002; 93(5): 900-6 1364-5072

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What do you say when.? What do you say when consumers ask you about acidophilus milk. Source: Loughlin, K. Can-Home-Econ-J. Ottawa : Canadian Home Economics Association. Summer 1990. volume 40 (3) page 146. 0008-3763

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to acidophilus; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Food and Diet Crème Fraîche Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Kefir Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lhassi Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Milk Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Milk Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,95,00.html Yogurt Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Yogurt Cheese Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ACIDOPHILUS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to acidophilus. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to acidophilus and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “acidophilus” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to acidophilus: •

A probiotic strain of L. acidophilus reduces DMH-induced large intestinal tumors in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Author(s): McIntosh GH, Royle PJ, Playne MJ. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 1999; 35(2): 153-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10693169&dopt=Abstract

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A routine determination of the optically active isomers of lactic acid for bacterial classification. Author(s): CATO EP, MOORE WE. Source: Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 1965 April; 11: 319-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14323043&dopt=Abstract

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Adherence of probiotic bacteria to human intestinal mucus in healthy infants and during rotavirus infection. Author(s): Juntunen M, Kirjavainen PV, Ouwehand AC, Salminen SJ, Isolauri E.

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Source: Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 2001 March; 8(2): 293-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11238211&dopt=Abstract •

Alteration in bacterial morphology by optochin and quinine hydrochlorides. Author(s): Kreger AS, Swartzendruber DC, Olsen RH. Source: Journal of Bacteriology. 1969 January; 97(1): 362-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4974397&dopt=Abstract

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Antagonistic effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Saccharomyces boulardii and Escherichia coli combinations against experimental infections with Shigella flexneri and Salmonella enteritidis subsp. typhimurium in gnotobiotic mice. Author(s): Filho-Lima JV, Vieira EC, Nicoli JR. Source: Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2000 March; 88(3): 365-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10747216&dopt=Abstract

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Anti-carcinogenicity of probiotics and prebiotics. Author(s): Burns AJ, Rowland IR. Source: Curr Issues Intest Microbiol. 2000 March; 1(1): 13-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11709850&dopt=Abstract

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Bacteremic infection with Pediococcus: vancomycin-resistant opportunist. Author(s): Barton LL, Rider ED, Coen RW. Source: Pediatrics. 2001 April; 107(4): 775-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11335758&dopt=Abstract

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Bengt E. Gustafsson memorial lecture. Function of the normal human microflora. Author(s): Gorbach SL. Source: Scand J Infect Dis Suppl. 1986; 49: 17-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3103209&dopt=Abstract

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Biotherapeutic agents in the treatment of infectious diarrhea. Author(s): Elmer GW, McFarland LV. Source: Gastroenterology Clinics of North America. 2001 September; 30(3): 837-54. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11586560&dopt=Abstract

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Changing patterns in the dairy industry. Author(s): McBean LD, Alcantara EN, Speckmann EW. Source: Prog Clin Biol Res. 1986; 222: 815-61. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3097661&dopt=Abstract

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Characterisation and selection of a Lactobacillus species to re-colonise the vagina of women with recurrent bacterial vaginosis. Author(s): McLean NW, Rosenstein IJ. Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2000 June; 49(6): 543-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10847208&dopt=Abstract

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Characterization of an intracellular oligopeptidase from Lactobacillus paracasei. Author(s): Tobiassen RO, Sorhaug T, Stepaniak L. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1997 April; 63(4): 1284-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9097425&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of lactobacilli and their interaction with clostridia in human gastrointestinal tracts and in vitro. Author(s): Chung KT, Kuo CT, Chang FJ. Source: Zhonghua Min Guo Wei Sheng Wu Ji Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi. 1989 August; 22(3): 163-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2558007&dopt=Abstract

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Ecology of accelerated natural lactic fermentation of sorghum-based infant food formulas. Author(s): Nout MJ. Source: International Journal of Food Microbiology. 1991 February; 12(2-3): 217-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2049286&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of 8 week intake of probiotic milk products on risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Author(s): Agerholm-Larsen L, Raben A, Haulrik N, Hansen AS, Manders M, Astrup A. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000 April; 54(4): 288-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10745279&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of diet and Lactobacillus acidophilus supplements on human fecal bacterial enzymes. Author(s): Goldin BR, Swenson L, Dwyer J, Sexton M, Gorbach SL. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1980 February; 64(2): 255-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6766508&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of lactobacilli, bifidobacteria and inulin on the formation of aberrant crypt foci in rats. Author(s): Bolognani F, Rumney CJ, Pool-Zobel BL, Rowland IR. Source: European Journal of Nutrition. 2001 December; 40(6): 293-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11876494&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus dietary supplements on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride-induced intestinal cancer in rats. Author(s): Goldin BR, Gorbach SL. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1980 February; 64(2): 263-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6766509&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of Lactobacillus strains (L. casei and L. Acidophillus Strains cerela) on bacterial overgrowth-related chronic diarrhea. Author(s): Gaon D, Garmendia C, Murrielo NO, de Cucco Games A, Cerchio A, Quintas R, Gonzalez SN, Oliver G. Source: Medicina (B Aires). 2002; 62(2): 159-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12038039&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of lactobacillus supplementation on growth and nutrient utilization in mongrel pups. Author(s): Pasupathy K, Sahoo A, Pathak NN. Source: Archiv Fur Tierernahrung. 2001; 55(3): 243-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12098837&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of some nutritional and environmental parameters on the production of diacetyl and on starch consumption by Pediococcus pentosaceus and Lactobacillus acidophilus in submerged cultures. Author(s): Escamilla ML, Valdes SE, Soriano J, Tomasini A. Source: Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2000 January; 88(1): 142-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10735253&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of a mixture of organisms, Lactobacillus acidophilus or Streptococcus faecalis on delta6-desaturase activity in the livers of rats fed a fat- and cholesterol-enriched diet. Author(s): Fukushima M, Yamada A, Endo T, Nakano M. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 1999 May; 15(5): 373-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10355850&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of different probiotic strains of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium on bacterial translocation and liver injury in an acute liver injury model. Author(s): Adawi D, Ahrne S, Molin G. Source: International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2001 November 8; 70(3): 213-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11764187&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of probiotic bacteria on diarrhea, lipid metabolism, and carcinogenesis: a review of papers published between 1988 and 1998. Author(s): de Roos NM, Katan MB.

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Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000 February; 71(2): 405-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10648252&dopt=Abstract •

Evaluation of an avian-specific probiotic and Salmonella typhimurium-Specific antibodies on the colonization of Salmonella typhimurium in broilers. Author(s): Promsopone B, Morishita TY, Aye PP, Cobb CW, Veldkamp A, Clifford JR. Source: J Food Prot. 1998 February; 61(2): 176-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9708277&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of an avian-specific probiotic to reduce the colonization and shedding of Campylobacter jejuni in broilers. Author(s): Morishita TY, Aye PP, Harr BS, Cobb CW, Clifford JR. Source: Avian Dis. 1997 October-December; 41(4): 850-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9454918&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of avian-specific probiotic and Salmonella enteritidis-, Salmonella typhimurium-, and Salmonella heidelberg-specific antibodies on cecal colonization and organ invasion of Salmonella enteritidis in broilers. Author(s): Tellez G, Petrone VM, Escorcia M, Morishita TY, Cobb CW, Villasenor L, Promsopone B. Source: J Food Prot. 2001 March; 64(3): 287-91. Erratum In: J Food Prot 2001 July; 64(7): 933. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11252468&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibition of lipid peroxidation by Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium longum. Author(s): Lin MY, Yen CL. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1999 September; 47(9): 3661-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10552700&dopt=Abstract

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Invited review: the scientific basis of Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM functionality as a probiotic. Author(s): Sanders ME, Klaenhammer TR. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 2001 February; 84(2): 319-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11233016&dopt=Abstract

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Measurement of bile salt hydrolase activity from Lactobacillus acidophilus based on disappearance of conjugated bile salts. Author(s): Corzo G, Gilliland SE. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 1999 March; 82(3): 466-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10194663&dopt=Abstract

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Probiotic effects of feeding heat-killed Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus casei to Candida albicans-colonized immunodeficient mice. Author(s): Wagner RD, Pierson C, Warner T, Dohnalek M, Hilty M, Balish E. Source: J Food Prot. 2000 May; 63(5): 638-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10826722&dopt=Abstract

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Production and properties of alpha-glucosidase from Lactobacillus acidophilus. Author(s): Li KB, Chan KY. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1983 December; 46(6): 1380-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6419677&dopt=Abstract

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Properties of alpha-glucosidase from Lactobacillus acidophilus NCTC 1723. Author(s): Chan K, Li KB. Source: Microbios. 1981; 32(127): 47-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6803101&dopt=Abstract

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Prophylactic feeding of Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM to mice attenuates overt colonic hyperplasia. Author(s): Varcoe JJ, Krejcarek G, Busta F, Brady L. Source: J Food Prot. 2003 March; 66(3): 457-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12636301&dopt=Abstract

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Reduced incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis associated with enteral administration of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium infantis to neonates in an intensive care unit. Author(s): Hoyos AB. Source: International Journal of Infectious Diseases : Ijid : Official Publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases. 1999 Summer; 3(4): 197-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10575148&dopt=Abstract

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Some properties of the autolytic N-acetylmuramidase of Lactobacillus acidophilus. Author(s): Coyette J, Shockman GD. Source: Journal of Bacteriology. 1973 April; 114(1): 34-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4633345&dopt=Abstract

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Supplementation with Lactobacillus reuteri or L. acidophilus reduced intestinal shedding of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in immunodeficient C57BL/6 mice. Author(s): Alak JI, Wolf BW, Mdurvwa EG, Pimentel-Smith GE, Kolavala S, Abdelrahman H, Suppiramaniam V. Source: Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-Le-Grand). 1999 September; 45(6): 855-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10541481&dopt=Abstract

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Survival and therapeutic potential of probiotic organisms with reference to Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium spp. Author(s): Kailasapathy K, Chin J. Source: Immunology and Cell Biology. 2000 February; 78(1): 80-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10651933&dopt=Abstract

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Trace element requirements of Lactobacillus acidophilus. Author(s): Sabine DB, Vaselekos J. Source: Nature. 1967 April 29; 214(87): 520. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4962070&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to acidophilus; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Bladder Infection Alternative names: Urinary Tract Infection [UTI] Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

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Bladder Infection and Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bone Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cancer Prevention (reducing the Risk) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Candida/yeast Hypersensitivity Syndrome Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Candidiasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Canker Sores Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Canker Sores Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Chronic Candidiasis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cold Sores Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Crohn's Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Diarrhea Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Diarrhea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Food Poisoning Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Herpes Simplex Virus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com High Cholesterol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com High Cholesterol Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Hypochondriasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Immune Function Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Infantile Colic Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Infection Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Intestinal Parasites Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Irritable Bowel Syndrome Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Irritable Bowel Syndrome Alternative names: Spastic Colon Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Lactose Intolerance Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lactose Intolerance Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lyme Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Osteomyelitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Peptic Ulcer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Proctitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Rectal Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sexually Transmitted Diseases Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Spastic Colon Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Stds Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ulcerative Colitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ulcerative Colitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Urinary Tract Infection in Women Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vaginal Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vaginitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vaginitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Yeast Infection Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Yeast Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com •

Herbs and Supplements Acidophilus Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,748,00.html Acidophilus and Other Probiotics Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Aminoglycoside Antibiotics Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Aminoglycosides Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Amoxicillin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ampicillin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Antibiotic Combination: Sulfa Drugs Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

Alternative Medicine 43

Antibiotics Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Antibiotics (general) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Antituberculosis Agents Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Azithromycin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cephalosporins Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cephalosporins Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chlorhexidine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ciprofloxacin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Clarithromycin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Clindamycin Oral Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Clindamycin Topical Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dapsone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dicloxacillin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Doxycycline Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Erythromycin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fos Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10026,00.html Gentamicin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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L. Acidophilus Alternative names: Lactobacillus Acidophilus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lactobacillus Acidophilus Alternative names: L. Acidophilus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Levofloxacin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Loracarbef Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Macrolides Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Macrolides Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Minocycline Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Neomycin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Nitrofurantoin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ofloxacin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Penicillin Derivatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Penicillin V Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Penicillins Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Probiotics Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Quinolones Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Quinolones Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sulfamethoxazole Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

Alternative Medicine 45

Sulfasalazine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sulfonamides Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tetracycline Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tetracycline Derivatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tetracyclines Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tobramycin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Trimethoprim Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON ACIDOPHILUS Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to acidophilus. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “acidophilus” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on acidophilus, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Acidophilus ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to acidophilus. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

Effects of Live Cultures of Lactobacillus Acidophilus (strains Np45 and Np51) and Propionibacterium Freudenreichii on Performance, Carcass and Intestinal Characteristics, and Escherichia Coli 0157:h7 Shedding of Finishing Beef Steers by Elam, Nathan Andrew; Phd from Texas Tech University, 2003, 77 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3083377

•

Lactobacillus Acidophilus Ncfmrtm: an Evaluation of Its Probiotic Properties by Varcoe, Jeffrey John; Phd from University of Minnesota, 2003, 102 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3087795

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Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON ACIDOPHILUS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “acidophilus” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on acidophilus, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Acidophilus By performing a patent search focusing on acidophilus, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on acidophilus: •

Acid-inducible promoters for gene expression Inventor(s): Klaenhammer; Todd R. (Raleigh, NC), Kullen; Martin J. (Raleigh, NC) Assignee(s): North Carolina State University (Raleigh, NC) Patent Number: 6,242,194 Date filed: August 11, 2000 Abstract: An isolated polynucleotide encoding an acid-inducible, or acid-responsive, promoter element includes the F.sub.1 F.sub.0 -ATPase promoter of Lactobacillus acidophilus DNA that hybridizes thereto and encodes an acid-inducible promoter. Recombinant molecules comprising the promoter operatively associated with a DNA of interest, along with vectors and host cells containing the same, are also disclosed. Methods of upregulating the transcription of a DNA of interest in a host cell with such promoters are also disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention concerns promoter elements in general, along with DNA constructs comprising such promoters operably associated with a DNA in a recombinant DNA molecule, host cells containing the same, and methods of using the same. The gastrointestinal tract is the most densely colonized region of the human body (Savage, Ann. Rev, Microbiol. 31, 107 (1977); Tannock, Normal microflora (Chapman and Hall, London 1995)) and the accumulated evidence indicates that this collection of microbes has a powerful influence on the host in which it resides. Comparisons between germ free and conventional animals have shown that many biochemical, physiological and immunological functions are influenced by the presence of the diverse and metabolically active bacterial community residing in the gastrointestinal tract (Marteau and Rambaud, FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 12, 207 (1993); Norin et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74, 1850 (1991); Tannock, supra). Lactobacilli are important residents of the microflora (Ahrne et al., J. Appl. Microbiol. 85, 88 (1998); Kimura et al., Appl. Environ. Microbial. 63, 3394 (1997)), and have been the subject of intense and growing interest because of their possible role in the maintenance of gastrointestinal health (Bengmark, Gut 42, 2 (1998)). Of immense importance to lactobacilli functioning in this role is the ability to endure in the harsh conditions of the gastrointestinal tract, where the gastric pH frequently falls below 2.0 in healthy individuals (McLauchlan et al., Gut 30, 573 (1998)). Changes in extracellular pH have been shown to influence the expression of a variety of genes from many different bacteria (reviewed in Olson, Mol. Microbiol. 8, 5 (1993)). In the presence of a low external pH (<3.5), L. acidophilus is able to maintain cytoplasmic pH at values close to neutral (Kashket, FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 46, 233 (1987)). However, the mechanisms by which L. acidophilus responds and adapts to extremely acidic conditions remain poorly defined, For several organisms that inhabit the gastrointestinal tract, the F.sub.1 F.sub.0 -ATPase is an important element in the response and tolerance to low pH. In the fermentative bacterium, Enterococcus (En.) hirae, maintenance of cytoplasmic pH has been shown to occur via amplification of the proton translocating ATPase (Kobayashi et al., J. Bacteriol. 158, 1157 (1984); Kobayashi et al., J. Biol. Chem. 261, 627 (1986)). Similarly, a short exposure of Salmonella typhimurium to pH 6.0 induces the synthesis of the F.sub.1 F.sub.0 -ATPase (Foster and Hall, J. Bacteriol. 173, 5129 (1990); Foster and Hall, J. Bacteriol. 172, 771 (1990)). Nanen and Hutkins (J. Dairy Sci. 74, 747 (1991)) have demonstrated that the specific activity of H.sup.+ -ATPases from several lactic acid bacteria increases as the extracellular pH

Patents 51

moves from neutral to 5.0. Alternatively, changes in environmental pH appear to have little influence on the expression of the atp operon, whose genes code for the various subunits of the H.sup.+ -ATPase, in Escherichia coli (Kasimoglu et al., J. Bacteriol. 178, 5563 (1996)). Likewise, expression of the atp operon of Bacillus subtilis appears to be constitutive (Santana et al., J. Bacteriol. 176, 6802 (1994)). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06242194__ •

Administering bacteria to improve sleep Inventor(s): Pabst; Michael J. (Germantown, TN), Cayuela; Chantal (Paris, FR), Degivry; Marie-Christine (Le Plessis-Robinson, FR), Hartley; Donna (Arlington, TX), Krueger; James M. (Pullman, WA) Assignee(s): Compagnie Gervais Danone (Paris, FR) Patent Number: 6,444,203 Date filed: December 20, 1999 Abstract: A method of improving sleep in a mammal having a sleep disorder is disclosed. The method includes identifying the mammal having a sleep disorder and then administering Lactobacillus acidophilus CNCM I-2274, Lactobacillus acidophilus CNCM I-2132, Lactobacillus helveticus CNCM I-2275, Streptococcus thermophilus CNCM I-1520, Streptococcus thermophilus CNCM I-2272 or mixtures thereof. The method increases the length of the non rapid eye movement sleep phase and decreases the length of the rapid eye movement sleep phase. The bacteria can be administered in an orally consumable food product or a dietary supplement. Excerpt(s): The present invention concerns non-pathogenic lactic acid bacteria and food products containing the bacteria. The cell walls of these lactic acid bacteria are susceptible to the action of muramidase-type enzymes. The enzymes produce cell wall fragments called muramylpeptides that, when ingested, improve the quality of sleep. Today many people have difficulty falling asleep or suffer from sleep disturbances such as insomnia. To reduce these problems, many pharmaceutical products containing benzodiazepines or barbiturates have been developed. However, these products should be administered under the care of a physician due to their secondary effects such as drug dependence, daytime sleepiness, memory loss, and interactions with other substances, notably alcohol. Research on infectious diseases has shown that infection by pathogenic bacteria provokes at least three physiological responses in the infected subject: an immune response, fever, and modification of sleep. The mediators of these reactions in the host are components of the cell walls of the bacteria responsible for the infection, specifically muramylpeptides (and also lipopolysaccharides in gram-negative bacteria). Research has shown that the cell walls of pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus are hydrolyzed by macrophages to yield free muramylpeptides. (Johannsen L. et al., 1994). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06444203__

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•

Animal feed additives Inventor(s): Azuma; Ryuichi (Nasu-gun, JP), Tsuchihashi; Yuji (Nasu-gun, JP), Nagai; Takuya (Nasu-gun, JP), Kikuchi; Zino (Nasu-gun, JP), Suzuki; Hiroyuki (Nasu-gun, JP), Motozono; Yukihiro (Chuo-ku, JP) Assignee(s): Nisshin Feed Inc. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,503,544 Date filed: August 20, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to an animal feed additive, which comprises at least two components selected from the group consisting of the following three components (a), (b) and (c):(a) at least one herb selected from Pine Needle, Hawthorn Fruit, Bighead Atractylodes Rhizome, Milkvetch Root, Skullcap Root, Tangerine Fruit and Mint Siftings; (b) a live bacteria mixture composed of a yeast cell wall and a live bacteria preparation containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and/or Enterococcus faecium; and (c) an organic acid. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to animal feed additives. A variety of animal feed additives have conventionally been proposed. For example, known are a meetquality improving feed (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open (Kokai) No. 61-119144) which comprises, as an essential component, the powder, extract and/or fermentation product of at least one plant selected from ginseng, watermelon, loofah, sweet tea vine (Jiaogulan), cucumber, melon, licorice, soybean, hare's ear root (Bupleurum falcatum), a(d)zuki bean and tea leaves; a feed additive for improving smell of animal meat (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open (Kokai) No. 5-276878) which comprises one or more than one of black pepper, clove, ginger, garlic and onion, and essential oils thereof; a method for improving meat quality (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open (Kokai) No. 6-209720) which comprises mixing a material containing tannin, caffeine, etc., with a conventional feed and supplying domestic animals with the resulting mixed feed; and a feed (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open (Kokai) No. 2000-139360) comprising mannan and a mannan degrading enzyme. Each of these related arts is however developed for limited uses. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06503544__

•

Animal feed yeast supplement from dried whey yeast bran process Inventor(s): Jeffreys; George A. (Salem, VA), Price; Jean L. (Salem, VA), Tobey; James F. (Salem, VA) Assignee(s): George A. Jeffreys & Co., Inc. (Salem, VA) Patent Number: 4,055,666 Date filed: May 24, 1976 Abstract: A method of producing an animal food supplement by growing a yeast that utilizes lactose on a mixture of wheat bran or husks from different grains which are mixed with dried whey, moistened with water, cooled and inoculated with yeast, a dairy culture used in making buttermilk, and Lactobacillus acidophilus, placed on perforated trays, then incubated for 12 to 24 hours at 27.degree. to 34.degree. C. and dried at 43.degree. C. and lower. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a process for producing an animal feed from whey rich in unidentified growth factors (UGF), animal protein factor (APF), whey factor and

Patents 53

associated beneficial lactobacillus. Whey is a by-product of the production of cheese, cottage cheese and casein from milk. Whey contains 4.8% lactose and only 0.8% protein. At the present time there are over 20 billion pounds of whey being produced per year in the U.S. and one-half of this is dumped into sewers and rivers creating a pollution problem. Some of the whey is dried and is used mostly as a feed supplement. Its use as a feed is limited because of its laxative effect and low protein content. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04055666__ •

Antibiotic resistant strain of lactobacillus acidophilus Inventor(s): Herman; Richard E. (Redmond, WA), Clarke; Julia E. (Bellevue, WA), Ware; Douglas R. (Bothell, WA) Assignee(s): Bio Techniques Laboratories, Inc. (Redmond, WA) Patent Number: 5,256,425 Date filed: September 29, 1992 Abstract: New strains of L. acidophilus capable of adhering to the tissue cells of various species of animals and having resistance to both erythromycin and streptomycin are described. The strains may be used in a suitable carrier as a dietary supplement for providing a source of the bacteria in an animal. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to novel microorganisms, particularly to strains of the bacteria Lactobacillus acidophilus, which are capable of interspecific attachment to epithelial cells of various animals, and which are capable of growing in the presence of both erythromycin and streptomycin. The invention further relates to food compositions containing these microorganisms and to processes for providing a source of such microorganisms to an animal in the form of dietary supplements. Lactobacillus is a genus of bacteria in the family Lactobacteriacae, which are found in the intestinal tracts of mammals, on green plants, in milk and fermented foods. Lactic acid is produced by these bacteria via carbohydrate fermentation; thus, lactobacilli have been introduced into the manufacture of food products, such as yogurt and cheese, to enhance their quality and stability. In addition, lactobacilli form an important part of the intestinal microbial flora in humans and other animals. In humans, lactobacilli are present in the mouth, lower intestine and vagina. Other types of bacteria, for example Escherichia coli (hereafter E. coli), are also present in animals. Pathogenic strains can cause serious intestinal problems such as diarrhea and gastroenteritis. A proper balance of the microbial populations in the intestinal tract of animals is believed to be important to provide resistance to such diseases. Conditions such as stress can alter the balance of microbes in the intestinal tracts of humans and other animals making them more susceptible to disease. This knowledge of the importance of maintaining a proper balance of microorganisms has led to the development of therapy designed to maintain the proper balance. Such therapy has included the use of strains of L. acidophilus in dried form, administered orally, for promoting L. acidophilus colonization in human intestines. For a review see W. E. Sandine et al. J. Food Protection 42:259-262 (1979). Moreover, L. acidophilus has shown some effectiveness in inhibiting E. coli in infants suffering from diarrhea. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05256425__

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•

Beneficial microbe composition, new protective materials for the microbes, method to prepare the same and uses thereof Inventor(s): Chen; Bin Hua (Shanghai, CN), Yao; Yi Qiang (Shanghai, CN) Assignee(s): Shanghai SINE Pharmaceutical Corporation Ltd. (Shanghai, CN) Patent Number: 6,368,591 Date filed: May 15, 1998 Abstract: This invention provides a microbe composition comprising three viable and beneficial lactic acid producing bacteria of new strains: Bifidobacterium longum 6-1 (CCTCC Number M 98003), Lactobacillus acidophilus YIT 2004 (CCTCC Number M 98004) and Sterptococcus faecalis YIT 0027 (CCTCC Number M 98005). This invention also provides the materials to protect the viability of the lactic acid producing bacteria in lyophilized form and the method to prepare the composition. Finally, this invention provides various uses of the composition. Excerpt(s): Throughout this application, various publications are referenced and full citations for these publications may be found in the reference at the end of the specification preceding the claims. The disclosures of these publications are hereby incorporated by reference into this application in order to more fully describe the state of the art as known to the skilled therein as of the date of the invention described and claimed herein. It is well known that inside the gastrointestinal tract of each human being resides a microbial flora, which is a rich ecosystem of enormous complexity containing trillions of bacteria divided into more than 400 species. In addition to the normal microbial flora (resident micro flora) already established in the gastrointestinal tract, bacteria are introduced into human body everyday as a normal part of food (transient micro flora) or as contaminants (accidental micro flora). The bacteria in human gastrointestinal tract can be divided into two groups--the probiotics and the pathogens. The probiotics are beneficial since they participate in a wide variety of positive and health promoting activities in human physiology. The pathogens are harmful as they cause diseases. Normally the probiotics prevail and predominate. The microscopic interplay between probiotics and pathogens and the balance between the beneficial and the harmful microorganisms are essential for a properly functioning digestive tract, which is in turn crucial to the optimal health of a human being. The number and efficiency of probiotics decline as people age or decrease in health. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06368591__

•

Biologically pure culture of Lactobacillus acidophilus FERM-P-14204 or FERM-P14205 Inventor(s): Mizutani; Jun (Sagamihara, JP), Saito; Yoshio (Hachioji, JP) Assignee(s): The Calpis Food Industry Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 5,516,684 Date filed: March 6, 1995 Abstract: Lactic acid bacteria of the genus Lactobacillus which do not exhibit deconjugation of bile acids and inhibition of nutrient absorption, and exhibit lowering of cholesterol in blood and liver. There are two specific Lactobacillus strains which have been disclosed that exhibit these characteristic properties. The two strains are Lactobacillus acidophilus FERM-P-14204 and Lactobacillus acidophilus FERM-P-14205.

