CUCUMBERS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Cucumbers: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83870-4 1. Cucumbers-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail:
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on cucumbers. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CUCUMBERS .............................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Cucumbers .................................................................................... 3 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 3 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 8 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CUCUMBERS .................................................................................... 13 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 13 Finding Nutrition Studies on Cucumbers ................................................................................... 13 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 17 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 18 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CUCUMBERS .............................................................. 21 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 21 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 21 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 25 General References ....................................................................................................................... 26 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON CUCUMBERS ................................................................................ 27 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 27 Dissertations on Cucumbers ........................................................................................................ 27 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 28 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON CUCUMBERS .......................................................................................... 29 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 29 Patents on Cucumbers ................................................................................................................. 29 Patent Applications on Cucumbers ............................................................................................. 53 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 57 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON CUCUMBERS .............................................................................................. 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 59 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 60 Chapters on Cucumbers ............................................................................................................... 61 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 65 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 65 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 65 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 67 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 69 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 71 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 73 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 75 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 75 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 75 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 75 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 75 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 81 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 81 CUCUMBERS DICTIONARY ....................................................................................................... 83 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 115
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with cucumbers is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about cucumbers, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to cucumbers, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on cucumbers. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to cucumbers, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on cucumbers. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CUCUMBERS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on cucumbers.
Federally Funded Research on Cucumbers The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to cucumbers. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to cucumbers. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore cucumbers.
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National
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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH). 3 Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
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Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “cucumbers” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for cucumbers in the PubMed Central database: •
A Comparison of Oligogalacturonide- and Auxin-Induced Extracellular Alkalinization and Growth Responses in Roots of Intact Cucumber Seedlings. by Spiro MD, Bowers JF, Cosgrove DJ.; 2002 Oct 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=166616
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A Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV) RNA 1 Transgene Mediates Suppression of the Homologous Viral RNA 1 Constitutively and Prevents CMV Entry into the Phloem. by Canto T, Palukaitis P.; 2001 Oct 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=114480
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A Matrix Metalloproteinase Gene Is Expressed at the Boundary of Senescence and Programmed Cell Death in Cucumber. by Delorme VG, McCabe PF, Kim DJ, Leaver CJ.; 2000 Jul 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59054
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Ability of Nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum Strain Fo47 To Induce Resistance against Pythium ultimum Infection in Cucumber. by Benhamou N, Garand C, Goulet A.; 2002 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=124014
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Accumulation of Salicylic Acid and 4-Hydroxybenzoic Acid in Phloem Fluids of Cucumber during Systemic Acquired Resistance Is Preceded by a Transient Increase in Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase Activity in Petioles and Stems. by Smith-Becker J, Marois E, Huguet EJ, Midland SL, Sims JJ, Keen NT.; 1998 Jan 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=35162
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Biological properties of pseudorecombinant and recombinant strains created with cucumber mosaic virus and tomato aspermy virus. by Salanki K, Carrere I, Jacquemond M, Balazs E, Tepfer M.; 1997 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=191507
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Chromoplast Biogenesis in Cucumis sativus Corollas (Rapid Effect of Gibberellin A3 on the Accumulation of a Chromoplast-Specific Carotenoid-Associated Protein). by Vainstein A, Halevy AH, Smirra I, Vishnevetsky M.; 1994 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=159202
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Competence for Elicitation of H2O2 in Hypocotyls of Cucumber Is Induced by Breaching the Cuticle and Is Enhanced by Salicylic Acid. by Fauth M, Merten A, Hahn MG, Jeblick W, Kauss H.; 1996 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=157727
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With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.
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Conversion of cucumber linoleate 13-lipoxygenase to a 9-lipoxygenating species by site-directed mutagenesis. by Hornung E, Walther M, Kuhn H, Feussner I.; 1999 Mar 30; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=22443
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Cucumber Cotyledon Lipoxygenase during Postgerminative Growth. Its Expression and Action on Lipid Bodies. by Matsui K, Hijiya K, Tabuchi Y, Kajiwara T.; 1999 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=32012
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Cucumber Hypocotyls Respond to Cutin Monomers via Both an Inducible and a Constitutive H2O2-Generating System. by Kauss H, Fauth M, Merten A, Jeblick W.; 1999 Aug 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59351
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Cutin Monomers and Surface Wax Constituents Elicit H2O2 in Conditioned Cucumber Hypocotyl Segments and Enhance the Activity of Other H2O2 Elicitors. by Fauth M, Schweizer P, Buchala A, Markstadter C, Riederer M, Kato T, Kauss H.; 1998 Aug 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=34901
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Defense Responses in Infected and Elicited Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Hypocotyl Segments Exhibiting Acquired Resistance. by Siegrist J, Jeblick W, Kauss H.; 1994 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=159469
