COLLOIDAL SILVER A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Colloidal Silver: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83834-8 1. Colloidal Silver-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail:
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on colloidal silver. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. NUTRITION AND COLLOIDAL SILVER ........................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Finding Nutrition Studies on Colloidal Silver .............................................................................. 3 Federal Resources on Nutrition ..................................................................................................... 5 Additional Web Resources ............................................................................................................. 6 CHAPTER 2. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND COLLOIDAL SILVER ..................................................... 7 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 7 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................... 7 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 11 General References ....................................................................................................................... 12 CHAPTER 3. DISSERTATIONS ON COLLOIDAL SILVER ..................................................................... 13 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 13 Dissertations on Colloidal Silver ................................................................................................. 13 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 13 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON COLLOIDAL SILVER ............................................................................... 15 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 15 Patents on Colloidal Silver........................................................................................................... 15 Patent Applications on Colloidal Silver....................................................................................... 39 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 42 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON COLLOIDAL SILVER ................................................................................... 45 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 45 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 45 Chapters on Colloidal Silver ........................................................................................................ 46 CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON COLLOIDAL SILVER ..................................................... 47 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 47 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 47 Academic Periodicals covering Colloidal Silver........................................................................... 49 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 53 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 53 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 53 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 55 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 58 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 59 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 61 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 63 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 63 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 63 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 69 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 69 COLLOIDAL SILVER DICTIONARY......................................................................................... 71 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 91
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with colloidal silver is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about colloidal silver, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to colloidal silver, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on colloidal silver. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to colloidal silver, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on colloidal silver. The Editors
1
From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. NUTRITION AND COLLOIDAL SILVER Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and colloidal silver.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Colloidal Silver The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.2 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “colloidal silver” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
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Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “colloidal silver” (or a synonym): •
An improved colloidal silver staining method of protein blots on nitrocellulose membranes. Author(s): Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava. Source: Kovarik, A Hlubinova, K Vrbenska, A Prachar, J Folia-Biol-(Praha). 1987; 33(4): 253-7 0015-5500
•
Argyria following the use of dietary supplements containing colloidal silver protein. Author(s): Good Samaritan Regional Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona 85006, USA. Source: Gulbranson, S H Hud, J A Hansen, R C Cutis. 2000 November; 66(5): 373-4 00114162
•
Determination of proteins at nanogram levels by their quenching effect on large particle scattering of colloidal silver chloride. Author(s): Department of Chemistry, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, PR China. Source: Zhu, C Q Li, D H Zhu, Q Z Zheng, H Chen, Q Y Yang, H H Xu, J G Fresenius-JAnal-Chem. 2000 April; 366(8): 863-8 0937-0633
•
Methods in pathology. The use of a colloidal silver (AgNOR) method in assessing bone marrow iron stores and sideroblasts. Author(s): Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison. Source: Nikicicz, E P Norback, D H Mod-Pathol. 1991 May; 4(3): 363-7 0893-3952
•
Over-the-counter drug products containing colloidal silver ingredients or silver salts. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Public Health Service (PHS), Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Final rule. Source: Anonymous Fed-Regist. 1999 August 17; 64(158): 44653-8 0097-6326
•
Quantification of proteins in sample buffer for sodium dodecyl sulfatepolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis using colloidal silver. Author(s): Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Prague. Source: Draber, P Electrophoresis. 1991 June; 12(6): 453-6 0173-0835
•
Rapid and highly sensitive colloidal silver staining on cellulose acetate membrane for analysis of urinary proteins. Author(s): School of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan. Source: Hiratsuka, N Shiba, K Shinomura, K Hosaki, S J-Clin-Lab-Anal. 1996; 10(6): 4036 0887-8013
•
Sensitive method for detection and semiquantification of Bence Jones protein by cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis using colloidal silver staining. Author(s): Graduate School of Allied Health Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan. Source: Matsuda, K Hiratsuka, N Koyama, T Kurihara, Y Hotta, O Itoh, Y Shiba, K ClinChem. 2001 April; 47(4): 763-6 0009-9147
•
Stability of nystatin in mouthrinses; effect of pH temperature, concentration and colloidal silver addition, studied using an in vitro antifungal activity. Author(s): Pharmacy Service, Jean Verdier Hospital AP-HP, Bondy, France. Source: Vermerie, N Malbrunot, C Azar, M Arnaud, P Pharm-World-Sci. 1997 August; 19(4): 197-201 0928-1231
Nutrition
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•
Surface enhanced Raman scattering of 2,2' biquinoline adsorbed on colloidal silver particles. Author(s): Department of Spectroscopy, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Calculta. Source: Chowdhury, J Ghosh, M Misra, T N Spectrochim-Acta-A-Mol-Biomol-Spectrosc. 2000 October; 56A(11): 2107-15 1386-1425
•
Surface interactions of a homologous series of alpha,omega-amino acids on colloidal silver and gold. Author(s): Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Los Angeles, 90095-1569, USA. Source: Ooka, A A Kuhar, K A Cho, N Garrell, R L Biospectroscopy. 1999; 5(1): 9-17 1075-4261
•
Surface-enhanced Raman analysis of sulfa drugs on colloidal silver dispersion. Author(s): Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611. Source: Sutherland, W S Laserna, J J Angebranndt, M J Winefordner, J D Anal-Chem. 1990 April 1; 62(7): 689-93 0003-2700
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
•
The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
•
Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
•
Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
•
WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
•
WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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CHAPTER 2. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND COLLOIDAL SILVER Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to colloidal silver. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to colloidal silver and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “colloidal silver” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to colloidal silver: •
“Golden blot”--detection of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies bound to antigens on nitrocellulose by protein A-gold complexes. Author(s): Brada D, Roth J. Source: Analytical Biochemistry. 1984 October; 142(1): 79-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6083736&dopt=Abstract
•
A colloidal silver chloride solution for bladder instillation. Author(s): TUOVINEN PI, PAALANEN A. Source: Urologia Internationalis. 1961; 11: 23-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13778629&dopt=Abstract
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•
A colloidal silver staining--destaining method for precise assignment of immunoreactive spots in two-dimensional protein patterns. Author(s): Vettermann C, Jack HM, Mielenz D. Source: Analytical Biochemistry. 2002 September 15; 308(2): 381-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12419353&dopt=Abstract
•
An improved colloidal silver staining method of protein blots on nitrocellulose membranes. Author(s): Kovarik A, Hlubinova K, Vrbenska A, Prachar J. Source: Folia Biol (Praha). 1987; 33(4): 253-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2444470&dopt=Abstract
•
Antibacterial efficacy of a colloidal silver complex. Author(s): Brentano L, Margraf H, Monafo WW, Moyer CA. Source: Surg Forum. 1966; 17: 76-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5922198&dopt=Abstract
•
Argyria associated with colloidal silver supplementation. Author(s): McKenna JK, Hull CM, Zone JJ. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2003 July; 42(7): 549. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12839605&dopt=Abstract
•
Argyria following the use of dietary supplements containing colloidal silver protein. Author(s): Gulbranson SH, Hud JA, Hansen RC. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 2000 November; 66(5): 373-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11107524&dopt=Abstract
•
Colloidal silver proteins marketed as health supplements. Author(s): Fung MC, Weintraub M, Bowen DL. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1995 October 18; 274(15): 1196-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7563503&dopt=Abstract
•
Colloidal silver staining of electroblotted proteins for high sensitivity peptide mapping by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Author(s): van Oostveen I, Ducret A, Aebersold R. Source: Analytical Biochemistry. 1997 May 1; 247(2): 310-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9177693&dopt=Abstract
•
Concentration-dependent surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering of a porphyrin derivative adsorbed on colloidal silver particles. Author(s): Chowdhury J, Ghosh M, Pal P, Misra TN.
Alternative Medicine
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Source: Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 2003 July 1; 263(1): 318-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12804918&dopt=Abstract •
Controversies over colloidal silver. Author(s): Lansdown AB. Source: J Wound Care. 2003 March; 12(3): 120. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12677875&dopt=Abstract
•
Desoxyribonucleic acid synthesizing peripheral blood cells studied by in vitro uptake of 3H-thymidine. 3. Studies on desoxyribonucleic acid synthesizing cells in peripheral blood of rabbits experimentally treated with x-irradiation, injection of colloidal silver solution and acute bleeding. Author(s): MISAWA Y. Source: Yokohama Med Bull. 1961 February; 12: 31-41. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13771259&dopt=Abstract
•
Determination of proteins at nanogram levels by their quenching effect on large particle scattering of colloidal silver chloride. Author(s): Zhu CQ, Li DH, Zhu QZ, Zheng H, Chen QY, Yang HH, Xu JG. Source: Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry. 2000 April; 366(8): 863-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11227423&dopt=Abstract
•
Increased specificity of colloidal silver staining by means of chemical attenuation. Author(s): Meywald T, Scherthan H, Nagl W. Source: Hereditas. 1996; 124(1): 63-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8690615&dopt=Abstract
•
Methods in pathology. The use of a colloidal silver (AgNOR) method in assessing bone marrow iron stores and sideroblasts. Author(s): Nikicicz EP, Norback DH. Source: Modern Pathology : an Official Journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc. 1991 May; 4(3): 363-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2068063&dopt=Abstract
•
Quantification of proteins in sample buffer for sodium dodecyl sulfatepolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis using colloidal silver. Author(s): Draber P. Source: Electrophoresis. 1991 June; 12(6): 453-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1716200&dopt=Abstract
•
Radiolysis reactions of colloidal silver and silver bromide. Author(s): Johnston FJ, Mehrotra KN, Huh Y.
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Colloidal Silver
Source: Radiation Research. 1970 November; 44(2): 323-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5490486&dopt=Abstract •
Rapid and highly sensitive colloidal silver staining on cellulose acetate membrane for analysis of urinary proteins. Author(s): Hiratsuka N, Shiba K, Shinomura K, Hosaki S. Source: Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis. 1996; 10(6): 403-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8951610&dopt=Abstract
•
Rapid and sensitive colloidal silver staining on cellulose acetate membranes. Author(s): Kovarik A, Ondrkalova M, Prachar J, Stofko J. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 1992 June 15; 208(1-2): 137-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1638750&dopt=Abstract
•
Sensitive method for detection and semiquantification of Bence Jones protein by cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis using colloidal silver staining. Author(s): Matsuda K, Hiratsuka N, Koyama T, Kurihara Y, Hotta O, Itoh Y, Shiba K. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 2001 April; 47(4): 763-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11274035&dopt=Abstract
•
Severe generalized argyria secondary to ingestion of colloidal silver protein. Author(s): White JM, Powell AM, Brady K, Russell-Jones R. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2003 May; 28(3): 254-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12780705&dopt=Abstract
•
Stability of nystatin in mouthrinses; effect of pH temperature, concentration and colloidal silver addition, studied using an in vitro antifungal activity. Author(s): Vermerie N, Malbrunot C, Azar M, Arnaud P. Source: Pharmacy World & Science : Pws. 1997 August; 19(4): 197-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9297733&dopt=Abstract
•
Surface enhanced Raman scattering of 2,2' biquinoline adsorbed on colloidal silver particles. Author(s): Chowdhury J, Ghosh M, Misra TN. Source: Spectrochimica Acta. Part A, Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy. 2000 October; 56A(11): 2107-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11058055&dopt=Abstract
•
Surface interactions of a homologous series of alpha,omega-amino acids on colloidal silver and gold. Author(s): Ooka AA, Kuhar KA, Cho N, Garrell RL.
Alternative Medicine 11
Source: Biospectroscopy. 1999; 5(1): 9-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10219877&dopt=Abstract •
Surface-enhanced Raman analysis of sulfa drugs on colloidal silver dispersion. Author(s): Sutherland WS, Laserna JJ, Angebranndt MJ, Winefordner JD. Source: Analytical Chemistry.