Patents 55

Excerpt(s): This invention relates to novel lactic acid bacteria of the genus Lactobacillus. More particularly, it relates to novel lactic acid bacteria of the genus Lactobacillus capable of lowering cholesterol in blood and liver without exhibiting the properties proper to known lactic acid bacteria of the genus Lactobacillus, that is without exhibiting deconjugation of conjugated bile acids, which are believed to raise the risk of cancer of large intestine and inhibition of absorption of lipid nutrients, such as essential fatty acids or fat-soluble vitamins. There have so far been made a number of reports on the lactic acid bacteria of the genus Lactobacillus showing the lowering of cholesterol in blood. For example, it was reported by Grunewald in J. of Food Science 47: pages 2078 to 2079 (1982) that the serum cholesterol level could be significantly decreased (p<0.05) when rats were given feeds containing 10% of fermented milk by Lactobacillus acidophilus for four weeks. It was also reported by Gilliland et al. in Applied and Environmental Microbiology 49: pages 377 to 381 (1985) that the rise in the serum cholesterol level in pigs fed with high cholesterol feeds could be significantly inhibited when feeding the pigs with Lactobacillus acidophilus which was derived from the intestinal tract of the pigs and which had the ability of growth in the presence of bile acids in vitro and the ability of metabolizing cholesterol. In addition, it was reported by Suzuki eL al. in Animal Science and Technology 62 (6): pages 565 to 571 (1987), that the effect in suppressing the rise in serum cholesterol level was recognized in rats given the Lactobacillus acidophilus--fermented milk together with high cholesterol feed for 12 days, and that the lactic acid bacteria decreased the absorption of cholesterol micelle from the intestinal tract. On the other hand, bile acids are synthesized in vivo in the liver from cholesterol and are contained in bile. They are useful in digestion and absorption of lipids and are usually bound by amido-linkage with glycine or tautinc to give a conjugation form so as to exist as taurocholic acid or glycocholic acid. If the conjugated bile acids are deconjugated in the intestines, they become hardly susceptible to absorption in the lower intestine. If the bile acids are converted in the large intestine by enterobacteria into secondary bile acids, they exhibit harmful carcinogenicity. Gilliland et al. reported in Applied and Environmental Microbiology 33: pages 15 to 18 (1977) that Lactobacillus acidophilus isolated from human intestinal tract unexceptionally exhibited deconjugation activity of bile acids. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05516684__ •

Composition for feed use comprising lyophilized live lactic bacteria Inventor(s): Cavaliere Vesely; Renata (Milan, IT), Giani; Giovanni (Pasturago di Vernate, IT), Vesely; Marco Emilio (Milan, IT), Maiocchi; Gianluigi (Codogno, IT), Vesely; Leonardo (Milan, IT) Assignee(s): Sitia-Yomo S.p.A. (Milan, IT) Patent Number: 5,895,648 Date filed: September 3, 1997 Abstract: The invention relates to a composition for feed use containing a mixture of lyophilized live bacteria comprising at least two species of bacteria selected from Bifidobacterium breve, Bifidobacterium infantis, Bifidobacterium longum and Bifidobacterium bifidum and at least two species of bacteria selected from Lactobacillus acidophilus, Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus plantarum and Streptococcus faecium and one or more oligosaccharides. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a composition for feed use comprising lyophilized live probiotic bacteria, to the use of said composition as a supplement to

56 Acidophilus

foodstuffs, as well as to a kit comprising two containers respectively holding a foodstuff and said composition intended for being added to said foodstuff at the moment of being consumed. It is known that some bacteria species are considered as "probiotic", in that they perform beneficial functions for the human organism when they are present in a live and viable form in the intestinal bacterial flora. For example some probiotic bacteria, such as the lactic bacteria specific to yoghurt (that is Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus) stimulate the immune system, produce antagonist effects against pathogenic microorganisms, improve lactose digestion, perform a lipolytic activity making fats more digestible, reduce plasmatic values of cholesterol, protect the intestinal mucosa ensuring an even assimilation of the nutritive substances, produce polysaccharides that are active on some tumors and reduce viability of some enzymeproducing microorganisms catalysing conversion of procarcinogen substances into carcinogen substances. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05895648__ •

Dietary supplement and method for use as a probiotic, for alleviating the symptons associated with irritable bowel syndrome Inventor(s): Perry; Stephen C. (205 Churchill Dr., Longwood, FL 32779) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,203,797 Date filed: January 7, 2000 Abstract: A dietary supplement for use as a probiotic and for alleviating symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome, comprising freeze-dried aloe, fructo-oligosaccharides, and dahlia inulin juice mixture and optionally vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) manganese and Lglutamine. An additional alternate embodiments specifically for alleviation of symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome, including in the base formula bromelain and papain. Also for specific probiotic functions the following friendly bacteria: Lactobacillus bulgaricus, lactobacillus acidophilus, lactobacillus plantarum, and Bifidobacterium bifidum could be added to the base formula. Excerpt(s): Not applicable. The present invention relates to a dietary supplement and method for use as a probiotic(immuno-stimulant) and for alleviating the symptoms associated with irritable bowel syndrome. The use of dietary supplements for alleviating specific symptoms associated with particular human health problems is well known. Going back to ancient times, references are made to various dietary foods, herbs, and other naturally produced substances that are associated with improving the human health condition. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06203797__

•

Enhancement of lactobacillus acidophilus growth and viability in yogurt and other cultured dairy products Inventor(s): Reddy; Malireddy S. (6983 S. Telluride St., Aurora, CO 80016) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,797,289 Date filed: March 9, 1987

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Abstract: Lactobacillus acidophilus or bifidus does not grow and survive in yogurt for a long period of time. A differential inoculation procedure has been developed where by Lactobacillus acidophilus is first inoculated into heat treated milk or milk - sugar - fiber base and incubated until its population builds up sufficiently. Later, the regular yogurt cultures Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus are inoculated into the acidophilus growing yogurt mix. This procedure enables us to make yogurt with significantly high concentration of L. acidophilus bacteria in yogurt. Also dietetic fiber was introduced into the fruit base and then mixed with yogurt. Dietetic fiber we have employed not only benefits the health of the consumers, but also enhances the population of L. acidophilus. The fiber also thickens the yogurt due to its exceptional hydration properties. Vitamins and minerals are also included into the yogurt both to enhance the population of acidophilus and to supplement the yogurt. Variations of using lactase enzyme to decrease the lactose in yogurt and to enhance the L. acidophilus counts have been employed. In addition, to significantly prolong the viability of L. acidophilus, calcium carbonate and catalase-L have been included in the yogurt. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the development of a new yogurt product with significantly increased number of Lactobacillus acidophilus organisms along with usual number of Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus. The new yogurt also has dietetic fiber or food fiber, calcium carbonate, vitamins A, D, E, and C, along with high viable population of Lactobacillus acidophilus. 1. Whole milk or partially skimmed milk fortified with nonfat dry milk (up to 3%) is pasteurized or heat treated and then cooled to 100.degree. to 110.degree. F. 2. The heat treated milk is inoculated with coccus (Streptococcus thermophilus), and rod (Lactobacillus bulgaricus) culture. Preferably, the coccus to rod ratio of the culture prior to inoculation is 1:1. Also, most generally the starter culture used is a frozen concentrate purchased from a commercial source. In some commercial preparation plants, a bulk starter medium is prepared by reconstituting nonfat dry milk solids in water, heating to 190.degree. F. for 1 h, cooling to 100.degree. to 110.degree. F., and inoculating coccus and rod frozen culture. The medium is incubated until pH drops to from 4.2 to 4.5 and then cooled to 40.degree. to 45.degree. F. This bulk culture is inoculated into yogurt mix at the rate of 1 to 2%. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04797289__ •

Fermented milk nutraceuticals Inventor(s): Amirian; Irina Surenovna (Erevan, RU), Izvekova; Tamara Georgievna (Erevan, RU), Kornilov; Alexandr Viktorovich (Vladimir, RU) Assignee(s): Parsekian; Harry (Boston, MA) Patent Number: 6,358,521 Date filed: August 23, 1999 Abstract: Fermented milk products produced by a culture comprising at least one strain of the group Er-2 with the strain N.V. Er 317/402 of Lactobacillus acidophilus and, optionally, a Lactobacillus salivarius strain and therapeutic benefits of the products are described. Excerpt(s): A pleasant taste and easy digestibility are common characteristics of all kinds of fermented milk products. These products are typically nutritious and some have been shown to have medicinal benefit in treating and preventing infectious and other diseases. Fermented milk products can vary not only by the milk, but also by the method of preparation, organoleptic properties, chemical composition and content of

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microflora. So-called lactic acid bacteria alone or in symbioses (species or strains of species) and often with yeasts can induce lactic acid fermentation. Lactobacillus acidophilus strains are preferred for generating fermented milk products, since these strains are known to remain in the large intestine of humans where they produce antimicrobial substances. Fermented milk products prepared using Lactobacillus acidophilus strains are nutritious as well as therapeutic. In addition to anti-microbial benefits, some milk products have been reported to stimulate gastric secretion and motor-secretory function of the entire gastrointestinal tract, reduce serum cholesterol and treat and prevent diarrhea. Typically, Lactobacillus acidophilus fermented milk products include about 10.sup.7 -10.sup.8 bacteria per 1.0 g of product and comprise about 2.8 wt. % of protein, 3.5 wt. % of fats, 88.5 wt. % of water, 1173 mg of essential amino acids in 1.0 liter (at a scaling factor of 6.38) [namely valine (157), isoleucine (156), leucine (267), lysine (215), methionine (71), threonine (126), tryptophan (41), phenylalanine (140)], and non-essential amino acids [namely alanine (80), arginine (100), aspartic acid (179), histidine (74), glycine (38), glutamic acid (492), proline (248), serine (153), tyrosine (151), cystine (20)]. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06358521__ •

Food containing active strains for inhibiting infection and treating gastritis, gastric and duodenal ulcers Inventor(s): Lee; Jeong Jun (Suwon, KR), Kim; Hyung Soo (Granger, IN), Baek; Young Jin (Seoul, KR), Heo; Cheol Seong (Chunan, KR) Assignee(s): Korea Yakult Co. Ltd. (Seoul, KR) Patent Number: 6,491,956 Date filed: October 10, 2001 Abstract: Live strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus HY2177 and Lactobacillus casei HY2743 maintained in nutritious foods, such as yogurt, imbue them with prophylactic and/or therapeutic properties. Such foods are beneficial in the prevention and/or treatment of gastritis, duodenal and gastric ulcers caused by infection from Helicobacter pylori (also referred to as H. pylori). The properties of these bacteria are boosted by the addition of egg yolk containing antibodies specific to H. pylori antigen derived from "fractionated H. pylori" and may be administered as active strains alone in a food supplement, or the active strains may be combined with H. pylori-antibodies (IgY). Excerpt(s): A nutritional formulation in which non-toxic (to humans) bacteria thrive, is used to prevent and treat gastric disorders associated with Helicobacter pylori (also referred to as H. pylori) which are believed to be attacked by the non-toxic bacteria. Only particular strains of non-toxic comestible bacteria, when ingested by humans are effective against H. pylori. Optionally and preferably, the prophylactic and/or therapeutic effects of the comestible bacteria are boosted with egg yolk containing immunoglubins (antibodies) specific to H. pylori antigen (also referred to as "H. pyloriantibodies"). Much has been published regarding H. pylori which inhabits the human gastric mucosa. It is a gram-negative spiral rod-shaped bacterium having an outer membrane with four to six polar flagella which are sheathed and have bulbous ends; each H. pylori bacterium is about 0.85.mu.m (micrometer) in diameter with an average length of 2.9.mu.m. Known pathogenic (disease) factors of H. pylori are (i) urease (urea aminohydrolase) which is produced by the bacteria to allow it to thrive in a strong acid environment in the range from pH 1-3, (ii) flagella which provide the bacteria with mobility, and (iii) a protein-aceous outer membrane of the cells which membrane helps

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the cells to stick to the gastric mucosal cells. Survival of H. pylori relies upon creation of a relatively non-acidic microenvironment in the vicinity of the bacteria, and a relatively basic microenvironment is provided by the enzyme urease; the more basic the better, and the closer to neutral pH, the more difficult it is for the H. pylori to thrive. The ability to command a near-neutral microenvironment is an essential property of bacteria which effectively prevent and treat gastric disorders. A result of interaction of H. pylori on the mucous membrane is the stimulation of numerous cytokines. The predominant immune response to infection is the production of interleukin-8 (IL-8). IL-8-induced neutrophils or macrophages are a direct cause of gastritis. To date, treatment to subdue secretion of gastric acid, for example with H.sub.2 isolator, is deemed unsatisfactory over the long term due to recrudescence which is now countered with medicines which act directly on the H. pylori. Presently, trends in the fight against infection by H. pylori may be categorized as follows: (a) development of antibiotics showing a direct effect against H. pylori, (b) development of vaccines for H. pylori, and (c) using anti-H. pylori antibodies which allow the live H. pylori to be terminated. For prophylaxis, (b) and (c) are preferred. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06491956__ •

Ice cream with coating containing lactic acid bacteria Inventor(s): Pfeifer; Andrea M. A. (St-Legier, DE), Lesens; Corinne (Hellemnes, FR), Rochat; Florence (Montreux, CH), Dufort; Christian (Beauvais, FR) Assignee(s): Nestec, S.A. (Vevey, CH) Patent Number: 6,022,568 Date filed: May 21, 1999 Abstract: Use of lactic acid bacteria in the preparation of a cream intended to coat all or part of an ice cream. The ice cream is an expanded and chilled cream, coated over all or part of its external surface with a non-expanded coating containing 10.sup.3 to 10.sup.9 cfu/g of lactic acid bacteria. Preferably, the expanded cream includes more than 10.sup.6 cfu/g of lactic acid bacteria, the ratio (e/g) between the number of lactic acid bacteria in the coating (e) and the number of lactic acid bacteria in the expanded cream (g) being greater than 1. The coating may include 1% to 70% of a milk fermented by lactic acid bacteria, 0.5% to 5% of animal or vegetable proteins, a lactic fat content of from 2% to 20% and preferably the strain Lactobacillus acidophilus CNCM I-1225. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a novel ice cream containing lactic acid bacteria. The beneficial properties on human health of certain lactic acid bacteria, commonly known as "probiotic bacteria", are known. For example, EP 577,904 (Societede Produits Nestle) proposes to prepare milks acidified with the strain Lactobacillus acidophilus CNCM I-1225, which is capable of adhering to intestinal cells, of excluding pathogens from the intestinal flora and of improving the immune response to an external attack. Hekmat et al. also propose to prepare ice creams comprising probiotic bacteria (J. Dairy Science, 75, 1415-1422, 1992). However, it should be noted that most of the bacteria die during chilling of the cream, after expansion of its volume during which a gas is incorporated into the cream and the mixture is subjected to intense mechanical beating, and after freezing of the cream at a negative temperature. There is thus value in searching for means for increasing the final charge of live bacteria in the ice cream since the number of lactic acid bacteria has a direct influence on the beneficial activity of the product.

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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06022568__ •

Immunity enhancing lactic acid bacteria Inventor(s): Smart; John B. (Ashhurst, NZ), Gopal; Pramod K. (Palmerston North, NZ), Gill; Harsharnjit S. (Palmerston North, NZ) Assignee(s): New Zealand Dairy Board (Wellington, NZ) Patent Number: 6,379,663 Date filed: February 16, 2000 Abstract: Novel bacteria Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 and HN 067, Lactobacillus acidophilus HN017, and Bifidobacterium lactis HN019 are claimed. Each strain provides immune enhancing effects when ingested. Excerpt(s): This is the U.S. National Phase under 35 U.S.C.sctn. 371 of International Application PCT/NZ98/00122, filed Aug. 18, 1998 which claims priority of Australian Application Nos. AU PP 3225, filed Apr. 28, 1998 and AU PO 8699, filed Aug. 21, 1997. This invention relates to novel strains of lactic acid bacteria and their use in enhancing immunity. The consumption of products containing lactic acid bacteria (LAB) is associated with a range of health benefits including enhancement of immunity. There are thousands of strains of lactic acid bacteria but only some strains exhibit healthpromoting properties. The ability of these bacteria to tolerate acids and bile salts, adhere to mucosal epithelial cells, and to survive passage through the gastrointestinal tract is considered an important criterion for selection of health-promoting strains. Only a few strains of lactic acid bacteria with proven health benefits have been identified to date. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06379663__

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Intermediate-moisture frozen acidophilus pudding Inventor(s): Kahn; Marvin L. (Williamsville, NY), Eapen; Kuttikandathil E. (Kenmore, NY) Assignee(s): Rich Products Corporation (Buffalo, NY) Patent Number: 4,308,287 Date filed: March 26, 1979 Abstract: Microbiologically stable food of this invention is an acidophilus pudding containing: 24% water, 59% sugar, 13% fat, 2% lactobacillus acidophilus culture and minor amounts of alginate, stabilizer, emulsifier and flavoring. This product is semi-soft at freezer temperature and possesses the microbiological stability requisite for storage at room temperature for an extended period of time without spoilage. Additionally, this product may contain up to 125 p.p.m. of a quinine salt. Excerpt(s): A recent development in the food industry is the emphasis on intermediatemoisture foods which have the faculty of being stored and marketed in a substantially non-refrigerated condition. These foods were designed to avoid the need to be packaged in a hermetically sealed container and commercially sterilized or maintained in a frozen or refrigerated state throughout the period of distribution and storage by the consumer. The intermediate-moisture foods are based on the principle of reducing the availability of water in the food for microbial growth. The availability for spore germination and microbial growth is closely related to its relative vapor pressure, commonly designated

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as water activity. It was found that the use of a wide variety of water-soluble solutes, or osmotic agents, has the effect of depressing the water activity of the foods to levels at which most bacteria will not grow. The water activity of a food is defined as the partial pressure of water in the food divided by the saturation pressure of water at the temperature of the food. The water activity can be determined by placing a sample in a container which is then sealed, and after equilibrium is reached, determining the relative humidity above the sample. Most products of this type have between 10 to 40% moisture, and a water activity between 0.65 and 0.9. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04308287__ •

L. acidophilus strains Inventor(s): Goldin; Barry R. (38 Adella Ave., W. Newton, MA 02165), Gorbach; Sherwood L. (419 Beacon St., Chestnut Hill, MA 02115) Assignee(s): Goldin; Barry R. (Boston, MA), Gorbach; Sherwood L. (Boston, MA) Patent Number: 5,032,399 Date filed: April 20, 1989 Abstract: A biologically pure culture of a strain of bacteria of the species Lactobacillus acidophilus, the bacteria being characterized in that an average of at least 50 of the bacteria can adhere to one human small intestinal mucosal cell after a five minute incubation of the bacteria with the cell. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to therapeutically beneficial strains of bacteria, and particularly to strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus. L. acidophilus is a component of the normal intestinal flora of most healthy human beings. The genus Lactobacillus is widely distributed in nature. Many species, such as L. bulgaricus and L. casei, are found in dairy products, as well as in fruits and vegetables. Other Lactobacillus species are encountered in the intestinal tract of mammals and insects. For many centuries, lactobacilli have been used in milk and dairy products as fermentation organisms, producing yogurt and various types of fermented and soured milks, curds and creams. The species of Lactobacillus used in the dairy industry is generally L. bulgaricus, although L. acidophilus strains have been used fairly extensively as well. In recent years a number of studies have been carried out using L. acidophilus strains isolated at North Carolina State University ("NCSU"). These studies have yielded evidence that the NCSU strains, when ingested by humans or animals, produce beneficial effects on various functions of the gastrointestinal tract, including the suppression of activation of chemical carcinogens in the large bowel, a reduction of fecal excretion of cholesterol (related to a reduced risk of large bowel cancer), and a reduction of gastrointestinal side effects of antibiotic therapy. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05032399__

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Lactic acid bacteria and food products Inventor(s): Khatchatrian; Tigran (Glendale, CA), Khatchatrian; Robert (Glendale, CA) Assignee(s): Hartz International Inc. (Glendale, CA) Patent Number: 6,368,641 Date filed: April 28, 2000

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Abstract: The present invention relates to lactic acid food products comprising Lactobacillus acidophilus Strain 317/402 and soy milk. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to lactic acid food products comprising Lactobacillus acidophilus Strain 317/402 and soy milk. Lactic acid food products, such as milk and yogurt, are used both as a part of a normal diet and for the medical treatment of children and adults suffering from a variety of health problems ranging from gastrointestinal disorders to pulmonary disease and allergies. Lactic acid food products are used in medicine both for their basic nutritive value, and for the physiologically active substances they contain. Cultured lactic acid food products such as cottage cheese, sour cream, buttermilk and yogurt are well known. In addition, dry lactic acid food products are known. However, many of these products do not have sufficient nutritive value to be of medical use. One reason for this is that in making cultured lactic acid food products only mesophylic and thermophylic streptococcus, or lactobacteria with low activity are used. These cultures weakly synthesize vitamins and other useful nutrients. Such products provide only a transitory lactic acid microflora in the intestine of the person consuming them and thus are not useful in medical treatments. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06368641__ •

Lactic acid bacteria inhibiting the formation of dental plaque in the mouth Inventor(s): Oh; Jong Suk (179-34 Hwajung-dong, Seo-ku, Kwangju-City, 502-240, KR) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,036,952 Date filed: January 27, 1998 Abstract: Enterococcus spp. 1357, Lactobacillus acidophilus V20 and Lactococcus lactis 1370, lactic acid bacterial strains having a potent and lasting inhibitory activity against the formation of glucan and dental plaque in human mouths. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to novel bacteria which inhibit the formation of dental plaque in human mouths. More particularly, the present invention relates to novel lactic acid bacteria capable of inhibiting the formation of glucan, a major component of dental plaque, in human mouths, which is produced from the microorganisms which normally inhabit in human mouths. These lactic acid bacteria are of the genera Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, and Lactococcus, and Lactococcus spp. which are thought to inhibit the activity of glucosyltransferase or to antagonize against the bacteria which play a role in forming glucan. Lactic acid bacteria are those which ferment carbohydrates to produce lactic acid as a final product. Lactic acid bacteria live in the oral cavities and the alimentary tracts of men and animals and are utilized for the manufacture of fermentative foods, such as kimchi, yogurt, etc. In addition, they are reported to be used to produce biologically active materials, such as medicines. Among the lactic bacteria are those of the genera Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Lactococcus, Lactobacillus, and Bifidobacterium. Representative examples of these lactic acidproducing bacteria include Streptococcus thermophilus, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus durans, Lactococcus lactis, Lactobacillus lactis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus thermophilus, Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus plantarum. As inhabitants in the entrails of men and animals, these lactic acid bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, are known to play an important role in maintaining the entrails healthy condition by utilizing carbohydrates as energy source

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to produce lactic acid and antibacterial materials which inhibit the growth of the harmful bacteria. In the past, enzymes which decomposed glucan, the major component of dental plaque, were isolated to be useful for the sanitization of oral cavity. For example, dextranase (.alpha.-1,6 glucan hydrolase) which used dextran as a substrate was purified and applied to animals and men (Staat, R. H. and Schachtete, C. F., 1975; Kaster, A. G. and Brown, L. R., 1983). In addition, it was reported that mutanase (endo.alpha.-1,3-glucanase) which decomposed mutan, an important component for the formation of glucan, was isolated and purified and had an inhibitory effect on the formation of dental plaque (Guggenheim B., et al., 1972; Takehara et al., 1981). However, these inhibitory enzymes against glucan formation were found to have an insignificant effect in human oral cavities. For mutanase, the decomposition effect of dental plaque is trivial and it takes a long time to express its effect. In addition, since tremendous effort and time are required for the isolation and purification of the enzyme, it is problematic in the economical and practical aspects. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06036952__ •

Lactic ferment comprising a particular strain of lactobacillus acidophilus and use thereof Inventor(s): Luquet; Fran.cedilla.ois-Marie (Orsay, FR) Assignee(s): Bio-K + International Inc. (Laval, CA) Patent Number: 6,607,905 Date filed: May 28, 1999 Abstract: The purified strain of Lactobacillus acidophilus CNCM/I-1492 (L.a. 1492) when administered alone or in combination with another Lactobacillus acidophilus (L.a.) strain and Lactobacillus casei (L.c.) strain, has a beneficial effect on the cholesterol blood level in mammals. It also strenghtens the immune system, facilitates the absorption of nutrients and stimulates the intestinal flora. Such strains also neutralize side effects caused by antibiotics. The invention concerns the specific strain L.a. I-1492, a ferment comprising L.a. I-1492, L.a. and L.c. strains, a dairy product obtained by this ferment and a method of manufacturing the dairy product. Excerpt(s): The present invention concerns a purified strain Lactobacillus acidophilus identified as CNCM/I-1492 (hereinafter called L.a. I-1492), the microorganism from this strain, a lactic ferment comprising this strain, a process for making dairy products using this ferment, and the dairy products obtained by this process and containing at least 500 million per gram of Lactobacillus acidophilus (including the L.a. I-1492 strain) or 380 million/gram of L.a. I-1492. The invention also concerns the use of a ferment comprising the strain Lactobacillus acidophilus CNCM/I-1492 and of a dairy product containing the same in the pharmaceutical field for reducing the level of cholesterol in the blood of a mammal. Yogurts are fermented dairy products obtained by fermentation of different lactic bacterias with milk. The most widely used milk is cow's milk. These lactic bacterias (mainly Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus) are foreign bodies to the human intestinal flora and are not implanted in the digestive system during consumption of these dairy products. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06607905__