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Differential expression of two hemA mRNAs encoding glutamyl-tRNA reductase proteins in greening cucumber seedlings. by Tanaka R, Yoshida K, Nakayashiki T, Masuda T, Tsuji H, Inokuchi H, Tanaka A.; 1996 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=160912
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Dim-Red-Light-Induced Increase in Polar Auxin Transport in Cucumber Seedlings I. Development of Altered Capacity, Velocity, and Response to Inhibitors. by Shinkle JR, Kadakia R, Jones AM.; 1998 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=35059
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Effect of volatile methyl jasmonate on the oxylipin pathway in tobacco, cucumber, and arabidopsis. by Avdiushko S, Croft KP, Brown GC, Jackson DM, Hamilton-Kemp TR, Hildebrand D.; 1995 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=157654
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Effects of light fluence and wavelength on expression of the gene encoding cucumber hydroxypyruvate reductase. by Bertoni GP, Becker WM.; 1993 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=159066
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Electrical Impedance Analysis of Tissue Properties Associated with Ethylene Induction by Electric Currents in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Fruit. by Inaba A, Manabe T, Tsuji H, Iwamoto T.; 1995 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=161186
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Estimation and Analysis of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Leaf Cellular Heat Sensitivity. by Caldwell CR.; 1993 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=158710
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Evidence of Phytoalexins in Cucumber Leaves Infected with Powdery Mildew following Treatment with Leaf Extracts of Reynoutria sachalinensis. by Daayf F, Schmitt A, Belanger RR.; 1997 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=158189
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Evidence that Binding of Cucumber Necrosis Virus to Vector Zoospores Involves Recognition of Oligosaccharides. by Kakani K, Robbins M, Rochon D'.; 2003 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=150651
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Expression of the Cucumber Hydroxypyruvate Reductase Gene Is Down-Regulated by Elevated CO2. by Bertoni GP, Becker WM.; 1996 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=157983
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Gibberellin Produced in the Cotyledon Is Required for Cell Division during Tissue Reunion in the Cortex of Cut Cucumber and Tomato Hypocotyls. by Asahina M, Iwai H, Kikuchi A, Yamaguchi S, Kamiya Y, Kamada H, Satoh S.; 2002 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=155884
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Identification of a 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase gene linked to the female (F) locus that enhances female sex expression in cucumber. by Trebitsh T, Staub JE, O'Neill SD.; 1997 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=158220
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Identification of Specific Cucumber Necrosis Virus Coat Protein Amino Acids Affecting Fungus Transmission and Zoospore Attachment. by Kakani K, Sgro JY, Rochon D'.; 2001 Jun 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=114270
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Impact of Biocontrol Pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0 and a Genetically Modified Derivative on the Diversity of Culturable Fungi in the Cucumber Rhizosphere. by Girlanda M, Perotto S, Moenne-Loccoz Y, Bergero R, Lazzari A, Defago G, Bonfante P, Luppi AM.; 2001 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92807
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In Situ Localization and Tissue Distribution of the Replication-Associated Proteins of Cucumber Mosaic Virus in Tobacco and Cucumber. by Cillo F, Roberts IM, Palukaitis P.; 2002 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=136603
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Induction of Defense Responses in Cucumber Plants (Cucumis sativus L.) by the Biocontrol Agent Trichoderma harzianum. by Yedidia I, Benhamou N, Chet I.; 1999 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=91145
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Involvement of Polyamines in the Chilling Tolerance of Cucumber Cultivars. by Shen W, Nada K, Tachibana S.; 2000 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59156
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Iron-Deficiency Stress Responses in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Roots (A Possible Role for Ethylene?). by Romera FJ, Alcantara E.; 1994 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=159441
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Isolation and Characterization of a Chromoplast-Specific Carotenoid-Associated Protein from Cucumis sativus Corollas. by Smirra I, Halevy AH, Vainstein A.; 1993 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=158803
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Isolation and regulation of accumulation of a minor chromoplast-specific protein from cucumber corollas. by Libal-Weksler Y, Vishnevetsky M, Ovadis M, Vainstein A.; 1997 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=158115
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Local and Systemic Biosynthesis of Salicylic Acid in Infected Cucumber Plants. by Meuwly P, Molders W, Buchala A, Metraux JP.; 1995 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=161414
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Metabolic Implications in the Biochemical Responses to Iron Deficiency in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Roots. by Rabotti G, De Nisi P, Zocchi G.; 1995 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=157252
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Modification of the Cellular Heat Sensitivity of Cucumber by Growth under Supplemental Ultraviolet-B Radiation. by Caldwell CR.; 1994 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=159211
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Multiple AGAMOUS homologs from cucumber and petunia differ in their ability to induce reproductive organ fate. by Kater MM, Colombo L, Franken J, Busscher M, Masiero S, Van Lookeren Campagne MM, Angenent GC.; 1998 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=143982
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Optimal Thermal Environments for Plant Metabolic Processes (Cucumis sativus L.) (Light-Harvesting Chlorophyll a/b Pigment-Protein Complex of Photosystem II and Seedling Establishment in Cucumber). by Burke JJ, Oliver MJ.; 1993 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=158775
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Phytochrome, Gibberellins, and Hypocotyl Growth (A Study Using the Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) long hypocotyl Mutant). by Lopez-Juez E, Kobayashi M, Sakurai A, Kamiya Y, Kendrick RE.; 1995 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=161175
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Sex Determination in the Monoecious Species Cucumber Is Confined to Specific Floral Whorls. by Kater MM, Franken J, Carney KJ, Colombo L, Angenent GC.; 2001 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=135508
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Spider Mite-Induced (3S)-(E)-Nerolidol Synthase Activity in Cucumber and Lima Bean. The First Dedicated Step in Acyclic C11-Homoterpene Biosynthesis. by Bouwmeester HJ, Verstappen FW, Posthumus MA, Dicke M.; 1999 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59365
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Temperature-Stress-Induced Impairment of Chlorophyll Biosynthetic Reactions in Cucumber and Wheat. by Kumar Tewari A, Charan Tripathy B.; 1998 Jul 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=34939
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Transport of Salicylic Acid in Tobacco Necrosis Virus-Infected Cucumber Plants. by Molders W, Buchala A, Metraux JP.; 1996 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=158003
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Ultraviolet-Induced Photodegradation of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Microsomal and Soluble Protein Tryptophanyl Residues in Vitro. by Caldwell CR.; 1993 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=158711
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with cucumbers, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “cucumbers” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for cucumbers (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
A cucumber in the abdomen penetrating through the vagina. Author(s): Lee TT. Source: Med J Malaya. 1970 September; 25(1): 53. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4249497&dopt=Abstract