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to colloidal silver; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Burns Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
•
Herbs and Supplements Colloidal Silver Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 3. DISSERTATIONS ON COLLOIDAL SILVER Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to colloidal silver. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “colloidal silver” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on colloidal silver, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Colloidal Silver ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to colloidal silver. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
Infrared, Raman and Surface-enhanced Resonance Raman Scattering of Nbutylimido, Ethyleneamine Perylene (ptcd-nh(2)): Single-molecule Detection Using Colloidal Silver and Silver Island Films by Lemma Mukria, Tibebe; Msc from University of Windsor (canada), 2002, 82 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ75927
Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON COLLOIDAL SILVER Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.3 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “colloidal silver” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on colloidal silver, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Colloidal Silver By performing a patent search focusing on colloidal silver, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 3Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on colloidal silver: •
Colloidal silver, honey, and helichrysum oil antiseptic composition and method of application Inventor(s): Tyler; Kathleen A. (Route 5, Box 5285, Hermiston, OR 97838) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,785,972 Date filed: January 10, 1997 Abstract: A composition of matter comprising a therapeutically active compound with antiseptic and osmotic characteristics for treatment or therapy for burns and open wounds experienced by animals and man and in particular to the treatment of thermal burns on humans by use of spray, mist, dropper or saturated bandage application of the solution disclosed. The compound in solution form composed of colloidal silver, helichrysum angustifolium or helichrysum italicum oil and raw honey emulsified with water soluble lecithin by agitation. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to a composition of matter comprising a therapeutically active compound with antiseptic, osmotic and other characteristics, the process of preparing the compound in solution form and the process of application for treatment or therapy for burns and open wounds experienced by animals and man and in particular to the treatment of thermal burns on humans by use of spray, mist, dropper or saturated bandage application of the solution disclosed. This application principally discloses the compound comprising colloidal silver, Helichrysum angustifolium or helichrysum italicum oil and raw honey emulsified with water soluble lecithin by agitation, the process of preparing the compound and the process of application primarily by spray or mist for the treatment of burn and open wounds in animals and man. Silver complex compounds and colloidal silver are known in the prior art for use as therapeutic and antibacterial treatment of wounds experienced by humans primarily by thermal injury. Colloidal Silver, earlier used as an antibacterial therapy, has declined in use as a result of the development of modern antibiotics, the cost of production of the colloidal silver compounds and the possible adverse reaction of skin discoloration. The present disclosure is of a low viscosity colloidal silver based compound which has eliminated the risk of skin discoloration and which is produced at little cost. The disclosure is of a compound in solution form, and method of application of the solution, which has ease of preparation, long term storage life, is applied by spray without the immediate need for assistance of those with extensive medical education or experience and which effects substantial antibacterial activity. The disclosed invention is in particular pertinent for use by individuals remote from sophisticated medical care in application to trauma experienced by both human and animal. The use of silver nitrate, applied by spray, is noted in Early Treatment of Burns by Open Silver Nitrate Spray, W. E. Lockhart, M.D., Rhode Island Medical Journal September 1977, pages 423-6. NLM Citation ID 78054420. The efficacy of Colloidal Silver in relation to a Colloidal Silver Complex is discussed in Antibacterial Efficacy of A Colloidal Silver Complex, Loreno Brentano, M.D., Harry Margraf, William W. Monafo, M. C., and Carl A. Moyer, M.D., F.A.C.S., Surgical Forum American College of Surgeons; volume 17, 1966 pages 76-78 (application methods are not discussed with testing limited to in vitro); Colloidal Silver, published by The Association for Advanced Colloid Research, recites research by Harry Margraf and Carl A. Moyer, M.D. relating to antiseptic compounds and colloidal silver, pages 1-40 (17, 20, 21 and 29-31). The spray delivery of highly viscous creams, such as
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silver sulfadiazine cream, is disclosed as an apparatus in U.S. Pat. No. 4,551,139 to Plaas. The use of silver sulfadiazine with reference to possible aerosol dispersal of wet spray of hydrophilic ointment is found in U.S. Pat. No. 3,761,590 to Fox. Helichrysum angustifolium and italicum (also referred to as immortelle and everlasting) are natural plant oils and are recognized as essential oils with properties promoting the healing process, in human and animal, of traumatic wounds including burns. Helichrysum is the distilled oil produced from flowering heads of Helichrysum Angustifolium D.C. or Italicum and is generally known for the ability to enhance human or animal wound healing and is generally accepted to have antispasmodic, analgesic, antiseptic and antiinflammatory characteristics in relation to treatment of human or animal trauma. It is also reported to abate bleeding from wounds and in the reduction of scar tissue (The Complete Book of Essential Oils & Aroma-Therapy, pages 9, 400, Valerie Ann Worwood, published by New World Library, ISBN 0-931432-82-0; Aromatherapy Workbook, pages 16, 36, 58 and 60, published by Healing Arts Press, ISBN 0-89281-3466; Portraits in Oils, Philippe Mailhebiau, page 65, published by Saffron Walden, ISBN 085207-237-6). Helichrysum is available commercially. Raw honey is known to have antiseptic qualities(A Disaster Survival Guide, Cass Ingram, D.O., page 26, published by Literary Visions Publishing, Inc., ISBN 0-911119-44-2; Scientific American, December 1996, page 102). These references are provided herewith in an Information Disclosure Statement in accordance with 37 CFR 1.97. The present invention discloses a composition of matter comprising a therapeutically active compound with antiseptic, osmotic and other characteristics, the compound in solution, method of application of the solution, principally by a spray or mist application, and the process of preparing the solution for use in treatment of thermal burn and open wound injuries in humans and animals. Application may alternately be made by dropper or saturated bandage. Colloidal silver is combined with Helichrysum angustifolium or helichrysum italicum oil and raw honey and emulsified with water soluble lecithin by agitation. Helichrysum, a natural plant oil, is incorporated as an enhancing agent to the healing process. Raw honey provides antiseptic qualities and retards the loss of fluids from the trauma site. Water soluble lecithin is used as an emulsifier. The preferred embodiment of the compound is the combination of colloidal silver, helichrysum oil and raw honey which are emulsified in water soluble lecithin by agitation and then applied to the trauma site. The compound has no toxicity rating and may be applied with any desired frequency. There a no known allergic reaction or inter-actions associated with the compound. The compound contains no ingredients requiring dispensing by prescription. The shelf-life as been observed to be greater than one year. The colloidal silver effectively eliminates bacteria, virus and fungus precluding mutation and thus resistance to future use. There may be a degree of photosensitivity for up to 1/2 hour following application as a result of the inclusion of helichrysum. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05785972__ •
Color photographic multilayer material with improved color density Inventor(s): Glockner; Hans (Munich, DT), Kuffner; Karl (Unterhaching, DT), Thiers; Robrecht Julius (Brasschaat, BE), Willems; Jozef Frans (Wilrijk, BE), Zorn; Hugo (Munich-Lochhausen, DT) Assignee(s): Agfa-Gevaert Aktiengesellschaft (Leverkusen, DT) Patent Number: 3,945,829 Date filed: July 15, 1974
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Abstract: Heterocyclic mercapto compounds are added to a binder layer containing colloidal silver which is comprised in a color photographic multilayer material. The colloidal silver layer may be a yellow filter layer to prevent exposure of the green, and red recording layers to blue light, or an antihalation layer arranged between the layer support and the lowermost light sensitive silver halide emulsion layer. The heterocyclic mercapto compounds reduce the contact fog produced in the (first) developer and increase color density in reversal processing. Additionally there can be present in the colloidal silver layer a sensitizer for the blue, green or red spectral region. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a multilayer color photographic silver halide material comprising at least one binder layer which contains colloidal silver and in addition a heterocyclic mercapto compound to prevent the so-called contact fog produced during processing at the colloidal silver of said binder layer. Color photographic films are provided, for various purposes, with filter layers which contain colloidal silver. These filter layers are arranged adjacent to individual light-sensitive emulsion layers, for example the auxiliary layer between the blue sensitive and the green sensitive silver halide layer and may contain yellow colloidal silver. This yellow filter layer serves to keep the unwanted blue component of light away from the red and green sensitive emulsion layers. The layer which functions as antihalation layer between the support layer and the silver halide layer directly adjacent to it may contain black, brown or blue colloidal silver. Colored colloidal silver may also be incorporated in a covering layer to correct the color reproduction. These various layers which contain colloidal silver frequently have a deleterious effect on the adjacent emulsion layers, particularly if the color materials are treated with developers which contain complex forming substances for the silver halide in the emulsion layers, such as alkali metal thiocyanate or amino compounds or substantial quantities of sulfites and alkali metal halides. These complex forming compounds may cause physical development to take place at the nuclei of colloidal silver in the auxiliary layers. This has the effect of increasing the color fog in color negative materials and the quantity of fogging silver in the first developer in the case of color reversal materials so that the color density obtained by subsequent color forming development is correspondingly reduced. These disadvantageous phenomena are known as contact fog. The measures previously used to prevent contact fog have various disadvantages. For example the incorporation of separating layers which contain gelatine between the layer which contains colloidal silver and the light sensitive silver halide emulsion layers only incompletely prevented the formation of contact fog and had the added disadvantage of reducing the sharpness of the image. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US03945829__ •
Color photographic multilayered material with improved color density Inventor(s): Moll; Franz (Leverkusen, DT), Rosenhahn; Lothar (Cologne, DT) Assignee(s): AGFA-Gevaert, A.G. (Leverkusen, DT) Patent Number: 4,052,215 Date filed: November 8, 1976 Abstract: A color photographic material comprising at least one light-sensitive silver halide emulsion layer having preferably a non-diffusing color coupler associated to it and at least one non-lightsensitive binder layer containing a colloidal silver dispersion provides less contact fog and a better color reproduction if the non-lightsensitive binder layer containing the colloidal silver dispersion contains also a soluble iodide,
Patents 19
particularly sodium, potassium or ammonium iodide. Alternatively the soluble iodide may also be contained in a non-lightsensitive binder layer adjacent that binder layer which contains the silver dispersion. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a colour photographic multi-layered material containing filter layers of colloidal silver, in which materail soluble iodides are added to the filter layers to prevent contact fog in adjacent silver halide layers. For various purposes, colour photographic films have filter layers containing colloidal silver arranged adjacent to the individual light-sensitive silver halide emulsion layers. Thus, for example, the auxiliary layer between the blue sensitive and the green sensitive silver halide layer may contain yellow colloidal silver. This yellow filter layer serves to keep the unwanted blue portion of light away from the red sensitive and green sensitive emulsion layers. An anthihalation auxiliary layer between the support layer and the immediately adjacent silver halide layer may comprise black, brown or blue colloidal silver. A covering layer may also contain coloured colloidal silver for correcting the colour reproduction. The colloidal silver is removed from the photographic material during the photographic process by being first converted into silver halide in the bleaching bath and then dissolved in the fixing bath. These various layers containing colloidal silver frequently have a hramful effect on the adjacent emulsion layers, particularly if the colour photographic materials are treated with developers which contain substances which function as complex formers for the silver halide in the emulsion layers, for example alkali metal thiocyanates, amine compounds or substantial quantities of sulfphites and alkali metal halides. These complex formers may give rise to physical development on the colloidal silver particles in the auxiliary layers. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04052215__ •
Color-photographic recording material Inventor(s): Kampfer; Helmut (Cologne, DE), Langen; Hans (Bonn, DE), Ranz; Erwin (Leverkusen, DE) Assignee(s): Agfa Gevaert Aktiengesellschaft (Leverkusen, DE) Patent Number: 4,576,907 Date filed: August 29, 1984 Abstract: Compounds corresponding to the following formula(MS--Het--(Ar).sub.m -NR.sup.1 --CO).sub.n R.sup.2which are contained in a color-photographic recording material in a silver-free layer between a layer containing colloidal silver and a silver halide emulsion layer, improve the storage stability of the material. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a colour-photographic recording material which has an improved fog resistance and has at least one photosensitive silver halide emulsion layer and at least one layer which contains colloidal silver. Photographic materials, in particular colour photographic multilayer materials, are exposed to a number of disadvantageous changes during storage, among which the loss of sensitivity and the increase in fog are particularly significant. These defects occur particularly readily if the material contains layers which, in turn, contain colloidal silver as the light-absorbing medium. Such layers are positioned between the blue-sensitive and the green- and redsensitive layers, for example as a silver yellow filter layer (according to Carey Lea) to absorb undesirable blue light. Furthermore, an anti-halation layer which contains grey, black or blue colloidal silver may be positioned under the photosensitive layers, in order to prevent the back-scatter of light into the photosensitive layers and thus to
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prevent a deterioration in definition. The advantage of silver as a light-absorbing medium compared to organic dyes for filter layers is generally that the same absorption effect may be achieved with substantially thinner layers. On the other hand, a layer containing colloidal silver may have a disadvantageous effect on the photographic properties of the adjacent photosensitive dividing layers. This may be manifested, in particular during storage, by increased fog and a loss of sensitivity. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04576907__ •
Composition for antistatic finish Inventor(s): Ichikawa; Yoshio (Kanagawa, JP) Assignee(s): Kabushiki Kaisya Nippankenkyusyo (Yokohama, JP) Patent Number: 6,004,889 Date filed: April 28, 1998 Abstract: Disclosed is a compositions for antistatic finish, which is useful for antistatic stockings, comprising (a) 100 parts by weight of colloidal or ultrafine granular alumina on a solid basis, (b) 3 parts to 50 parts by weight of a binder on a solid basis, (c) 0.02 part to 2 parts by weight of at least one selected from the group consisting of silver salts, copper salts and colloidal silver on a metallic atom basis, and (d) 848 parts to 896.08 parts by weight of water (including water occasionally contained in the components of (a) to (c)). Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to compositions for antistatic finish and antistatic stockings using the compositions. More particularly, the present invention relates to compositions for imparting an antistatic finish, for forming transparent films excellent in antistatic, deodorizing, antimicrobial, drying, heat radiating and self cleaning (degrease-decomposing) properties on surfaces of clothes such as woven fabrics, knitted fabrics and nonwoven fabrics, leathers or tatami mats, and antistatic stockings using the compositions. Previously, no optimum methods have been found for improving the antistatic and drying (hydrophilic) properties of clothes, particularly synthetic fiber clothes, while providing deodorizing and antimicrobial properties at the same time. Methods for imparting the antistatic property by use of surfactants, and methods for providing the antimicrobial and deodorizing properties by mixing drugs or inorganic or organic antimicrobial agents with resins have been proposed. However, all of these methods have problems with regard to their performances. It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide compositions for antistatic finish, for forming transparent films excellent in antistatic, deodorizing, antimicrobial, drying, heat radiating and self cleaning (degrease-decomposing) properties on surfaces of clothes such as woven fabrics, knitted fabrics and nonwoven fabrics, leathers or tatami mats. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06004889__