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Lactobacillus acidophilus to inhibit cryptosporidiosis in mammals Inventor(s): Garleb; Keith Allen (Powell, OH), Wolf; Bryan Warren (Newark, OH) Assignee(s): Abbott Laboratories (Abbott Park, IL) Patent Number: 5,858,356 Date filed: December 21, 1995 Abstract: Cryptosporidium parvum (the cause of cryptosporidiosis) has become one of the most common enteropathogens causing diarrhea worldwide. Symptoms associated with cryptosporidiosis are very debilitating especially in the immunocompromised subject (e.g., AIDS patient). Clinical features include severe, chronic diarrhea, abdominal cramps, fatigue, weight loss, etc. which lead to increased health care costs and increased mortality. There is described herein a method of inhibiting the severity of Cryptosporidium parvum infection by enterally administering a therapeutically effective amount of Lactobacillus acidophilus. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the use of Lactobacillus acidophilus for the inhibition of disease states associated with Cryptosporidium parvum. Cryptosporidiosis is caused by the protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum). Historically, C. parvum had been recognized as a cause of diarrhea and mortality in young animals with an undeveloped immune system. It was not until the outbreak of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) that C. parvum was considered a significant problem in humans (Petersen, "Cryptosporidiosis in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus," Clinical Infectious Diseases, 15:903-909, 1992). Increased awareness and improved diagnostic techniques indicate that C. parvum may now be one of the three most important enteropathogens causing diarrheal illness worldwide (Laughon, et al., "Summary of the workshop on future directions in discovery and development of therapeutic agents for opportunistic infections associated with AIDS," The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 164:244-251, 1991). Pediatric outbreaks have been reported in hospitals (Navarrete, et al., "An outbreak of Cryptosporidium diarrhea in a pediatric hospital," The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 10:248-250, 1991) and day care centers (Anonymous, "Cryptosporidiosis among children attending day-care centers--Georgia, Pennsylvania, Michigan, California, New Mexico," Morbid. Mortal. 33:599-601, 1984). Even more recently, a large waterborne outbreak in Milwaukee, Wis. affected more than 400,000 persons (MacKenzie, et al., "A massive outbreak in Milwaukee of Cryptosporidium infection transmitted through the public water supply," New England Journal of Medicine, 331:161-167, 1994). C. parvum infection is acquired by the ingestion of oocysts which persist in the environment from the feces of infected animals or humans. During the life cycle of C. parvum numerous oocysts may be produced which may be excreted into the environment or remain within the host for autoinfection (Fayer, and Ungar, "Cryptosporidium spp. and cryptosporidiosis," Microbiological Reviews, 50:458-483, 1986). Oocysts are remarkably resistant to most common disinfectants, and routine chlorination of drinking water most likely has no effect on their viability (Current, "The biology of Cryptosporidium," ASM News, 54:605611, 1988). This environmentally resistant oocyst aids in the organisms transmission through either contamination of the water supply or individual-individual contact. Some researches suggest that as few as 30 oocysts are required to infect an individual, but in the case of an immunosuppressed individual 1 oocyst may be sufficient. This may be supported by the fact that only 8 to 10 oocysts per 100 liters of water were found in the recent outbreak in Milwaukee (Schwartz, et al., "Biliary cryptosporidiosis in HIV+ patients after a waterborne outbreak in Milwaukee," Gastroenterology, 106(4):A770 (abstr), 1994). Interestingly, our government recently issued the following tap-water

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warning: "Federal health officials have warned the nation that the daily threat of cryptosporidiosis is so widespread that anyone with a weakened immune system might want to avoid drinking water straight from the tap. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said that people with severely weakened immune systems should take precautions such as boiling water, installing filters or using bottled water. Those at risk are people with AIDS or HIV; cancer patients; transplant patients; people with genetically weakened immune systems; and malnourished children." (The Columbus Dispatch Saturday, Jun. 17, 1995 Page 4A). To date no therapy has proven to be clinically efficacious. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05858356__ •

Liquid adherent disinfectant compositions for topical application and method of preparation Inventor(s): Gehrman; Sybil H. (West Allis, WI), Porubcan; Randolph S. (West Allis, WI) Assignee(s): Chr. Hansen's Laboratory, Inc. (Milwaukee, WI) Patent Number: 4,525,351 Date filed: January 11, 1983 Abstract: A liquid adherent disinfectant composition for topical application comprises an aqueous acidic suspension of previously coagulated casein containing an aliphatic sulfate detergent as the effective agent for solubilizing the casein and converting it to a mucilaginous condition. The preparation also preferably contains glycerin and Lactobacillus-elaborated antibiotic-like factors. The composition can be prepared by fermenting a nonfat dry milk culture medium with harmless lactic acid-producing bacteria, such as Lactobacillus acidophilus, until the casein coagulates, thereafter mechanically dispersing the coagulated casein and solubilizing it with the aliphatic sulfate detergent. The resulting disinfectant composition can be used as a teat dip for preventing mastitis in cattle, or for other topical disinfecting purposes with domestic animals. The compositions adhere to the areas to which they are applied while being readily removable by water washing. Excerpt(s): The field of this invention is liquid disinfectant compositions particularly disinfectant compositions for application to domestic animals. A particular field of use is for prevention or treatment of mastitis in cattle. The economic loss in the United States caused by mastitis infection of dairy cattle has been estimated to be in excess of two billion dollars annually. For a discussion of the magnitude of this problem see Current Concepts of Bovine Mastitis, 2nd edition, 1973, Published by National Mastitis Council, Inc., 30F Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20001. For prevention or control of mastitis, a wide variety of teat dip solutions have been applied to the udders of cattle, and many commercial preparations are presently being marketed in the United States. As the principal disinfecting agent, these preparations usually contain iodophor, sodium hypochloride, chlorhexidine, or mixtures thereof. Teat dips containing iodophor at concentrations of from 0.5 to 1% have been favored. Since a number of bacterial pathogens cause or contribute to mastitis, the disinfecting agent must function bacteriostatically or bactericidally against a broad spectrum of bacteria. Various antibiotics have been used in preparations for the prevention or treatment of mastitis, but many antibiotics do not have a sufficiently broad spectrum of acitivity. A further limitation is that antibiotic residues cannot be present in the milk if it is to be sold. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04525351__

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Low fat custard-type yogurt product and method Inventor(s): Hulett; Vanessa (Jenks, OK), Baker; Donald B. (Tulsa, OK) Assignee(s): The Pro-Mark Companies, Inc. (Tulsa, OK) Patent Number: 4,837,035 Date filed: May 22, 1987 Abstract: A low calorie, low fat, low carbohydrate, fruit-containing yogurt product is prepared by a process including the steps of admixing a butterfat-containing milk product in sufficient amount to provide a butterfat content in the yogurt product of less than about 0.2% by weight, a stabilizer, a nutritive sweetener, and non-heat modified nonfat dry milk solids and processing the mixture by homogenizing, vat pasteurizing, fermenting with a three component bacterial yogurt culture mixture consisting essentially of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus, blending with low calorie, nutritive sweetener-containing fruit preserves and cooling. The resultant yogurt product has the body, texture and taste of conventional fruit-containing yogurt and a consumer acceptable appearance characterized by the absence of free moisture on the product surface and within the packaging therefor. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to a method for making a fruitcontaining yogurt product and, more specifically, to a method for making a low fat low carbohydrate, low calorie fruit-containing yogurt product having the appearance, texture and taste of conventional fruit-containing yogurt. In recent years cultured milk products, referred to as yogurt, have enjoyed immense popularity. The beneficial effects on health due to the therapeutic properties of the bacterial cultures contained in yogurt are well known. In addition, yogurt has become a popular food among dieters. To increase its appeal, the sharp, tangy taste characteristic of plain, unflavored yogurt, which heretofore make yogurt unacceotable to many people, has been masked in many yogurt products with fruit and sweeteners. This practice has resulted in a flavored yogurt product that is more palatable to a wider segment of the population. However, the use of these additives has been accompanied by an increase in product calorie content from about 90 calories per eight ounce (227 grams) serving of plain, unflavored yogurt to about 240 to 270 calories per eight ounce (227 grams) serving of the sweetened, fruit-containing yogurt. Such a high calorie content renders the fruited product generally unsuitable for inclusion in reducing diets since the fruit yogurt uses up the majority of the calories usually alloted to a single meal. As a result the dieter has difficulty choosing a sufficient variety or quantity of foods to form a balanced meal within the remaining calories allowed. Accordingly there has existed for some time a need for a fruit-containing yogurt product which is low in calories, fat and carbohydrate content. There have been efforts, none of them totally successful, at producing a sweetened or flavored yogurt product with a relatively low butterfat content but which exhibits the characteristic creamy consistency and desirable flavor, appearance and mouth feel of conventional yogurt products while, at the same time, overcoming the high calorie and high carbohydrate problems accompanying the use of fruited or flavored yougurt. One very important reason for the apparent inability to achieve this goal is that yogurt made from really low fat milk products, e.g., less than about 0.5% butterfat, is typically loose and watery and lacking in flavor, rather than creamy and with consumer acceptable flavor, appearance, body and mouth feel. Moreover, yogurt having such an undesirably thin consistency does not blend well with fruit additions and, therefore, the fruit additions do not meaningfully add to the attractiveness and palatability of the yogurt product. Efforts to overcome this problem to obtain a palatable

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product have either required adding flavor influencing milk solids, which increases the yogurt calorie and carbohydrate contents, or increasing the butterfat content, which has a similar effect. It will, therefore, be appreciated that in the production of fruited yogurt, acceptable solutions to taste and diet problems appear to adversely affect appearance, body and mouth feel characteristics, and vice-versa. Accordingly, it is not at all surprising that to date, no fully acceptable low fat, low calorie, low carbohydrate yogurt product has become available. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04837035__ •

Low fat thin-bodied yogurt product and method Inventor(s): Baker; Donald B. (Tulsa, OK), Hulett; Vanessa (Jenks, OK) Assignee(s): The Pro-Mark Companies, Inc. (Tulsa, OK) Patent Number: 4,837,036 Date filed: October 9, 1987 Abstract: A low calorie, low fat, high total solids, high protein content, thin-bodied, fruit-containing yogurt product is prepared by a process including the steps of admixing a butterfat-containing milk product in sufficient amount to provide a butterfat content in the yogurt product of less than about 0.5% by weight, limited quantities of a stabilizer mix, a nutritive sweetener, and non-heat modified nonfat dry milk solids and processing the mixture by homogenizing, vat pasteurizing, fermenting with a uniquely proportioned three component bacterial yogurt culture mixture consisting essentially of, by weight, 15-25% Lactobacillus acidophilus, 30-50% Lactobacillus bulgaricus and 3050% Streptococcus thermophilus, blending with low caloric, nutritive sweetenercontaining fruit preserves and cooling. The resultant fruited yogurt product has a total solids content of 21.9 to 23.9%, a protein content of at least 4.5%, a caloric content of 150 calories per 6 ounce (170 gram) serving; the body, texture and taste of conventional thinbodied fruit-containing yogurt; is resistant to syneresis; and exhibits a consumer acceptable appearance characterized by the absence of free moisture on the product surface and within the packaging therefor. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to a method for making a fruitcontaining yogurt product and, more specifically, to a method for making a low fat, low calorie fruit-containing yogurt product having the appearance, texture and taste of conventional thin-bodied fruit-containing yogurt. Yogurt is, conventionally, a cultured milk product produced by fermenting sources of butterfat, such as milk, skim milk, cream, nonfat milk solids, and the like, in liquid or powder form, with a yogurt culture producing lactic acid. Depending upon the butterfat source employed, other ingredients and the processing treatment, yogurt may be prepared in various forms. Frozen yogurt, at one extreme, is generally consumed in hard frozen or soft serve form. Liquid yogurt, at the other extreme, is consumed by drinking as contrasted with by use of a spoon. The most common or so-called conventional form of yogurt is firm bodied, smooth and viscous, generally having the consistency of a light gel which is pudding or custard-like and spoonable. What has now become known as European style yogurt is a thin-bidied version of conventional yogurt, having a viscosity of 2 to 10 cm, preferably 4 to 8 cm, but not as thin as liquid yogurt, and not drinkable. Fruit-filled yogurts are made Sundae style with fruit on the bottom, Swiss style with the fruit pre-mixed, or Western style with the fruit on the bottom and the yogurt colored and/or flavored. Most plain yogurt (unfruited) on the market contains from 120 to 150 calories per 8 ounce (227 grams) serving. Most fruited yogurts contain 240 to 270 calories per 8 ounce (227 gram) serving.

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Milk product bases for yogurt, depending on taste, display varying butterfat contents and yogurts may be prepared with fat contents varying from as low as less than 0.4 percent by weight up to about 20 percent. According to FDA labeling standards, yougurt may be labeled as "nonfat" if it contains 0.4% or less butterfat; as "lowfat" if it contains from 0.5% to 2% butterfat; and as fullfat or regular yogurt if it contains at least 3.25% butterfat. Most commercially available yogurts are "lowfat" by FDA labeling standards. In recent years yogurt has enjoyed immense popularity. The beneficial effects on health due to the therapeutic properties of the bacterial cultures contained in yogurt are well known. In addition, yogurt has become a popular food among dieters. To increase its appeal, the sharp, tangy taste characteristic of plain, unflavored yogurt, which heretofore made yogurt unacceptable to many people, has been masked in many yogurt products with fruit and sweeteners. This practice has resulted in a flavored yogurt product that is more palatable to a wider segment of the population. However, the use of these additives has been accompanied by an increase in product calorie content from the about 120 to 150 calories per eight ounce (227 grams) serving of plain, unflavored yogurt to about 240 to 270 calories per eight ounce (227 grams) serving of the sweetened, fruit-containing yogurt. Such a high calorie content renders the fruited product generally unsuitable for inclusion in reducing diets since the fruit yogurt uses up the majority of the calories usually alloted to a single meal. As a result the dieter has difficulty choosing a sufficient variety or quantity of foods to form a balanced meal within the remaining calories allowed. Accordingly there has existed for some time a need for a fruit-containing yogurt product which is low in calories, fat and carbohydrate content. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04837036__ •

Method and formula for the prevention of diarrhea Inventor(s): Halpin-Dohnalek; Margaret Ione (Worthington, OH), Hilty; Milo Duane (Lewis Center, OH), Bynum; Douglas Gene (Columbus, OH) Assignee(s): Abbott Laboratories (Abbott Park, IL) Patent Number: 5,902,578 Date filed: March 25, 1996 Abstract: A novel method for the prevention of infectious diarrhea or diarrhea caused by antibiotic therapy is disclosed. The method comprises the steps of 1) mixing a powder comprising viable cultures of the probiotic organisms Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacieriurn infantis with a liquid; and 2) enterally administering the mixture to a mammal or a human. In a preferred embodiment at least 10.sup.6 CFU (colony forming units) of each probiotic organism is consumed per day. The invention also relates to pills or capsules containing the probiotic system (Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium infantis) in a freeze dried or lyophilized form. The invention also relates to a novel powdered nutritional formula for the prevention of diarrhea that comprises protein, fat, carbohydrates and the microorganisms Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus acidophilis and Bifidobacterium infantis. In a preferred embodiment the powdered nutritional formula is a nutritionally complete infant formula. A large clinical study has shown that the probiotic system according to the invention when provided in a non-fermented form is efficacious in the prevention of diarrhea. Also disclosed is a method for manufacturing the formula of the invention.

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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to a method of preventing diarrhea associated with infectious agents such as rotavirus, or diarrhea associated with antibiotic therapies. More specifically, this invention relates to a powdered infant nutritional that contains the probiotic organisms Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus acidophillus and Bifidobacterium infantis. Administration of at least 10.sup.6 CFU of each probiotic organism in a 24 hour period has been shown to be effective in the prevention of diarrhea. Diarrhea is one of the most common health problems in the world, and even in developed countries is one of the most common infectious diseases. Diarrhea is also one of the most common health problems during childhood. While it has been suggested to administer fermented milk products in the treatment of diarrhea (for example rotavirus associated diarrhea), the medical community continues to seek improved methods or products which would be useful in the prevention of the disease. In recent years, rotavirus and other enteric viruses have been identified as a major cause of acute diarrhea in infants and young children attending daycare centers. There is an acute need, both domestically and in third world countries, for products and methods that would be effective in preventing infectious diarrhea and diarrhea associated with antibiotic therapy. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05902578__ •

Method of culturing Lactobacillus acidophilus Inventor(s): Peer; Herbert R. (Storm Lake, IA) Assignee(s): TransAgra Corporation (Memphis, TN) Patent Number: 4,349,569 Date filed: January 27, 1978 Abstract: Lactobacillus acidophilus is cultured by special process steps to derive a strain of organisms having a length of over ten microns and a tough stable outer hide, and which produce high acidity above 1.5%, exhibit a characteristic odor, and are tolerant to metallic salts such as cobalt carbonate. They are cultured in a transfer process from starter organisms of different characteristics to develop the improved strain which retains its characteristics in the presence of metallic salts added to the nutrient before incubation and are free of a tendency to clump. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the culture of Lactobacillus acidophilus and more particularly it relates to such culture in the presence of metallic salts such as cobalt carbonate. In the production of cultured whey products such as described in my U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,343,962, Sept. 26, 1967 and 3,497,359, Feb. 24, 1970 a mother culture is produced by culturing Lactobacillus acidophilus in a milk nutrient base in the presence of cobalt carbonate. This conditions the organisms to become tolerant to a higher acidity condition than usually expected from Lactobacillus acidophilus, a desirable characteristic. It has now been found however that at least some Lactobacillus acidophilus strains are sensitive to addition of metallic ions such as obtained in the presence of cobalt carbonate, a phenomenon that may be termed metal poisoning. This is evidenced by lower acidity, dwarfing and clumping of the organisms. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04349569__

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Method of producing soybean milk yoghurt Inventor(s): Wang; Hwa L. (Peoria, IL), Hesseltine; Clifford W. (Peoria, IL), Kanda; Hiroshi (Zushi, JA) Assignee(s): The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of (Washington, DC) Patent Number: 4,066,792 Date filed: September 22, 1976 Abstract: An improved soybean milk yoghurt is prepared by first extracting a milk from soybeans. The milk is mixed with milk whey solids and sucrose and then sterilized. The hot milk is mixed with a dilute aqueous gelatin solution and rapidly cooled. A mixture, in approximately equal proportions, of two strains of L. acidophilus, namely, NRRL B1910 and B-2092, is added to the milk, which is subsequently fermented to produce a yoghurt. Excerpt(s): The invention is related to and has among its objects the provision of a novel method for producing yoghurt with improved properties from soybean milk. One object of the invention is to produce a soybean milk yoghurt having an improved flavor and texture. Another object is to produce a soybean milk yoghurt with reduced flatulence factors. Further objects of the invention will be evident from the following description wherein parts and percentages are by weight unless otherwise specified. Soybeans, being rich in protein, have been recognized as an important food item, supplementing, or in some instances replacing, meat and dairy products. Several problems occur, however, in the use of soybeans as a food or food supplement. One important factor is that soybeans have an objectionable flavor, thus decreasing the palatability of foods prepared from soybeans. Furthermore, increased flatulence is associated with the consumption of food items containing soybean protein. Methods for preparing dairy products containing substantial amounts of soybean protein are known, but all of the known products either have poor flavor or are accompanied by flatulence when consumed or both. Another problem is that cultures and processes used in the dairy industry are often unsuited for soybean milk fermentation. We have discovered a method for preparing a yoghurt having improved properties from soybean milk. In the process of the invention a milk is extracted ultrasonically from soybeans which have been treated by soaking in water and hot aqueous sodium bicarbonate. The soybean milk is mixed with small portions of milk whey solids and sucrose. The mixture is heated to sterilize it and is treated, while still hot, with a dilute sterilized aqueous gelatin solution. The so-treated milk is cooled rapidly to ambient temperature and inoculated with a mixture of two strains of Lactobaccilus acidophilus, NRRL B-1910 and NRRL B-2092, in approximately equal proportions. The inoculated material is then incubated and a yoghurt product is formed. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04066792__

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Method of production and recovery of protein from food wastes Inventor(s): Busta; Francis F. (St. Paul, MN), McKay; Larry L. (St. Paul, MN), Schmidt; Bruce E. (Golden Valley, MN) Assignee(s): The Regents of the University of Minnesota (Minneapolis, MN) Patent Number: 4,018,650 Date filed: October 1, 1975

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Abstract: A method of production and recovery of protein from food wastes according to which a medium composed of various combined food wastes and containing both a protein source (such as collagen) and a carbohydrate source (such as starch) is modified by the action of selected microbial species (such as Bacillus subtilis). The resulting Bacillus-modified enriched liquid medium permits the growth of more fastidious organisms (such as Lactobacillus acidophilus) that are acceptable as a single cell protein source. As an alternative and prior to the introduction of the Lactobacillus, the modified medium may be fortified by the addition of other food wastes, (such as cheese whey or spent brewer's yeast cells). The final recovery of protein from the fastidious organisms may be accomplished by any one of the established methods of protein or food recovery and/or isolation. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method of recovery of single cell protein (SCP) from food wastes. More particularly, this invention relates to a method of recovery of protein from food wastes in which a medium composed of various combined food wastes and containing both a protein source and a carbohydrate source is modified by the action of selected microbial species. The resulting modified liquid medium permits the growth of more fastidious organisms that are acceptable as a single cell protein source. The final recovery of protein from the fastidious organisms may be accomplished by any one of the established methods of protein or food recovery and/or isolation. Single cell protein is used as a protein additive or supplement for food for human use and as an animal feed and feed supplement. The only materials produced industrially as single cell protein (SCP), at present available to the commercial animal feed industry, are those derived from hydrocarbon grown yeasts. While these processes produce SCP of demonstrably high quality, the methanol and the various hydrocarbons used in these processes are not waste materials. In fact, they are very useful products having high priority utility in energy production and other industrial fields. In a recent paper (Bough et al, 1972, App. Microbiol. 24:2: 226-235), there is described a means of producing single cell protein from collagenous by-products of the meat industry through the continuous cultivation of Bacillus megaterium. The protein obtained from the B. megaterium cells was found to be superior to the collagen from a nutritional standpoint. An improved amino acid balance and higher protein efficiency ratio were evidence of this. This is a one step process using only one organism to ferment only one substrate. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04018650__ •

Method, compositions and articles for prevention and treatment of herpes simplex virus infections Inventor(s): Winans, Jr.; Luther (Abilene, TX), Foster; Terry L. (Abilene, TX) Assignee(s): Science Research Center, Inc. (Abilene, TX) Patent Number: 4,983,163 Date filed: March 13, 1984 Abstract: Methods, compositions and articles are disclosed which are useful in the treatment of humans suffering from herpes simplex virus infections. In an embodiment method, herpes simplex type 2 virus infecting the genital tract of a female is treated by administering a viable, mixed culture of L. acidophilus and L. bulgaricus on a catamenial tampon.