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Biopsy-cucumber unit: improved method for preparing bladder biopsy specimens. Author(s): Watson RA, Fitzwater JE, Deshon GE Jr, Agee RE. Source: Urology. 1984 April; 23(4): 392-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6369715&dopt=Abstract
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Bladder perforation caused by cucumis sativus repaired per vagina. Author(s): Piercy SL, Gregory JG, Freel JH. Source: Urology. 1987 September; 30(3): 265-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3629770&dopt=Abstract
6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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Contact dermatitis due to dibromodicyanobutane in cucumber eye gel. Author(s): O'Donnell BF, Foulds IS. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1993 August; 29(2): 99-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8365190&dopt=Abstract
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Contact dermatitis from Euxyl K 400 in cucumber eye gel. Author(s): Ross JS, Cronin E, White IR, Rycroft RJ. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1992 January; 26(1): 60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1600741&dopt=Abstract
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Contact urticaria from cucumber pickle and strawberry. Author(s): Weltfriend S, Kwangsukstith C, Maibach HI. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1995 March; 32(3): 173-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7774193&dopt=Abstract
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Cross-allergenicity among celery, cucumber, carrot, and watermelon. Author(s): Jordan-Wagner DL, Whisman BA, Goetz DW. Source: Ann Allergy. 1993 July; 71(1): 70-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8328718&dopt=Abstract
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Cucumber contact dermatitis. Author(s): Zachariae CO. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2000 October; 43(4): 240-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11011937&dopt=Abstract
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Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus antibodies from a synthetic phage display library. Author(s): Ziegler A, Torrance L, Macintosh SM, Cowan GH, Mayo MA. Source: Virology. 1995 December 1; 214(1): 235-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8525621&dopt=Abstract
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Cucumber shaped and 35 nm particles in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Author(s): Horoupian DS, Ross RT. Source: The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences. Le Journal Canadien Des Sciences Neurologiques. 1975 August; 2(3): 203-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1100214&dopt=Abstract
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Cucumber T-complex protein. Molecular cloning, bacterial expression and characterization within a 22-S cytosolic complex in cotyledons and hypocotyls. Author(s): Ahnert V, May C, Gerke R, Kindl H. Source: European Journal of Biochemistry / Febs. 1996 January 15; 235(1-2): 114-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8631317&dopt=Abstract
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Ecbalium elaterium (squirting cucumber)--remedy or poison? Author(s): Raikhlin-Eisenkraft B, Bentur Y. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 2000; 38(3): 305-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10866331&dopt=Abstract
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Fatal cardiac and renal failure due to Ecbalium elaterium (squirting cucumber) Author(s): Vlachos P, Kanitsakis NN, Kokonas N. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 1994; 32(6): 737-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7966532&dopt=Abstract
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Fennel, cucumber, and melon allergy successfully treated with pollen-specific injection immunotherapy. Author(s): Asero R. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2000 April; 84(4): 460-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10795656&dopt=Abstract
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Fresh cucumber flavor in refrigerated pickles: comparison of sensory and instrumental analysis. Author(s): Palma-Harris C, McFeeters RF, Fleming HP. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 August 14; 50(17): 4875-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12166974&dopt=Abstract
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Fresh-frozen cucumber as a mount for conjunctival and corneal tissue in cryomicrotomy. Author(s): Dua HS, Gomes JA, Singh A, Eagle RC Jr, Donoso LA, Laibson PR. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1994 September; 112(9): 1139-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8085955&dopt=Abstract
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Frozen cucumber as a mount for processing vitreoretinal specimens. Author(s): Banerjee S, Shaikh C, Wallace GR, Murray PI, Scott RA. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 April; 87(4): 512. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12642332&dopt=Abstract
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Pesticide-contaminated cucumber. Author(s): Stinson JC, O'Gharabhain F, Adebayo G, Chambers PL, Feely J. Source: Lancet. 1993 January 2; 341(8836): 64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8093322&dopt=Abstract
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Report of illnesses caused by aldicarb-contaminated cucumbers. Author(s): Hirsch GH, Mori BT, Morgan GB, Bennett PR, Williams BC. Source: Food Additives and Contaminants. 1988 April-June; 5(2): 155-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3360204&dopt=Abstract
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Suspected foodborne carbamate pesticide intoxications associated with ingestion of hydroponic cucumbers. Author(s): Goes EA, Savage EP, Gibbons G, Aaronson M, Ford SA, Wheeler HW. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1980 February; 111(2): 254-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7355886&dopt=Abstract
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The biopsy-cucumber unit. A method to improve tissue orientation. Author(s): Swan RW, Davis HJ. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1970 November; 36(5): 803-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5474010&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CUCUMBERS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and cucumbers.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Cucumbers The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “cucumbers” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7
Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “cucumbers” (or a synonym): •
Impact of treatment with plant extracts from Reynoutria sachalinensis (F. Schmidt) Nakai on intensity of powdery mildew severity and yield in cucumber under high disease pressure. Author(s): National Agricultural Research Foundation, Institute of Plant Protection, Amerikis and National Road, PO Box 5149, 26004 Patras (Greece) Source: Konstantinidou Doltsinis, S. Schmitt, A. Crop-Protection (United Kingdom). (1998). volume 17(8) page 649-656.
Additional physician-oriented references include: •
Behavior of methamidophos residues in peppers, cucumbers, and cherry tomatoes grown in a greenhouse: evaluation by decline curves. Author(s): Pesticide Residues Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Almeria, Spain. Source: Aguilera del Real, A Valverde Garcia, A Camacho Ferre, F J-Agric-Food-Chem. 1999 August; 47(8): 3355-8 0021-8561
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Behaviour of endosulfan residues in peppers, cucumbers and cherry tomatoes grown in greenhouse: evaluation by decline curves. Source: Aguilera del Real, A. Valverde Garcia, A. Fernandez Alba, A.R. Camacho Ferre, F. Pestic-sci. Chichester, West Sussex : John Wiley and Sons Limited. October 1997. volume 51 (2) page 194-200. 0031-613X
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Beta-galactosidase in immobilized cells of gherkin Cucumis sativus L. Author(s): Garden of Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic. Source: Stano, J Nemec, P Bezakova, L Kakoniova, D Kovacs, P Neubert, K Liskova, D Andriamainty, F Micieta, K Acta-Biochim-Pol. 1998; 45(2): 621-6 0001-527X
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Biorationals from Nicotiana protect cucumbers against Colletotrichum lagenarium (Pass.) Ell. & Halst disease development. Source: Kennedy, B.S. Nielsen, M.T. Severson, R.F. J-chem-ecol. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Publishing Corporation. February 1995. volume 21 (2) page 221-231. 0098-0331
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Cucumber root lipoxygenase can act on acyl groups in phosphatidylcholine. Author(s): Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753, Japan.