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Conductive sheath/core heterofilament Inventor(s): Kinkel; Richard L. (Charlotte, NC) Assignee(s): Fiber Industries, Inc. (Charlotte, NC) Patent Number: 4,185,137 Date filed: October 17, 1977
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Abstract: Conductive thermoplastic sheath/core filaments having a reflectivity greater than 8 percent in the undelustered filament and fiber blends containing at least some of said conductive filaments. The sheath/core filament employs as a core a thermoplastic polymer having dispersed therein a material selected from the group consisting of zinc oxide, cuprous iodide, colloidal silver and colloidal graphite. The conductive filament when blended with nonconductive filaments is found to have utility as face yarns in pile fabrics. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to conductive filaments and more specifically to conductive thermoplastic continuous filaments having a color suitable for use in textile applications. Small percentages of conductive fibers in a blend with organic fibers have the propensity of dissipating electrostatic charges. In general, these fibers must have a resistance of less than 10.sup.9 ohms/inch at a potential of 2 kilovolts direct current. The electrostatic dissipating capability of the fibers is achieved even when these fibers fail to provide a continuous electrical path, either as the result of insufficiency in amount or as the result of being highly dispersed in the blend. It is theorized that the conductive fibers dissipate the static fields by charge delocalization through a smearing of the fields. Conductive thermoplastic continuous filaments are known to the art, such filaments usually employing conductive surface coatings bonded to a filament substrate. While the carbon black and elemental metals employed in such surface coatings produce a high degree of conductivity in thermoplastic filaments, the intense coloration of these materials detracts from their use in textile applications. Representative of surface coated conductive thermoplastic filaments employing carbon black or elemental metals as the conductive element is U.S. Pat. No. 3,582,445. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04185137__ •
Direct positive photographic material Inventor(s): Heki; Tatsuo (Kanagawa, JP), Inoue; Noriyuki (Kanagawa, JP) Assignee(s): Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. (Kanagawa, JP) Patent Number: 4,880,727 Date filed: September 28, 1987 Abstract: A direct positive photographic material comprising a support having provided thereon one or more hydrophilic colloid containing layers, wherein at least one of said hydrophilic colloid containing layers is an internal latent image type silver halide emulsion which has not been previously fogged and at least one of said emulsion layer or other hydrophilic colloid containing layer contains a colloidal metal or a colloidal water-insoluble metallic sulfide, selenide or telluride, and a method for forming a direct positive from the direct positive photographic material in which a light-sensitive material contains at least two layers containing colloidal silver. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a positive photographic material. Photography by directly obtaining a positive image (a direct positive) without requiring a reversal process and a negative film is well known in the art. Taking practical utility into consideration, conventional techniques for obtaining a positive from a direct positive silver halide photographic material, exclusive of special materials, are divided chiefly into the following two types. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04880727__
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•
Disinfecting system for hemodialysis apparatus Inventor(s): Johnson; Lee D. (9409 Randall Dr. NW., Gig Harbor, WA 98332) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,027,469 Date filed: December 3, 1998 Abstract: A colloidal silver solution is introduced as a disinfectant to the blood and dialysate sides of a hemodialysis system at the conclusion of a dialysis session and is not flushed from the system until another dialysis is to be performed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the reuse of components in a hemodialysis system, and particularly, the manner of disinfecting them. The reuse of disposable artificial kidneys has grown greatly in the United States to the extent that reuse is reported to be practiced by more than 75% of all hemodialysis facilities. Reuse requires a cleaning and disinfecting program between uses for the dialyzer, blood and dialysate tubing sets, and related apparatus that guarantees bacteriological safety, the avoidance of contamination by the chemicals used in the cleaning and disinfecting process, and maintenance of the transfer efficiency of the dialyzer membrane. Economic concerns dictate that the reuse cycle be expedited and involve as little expense as possible. In the past, various reuse procedures and apparatus have been developed to substantially automate cleaning, rinsing and sterilization cycles. U.S. Pat. No. 4,695,385 discloses a reuse system which has enjoyed some success. In this system as normally practiced, sterilization is accomplished by use of a formaldehyde solution, and it is essential that the blood, tubing and blood side of the dialyzer be absolutely free of formaldehyde before reuse since formaldehyde is extremely toxic if permitted to enter a patient's blood stream. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06027469__
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Dye image-generating photographic elements Inventor(s): King; Roy (Bushey, GB2), Southby; David T. (Harrow, GB2) Assignee(s): Eastman Kodak Company (Rochester, NY) Patent Number: 4,471,049 Date filed: August 22, 1983 Abstract: Photographic elements intended to generate dye images containing at least one colloidal silver layer and at least one hydroquinone antistain agent have been observed to suffer from random fog spotting, which can be reduced by incorporating a catalyst for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. The imagewise exposed elements when photographically processed and bleached of silver produce viewable dye images. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to dye image-generating photographic elements containing at least one colloidal silver layer and at least one hydroquinone antistain agent. Photographic elements which produce viewable images consisting essentially of dye, hereinafter also referred to as dye image-generating photographic elements, and which contain both colloidal silver and hydroquinone antistain agent are well known in the photographic art. Such photographic elements can be illustrated by silver halide photographic elements containing a colloidal silver layer. Yellow colloidal silver, also referred to as Carey Lea silver or CLS, is employed in silver halide photographic elements to protect minus blue--i.e., green and/or red sensitized silver halide emulsion
Patents 23
layers--from exposure to blue light. Grey colloidal silver is sometimes employed to reduce halation. Colloidal silver is also sometimes used in interlayers to control interimage effects. Hydroquinone antistain agents are commonly used in and/or between silver halide emulsion layers to reduce migration of oxidized developing agent between layers of the photographic element. To provide a specific illustration, in photographic elements intended to generate multicolor dye images it is conventional practice to coat on a support three separate superimposed dye image-generating layer units, each including at least one silver halide emulsion layer. Within one dye imagegenerating layer unit is located a blue sensitive silver halide emulsion, usually in combination with at least one compound capable of generating a yellow dye image, typically a yellow dye-forming coupler. Within another dye image-generating layer unit is located a blue sensitive silver halide emulsion which is spectrally sensitized to the green portion of the spectrum, usually also containing at least one compound capable of generating a magenta dye image, typically a magenta dye-forming coupler. Within a third dye image-generating layer unit is located a blue sensitive silver halide emulsion which is spectrally sensitized to the red portion of the spectrum, usually also containing a compound capable of generating a cyan dye image, typically a cyan dye-forming coupler. In each layer unit the image dye generating compound can be located in the emulsion layer or in an adjacent, usually contiguous layer. To protect the green and red sensitized silver halide emulsions from exposure to blue light it is common practice to coat a yellow colloidal silver layer to lie between the dye image-generating layer units containing these emulsions and the source of exposing radiation. Image dye is typically generated as a direct or inverse function of imagewise exposure of silver halide during photographic development. Reaction of developing agent with the silver halide grains during development produces oxidized developing agent which then reacts with the compound capable of generating the dye image, typically "coupling" with the dyeforming coupler to form a dye. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04471049__ •
Hair growth promoter and method of using same Inventor(s): Kirkpatrick; Carole M. (R.R. 2, Box 214, Beecher City, IL 62414) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,932,251 Date filed: April 20, 1998 Abstract: A hair growth promoter capable of acting as a cosmetic, reducing alopecia, eliminating alopecia, increasing hair growth or any combination thereof is disclosed. The hair growth promoter comprises a colloidal silver, copper and gold complex in a cosmetically acceptable carrier, formed from silver, copper and gold colloids made electrically. The promoter is applied to a treatment area in an amount sufficient to wet the scalp at least one time a week. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a hair growth promoter containing a colloidal silver, copper and gold complex in a cosmetically acceptable carrier formed from a mixture of silver, copper and gold colloids made electrically. The promoter is capable of acting as a cosmetic, reducing alopecia, eliminating alopecia, stimulating hair growth or any combination thereof. Hair loss is a common problem, in both men and women, the most common form being androgenetic alopecia (AGA) where males lose scalp hair as they get older (i.e., male pattern baldness). Other hair loss afflictions include alopecia arcata (AA), female pattern baldness and hair loss secondary to
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chemotherapy and/or radiation treatment (i.e., secondary alopecia). Although the only physical effect of hair loss is cosmetic, the psychological effects can be devastating and the pressure to find an effective treatment is intense. A variety of procedures and drugs have been utilized in an attempt to treat hair loss. A common technique includes hair transplantation. Briefly, plugs of skin containing hair are transplanted from areas of the scalp where hair is growing to bald or balding areas of the scalp. This procedure, however, is time-consuming and relatively painful. Other approaches include ultraviolet radiation and exercise therapy. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05932251__ •
Low coating weight silver halide element and process Inventor(s): Blake, deceased; Ralph Kingsley (LATE OF Westfield, NJ) Assignee(s): E. I. Du Pont de Nemours and Company (Wilmington, DE) Patent Number: 4,047,956 Date filed: November 17, 1975 Abstract: A novel photographic imaging element which comprises a support, at least one photosensitive silver halide layer, and at least one layer of colorant (e.g., colloidal silver), bleachable with an oxidizing bleach in accordance with images formed in the silver halide layer. Images are formed with such elements by imagewise exposure of the photosensitive silver halide layer and conventional development of the image therein followed by imagewise bleaching the colorant layer with an oxidizing bleach to reduce the optical density in areas of the colorant layer to form an image thereon corresponding to the developed image in the silver halide layer. The combined images in the photosensitive silver halide layer and the imagewise bleached colorant layer form a composite, high quality image having high density and efficiency in the use of silver, providing a substantial reduction in silver halide coating weight over conventional, allsilver halide elements. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an improvement in the field of photographic silver halide imaging systems and, particularly, to novel silver halide photographic imaging systems employing reduced amounts of photoactive silver halide in conjunction with a chemically bleachable colorant to provide increased image density. These systems are useful in applications in which silver halide photographic elements are used and are particularly useful in X-ray films and graphic arts films, e.g., lithographic films, among others. Unlike the present invention, photographic silver halide elements of the prior art rely entirely on developed silver to form an image, or in the case of color films, on dye formed imagewise in or near the silver halide layer, the formation of which is catalized by the development of the exposed silver halide. Such elements are not suited to some uses, may require long development times in the case of color films, and may have low transmission density and low or moderate covering power as measured by transmission density. Attempts have been made to produce silver halide photographic films which have high covering power and which therefore require less silver halide to produce an image, e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 3,413,122 and references cited therein. In that patent an element is described having a silver halide emulsion layer and an inner emulsion layer containing unfogged internal silver halide grains. In such an element the inner layer has a very low optical density and no image until an image is formed in it by bringing up the optical density imagewise by development, thereby relying on the nature of the material of the inner layer to be able to develop sufficient image density. Such elements can generate silver images having increased covering power but are still limited to
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covering power obtainable by development of a silver halide emulsion in situ. Other elements of the prior art include those having a silver halide layer and an antihalation layer as in U.S. Pat. No. 1,971,430. The antihalation layer was not used as an imageforming layer, and such elements were neither designed for nor used in a process of imagewise bleaching of a colorant layer to produce an image in that layer. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04047956__ •
Method for obtaining a color contrast photographic image, photographic element and development composition suitable for the realization of said method Inventor(s): Busatto; Vinicio (Savona, IT), Franchi; Luigi (Ferrania, Savona, IT) Assignee(s): Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company (St. Paul, MN) Patent Number: 3,941,599 Date filed: June 20, 1975 Abstract: Color contrast photographic images may be produced in a photographic element comprising:1. a base2. at least one layer of a silver halide photographic emulsion dispersed in a hydrophilic colloidal binder and reactively associated with at least one color coupler, and3. at least one hydrophilic colloidal binder receptive layer containing dispersed silver condensation nuclei for the formation of colored colloidal silver, reactively associated with said emulsion layer, said nuclei and coupler selected to give rise to substantially differing colorsBy developing said photographic element in the presence of a p-phenylene diamine developer and carrying agent for silver halide. Excerpt(s): It is known in the photographic art that an image of a subject can be obtained in three different ways which, according to the terminology used in the present patent application, respectively correspond to black and white, color and color contrast photography. A black and white photographic system is capable of producing an image of the subject by means of a grey scale on an opaque, generally white background or on a transparent, colorless, or colored background. The various grey densities correspond to different quantities of reduced silver. In the particular case of radiography, the subject is generally reproduced on a transparent colorless or colored background by means of a grey scale which modulates a negative image (i.e., the parts of the subject transparent to X-rays appear dark and those opaque to X-rays appear bright). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US03941599__
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Method of grafting polymerizable monomers onto substrates Inventor(s): Horowitz; Carl (Brooklyn, NY), Sanduja; Mohan (Flushing, NY), Thottathil; Paulose (New Hyde Park, NY) Assignee(s): Polymer Research Corp. of America (Brooklyn, NY) Patent Number: 5,342,659 Date filed: March 12, 1993 Abstract: The invention relates to the chemical bonding of a polymer or polymers onto a non-metallic substrate such as cellophane by contacting the substrate with a grafting solution that contains monomers, prepolymers, catalysts and possibly other ingredients, to obtain graft polymerization onto the substrate with intimate bonding of the polymer onto the substrate surface, and curing the polymer on the substrate by microwave, laser