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Excerpt(s): The invention relates to methods, compositions and articles useful in the prophylaxis and treatment of active viral infections and more particularly relates to the treatment of herpes simplex virus infections in humans. In recent months, public attention has been focused on the major increase in the number of infections reported in humans and attributed to the herpes simplex virus, particularly the type 2 virus. The type 2 virus is generally associated with genital infections, i.e., herpes infections such as Herpes genitalis and Herpes labialis. Such infections are not limited however to infections of the genitals, but also include Dermatitis and Gingivostomatitis herpetica, Encephalitis herpetica, Herpes zoster and Varicella. The type 1 herpes simplex virus is also prevalently hosted in humans and is more often associated with symptomatic lesions in or near the oral zones. Infections in humans, due to the herpes simplex virus of types 1 and 2 have been highly resistant to treatment. There has been no known prophylactic treatment. The present invention comprises a method as well as compositions and articles which are useful in prophylaxis and treatment of the active state of the infections. The "active" state of the infection is defined herein as the phase during which symptomatic lesions, i.e.; sores, blisters, ulcers, etc., appear in affected areas such as around the mouth (type 1 virus) or in the genital areas (type 2 virus). This is in contrast to the "hidden" or remissive state wherein symptoms of the infection are not observed. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04983163__ •

Multi-curdled milk product and the process for the preparation thereof Inventor(s): Roberts; James Gordon (161 Flamingo Drive, Clearwater, FL 33516) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,034,115 Date filed: July 29, 1975 Abstract: This invention relates to a milk product produced by a process that breaks down the disaccharide sugar present in milk more effectively by an unhindered multicurdling process while enriching the milk product with nutritional and therapeutic advantages by superimposing cultures of Lactobacillus bulgaricus, acidophilus, bifidus, and colostrum to produce a new palatable and tasteful milk product which will be symbiotic with the human body. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to food products and a process for their preparation to produce a multi-curdled milk product with an acceptable and palatable flavor. More specifically, this invention relates to a unique multi-curdled milk product that employs a process that reduces the disaccharide sugar or lactose more completely than heretofore thought possible thereby increasing the amount of glucose and galactose. Prior milk products that have been prepared by multiple fermentation have used either alcohol or heat during the preparation which have the effect of hindering the enzymatic transformation of lactose to glucose and galactose. The use of alcohol in a milk product through some form of fermentation with yeast inhibits some of the enzymes normally present in milk and produces food of lessened nutritional content. Moreover, some people are allergic to the lactose in milk itself and are, therefore, denied the benefits of a milk product. For millions of people, intolerance develops during the life cycle such that they are unable to easily digest lactose, a condition that is believed to arise from the deficiency of B-galactosidase in the intestinal microville. Previously, bacteria used as starters for culturing various types of milk base products have included spherical types such as Streptococcus lactis, Streptococcus cremoris, Leuconostoc citrovorum,

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Streptococcus diacelelactis, and Streptococcus durans which are used primarily for buttermilk and sour cream while rod-shaped types such as Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus lactis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Actinomyces bifidus, and Doderlein's bacillus are used primarily for yogurt-like products. However, such milk base products generally have a lactose content after one culturing still higher than it need be. In previously developed processes, the lactose was broken down by various fermentation processes converting the lactose into lactic acid as when milk with or without non-fat milk solids, partly skim milk or skim milk is changed into yogurt or buttermilk; however, over 80 percent of the disaccharide sugar may remain unspent after the buttermilk and sour cream fermentation is completed. Further efforts to remove the lactose have resulted in the past in lowering the nutritional value of the milk product or producing products that are unpalatable. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04034115__ •

Novel strain of Lactobacillus acidophilus Inventor(s): Miller; Robert E. (Redmond, WA), Manfredi; Eugene T. (Seattle, WA) Assignee(s): Bio Techniques Laboratories, Inc. (Redmond, WA) Patent Number: 4,946,791 Date filed: October 2, 1986 Abstract: New strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus capable of adhering to the tissue cells of various species of animals are described. At least one new strain exhibits calciumindependent attachment which is enhanced by the presence of calcium. The strains may be used in a suitable carrier as a dietary supplement for providing a source of the strain of bacteria in an animal. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to novel microorganisms, particularly to strains of the bacteria Lactobacillus acidophilus which are capable of interspecific attachment to epithelial cells of various mammals, and to a process for providing a source of such microorganisms in an animal in the form of dietary supplements. Lactobacillus is a genus of bacteria in the family Lactobacteriacae, found in the intestinal tracts of mammals, green plants, milk and fermenting foods. Lactic acid is produced by these bacteria via carbohydrate fermentation; thus, lactobacilli have been introduced into the manufacture of food products, such as yogurt and cheese, to enhance their quality and stability. In addition, lactobacilli form an important part of the internal microbial flora in humans and other animals. In humans, lactobacilli are present in the mouth, lower intestine and vagina. Another type of bacteria, Eschericia coli (hereafter E. coli), is also present in animals and can cause serious intestinal problems such as diarrhea. The disease gastroenteritis is also caused by E. coli infection. A proper balance of the microbial populations in the intestinal tract of animals is believed to be important to provide resistance to such diseases. For a review, see W. E. Sandine et al., J. Milk Food Technol., 35, p. 691-702 (1972), incorporated by reference herein. Stress conditions can alter the balance of microbes in the intestinal tracts of humans and other animals. The basis of diseases such as gastroenteritis is thought to be a microbial imbalance in the intestinal tract. This knowledge of the importance of maintaining internal populations of "helpful" bacteria such as lactobacilli to improve health has led to attempts to administer lactobacillus to treat humans and animals. L. acidophilus has shown some effectiveness in destroying E. coli in infants suffering from diarrhea. Such therapy has included the use of strains of L. acidophilus in dried form, administered orally, for promoting L. acidophilus colonization in human intestines.

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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04946791__ •

Nutrition supplement containing Lactobacillus acidophilus, yeast and soy protein Inventor(s): Hsia; Houn Simon (Foothill Ranch, CA) Assignee(s): Viva Life Science, Inc. (Costa Mesa, CA) Patent Number: 6,294,166 Date filed: January 19, 1999 Abstract: A composition for use as a dietary supplement for promoting gastrointestinal health including effective amounts of a dried bacteria, a dried, non-viable yeast and protein. The dried bacteria may be Lactobacillus acidophilus, and may comprise from about 0.1% to about 10% of the total mass of the composition. The yeast may be Brewer's or Baker's yeast, and may comprise from about 2.5% to about 20% of the total mass. The protein may be whey or soy protein concentrates, and may comprise from about 25% to about 98% of the total mass. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to substantially dry, viable bacterial compositions, nutritional supplements containing such compositions, and methods of stabilizing dried viable bacteria. Living bacteria may provide a variety-of nutritional benefits in humans and animals. In particular, bacteria of the genus Lactobacilli are one of the major groups of intestinal and fecal organisms found in humans and animals that are understood to confer certain health benefits to humans and animals. The significant health and nutritional benefits of Lactobacilli, and in particular the strain Lactobacillus acidophilus, are well known. [See, e.g., Speck, M. L and Katz, "R. L., "ACDPI Status Paper: Nutritive and Health Values of Cultured Dairy Foods," Cult. Dairy Prod. J., 15(10):4 (1980)]. Lactobacilli found in the human intestinal tract include Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus plantatum, and Lactobacillus cellobiosus. The nutritional benefits of Lactobacilli are manyfold. This genus of bacteria are known to improve the nutritional value of foods by increasing the quantity as well as the availability, digestibility, and assimilability of nutrients. This is accomplished by the fermentation by Lactobacilli of foods, such as proteins, fats, or carbohydrates, that results in the predigestion such foods--in other words, predigestion by Lactobacilli renders the proteins, fats, and carbohydrates in a form that is more readily absorbed and digested in mammals. [Friend, B., Shahani, K., J. Applied Nutrition, 36:2 (1984)]. As a result, the nutrients demonstrate an effective increase in their ability to be utilized by the body. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06294166__

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Preparation of a low calorie, low fat fruit-containing yogurt Inventor(s): Baker; Donald B. (Tulsa, OK) Assignee(s): The Pro-Mark Companies (Tulsa, OK) Patent Number: 4,410,549 Date filed: November 10, 1981 Abstract: A low calorie, low fat fruit-containing yogurt is prepared by a process including steps of admixing skim milk, stabilizers and an amount of heat modified nonfat dry milk solids effective to improve texture and flavor, and processing the mixture by heating, homogenizing, fermenting with a culture mixture of Lactobacillus

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acidophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus, blending with low calorie fruit preserves and cooling. The heat modified nonfat dry milk solids is derived from a process in which condensed skim milk is subjected to non-coagulative direct steam heating prior to spray drying. The resultant yogurt product has the appearance, texture and taste of conventional fruit-containing yogurt. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to a method for making a fruitcontaining yogurt product having the appearance, texture and taste of conventional custard-type fruit-containing yogurt and, more specifically, to a method for making a fruit containing yogurt product having a fat, carbohydrate and calorie content significantly below that of conventional fruit-containing yogurt. In recent years cultured milk products, referred to as yogurt, have enjoyed immense popularity. The beneficial effects on health due to the therapeutic properties of the bacterial cultures contained in yogurt are well known. In addition, yogurt has become a popular food among dieters. To increase its appeal, the sharp, tangy taste characteristic of plain, unflavored yogurt, which heretofore made yogurt unacceptable to many people, has been masked in many yogurt products with fruit and sweeteners. This practice has resulted in a flavored yogurt product that is more palatable to a wider segment of the population. However, the use of these additives has been accompanied by an increase in product calorie content from about 90 calories per eight ounce (224 grams) serving of plain, unflavored yogurt to about 250 to 270 calories per eight ounce (224 grams) serving of the sweetened, fruit-containing yogurt. Such a high calorie content renders the fruited product generally unsuitable for inclusion in reducing diets since the fruit yogurt uses up the majority of the calories usually alloted to a single meal. As a result the dieter has difficulty choosing a sufficient variety or quantity of foods to form a balanced meal within the remaining calories allowed. Accordingly, a need has developed for a fruitcontaining yogurt product which is low in calories, fat and carbohydrate content. Prior methods for producing sweetened or flavored yogurt have succeeded in obtaining a product with a relatively low butterfat content, for example, as low as the 0.5% butterfat content of ordinary skim milk, but none seem to have been able to produce a really low fat, less than about 0.5%, yogurt product having the characteristic creamy custard-type yogurt consistency while at the same time overcoming the high calorie and high carbohydrate problems accompanying the use of fruited or flavored yogurt. One reason for this is that yogurt previously made from really low fat milk products, less than about 0.5% butterfat, has been loose and watery and lacking in flavor rather than creamy and custard-like with consumer acceptable flavor, appearance and mouth feel. Efforts to overcome this problem to obtain a palatable product have either required adding flavor influencing milk solids, which increases the yogurt calorie content, or increasing the milk fat content, which has a similar effect. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04410549__ •

Probiotic formulation Inventor(s): Watson; Brenda F. (Tarpon Springs, FL), Watson; Tommy Stanley (Tarpon Springs, FL) Assignee(s): Renew Life, Inc. (Clearwater, FL) Patent Number: 6,468,525 Date filed: August 10, 1999 Abstract: A probiotic formulation, useful as a food supplement and a material for reestablishing beneficial bacteria to the body's intestinal tract, comprises a mixture of

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beneficial probiotic microflora comprising lactobacillus acidophilus, bifidobacterium bifidum, lactobacillus salivarius, bifidobacterium infantis, and bifidobacterium longum, fructooligosaccharides, L-glutamine, and N-acetyl glucosamine. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to a probiotic formulation. More particularly, the invention is directed to a food supplement formulation comprising five specific microflora and additional ingredients which work together to support the body's ability to replace mucosal linings such as those found in the digestive tract. Probiotic formulations have been used as dietary supplements for many years. Hundreds of different strains of probiotics exist, but only a select few (about 50) of these strains have been tested for efficacy. Beneficial probiotics are categorized as either resident or transient. Resident probiotic bacterial strains live and reproduce in each person's digestive tract. Transient probiotic bacterial strains typically are introduced into the body through ingested food or by means of dietary supplements; however, they do not reproduce nor stay within the digestive system. Probiotic bacteria which normally inhabit the digestive tract reduce the levels of harmful bacteria which may be introduced to the body. For example, naturally occurring probiotic bacteria reduce levels of E. Coli and Salmonella by producing metabolic acid products, e.g., hydrogen peroxide, lactic acid, and acetic acid, that inhibit or antagonize these harmful bacteria. Probiotics also inhibit the levels of harmful microbial pathogens, by lowering the pH in the intestines. This production of organic acids effectively lowers intestinal pH to a level that is favorable for beneficial bacteria and destructive to pathogens. Probiotic bacteria also prevent the establishment of harmful fungus and parasites, such as Candida albicans and Giardia lamblia, which became attached to the walls of the colon. Probiotic bacteria can reduce the levels of toxic byproducts such as indole, skatole, and methane produced by the metabolic reaction of harmful bacteria to certain foods. Probiotics also assist the body's digestion of lactose and dietary carbohydrates. Finally, probiotic bacteria can aid the synthesis of B vitamins such as folic acid, niacin, pantothenic acid, and biotin. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06468525__ •

Process for improving the utilization of feedstuffs by ruminants Inventor(s): Garner; Bryan E. (Amarillo, TX), Ware; Douglas R. (Bothell, WA) Assignee(s): Nutrition Physiology (Amarillo, TX) Patent Number: 5,534,271 Date filed: November 16, 1994 Abstract: A process for improving the utilization of feedstuffs by a ruminant, the process comprising the steps of mixing a lactic acid producing bacteria culture and a lactate utilizing bacteria culture, admixing these cultures with a dry formulation or an animal feedlot diet into a composition, and administering this composition orally to ruminants. The process may be used on a continual basis to increase meat or milk production, or used during the transition from a roughage diet to a feedlot diet to prevent or minimize acidosis. The preferred embodiment utilizes Lactobacillus acidophilus as its lactic acid producing bacteria culture and Propionibacterium P-5 as its lactate utilizing bacteria culture. The composition of the process is in a dry powder form for storage at ambient temperatures for long durations. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to a process for improving the utilization of feedstuffs by ruminants, especially during the transition from a roughage

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diet to a feedlot diet, and more particularly to a process for administering to a ruminant a feed additive composition which includes lactic acid producing bacteria and lactic acid utilizing bacteria for improving the production from, and feed conversion efficiency of, a high grain or concentrate feedlot diet. Acute indigestion resulting from the transition from a predominantly roughage diet to a feedlot diet could be fatal to ruminants. The purpose of a feedlot operation is to fatten a ruminant, such as beef cattle, for sale or slaughter. The most common and efficient method of fattening ruminants is to feed them a high grain or high energy concentrate diet. However, this abrupt conversion from a roughage or pasture diet of plant food, mainly cellulose, to a feedlot diet predominantly composed of grains and starches can cause decreased production to feedlot cattle and even death from acidosis. Similar diet transitions can result in a decrease in milk production for dairy cows as well as death. As discussed in Diseases of Feedlot Cattle, Second Edition, Lea & Febiger, p 292-293 (1971), acute indigestion in cattle is caused by sudden consumption of large amounts of grain, green corn, green apples or other easily fermentable feeds. During a roughage diet, cellulosic bacteria predominates in ruminal microflora. Volatile fatty acids are usually formed in the following proportions: acetic, 67%; propionic, 19%; and butyric, 14%. These acids constitute an important nutrient from cellulose digestion. However, during the fattening process at the feedlot, cattle are placed on a high grain diet. On a high grain diet, the ruminal microflora ferment the new feed and produce 100 or more milli-moles per liter of lactic acid resulting in the rumen becoming immobilized. A large portion of the lactic acid accumulated may be the D(-) isomer which is an unavailable energy source for the ruminant and thus builds up in the rumen. Absorption of the acid into the blood lowers the blood pH and diminishes the content of bicarbonate and glucose bringing about acidosis. Compensation for the acidic condition occurs by excretion of carbonic acid through rapid respiration and by excretion of hydrogen ions through urine. Affected cattle may survive through compensation, however, severe acidosis is fatal. Additionally, the increase in acidity of the rumen damages the mucosa which may result in necrosis of the epithelium which enables bacteria such as Spherophorus necrophorus to enter the veins and be conveyed to the liver where liver abscesses may form in surviving animals. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05534271__ •

Process for manufacturing a biologically active fermented milk product and product obtained by the process Inventor(s): Cravero; Ricardo Alberto (Sunchales, AR) Assignee(s): Sancor Cooperativas Unidas Limitada (Sunchales, AR) Patent Number: 6,033,691 Date filed: September 17, 1998 Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for the preparation of a biologically active milk product. Lactobacillus Casei (ATCC 55544) and Lactobacillus Acidophilus (ATCC 55543) are simultaneously inoculated in milk previously added with Streptococcus, and then fermented. Fermentation results in the formation of a biologically active milk product. After fermentation, the resulting product can be stores between 4.degree. C. and 10.degree. C. for up to 30 days. Storage of the product does not require any special container. The product can also be lyophilized and stored at 20.degree. C. to 25.degree. C. (relative humidity 40-65%) for a minimum of four (4)

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months. When reconstituted, the powdered product has a pH close to liquid and is palatable. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the diary industry and provides new diary products in the form of direct consumption fermented milk or as a product of instantaneous reconstitution, such as in concentrated fermented milk and fermented milk powder, having an extended shelf life, the products resulting from the culture in symbiosis of specific bacterias in a substrate comprising milk, whole milk, skim milk, lactosefree milk, etc. The diary industry has experienced deep changes, therefore it is not only of interest to provide the market with supply natural milk or to process the milk in order to offer its traditional derivatives: cheese, yogurt, etc., but the diary industry's evolution allows that other products and milk derivatives are today available. An important innovation was produced when diary products were offered for the purpose of modifying and improving dietary habits and correcting deficient status in human health conditions, mainly of those who depend on the intestinal bacterial flora or on ingestion of vitamins, minerals (calcium, phosphorous, iron). In this regard, the diary industry has developed and proposed diary products derived from the treatment of milk with lactic bacteria, compatible with the nutritional demand of the modern consumer market. The satisfaction of these biological demands (and also the market's) has introduced various innovations, such as yogurt and whole or skim milk, products combined with fruits or with cereal milks (soya, sunflower) and also cultured milk, acidophile milk, fermented milk, etc. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06033691__ •

Process for preparing fermented soybean milk Inventor(s): Tsumura; Haruo (Izumisano, JP), Yokoyama; Hitoshi (Izumisano, JP), Sugano; Hideo (Izumisano, JP), Miyata; Keiji (Izumisano, JP) Assignee(s): Fuji Oil Company, Limited (Osaka-fu, JP) Patent Number: 6,599,543 Date filed: January 21, 1998 Abstract: Disclosed is a process for preparing a fermented soybean milk comprising the steps of: inoculating a lactic acid bacterium of the genus Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus bulgaricus and one strain selected from the group consisting of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus casei into soybean milk, and fermenting the same. According to the process of the present invention, lactic acid bacteria fermented soybean milk with great flavor can be provided. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for preparing a fermented soybean milk. Recently, vegetable protein has attracted public attention from the point of view of health. Especially, soybean milk, which is made from soybean, containing good quality protein but not cholesterol, has attracted a great deal of public attention as a health food. However, there are some problems in using the soybean milk. For example, the soybean milk has an unpalatable taste such as grassy smelling and stimulating taste due to minor components from soybean such as 2-hexenal and several saponins. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06599543__

Patents 79

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Process for the production of a cultured milk beverage Inventor(s): Setoyama; Tamotsu (Tokyo, JP), Kawai; Makiko (Tokyo, JP), Maruyama; Hideaki (Tokyo, JP), Kuma; Yoshiharu (Tokyo, JP) Assignee(s): Kabushiki Kaisha Yakult Honsha (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 5,466,472 Date filed: August 7, 1992 Abstract: A cultured milk beverage contains at least 3.times.10.sup.8 cells/ml of at least one type of lactic acid bacterium selected from the group consisting of Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus helveticus and Lactobacillus jugurti and a mixture of a galactooligosaccharide, which is represented by the following formula:Gal(Gal).sub.n -Glcwherein Gal means a galactose residual group, Glc denotes a glucose residual group, and n stands for an integer of 1-4, and a galactosyldisaccharide represented by the following formula:Gal-Rwherein R means a galactose residual group or a glucose residual group, and Gal has the same meaning as defined above, said galactosyldisaccharide being other than lactose. The cultured milk beverage can be produced providing the lactic acid bacterium and culturing the same to a population of at least 3.times.10.sup.8 cells/ml of the cultured milk beverage and then adding the mixture of the galactooligosaccharide and the galactosyldisaccharide to the resultant culture. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a cultured milk beverage having excellent intestine reachability, a large viable count and superb flavor and also to a production process thereof. The viable count of lactic acid bacteria in a cultured milk beverage should desirably be as great as possible, because a greater viable count is expected to result in the arrival of more lactic acid bacteria at the intestinal tract in a viable state so that they exhibit useful physiological action. For example, the MHW (Ministry of Health and Welfare) Decree on the Standards and the Like for Ingredients in Milk and Other Dairy Products specifies that the viable count of lactic acid bacteria in a cultured milk beverage shall be at least 1.0.times.10.sup.6 cells/ml. A greater viable count in a cultured milk beverage, however, leads to the production of lactic acid and other fermentation products in larger amounts by lactic acid bacteria during the lactic acid fermentation in its production process or during the period of from its shipping from the plant to its consumption, whereby the flavor and taste of the beverage tends to be altered. In view of the stability of the flavor and taste of a product, there has hence been an obvious limitation to an increase in the viable count. In particular, certain types of lactic acid bacteria which have a greater chance to reach the intestinal tract in a viable state after being taken and therefore are considered preferable from the viewpoint of health promotion effects--generally tend to produce characteristic fermentation products. It has therefore been difficult to produce a delicious cultured milk beverage of a high viable count by relying upon the above technique alone. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05466472__

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Scours treatment and method of making same Inventor(s): McKinney; Randy R. (Grangeville, ID) Assignee(s): Bovine Health Products, Inc. (Grangeville, ID) Patent Number: 6,365,152 Date filed: March 15, 2001

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Abstract: A new and improved formulation and method for making same, for a treatment for scours in farm animals is provided. More particularly, the present invention relates to a treatment which enables rapid relief of symptoms in an affected animal with a mortality of 1% or less by providing trace organic minerals in microgram quantities which act as nutrients for the animal. The treatment provides further nutritional requirements in the form of vitamin A, folic acid and vitamin D.sub.3 supplements, cobalt amino acid chelates and dried kelp, a source of minerals, amino acids, simple and complex carbohydrates, iodine and fiber. In addition, a bacterial innoculum consisting of Acidophilus species is introduced which would inhibit growth of pathogenic or opportunistic species of bacteria by competition for nutrients as well as providing for required vitamins as a by-product of metabolism. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a new and improved scours treatment for young animals and method of using it. More particularly, the present invention relates to a composition composed of two groups of compounds, when combined and properly administered to young animals suffering from diarrhea, infectious diarrhea, scours and dehydration, acts to rapidly relieve the symptoms associated with the disease. The compounds utilized in the two groups radically depart from conventional treatments. Cattle are a major source of protein and wealth in a major portion of the world today. With a number of third world countries struggling to feed a growing number of impoverished people, affordable, efficient treatments for common diseases of cattle are becoming increasingly important. Calf scours complex is a worldwide malady affecting calves ranging from birth to three weeks of age with a high mortality rate in untreated cases. Dairy calves are weaned at 3 weeks to 90 days. At the time of weaning, young calves are stressed by the change in diet and other conditions. A significant percentage of calves develop diarrhea, a condition generally referred to as scours. Even in treated calves, there is still an unacceptably high rate of mortality. The loss of young livestock to this cause is a substantial burden to the livestock industry worldwide. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06365152__ •

Shelf life and subsequent growth of lactobacillus acidophilus, propionibacterium shermanii and leuconostoc citrovorum in dietary fiber based supplement preparation Inventor(s): Reddy; Malireddy S. (6983 S. Telluride St., Aurora, CO 80016) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,806,368 Date filed: September 16, 1987 Abstract: Dietary fiber based tablets with Lactobacillus acidophilus and/or Bifidobacterium bifidus, Leuconostoc citrovorum and Propionibacterium shermanii, are prepared. To enhance the viability of L. acidophilus in the tablets, a combination of amino acid L-cystine, vitamin-C and vitamin-E are included. To protect and enhance the beneficial bacterial population in the human stomach and intestinal tract, calcium and magnesium salts have been incorporated along with the dietary fiber in the formula. Lecithin has been used as a lubricant. The minor amount of lactose sugar has been incorporated into the formula using preparations of acid whey, whey protein concentrate, and pure lactose. The proposed formula when tableted gave maximum protection to the L. acidophilus population, in comparison to the free flowing powder form. Vitamin A and D are included in the formula as nutritional supplements. Autolyzed yeast extract and enzyme digested casein have been incorporated as

Patents 81

stimulants to the beneficial bacteria. In addition, autolyzed yeast extract serves as a major source of B-vitamins. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the development of a nutritional supplement (in the form of a tablet) using a lyophilized preparation of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Propionibacterium shermanii, and Leuconostoc citrovorum along with a major proportion of dietary apple fiber, lecithin, L-cystine, and mineral supplements of the origin calcium and magnesium. The invention permits the longevity of the health promoting bacteria in the tablets. Also, the survival and growth of these bacteria in a simulated human gastrointestinal system is greatly enhanced using the proposed invention. Lactobacillus acidophilus is claimed to have therapeutic value in human beings. The organism is ingested in the form of acidophilus milk or sweet acidophilus milk or as a tablet form along with lactose sugar. In health food stores, Lactobacillus acidophilus has been sold in the form of tablets with the following composition: L. acidophilus, lactose, carboxymethyl cellulose, etc. As a matter of fact, this is the most convenient form to ingest these organisms. Some companies also sell L. acidophilus in the form of powder. The powder is supposed to be added to milk and then consumed. In one instance L. acidophilus has also been mixed with dietary fiber and sold not as tablets but in a powder form. The major problem with the available technology is that L. acidophilus is not viable for a great length of time. The 1983 University of Wyoming survey conducted by Brennan et. al. proved that the viability claims of manufacturers do not hold true with these products. Also, a majority of the injured or non injured (but low concentration) L. acidophilus bacterial cells get rapidly inactivated in the human stomach, where the pH is close to 2.0 to 2.9. In recent years, yeast related problems are increasing dramatically. This is especially found in the intestinal tract and female reproductive organs. It is a long known fact that propionic acid inhibits yeast and molds. Propionic acid is produced by harmless Propionibacterium shermanii or by several species of Propionibacterium by using either glucose, lactose, or lactic acid as a substrate. The Propionibacterium can thus reduce lactate or lactic acid to propionic acid and carbon dioxide, which can retard the growth of yeasts and molds. In addition, propionic acid bacterium can synthesize B-vitamins in the human gastrointestinal tract. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04806368__ •

Stabilized liquid bacterial suspension for oral administration to animals Inventor(s): Porubcan; Randolph S. (West Allis, WI), Gehrman; Sybil H. (West Allis, WI) Assignee(s): Chr. Hansen's Laboratory, Inc. (Milwaukee, WI) Patent Number: 4,518,696 Date filed: January 11, 1983 Abstract: Stabilized liquid suspensions of probiotic Lactobacilli are provided as a dispersion of the viable cells in sunflower seed oil for administration to animals. The viable cells prior to combining with the oil have been dried at a favorable pH and in the presence of stabilizing additives. The dried cells are further characterized by having a low water activity. The invention has particular utility in administering Lactobacillus acidophilus cells as a drench to domestic animals. Excerpt(s): The field of this invention relates to the stabilization of dried bacterial cells, especially Lactobacilli. The kind of stabilization involved is of such a nature as to permit non-refrigerated, room temperature storage of the bacterial cells while maintaining a high percentage of viability over storage periods of weeks or months. In preferred

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embodiments, the invention relates to stabilized probiotic Lactobacilli for administration to domestic animals such as chickens, turkeys, swine, cattle, sheep, etc., and/or to small animal pets such as dogs, cats, etc. In fact, the stabilized bacterial suspensions of the present invention are believed useful for administration to a wide variety of birds and mammals. While many Lactobacilli are potentially useful for probiotic administration, the most widely used lactobacillus for this purpose is L. acidophilus. Dried stabilized concentrates of L. acidophilus have been administered to mammals in milk and other aqueous suspensions. Unless the suspension is to be stored and distributed under refrigerated conditions, such as with commercial acidophilus milk, it has heretofore been necessary to prepare the suspension immediately prior to use in order to be certain that a sufficiently high percentage of the cells administered remain viable at the time of administration. Lactobacillus cell concentrates can be prepared as described in Porubcan and Sellars U.S. Pat. No. 4,115,199, and these cell concentrates can be dried to obtain stabilized dry cultures as described in Porubcan and Sellars U.S. Pat. No. 3,897,307. Such dried cell concentrates maintain a high percentage of viable cells with room temperature storage and handling. However, the cells are not adequately stable in aqueous suspension unless the suspension is refrigerated. Therefore, in using such stabilized dry cultures in the form of a liquid drench for administration to domestic animals, the cells have been packaged and distributed as a two-part formulation, the dry cell concentrate being packaged separately from the dry suspending agents, both of which must be reconstituted in water prior to use. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04518696__ •

