The Handbook of Sidescan Sonar
Philippe Blondel
The Handbook of Sidescan Sonar
Published in association with
Praxis Publishing Chichester, UK
Dr Philippe Blondel, C.Geol., F.G.S., Ph.D., M.Sc. Senior Scientist Department of Physics University of Bath Bath UK
SPRINGER±PRAXIS BOOKS IN GEOPHYSICAL SCIENCES SUBJECT ADVISORY EDITOR: Philippe Blondel, C.Geol., F.G.S., Ph.D., M.Sc., Senior Scientist, Department of Physics, University of Bath, Bath, UK
ISBN 978-3-540-42641-7 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Springer is part of Springer-Science + Business Media (springer.com) Library of Congress Control Number: 2008924629 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. # Praxis Publishing Ltd, Chichester, UK, 2009 The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a speci®c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: Jim Wilkie Project management: OPS Ltd, Gt Yarmouth, Norfolk, UK Printed in Germany on acid-free paper
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Figure 3.8. The 3-D bathymetry acquired with the swath sonar IMI-30 between the islands of Maui and Hawaii, in perspective (top). Sidescan sonar imagery, acquired with the same sonar and at the same metric resolution, can then be draped over the bathymetry (bottom).
Figure 4.1. Backscatter profiles are measured over the entire area ensonified by the sidescan sonar: (0) background noise and reverberation from the water column; (1) first seabed returns from small rubble; (2) fault scarp and transition to smoother terrain; (3a) volcano slope facing toward the sonar; (3b) dip in the backscatter levels, associated with the caldera at the top of the volcano; (3c) volcano slope, facing away from the sonar; (4a) strong decrease in reflectivity, associated with a fissure on the ground; (4b) return of reflectivity to its previous levels on the other side of the fissure; (5) fault scarp.
Figure 5.1a. Three-dimensional view of a portion of the slow-spreading Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and bathymetric profile across the ridge. The 60 km length intends to show the depth variations across the swath of a low-resolution sidescan sonar (like GLORIA, with a swath width of 60 km). The swath widths of a medium-resolution sonar like TOBI (6 km) and a high-resolution sonar like DSL-120 (1 km) have been added to show the depth (and imaging angle variations) that can be expected depending on the sonar’s height and expected track (i.e., centered on the ridge or on one side). Image and profile were computed using GeoMapApp (http://www. geomapapp.org/) and compilation bathymetry from the Ridge 2000 Data Portal (http://www.marine-geo.org/portals/ridge2000/) (Carbotte et al., 2004).
Figure 5.1b. Three-dimensional view of a portion of the fast-spreading East Pacific Rise, and bathymetric profile across the ridge. Explanations and source credits are similar to those of Figure 5.1a.
Figure 5.3. Shaded bathymetry and profiles showing two different subduction zones: (a) Mariana Trench; (b) Columbia Trench. Images and profiles were computed using GeoMapApp (http://www. geomapapp.org/) and compilation bathymetry from the Ridge 2000 Data Portal (http://www.marinegeo.org/portals/ridge2000/) (Carbotte et al., 2004).
Figure 6.12. General bathymetry of the polar seas. (Top) Arctic polar seas, outlined in white (adapted from Jakobsson et al., 2008). Mostly covered by ice, the Arctic seas encompass a large variety of terrains, including glaciated continental margins and active mid-ocean ridges. (Bottom) Antarctic polar seas (created using GeoMapApp: http:// www.geomap app.org/; Carbotte et al., 2007), roughly outlined in white. Arrows show the main paths of iceberg drifts (from Wille, 2002). The areas around the ice-covered Antarctic shelf encompass subduction zones, mid-ocean ridges, and abyssal plains.
Figure 8.11. GeoSwathPlus interferometric bathymetry from a morainic ridge extending for more than 1 km across the Luzern Lake near Gersau, Switzerland. The bathymetry is colorcoded from red (0 m) to deep blue (200 m) (reproduced by permission from Dr. Flavio Anselmetti, EAWAG, the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology).
Figure 8.12. GeoSwathPlus interferometric bathymetry from the southern part of the Umersee (Lake Luzern), including the Reuss delta (south) (image width is approximately 2.2 km). The bathymetry is color-coded from red (0 m) to deep blue (200 m). It shows a wealth of details about the lake bed, including the changes to the Reuss delta from sand and gravel extraction (reproduced by permission from Dr. Flavio Anselmetti, EAWAG, the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science andTechnology).
