Debris-¯ow Hazards and Related Phenomena
Matthias Jakob and Oldrich Hungr
Debris-flow Hazards and Related Phenomena
Published in association with
Praxis Publishing Chichester, UK
Dr Matthias Jakob Senior Geoscientist BGC Engineering Inc. Vancouver British Columbia Canada Professor Oldrich Hungr Earth and Ocean Sciences Department University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
SPRINGER±PRAXIS BOOKS IN GEOPHYSICAL SCIENCES SUBJECT ADVISORY EDITOR: Dr Philippe Blondel, C.Geol., F.G.S., Ph.D., M.Sc., Senior Scientist, Department of Physics, University of Bath, Bath, UK
ISBN 3-540-20726-0 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York Springer is part of Springer-Science + Business Media (springeronline.com) Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliogra®e; detailed bibliographic data are available from the Internet at http://dnb.ddb.de Library of Congress Control Number: 2004117082 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. # Praxis Publishing Ltd, Chichester, UK, 2005 Printed in Germany The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a speci®c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: Jim Wilkie Project Management: Originator Publishing Services, Gt Yarmouth, Norfolk, UK Printed on acid-free paper
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Gerald F. Wieczorek and Thomas Glade ?
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EXPLANATION Death from landslides Few debris flows, if any (less than 1/km 2 ) Some debris flows (1.9/km 2 ) Many debris flows (10/km 2 ) Not surveyed
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Precipitation (mm)
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16
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20
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Day (February 1986)
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Wolf Mountain slump-debris flow, Jackson Hole area, Wyoming Wolf Mountain slump-debris flow, 18 May, 1997
Temperature (F )
First yearly occurrence of a 6-day moving average 58 F (May 8, 1997)
6-day moving average of day maximum temperature
March
April
May
Date (1997)
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Rainfall intensity (mm/h)
Rainfall (in/h)
*
Duration (h)
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Olona 1994
intensity(mm/h) (mm/h Intensity
Valsassina 1997
Valtellina 1987
10
Sarno
Valtellina 1983 Valtellina 2000
catastrophic catastrophic
1000ls Is <1000 100lsIs <100 50lsIs <50 10landslides landslides <10
1 0.1
1.0
10.0
100.0
time (h) Time (h) 100
Olona 1994 Valsassina 1997
0.5ls/km^2 Is/km 2 <0,5 1ls/km^2 Is/km 2 <1
Valtellina 1987
rainfall intensity (mm/h Intensity (mm/h)
5ls/km^2 Is/km 2 <5 20ls/km^2 Is/km 2 <20 20ls/km^2 Is/km 2 >20 10
Valtellina 1983 Valtellina 2000
Sarno
1 1
10
100
time (h) Time (h)
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9 D444E
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D9" E ) ##"
" # @ # ( ##) # <"
V
1000
Intensity (mm/h)
Intensity (mm/h)
100
10
1
Caine Ceriani Larsen&Simon Cannon & Ellen Innes
0.1 0.01
0.10
Cancelli&Nova Wieczorek Wilson et al Wilson & Wieczorek Montgomery et al 2000
1.00
10.00
100.00
Duration (h)
duration (h)
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!# W
Antecedent daily rainfall index (mm)
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LB model
Fitted interval
I(t) (mm/hr)
Piezometric response (cm of H2 O)
PZ
Time (hours, from 12:00 a.m., 12 February, 1986
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Day without landslides Day with landslides Probable continuance of landsliding
Soil Water Status index [mm]
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/) @ '.4S
@ ''&E %
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100
C
%
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C
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100
30.0
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20.0
20.0
70
90 80
10.0
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0.0
40 30 20
200
40 30 20
30.0
10 0
10.0
10 0 e
a b
c
70 60 50
10.0 0.0 10.0 200 30.0
a
b
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Number of landslides
Landslides
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Accumulative Percentage (%) Accumulation percentage (%)
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Transition
Hyperconcentrated streamflow
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Mz 09 to 16F (med. to coarse sand)
G 18 to 24F
G 11 to 16F
Mz 07 to 11F (med. to coarse sand)
c 71 to 61 wt %
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Figure 5.15. Central longitudinal section: (a) from the source area to the Omoji River; and (b) of the source area. (c) Cross section of Failure T.
Figure 10.4. Lahar-hazard map of Hall and von Hillebrand (1988) superimposed on Landscan population data courtesy of John Ewert. Landscan data is compiled in 1-km 2 pixels. The combination of population data with lahar-hazard zones follows the volcano population index of Ewert and Harpel (2004) to generate a lahar population index. The generation of Landscan data in 90-m pixels will make the technique more useful with small and moderate-sized lahar-hazard zones.
Figure 10.5. Photograph of Armero after the 13 November, 1985 lahars from Nevado del Ruiz, Columbia. USGS photograph from Pierson et al. (1990).