Weight loss composition containing green tea, hydroxycitric hydroxytryptophan, glucomannan, picolinate and lactobacillus

acid,

5-

Inventor(s): Gorsek; Wayne F. (Springfield, IL) Assignee(s): Vitacost.Com, Inc. (Boynton Beach, FL) Patent Number: 6,383,482 Date filed: August 24, 2000 Abstract: A powerful formulation for weight loss containing green tea extract, hydroxycitric acid, 5-hydroxytryptophan, glucomannan, chromium picolinate, and Lactobacillus acidophilus is disclosed. The formulation boasts metabolic rates, suppresses appetite and helps burn fat. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a composition for permanent weight management. The composition burns fat, boost metabolic rate, controls appetite, eliminates sugar cravings and eating binges. An orally ingested composition is provided which contains effective amounts of vitamins, minerals, herbs and natural extracts. The composition contains no dangerous stimulants like Ephedrine, commonly known as Ma Huang. The process by which weight is controlled is so complex that even most talented scientists do not understand it. Prior formulations such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,626,849 fall short of the unique blend which requires 5-hydroxytryptophan as a key nutrient to provide a feeling of satiation and a calming effect for healthy weight management. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06383482__

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Yoghurt based douche kit and assembly therefor Inventor(s): Jost; Leonora (New York, NY) Assignee(s): Vortex Research Corp. (New York, NY) Patent Number: 4,592,748 Date filed: May 18, 1984 Abstract: A dry, active, acidic yoghurt based douching product is prepared by lyophilizing yoghurt made from bovine milk and pure cultures of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus helveticus and Streptococcus lactis. Also disclosed is a disposable douche kit including packets containing pre-measured doses of the yoghurt based product and a container (10) and nozzle (20) assembly so configured as to enable the kit to be used under the flow of gravity rather than under pressure and at the same time prevent douching material from entering the uterus. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to disposable douches and, more particularly, to a disposable douche based on a yoghurt product. Disposable douches are of course well known. These, however, suffer from one or more drawbacks resulting from the fact that all of them are contained in pressure type containers which, in use, are squeezed to force the contents into the vaginal cavity. This technique invariably causes air to also be forced into the vaginal cavity and thence into the uterus where there is a significant danger of an air embolism getting into the bloodstream and causing injury or death. The present douche, in addition to being based on a natural product having no adverse effects and an optimum PH regulating capacity also avoids the potential danger from air emboli which characterize the prior douches. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04592748__

Patent Applications on Acidophilus As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to acidophilus: •

A BENEFICIAL MICROBE COMPOSITION, NEW PROTECTIVE MATERIALS FOR THE MICROBES, METHOD TO PREPARE THE SAME AND USES THEREOF Inventor(s): YAO, YI QIANG; (SHANGHAI, CN), CHEN, BIN HUA; (SHANGHAI, CN) Correspondence: Albert Wai-Kit Chan; 1 World Trade Center; Suite 7803; New York; NY; 10048; US Patent Application Number: 20010014322 Date filed: May 15, 1998 Abstract: This invention provides a microbe composition comprising three viable and beneficial lactic acid producing bacteria of new strains: Bifidobacterium bifidum 6-1 (CCTCC Number M 98003), Lactobacillus acidophilus YIT 2004 (CCTCC Number M 98004) and Streptococcus faecalis YIT 0027 (CCTCC Number M 98005). This invention also provides the materials to protect the viability of the lactic acid producing bacteria in

9

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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lyophilized form and the method to prepare the composition. Finally, this invention provides various uses of the composition. Excerpt(s): Throughout this application, various publications are referenced and full citations for these publications may be found in the reference at the end of the specification preceding the claims. The disclosures of these publications are hereby incorporated by reference into this application in order to more fully describe the state of the art as known to the skilled therein as of the date of the invention described and claimed herein. It is well known that inside the gastrointestinal tract of each human being resides a microbial flora, which is a rich ecosystem of enormous complexity containing trillions of bacteria divided into more than 400 species. In addition to the normal microbial flora (resident micro flora) already established in the gastrointestinal tract, bacteria are introduced into human body everyday as a normal part of food (transient micro flora) or as contaminants (accidental micro flora). The bacteria in human gastrointestinal tract can be divided into two groups--the probiotics and the pathogens. The probiotics are beneficial since they participate in a wide variety of positive and health promoting activities in human physiology. The pathogens are harmful as they cause diseases. Normally the probiotics prevail and predominate. The microscopic interplay between probiotics and pathogens and the balance between the beneficial and the harmful microorganisms are essential for a properly functioning digestive tract, which is in turn crucial to the optimal health of a human being. The number and efficiency of probiotics decline as people age or decrease in health. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Animal feed additives Inventor(s): Motozono, Yukihiro; (Chuo-ku, JP), Kikuchi, Zino; (Nasu-gun, JP), Azuma, Ryuichi; (Nasu-gun, JP), Nagai, Takuya; (Nasu-gun, JP), Suzuki, Hiroyuki; (Nasu-gun, JP), Tsuchihashi, Yuji; (Nasu-gun, JP) Correspondence: OBLON SPIVAK MCCLELLAND MAIER & NEUSTADT PC; FOURTH FLOOR; 1755 JEFFERSON DAVIS HIGHWAY; ARLINGTON; VA; 22202; US Patent Application Number: 20020039606 Date filed: August 20, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to an animal feed additive, which comprises at least two components selected from the group consisting of the following three components (a), (b) and (c):(a) at least one herb selected from Pine Needle, Hawthorn Fruit, Bighead Atractylodes Rhizome, Milkvetch Root, Skullcap Root, Tangerine Fruit and Mint Siftings; (b) a live bacteria mixture composed of a yeast cell wall and a live bacteria preparation containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and/or Enterococcus faecium; and (c) an organic acid. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to animal feed additives. A variety of animal feed additives have conventionally been proposed. For example, known are a meetquality improving feed (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open (Kokai) No. 61-119144) which comprises, as an essential component, the powder, extract and/or fermentation product of at least one plant selected from ginseng, watermelon, loofah, sweet tea vine (Jiaogulan), cucumber, melon, licorice, soybean, hare's ear root (Bupleurum falcatum), a(d)zuki bean and tea leaves; a feed additive for improving smell of animal meat (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open (Kokai) No. 5-276878) which comprises one or more than one of black pepper, clove, ginger, garlic and onion, and essential oils thereof;

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a method for improving meat quality (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open (Kokai) No. 6-209720) which comprises mixing a material containing tannin, caffeine, etc., with a conventional feed and supplying domestic animals with the resulting mixed feed; and a feed (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open (Kokai) No. 2000-139360) comprising mannan and a mannan degrading enzyme. Each of these related arts is however developed for limited uses. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Broad spectrum antimicrobial compound and treatment Inventor(s): McKinney, Randy R.; (Grangeville, ID) Correspondence: RICHARD D. CLARKE; LAW OFFICE OF RICHARD D. CLARKE; 3755 AVOCADO BLVD., #1000; LA MESA; CA; 91941-7301; US Patent Application Number: 20030095950 Date filed: September 28, 2001 Abstract: A new and improved formulation and method for making same, for a broad spectrum antimicrobial treatment for bacterial and viral infections in cattle, horses, pigs, sheep and other domestic and non-domestic animals. More particularly, the present invention relates to a treatment which enables rapid relief of symptoms in an affected animal with a mortality of less than 1 percent by providing trace organic minerals in microgram quantities which act as nutrients for the animal. The treatment provides further nutritional requirements in the form of vitamin A, folic acid and vitamin D.sub.3 supplements, cobalt amino acid chelates and dried kelp, a source of minerals, amino acids, simple and complex carbohydrates, iodine and fiber. In addition, a bacterial innoculum consisting of Acidophilus species is introduced which would inhibit growth of pathogenic or opportunistic species of bacteria by competition for nutrients as well as providing for required vitamins as a by-product of metabolism. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a new and improved broad spectrum antimicrobial compound for use in treatment of bacterial and viral infections in cattle, horses, pigs, sheep, goats, dogs, cats and other domestic and non-domestic animals and the method of making and using it. More particularly, the present invention relates to a composition formulated from two groups of compounds, when combined and properly administered to infected animals suffering from a broad spectrum of pathogens including fungal, viral or bacterial infections, acts to rapidly relieve the symptoms associated with those infections and diseases. The compounds utilized in the two groups radically depart from conventional treatments. Cattle, pigs, sheep and other domestic animals are a widely used source of protein and wealth in a major portion of the world today. With a number of third world countries struggling to feed a growing number of impoverished people, affordable, efficient treatments for common diseases of domestic as well as non-domestic animals are becoming increasingly important. One such disease affecting domesticated animals which is of great concern is foot and mouth disease (FMD). FMD is considered to be the most economically devastating livestock disease in the world. Although the United States as well as Central America, Australia, New Zealand and Chile as well as some countries in Europe are considered free of, local, state and federal agencies are on heightened alert against outbreaks of the disease. There have been reports of various types of foot and mouth disease virus in Africa, South America, Asia and part of Europe. The U.S. Department of Agriculture has prohibited the importation of live swine and ruminants and any fresh swine or ruminant meat or products from Great Britain or Northern Ireland and is retroactive to

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January 2001. In addition, enhanced surveillance of travelers coming from Europe is being enforced. This has potentially devastating ramifications for the economies of those countries as well as presenting a high cost for other countries in terms for surveillance and enforcement of import restrictions. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Compositions and methods for inhibiting pathogenic growth Inventor(s): Garner, Bryan E.; (Amarillo, TX), Ware, Douglas R.; (Indianapolis, IN) Correspondence: HOWREY SIMON ARNOLD & WHITE LLP; BOX 34; 1299 PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE NW; WASHINGTON; DC; 20004; US Patent Application Number: 20030175307 Date filed: November 6, 2002 Abstract: The invention includes methods and compositions for treating an animal to inhibit the incidence and growth of E. coli O157:H7 and other pathogenic bacteria. The treatment method comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of Lactobacillus acidophilus or one or a combination of a number of other probiotic bacteria to an animal. An alternative treatment method comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of a lactic acid producing bacterium such as Lactobacillus acidophilus in combination with a lactate utilizing bacterium such as Propionibacterium freudenreichii. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/273,141, filed Oct. 18, 2002, U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/319,054, filed Jan. 8, 2002, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/319,587, filed Oct. 1, 2002, all applications incorporated herein by reference. The present invention relates to compositions and methods for inhibiting pathogenic growth. More specifically, the invention relates to compositions and methods for inhibiting pathogenic growth through the use of lactic acid producing microorganisms both alone and in combination with lactate utilizing microorganisms. Ingestion of pathogens, especially bacterial pathogens, but including viruses and other disease causing microorganisms, is a common problem in most animals. Pathogens have been known to cause illnesses in animals that have wide ranging deleterious effects including weight loss, diarrhea, abdominal cramping, and renal failure. For animals that are immunosuppressed or malnourished, even just the effects of diarrhea can be fatal. Pathogens are often transferred between animals where poor hygiene conditions exist, and sometimes communicability cannot be prevented even when great care is taken. The most common solution to this problem has been to provide antibiotics to the animals; however, this solution is not only costly, but it also can result in the generation of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Patents 87

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Food containing active strains for inhibiting infection and treating gastritis, gastric and duodenal ulcers Inventor(s): Lee, Jeong Jun; (Suwon, KR), Heo, Cheol Seong; (Chunan, KR), Kim, Hyung Soo; (Granger, IN), Baek, Young Jin; (Seoul, KR) Correspondence: Alfred D. Lobo, Esq.; LOBO & CO., L.P.A.; 933 The Leader Building; 526 Superior Avenue; Cleveland; OH; 44114-1401; US Patent Application Number: 20020037341 Date filed: October 10, 2001 Abstract: Live strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus HY2177 and Lactobacillus casei HY2743 maintained in nutritious foods, such as yogurt, imbue them with prophylactic and/or therapeutic properties. Such foods are beneficial in the prevention and/or treatment of gastritis, duodenal and gastric ulcers caused by infection from Helicobacter pylori (also referred to as H. pylori). The properties of these bacteria are boosted by the addition of egg yolk containing antibodies specific to H. pylori antigen derived from "fractionated H. pylori" and may be administered as active strains alone in a food supplement, or the active strains may be combined with H. pylori-antibodies (IgY). Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part application of Ser. No. 09/498,668 filed on Feb. 7, 2000. A nutritional formulation in which non-toxic (to humans) bacteria thrive, is used to prevent and treat gastric disorders associated with Helicobacter pylori (also referred to as H. pylori) which are believed to be attacked by the non-toxic bacteria. Only particular strains of non-toxic comestible bacteria, when ingested by humans are effective against H. pylori. Optionally and preferably, the prophylactic and/or therapeutic effects of the comestible bacteria are boosted with egg yolk containing immunoglubins (antibodies) specific to H. pylori antigen (also referred to as "H. pylori-antibodies"). Much has been published regarding H. pylori which inhabits the human gastric mucosa. It is a gram-negative spiral rod-shaped bacterium having an outer membrane with four to six polar flagella which are sheathed and have bulbous ends; each H. pylori bacterium is about 0.85.mu.m (micrometer) in diameter with an average length of 2.9.mu.m. Known pathogenic (disease) factors of H. pylori are (i) urease (urea aminohydrolase) which is produced by the bacteria to allow it to thrive in a strong acid environment in the range from pH 1-3, (ii) flagella which provide the bacteria with mobility, and (iii) a protein-aceous outer membrane of the cells which membrane helps the cells to stick to the gastric mucosal cells. Survival of H. pylori relies upon creation of a relatively non-acidic microenvironment in the vicinity of the bacteria, and a relatively basic microenvironment is provided by the enzyme urease; the more basic the better, and the closer to neutral pH, the more difficult it is for the H. pylori to thrive. The ability to command a near-neutral microenvironment is an essential property of bacteria which effectively prevent and treat gastric disorders. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Formulation and method for preventing antibiotics-induced diaper rash Inventor(s): Bartels, Jennifer F.; (Hammond, IA) Correspondence: JENNIFER F. BARTELS; 601 N. HAZEL ST.; HAMMOND; IA; 70401; US Patent Application Number: 20030157067 Date filed: February 18, 2003

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Abstract: A formulation and method for the prevention of antibiotics induced diaper rash comprising a) live active cultures selected from the group consisting of lactobacillus bulgaricus, streptococcus thermophilus, lactobacillus acidophilus, bifidus, and mixtures thereof; b) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier; c) sugars or syrups selected from the group consisting of glucose, dextrose, fructose, sucrose, and derivatives and mixtures thereof, and d) flavorings. The pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is selected from the group consisting of purified water, soy milk, infant formula, juices, and mixtures thereof. The formulation might further comprise preservatives, diluents, fillers, starches and coloring. In its preferred embodiment, the formulation would be placed, poured or mixed into a dropper dispenser bottle for infant dosage. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a convenient liquid formulation for children and infants who are too young to chew probiotic tablets or consume probiotic drink mixes or persons who otherwise are unable to ingest other forms of probiotics due to age, illness, or disability. It has long been known that antibiotics dosages often cause diarrhea. The resulting diaper rash which invariably accompanies this diarrhea due to the intestinal flora imbalance caused by the antibiotics is a cause of great discomfort for both infants, patients, and caregivers. The present invention focuses on the diaper rash which results from intestinal flora imbalances that occur during antibiotic dosages. It is difficult to say that there is prior art relating to the diaper rash component of intestinal imbalances, since none of the many probiotics formulations found ever mentioned the problem of diaper rash. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

IMMUNITY ENHANCING LACTIC ACID BACTERIA Inventor(s): GOPAL, PRAMOD K.; (PALMERSTON NORTH, NZ), GILL, HARSHARNJIT S.; (PALMERSTON NORTH, NZ), SMART, JOHN B.; (ASHHURST, NZ) Correspondence: KNOBBE MARTENS OLSON & BEAR LLP; 620 NEWPORT CENTER DRIVE; SIXTEENTH FLOOR; NEWPORT BEACH; CA; 92660; US Patent Application Number: 20020031503 Date filed: February 16, 2000 Abstract: Novel bacteria Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 and HN 067, Lactobacillus acidophilus HN017, and Bifidobacterium lactis HN019 are claimed. Each strain provides immune enhancing effects when ingested. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to novel strains of lactic acid bacteria and their use in enhancing immunity. The consumption of products containing lactic acid bacteria (LAB) is associated with a range of health benefits including enhancement of immunity. There are thousands of strains of lactic acid bacteria but only some strains exhibit healthpromoting properties. The ability of these bacteria to tolerate acids and bile salts, adhere to mucosal epithelial cells, and to survive passage through the gastrointestinal tract is considered an important criterion for selection of health-promoting strains. Only a few strains of lactic acid bacteria with proven health benefits have been identified to date. Strains of LAB showing good adhesion to the cells of the mucosal epithelium of the small intestine thereby lending themselves to therapeutic applications are known from New Zealand Patent 248057. The micro-organisms described in this patent enhance both natural immunity (phagocyte function) and acquired immunity (antibody responses and lymphocyte proliferation responses).

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Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method of enhancing absorption and utilization of protein Inventor(s): Connolly, Philip; (Lake Arrowhead, CA) Correspondence: Paul M. Denk; 763 South New Ballas Road; St. Louis; MO; 63141; US Patent Application Number: 20020090416 Date filed: January 12, 2002 Abstract: A method of enhancing protein absorption and utilization from the gastrointestinal tract of a subject requiring such enhanced protein absorption and utilization including the oral administration of milk protein concentrate incorporating probiotic bacteria to enhance metabolic processing from the gastrointestinal tract and utilization in the body, and such probiotic organisms preferably include bifido bacteria combined with acidophilus bacteria or other lactic acid producing bacteria. Excerpt(s): The sports nutrition field currently is the most demanding of applications for proteins. Serious athletes and body builders spend large amounts of money on chemicals and proteins in an effort to lower their overall body fat content while increasing their lean tissue (muscle) mass. Serious body builders spend significant amounts of money per day, and per month, just on protein purchases. When they spend that kind of money on protein products, they really do care about how well their body is utilizing the protein to make muscle tissue. The alternative to utilizing this type of a protein product to enhance muscle tissue is the use of illegal or dangerous drugs to increase the efficient metabolism of the protein, and its generation of muscle tissue. There are two parts to human metabolism, anabolic metabolism (anabolism), or the building of a body, and catabolic metabolism (catabolism), or the tearing down of the body. On a daily basis, the average body is going through constant cycles of building up and tearing down. During the immediate post-workout or post-exercise period, the body is in a catabolic mode. However, exercise usually activates certain anabolic switches in the body and the body then begins to build over what the exercise destroys. The body even builds a little more than what is destroyed and that is why exercise is anabolic. Events like stress or illness are catabolic. The body's immune system is powdered by glycogen, which is stored in muscle tissue. When the body is under stress or illness, it starts tearing down muscle tissue to get at the glycogen. Long bouts with stress or illness can nullify years of hard exercise and clean living. In theory, if one can skew the body's metabolism significantly towards the anabolic side, then the body will be building much faster than it is tearing down and one can grow bigger muscles. Consequently, sports nutritionists have concentrated on developing protein powders or supplements in an effort to promote good health, i.e., good health is skewed towards anabolism. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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MIXTURE FOR THE PREPARATION OF ICE CREAM Inventor(s): GUTKEVICH, EVGENY ANATOLIEVICH; (TOMSK, RU) Correspondence: JOHN B HARDAWAY III; HARDAWAY MANN; NEXSEN PRUET JACOBS & POLLARD; PO BOX 10107 FED STATION; GREENVILLE; SC; 296030107 Patent Application Number: 20020015756 Date filed: June 2, 1999 Abstract: The proposed ice cream production mix comprises a milk base, a sweetener, a stabilizer, and probiotic microorganisms, e.g., selected from the group consisting of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Enterococcus faecium, and Bacterium bifidum, taken either separately or in combination. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to the dairy industry and more specifically to a mix for ice cream production. A great many ice cream varieties are heretofore known to differ in the content of such ingredients as fats, flavors, sweeteners, fillers, and so on. Each ice cream features unique palatability and consumer properties dependent on a specific composition of ingredients contained therein. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with acidophilus, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “acidophilus” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on acidophilus. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning acidophilus. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON ACIDOPHILUS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to acidophilus. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on acidophilus include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “acidophilus” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on acidophilus: •

Self - Treatment for AIDS; Oxygen Therapies, etc Contact: Aurora Books, PO Box 5852, Denver, CO, 80217. Summary: In this monograph, Persons with AIDS (PWA's), or those who are infected with Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), are presented with the full spectrum of alternative therapies and self-care strategies for treating Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The monograph is based on the premise that HIV may lead to infection if a person's immune system is weakened and unable to resist poisonous pathological microorganisms. Testimonials from PWA's, research reports, studies, and articles describe oxygen therapies, tests for Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, herpes, food or chemical hypersensitivity, fungal hypersensitivity, immuno-nutritional profiles, safe water and nutrition strategies, chemicals, allergies, detoxification centers, colon health, parasites, acidophilus, electromagnetic health hazards and healing, silver (mercury) fillings, and stress management. Although the therapies, remedies, and treatments are deemed valid, the monograph recommends that they be incoporated

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with other avenues of healing. These include colon cleansing; bathing to release toxins; stress reduction; elimination of smoking, drinking, drug use, or poor nutrition; avoidance of low-energy people; maintenance of peace, forgiveness, positive thought, music, laughter, and joy; massage, osteopathic, acupuncture, chiropractic, and dental treatments; exercise; and avoidance of TV, computers, and other machines which emit low-level radiation. These measures may bring the body back into alignment and homeostatis. The patient is encouraged to engage a holistic-health practitioner to help raise the body's resistance level. Because oxygen starvation is the single greatest cause of disease, full oxygenation plays a critical role in the immune system.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “acidophilus” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “acidophilus” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “acidophilus” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Acidophilus & Colon Health by David Webster (1984); ISBN: 0961670312; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0961670312/icongroupinterna

•

Acidophilus (Woodland Health Series) by Deanne Tenney, Rita Elkins (1996); ISBN: 1885670168; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1885670168/icongroupinterna

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Acidophilus and Colon Health: The Natural Way to Prevent Disease by David Webster; ISBN: 1575666138; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1575666138/icongroupinterna

•

Acidophilus and Your Health by Frank Murray; ISBN: 0879838078; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879838078/icongroupinterna

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “acidophilus” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:10 10

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created

Books

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A treatise on the transformation of the intestinal flora, with special reference to the implantation of Bacillus acidophilus, by Leo F. Rettger and Harry A. Cheplin. Author: Rettger, Leo Frederick,; Year: 1940; New Haven, Yale Univ. Press, 1921

•

Bacteriological investigations of material collected during a dental survey at Valle, Setesdal, Norway, especially as to the occurrence of B. acidophilus. Author: Reichborn-Kjennerud, Ingjald,; Year: 1926; Oslo, Dybwad, 1940

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Lactobacillus acidophilus & its therapeutic application [by] Leo F. Rettger. Maurice N. Levy. Louis Weinstein. [and] James E. Weiss. Author: Rettger, Leo Frederick,; Year: 1971; New Haven, Yale university press; London, H. Milford, Oxford university press, 1935

•

Lactobacillus acidophilus, by Nicholas Kopeloff. Author: Kopeloff, Nicholas,; Year: 1935; Baltimore, The Williams; Wilkins company, 1926

Chapters on Acidophilus In order to find chapters that specifically relate to acidophilus, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and acidophilus using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “acidophilus” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box.

between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

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CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ACIDOPHILUS Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover acidophilus.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on acidophilus is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “acidophilus” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to acidophilus. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “acidophilus” (or synonyms). The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date

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at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “acidophilus” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “acidophilus” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to acidophilus, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “acidophilus” (or synonyms).

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “acidophilus” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on acidophilus:

Periodicals and News

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What's New in the Supermarket? Source: American Institute for Cancer Research Newsletter. Issue 69, p.9. Fall 2000. Contact: American Institute for Cancer Research. 1759 R St. NW, Washington, DC 20009. (202)328-7744. Summary: This article reviews the various milks available in the supermarket. Dairy milks have been renamed to make it easier to understand the amount of fat they contain. Skim milk is now labeled "fat free." One percent milk is called "low fat." Two percent milk is named "reduced fat." The article also defines and describes acidophilus milk, buttermilk, calcium-enriched milk, lactose- reduced milk, and soy milk. Health experts recommend that most people use fat- free or low-fat milk instead of higher fat milk.

Academic Periodicals covering Acidophilus Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to acidophilus. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering acidophilus that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute11: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

11

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.12 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:13 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

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HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

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NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

12

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 13 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The Combined Health Information Database

A comprehensive source of information on clinical guidelines written for professionals is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to one of the following: Brochure/Pamphlet, Fact Sheet, or Information Package, and “acidophilus” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For the publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Fact Sheet.” Type “acidophilus” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a sample result: •

Targeted Nutra - Ceuticals: Nutritional Support for the Immune System Contact: American Preferred Plan, PO Box 9019, Farmingdale, NY, 11735-9019, (631) 845-5300. Summary: This manual describes a line of nutritional supplements targeted to the needs of people with HIV and AIDS. Provided by a prescription membership organization, the manual details 14 products, including vitamins and minerals, amino acids, a weight gain formula, anti-oxidants, an acidophilus and bifido complex, and an herb extract. The manual also includes CD4 charts, a drug nutrient interaction guide, a nutritional assessment, a medication/nutritional planner, and a glossary of terms.