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or ultrasonic energy. The invention provides a method where the bonding of the polymer is effected solely by physical rather than chemical means by eliminating the use of silver nitrate in the pretreatment step and using microwave, laser or ultrasonic energy to polymerize the monomers and binding the resulting polymer to the substrate, with the resulting grafted polymer having the same characteristics as if the bonding was effected chemically with silver ions or colloidal silver. Excerpt(s): Polymers have been grafted onto non-metallic substrate surfaces, such as cellophane, for example, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,401,049. The basic process of grafting of the polymer comprises the contacting of the non-metallic body, for example, with a solution of silver nitrate and an alkali metal hydroxide, then contacting the thus treated body with a polymerizable composition of a polymerizable monomer and a catalyst, the polymerization taking place directly on the molecules of the substrate. As described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,401,049, the polymerization can take place at room temperature, in which case, considerable time is required, or it can be accelerated by heat. In more recent processing, the grafting of the polymer onto the substrate has utilized radiation, corona discharge, UV treatment and thermal treatment to accelerate the polymerization and cure the polymer. The processing is in general the same, namely the surface of the substrate activated by the reaction of silver nitrate with, e.g. sodium hydroxide is brought into contact with a grafting solution which contains the monomers, prepolymers, catalyst and graft initiator system, and the resulting graft treated surface is then subjected to cure as set forth above. However, all of the methods are either too hazardous, such as grafting by means of radiation, or too time and energy consuming, such as grafting by UV or thermal treatment. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05342659__ •
Method of preparing silver-doped vanadium pentoxide antistatic agent Inventor(s): Sandifer; James R. (Rochester, NY), Uerz; David S. (Ontario, NY) Assignee(s): Eastman Kodak Company (Rochester, NY) Patent Number: 6,503,468 Date filed: January 9, 2002 Abstract: A method of doping vanadium pentoxide with silver comprising the steps of: providing vanadium pentoxide gel providing stable colloidal silver and combining the vanadium pentoxide gel and the colloidal silver at room temperature for a period sufficient for vanadium (+5) to be electrochemically reduced to vanadium (+4) and for silver to be oxidized (+1). Excerpt(s): The invention concerns silver-doped vanadium pentoxide antistatic agents in general, and in particular, a method for preparing the antistatic agent at room temperature and recovering a product with minimal precipitates. The preparation and use of vanadium pentoxide is of interest in the manufacture of radiation sensitive elements in general and to the photographic industry in particular. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,203,769 describes the preparation of a material suitable for use as an antistat in radiation-sensitive elements in general and photographic products in particular. The preparation involves forming a melt comprised of at least 80% by weight of vanadium pentoxide and casting the melt into a solubilizing amount of water. The resultant product may be euphemistically referred to as "Vanadium Oxide", "gelled (or hydrated) Vanadium Oxide", "colloidal vanadium oxide" or V.sub.2 O.sub.5 (the chemical composition of divanadium pentoxide) but, in truth, the precise composition is
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unknown. It has the physical form of microscopic fibers that have been referred to as "living polymers" because their compositions and properties have been observed to change with time. This preparation will herein be referred to as the "melt-quenched" preparation. In U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,455,153 and 5,654,089, Gardner describes the use of various polyester resins to "protect" vanadium pentoxide fibers prepared using the "melt-quenched" method. Gardner claims the cladding of V.sub.2 O.sub.5 doped with silver wherein the silver doping is achieved by including silver oxide (Ag.sub.2 O) in the original melt. The described process for doping is a high temperature process that produces a metastable product of unknown composition, but with antistat properties that are important in the manufacture of photographic products. The antistat properties were observed to vary with the level of silver doping. The process results in the production of undesirable particulate matter as a by-product that must be subsequently removed. This method of preparing melt-quenched, silver doped, vanadium oxide colloidal gels will herein be referred to as the "melt-quenched, silver doped, vanadium oxide preparation. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06503468__ •
Non-aqueous silver halide diffusion imaging system Inventor(s): Adair; Paul C. (Chillicothe, OH), Burkholder; Amy L. (Chillicothe, OH), Duda; Homer G. (Chillicothe, OH), Stanley; Mary M. (Waverly, OH), Wright; Richard F. (Chillicothe, OH) Assignee(s): The Mead Corporation (Dayton, OH) Patent Number: 4,476,213 Date filed: December 10, 1982 Abstract: A self-contained silver halide diffusion transfer imaging sheet is provided which contains three layers on a substrate. The first layer is a silver halide emulsion formed in a non-ionic material. The intermediate layer is a water barrier. The third layer is a nucleating region which contains colloidal silver. A developer, base and silver transport agent can also be located in these layers. For example, the base and silver transport agent can be located in the nucleating layer, with the developer located in the emulsion layer. After the emulsion is exposed to actinic radiation, a non-aqueous activating medium is supplied which initiates the development and diffusion transfer processes. The final result is a positive image in the nucleating layer. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to silver halide imaging, and more particularly, to means and methods of silver halide imaging in diffusion transfer systems. The number of changed, i.e. developable, grains in any small area of the emulsion depends on the intensity of the light exposure of that area. When a developer is applied, the chemical reduction of the exposed grains occurs. Therefore, after development, there is an image which is a silver deposit in the emulsion, and whose density varies across the surface of the emulsion in a pattern that corresponds to the image that was exposed on it. The next step commonly employed in processing silver halide emulsion-type film is fixing, which removes the remaining unreduced grains to prevent their later darkening. The image that results from this process is negative, and a positive image is usually produced from it through contact printing or projection. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04476213__
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Oral hygiene agent containing hydrogen peroxide stabilized by colloidal silver Inventor(s): Hoburg; Albrecht (Ratingen, DE), Hungerbach; Heinz (Merchweiler, DE), Struzina; Werner (Heiligenhaus, DE) Assignee(s): Ulrike Hungerbach (Merchweiler, DE) Patent Number: 5,437,858 Date filed: March 11, 1994 Abstract: The present application is directed to oral hygiene agents, a process for their preparation, and the use of a hydrogen peroxide solution stabilized by a silver colloid in concentrations of from 0.1 to 10% by weight, preferably from 1 to 3% by weight, in oral hygiene agents. Excerpt(s): This application is a 371 of PCT/EP92/01558 dated Jul. 9, 1992. This invention is directed to oral hygiene agents, a process for their preparation, and a use. Hitherto, hydrogen peroxide has been used as bleaching and cleaning agent. The use of hydrogen peroxide for decontaminating and deodorizing water, waste water and exhaust air instead of chlorine dioxide is familiar. For oral disinfection, a 3% hydrogen peroxide solution is suitable. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05437858__
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Photographic elements containing development accelerators and release compounds that release development inhibitors Inventor(s): Chen; Keath T. (Rochester, NY), Dickinson; David A. (Brockport, NY), Nelson; John V. (Fairport, NY), Welter; Thomas R. (Webster, NY) Assignee(s): Eastman Kodak Company (Rochester, NY) Patent Number: 5,460,932 Date filed: May 27, 1994 Abstract: A photographic element comprising a support having located thereon a first layer which does not contain colloidal silver and a second layer, the first layer containing a release compound that comprises a development inhibitor moiety and a blocking group from which the development inhibitor moiety is non-imagewise released, and the second layer containing a development accelerator. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to silver halide elements. In particular, it relates to photographic elements containing development accelerators and release compounds that release development inhibitors. In modern photographic materials, it is known to incorporate development inhibitor compounds or compounds capable of releasing development inhibitors or precursors thereof, in order to arrest development and optimize certain photographic characteristics. Characteristics which may be impacted by the presence of development inhibitor compounds include sharpness, granularity, contrast and color reproduction. In certain instances, it is often desired to coat a development inhibitor in one layer of the photographic element and have it exert its effects on adjacent or other layers. It is also often desired that development inhibitors not exert their effects during the initial stages of development but rather after extended development times. In such instances, it has become commonplace to alter the structure of development inhibitors so that they are inactivated by a blocking or timing group. The inactivated development inhibitors are then activated after either a period of
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exposure to compounds normally present in processing solutions, or after exposure to a specific compound capable of splitting-off the blocking or timing group. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05460932__ •
Positive process using a low coating weight silver halide Inventor(s): Blake, deceased; Ralph Kingsley (LATE OF Union County, NJ) Assignee(s): E. I. Du Pont de Nemours and Company (Wilmington, DE) Patent Number: 4,029,509 Date filed: November 17, 1975 Abstract: A process for obtaining camera speed direct positive images which employs a photographic element comprising a film support, a layer of photosensitive silver halide, and a layer containing a colorant (e.g. colloidal silver). The silver halide layer is first imagewise exposed, and the latent image developed in the presence of a compound capable of producing sulfide ions e.g. thiourea, and then the photographic element is immersed in a chemical bleach which removes the silver image generated in the silver halide layer and removes the colorant in the areas corresponding to the exposed areas of the silver halide layer, leaving a direct positive image in those areas of the colorantcontaining layer which are directly under the unexposed nonimage areas of the silver halide layer. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a process for preparing high quality, camera speed direct positive images using a novel photographic imaging system which employs low coating weight silver halide elements. These elements can be used to advantage in place of any of the conventional direct positive elements. Because of the unique advantage of this novel system, the elements of this invention are faster and have better image quality than the prior art. The use of non-photosensitive layers and materials in conjunction with photosensitive elements is well-known. Colorants, for example, are used to enhance or tone the image formed in the photosensitive layers. Colorant layers are also used as anti-halation layers for the photosensitive layer and the like. Schneider in U.S. Pat. No. 1,971,430 teaches the use of colloidal silver in a binding agent designed for use as an anti-halation layer for a silver halide element. The use of colloidal silver in color film elements is also known from Mannes et al. U.S. Pat. No. 2,143,787 and others. Shuman in Defensive Publication T900,010, published 7/18/72 describes how blue colloidal silver with a very small particle size can be changed to the yellow form by contacting with halide ions. According to T900,010 this process may be accomplished imagewise by contacting the blue colloidal silver layer with an exposed and developed silver halide image. Thus, the image results in the change of color from blue to yellow in the area corresponding to the developed silver halide image. This prior art does not teach, however, imagewise chemically bleaching a colorant layer in conjunction with a photosensitive developable or developed silver halide layer to produce camera speed, direct positive high quality images therefrom. British Pat. No. 1,380,259 relates to high density silver images formed as a sound track for a 3-color negative process and to a method for retaining this metallic silver duurig the dye bleaching process. Final image amplification is not taught nor is the concept of that patent related to the novel elements and process described herein. In yet another system, the applicant has taught in U.S. Pat. No. 3,413,122 that high density images can be formed using low covering power high sensitivity silver halide layers in conjunction with high covering power low sensitivity silver halide layers. That patent does not teach, however, imagewise chemically bleaching a colorant layer in conjunction with a photosensitive layer to produce high
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speed, high quality, direct positive images therefrom. (4) chemically bleaching said colorant layer imagewise, whereby the image in the silver halide layer and the areas of the colorant layer which are under the image in the silver halide layer are bleached, leaving an image in the areas of the colorant layer which are under the nonimage (e.g., unexposed) areas of the silver halide layer. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04029509__ •
Process for etching nonphotosensitive layer under washoff photopolymer layer Inventor(s): Held; Robert P. (Englishtown, NJ) Assignee(s): E. I. Du Pont de Nemours and Company (Wilmington, DE) Patent Number: 4,584,261 Date filed: July 27, 1984 Abstract: Process for preparation of dot-etched, photopolymerizable lithographic film which comprises (a) exposing imagewise a photopolymerizable element consisting essentially of a support and two caustic or water soluble layers, the upper layer being clear, unpigmented photopolymer and the lower layer being a polymeric binder having dispersed therein a chemically soluble pigment, e.g., colloidal silver or other metal; and optionally an overcoat layer; developing the exposed element with caustic solution and then water; and treating the developed image with a solubilizing agent, e.g., K.sub.2 Fe(CN).sub.6, FeCl.sub.3,Na.sub.2 S.sub.2 O.sub.3, KCNS, KOH, NH.sub.3, etc. A dotetched lithographic film is prepared. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a process for the preparation of a dot-etched lithographic film. More particularly this invention relates to a process for the preparation of a dot-etched lithographic film having two caustic or water soluble layers, the lower layer being nonphotosensitive and having chemically soluble pigment dispersed therein. In the photomechanical trades, a mask containing an image that is opaque to actinic radiation is used in preparing a printing plate of some kind, e.g., letterpress, lithographic, etc. The mask is used as a phototool in exposing a layer of photosensitive resist-forming material present on a metal or plastic plate or a photopolymer printing plate matrix. After the exposure the printing plate is formed by etching or liquid development depending on the system present. The image in the mask must be of the highest possible contrast, e.g., completely opaque black in the image areas, and completely transparent (free from fog) in the unexposed areas. Silver halide film known as "litho" film is used to prepare the mask. When a litho film is exposed through a halftone screen and developed, it contains an image comprised of dots. The dots correspond to the areas of the film under the transparent areas of the halftone screen and are comprised of exposed and developed material. In silver halide litho film, these dots may be reduced in size by a process referred to as "dot-etching", i.e., reducing the size of, or "etching" the halftone dots, thereby changing the tone values of the image. In silver halide films dot-etching is accomplished chemically by treating the films with a silver "solvent". Silver halide films are expensive and require special red light handling. Bratt and Cohen in U.S. Pat. No. 4,173,673 claim a dot-etchable mask prepared by imagewise exposure of a photopolymerizable element which comprises a support bearing a photopolymerizable layer having an optical density in the actinic region of at least 3.0 and having a thickness no greater than 0.015 mm. A removable cover sheet or a soluble overcoat layer can be present on the photopolymerizable layer. After the exposure through a halftone screen, the polymerized dots have a hardened upper skin which rests on softer undervolume having a lesser degree of polymerization or
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hardening. The dots are reducible in size by undercutting the polymeric dots with a solvent for the softer undervolume and removing hardened polymer from the edges of the hardened upper skins by mechanical action on the image bearing surface of the mask. The dot-etching of photopolymerizable element as described above requires the proper balance of the imagewise exposure and the undercutting of the polymeric dots with a solvent and mechanical action on the image bearing surface of the mask. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04584261__ •
Process for preparing a disinfectant Inventor(s): Gomori; Janos (Stafa, CH) Assignee(s): Sanosil AG. (Feldmeilen, CH) Patent Number: 4,915,955 Date filed: September 5, 1986 Abstract: A concentrate with an unlimited shelf-life, which can be mixed with hydrogen peroxide at a ratio of 1:99 to 1:199 to become an effective disinfectant, is obtained when a viscous solution of inorganic acid, with a pH less than or equal to 1.6, is mixed with a silver salt compound or a colloidal silver compound at 50.degree. to 60.degree. C. The mixture is further combined at room temperature with other inorganic acid(s) to reach a total of 100 g inorganic acid(s) per liter of water; at room temperature, an organic acid stabilizer is added and the mixture is homogenized. The concentrate, during storage, remains homogeneous and crystal-clear. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for the manufacture of a concentrate which can be mixed with hydrogen peroxide to form a disinfectant. Disinfection, especially of water, foodstuffs and animal feeds as well as equipment, packages, containers and objects of all kinds, is a worldwide problem of importance in highly civilized nations and underdeveloped countries alike. It is therefore not surprising that intensive research has been ongoing in this area for decades, and that new products and methods for the non-therapeutic battle against infectious agents are constantly being developed. Of the numerous known prior art disinfection methods, the following are exemplary. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04915955__