[email protected] Source: Matsui, K Nishioka, M Ikeyoshi, M Matsumura, Y Mori, T Kajiwara, T BiochimBiophys-Acta. 1998 February 5; 1390(1): 8-20 0006-3002
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Destruction of photosystem I iron-sulfur centers in leaves of Cucumis sativus L. by weak illumination at chilling temperatures. Author(s): Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tokyo, Japan. Source: Sonoike, K Terashima, I Iwaki, M Itoh, S FEBS-Lett. 1995 April 3; 362(2): 235-8 0014-5793
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Development of Fe-deficiency responses in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) roots: involvement of plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase activity. Author(s): Dipartimento di Produzione Vegetale, University of Milan, Italy. Source: Dell'Orto, M Santi, S De Nisi, P Cesco, S Varanini, Z Zocchi, G Pinton, R J-ExpBot. 2000 April; 51(345): 695-701 0022-0957
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Distinct cis-acting elements direct the germination and sugar responses of the cucumber malate synthase gene. Author(s): Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Edinburgh, UK. Source: Sarah, C J Graham, I A Reynolds, S J Leaver, C J Smith, S M Mol-Gen-Genet. 1996 February 5; 250(2): 153-61 0026-8925
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Effect of lanthanum on ion absorption in cucumber seedling leaves. Author(s): Department of Biology, Lanzhou University, China. Source: Zeng, F L Shi, P Zhang, M F Deng, R W Biol-Trace-Elem-Res. 2000 Winter; 78(13): 265-70 0163-4984
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Effect of oil spray on sweetpotato whitefly and phytotoxicity on watermelons, squash and cucumbers. Source: Butler, G.D. Jr. Henneberry, T.J. Southwest-Entomol. College Station, Tex. : Southwestern Entomological Society. March 1991. volume 16 (1) page 63-72. 0147-1724
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Effect of volatile methyl jasmonate on the oxylipin pathway in tobacco, cucumber, and arabidopsis. Author(s): Department of Agronomy, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40546, USA. Source: Avdiushko, S Croft, K P Brown, G C Jackson, D M Hamilton Kemp, T R Hildebrand, D Plant-Physiol. 1995 December; 109(4): 1227-30 0032-0889
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Expression of cucumber lipid-body lipoxygenase in transgenic tobacco: lipid-body lipoxygenase is correctly targeted to seed lipid bodies. Author(s): Institut fur Pflanzenbiochemie, Halle, Germany.
[email protected] Source: Hause, B Weichert, H Hohne, M Kindl, H Feussner, I Planta. 2000 April; 210(5): 708-14 0032-0935
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Expression of glyoxylate cycle genes in cucumber roots responds to sugar supply and can be activated by shading or defoliation of the shoot. Author(s): Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Edinburgh, UK. Source: Ismail, I De Bellis, L Alpi, A Smith, S M Plant-Mol-Biol. 1997 November; 35(5): 633-40 0167-4412
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Fennel, cucumber, and melon allergy successfully treated with pollen-specific injection immunotherapy. Author(s): Caduti Bollatesi Hospital, Bollate, Italy. Source: Asero, R Ann-Allergy-Asthma-Immunol. 2000 April; 84(4): 460-2 1081-1206
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Impact of biocontrol Pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0 and a genetically modified derivative on the diversity of culturable fungi in the cucumber rhizosphere. Author(s): Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale and CSMT-CNR, Viale P.A. Mattioli 25, 10125 Torino, Italy.
[email protected] Source: Girlanda, M Perotto, S Moenne Loccoz, Y Bergero, R Lazzari, A Defago, G Bonfante, P Luppi, A M Appl-Environ-Microbiol. 2001 April; 67(4): 1851-64 0099-2240
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Inhibition of formation of oxidative volatile components in fermented cucumbers by ascorbic acid and turmeric. Author(s): Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, Department of Food Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7624, USA. Source: Zhou, A McFeeters, R F Fleming, H P J-Agric-Food-Chem. 2000 October; 48(10): 4910-2 0021-8561
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Intra- and extracellular isoforms of PR-3 class chitinase in virus-infected cucumber plants. Author(s): Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Virology, Complex Research Institute of Viticulture and Enology, Bratislava, Slovak Republic. Source: Repka, V Acta-Virol. 1997 April; 41(2): 71-5 0001-723X
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Metabolic responses in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) roots under Fe-deficiency: a 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance in-vivo study. Author(s): Dipartimento di Produzione Vegetale, University of Milan, Italy. Source: Espen, L Dell'Orto, M De Nisi, P Zocchi, G Planta. 2000 May; 210(6): 985-92 00320935
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Monopotassium phosphate as a phosphorus and potassium source for greenhousewinter-grown cucumber and muskmelon. Source: Nerson, H. Edelstein, M. Berdugo, R. Ankorion, Y. J-plant-nutr. Monticello, N.Y. : Marcel Dekker Inc. 1997. volume 20 (2/3) page 335-344. 0190-4167
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Multiple AGAMOUS homologs from cucumber and petunia differ in their ability to induce reproductive organ fate. Author(s): Department of Developmental Biology, DLO-Centre for Plant Breeding and Reproduction Research (CPRO-DLO), Droevendaalsesteeg 1, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands. Source: Kater, M M Colombo, L Franken, J Busscher, M Masiero, S Van Lookeren Campagne, M M Angenent, G C Plant-Cell. 1998 February; 10(2): 171-82 1040-4651
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Occurrence of 24-ethyl-delta5-and 24-ethyl-delta7-sterols as C-24 epimeric mixtures in seeds of Cucumis sativus [Cucumbers]. Source: Matsumoto, T. Shigemoto, T. Itoh, T. Phytochemistry. Oxford : Pergamon Press. 1983. volume 22 (11) page 2622-2624. 0031-9422
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Pyruvate kinase activity as an indicator of the level of K(+), Mg(2+), and Ca(2+) in leaves and fruits of the cucumber: the role of potassium fertilization. Author(s): Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, E18071 Granada, Spain. Source: Ruiz, J M Moreno, D A Romero, L J-Agric-Food-Chem. 1999 March; 47(3): 845-9 0021-8561
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Regulation of expression of the cucumber isocitrate lyase gene in cotyledons upon seed germination and by sucrose. Author(s): Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Edinburgh, UK. Source: Reynolds, S J Smith, S M Plant-Mol-Biol. 1995 December; 29(5): 885-96 0167-4412
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Related glycoprotein lectins from root stocks of wild cucumbers. Source: Peumans, W.J. Allen, A.K. Nsimba Lubaki, M. Chrispeels, M.J. Phytochemistry. Oxford : Pergamon Press. 1987. volume 26 (4) page 909-912. ill. 0031-9422
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Some responses of cucumbers, grown in beds of peat, to copper and molybdenum. Source: Adams, P. Acta-Hortic. Wageningen : International Society for Horticultural Science. April 1985. (156) page 73-80. 0567-7572
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Spider mite-induced (3S)-(E)-nerolidol synthase activity in cucumber and lima bean. The first dedicated step in acyclic C11-homoterpene biosynthesis. Author(s): Research Institute for Agrobiology and Soil Fertility, P.O. Box 14, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
[email protected] Source: Bouwmeester, H J Verstappen, F W Posthumus, M A Dicke, M Plant-Physiol. 1999 September; 121(1): 173-80 0032-0889
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Technological aspects of keeping and pickling qualities of cucumbers as influenced by fertilizers. Author(s): Food Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, ElMinufiya University, Shibin El-Kom, Egypt. Source: Bakr, A A Gawish, R A Plant-Foods-Hum-Nutr. 1993 July; 44(1): 17-28 0921-9668