The NLM Gateway14 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.15 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “acidophilus” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category.

14 15

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).

Physician Resources

105

Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 1394 10 217 8 0 1629

HSTAT16 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.17 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.18 Simply search by “acidophilus” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists19 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.20 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.21 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

16

Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html.

17

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

18

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 19 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. 20

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 21 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

106 Acidophilus

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on acidophilus can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to acidophilus. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to acidophilus. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “acidophilus”:

108 Acidophilus

•

Other guides Bacterial Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bacterialinfections.html Candidiasis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/candidiasis.html Fungal Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/fungalinfections.html Parasitic Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/parasiticdiseases.html Viral Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/viralinfections.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to acidophilus. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

Patient Resources

•

109

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to acidophilus. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with acidophilus. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about acidophilus. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “acidophilus” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “acidophilus”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “acidophilus” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

110 Acidophilus

The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “acidophilus” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.22

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

22

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

112 Acidophilus

libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)23: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

23

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

113

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

116 Acidophilus

•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

117

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

119

ACIDOPHILUS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine: A DNA alkylating agent that has been shown to be a potent carcinogen and is widely used to induce colon tumors in experimental animals. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Cramps: Abdominal pain due to spasmodic contractions of the bowel. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Acatalasia: A rare autosomal recessive disorder resulting from the absence of catalase activity. Though usually asymptomatic, a syndrome of oral ulcerations and gangrene may be present. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetylcysteine: The N-acetyl derivative of cysteine. It is used as a mucolytic agent to reduce the viscosity of mucous secretions. It has also been shown to have antiviral effects in patients with HIV due to inhibition of viral stimulation by reactive oxygen intermediates. [NIH] Acidemia: Increased acidity of blood. [NIH] Acidosis: A pathologic condition resulting from accumulation of acid or depletion of the alkaline reserve (bicarbonate content) in the blood and body tissues, and characterized by an increase in hydrogen ion concentration. [EU] Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive Tlymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993. [NIH] Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. [NIH] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adenosine Triphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU]

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Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]

Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]

Agglutinins: Substances, usually of biological origin, that cause cells or other organic particles to aggregate and stick to each other. They also include those antibodies which cause aggregation or agglutination of a particulate or insoluble antigen. [NIH] Air Embolism: Occurs when the lungs over expand to the point that air bubbles are forced through the air sacs of the lungs into the circulatory system. [NIH] Air Sacs: Thin-walled sacs or spaces which function as a part of the respiratory system in birds, fishes, insects, and mammals. [NIH] Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases immunity, and provides energy for muscle tissue, brain, and the central nervous system. [NIH] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Aloe: A genus of the family Liliaceae containing anthraquinone glycosides such as aloinemodin or aloe-emodin (emodin). [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy,

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magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acid Substitution: The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more amino acids in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Amylase: An enzyme that helps the body digest starches. [NIH] Anabolic: Relating to, characterized by, or promoting anabolism. [EU] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of which a fragment of 14 amino acids is converted by renin to angiotensin I, the inactive precursor of angiotensin II. It is a member of the serpin superfamily. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory

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and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Anticonvulsants: Drugs used to prevent seizures or reduce their severity. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Appendectomy: An operation to remove the appendix. [NIH] Aptitude: The ability to acquire general or special types of knowledge or skill. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU]

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Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Aspartic: The naturally occurring substance is L-aspartic acid. One of the acidic-amino-acids is obtained by the hydrolysis of proteins. [NIH] Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astringents: Agents, usually topical, that cause the contraction of tissues for the control of bleeding or secretions. [NIH] ATP: ATP an abbreviation for adenosine triphosphate, a compound which serves as a carrier of energy for cells. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Avian: A plasmodial infection in birds. [NIH] Babesiosis: A group of tick-borne diseases of mammals including zoonoses in humans. They are caused by protozoans of the genus babesia, which parasitize erythrocytes, producing hemolysis. In the U.S., the organism's natural host is mice and transmission is by the deer tick ixodes scapularis. [NIH] Bacillus: A genus of Bacillaceae that are spore-forming, rod-shaped cells. Most species are saprophytic soil forms with only a few species being pathogenic. [NIH] Bacillus cereus: A species of rod-shaped bacteria that is a common soil saprophyte. Its spores are widespread and multiplication has been observed chiefly in foods. Contamination may lead to food poisoning. [NIH] Bacillus subtilis: A species of gram-positive bacteria that is a common soil and water saprophyte. [NIH] Bacteremia: The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bacterial Translocation: The passage of viable bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract to extra-intestinal sites, such as the mesenteric lymph node complex, liver, spleen, kidney, and blood. Factors that promote bacterial translocation include overgrowth with gram-negative enteric bacilli, impaired host immune defenses, and injury to the intestinal mucosa resulting in increased intestinal permeability. These mechanisms can act in concert to promote synergistically the systemic spread of indigenous translocating bacteria to cause lethal sepsis. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriocins: Substances elaborated by specific strains of bacteria that are lethal against other strains of the same or related species. They are protein or lipopolysaccharide-protein complexes used in taxonomy studies of bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects

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bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Barbiturates: A class of chemicals derived from barbituric acid or thiobarbituric acid. Many of these are medically important as sedatives and hypnotics (sedatives, barbiturate), as anesthetics, or as anticonvulsants. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Benzodiazepines: A two-ring heterocyclic compound consisting of a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring. Permitted is any degree of hydrogenation, any substituents and any Hisomer. [NIH] Beta-Galactosidase: A group of enzymes that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal, nonreducing beta-D-galactose residues in beta-galactosides. Deficiency of beta-Galactosidase A1 may cause gangliodisosis GM1. EC 3.2.1.23. [NIH] Beta-sheet: Two or more parallel or anti-parallel strands are arranged in rows. [NIH] Beta-Thromboglobulin: A platelet-specific protein which is released when platelets aggregate. Elevated plasma levels have been reported after deep venous thrombosis, preeclampsia, myocardial infarction with mural thrombosis, and myeloproliferative disorders. Measurement of beta-thromboglobulin in biological fluids by radioimmunoassay is used for the diagnosis and assessment of progress of thromboembolic disorders. [NIH] Bifidobacterium: A rod-shaped, gram-positive, non-acid-fast, non-spore-forming, nonmotile bacterium that is a genus of the family Actinomycetaceae. It inhabits the intestines and feces of humans as well as the human vagina. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biofilms: Films of bacteria or other microbial organisms, usually embedded in extracellular

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polymers such as implanted medical devices, which adhere to surfaces submerged in, or subjected to, aquatic environments (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed). Biofilms consist of multilayers of microbial cells glued together to form microbial communities which are highly resistant to both phagocytes and antibiotics. [NIH] Biological therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotin: Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno(3,4-d)imidazole-4-pentanoic acid. Growth factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk.The biotin content of cancerous tissue is higher than that of normal tissue. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Bloating: Fullness or swelling in the abdomen that often occurs after meals. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU] Bromelain: An enzyme found in pineapples that breaks down other proteins, such as collagen and muscle fiber, and has anti-inflammatory properties. It is used as a meat tenderizer in the food industry. [NIH] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity. [NIH]

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Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement. [NIH] Candidiasis: Infection with a fungus of the genus Candida. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body, and is generally caused by C. albicans; it most commonly involves the skin (dermatocandidiasis), oral mucous membranes (thrush, def. 1), respiratory tract (bronchocandidiasis), and vagina (vaginitis). Rarely there is a systemic infection or endocarditis. Called also moniliasis, candidosis, oidiomycosis, and formerly blastodendriosis. [EU] Candidosis: An infection caused by an opportunistic yeasts that tends to proliferate and become pathologic when the environment is favorable and the host resistance is weakened. [NIH]

Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar

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treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Catabolism: Any destructive metabolic process by which organisms convert substances into excreted compounds. [EU] Catalase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. It is present in many animal cells. A deficiency of this enzyme results in acatalasia. EC 1.11.1.6. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Cecum: The beginning of the large intestine. The cecum is connected to the lower part of the small intestine, called the ileum. [NIH] Cefazolin: Semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cellobiose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chiropractic: A system of treating bodily disorders by manipulation of the spine and other parts, based on the belief that the cause is the abnormal functioning of a nerve. [NIH] Chlorhexidine: Disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy

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in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Choleretic: A choleretic agent. [EU] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromatography, Ion Exchange: Separation technique in which the stationary phase consists of ion exchange resins. The resins contain loosely held small ions that easily exchange places with other small ions of like charge present in solutions washed over the resins. [NIH] Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chymopapain: A cysteine endopeptidase isolated from papaya latex. Preferential cleavage at glutamic and aspartic acid residues. EC 3.4.22.6. [NIH] Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, chymotrypsinogen and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by trypsin. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side. [NIH] Cinchona: A genus of rubiaceous South American trees that yields the toxic cinchona alkaloids from their bark; quinine, quinidine, chinconine, cinchonidine and others are used to treat malaria and cardiac arrhythmias. [NIH] Ciprofloxacin: A carboxyfluoroquinoline antimicrobial agent that is effective against a wide range of microorganisms. It has been successfully and safely used in the treatment of resistant respiratory, skin, bone, joint, gastrointestinal, urinary, and genital infections. [NIH] Citrobacter: A genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped enterobacteria that can use citrate as the sole source of carbon. [NIH] Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic

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engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis. [NIH] Coenzymes: Substances that are necessary for the action or enhancement of action of an enzyme. Many vitamins are coenzymes. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cognitive restructuring: A method of identifying and replacing fear-promoting, irrational beliefs with more realistic and functional ones. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colonic flora: The bacteria normally residing within the colon. [EU] Colostrum: The thin, yellow, serous fluid secreted by the mammary glands during pregnancy and immediately postpartum before lactation begins. It consists of immunologically active substances, white blood cells, water, protein, fat, and carbohydrates. [NIH]

Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU]

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Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Congenita: Displacement, subluxation, or malposition of the crystalline lens. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjugation: 1. The act of joining together or the state of being conjugated. 2. A sexual process seen in bacteria, ciliate protozoa, and certain fungi in which nuclear material is exchanged during the temporary fusion of two cells (conjugants). In bacterial genetics a form of sexual reproduction in which a donor bacterium (male) contributes some, or all, of its DNA (in the form of a replicated set) to a recipient (female) which then incorporates differing genetic information into its own chromosome by recombination and passes the recombined set on to its progeny by replication. In ciliate protozoa, two conjugants of separate mating types exchange micronuclear material and then separate, each now being a fertilized cell. In certain fungi, the process involves fusion of two gametes, resulting in union of their nuclei and formation of a zygote. 3. In chemistry, the joining together of two compounds to produce another compound, such as the combination of a toxic product with some substance in the body to form a detoxified product, which is then eliminated. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Conventional therapy: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional treatment. [NIH] Conventional treatment: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional therapy. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH]

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Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Criterion: A standard by which something may be judged. [EU] Cryptosporidiosis: Parasitic intestinal infection with severe diarrhea caused by a protozoan, Cryptosporidium. It occurs in both animals and humans. [NIH] Cryptosporidium: A genus of coccidian parasites of the family Cryptosporidiidae, found in the intestinal epithelium of many vertebrates including humans. [NIH] Cryptosporidium parvum: A species of parasitic protozoa that infects humans and most domestic mammals. Its oocysts measure five microns in diameter. These organisms exhibit alternating cycles of sexual and asexual reproduction. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cystine: A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine. [NIH]

Cystitis: Inflammation of the urinary bladder. [EU] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Dairy Products: Raw and processed or manufactured milk and milk-derived products. These are usually from cows (bovine) but are also from goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Day Care: Institutional health care of patients during the day. The patients return home at

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night. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Delivery of Health Care: The concept concerned with all aspects of providing and distributing health services to a patient population. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Dental Caries: Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp. The three most prominent theories used to explain the etiology of the disase are that acids produced by bacteria lead to decalcification; that micro-organisms destroy the enamel protein; or that keratolytic micro-organisms produce chelates that lead to decalcification. [NIH]

Dental Plaque: A film that attaches to teeth, often causing dental caries and gingivitis. It is composed of mucins, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms. [NIH] Deoxyguanosine: A nucleoside consisting of the base guanine and the sugar deoxyribose. [NIH]

Deoxyribonucleic: A polymer of subunits called deoxyribonucleotides which is the primary genetic material of a cell, the material equivalent to genetic information. [NIH] Deoxyribonucleic acid: A polymer of subunits called deoxyribonucleotides which is the primary genetic material of a cell, the material equivalent to genetic information. [NIH] Deoxyribonucleotides: A purine or pyrimidine base bonded to a deoxyribose containing a bond to a phosphate group. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Detergents: Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. [NIH] Detoxification: Treatment designed to free an addict from his drug habit. [EU] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Developed Countries: Countries that have reached a level of economic achievement through an increase of production, per capita income and consumption, and utilization of natural and human resources. [NIH] Diacetyl: Carrier of aroma of butter, vinegar, coffee, and other foods. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diaper Rash: A type of irritant dermatitis localized to the area in contact with a diaper and occurring most often as a reaction to prolonged contact with urine, feces, or retained soap or detergent. [NIH]

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Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Dietary Fiber: The remnants of plant cell walls that are resistant to digestion by the alimentary enzymes of man. It comprises various polysaccharides and lignins. [NIH] Dietary Proteins: Proteins obtained from foods. They are the main source of the essential amino acids. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Dispenser: Glass, metal or plastic shell fitted with valve from which a pressurized formulation is dispensed; an instrument for atomizing. [NIH] Distention: The state of being distended or enlarged; the act of distending. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Domesticated: Species in which the evolutionary process has been influenced by humans to meet their needs. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Douche: A procedure in which water or a medicated solution is used to clean the vagina and cervix. [NIH] Douching: A jet or current of water, sometimes a dissolved medicating or cleansing agent, applied to a body part, organ or cavity for medicinal or hygienic purposes. [EU] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH]

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Duodenal Ulcer: An ulcer in the lining of the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). [NIH]

Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dyspepsia: Impaired digestion, especially after eating. [NIH] Ecosystem: A dynamic complex of plant, animal and micro-organism communities and their non-living environment interacting as a functional unit. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Egg Yolk: Cytoplasm stored in an egg that contains nutritional reserves for the developing embryo. It is rich in polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Emaciation: Clinical manifestation of excessive leanness usually caused by disease or a lack of nutrition. [NIH] Emboli: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially Rhamnus frangula. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as tool in toxicity studies. [NIH] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH] Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. [NIH] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endocardium: The innermost layer of the heart, comprised of endothelial cells. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH]

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Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] Enterococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria consisting of organisms causing variable hemolysis that are normal flora of the intestinal tract. Previously thought to be a member of the genus Streptococcus, it is now recognized as a separate genus. [NIH] Enteropeptidase: A specialized proteolytic enzyme secreted by intestinal cells. It converts trypsinogen into its active form trypsin by removing the N-terminal peptide. EC 3.4.21.9. [NIH]

Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. [NIH] Escherichia: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria whose organisms occur in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. The species are either nonpathogenic or opportunistic pathogens. [NIH] Escherichia coli: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce diarrhea and pyogenic infections. [NIH]

Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Excitatory: When cortical neurons are excited, their output increases and each new input they receive while they are still excited raises their output markedly. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Expiration: The act of breathing out, or expelling air from the lungs. [EU]

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Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Faecal: Pertaining to or of the nature of feces. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Flatulence: Production or presence of gas in the gastrointestinal tract which may be expelled through the anus. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Folate: A B-complex vitamin that is being studied as a cancer prevention agent. Also called folic acid. [NIH] Folic Acid: N-(4-(((2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-Lglutamic acid. A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. [NIH] Frameshift: A type of mutation which causes out-of-phase transcription of the base sequence; such mutations arise from the addition or delection of nucleotide(s) in numbers other than 3 or multiples of 3. [NIH] Frameshift Mutation: A type of mutation in which a number of nucleotides not divisible by three is deleted from or inserted into a coding sequence, thereby causing an alteration in the reading frame of the entire sequence downstream of the mutation. These mutations may be induced by certain types of mutagens or may occur spontaneously. [NIH] Freeze-dried: A method used to dry substances, such as food, to make them last longer. The substance is frozen and then dried in a vacuum. [NIH] Fructose: A type of sugar found in many fruits and vegetables and in honey. Fructose is used to sweeten some diet foods. It is considered a nutritive sweetener because it has calories. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH]

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Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Galactosides: Glycosides formed by the reaction of the hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon atom of galactose with an alcohol to form an acetal. They include both alpha- and beta-galactosides. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Acid: Hydrochloric acid present in gastric juice. [NIH] Gastric Juices: Liquids produced in the stomach to help break down food and kill bacteria. [NIH]

Gastric Mucosa: Surface epithelium in the stomach that invaginates into the lamina propria, forming gastric pits. Tubular glands, characteristic of each region of the stomach (cardiac, gastric, and pyloric), empty into the gastric pits. The gastric mucosa is made up of several different kinds of cells. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach. [EU] Gastroenteritis: An acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis. [EU] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

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Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Ginger: Deciduous plant rich in volatile oil (oils, volatile). It is used as a flavoring agent and has many other uses both internally and topically. [NIH] Ginseng: An araliaceous genus of plants that contains a number of pharmacologically active agents used as stimulants, sedatives, and tonics, especially in traditional medicine. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]

Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]

Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throught the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from glutamic acid and ammonia. It is the principal carrier of nitrogen in the body and is an important energy source for many cells. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycocholic Acid: A bile salt that is usually used as the sodium salt. It is the glycine conjugate of cholic acid. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic. [NIH] Glycogen: A sugar stored in the liver and muscles. It releases glucose into the blood when cells need it for energy. Glycogen is the chief source of stored fuel in the body. [NIH] Glycoside: Any compound that contains a carbohydrate molecule (sugar), particularly any such natural product in plants, convertible, by hydrolytic cleavage, into sugar and a nonsugar component (aglycone), and named specifically for the sugar contained, as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose) etc. [EU] Glycosidic: Formed by elimination of water between the anomeric hydroxyl of one sugar and a hydroxyl of another sugar molecule. [NIH] Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to

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replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-Negative Bacteria: Bacteria which lose crystal violet stain but are stained pink when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Gram-Positive Bacteria: Bacteria which retain the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Grasses: A large family, Gramineae, of narrow-leaved herbaceous monocots. Many grasses produce highly allergenic pollens and are hosts to cattle parasites and toxic fungi. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Health Care Costs: The actual costs of providing services related to the delivery of health care, including the costs of procedures, therapies, and medications. It is differentiated from health expenditures, which refers to the amount of money paid for the services, and from fees, which refers to the amount charged, regardless of cost. [NIH] Health Expenditures: The amounts spent by individuals, groups, nations, or private or public organizations for total health care and/or its various components. These amounts may or may not be equivalent to the actual costs (health care costs) and may or may not be shared among the patient, insurers, and/or employers. [NIH] Health Promotion: Encouraging consumer behaviors most likely to optimize health potentials (physical and psychosocial) through health information, preventive programs, and access to medical care. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heartburn: Substernal pain or burning sensation, usually associated with regurgitation of gastric juice into the esophagus. [NIH] Hemodiafiltration: The combination of hemodialysis and hemofiltration either simultaneously or sequentially. Convective transport (hemofiltration) may be better for removal of larger molecular weight substances and diffusive transport (hemodialysis) for smaller molecular weight solutes. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have

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failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemofiltration: Extracorporeal ultrafiltration technique without hemodialysis for treatment of fluid overload and electrolyte disturbances affecting renal, cardiac, or pulmonary function. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemolysis: The destruction of erythrocytes by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatic Encephalopathy: A condition that may cause loss of consciousness and coma. It is usually the result of advanced liver disease. Also called hepatic coma. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hydration: Combining with water. [NIH]

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Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hygienic: Pertaining to hygiene, or conducive to health. [EU] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Ice Cream: A frozen dairy food made from cream or butterfat, milk, sugar, and flavorings. Frozen custard and French-type ice creams also contain eggs. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Ileostomy: Surgical creation of an external opening into the ileum for fecal diversion or drainage. Loop or tube procedures are most often employed. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunocompromised: Having a weakened immune system caused by certain diseases or treatments. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodeficiency syndrome: The inability of the body to produce an immune response. [NIH]

Immunoglobulins: Glycoproteins present in the blood (antibodies) and in other tissue. They are classified by structure and activity into five classes (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM). [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience

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with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incubated: Grown in the laboratory under controlled conditions. (For instance, white blood cells can be grown in special conditions so that they attack specific cancer cells when returned to the body.) [NIH] Incubation: The development of an infectious disease from the entrance of the pathogen to the appearance of clinical symptoms. [EU] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Indigestion: Poor digestion. Symptoms include heartburn, nausea, bloating, and gas. Also called dyspepsia. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infant Food: Food processed and manufactured for the nutritional health of children in their first year of life. [NIH] Infant Nutrition: Nutrition of children from birth to 2 years of age. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infectious Diarrhea: Diarrhea caused by infection from bacteria, viruses, or parasites. [NIH] Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inner ear: The labyrinth, comprising the vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Insomnia: Difficulty in going to sleep or getting enough sleep. [NIH]

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Intensive Care: Advanced and highly specialized care provided to medical or surgical patients whose conditions are life-threatening and require comprehensive care and constant monitoring. It is usually administered in specially equipped units of a health care facility. [NIH]

Interleukin-8: A cytokine that activates neutrophils and attracts neutrophils and Tlymphocytes. It is released by several cell types including monocytes, macrophages, Tlymphocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and keratinocytes by an inflammatory stimulus. IL-8 is a member of the beta-thromboglobulin superfamily and structurally related to platelet factor 4. [NIH] Interspecific: Occurring among members of different species. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestinal Flora: The bacteria, yeasts, and fungi that grow normally in the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intraepithelial: Within the layer of cells that form the surface or lining of an organ. [NIH] Inulin: A starch found in the tubers and roots of many plants. Since it is hydrolyzable to fructose, it is classified as a fructosan. It has been used in physiologic investigation for determination of the rate of glomerular function. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically. [NIH] Ion Exchange: Reversible chemical reaction between a solid, often an ION exchange resin, and a fluid whereby ions may be exchanged from one substance to another. This technique is used in water purification, in research, and in industry. [NIH] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A disorder that comes and goes. Nerves that control the muscles in the GI tract are too active. The GI tract becomes sensitive to food, stool, gas, and stress. Causes abdominal pain, bloating, and constipation or diarrhea. Also called spastic colon or mucous colitis. [NIH] Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH]

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Keratinocytes: Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell. [NIH] Keratolytic: An agent that promotes keratolysis. [EU] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kinetics: The study of rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems. [NIH] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Lactobacillus: A genus of gram-positive, microaerophilic, rod-shaped bacteria occurring widely in nature. Its species are also part of the many normal flora of the mouth, intestinal tract, and vagina of many mammals, including humans. Pathogenicity from this genus is rare. [NIH] Lactobacillus acidophilus: A species of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria isolated from the intestinal tract of humans and animals, the human mouth, and vagina. This organism produces the fermented product, acidophilus milk. [NIH] Lactobacillus casei: A rod-shaped bacterium isolated from milk and cheese, dairy products and dairy environments, sour dough, cow dung, silage, and human mouth, human intestinal contents and stools, and the human vagina. [NIH] Lactose Intolerance: The disease state resulting from the absence of lactase enzyme in the musocal cells of the gastrointestinal tract, and therefore an inability to break down the disaccharide lactose in milk for absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. It is manifested by indigestion of a mild nature to severe diarrhea. It may be due to inborn defect genetically conditioned or may be acquired. [NIH] Lactulose: A mild laxative. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]

Lectin: A complex molecule that has both protein and sugars. Lectins are able to bind to the outside of a cell and cause biochemical changes in it. Lectins are made by both animals and plants. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. [NIH] Leuconostoc: A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic bacteria whose growth is dependent on the presence of a fermentable carbohydrate. It is nonpathogenic to plants and animals, including humans. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH]

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Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Listeria monocytogenes: A species of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in nature. It has been isolated from sewage, soil, silage, and from feces of healthy animals and man. Infection with this bacterium leads to encephalitis, meningitis, endocarditis, and abortion. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphadenopathy: Disease or swelling of the lymph nodes. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphocyte Count: A count of the number of lymphocytes in the blood. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lyophilisate: The product of lyophilization ( the creation of a stable preparation of a biological substance, such as blood plasma or serum, by rapid freezing and dehydration of

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the frozen product under high vacuum). [EU] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malabsorption syndrome: A group of symptoms such as gas, bloating, abdominal pain, and diarrhea resulting from the body's inability to properly absorb nutrients. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Mannans: Polysaccharides consisting of mannose units. [NIH] Mastitis: Inflammatory disease of the breast, or mammary gland. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]

MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Megaloblastic: A large abnormal red blood cell appearing in the blood in pernicious anaemia. [EU] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Mesenteric: Pertaining to the mesentery : a membranous fold attaching various organs to the body wall. [EU] Mesenteric Lymphadenitis: Inflammation of the mesenteric lymph nodes. [NIH] Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of formaldehyde and acetic acid, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Micelle: A colloid particle formed by an aggregation of small molecules. [EU]

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Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiological: Pertaining to microbiology : the science that deals with microorganisms, including algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses. [EU] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microgram: A unit of mass (weight) of the metric system, being one-millionth of a gram (106 gm.) or one one-thousandth of a milligram (10-3 mg.). [EU] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Milligram: A measure of weight. A milligram is approximately 450,000-times smaller than a pound and 28,000-times smaller than an ounce. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Mucilaginous: Pertaining to or secreting mucus. [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucolytic: Destroying or dissolving mucin; an agent that so acts : a mucopolysaccharide or glycoprotein, the chief constituent of mucus. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucosal Lining: The lining of GI tract organs that makes mucus. [NIH] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-

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linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17. [NIH]

Murine Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: Acquired defect of cellular immunity that occurs in mice infected with mouse leukemia viruses (MuLV). The syndrome shows striking similarities with human AIDS and is characterized by lymphadenopathy, profound immunosuppression, enhanced susceptibility to opportunistic infections, and B-cell lymphomas. [NIH] Mutagenicity: Ability to damage DNA, the genetic material; the power to cause mutations. [NIH]

Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myotonia: Prolonged failure of muscle relaxation after contraction. This may occur after voluntary contractions, muscle percussion, or electrical stimulation of the muscle. Myotonia is a characteristic feature of myotonic disorders. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Necrotizing Enterocolitis: A condition in which part of the tissue in the intestines is destroyed. Occurs mainly in under-weight newborn babies. A temporary ileostomy may be necessary. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neomycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces fradiae. It is composed of neomycins A, B, and C. It acts by inhibiting translation during protein synthesis. [NIH] Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. [NIH] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH]

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Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nonoxynol: Nonionic surfactant mixtures varying in the number of repeating ethoxy (oxy1,2-ethanediyl) groups. They are used as detergents, emulsifiers, wetting agents, defoaming agents, etc. Nonoxynol-9, the compound with 9 repeating ethoxy groups, is a spermatocide, formulated primarily as a component of vaginal foams and creams. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nutritive Value: An indication of the contribution of a food to the nutrient content of the diet. This value depends on the quantity of a food which is digested and absorbed and the amounts of the essential nutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrate, minerals, vitamins) which it contains. This value can be affected by soil and growing conditions, handling and storage, and processing. [NIH] Oligosaccharides: Carbohydrates consisting of between two and ten monosaccharides connected by either an alpha- or beta-glycosidic link. They are found throughout nature in both the free and bound form. [NIH] Operon: The genetic unit consisting of a feedback system under the control of an operator gene, in which a structural gene transcribes its message in the form of mRNA upon blockade of a repressor produced by a regulator gene. Included here is the attenuator site of bacterial operons where transcription termination is regulated. [NIH] Opportunistic Infections: An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression. [NIH] Organoleptic: Of, relating to, or involving the employment of the sense organs; used especially of subjective testing (as of flavor, odor, appearance) of food and drug products. [NIH]

Osmosis: Tendency of fluids (e.g., water) to move from the less concentrated to the more concentrated side of a semipermeable membrane. [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Osteodystrophy: Defective bone formation. [EU] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidants: Oxidizing agents or electron-accepting molecules in chemical reactions in which electrons are transferred from one molecule to another (oxidation-reduction). In vivo, it appears that phagocyte-generated oxidants function as tumor promoters or cocarcinogens rather than as complete carcinogens perhaps because of the high levels of endogenous antioxidant defenses. It is also thought that oxidative damage in joints may trigger the autoimmune response that characterizes the persistence of the rheumatoid disease process. [NIH]

Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the

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increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxidation-Reduction: A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471). [NIH] Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Oxygen Consumption: The oxygen consumption is determined by calculating the difference between the amount of oxygen inhaled and exhaled. [NIH] Oxygenation: The process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. No:1245 oxygenation the process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. [EU] Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic Juice: The fluid containing digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas in response to food in the duodenum. [NIH] Papain: A proteolytic enzyme obtained from Carica papaya. It is also the name used for a purified mixture of papain and chymopapain that is used as a topical enzymatic debriding agent. EC 3.4.22.2. [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pediococcus: A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic bacteria whose growth is dependent on the presence of a fermentable carbohydrate. No endospores are produced. Its organisms are found in fermenting plant products and are nonpathogenic to plants and

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animals, including humans. [NIH] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Pepsin: An enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins. [NIH] Pepsin A: Formed from pig pepsinogen by cleavage of one peptide bond. The enzyme is a single polypeptide chain and is inhibited by methyl 2-diaazoacetamidohexanoate. It cleaves peptides preferentially at the carbonyl linkages of phenylalanine or leucine and acts as the principal digestive enzyme of gastric juice. [NIH] Peptic: Pertaining to pepsin or to digestion; related to the action of gastric juices. [EU] Peptic Ulcer: Ulcer that occurs in those portions of the alimentary tract which come into contact with gastric juice containing pepsin and acid. It occurs when the amount of acid and pepsin is sufficient to overcome the gastric mucosal barrier. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide Chain Elongation: The process whereby an amino acid is joined through a substituted amide linkage to a chain of peptides. [NIH] Perineum: The area between the anus and the sex organs. [NIH] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Peritonitis: Inflammation of the peritoneum; a condition marked by exudations in the peritoneum of serum, fibrin, cells, and pus. It is attended by abdominal pain and tenderness, constipation, vomiting, and moderate fever. [EU] Peroxidase: A hemeprotein from leukocytes. Deficiency of this enzyme leads to a hereditary disorder coupled with disseminated moniliasis. It catalyzes the conversion of a donor and peroxide to an oxidized donor and water. EC 1.11.1.7. [NIH] Peroxide: Chemical compound which contains an atom group with two oxygen atoms tied to each other. [NIH] PH: The symbol relating the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration or activity of a solution to that of a given standard solution. Numerically the pH is approximately equal to the negative logarithm of H+ concentration expressed in molarity. pH 7 is neutral; above it alkalinity increases and below it acidity increases. [EU] Phagocyte: An immune system cell that can surround and kill microorganisms and remove dead cells. Phagocytes include macrophages. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH]

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Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase: An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the reaction 6-phospho-D-gluconate and NADP+ to yield D-ribulose 5-phosphate, carbon dioxide, and NADPH. The reaction is a step in the pentose phosphate pathway of glucose metabolism. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 1.1.1.43. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorous: Having to do with or containing the element phosphorus. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigments: Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in plants, animals, or micro-organisms. [NIH]

Plant Proteins: Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which vegetable proteins is available. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasmid: An autonomously replicating, extra-chromosomal DNA molecule found in many bacteria. Plasmids are widely used as carriers of cloned genes. [NIH] Platelet Factor 4: A high-molecular-weight proteoglycan-platelet factor complex which is released from blood platelets by thrombin. It acts as a mediator in the heparin-neutralizing capacity of the blood and plays a role in platelet aggregation. At high ionic strength (I=0.75), the complex dissociates into the active component (molecular weight 29,000) and the proteoglycan carrier (chondroitin 4-sulfate, molecular weight 350,000). The molecule exists in the form of a dimer consisting of 8 moles of platelet factor 4 and 2 moles of proteoglycan. [NIH]

Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]

Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation

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of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Progeny: The offspring produced in any generation. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Propionibacterium: A genus of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria whose cells occur singly, in pairs or short chains, in V or Y configurations, or in clumps resembling letters of the Chinese alphabet. Its organisms are found in cheese and dairy products as well as on human skin and can occasionally cause soft tissue infections. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. Quaternary protein structure describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain). [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino

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acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Purgative: 1. Cathartic (def. 1); causing evacuation of the bowels. 2. A cathartic, particularly one that stimulates peristaltic action. [EU] Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Pyogenic: Producing pus; pyopoietic (= liquid inflammation product made up of cells and a thin fluid called liquor puris). [EU] Quinine: An alkaloid derived from the bark of the cinchona tree. It is used as an antimalarial drug, and is the active ingredient in extracts of the cinchona that have been used for that purpose since before 1633. Quinine is also a mild antipyretic and analgesic and has been used in common cold preparations for that purpose. It was used commonly and as a bitter and flavoring agent, and is still useful for the treatment of babesiosis. Quinine is also useful in some muscular disorders, especially nocturnal leg cramps and myotonia congenita, because of its direct effects on muscle membrane and sodium channels. The mechanisms of its antimalarial effects are not well understood. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioimmunotherapy: Radiotherapy where cytotoxic radionuclides are linked to antibodies in order to deliver toxins directly to tumor targets. Therapy with targeted radiation rather than antibody-targeted toxins (immunotoxins) has the advantage that adjacent tumor cells, which lack the appropriate antigenic determinants, can be destroyed by radiation cross-fire.

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Radioimmunotherapy is sometimes called targeted radiotherapy, but this latter term can also refer to radionuclides linked to non-immune molecules (radiotherapy). [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Reconstitution: 1. A type of regeneration in which a new organ forms by the rearrangement of tissues rather than from new formation at an injured surface. 2. The restoration to original form of a substance previously altered for preservation and storage, as the restoration to a liquid state of blood serum or plasma that has been dried and stored. [EU] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Rehydration: The restoration of water or of fluid content to a body or to substance which has become dehydrated. [EU] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Renin: An enzyme which is secreted by the kidney and is formed from prorenin in plasma and kidney. The enzyme cleaves the Leu-Leu bond in angiotensinogen to generate angiotensin I. EC 3.4.23.15. (Formerly EC 3.4.99.19). [NIH] Repressor: Any of the specific allosteric protein molecules, products of regulator genes, which bind to the operator of operons and prevent RNA polymerase from proceeding into the operon to transcribe messenger RNA. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into

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the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Reversion: A return to the original condition, e. g. the reappearance of the normal or wild type in previously mutated cells, tissues, or organisms. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Ribotyping: Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of rRNA genes that is used for differentiating between species or strains. [NIH] Rickettsiae: One of a group of obligate intracellular parasitic microorganisms, once regarded as intermediate in their properties between bacteria and viruses but now classified as bacteria in the order Rickettsiales, which includes 17 genera and 3 families: Rickettsiace. [NIH]

Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Ristocetin: An antibiotic mixture of two components, A and B, obtained from Nocardia lurida (or the same substance produced by any other means). It is no longer used clinically because of its toxicity. It causes platelet agglutination and blood coagulation and is used to assay those functions in vitro. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rotavirus: A genus of Reoviridae, causing acute gastroenteritis in birds and mammals, including humans. Transmission is horizontal and by environmental contamination. [NIH] Rubber: A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (latex) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to atleast twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different chemicals, including styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene. [NIH] Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for platinum and palladium. [NIH] Ruthenium Red: An inorganic dye used in microscopy for differential staining and as a diagnostic reagent. In research this compound is used to study changes in cytoplasmic concentrations of calcium. Ruthenium red inhibits calcium transport through membrane channels. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Salmonella: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that

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utilizes citrate as a sole carbon source. It is pathogenic for humans, causing enteric fevers, gastroenteritis, and bacteremia. Food poisoning is the most common clinical manifestation. Organisms within this genus are separated on the basis of antigenic characteristics, sugar fermentation patterns, and bacteriophage susceptibility. [NIH] Salmonella typhi: A serotype of Salmonella enterica which is the etiologic agent of typhoid fever. [NIH] Salmonella typhimurium: A serotype of Salmonella enterica that is a frequent agent of Salmonella gastroenteritis in humans. It also causes paratyphoid fever. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Saprophyte: A saprophytic (= whose nutrition involves uptake of dissolved organic material from decaying plant or animal matter) organism. [EU] Satiation: Full gratification of a need or desire followed by a state of relative insensitivity to that particular need or desire. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Sedatives, Barbiturate: Those derivatives of barbituric or thiobarbituric acid that are used as hypnotics or sedatives. The structural class of all such derivatives, regardless of use, is barbiturates. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression. [NIH]

Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact. [NIH] Shedding: Release of infectious particles (e. g., bacteria, viruses) into the environment, for example by sneezing, by fecal excretion, or from an open lesion. [NIH] Short Bowel Syndrome: A malabsorption syndrome resulting from extensive operative

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resection of small bowel. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Silage: Fodder converted into succulent feed for livestock through processes of anaerobic fermentation (as in a silo). [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Social Support: Support systems that provide assistance and encouragement to individuals with physical or emotional disabilities in order that they may better cope. Informal social support is usually provided by friends, relatives, or peers, while formal assistance is provided by churches, groups, etc. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions. [NIH] Sodium Channels: Cell membrane glycoproteins selective for sodium ions. Fast sodium current is associated with the action potential in neural membranes. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Spasmodic: Of the nature of a spasm. [EU] Spastic: 1. Of the nature of or characterized by spasms. 2. Hypertonic, so that the muscles are stiff and the movements awkward. 3. A person exhibiting spasticity, such as occurs in spastic paralysis or in cerebral palsy. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in

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the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Spores: The reproductive elements of lower organisms, such as protozoa, fungi, and cryptogamic plants. [NIH] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Stabilizer: A device for maintaining constant X-ray tube voltage or current. [NIH] Staphylococcus: A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, coccoid bacteria. Its organisms occur singly, in pairs, and in tetrads and characteristically divide in more than one plane to form irregular clusters. Natural populations of Staphylococcus are membranes of warm-blooded animals. Some species are opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals. [NIH] Staphylococcus aureus: Potentially pathogenic bacteria found in nasal membranes, skin, hair follicles, and perineum of warm-blooded animals. They may cause a wide range of infections and intoxications. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Streptococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment. [NIH] Streptomycin: O-2-Deoxy-2-(methylamino)-alpha-L-glucopyranosyl-(1-2)-O-5- deoxy-3-Cformyl-alpha-L-lyxofuranosyl-(1-4)-N,N'-bis(aminoiminomethyl)-D-streptamine. Antibiotic substance produced by the soil actinomycete Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting the initiation and elongation processes during protein synthesis. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stress management: A set of techniques used to help an individual cope more effectively with difficult situations in order to feel better emotionally, improve behavioral skills, and often to enhance feelings of control. Stress management may include relaxation exercises, assertiveness training, cognitive restructuring, time management, and social support. It can be delivered either on a one-to-one basis or in a group format. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH]

160 Acidophilus

Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Suppositories: A small cone-shaped medicament having cocoa butter or gelatin at its basis and usually intended for the treatment of local conditions in the rectum. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]

Suspensions: Colloids with liquid continuous phase and solid dispersed phase; the term is used loosely also for solid-in-gas (aerosol) and other colloidal systems; water-insoluble drugs may be given as suspensions. [NIH] Symbiosis: The living together of organisms of different species. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Taurine: 2-Aminoethanesulfonic acid. A conditionally essential nutrient, important during mammalian development. It is present in milk but is isolated mostly from ox bile and strongly conjugates bile acids. [NIH] Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation.

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[NIH]

Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Time Management: Planning and control of time to improve efficiency and effectiveness. [NIH]

Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translocating: The attachment of a fragment of one chromosome to a non-homologous chromosome. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Tropical Sprue: A condition of unknown cause. Abnormalities in the lining of the small intestine prevent the body from absorbing food normally. [NIH] Trypsin: A serine endopeptidase that is formed from trypsinogen in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by enteropeptidase in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH]

162 Acidophilus

Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] TYPHI: The bacterium that gives rise to typhoid fever. [NIH] Typhimurium: Microbial assay which measures his-his+ reversion by chemicals which cause base substitutions or frameshift mutations in the genome of this organism. [NIH] Typhoid fever: The most important member of the enteric group of fevers which also includes the paratyphoids. [NIH] Typhoid fever: The most important member of the enteric group of fevers which also includes the paratyphoids. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ultrafiltration: The separation of particles from a suspension by passage through a filter with very fine pores. In ultrafiltration the separation is accomplished by convective transport; in dialysis separation relies instead upon differential diffusion. Ultrafiltration occurs naturally and is a laboratory procedure. Artificial ultrafiltration of the blood is referred to as hemofiltration or hemodiafiltration (if combined with hemodialysis). [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinary tract infection: An illness caused by harmful bacteria growing in the urinary tract. [NIH]

Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH]

Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH]

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Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge. [NIH] Vaginosis: A condition caused by the overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria (e. g., Gardnerella vaginalis), resulting in vaginal irritation and discharge. [NIH] Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway. [NIH]

Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to ristocetin that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vegetable Proteins: Proteins which are present in or isolated from vegetables or vegetable products used as food. The concept is distinguished from plant proteins which refers to nondietary proteins from plants. [NIH] Veins: The vessels carrying blood toward the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH] Wetting Agents: A surfactant that renders a surface wettable by water or enhances the spreading of water over the surface; used in foods and cosmetics; important in contrast media; also with contact lenses, dentures, and some prostheses. Synonyms: humectants; hydrating agents. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Womb: A hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ in which the impregnated ovum is developed into a child. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Yersinia: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic rod- to coccobacillus-shaped bacteria that occurs in a broad spectrum of habitats. [NIH] Yersinia enterocolitica: A species of the genus Yersinia, isolated from both man and animal.

164 Acidophilus

It is a frequent cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in children. [NIH] Yersinia pseudotuberculosis: A human and animal pathogen causing mesenteric lymphadenitis, diarrhea, and bacteremia. [NIH] Zoster: A virus infection of the Gasserian ganglion and its nerve branches, characterized by discrete areas of vesiculation of the epithelium of the forehead, the nose, the eyelids, and the cornea together with subepithelial infiltration. [NIH] Zygote: The fertilized ovum. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

165

INDEX 1 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine, 36, 119 A Abdominal, 64, 86, 119, 137, 143, 146, 150, 151 Abdominal Cramps, 64, 119 Abdominal Pain, 119, 137, 143, 146, 151 Aberrant, 35, 119 Acatalasia, 119, 127 Acceptor, 119, 145, 150 Acetylcysteine, 4, 119 Acidemia, 26, 119 Acidosis, 76, 77, 119 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, 64, 119 Acrylonitrile, 119, 156 Acute renal, 119, 140 Adenosine, 119, 123, 126, 152 Adenosine Triphosphate, 119, 123, 152 Adjuvant, 119, 137 Adverse Effect, 83, 120, 158 Aerosol, 120, 160 Affinity, 120, 158 Agar, 120, 152 Agglutinins, 9, 120 Air Embolism, 83, 120 Air Sacs, 120 Alanine, 58, 120 Alertness, 120, 126 Algorithms, 120, 125 Alimentary, 9, 62, 120, 133, 151 Alkaline, 119, 120, 121, 126 Alkaloid, 120, 154 Aloe, 56, 120 Alpha Particles, 120, 154 Alternative medicine, 96, 120 Amino Acid Sequence, 121, 122 Amino Acid Substitution, 6, 121 Amino Acids, 58, 80, 85, 104, 121, 123, 128, 133, 135, 151, 153, 157, 160, 161, 162 Ammonia, 121, 138, 162 Amplification, 50, 121 Amylase, 121 Anabolic, 89, 121 Anaerobic, 121, 135, 144, 150, 156, 158, 159, 163 Anaesthesia, 121, 142 Analgesic, 121, 154

Analog, 121, 127 Anaphylatoxins, 121, 129 Anemia, 121, 129, 136 Anesthetics, 121, 124, 135 Angiotensinogen, 121, 155 Anions, 121, 143 Anorexia, 121, 137 Antagonism, 122, 126 Antibacterial, 7, 8, 11, 23, 26, 27, 63, 122, 147, 158, 163 Antibiotic, 4, 14, 20, 27, 28, 42, 53, 61, 65, 68, 69, 86, 88, 122, 125, 127, 128, 135, 148, 151, 156, 158, 159 Antibodies, 37, 58, 87, 120, 122, 140, 141, 145, 152, 154 Antibody, 29, 88, 120, 122, 129, 140, 141, 142, 154, 155 Anticoagulant, 122, 153 Anticonvulsants, 122, 124 Antigen, 58, 87, 120, 122, 129, 140, 141, 142 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 122, 129 Anti-infective, 122, 127, 141, 143 Anti-inflammatory, 122, 125 Antimicrobial, 6, 8, 11, 16, 20, 85, 122, 128, 132 Antioxidant, 122, 149, 150 Antipyretic, 122, 154 Antiviral, 119, 122 Anus, 122, 125, 136, 151, 155 Appendectomy, 19, 122 Aptitude, 122 Aqueous, 65, 70, 82, 122, 124, 131, 141 Arginine, 58, 121, 122, 161 Aromatic, 122, 128, 151, 160 Arterial, 123, 141, 153 Arteries, 123, 125, 131, 146 Aspartic, 58, 123, 128 Aspartic Acid, 58, 123, 128 Assay, 21, 123, 156, 162 Astringents, 123, 146 ATP, 51, 123, 152 Attenuated, 123, 162 Avian, 37, 123 B Babesiosis, 123, 154 Bacillus, 51, 71, 73, 93, 123 Bacillus cereus, 123 Bacillus subtilis, 51, 71, 123

166 Acidophilus

Bacteremia, 123, 157, 164 Bacterial Infections, 6, 85, 108, 123 Bacterial Translocation, 36, 123 Bactericidal, 30, 123, 135 Bacteriocins, 29, 30, 123 Bacteriophage, 123, 152, 157 Bacteriostatic, 124, 135 Bacterium, 50, 58, 78, 79, 81, 86, 87, 90, 124, 130, 140, 144, 145, 162 Barbiturates, 51, 124, 157 Base, 56, 57, 69, 72, 90, 124, 132, 136, 143, 162 Benign, 124, 137, 139, 148, 155 Benzene, 124 Benzodiazepines, 51, 124 Beta-Galactosidase, 29, 124 Beta-sheet, 6, 124 Beta-Thromboglobulin, 124, 143 Bile, 11, 14, 17, 20, 21, 27, 29, 37, 54, 55, 60, 88, 124, 128, 137, 138, 145, 159, 160 Bile Acids, 54, 55, 124, 159, 160 Bile Acids and Salts, 124 Biochemical, 26, 50, 124, 144, 157 Biofilms, 22, 124 Biological therapy, 125, 139 Biosynthesis, 125, 157 Biotechnology, 6, 8, 9, 16, 17, 21, 26, 92, 96, 103, 125 Biotin, 76, 125 Bladder, 3, 39, 40, 125, 131, 162 Bloating, 125, 142, 143, 146 Blood Coagulation, 125, 126, 156, 160 Blood pressure, 125, 126, 141, 158 Blood vessel, 125, 126, 127, 134, 140, 145, 158, 159, 161, 163 Body Fluids, 125, 158 Bowel, 11, 16, 23, 29, 56, 61, 119, 125, 133, 143, 144, 151, 158, 159 Bowel Movement, 125, 133, 159 Branch, 115, 125, 145, 150, 158, 160 Breakdown, 125, 133, 137 Broad-spectrum, 125, 127 Bromelain, 56, 125 Burns, 34, 82, 125 Burns, Electric, 125 C Caffeine, 52, 85, 126, 154 Calcium, 57, 73, 78, 80, 81, 97, 126, 129, 156 Calcium Carbonate, 57, 126 Candidiasis, 40, 108, 126 Candidosis, 126

Capsules, 68, 126, 137 Carbohydrate, 53, 66, 68, 71, 73, 75, 126, 138, 144, 149, 150, 153 Carbon Dioxide, 81, 126, 152, 156 Carcinogen, 56, 119, 126 Carcinogenesis, 36, 126 Carcinogenic, 124, 126, 142, 153, 159 Cardiac, 126, 128, 134, 135, 137, 140, 148, 159 Cardiovascular, 35, 126, 157 Cardiovascular disease, 35, 126 Case report, 126, 128 Case series, 126, 128 Catabolism, 89, 127 Catalase, 57, 119, 127 Cations, 127, 143 Cecum, 127, 144 Cefazolin, 9, 127 Cell Division, 123, 127, 139, 152 Cell proliferation, 29, 127 Cell Respiration, 127, 156 Cell Survival, 127, 139 Cellobiose, 127 Cellulose, 77, 81, 127, 137, 152 Central Nervous System, 120, 124, 126, 127, 137, 138, 139, 157 Cerebrovascular, 126, 127 Cervix, 127, 133 Chemotactic Factors, 127, 129 Chiropractic, 92, 127 Chlorhexidine, 43, 65, 127 Chlorophyll, 127, 137 Choleretic, 128, 138 Cholesterol, 12, 14, 24, 27, 28, 36, 40, 54, 55, 56, 58, 61, 63, 78, 124, 128, 131, 145, 159 Cholic Acid, 128, 138, 160 Chromatin, 128, 148 Chromatography, Ion Exchange, 127, 128 Chromium, 82, 128 Chromosomal, 121, 128, 152 Chromosome, 13, 128, 130, 139, 145, 161 Chronic, 14, 36, 40, 64, 128, 142, 144, 160 Chymopapain, 128, 150 Chymotrypsin, 128 Cinchona, 128, 154 Ciprofloxacin, 28, 43, 128 Citrobacter, 128 Clarithromycin, 30, 43, 128 Clear cell carcinoma, 128, 132 Clinical study, 68, 128 Clinical trial, 5, 103, 128, 155

Index 167

Cloning, 7, 16, 29, 125, 128 Cobalt, 69, 80, 85, 129 Coenzymes, 129, 148 Cofactor, 129, 153, 160 Cognitive restructuring, 129, 159 Colitis, 42, 129, 143 Collagen, 71, 125, 129, 136, 137, 153 Colloidal, 129, 160 Colonic flora, 14, 129 Colostrum, 26, 72, 129 Complement, 121, 129, 130, 138 Complementary and alternative medicine, 33, 45, 130 Complementary medicine, 33, 130 Computational Biology, 103, 130 Congenita, 130, 154 Conjugated, 7, 21, 37, 55, 124, 128, 130 Conjugation, 55, 130, 160 Connective Tissue, 129, 130, 137, 145 Consciousness, 121, 130, 132, 140 Constipation, 130, 143, 151 Consumption, 36, 60, 63, 70, 77, 78, 79, 88, 130, 132, 137, 150 Contamination, 64, 123, 130, 156 Contraindications, ii, 130 Conventional therapy, 130 Conventional treatment, 80, 85, 130 Cornea, 130, 164 Coronary, 126, 131, 146 Coronary heart disease, 126, 131 Coronary Thrombosis, 131, 146 Criterion, 60, 88, 131 Cryptosporidiosis, 5, 64, 131 Cryptosporidium, 5, 38, 64, 131 Cryptosporidium parvum, 38, 64, 131 Curative, 131, 148, 160 Cutaneous, 126, 131 Cyclic, 126, 131 Cysteine, 119, 128, 131, 160 Cystine, 58, 80, 81, 131 Cystitis, 3, 131 Cytokine, 5, 131, 143 Cytomegalovirus, 91, 131 Cytoplasm, 131, 134, 135, 147, 148 Cytotoxic, 6, 131, 154, 155 D Dairy Products, 13, 27, 29, 56, 61, 63, 70, 79, 131, 144, 153 Databases, Bibliographic, 103, 131 Day Care, 64, 131 Deamination, 132, 162 Dehydration, 80, 132, 145