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Process for preparing a disinfectant containing suspended metals Inventor(s): Jones; F. Larry (Fern Park, FL), Jones; John K. (Fern Park, FL) Assignee(s): Worldwide Pure Water, Inc. (Nassau, BS) Patent Number: 6,565,893 Date filed: February 17, 1999 Abstract: A process for preparing a disinfectant for use in swimming pools and the like. The process provides a formulation containing copper sulfate pentahydrate that will remain suspended so long as the formulation is maintained at a temperature above 40.degree. F. The process includes the step of mixing the copper sulfate pentahydrate with water, sulfuric acid and ammonium sulfate at a temperature of 187.degree. F.+.10.degree. F., then rapidly cooling the mixture to a temperature of 57-65.degree. F. Colloidal silver or gold added to the formulation before the step of rapidly cooling will
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also remain suspended. Hydrogen peroxide may be added to enhance the performance of the disinfectant. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to the field of water treatment. This invention relates particularly to methods of preparing disinfectants for the use as water treatment agents. This invention relates specifically to a process for placing ammonium sulfate, copper sulfate pentahydrate, and colloidal silver into an aqueous solution that can be used to disinfect a swimming pool or the like without the precipitation of the metals. It is well known that the water in swimming pools, hot tubs and the like must be treated regularly to control the number and type of microorganisms living in the water. Untreated water in such aquatic systems may become unpleasing and/or unsafe for contact with humans. Among the biocides commonly used to control microorganisms such as bacteria and algae are chlorine, bromine, quaternary ammonium, hydrogen peroxide, ozone, and ultraviolet radiation. Each of these biocides has unique advantages and disadvantages, with chlorine being the most commonly used by far. However, chlorine has certain disadvantages that are becoming of increasing concern to many users, including environmental hazards, irritation to the skin and eyes, and the need to re-apply it frequently to maintain its effectiveness. Alternative materials and methods for disinfecting aquatic systems are continually being developed and improved. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06565893__ •
Removal of silver from aqueous systems Inventor(s): Syrinek; Allen R. (Richmond, TX) Assignee(s): Nalco Chemical Company (Naperville, IL) Patent Number: 5,205,939 Date filed: July 6, 1992 Abstract: High molecular weight cationic flocculents in combination with water soluble dithiocarbamates remove dissolved and colloidal silver from aqueous suspensions thereof. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the recovery of colloidal and dissolved silver from aqueous suspensions thereof using flocculents and water soluble dithiocarbamates. Silver mining and reclamation of silver from photographic emulsions, silver plating wastes and other industrial applications results in the production of waste aqueous systems which contain amounts of colloidal and dissolved silver. These waste streams, which contain primarily water and often times other undesirable contaminants, must be treated to reduce the silver content thereof to a very low level in order to make these waste streams suitable for disposal by addition to conventional waste treatment plants. One method of reducing the silver content of aqueous waste process streams has been the utilization of water soluble flocculents and coagulants. These treatments are, in many instances, incapable of reducing the silver content of these waste process waters to an acceptably low levels, e.g. below 2 parts per million (ppm). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05205939__
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Silver halide color photographic light-sensitive material Inventor(s): Nagaoka; Katsurou (Minami-Ashigara, JP) Assignee(s): Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. (Kanagawa, JP) Patent Number: 5,437,968 Date filed: October 14, 1994 Abstract: A silver halide color photograph light-sensitive material having an improved push-processing suitability. The material comprises a support having provided thereon at least one blue-sensitive emulsion layer, at least one green-sensitive emulsion layer, and at least one red-sensitive emulsion layer. The layers adjacent to each of layer having a color sensitivity contain yellow colloidal silver. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a silver halide color photographic lightsensitive material, and more specifically, to a light-sensitive material having an improved push-processing suitability. A silver halide color photographic light-sensitive material generally has at least one silver halide emulsion layer on a support, each layer having its own color sensitivity (the term "color sensitivity" used here is defined as the characteristic for sensing any of the three regions in the visible spectrum ray, namely, red, green, and blue). In the field of color photographic light-sensitive materials, especially of color reversal light-sensitive materials which are often used by professional photographers, high-sensitivity color light-sensitive materials are required in order for photographs of special scenes including sports events, which requires a quick shutter speed, or theatricals in which the amount of light is very much limited, and usually too small for a usual exposure. However, there are few types of color light-sensitive photographs which meet the requirement of such an extremely high sensitivity. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05437968__
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Silver halide color photographic light-sensitive material containing a yellow filter layer Inventor(s): Deguchi; Naoyasu (Minami-ashigara, JP) Assignee(s): Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. (Minami-ashigara, JP) Patent Number: 5,081,008 Date filed: September 7, 1989 Abstract: In a silver halide color photographic light-sensitive material which includes at least one layer of each of red-, green-, and blue-sensitive silver halide emulsion layers and a yellow filter layer containing yellow colloidal silver on a support, an average grain size of at least one of the light-sensitive silver halide emulsions is 0.4.mu.m or less, a maximum absorption peak of yellow colloidal silver in the yellow filter layer appears at 430 to 450 nm, and 1/4 absorption of the maximum absorption at the longer wavelength side occurs within the range of 500 to 560 nm. This photographic lightsensitive material can reduce a fog by the yellow filter layer without degrading other photographic properties. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a silver halide color photographic lightsensitive material in which a contact fog caused by yellow colloidal silver in a yellow filter layer is suppressed. Normally, a silver halide color photographic light-sensitive material having blue-, green-, and red-sensitive silver halide emulsion layers on a support has unnecessary light sensitivity in a blue light region in a spectral sensitivity
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distribution of the green and red-sensitive emulsion layers. In order to obtain good color reproducibility, however, it is preferred that the green-sensitive emulsion layer has color sensitivity mainly in only a green light region and the red-sensitive emulsion layer has color sensitivity mainly in only a red light region. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05081008__ •
Silver halide color photographic material Inventor(s): Abe; Ryuji (Kanagawa, JP) Assignee(s): Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. (Kanagawa, JP) Patent Number: 5,631,123 Date filed: April 10, 1995 Abstract: A silver halide color photographic material is disclosed, which comprises a support having provided thereon at least one blue-sensitive emulsion layer, at least one green-sensitive emulsion layer and at least one red-sensitive emulsion layer, wherein at least one emulsion layer in any one of color-sensitive layers contains a silver halide grain having incorporated therein a rhodium ion and the emulsion layer or a layer adjacent to the emulsion layer contains a silver halide emulsion with at least one of the inside and/or surface of substantially light-insensitive grains being fogged or colloidal silver. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a silver halide color photographic material, more specifically, to a silver halide color photographic material excellent in color reproducibility and also in processing stability. The color reversal photographic material is demanded to provide excellent image quality the same as in a color negative photographic material. As a means for improving the image quality, known is the method of adding a light-insensitive silver halide grain or colloidal silver to a lightsensitive emulsion layer and/or to a layer adjacent to the light-sensitive layer. For example, JP-A-51-128528 (corresponding to U.S. Pat. No. 4,082,553, the term "JP-A" as used herein means an "unexamined published Japanese patent application") describes a color reversal photographic material comprising a silver halide emulsion layer containing a silver halide grain with the surface being fogged to improve the interlayer effect. Further, JP-A-60-126652, JP-A-63-304252, JP-A-2-110539, JP-A-3-113438 and U.S. Pat. No. T979,001 describe a light sensitive material in which colloidal silver is incorporated to an emulsion layer or a layer adjacent thereto. However, although these patents surely realize the improvement in image quality, the following problems are still in need to be solved. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05631123__
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Silver halide photographic material for tanning development and process of producing a relief image Inventor(s): Balestra; Luciano (Savona, IT) Assignee(s): Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company (St. Paul, MN) Patent Number: 4,705,738 Date filed: March 11, 1986
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Abstract: In a silver halide photographic material for tanning development, comprising a support base coated with a substantially unhardened hydrophilic binder layer including a light-sensitive silver halide emulsion reactively associated with a tanning developer and a dispersion of colloidal silver, the tendency of the hydrophilic binder to become water-insoluble during storage can be prevented by adjusting the pAg of the colloidal silver dispersion to values in the range from 6.5 to 9.5 with a 1-phenyl-5mercaptotetrazole compound before coating. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to silver halide photographic materials for tanning development. In particular, the present invention relates to silver halide photographic material for tanning development including a colloidal silver dispersion as a pigment. Methods of photographic reproduction are known which comprise the steps of (1) image-wise exposing a photographic material (comprising a support containing coated thereon a layer including a light sensitive silver halide emulsion in a hardenable binder), (2) developing the latent silver image thus formed in said photographic material by treating the material with an aqueous alkali solution in the presence of silver halide developing agent whose oxidation product, formed upon development, is capable of hardening the binder and thereby hardening the binder in the exposed areas, and (3) removing the unexposed unhardened areas to form a relief image either by washing off these areas with warm water, or totally or partially transferring them onto an image-receiving material. This method of photographic reproduction is generally known as tanning development and the silver halide developing agents for use therein are known as tanning developers. Such tanning development is disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,596,756; 3,364,024; 3,440,049 and 4,233,392; and British Pat. No. 1,294,355. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04705738__ •
Silver halide photographic materials and method for color development thereof Inventor(s): Hasebe; Kazunori (Kanagawa, JP), Ichijima; Seiji (Kanagawa, JP), Shiba; Keisuke (Kanagawa, JP) Assignee(s): Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. (Kanagawa, JP) Patent Number: 5,051,342 Date filed: July 5, 1990 Abstract: A silver halide photographic light-sensitive material having at least one lightsensitive emulsion layer containing surface latent image-type silver halide grains, coated on a reflective support, in which said at least one emulsion layer contains regular crystal grains of silver chloride or silver chlorobromide having a mean silver chloride content of 80 mol % or more on the basis of the total silver halide grains contained therein and substantially does not contain silver iodide, and in which a colloidal silver-containing layer is located adjacent to said emulsion layer, wherein at least one of said colloidal silver-containing layer, said emulsion layer and an interlayer therebetween contains at least one mercaptoazole compound. The material is, after having imagewise exposed, processed with a color developer within 90 seconds. The material forms an image with excellent sharpness and whiteness. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a silver halide photographic light-sensitive material and to a method for rapid processing of the material. Various kinds of silver halide photographic materials have now been commercially sold and various means of processing the materials for image formation thereon are known. In addition thereto,
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other various technical means are being popularized, including high-vision TV-systems, color-printing systems and color electrophotographic systems. Under the current situation, silver halide color photographic materials, especially color-printing photographic materials, are increasingly required to have an excellent image quality and a high stability of the finished print quality. In general, printing photographic materials are superior to picture-taking photographic materials in terms of the color reproducibility, sharpness and gradation of the images formed, although the former take a longer time for development than the latter, and further improvement of the photographic characteristics of the photographic materials are being effected. Printing photographic materials which are used in combination with picture-taking photographic materials are good in terms of the producibility in production of prints, for example, these may be processed in a shortened period of time or may be automatically processed, but the image quality of the images formed in the materials (for example, color reproducibility, sharpness, gradation and whiteness) is still insufficient and is therefore required to be improved further. In particular, various practical improvements have been effected in color negative photographic materials. For example, colored couplers, DIR-compounds or DAR-compounds (development accelerator releasing compound) are incorporated; sensitizing dyes are selectively incorporated so as to select the spectral sensitivity distribution and to control the degree of the interlayer effect; dyes are incorporated for the purpose of anti-irradiation or antihalation; or the thickness of the light-sensitive layer is decreased. Color-printing photographic materials which are used for forming prints from exposed and developed color negative films have also been improved. For example, couplers to be incorporated therein are improved; anti-fading agents or color mixing preventing agents are incorporated; and dyes to be incorporated for the purpose of selecting the spectral sensitivity distribution and for the purpose of anti-irradiation or anti-halation are improved. However, silver halide color photographic materials having a reflective support often have a serious defect in that the image quality is deteriorated by lightscattering of the incident light for exposure. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05051342__ •
Tannable multi-colored material Inventor(s): Macioch; Michael T. (Baldwin, WI) Assignee(s): Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company (St. Paul, MN) Patent Number: 4,544,620 Date filed: May 25, 1984 Abstract: A photographic element for use in a method of multicolor image formation by tanning development is a layered structure comprising an optionally primed base support, a layer of colloidal silver, a layer of sensitized silver halide emulsion in gelatin free of hardener, and at least one colored pigment or dye dispersed therein which absorbs radiation. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an improved silver halide photographic element for use in a method of multicolor image formation by tanning development. In another aspect, it relates to a method of obtaining positive or negative multi-color images having a reflection or transmission optical density in the range of 1.0 to 5.0 for opaque, translucent, and transparent base supports. It is known in the art that image formation methods using tanning development are based on the fact that in the presence of exposed silver halide, certain compounds, known as tanning developers, oxidize in an
Patents 37
alkaline environment to give gelatin hardening compounds. The unexposed regions of the image, being unhardened, can be washed away with warm water. It is thus possible, with the known methods of the art, to obtain relief images of gelatin. Most of these methods produce a black image or a single color such as is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,427,757. A disadvantage of this sytem is that for a multicolored artwork original, two or more individual colored sheets of material would have to be processed, overlayed and/or laminated in register. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04544620__ •