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Temperature and humidity affect pillowy fruit disorder in cucumber. Source: Staub, J.E. Navazio, J.P. HortScience. Alexandria, Va. : The American Society for Horticultural Science. August 1993. volume 28 (8) page 822-823. 0018-5345
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The effects of day and night humidity on yield and quality of glasshouse cucumbers. Source: Bakker, J.C. Welles, G.W.H. Uffelen, J.A.M. van J-Hortic-Sci. Ashford : Headley Brothers Ltd. July 1987. volume 62 (3) page 363-370. 0022-1589
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The plant defense response to cucumber mosaic virus in cowpea is elicited by the viral polymerase gene and affects virus accumulation in single cells. Author(s): Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. Source: Kim, C H Palukaitis, P EMBO-J. 1997 July 1; 16(13): 4060-8 0261-4189
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
The following is a specific Web list relating to cucumbers; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Food and Diet Arborio Rice Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bagels Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bulgur Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,305,00.html Cucumbers Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cucumbers Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,18,00.html Feingold Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Feta Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lettuce & Other Salad Greens Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com
Nutrition
Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,196,00.html Low-oxalate Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Melons Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Melons Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,57,00.html Smelt Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sour Cream Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vegetables Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Zucchini Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,183,00.html
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CUCUMBERS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to cucumbers. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to cucumbers and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “cucumbers” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to cucumbers: •
Behavior of methamidophos residues in peppers, cucumbers, and cherry tomatoes grown in a greenhouse: evaluation by decline curves. Author(s): Aguilera-del Real A, Valverde-Garcia A, Camacho-Ferre F. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1999 August; 47(8): 3355-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10552657&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical effects of the fruit juice of Ecbalium elaterium in the treatment of sinusitis. Author(s): Sezik E, Yesilada E. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 1995; 33(4): 381-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7629911&dopt=Abstract
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Comparative potencies of nutraceuticals in chemically induced skin tumor prevention. Author(s): Villasenor IM, Simon MK, Villanueva AM.
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Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 2002; 44(1): 66-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12672643&dopt=Abstract •
Determination of element distribution between the symplasm and apoplasm of cucumber plant parts by total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Author(s): Varga A, Zaray G, Fodor F. Source: Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry. 2002 April 10; 89(1-2): 149-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11931975&dopt=Abstract
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Diets enriched in foods with high antioxidant activity reverse age-induced decreases in cerebellar beta-adrenergic function and increases in proinflammatory cytokines. Author(s): Gemma C, Mesches MH, Sepesi B, Choo K, Holmes DB, Bickford PC. Source: The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 2002 July 15; 22(14): 6114-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12122072&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of a phloxine B-cucurbitacin bait on diabroticite beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Author(s): Schroder RF, Martin PA, Athanas MM. Source: Journal of Economic Entomology. 2001 August; 94(4): 892-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11561848&dopt=Abstract
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Fatal cardiac and renal failure due to Ecbalium elaterium (squirting cucumber) Author(s): Vlachos P, Kanitsakis NN, Kokonas N. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 1994; 32(6): 737-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7966532&dopt=Abstract
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Fennel, cucumber, and melon allergy successfully treated with pollen-specific injection immunotherapy. Author(s): Asero R. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2000 April; 84(4): 460-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10795656&dopt=Abstract
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Fusarinines and dimerum acid, mono- and dihydroxamate siderophores from Penicillium chrysogenum, improve iron utilization by strategy I and strategy II plants. Author(s): Hordt W, Romheld V, Winkelmann G. Source: Biometals : an International Journal on the Role of Metal Ions in Biology, Biochemistry, and Medicine. 2000 March; 13(1): 37-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10831223&dopt=Abstract
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Host plant-induced changes in detoxification enzymes and susceptibility to pesticides in the twospotted spider mite (Acari: Tetranychidae). Author(s): Yang X, Margolies DC, Zhu KY, Buschman LL. Source: Journal of Economic Entomology. 2001 April; 94(2): 381-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11332829&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of plant species on the biological control activity of the antagonistic rhizobacterium Rhizobium etli strain G12 toward the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. Author(s): Mahdy M, Hallmann J, Sikora RA. Source: Meded Rijksuniv Gent Fak Landbouwkd Toegep Biol Wet. 2001; 66(2B): 655-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12425090&dopt=Abstract
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Investigation of the transported heavy metal ions in xylem sap of cucumber plants by size exclusion chromatography and atomic absorption spectrometry. Author(s): Mihucz VG, Tatar E, Kmethy B, Zaray G, Cseh E. Source: Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry. 2000 July 15; 81(1-2): 81-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11001435&dopt=Abstract
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Molecular cloning of a carotenoid-associated protein from Cucumis sativus corollas: homologous genes involved in carotenoid sequestration in chromoplasts. Author(s): Vishnevetsky M, Ovadis M, Itzhaki H, Levy M, Libal-Weksler Y, Adam Z, Vainstein A. Source: The Plant Journal : for Cell and Molecular Biology. 1996 December; 10(6): 1111-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9011091&dopt=Abstract
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Phytochrome A enhances the promotion of hypocotyl growth caused by reductions in levels of phytochrome B in its far-red-light-absorbing form in light-grown Arabidopsis thaliana. Author(s): Casal JJ. Source: Plant Physiology. 1996 November; 112(3): 965-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8938405&dopt=Abstract
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Plant chitinases use two different hydrolytic mechanisms. Author(s): Iseli B, Armand S, Boller T, Neuhaus JM, Henrissat B. Source: Febs Letters. 1996 March 11; 382(1-2): 186-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8612749&dopt=Abstract
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Radiation preservation of foods of plant origin. Part VI. Mushrooms, tomatoes, minor fruits and vegetables, dried fruits, and nuts. Author(s): Thomas P.