Figure 10.10. Idealized lahar path and geometric relationships between A and B describing the extent of the lahar-inundation hazard zone. After Iverson et al. (1998).
Gr ee n
Riv e
it e
SC
TACOMA Puyallup
CA
Sumner R. Buckley
W hi te Greenwater Enumclaw Riv er
S. Pr a
Orting
r
Wh
AD
E
Auburn
RA NG E
D UN O S D ET LAN G P U OW L
Puget Sound
Ca
irie C
rb
on
reek
R iv er
Pu
ya p llu
MOUNT Riv er RAINIER
ver
10 15 Km Osceola Mudflow and Pardise lahar Electron Mudflow
National
River
5
litz
0
Co w
14,410 ft Nisqu ally Ri
Sunrise
Ancient arms of Pugent Sound
Source of Osceola Mudflow
Margin of Puget Sound lowland Figure 10.8. Distribution map of the 5,600-year-old, 4-km 3 Osceola Mudflow and coeval Paradise lahar (after Vallance and Scott, 1997) and of the 0.25-km 3 , 500-year-old Electron Mudflow (after Crandell, 1971). Edifice collapse of hydrothermally altered weakened rock generated all of these lahars. Eruptions at the summit of Mount Rainier caused the Osceola Mudflow and Paradise lahar, but the cause of the Electron Mudflow may not be related to eruptions.
Figure 10.9. Lahar hazard zones for Mount Rainier after Hoblitt et al. (1998). Large lahars (Case 1) will extend farther downstream and will inundate greater areas of the drainage basins than smaller lahars (Case 2). The geologic history of Mount Rainier during the last 10,000 years indicates the approximate frequency with which these lahars occur. The vast majority of these large lahars occur during periods of volcanism. In contrast, the smallest lahars (Case 3) include those that happen nearly every year and are not necessarily genetically related to volcanism.
Figure 10.11. Lahar-inundation hazard map constructed by applying the computer model for Mount Rainier and vicinity after Iverson et al. (1998). The dark line encloses a proximal hazard zone, which includes hazards from diverse processes including lahars. Degree of hazard diminishes with simulation volume because large lahars are less likely to recur than small lahars.
Figure 11.2. Spectral ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum expressed in nanometers.
Figure 11.5. CIR photograph showing seepage as dark blue patches in the debris slide scar.
Figure 11.6. Lidar range image of a hillslope subject to debris slides and ravelling. The color of a pixel represents the distance from the sensor to that pixel. The colors cycle through the rainbow as pixels become increasingly distant from the sensor.
Figure 11.7. Three-dimensional photograph of the same hillslope shown in Figure 11.6. The shape data came from a lidar sensor and the image data from a color digital camera.
Figure 11.8. Photo showing the use of a ground-based lidar to monitor movement on a debris slide face. From Paar et al. (2000).
Figure 11.9. Isoline plot of landslide movements detected by a ground-based lidar system in Austria. From Paar et al. (2000).
Figure 11.10. Map of the maximum landslide-induced ground deformation provided by a ground-based D-InSAR (left). Photo of the debris slide headscarp analysed (right). From Leva et al. (2003).
Figure 14.4. (b) Rainstorm in 2002, Gisborne, East Coast. Photo: by Michael Crozier.
(c)
Figure 14.17. The Soil Water Status index calculated for Wellington, New Zealand. Threshold lines refer to calculations from the observation period (Glade, 2000a). (a) Observation period 1950–1979, (b) control run of the downscaled GCM data for the similar period, and (c) climate change scenario based on the GCM run for the period 2070–2099 (refer to Schmidt and Glade (2003) for details). In (a) the event precipitation refers to landslide-triggering rainstorms.
Figure 14.18. Changes of total number of landslide events within each probability class for Wellington, New Zealand. Data refer to Figure 14.17 and give observations, control-run, and scenarios (Schmidt and Glade, 2003). The ‘‘number of events’’ refers to the number of landslide-triggering rainstorm events.
(a)
(b)
Figure 15.1. (a) Photograph of debris-flow path and (b) deposits generated from a burned basin following the 2002 Coal Seam Fire in Colorado. Pickup truck towing trailer in lower left of (a) for scale. Photographs by Andrea Holland-Sears, USDA Forest Service.
Figure 15.2. Map showing locations of documented fire-related debris-flow events in the western USA. Data for more than one basin exists at most locations. Yellow dots signify locations of basins for which data on either debris-flow volume or peak discharge exist (Gartner et al., 2004); both red and yellow dots show locations of debris-flow producing basins included in Gartner et al. (in press); green dots show additional debris-flow locations reported in the literature.