Use of colloidal silver to improve push processing of a reversal photographic element Inventor(s): Munshi; Jal F. (Rochester, NY), Sniadoch; Henry J. (Canandaigua, NY), Tuites; Richard C. (Rochester, NY) Assignee(s): Eastman Kodak Company (Rochester, NY) Patent Number: 5,298,369 Date filed: June 14, 1993 Abstract: When color reversal materials are developed by a process that comprises prolonged contact with the first, or black-and-white developer, images with a color mismatch or speed deficiency can occur. Such undesirable results can be reduced or eliminated by including in the reversal material, a layer of colloidal elemental silver. The layer can be adjacent to a light sensitive, silver halide-containing layer, which is present within a color record who's speed is to be increased in order to reduce the color mismatch. The amount of colloidal elemental silver employed is less than that used in the art to protect an underlying light sensitive, silver halide layer from exposure by unwanted light. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to processing of color reversal materials, e.g. film. More particularly, it relates to processing of such materials by a method which comprises prolonged contact with the first, or black-and-white developer; i.e. "push processing". In another aspect, this invention relates to the inclusion of elemental colloidal silver in color reversal materials, for the purpose of eliminating or reducing color mismatch or speed deficiency problems that are produced by push processing. It is quite common for a photographer to intentionally expose a film at a speed faster than the speed for which the film was designed. For example, a photographer may expose a slow film at a faster speed at an athletic event, in order to photograph a participant or an object in rapid motion. In such instances, the exposed film will be developed for a longer time in order to compensate for the comparatively small amount of silver that was exposed. In color reversal processing, the prolonged development occurs in the first development, i.e. in the black and white development step. However, in many instances when such "push" processing is used, a mismatch of colors occurs in the resultant image. The degradation of color balance arises from differences in the relative developability of the three color sensitive layers in the film. For example, push processing can result in less speed gain in the green sensitive layer, resulting in an objectionable magenta color balance. In the prior art, it is quite common for a color record in a color reversal film to achieve a speed by push processing which is different from the speed that is achieved by normal processing. This invention comprises the discovery that, when an efficacious amount of colloidal silver is in a layer that is operatively associated with a silver halidebased, light sensitive layer in a color record, push processing will confer a speed on the record, which is faster than that which would result if the colloidal silver layer was
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absent. The colloidal silver can be in a layer having a hydrophilic dispersing agent, such as gelatin. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05298369__ •
White light handeable direct-positive silver halide photographic elements Inventor(s): Besio; Mauro (Vado Ligure/Savona, IT), Vacca; Alberto (Carcare/Savona, IT), Vallarino; Angelo (Spotorno/Savona, IT) Assignee(s): Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company (St. Paul, MN) Patent Number: 4,849,326 Date filed: July 8, 1988 Abstract: UV-sensitive direct positive silver halide photographic elements for duplicating processes which can be safely handled under white light, said elements comprising a support base, a hydrophilic colloidal silver halide emulsion layer comprising fogged silver halide grains, and one or more hydrophilic colloidal layers, wherein said silver halide emulsion is reactively associated with a water-removable UVabsorbing compound having at least 80% of the absorption in the range from 350 to 400.mu.m. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to UV sensitive direct-positive silver halide photographic elements, and more particularly to UV sensitive direct-positive silver halide photographic elements which can be handled under room lighting conditions without significant loss in image density. In recent years, in the field of Graphic Arts, have been introduced direct-positive silver halide photographic elements for duplicating processes. Said elements are designed for exposure to UV light on high powered contact frames which are available for exposing lithographic plates and may be handled in ordinary room light (typically in bright white lighting, in which the term "white light" is defined as the emission of a typical commercially available fluorescent lamp). It is very desirable to produce silver halide photographic elements for duplicating processes which may be handled safely in bright white light. The benefits of this include ease of working and inspection of the element during exposure and processing, and generally more pleasant working conditions for the operators. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04849326__
•
White light handleable negative-acting silver halide photographic elements Inventor(s): Heseltine; Donald W. (Rochester, NY), Weber, II; Wayne W. (Rochester, NY) Assignee(s): Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company (St. Paul, MN) Patent Number: 5,213,954 Date filed: November 19, 1990 Abstract: UV-sensitive negative acting silver halide photographic elements are used in contacting processes, and especially dry etch correction processes and can be safely handled under white light. These elements comprise a support base, a negative acting hydrophilic colloidal silver halide emulsion layer comprising photographic silver halide grains, and one or more hydrophilic colloidal layers, wherein said silver halide emulsion support base has on its surface most distant from the layer an antihalation
Patents 39
layer comprising a water-removable UV-absorbing compound having significant absorption in the range of from 350 to 400 nm. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to UV sensitive negative acting silver halide photographic elements, and more particularly to UV sensitive negative acting silver halide photographic elements which can be handled under room lighting conditions without significant loss in image density, and which upon development of a half-tone image thereon can be dry etched with improved performance characteristics. Light sensitive recording materials may suffer from a phenomenon known as halation which causes degradation in the quality of the recorded image. Such degradation may occur when a fraction of the imaging light which strikes the photosensitive layer is not absorbed but passes through to the film base on which the photosensitive layer is coated. A portion of the light reaching the base may be reflected back to strike the photosensitive layer from the underside. Light thus reflected may, in some cases, contribute significantly to the total exposure of the photosensitive layer. Any particulate matter in the photosensitive element may cause light passing through the element to be scattered. Scattered light which is reflected from the film base will, on its second passage through the photosensitive layer, cause exposure over an area adjacent to the point of intended exposure. It is this effect which leads to image degradation. Silver halide based photograhic materials (including photothermographic materials) are prone to this form of image degradation since the photosensitive layers contain light scattering particles. The effect of light scatter on image quality is well documented and is described, for example, in T. H. James "The Theory of the Photographic Process", 4th Edition, Chapter 20, Macmillan 1977. It is common practice to minimise the effects of light scatter by including a light absorbing layer within the photographic element. To be effective the absorption of this layer must be at the same wavelengths as the sensitivity of the photosensitive layer. In the case of imaging materials coated on transparent base, a light absorbing layer is frequently coated on the reverse side of the base from the photosensitive layer. Such a coating, known as an "antihalation layer", effectively prevents reflection of any light which has passed through the photosensitive layer. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05213954__
Patent Applications on Colloidal Silver As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.4 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to colloidal silver: •
Apparatus and method for producing antimicrobial silver solution Inventor(s): Christensen, Herbert; (Alphine, UT), Holladay, Robert J.; (Logan, UT), Moeller, William D.; (Alpine, UT) Correspondence: Karl R Cannon; PO Box 1909; Sandy; UT; 84091; US Patent Application Number: 20020071792 Date filed: September 4, 2001
4
This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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Colloidal Silver
Abstract: An apparatus and method for producing colloidal silver. A large-volume container, such as a fifteen gallon container, includes a hinged lid on which a rotational impeller is mounted along with several sets of electrodes that are electrically connected to a power transformer. The container is partially filled with water, and when the lid is closed, the sets of electrodes are disposed in communication with the water in a predetermined arrangement, and the impeller resides submerged in the water. Certain of the electrodes constitute silver wire. The power transformers convey current to the electrodes, preferably alternating current, at voltages sufficient to cause silver particles to separate from the silver wire and enter the solution in a stable, suspended state. The impeller is rotated, preferably continuously, to prevent the suspended silver from remaining in upper levels of the water, thereby dispersing the silver particles more uniformly throughout the volume of water. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to colloidal silver, and more particularly, but not exclusively, to a device and method for producing a more stable solution of suspended silver, and in greater batch quantities and at higher rates of production per batch than are presently available. It is well known that silver has germicidal properties. In fact, silver was employed as a germicide and antibiotic before modern antibiotics were developed. In previous centuries, users would shave silver particles into their drinking water, or submerge whole silver pieces in the drinking water, for the purpose of ingesting the silver by drinking the water. Of current interest are apparatus and methods for providing a more effective and stable solution of silver. It is desired to provide colloidal silver to be taken orally for medicinal purposes, as well as to be applied topically and otherwise, for the purpose of enhancing the health of the individual. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Clean water for dental delivery units Inventor(s): Layton, Grant H.; (Carlsbad, CA) Correspondence: David R Preston & Associates; 12625 High Bluff Drive; Suite 205; San Diego; CA; 92130; US Patent Application Number: 20020148789 Date filed: February 26, 2001 Abstract: A method of producing Clean Water for Dental Delivery Units is described using colloidal silver to sanitize the water supply of dental water delivery units. The silver compound is generated by means of a proprietary process contained in a U.S. patent application. The Clean Water for Dental Delivery Units method is capable of delivering sterile water to dental patients from existing equipment with complete safety for patients and dental office staff. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to dental equipment hygiene. More specifically, the present invention pertains to the employment of colloidal silver as a bactericide for water storage and delivery equipment used in dental offices. The present invention is particularly useful for safely preventing microbial growth in dental delivery unit water lines. Microbial growth in dental water delivery lines has been identified as a significant problem. Methods have been devised and are being sold to sanitize the lines. They are all subject to failure. Mechanisms can fail and allow bacteria to grow, and bacteria grows back between chemical flush sanitations, and where filters are used, bacteria grows back between the filter and the outflow.
Patents 41
Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Colloidal silver suspension for treating skin problems in tropical and decorative fish Inventor(s): Underwood, Mark A.; (Young Harris, GA), Underwood, Roy E.; (Young Harris, GA) Correspondence: Harry I. Leon; 924 Bowen ST., N.W.; Atlanta; GA; 30318; US Patent Application Number: 20030129255 Date filed: January 3, 2003 Abstract: This is a method of treating a wide range of skin lesions in tropical and decorative fish in which the animals to be treated are exposed to dilute suspensions of colloidal silver. During the course of treatment, colloidal silver is added periodically to the aquarium in which the fish lives. so that the water therein has a silver concentration on the order of 1 ppb. A suitable treatment procedure entails adding 1 teaspoon of colloidal silver which contains about 6 ppm of silver to 10 gallons of aquarium water every other day. This treatment has been found effective in healing some fish, ever those with rather large wounds in a matter of days. If a longer treatment period is required, then the colloidal silver addition is continued at the same rate and then 50 percent of the water is changed once a week, until the lesion(s) have healed. It was also found that bacteria and virus skin problems could be prevented by having silver colloidal concentrations of 0.3-0.5 ppb in the aquarium water. Excerpt(s): The presence of skin lesions in tropical and decorative fish is commonplace. Whether caused by scrapes during handling or a skin disease, these ailments must be treated with great care. Otherwise, because of the extreme sensitivity of these fish, they may suffer a life-threatening upset, possibly as a result of an allergic reaction triggered by exposure to certain chemicals, and succumb. While conceivable treatment scenarios include direct injection as well as the administration of a liquid medicine orally or in powdered form in the fish feed, the easiest method, for a large number of fish, is to add therapeutic substance(s) directly to their aquarium tank water. Tests have shown that skin problems in tropical and decorative fish can be treated successfully by adding a highly dilute suspension of colloidal silver to the aquarium water in which such fish are living. Among the species which have been treated are koi, goldfish and a variety of tropical and marine fish, which collectively exhibited a wide range of skin lesions. These lesions include ulcer diseases and fin and mouth rot all of which are bacteria eating holes in the fish. There is also help given on treatment of skin virus problems such as herpes. In accordance with the present invention, a method of treating skin problems in fish comprises adding a teaspoon (5 ml) of a suspension of colloidal silver in which the concentration of silver ranges between 6 ppm and 12 ppm (parts per million) to 10 gallons of water in an aquarium every other day and then changing 50% of the water once a week, so that the water to which the fish to be treated are exposed has a silver concentration initially in the range of 0.77 ppb to 1.5 ppb (parts per billion). Within a matter of days this treatment has been found effective in healing some fish, even those with rather large wounds. Further, since the effective concentration of silver is so dilute that some nitrifying bacteria can survive this treatment, so some bio-filtration is still possible. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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•
Reproductive cultures containing colloidal silver Inventor(s): Simmet, Ludwig O.; (Verona, WI) Correspondence: Lathrop & Clark Llp; 740 Regent Street Suite 400; P.O. Box 1507; Madison; WI; 537011507 Patent Application Number: 20020022214 Date filed: June 14, 2001 Abstract: A colloidal dispersion of nanoparticles of silver is used to preserve animal reproductive samples such as boar semen without the use of antibiotics. The colloidal silver solution may have a metal concentration of at least about 1.times.10-9 moles/liter and may be mixed with conventional culture media such as semen extender. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority on U.S. provisional application No. 60/219347, filed on Jun. 14, 2000, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein. A substantial proportion of the swine produced in North America today are produced utilizing artificial insemination. Thus, the ability to preserve animal reproductive samples, such as semen, oocytes and embryos, for use in artificial insemination and other reproductive processes is important. Without this ability, it is not possible to transport animal reproductive samples or store the samples for any length of time; thus, the utility of the samples is limited. To protect reproductive samples from bacterial contamination, it has been common practice to introduce antibiotics into the preservation mediums or extender solutions. Although conventional antibiotics can be a low cost and effective way of preserving the samples, there are long term consequences of the continued widespread use of antibiotics. Over time, bacteria come to the fore which are resistant to antibiotics. The presence of low levels of antibiotics in agricultural livestock and human food products is considered to be one cause of the increasingly resistant bacteria. The increased resistance of bacteria to antibiotics poses a danger to humans and animals as infectious diseases are becoming more difficult to treat. Hence, in certain regions, conventional antibiotics are no longer effective. Moreover, there is consideration being given by regulatory bodies to banning the general use of antibiotics in animals raised for food production. Thus, it is desirable to have an extender that has antimicrobial properties, but is substantially free of antibiotics. It is also desirable to have a method for preserving animal reproductive samples that uses an extender that has antibicrobial properties, but is substantially free of antibiotics. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with colloidal silver, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “colloidal silver” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on colloidal silver.