Delivery of Health Care, 132, 139 Dementia, 119, 132 Dental Caries, 132 Dental Plaque, 62, 132 Deoxyguanosine, 7, 13, 132 Deoxyribonucleic, 13, 132 Deoxyribonucleic acid, 13, 132 Deoxyribonucleotides, 132 Dermatitis, 72, 132 DES, 121, 132 Detergents, 132, 149 Detoxification, 91, 132 Deuterium, 132, 141 Developed Countries, 69, 132 Diacetyl, 36, 132 Diagnostic procedure, 49, 96, 132 Diaper Rash, 87, 88, 132 Diarrhea, 10, 12, 36, 40, 53, 58, 64, 68, 69, 73, 80, 86, 88, 131, 133, 135, 142, 143, 144, 146, 164 Diarrhoea, 133, 137 Dietary Fiber, 80, 81, 133 Dietary Proteins, 133, 163 Diffusion, 133, 142, 162 Digestion, 13, 15, 17, 19, 55, 56, 76, 77, 120, 124, 125, 133, 134, 142, 143, 145, 151, 159 Digestive system, 63, 76, 133 Digestive tract, 54, 76, 84, 133, 158 Diploid, 133, 152 Direct, iii, 59, 75, 78, 133, 154, 155 Disinfectant, 65, 127, 133, 135 Dispenser, 88, 133 Distention, 4, 133 Diuresis, 126, 133 Domesticated, 85, 133 Dopamine, 133, 151 Douche, 83, 133 Douching, 83, 133 Drug Interactions, 133 Drug Tolerance, 133, 161 Duodenal Ulcer, 58, 87, 134 Duodenum, 124, 128, 134, 150, 159 Dyes, 134, 148 Dyspepsia, 134, 142 E Ecosystem, 17, 29, 54, 84, 134 Effector, 129, 134 Efficacy, 5, 76, 134 Egg Yolk, 58, 87, 134 Elastin, 129, 134 Electrolyte, 11, 134, 140, 158

168 Acidophilus

Electrons, 122, 124, 134, 143, 149, 150, 154, 155 Emaciation, 119, 134 Emboli, 83, 134 Embryo, 134, 142 Emodin, 120, 134 Enamel, 132, 134 Encephalitis, 72, 134, 145 Endocarditis, 9, 19, 126, 134, 145 Endocardium, 134 Endothelial cell, 134, 143, 160 Endotoxins, 129, 135 Enterococcus, 26, 50, 52, 62, 84, 90, 135 Enteropeptidase, 135, 161 Environmental Health, 102, 104, 135 Enzymatic, 72, 126, 129, 132, 135, 140, 150 Epinephrine, 133, 135, 162 Epithelial, 8, 15, 20, 28, 53, 60, 73, 88, 135 Epithelial Cells, 15, 28, 53, 60, 73, 88, 135 Epithelium, 77, 88, 131, 135, 137, 164 Erythromycin, 43, 53, 128, 135 Escherichia, 16, 19, 28, 34, 47, 51, 53, 135, 137, 140 Escherichia coli, 16, 19, 28, 34, 51, 53, 135, 137, 140 Esophagus, 10, 133, 135, 139, 159 Ethanol, 135, 136 Evacuation, 130, 135, 144, 154 Excitatory, 135, 138 Exogenous, 23, 31, 135 Expiration, 135, 156 Extracellular, 50, 124, 130, 136, 158 F Faecal, 9, 27, 133, 136 Family Planning, 103, 136 Fat, 36, 55, 59, 60, 66, 67, 68, 73, 74, 75, 82, 89, 97, 124, 128, 129, 131, 134, 136, 145, 149, 158, 160 Fatigue, 64, 136 Fatty acids, 55, 77, 136 Feces, 5, 7, 13, 21, 64, 124, 130, 132, 136, 145, 159 Fermentation, 17, 35, 52, 53, 58, 61, 63, 70, 72, 73, 74, 77, 79, 84, 136, 157, 158 Fetus, 136, 162 Fibrin, 125, 136, 151, 160 Fibroblasts, 136, 143 Flatulence, 70, 136 Flatus, 136, 137 Folate, 136 Folic Acid, 76, 80, 85, 136 Frameshift, 136, 162

Frameshift Mutation, 136, 162 Freeze-dried, 11, 26, 56, 136 Fructose, 88, 136, 138, 143 Fungi, 130, 136, 137, 139, 143, 147, 159, 162, 163 Fungus, 76, 126, 137 G Galactosides, 124, 137 Gallbladder, 119, 133, 137 Gamma Rays, 137, 155 Ganglion, 137, 164 Gas, 59, 121, 126, 133, 136, 137, 141, 142, 143, 146, 149, 160 Gastric, 50, 58, 87, 137, 139, 140, 151 Gastric Acid, 59, 137 Gastric Juices, 137, 151 Gastric Mucosa, 58, 87, 137, 151 Gastrin, 137, 140 Gastritis, 58, 59, 87, 137 Gastroenteritis, 53, 73, 137, 156, 157, 164 Gastrointestinal tract, 35, 50, 54, 58, 60, 61, 81, 84, 88, 89, 123, 135, 136, 137, 144, 157 Gelatin, 70, 137, 138, 160 Gene, 7, 8, 13, 16, 23, 29, 50, 68, 92, 125, 137, 138, 149 Gene Expression, 8, 50, 138 Genetic Engineering, 125, 129, 138 Genetics, 130, 138 Genital, 71, 72, 128, 138 Ginger, 52, 84, 138 Ginseng, 4, 52, 84, 138 Gland, 138, 145, 146, 150, 157, 159, 161 Glomerular, 138, 143, 155 Glucose, 28, 72, 77, 79, 81, 88, 127, 128, 138, 140, 152, 157 Glutamate, 138 Glutamic Acid, 58, 136, 138, 153 Glutamine, 56, 76, 138 Glycine, 55, 58, 124, 128, 138, 157 Glycocholic Acid, 55, 138 Glycogen, 89, 138 Glycoside, 138, 157 Glycosidic, 127, 138, 149 Goats, 85, 131, 138 Governing Board, 138, 153 Graft, 138, 140 Grafting, 139, 142 Gram-negative, 20, 51, 58, 87, 123, 128, 135, 139, 156, 163 Gram-Negative Bacteria, 8, 20, 51, 139 Gram-positive, 62, 123, 124, 135, 139, 144, 145, 150, 153, 159

Index 169

Gram-Positive Bacteria, 123, 139 Grasses, 136, 139 Growth factors, 52, 139 H Hair follicles, 139, 159 Haploid, 139, 152 Headache, 126, 139 Health Care Costs, 64, 139 Health Expenditures, 139 Health Promotion, 79, 139 Heart attack, 126, 139 Heartburn, 139, 142 Hemodiafiltration, 139, 162 Hemodialysis, 126, 139, 140, 162 Hemofiltration, 139, 140, 162 Hemoglobin, 121, 140, 143, 144 Hemolysis, 123, 135, 140 Hemolytic, 6, 140 Hepatic, 18, 28, 140 Hepatic Encephalopathy, 18, 140 Hereditary, 140, 151 Heredity, 137, 138, 140 Herpes, 40, 71, 72, 91, 140 Herpes Zoster, 140 Heterogeneity, 16, 120, 140 Histamine, 121, 140 Histidine, 58, 140 Homologous, 7, 140, 161 Hormone, 4, 132, 135, 137, 140, 143, 161 Host, 5, 6, 50, 51, 64, 123, 126, 140, 162 Hydration, 57, 140 Hydrogen, 76, 77, 119, 124, 126, 127, 132, 141, 145, 147, 148, 150, 151, 154 Hydrogen Peroxide, 76, 127, 141, 145 Hydrolysis, 123, 124, 127, 141, 147, 153, 154, 161 Hydroxylysine, 129, 141 Hydroxyproline, 129, 141 Hygienic, 133, 141 Hyperplasia, 38, 141 Hypersensitivity, 40, 91, 141 Hypertension, 126, 139, 141 Hypertrophy, 141 I Ice Cream, 22, 59, 90, 141 Id, 31, 39, 108, 114, 116, 141 Ileostomy, 141, 148 Imidazole, 125, 140, 141 Immune response, 5, 51, 59, 119, 122, 141, 160, 162, 163 Immune system, 56, 63, 64, 89, 91, 125, 141, 145, 151, 163

Immunity, 5, 15, 20, 60, 88, 119, 120, 141, 148 Immunocompromised, 64, 141 Immunodeficiency, 24, 64, 91, 119, 141 Immunodeficiency syndrome, 91, 141 Immunoglobulins, 26, 141 Immunologic, 127, 141, 155 Implantation, 93, 142 In vitro, 8, 11, 17, 18, 19, 23, 27, 35, 55, 142, 156 In vivo, 8, 11, 23, 55, 142, 149 Incubated, 52, 57, 70, 142 Incubation, 61, 69, 142 Indicative, 92, 142, 150, 163 Indigestion, 77, 142, 144 Induction, 29, 142 Infant Food, 35, 142 Infant Nutrition, 69, 142 Infarction, 124, 131, 142, 146 Infectious Diarrhea, 34, 68, 69, 80, 142 Infiltration, 142, 164 Inflammation, 4, 40, 41, 42, 122, 129, 131, 132, 134, 137, 140, 142, 146, 151, 154, 163 Ingestion, 14, 17, 18, 64, 78, 86, 142, 146, 152 Inhalation, 120, 142, 152 Initiation, 142, 159 Inner ear, 142, 163 Inorganic, 142, 147, 156 Insomnia, 51, 142 Intensive Care, 30, 38, 143 Interleukin-8, 59, 143 Interspecific, 53, 73, 143 Interstitial, 3, 143, 155 Intestinal Flora, 59, 61, 63, 88, 93, 143 Intestine, 12, 13, 20, 53, 55, 62, 73, 79, 124, 125, 135, 143, 144 Intracellular, 7, 11, 35, 126, 142, 143, 156 Intraepithelial, 5, 143 Inulin, 35, 56, 143 Invasive, 141, 143 Iodine, 80, 85, 143 Ion Exchange, 128, 143 Ionizing, 120, 143, 155 Ions, 69, 77, 124, 128, 134, 141, 143, 158 Irritable Bowel Syndrome, 22, 41, 56, 143 Isoleucine, 58, 143 J Joint, 128, 143 K Kb, 102, 143 Keratinocytes, 143, 144

170 Acidophilus

Keratolytic, 132, 144 Kidney Disease, 11, 102, 144 Kinetics, 14, 144 L Labile, 129, 144 Lactation, 129, 144 Lactobacillus casei, 12, 17, 21, 28, 30, 38, 55, 58, 62, 63, 78, 79, 87, 90, 144 Lactose Intolerance, 9, 41, 144 Lactulose, 15, 144 Large Intestine, 55, 58, 127, 133, 143, 144, 155, 158 Laxative, 53, 120, 134, 144 Lectin, 20, 21, 144 Lesion, 144, 157, 162 Lethal, 13, 123, 144 Leucine, 58, 144, 151 Leuconostoc, 72, 80, 81, 144 Leukemia, 144, 148 Leukocytes, 127, 144, 147, 148, 151 Library Services, 114, 145 Life cycle, 64, 72, 136, 145 Linkage, 55, 127, 145, 151 Lipid, 36, 37, 55, 145, 150 Lipid Peroxidation, 37, 145, 150 Lipopolysaccharide, 8, 20, 123, 139, 145 Lipoprotein, 139, 145 Listeria monocytogenes, 145 Liver, 19, 36, 54, 55, 77, 119, 123, 124, 125, 128, 131, 133, 136, 137, 138, 140, 145, 162 Localized, 132, 142, 145, 152, 162 Locomotion, 145, 152 Lymph, 123, 134, 145, 146, 148 Lymph node, 123, 145, 146 Lymphadenopathy, 145, 148 Lymphatic, 142, 145, 159 Lymphatic system, 145, 159 Lymphocyte, 88, 119, 122, 145 Lymphocyte Count, 119, 145 Lymphoid, 122, 145 Lyophilisate, 10, 145 Lysine, 58, 141, 146, 161 M Malabsorption, 10, 20, 146, 157 Malabsorption syndrome, 146, 157 Malignant, 119, 146, 148, 155 Mammary, 129, 146 Mannans, 137, 146 Mastitis, 65, 146 Meat, 52, 70, 71, 76, 84, 85, 125, 146 MEDLINE, 103, 146 Megaloblastic, 136, 146

Melanin, 146, 151, 162 Membrane, 58, 87, 129, 139, 146, 147, 149, 152, 154, 156, 158 Memory, 51, 121, 132, 146 Meningitis, 145, 146 Menopause, 146, 153 Mercury, 91, 146 Mesenteric, 123, 146, 164 Mesenteric Lymphadenitis, 146, 164 Methanol, 71, 146 Methionine, 58, 146, 160 MI, 117, 146 Micelle, 55, 146 Microbe, 54, 83, 147, 161 Microbiological, 60, 64, 147 Microgram, 80, 85, 147 Microorganism, 63, 129, 147, 150, 163 Micro-organism, 88, 132, 134, 147, 152 Microscopy, 27, 147, 156 Milligram, 147 Mitochondrial Swelling, 147, 148 Mobility, 58, 87, 147 Modification, 20, 51, 138, 147 Molecular, 26, 103, 105, 121, 125, 130, 139, 147, 152, 156 Molecule, 50, 122, 124, 129, 134, 138, 141, 144, 147, 149, 150, 152, 155 Monocytes, 143, 144, 147 Morphological, 134, 137, 147 Morphology, 34, 147 Mucilaginous, 65, 147 Mucins, 132, 147, 156 Mucolytic, 119, 147 Mucosa, 9, 13, 56, 77, 123, 137, 147 Mucosal Lining, 76, 147 Mucus, 17, 21, 33, 147 Muramidase, 51, 147 Murine Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, 5, 148 Mutagenicity, 13, 148 Myocardium, 146, 148 Myotonia, 148, 154 N Nausea, 137, 142, 148, 162 Necrosis, 77, 142, 146, 148 Necrotizing Enterocolitis, 30, 38, 148 Need, 3, 60, 66, 68, 69, 73, 75, 91, 93, 96, 104, 109, 138, 148, 157, 161 Neomycin, 44, 148 Neoplasms, 119, 148, 155 Nephropathy, 144, 148 Nerve, 127, 137, 148, 156, 159, 164

Index 171

Nervous System, 127, 148, 151 Neutrons, 120, 148, 154 Neutrophils, 59, 143, 144, 148 Niacin, 76, 148, 161 Nitrogen, 120, 138, 149, 161 Nonoxynol, 6, 149 Nuclear, 129, 130, 134, 137, 148, 149 Nuclei, 120, 130, 134, 138, 148, 149, 154 Nucleus, 128, 131, 132, 137, 147, 148, 149, 154 Nutritive Value, 62, 149 O Oligosaccharides, 15, 55, 56, 149 Operon, 29, 51, 149, 155 Opportunistic Infections, 5, 64, 119, 148, 149 Organoleptic, 57, 149 Osmosis, 149 Osmotic, 61, 147, 149 Osteodystrophy, 149 Ovum, 145, 149, 163, 164 Oxidants, 104, 149 Oxidation, 119, 122, 131, 145, 149, 150 Oxidation-Reduction, 149, 150 Oxidative Stress, 4, 150 Oxygen Consumption, 150, 156 Oxygenation, 92, 150 P Palladium, 150, 156 Palliative, 150, 160 Pancreas, 119, 125, 128, 133, 150, 161 Pancreatic, 128, 150 Pancreatic Juice, 128, 150 Papain, 56, 150 Parasite, 64, 150 Parasitic, 108, 131, 150, 156 Particle, 146, 150 Pathogen, 5, 142, 150, 164 Pathogenesis, 5, 26, 150 Pathologic, 119, 126, 131, 141, 150 Pediococcus, 34, 36, 150 Penicillin, 44, 122, 151, 163 Pepsin, 151 Pepsin A, 151 Peptic, 18, 41, 151 Peptic Ulcer, 18, 41, 151 Peptide, 6, 128, 135, 151, 153, 154 Peptide Chain Elongation, 128, 151 Perineum, 151, 159 Peripheral blood, 13, 151 Peripheral Nervous System, 151, 160 Peritoneum, 151

Peritonitis, 19, 151 Peroxidase, 18, 145, 151 Peroxide, 151 PH, 7, 8, 15, 16, 83, 151 Phagocyte, 88, 149, 151 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 127, 135, 137, 151 Pharmacologic, 151, 161 Phenylalanine, 58, 151, 162 Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase, 28, 152 Phospholipids, 136, 145, 152 Phosphorous, 78, 152 Phosphorus, 126, 152 Physiologic, 125, 143, 152, 155 Physiology, 54, 76, 84, 152 Pigments, 129, 152 Plant Proteins, 152, 163 Plants, 53, 57, 73, 120, 123, 126, 134, 138, 143, 144, 147, 150, 152, 157, 159, 161, 163 Plaque, 62, 127, 152 Plasma, 120, 122, 124, 137, 140, 145, 152, 155 Plasma cells, 122, 152 Plasmid, 13, 152 Platelet Factor 4, 143, 152 Platinum, 150, 152, 156 Poisoning, 40, 69, 123, 137, 146, 148, 152, 157 Polymers, 125, 153, 160 Polymorphism, 153, 156 Polypeptide, 121, 129, 151, 153, 164 Polysaccharide, 122, 127, 153 Postmenopausal, 4, 153 Practice Guidelines, 105, 153 Precursor, 121, 133, 134, 135, 151, 153, 161, 162, 163 Prevalence, 6, 153 Progeny, 130, 153 Progressive, 132, 133, 139, 148, 153, 155 Proline, 58, 129, 141, 153 Promoter, 8, 50, 153 Prophylaxis, 4, 17, 18, 59, 72, 153, 162 Propionibacterium, 47, 76, 80, 81, 86, 153 Protein C, 16, 29, 53, 67, 74, 80, 89, 121, 123, 124, 145, 153, 162 Protein Conformation, 121, 153 Protein S, 71, 92, 125, 128, 135, 148, 153, 159 Proteolytic, 129, 135, 150, 154 Protons, 120, 141, 143, 154 Protozoa, 130, 131, 147, 154, 159, 162

172 Acidophilus

Public Policy, 103, 154 Publishing, 6, 154 Pulmonary, 62, 125, 130, 140, 154, 160 Purgative, 134, 144, 154 Purines, 154, 157 Purulent, 154, 163 Pyogenic, 135, 154 Q Quinine, 34, 60, 128, 154 R Race, 154 Radiation, 92, 137, 143, 154, 155, 163 Radioactive, 141, 142, 149, 154 Radioimmunotherapy, 154, 155 Radiotherapy, 21, 154, 155 Randomized, 9, 14, 28, 134, 155 Reagent, 155, 156 Receptor, 122, 133, 155, 157 Recombinant, 50, 155 Recombination, 7, 130, 155 Reconstitution, 78, 155 Rectal, 14, 41, 155 Rectum, 122, 125, 133, 136, 137, 144, 155, 160 Red blood cells, 140, 155, 157 Refer, 1, 129, 136, 140, 145, 148, 155 Refraction, 155, 158 Regeneration, 155 Regimen, 134, 155 Rehydration, 12, 155 Renal failure, 86, 155 Renin, 121, 155 Repressor, 149, 155 Resection, 155, 158 Respiration, 77, 126, 155 Restoration, 155, 156 Retina, 156 Reversion, 156, 162 Rheumatoid, 149, 156 Ribotyping, 12, 156 Rickettsiae, 156, 162 Rigidity, 152, 156 Risk factor, 4, 35, 156 Ristocetin, 156, 163 Rod, 57, 58, 73, 87, 123, 124, 128, 135, 144, 145, 153, 156, 163 Rotavirus, 33, 69, 156 Rubber, 18, 119, 156 Ruthenium, 21, 156 Ruthenium Red, 21, 156 S Saliva, 9, 147, 156

Salivary, 131, 132, 133, 156 Salivary glands, 131, 132, 133, 156 Salmonella, 7, 11, 22, 34, 37, 50, 76, 137, 156, 157 Salmonella typhi, 37, 50, 157 Salmonella typhimurium, 37, 50, 157 Saponins, 78, 157, 159 Saprophyte, 123, 157 Satiation, 82, 157 Screening, 9, 128, 157 Secretion, 58, 59, 140, 144, 147, 157 Secretory, 58, 157 Sedatives, Barbiturate, 124, 157 Semisynthetic, 127, 128, 157 Sepsis, 20, 123, 157 Serine, 58, 128, 157, 161 Serotonin, 157, 161 Serous, 129, 157 Sertraline, 10, 157 Serum, 14, 22, 24, 55, 58, 121, 127, 129, 145, 151, 155, 157 Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 6, 15, 41, 157 Shedding, 37, 38, 47, 157 Short Bowel Syndrome, 26, 157 Side effect, 4, 61, 63, 120, 125, 158, 161 Silage, 144, 145, 158 Small intestine, 88, 127, 134, 140, 143, 158, 161 Smooth muscle, 121, 126, 140, 158, 160 Sneezing, 157, 158 Social Support, 158, 159 Sodium, 65, 70, 138, 154, 158, 160 Sodium Bicarbonate, 70, 158 Sodium Channels, 154, 158 Soft tissue, 153, 158 Solvent, 124, 135, 146, 149, 158 Spasmodic, 119, 158 Spastic, 41, 143, 158 Specialist, 109, 158 Spectrum, 65, 85, 91, 158, 163 Sperm, 128, 158 Spinal cord, 127, 128, 137, 148, 151, 158 Spleen, 29, 123, 131, 145, 159 Spores, 123, 159 Stabilization, 81, 159 Stabilizer, 60, 66, 67, 90, 159 Staphylococcus, 28, 51, 137, 159 Staphylococcus aureus, 51, 137, 159 Steroid, 124, 157, 159 Stimulant, 56, 126, 140, 159, 163 Stimulus, 143, 159

Index 173

Stomach, 20, 29, 80, 81, 119, 133, 135, 137, 140, 148, 151, 158, 159 Stool, 143, 144, 159 Streptococcus, 36, 51, 55, 56, 57, 62, 63, 66, 67, 72, 75, 77, 83, 88, 135, 159 Streptomycin, 53, 159 Stress, 53, 73, 89, 91, 137, 143, 148, 150, 156, 159 Stress management, 91, 159 Stroke, 102, 126, 159 Styrene, 156, 160 Subacute, 142, 160 Subclinical, 142, 160 Subspecies, 158, 160 Substance P, 26, 135, 155, 156, 157, 159, 160 Substrate, 63, 71, 78, 81, 160 Sulfur, 146, 160 Supplementation, 4, 17, 36, 38, 160 Suppositories, 137, 160 Suppression, 61, 160 Surfactant, 149, 160, 163 Suspensions, 81, 82, 160, 162 Symbiosis, 78, 160 Symptomatic, 72, 160 Systemic, 123, 125, 126, 135, 142, 158, 160 T Taurine, 124, 128, 160 Taurocholic Acid, 55, 160 Therapeutics, 6, 9, 160 Threonine, 58, 157, 160 Thrombin, 136, 152, 153, 160 Thrombomodulin, 153, 160 Thrombosis, 124, 153, 159, 161 Thyroid, 143, 161, 162 Thyroxine, 151, 161 Time Management, 159, 161 Tolerance, 13, 17, 21, 28, 50, 161 Topical, 6, 43, 65, 123, 127, 135, 141, 150, 158, 161 Toxic, iv, 11, 58, 76, 87, 124, 128, 130, 139, 141, 146, 160, 161, 163 Toxicity, 133, 134, 146, 156, 161 Toxicology, 104, 161 Toxins, 92, 122, 134, 135, 142, 154, 161 Trace element, 39, 128, 129, 161 Transfection, 125, 161 Translation, 135, 148, 161 Translocating, 29, 50, 123, 161 Translocation, 123, 128, 135, 161 Trauma, 139, 148, 161 Trees, 128, 152, 156, 161

Tropical Sprue, 15, 161 Trypsin, 128, 135, 161, 164 Tryptophan, 58, 129, 157, 161 Tuberculosis, 130, 162 TYPHI, 162 Typhimurium, 7, 11, 34, 37, 162 Typhoid fever, 157, 162 Tyrosine, 58, 133, 162 U Ulcer, 134, 151, 162 Ultrafiltration, 140, 162 Unconscious, 121, 141, 162 Urea, 58, 87, 162 Uremia, 155, 162 Ureters, 162 Urethra, 162 Urinary, 3, 39, 42, 128, 131, 162 Urinary tract, 3, 162 Urinary tract infection, 3, 162 Urine, 4, 77, 125, 127, 132, 133, 162 Uterus, 83, 127, 162 V Vaccination, 10, 162 Vaccines, 59, 162, 163 Vagina, 35, 53, 73, 124, 126, 127, 132, 133, 144, 162, 163 Vaginal, 4, 6, 11, 12, 15, 28, 42, 83, 149, 163 Vaginitis, 6, 17, 18, 42, 126, 163 Vaginosis, 6, 10, 18, 35, 163 Valine, 58, 163 Vancomycin, 28, 34, 163 Vascular, 142, 163 Vegetable Proteins, 59, 152, 163 Veins, 77, 125, 163 Venous, 124, 153, 163 Veterinary Medicine, 103, 163 Viral, 72, 85, 108, 119, 134, 163 Virus, 24, 40, 64, 71, 72, 85, 91, 119, 123, 138, 152, 163, 164 Viscosity, 67, 119, 163 Vitro, 7, 163 Vivo, 7, 163 W Weight Gain, 104, 163 Wetting Agents, 149, 163 White blood cell, 122, 129, 142, 144, 145, 147, 152, 163 Womb, 162, 163 X X-ray, 137, 149, 155, 159, 163

174 Acidophilus

Y Yeasts, 18, 58, 71, 81, 126, 136, 137, 143, 163 Yersinia, 163, 164 Yersinia enterocolitica, 163

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, 164 Z Zoster, 72, 164 Zygote, 130, 164 Zymogen, 128, 153, 164

Index 175

176 Acidophilus

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