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Source: Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 1988; 26(4): 313-58. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3280249&dopt=Abstract •
Residues of methamidofos, malathion, and methiocarb in greenhouse crops. Author(s): Hernandez Torres ME, Egea Gonzalez FJ, Castro Cano ML, Moreno Frias M, Martinez Vidal JL. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 February 27; 50(5): 1172-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11853499&dopt=Abstract
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Signalling in arbuscular mycorrhiza: facts and hypotheses. Author(s): Vierheilig H, Piche Y. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 2002; 505: 23-39. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12083464&dopt=Abstract
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Spectral quality affects disease development of three pathogens on hydroponically grown plants. Author(s): Schuerger AC, Brown CS. Source: Hortscience. 1997 February; 32(1): 96-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11540250&dopt=Abstract
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Spectral quality may be used to alter plant disease development in CELSS. Author(s): Schuerger AC, Brown CS. Source: Advances in Space Research : the Official Journal of the Committee on Space Research (Cospar). 1994 November; 14(11): 395-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11540212&dopt=Abstract
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Spider mite-induced (3S)-(E)-nerolidol synthase activity in cucumber and lima bean. The first dedicated step in acyclic C11-homoterpene biosynthesis. Author(s): Bouwmeester HJ, Verstappen FW, Posthumus MA, Dicke M. Source: Plant Physiology. 1999 September; 121(1): 173-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10482672&dopt=Abstract
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The enzymic formation of long chain aldehydes and alcohols by alpha-oxidation of fatty acids in extracts of cucumber fruit (Cucumis sativus). Author(s): Galliard T, Matthew JA. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 1976 January 22; 424(1): 26-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1252478&dopt=Abstract
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Vascular tissue-specific gene expression of xylem sap glycine-rich proteins in root and their localization in the walls of metaxylem vessels in cucumber. Author(s): Sakuta C, Satoh S.
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Source: Plant & Cell Physiology. 2000 May; 41(5): 627-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10929946&dopt=Abstract •
Wall relaxation in growing stems: comparison of four species and assessment of measurement techniques. Author(s): Cosgrove DJ. Source: Planta. 1987; 171: 266-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11539726&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to cucumbers; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Diverticular Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Leukemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Lymphoma Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Rheumatoid Arthritis Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com •
Herbs and Supplements Arctium Alternative names: Burdock, Gobo; Arctium lappa L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Bryonia Bryony Alternative names: Bryony; Bryonia sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Cynara Artichoke Alternative names: Artichoke; Cynara scolymus L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Foeniculum Alternative names: Fennel; Foeniculum vulgare Mill Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Glucosamine Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,790,00.html Ocimum Alternative names: Basil, Albahaca; Ocimum basilicum Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Phytolacca Alternative names: Poke root, Endod; Phytolacca dodecandra L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Zingiber Alternative names: Ginger; Zingiber officinale Roscoe Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON CUCUMBERS Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to cucumbers. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “cucumbers” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on cucumbers, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Cucumbers ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to cucumbers. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
Crop Management Alternatives for Machine-Harvested Cucumbers (Cucumis Sativus) by Lonsbary, Sheryl Katherine; Msc from University of Guelph (canada), 2002, 83 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ67362
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The Effectiveness of Spinosad and Microclimate for Use in Integrated Pest Management of Thrips on Greenhouse Cucumbers in Ontario (Amblyseius Cucumeris, Orius Insidiosus, Encarsia Formosa) by Jones, Terri Ann Patricia; Msc from University of Guelph (canada), 2002, 99 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ71196
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The Pathogenesis Related Protein, Chitinase, and Its Role in the Systemic Acquired Resistance Phenotype in Cucumber Plants (cucumis Sativus L.) by Velasquez, Luis A.; Phd from Michigan State University, 2002, 186 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3075078
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Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON CUCUMBERS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “cucumbers” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on cucumbers, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Cucumbers By performing a patent search focusing on cucumbers, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 8Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on cucumbers: •
Apparatus for peeling and optionally cutting vegetables Inventor(s): Gingras; Michel (224 De Gaulle, Ville Lorraine, Quebec, CA) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,253,670 Date filed: December 17, 1999 Abstract: An apparatus is disclosed for peeling vegetables of a round, oval or elongated shape such as cucumbers, turnips, carrots or potatoes. The apparatus has a frame defining a hole sized to receive and let pass the vegetable to be peeled. A given number of knives is mounted onto the frame in such a manner as to be radially slidable toward the center of the hole. The knives are distributed in an equal manner all around the frame and each comprises a blade extending tangentially within the hole so as to peel an adjacent part of the vegetable introduced into and pushed through the hole. Springs are provided for applying in a permanent manner a radial force onto the knives in order to push the knives toward the center of the hole. This apparatus permits to peel vegetables in a single movement or with a minimal number of movements. A base may be provided to hold the frame vertically onto a table. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a kitchen utensil, and more particularly to an apparatus for peeling vegetables of elongated, oval or round shape, such as cucumbers, squashes or turnips, carrots, potatoes and the like. The invention also relates to an apparatus of the type mentioned hereinabove, which further includes, in an optional manner, means for cutting the vegetables while they are peeled. Traditionally, knives are used for peeling vegetables. These knives comprise the handle from which project a blade having one or more longitudinal slots. The blade is usually straight or slightly curved when seen in cross-section. To peel a vegetable or a fruit with such a knife, it is usually necessary to cut the skin of the vegetable in the form of thin bands. Such implies a plurality of repetition peeling movements by the user. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06253670__
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Arrangement for comminuting foodstuffs Inventor(s): Himmighofen; Dieter (Roth, DE), Liebscher; Johannes (Nassau, DE), Schulein; Rolf G. (Singhofen, DE) Assignee(s): Leifheit International Gunter Leifheit (Nassau, DE) Patent Number: 4,247,054 Date filed: April 16, 1979 Abstract: An arrangement for comminuting foodstuffs, such as potatoes, cucumbers, carrots, fruits and the like, has an elongated plate provided with a through-going opening in which one comminuting plate member can be accommodated so as to perform comminuting of a foodstuff. The elongated plate has a receptacle which is spaced from the through-going opening and is adapted to receive another comminuting plate member which is not utilized for comminuting at that very moment. The foodstuffs to be comminuted move relative to an upper surface of the base plate, whereas the receptacle for receiving the comminuting plate member which is not