Patents 43
You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning colloidal silver. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON COLLOIDAL SILVER Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to colloidal silver. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on colloidal silver include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “colloidal silver” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “colloidal silver” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “colloidal silver” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
Colloidal Silver : Antibiotic Superhero by Johnny Silverseed (2001); ISBN: 0970825609; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0970825609/icongroupinterna
•
Colloidal Silver : Making the Safest and Most Powerful Medicine on Earth for the Price of Water by Mark Metcalf; ISBN: 097086440X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/097086440X/icongroupinterna
•
Colloidal Silver Today: The All Natural, Wide-Spectrum Germ Killer by Warren Jefferson; ISBN: 1570671540; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1570671540/icongroupinterna
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Colloidal Silver: The Hidden Truth by Keith Courtenay (1999); ISBN: 1876494107; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1876494107/icongroupinterna
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•
The Wonder Cure Time Forgot, Colloidal Silver, Revised Edition by Tonita d'Raye; ISBN: 188988703X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/188988703X/icongroupinterna
•
The Wonders of Colloidal Silver by Dhyana L. Coburn, Patrick D. Dignan; ISBN: 096589150X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/096589150X/icongroupinterna
Chapters on Colloidal Silver In order to find chapters that specifically relate to colloidal silver, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and colloidal silver using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “colloidal silver” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box.
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CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON COLLOIDAL SILVER Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover colloidal silver.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on colloidal silver is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “colloidal silver” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to colloidal silver. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “colloidal silver” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for colloidal silver: •
FDA cracks down on colloidal silver claims Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 30, 2001
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•
FDA rules against colloidal silver, silver salts in OTC drugs Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 18, 1999 The NIH
Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “colloidal silver” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “colloidal silver” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to colloidal silver, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “colloidal silver” (or synonyms).
Periodicals and News
49
Academic Periodicals covering Colloidal Silver Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to colloidal silver. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering colloidal silver that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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APPENDICES
53
APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute5: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
5
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
Physician Resources
55
NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.6 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:7 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
•
Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
•
Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
•
Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
•
Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
6
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 7 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The Combined Health Information Database
A comprehensive source of information on clinical guidelines written for professionals is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to one of the following: Brochure/Pamphlet, Fact Sheet, or Information Package, and “colloidal silver” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For the publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Fact Sheet.” Type “colloidal silver” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a sample result: •
Colloidal Silver Contact: AIDS Project Los Angeles, 3550 Wilshire Blvd Ste 300, Los Angeles, CA, 900102404, (213) 201-1600, http://www.apla.org. Summary: This report identifies colloidal silver as a natural prophylactic/antibiotic. The report, using a question-and-answer format, indicates what colloidal silver is, its therapeutic value, how it's used, its side effects, dosage, and availability. It describes established usage, recognized remedies, and known drug interactions, and lists related articles. The report contains a disclaimer which states the information within is strictly for informational and educational purposes.
The NLM Gateway8 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.9 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “colloidal silver” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category.
8 9
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
Physician Resources
57
Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 442 0 371 3 0 816
HSTAT10 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.11 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.12 Simply search by “colloidal silver” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists13 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.14 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.15 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
10
Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html.
11
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
12
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 13 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. 14
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 15 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
59
APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on colloidal silver can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to colloidal silver. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to colloidal silver. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “colloidal silver”:
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•
Other guides Anthrax http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/anthrax.html Dietary Supplements http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dietarysupplements.html Disasters and Emergency Preparedness http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/disastersandemergencypreparedness.html Health Fraud http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthfraud.html Vitamin and Mineral Supplements http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/vitaminandmineralsupplements.html
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to colloidal silver. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
Patient Resources
•
61
WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to colloidal silver. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with colloidal silver. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about colloidal silver. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “colloidal silver” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “colloidal silver”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “colloidal silver” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.
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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “colloidal silver” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.16
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
16
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)17: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
•
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
•
California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
•
California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
•
California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
•
California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
•
California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
•
Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
•
Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
17
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
Finding Medical Libraries
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•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
•
Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
•
Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
•
Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
•
Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
•
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
•
Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
•
Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
•
Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
•
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
•
Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
•
Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
•
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
•
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
•
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
•
Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
•
Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
•
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
•
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
•
Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
•
Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
•
Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
•
Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
•
Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
•
Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
•
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
Finding Medical Libraries
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•
Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
•
New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
•
New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
•
New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
•
New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
•
New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
•
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
•
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
•
New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
•
Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
•
Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
•
Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
•
Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
•
Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
•
Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
•
Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
•
Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
•
Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
•
Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
69
ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
•
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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COLLOIDAL SILVER DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]
Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]
Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Allo: A female hormone. [NIH] Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. [NIH] Alopecia: Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines
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include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in fractionation of proteins. [NIH]
Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Anionic: Pertaining to or containing an anion. [EU] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Anthrax: An acute bacterial infection caused by ingestion of bacillus organisms. Carnivores may become infected from ingestion of infected carcasses. It is transmitted to humans by contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products. The most common form in humans is cutaneous anthrax. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antidote: A remedy for counteracting a poison. [EU] Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-Infective Agents: Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from
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spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Antispasmodic: An agent that relieves spasm. [EU] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Argyria: A condition induced by the prolonged use of salts of silver. [NIH] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Astringent: Causing contraction, usually locally after topical application. [EU] Attenuation: Reduction of transmitted sound energy or its electrical equivalent. [NIH] Bacillus: A genus of Bacillaceae that are spore-forming, rod-shaped cells. Most species are saprophytic soil forms with only a few species being pathogenic. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bactericide: An agent that destroys bacteria. [EU] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Binding agent: A substance that makes a loose mixture stick together. For example, binding agents can be used to make solid pills from loose powders. [NIH] Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) across cell membranes and epithelial layers, usually by passive diffusion. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Coagulation Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, that are involved in the blood coagulation process. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blot: To transfer DNA, RNA, or proteins to an immobilizing matrix such as nitrocellulose. [NIH]
Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types,
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yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 36, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested. [NIH] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Caustic: An escharotic or corrosive agent. Called also cauterant. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cellobiose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chlorine: A greenish-yellow, diatomic gas that is a member of the halogen family of elements. It has the atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 70.906. It is a powerful irritant that can cause fatal pulmonary edema. Chlorine is used in manufacturing, as a reagent in synthetic chemistry, for water purification, and in the production of chlorinated lime, which is used in fabric bleaching. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH]
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Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulants: Exogenous substances used to promote blood coagulation. The endogenous blood coagulation factors are considered to be coagulants only when administered as drugs. [NIH]
Cod Liver Oil: Oil obtained from fresh livers of the cod family, Gadidae. It is a source of vitamins A and D. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques
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for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Culture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as agar or gelatin. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Offices: The room or rooms in which the dentist and dental staff provide care. Offices include all rooms in the dentist's office suite. [NIH] Dental Staff: Personnel who provide dental service to patients in an organized facility, institution or agency. [NIH] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dialysate: A cleansing liquid used in the two major forms of dialysis--hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. [NIH] Dialyzer: A part of the hemodialysis machine. (See hemodialysis under dialysis.) The dialyzer has two sections separated by a membrane. One section holds dialysate. The other holds the patient's blood. [NIH]
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Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Disinfection: Rendering pathogens harmless through the use of heat, antiseptics, antibacterial agents, etc. [NIH] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Doping: The action of administering a drug to someone before a sports event (originally to a horse before a race); the substance thus administered. [EU] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Ejaculation: The release of semen through the penis during orgasm. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]
Electroplating: Coating with a metal or alloy by electrolysis. [NIH] Emetic: An agent that causes vomiting. [EU] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution
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is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Exercise Therapy: Motion of the body or its parts to relieve symptoms or to improve function, leading to physical fitness, but not physical education and training. [NIH] Extender: Any of several colloidal substances of high molecular weight, used as a blood or plasma substitute in transfusion for increasing the volume of the circulating blood. [NIH] External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fertilizers: Substances or mixtures that are added to the soil to supply nutrients or to make available nutrients already present in the soil, in order to increase plant growth and productivity. [NIH] Filtration: The passage of a liquid through a filter, accomplished by gravity, pressure, or vacuum (suction). [EU] Flush: Transient, episodic redness of the face and neck caused by certain diseases, ingestion of certain drugs or other substances, heat, emotional factors, or physical exertion. [EU] Fractionation: Dividing the total dose of radiation therapy into several smaller, equal doses delivered over a period of several days. [NIH] Free Radical Scavengers: Substances that influence the course of a chemical reaction by ready combination with free radicals. Among other effects, this combining activity protects pancreatic islets against damage by cytokines and prevents myocardial and pulmonary perfusion injuries. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body