Figure 15.3. Photograph of debris-flow path generated through the process of progressive bulking of runoff with sediment eroded from hillslopes and channels in the 2002 Coal Seam Fire in Colorado. Levees consisting of poorly sorted, unstratified and matrix-supported material, and mud coatings persisted down the channel from the point indicated by the arrow. Photograph by Andrea Holland-Sears, USDA Forest Service.
Figure 15.7. Photograph of landslide scar on hillslopes burned by the 2002 Missionary Ridge Fire in Colorado. Material from scar mobilized into a debris flow and travelled only a short distance downslope.
Figure 17.11. Hazard map of Percy Creek at Indian Arm, Vancouver, British Columbia. This map is based on repeated modelling of the 500-year return period debris flow and combined several possible flow paths. High hazard (red) is defined for flow velocities (v) > 3 m/s, flow depth (d) > 3 m, and maximum boulder size (D) > 2 m. Moderate hazard (orange) is defined as v ¼ 1–3 m/s, d ¼ 1–3 m, and D ¼ 1–2 m. Low hazard (yellow) is defined as v < 1 m/s, d < 1 m, and D < 1 m. KWL Ltd (2003).
Figure 20.12. Discrete hazard levels (PREVENE 2001 project).
Figure 20.13. Hazard map for San Julian alluvial fan. Squares are 500 500 m.
Figure 21.1. Geographical location and SPOT image of Taiwan Island.
Figure 21.3. Isohyetal map of the 96-hour rainfall during Typhoon Herb from 30 July to 2 August, 1996.
Figure 21.8. Map of the Chenyoulan stream watershed, NCCI Highway, 4 rain-gauge stations, and 47 debris-flow gullies caused by Typhoon Herb. After Chieng (1998).
Figure 21.9. ‘‘Bouldery’’ ‘rock-rich) debris flow at Fengqiu.
Figure 21.10. ‘‘Sand-silt-clavey’’ (matrix-rich) debris flow at Longhua.
Figure 21.11. ‘‘Cobble-gravely’’ (mixed evenly with rock and matrix) debris flow at Shenmu.
Figure 21.14. Cross section of a ‘‘cobble-gravely’’ debris flow deposit at Junkengqiao. The debris flow destroyed one home except for the wall foundation. The thickness of the wall foundation was 0.7 m and the largest boulder in the photograph was 0.4 m. Note the debris avalanche scar in the upper center of the photo, which likely triggered the debris flow.
Figure 21.15. Damaged bridge over the Chushui River at Shenmu. The bridge’s clearance was designed for water floods and did not have sufficient conveyance for debris flows. The bridge suffered severe structural damage. The largest boulder transported under the bridge had a diameter of 2:0 2:5 m.
Figure 21.17. Debris-flow structural countermeasures, such as Sabo dams, debris barriers, and debris basins, at Fengqiu in the Chenyoulan stream watershed. The photo shows a relatively big debris basin having a designed capacity of 80,000 m 3 . It was built in 1999, and later divided by a grid-type slit dam (as shown in blue color) in 2000.Photo: Professor C.C. Wu).
Figure 21.18. A slit dam built at the outlet of a debris-flow-prone stream at Jianqing in Hualien County. Note the use of tires on the upstream face of the slit dam to reduce the debris-flow impact. The photo inset shows a series of check dams constructed to stabilize the channel bed and banks along the stream channel upstream of the slit dam.
Figure 21.19. A debris-flow warning sign installed at the crossing of a road and a debris-flowprone channel. Photo: Disaster Prevention Research Center, NCKU.
Figure 23.5. Identification of potential timber salvage associated with landslide activity using high-resolution satellite images. Image copyright of DigitalGlobe.com.
Figure 23.6. Identification of landslide features in Escalante River using near-infrared satellite images. Image copyright of Spaceimaging.com.
Figure 24.2. Hazard matrix. Specific quantitative criteria (for debris flows: flow depth and velocity) are provided for the magnitude of the processes (cf. BWW/BUWAL/BRP, 1997).
Figure 24.8. Simulation of debris flows at So¨renberg using a 2-parameter model for the travel distance and a random-walk approach (using a GIS multiple-flow direction) for the behaviour of the flows on the fan.
Figure 24.9. Hazard map for So¨renberg. Only the debris flow hazards from the landslide complex are considered (colours according to Figure 24.2).
Figure 24.11. Hazard map after the implementation of a set of structural measures as indicated in Figure 24.10 (colours according to Figure 24.2).
Figure 26.14. Model run for a debris flow with a volume of 3 10 6 m 3 and a peak discharge of 9,600 m 3 /s (Kerr Wood Leidal, 2003). According to the exceedence plots in Figure 26.11, this event has a return period of 2,500–5,000 years. Middle and late Holocene debris flows, including the 800-year-old event at the municipal landfill, created a topographic high that splits the modelled event into southern and northern lobes. The thickest materials occur along the modern channel. Note that the debris flow does not reach the residential areas of Brackendale (BR). The contour interval is 5 m.