Patents 31
utilized, is formed in a lower surface of the base plate. A foodstuff holder is provided which is adapted to hold a foodstuff to be comminuted and to be placed on upper longitudinal walls of the base plate. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an arrangement for comminuting foodstuffs. More particularly, it relates to an arrangement which can be utilized for rubbing, cutting by discs, chipping and the like of foodstuffs, such as potatoes, cucumbers, carrots, fruits and the like. Arrangements for comminuting foodstuffs of this general type are known in the art. A known arrangement has an elongated base plate provided with a handle and having an upper surface relative to which a foodstuff to be comminuted is moved by hand in opposite directions. A through-going opening pierces the base plate. One or several comminuting plate members which are adapted to perform various comminuting operations, can be accommodated in the through-going opening so that when the foodstuff is moved it is comminuted by this comminuting plate member. In the known arrangements the comminuting plate members are separate from the base plate and not associated with the latter. Only the comminuting plate member which is accommodated in the through-going opening and directly utilized at that very instant for comminuting, is held in the base plate. For this reason, a housewife must keep the other comminuting plate members separately from the base plate in some other places, wherefore they can be lost. Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide an arrangement for comminuting foodstuffs, which avoids the disadvantages of the prior art. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04247054__ •
Automated loading of pickles into jars Inventor(s): Borkiewicz; Zbigniew S. (Sun Prairie, WI), Daane; Larry E. (Horicon, WI), Heleniak; Tod W. (Green Bay, WI) Assignee(s): Kraft Foods, Inc. (Northfield, IL) Patent Number: 6,079,191 Date filed: December 9, 1998 Abstract: The assembly and method are disclosed for the mechanical automated loading of cut cucumbers into jars. The cucumbers are sized in length and delivered to one or more cutter and loader stations where they are cut into slices or the like, and the slices are divided between a pair of pivot chutes. The pivot chutes are pivoted away from each other and into alignment respectively with a pair of jar chutes, the latter of which extend into the openings of the jars to be loaded. The cut cucumbers are delivered through the jar chutes at a substantial angle to both the plane of the opening of the jar and the axis of the jar, and toward the outer wall of the jars against which they are deposited. As each load is deposited into a jar, the jar is rotationally indexed in readiness for the next load, and the previously deposited loads are held against the outer wall of the jar by a mandrel which extends into the jar during the loading operation. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to the loading of cut cucumbers into containers or jars and, more specifically, to a method and assembly for the loading of cut cucumbers into containers or jars for curing into pickles and the marketing of the loaded pickles. The proper curing of cucumbers to produce pickles is essential to obtaining high quality taste, consistency and crispness of the pickles. In order to accomplish this proper cure, the ratio between cucumber mass and the brine must be carefully controlled. Where curing is to be accomplished in the jar or container in which the
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pickles are to be ultimately marketed, tight packing of cucumber halves, slices or other cut forms is needed to obtain the appropriate ratio between cucumber mass and brine. Tight packing is also important to the appearance of the pickles in the jar at the point of marketing. This requisite tight packing and ratio of cucumbers to brine is not always capable of being accomplished by manual loading of the cut cucumbers into the jars, and mechanized assemblies and methods for automated loading heretofore were also unavailable which would consistently function to load the cucumbers into the jar without unacceptable damage to the cut cucumbers or consistently ensure the correct cucumber to brine ratio. It has been discovered in the present invention that both appearance and desired tightness of pack may be accomplished by mechanical automated loading of cut cucumber parts into a jar. In the assembly and method of the present invention this mechanical automated loading is capable of higher loading speeds than prior hand packing procedures, and the inconsistencies and labor costs which attended the manual loading procedures are avoided. Moreover, damage and breaking of the cut cucumber pieces during loading is minimized. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06079191__ •
Bait composition and insecticide Inventor(s): Sakharova; Bronislava (605 Washington St., Peekskill, NY 10566) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,826,682 Date filed: April 3, 1987 Abstract: The present invention relates to a bait composition for insects comprising a mixture of cucumbers, eggs, potatoes, sugar and honey. The bait composition can incorporate an insecticidal mixture of boric acid, mercuric chloride, arsenic trioxide and aluminum sulfate. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an insect bait composition, and more specifically toan insect bait composition incorporating an insecticide. The cockroach is among the oldest insect pests known to mankind. Millions of dollars are spent each year by Americans seeking to rid themselves of cockroaches and other insects. The 1986 insecticide market has been estimated to be about $550 million in the United States, and includes scores of products, most of which are intended for cockroaches. These products include traps containing glue, poisonous powders and sprays as well as compounds designed to control the reproductive cycle of the roach. Literally hundreds of methods have been developed in attempts to rid the home and workplace of the cockroach. However, none of these methods have worked effectively for extensive periods of time. This is due to the fact that cockroaches demonstrate a unique ability to adapt to practically any means for keeping them in check. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04826682__
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•
Brine for conserving cucumber Inventor(s): Sewon; Pentti K. (Pirttilahdevagen 11,.ANG.bo, FI) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,883,679 Date filed: July 14, 1988 Abstract: The invention relates to a brine for conserving cucumber in bulk making fermentation unnecessary. The brine according to the invention is an aqueous solution containing per liter of the solution: at least 0.15 kg sodium chloride, 0.01-0.05 kg. acetic or lactic acid or a non-toxic salt thereof, at least 1 g each of sodium benzoate, calcium chloride, and potassium sorbate and at least 50 mg each of ascorbic acid and citric acid. The taste and crispiness of a product processed from cucumbers stored in this brine for an extended period are equal to that of fresh packed cucumbers. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to cucumber conservation and especially a brine for conserving cucumber in bulk. Cucumbers may be pickled and canned directly after harvest as so called "fresh packs" resulting in pickled cucumbers having a good taste and crispy consistency. The processing of cucumbers to produce fresh packs is also very uncomplicated including essentially only putting sorted and picked cucumbers into cans or jars, adding the pickling solution, closing the cans or jars, and finally heat treating the closed cans or jars to pasteurize their content. The drawback of this procedurre is that it requires a very big processing capacity during the relatively short harvest period. In order to overcome this drawback and enable processing huge quantities of cucumbers during an extented period with less personnel and processing equipment part of the harvest is conventionally fermented and stored in bulk in large silos. From these silos cucumbers are withdrawn at a desired rate for processing in a conventional manner. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04883679__