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through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastroenteritis: An acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis. [EU] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gels: Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquifies; the resulting colloid is called a sol. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Germicide: An agent that kills pathogenic microorganisms. [EU] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Gold Colloid: A suspension of metallic gold particles. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Graphite: An allotropic form of carbon that is used in pencils, as a lubricant, and in matches and explosives. It is obtained by mining and its dust can cause lung irritation. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H,
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atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodeficiency syndrome: The inability of the body to produce an immune response. [NIH]
Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiator: A chemically reactive substance which may cause cell changes if ingested, inhaled or absorbed into the body; the substance may thus initiate a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Instillation: . [EU] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds,
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wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Iodides: Inorganic binary compounds of iodine or the I- ion. [NIH] Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically. [NIH] Ionization: 1. Any process by which a neutral atom gains or loses electrons, thus acquiring a net charge, as the dissociation of a substance in solution into ions or ion production by the passage of radioactive particles. 2. Iontophoresis. [EU] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Mannans: Polysaccharides consisting of mannose units. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH]
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Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monoclonal antibodies: Laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells wherever they are in the body. Many monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer detection or therapy; each one recognizes a different protein on certain cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, or they can be used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to a tumor. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Mucositis: A complication of some cancer therapies in which the lining of the digestive system becomes inflamed. Often seen as sores in the mouth. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3. [NIH] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Oocytes: Female germ cells in stages between the prophase of the first maturation division and the completion of the second maturation division. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Oral Health: The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the
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mouth without evidence of disease. [NIH] Oral Hygiene: The practice of personal hygiene of the mouth. It includes the maintenance of oral cleanliness, tissue tone, and general preservation of oral health. [NIH] Osmosis: Tendency of fluids (e.g., water) to move from the less concentrated to the more concentrated side of a semipermeable membrane. [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide Mapping: Analysis of peptides generated from the digestion of a protein by a specific protease for the purpose of indentifing the protein or to look for polymorphisms. [NIH]
Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Dialysis: Dialysis fluid being introduced into and removed from the peritoneal cavity as either a continuous or an intermittent procedure. [NIH] Peroxide: Chemical compound which contains an atom group with two oxygen atoms tied to each other. [NIH] Petrolatum: A colloidal system of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as an ointment base, topical protectant, and lubricant. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic. [NIH] Phenyl: Ingredient used in cold and flu remedies. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Photosensitivity: An abnormal cutaneous response involving the interaction between photosensitizing substances and sunlight or filtered or artificial light at wavelengths of 280400 mm. There are two main types : photoallergy and photoxicity. [EU] Physical Fitness: A state of well-being in which performance is optimal, often as a result of physical conditioning which may be prescribed for disease therapy. [NIH]
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Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precipitation: The act or process of precipitating. [EU] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH]
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Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Edema: An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the lungs, may be caused by acute exposure to dangerous concentrations of irritant gasses. [NIH] Quaternary: 1. Fourth in order. 2. Containing four elements or groups. [EU] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiography: Examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of roentgen rays, recording the image on a sensitized surface (such as photographic film). [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflective: Capable of throwing back light, images, sound waves : reflecting. [EU] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Scatter: The extent to which relative success and failure are divergently manifested in qualitatively different tests. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU]
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Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Sharpness: The apparent blurring of the border between two adjacent areas of a radiograph having different optical densities. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Silver Compounds: Inorganic compounds that contain silver as an integral part of the molecule. [NIH] Silver Proteins: Compounds of silver and proteins used as topical anti-infective agents. [NIH]
Silver Staining: The use of silver, usually silver nitrate, as a reagent for producing contrast or coloration in tissue specimens. [NIH] Silver Sulfadiazine: Antibacterial used topically in burn therapy. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH]
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Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Spermatozoa: Mature male germ cells that develop in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. Each consists of a head, a body, and a tail that provides propulsion. The head consists mainly of chromatin. [NIH] Spotting: A slight discharge of blood via the vagina, especially as a side-effect of oral contraceptives. [EU] Stabilizer: A device for maintaining constant X-ray tube voltage or current. [NIH] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Sterilization: The destroying of all forms of life, especially microorganisms, by heat, chemical, or other means. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Sulfadiazine: A short-acting sulfonamide used in combination with pyrimethamine to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections. [NIH] Sulfates: Inorganic salts of sulfuric acid. [NIH] Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid. [NIH] Sulfuric acid: A strong acid that, when concentrated is extemely corrosive to the skin and mucous membranes. It is used in making fertilizers, dyes, electroplating, and industrial explosives. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Suppositories: A small cone-shaped medicament having cocoa butter or gelatin at its basis and usually intended for the treatment of local conditions in the rectum. [NIH] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]
Suspensions: Colloids with liquid continuous phase and solid dispersed phase; the term is used loosely also for solid-in-gas (aerosol) and other colloidal systems; water-insoluble drugs may be given as suspensions. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thiocyanates: Organic derivatives of thiocyanic acid which contain the general formula RSCN. [NIH] Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the
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Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are antithryoid agents and/or free radical scavengers. [NIH] Thymidine: A chemical compound found in DNA. Also used as treatment for mucositis. [NIH]
Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Toxoplasmosis: The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man. [NIH]
Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfusion: The infusion of components of blood or whole blood into the bloodstream. The blood may be donated from another person, or it may have been taken from the person earlier and stored until needed. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH]
Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vanadium: Vanadium. A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and
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treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock. [NIH]
91
INDEX A Adjuvant, 71, 79 Adverse Effect, 71, 86 Aerosol, 17, 71, 87 Affinity, 71, 86 Agar, 71, 76 Algorithms, 71, 73 Alkaline, 37, 71, 72, 83 Allo, 71, 79 Allylamine, 71, 72 Alopecia, 23, 71 Alpha Particles, 71, 85 Alternative medicine, 48, 71 Amine, 19, 71 Amino Acids, 5, 10, 72, 83, 84 Ammonia, 71, 72 Ammonium Sulfate, 31, 32, 72 Amplification, 29, 72 Analgesic, 17, 72 Anionic, 72, 86 Anions, 72, 81 Anthrax, 60, 72 Antibacterial, 8, 16, 72, 77, 86, 87 Antibiotic, 40, 45, 56, 72, 82, 87 Antibodies, 72, 82 Antibody, 71, 72, 75, 79, 80, 81, 82, 85, 86, 89 Antidote, 72, 76 Antifungal, 4, 10, 72, 82 Antigen, 71, 72, 75, 79, 80 Anti-infective, 72, 80, 81, 86 Anti-Infective Agents, 72, 86 Anti-inflammatory, 17, 73 Antimicrobial, 20, 39, 42, 73 Antiseptic, 16, 73, 89 Antispasmodic, 17, 73 Aqueous, 27, 32, 35, 73, 77, 80, 86 Argyria, 4, 8, 10, 73 Arteries, 73, 76, 81 Astringent, 73, 89 Attenuation, 9, 73 B Bacillus, 72, 73 Bacteria, 17, 32, 40, 41, 42, 72, 73, 82, 87, 88 Bactericide, 40, 73 Base, 27, 35, 36, 38, 39, 73, 76, 81, 83 Binding agent, 29, 73 Biological Transport, 73, 77
Biotechnology, 48, 55, 73 Bladder, 7, 73, 88 Blood Coagulation, 73, 75 Blood Coagulation Factors, 73, 75 Blood pressure, 73, 86 Blot, 7, 73 Body Fluids, 73, 86 Bone Marrow, 4, 9, 73 Brachytherapy, 74, 81, 85, 89 Branch, 67, 74, 86, 87 Bromine, 32, 74 Burns, 11, 16, 74 Burns, Electric, 74 C Capsules, 74, 79 Carcinogen, 74, 88 Carcinogenic, 74, 80, 84 Cations, 74, 81 Caustic, 30, 74 Cell, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 80, 81, 82, 84 Cell Division, 73, 74, 84 Cellobiose, 74 Cellulose, 4, 10, 74, 78, 84 Chemotherapy, 24, 74 Chlorine, 28, 32, 74 Chlorophyll, 74, 78 Chromosomal, 72, 74 Chronic, 74, 80, 88 Clinical trial, 55, 74, 85 Cloning, 73, 75 Coagulants, 32, 75 Cod Liver Oil, 75, 78 Collagen, 75, 79 Complement, 75 Complementary and alternative medicine, 7, 12, 75 Complementary medicine, 7, 75 Computational Biology, 55, 75 Connective Tissue, 74, 75, 76, 79 Consciousness, 72, 76, 77 Contamination, 22, 42, 76 Contraindications, ii, 76 Copper Sulfate, 31, 32, 76 Coronary, 76, 81 Coronary Thrombosis, 76, 81 Culture Media, 42, 71, 76 Curative, 76, 87 Cutaneous, 8, 72, 76, 83
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D Databases, Bibliographic, 55, 76 Density, 17, 18, 24, 27, 29, 30, 36, 38, 39, 76, 82, 86 Dental Offices, 40, 76 Dental Staff, 76 Deuterium, 76, 80 Diagnostic procedure, 15, 48, 76 Dialysate, 22, 76 Dialyzer, 22, 76, 79 Diffusion, 27, 73, 77 Digestion, 77, 81, 83 Diploid, 77, 84 Direct, iii, 21, 23, 29, 38, 41, 77, 85 Disinfectant, 22, 31, 77 Disinfection, 28, 31, 77 Dissociation, 71, 77, 81 Doping, 26, 27, 77 Drug Interactions, 56, 77 Dyes, 20, 36, 77, 87 E Efficacy, 8, 16, 77 Ejaculation, 77, 86 Electrolyte, 77, 84, 86 Electrons, 73, 77, 81, 83, 85 Electrophoresis, 4, 9, 10, 77 Electroplating, 77, 87 Emetic, 76, 77 Emulsion, 18, 19, 21, 22, 24, 25, 27, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 77 Environmental Health, 54, 56, 78 Enzyme, 78, 84, 87, 89 Erythrocytes, 74, 78 Exercise Therapy, 24, 78 Extender, 42, 78 External-beam radiation, 78, 81, 85, 89 Extracellular, 76, 78, 86 F Family Planning, 55, 78 Fat, 74, 78, 86, 87 Fertilizers, 78, 87 Filtration, 41, 78 Flush, 40, 78 Fractionation, 72, 78 Free Radical Scavengers, 78, 88 Fungi, 72, 78, 82, 88, 89 Fungus, 17, 78 G Gas, 72, 74, 77, 78, 80, 82, 87 Gastroenteritis, 74, 79 Gelatin, 36, 37, 38, 76, 79, 87 Gels, 27, 79
Gene, 73, 79 Germ Cells, 79, 82, 87 Germicide, 40, 79 Glucose, 74, 79 Gold Colloid, 23, 79 Governing Board, 79, 84 Graft, 25, 26, 79 Grafting, 25, 26, 79 Graphite, 21, 79 Growth, 23, 40, 72, 73, 76, 78, 79, 84 H Haploid, 79, 84 Hemodialysis, 22, 76, 79 Herpes, 41, 79 Herpes Zoster, 79 Homogeneous, 31, 79 Homologous, 5, 10, 79 Hydrogen, 22, 28, 31, 32, 71, 73, 76, 79, 80, 82, 83, 84 Hydrogen Peroxide, 22, 28, 31, 32, 80 Hydrophilic, 17, 20, 21, 25, 35, 38, 80 I Id, 6, 11, 60, 66, 68, 80 Immune response, 71, 72, 80, 89 Immunodeficiency, 80, 87 Immunodeficiency syndrome, 80, 87 Immunoglobulin, 72, 80, 82 Implant radiation, 80, 81, 85, 89 In situ, 25, 80 In vitro, 4, 9, 10, 16, 80 In vivo, 80 Indicative, 45, 80 Infarction, 76, 80, 81 Infection, 72, 73, 79, 80, 88 Inflammation, 73, 79, 80 Ingestion, 10, 72, 78, 80, 84 Inhalation, 71, 80, 84 Initiator, 26, 80 Inorganic, 20, 31, 80, 81, 86, 87 Instillation, 7, 80 Internal radiation, 80, 81, 85, 89 Interstitial, 74, 81, 89 Intoxication, 81, 88 Intracellular, 80, 81, 84 Iodides, 19, 81 Iodine, 81 Ionization, 8, 81 Ions, 26, 29, 73, 77, 80, 81 Irradiation, 9, 36, 81, 89 K Kb, 54, 81
Index 93
L Latent, 21, 29, 35, 81 Lesion, 41, 81, 88 Leukocytes, 74, 81 Library Services, 66, 81 Liver, 78, 81 Localized, 80, 81, 84, 88 Locomotion, 81, 84 M Mannans, 78, 81 MEDLINE, 55, 81 Membrane, 4, 10, 22, 75, 76, 81, 83 MI, 69, 81 Microbe, 82, 88 Migration, 23, 82 Molecular, 4, 10, 32, 55, 57, 73, 76, 78, 82 Molecule, 13, 72, 73, 75, 77, 82, 83, 85, 86 Monoclonal, 7, 81, 82, 85, 89 Monoclonal antibodies, 7, 82 Morphological, 78, 82 Mucositis, 82, 88 Myocardium, 81, 82 N Necrosis, 80, 81, 82 Need, 16, 32, 34, 46, 56, 61, 82 Neutrons, 71, 81, 82, 85 Nitrogen, 71, 82 Nuclei, 18, 25, 71, 77, 82, 84 Nystatin, 4, 10, 82 O Ointments, 82, 89 Oocytes, 42, 82 Opacity, 76, 82 Oral Health, 82, 83 Oral Hygiene, 28, 83 Osmosis, 83 Osmotic, 16, 83 Oxidation, 35, 83 P Palliative, 83, 87 Particle, 4, 9, 29, 83, 86 Peptide, 8, 83, 84 Peptide Mapping, 8, 83 Peripheral blood, 9, 83 Peritoneal, 76, 83 Peritoneal Dialysis, 76, 83 Peroxide, 28, 32, 83 Petrolatum, 78, 83 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 74, 79, 83 Pharmacologic, 83, 88 Phenolphthalein, 78, 83 Phenyl, 35, 83
Phosphorus, 76, 83 Photosensitivity, 17, 83 Physical Fitness, 78, 83 Pigment, 30, 35, 36, 84 Plants, 32, 79, 84, 88 Plasma, 72, 78, 79, 84, 86 Poisoning, 76, 79, 81, 84 Polymers, 25, 26, 27, 84 Polysaccharide, 72, 74, 84 Potassium, 19, 84 Practice Guidelines, 57, 84 Precipitation, 32, 84 Progressive, 79, 82, 84 Projection, 27, 84 Promoter, 23, 84 Prone, 39, 84 Prophase, 82, 84 Protease, 83, 84 Protein S, 73, 84 Proteins, 4, 8, 9, 10, 72, 73, 75, 82, 83, 84, 86, 88 Protons, 71, 80, 84, 85 Public Policy, 55, 85 Pulmonary, 73, 74, 78, 85, 87 Pulmonary Edema, 74, 85 Q Quaternary, 32, 85 R Race, 77, 82, 85 Radiation, 10, 23, 24, 26, 27, 30, 32, 36, 78, 81, 85, 89 Radiation therapy, 78, 81, 85, 89 Radioactive, 80, 81, 82, 85, 89 Radiography, 25, 85 Radiolabeled, 81, 85, 89 Radiotherapy, 74, 81, 85, 89 Randomized, 77, 85 Reagent, 74, 85, 86 Refer, 1, 75, 78, 79, 81, 82, 85 Reflective, 35, 36, 85 Refraction, 85, 87 Regimen, 77, 85 Rigidity, 84, 85 S Scatter, 19, 39, 85 Screening, 74, 85 Secretion, 85, 86 Semen, 42, 77, 86 Sharpness, 18, 28, 35, 36, 86 Shock, 86, 88 Side effect, 56, 71, 86, 88 Silver Compounds, 16, 86
94
Colloidal Silver
Silver Proteins, 8, 86 Silver Staining, 4, 8, 9, 10, 86 Silver Sulfadiazine, 17, 86 Sodium, 4, 9, 19, 26, 86 Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate, 4, 9, 86 Soft tissue, 73, 86 Solvent, 30, 83, 86 Sound wave, 85, 86 Spasm, 73, 86 Specialist, 61, 86 Species, 41, 73, 79, 82, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89 Specificity, 9, 71, 86 Spectrum, 23, 33, 45, 87 Spermatozoa, 86, 87 Spotting, 22, 87 Stabilizer, 31, 87 Steel, 87, 88 Sterile, 40, 87 Sterilization, 22, 87 Subspecies, 86, 87 Substrate, 21, 25, 26, 27, 87 Suction, 78, 87 Sulfadiazine, 17, 87 Sulfates, 86, 87 Sulfites, 18, 87 Sulfuric acid, 31, 72, 87 Supplementation, 8, 87 Suppositories, 79, 87 Surfactant, 86, 87 Suspensions, 32, 41, 87, 88 T Therapeutics, 87 Thermal, 16, 26, 77, 82, 87 Thiocyanates, 19, 87 Thiourea, 29, 87 Thymidine, 9, 88
Tissue, 17, 72, 74, 76, 78, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 86, 87, 88, 89 Topical, 73, 80, 83, 86, 88, 89 Toxic, iv, 22, 88 Toxicity, 17, 77, 88 Toxicology, 56, 88 Toxins, 72, 80, 82, 88 Toxoplasmosis, 87, 88 Transfection, 73, 88 Transfusion, 78, 88 Transplantation, 24, 88 Trauma, 16, 82, 88 U Ulcer, 41, 88 Unconscious, 80, 88 Urinary, 4, 10, 88 Urine, 73, 88 V Vaccines, 88, 89 Vagina, 87, 88 Vanadium, 26, 88 Veterinary Medicine, 55, 88 Virulence, 88, 89 Virus, 17, 41, 89 Viscosity, 16, 89 Vitro, 89 W Wound Healing, 17, 89 X X-ray, 24, 25, 81, 85, 87, 89 X-ray therapy, 81, 89 Y Yeasts, 78, 89 Z Zinc Oxide, 21, 89
Index 95
96
Colloidal Silver