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Composition for plant growth regulation Inventor(s): Kliegman; Jonathan M. (Wayne, NJ), McCarthy; Robert F. (Redbank, NJ) Assignee(s): GAF Corporation (New York, NY) Patent Number: 4,361,436 Date filed: June 26, 1980 Abstract: A composition comprising a mixture of a N-heterocyclic monoamide such as e.g. N-methyl pyrrolidone or a polymer thereof, and a 2-halo-ethylphosphonic acid useful for the treatment of plants including trees, shrubs, field crops, grasses and ornamentals to achieve enhanced plant growth regulatory effects. Of particular interest are the treatments of apple trees to promote fruit redening; treatment of cherry, hazel and walnut trees to advance fruit loosening; treatment of cucumbers to induce stunting and to promote female sex expression; treatment of tobacco to hasten maturation and to inhibit tillering and treatment of cotton plants prior to harvesting to provide defoliation synchronized with increased, boll opening in preparation for harvest of quality cotton in high yields. Excerpt(s): In one aspect the present invention relates to an improved composition for plant growth regulation and inducing hormonal ethylene plant responses, such as those disclosed in ETHYLENE IN PLANT BIOLOGY by Frederick B. Abeles, Academic Press
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Inc., New York, 1973 (ISBN 0-12-041450-3), pages 1 through 272 and in BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF PLANT GROWTH SUBSTANCES (Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Plant Growth Substances, July 24-29, 1967), edited by F. Wightman and G. Setterfield, The Runge Press, Ltd., Ottowa Canada 1968, pages 1217 through 1316 and 1393 through 1399. In a second and more particular aspect, the present invention is directed to the plants of the genus Gossypium which include the commercially grown varieties Gossypium arboreum, a perennial tree variety; Gossypium hissupum, a multibranched shrub and Gossypium barbadense, a shrub having unusually long white lustrous fibers of which pima cotton is an example and other varieties. Generally, the development of a cotton crop starts with the formation of a flower bud or square which subsequently matures into a cotton boll. Upon ripening the boll splits open exposing a mass of long white seed hairs (lint) and shorter hairs (fuzz) covering the seeds contained in a 3-5 valve boll capsule. This breaking of the boll, or dehiscence, presents the cotton fiber for harvest by collection with spindle-like pickers which pull the cotton from the open bolls or with strippers which collect the entire boll. Usually, the lapse of time from square set to boll break varies over a relatively long period, e.g., from about 40 to 70 days; although, the lapse of time from square set to the development of mature cotton fiber inside the unopened boll is only from about 30 to 50 days. Because of the extensive variation in time for dehiscence, it has been necessary to collect the cotton in more than one harvesting operation; however, due to climatic conditions and increased exposure to infestation, a poorer quality cotton is usually recovered from the second harvest. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04361436__ •
Cucumber harvester Inventor(s): Sonnenberg; Bert (R.R. #3, Waterford, Ontario, CA) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,553,381 Date filed: July 5, 1983 Abstract: A method for harvesting cucumbers comprising forming a series of parallel trenches in a field while planting cucumber seeds in a line parallel to the trenches and spaced equidistantly from adjacent trenches, the trenches being spaced apart a distance equal to the track of a tractor to be used for harvesting the cucumbers, and when the cucumbers have grown to maturity, harvesting the cucumbers with a harvester having spaced apart cucumber pick-up heads which are guided along either side of a row of cucumber vines while mounted on a tractor whose wheels are being guided by the parallel trenches. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method and apparatus for the mechanical harvesting of cucumbers. Mechanical cucumber harvesters are known. Some are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,841,947, 3,347,031, 3,365,869, 3,386,236, 3,427,794, 3,600,882, and 3,603,067. In general these patents disclose cucumber harvesters for the mechanical picking of cucumbers which employ picking rolls, snap rolls, resilient and hard rolls, and picking rollers in various combinations for the purpose of removing cucumbers from vines which in some of the disclosed apparatus are cut from the roots, whereas in some of the other disclosed apparatus they are not cut from the roots. Specifically, and by way of example, there is utilized in U.S. Pat. No. 3,603,067 an arrangement in which the vines are cut and snap rolls are used in conjunction with a roller for removing the cucumbers from the vines.
Patents 35
Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04553381__ •
Cucumber mosaic virus coat protein gene Inventor(s): Gonsalves; Dennis (Geneva, NY), Kearney; Chris (Lake Alfred, FL), Quemada; Hector D. (Kalamazoo, MI), Slightom; Jerry L. (Kalamazoo, MI) Assignee(s): The Upjohn Company (Kalamazoo, MI) Patent Number: 5,349,128 Date filed: January 28, 1993 Abstract: The coat protein gene of cucumber mosaic virus strain WL (CMV-WL), the method of preparing it, its use to prepare transgenic plants and transgenic plants containing it are provided. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a coat protein gene of cucumber mosaic virus strain WL (CMV-WL). More specifically the invention relates to a process for preparing said gene as well as its incorporation into a transfer vector and to its use to produce transformed plant cells and transformed plants which are resistant to CMV viral infections. Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is a single-stranded (+) RNA plant virus which has a functionally divided genome. The virus genome contains four RNA species designated RNAsl-4;3389 nucleotides (nt), 3035 nt, 2193 nt and 1027 nt, respectively (Peden and Symons, 1973; Gould and Syrnons, 1982; Rezaian et al., 1984; Rezaian et al., 1985). Only RNAsl-3 are required for infectivity (Peden and Symons, 1973) because the coat protein, which is encoded by RNA 4, is also encoded by RNA 3. Translations of CMV RNAs yield a 95KDal polypeptide from RNA 1, a 94kDal polypeptide from RNA 2, (Gordon et al., 1983) and two polypeptides from RNA 3: its 5' end encodes a 35KDal polypeptide, and its 3' end encodes a 24.5kDal polypeptide (Gould and Symons, 1982). The 24.5kDal polypeptide is identical to dial encoded by RNA 4 and is the coat protein. Several strains of cucumber mosaic virus have been classified using serology (Devergne and Cardin, 1973, 1975), host range (Marrow et al. 1975), peptide mapping (Edwards and Consalves, 1983), and nucleic acid hybridization (Piazzola et at., 1979; Gonda and Symons, 1978). These CMV strains can be divided into two groups designated S and WT. The genome of the CMV-Q strain has been completely sequenced (Rezaian et al., 1984, 1985; Gould and Symons. 1982; Davies and Symons, 1988). The Q strain is a member of the S group, which consists of three members. The WT group is Iraown to contain at least 17 members. From nucleotide sequence analysis and comparisons of the coat protein genes from CMV-C and CMV-WL (Quemada et al, manuscript in preparation; see Chart 1) we have determined that the C strain belongs to the WT group while the WL belongs to the S group. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the coat protein genes from strains C and WL differ by 22.7% and 16%, respectively (see charts 2 and 3). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05349128__
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Cucumber mosaic virus coat protein gene Inventor(s): Quemada; Hector D. (Kalamazoo, MI), Slightom; Jerry L. (Kalamazoo, MI) Assignee(s): Asgrow Seed Company (Kalamazoo, MI) Patent Number: 5,623,066 Date filed: December 28, 1994
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Abstract: A DNA fragment which encodes the coat protein of cucumber mosaic virus strain c (CMV-C), the method of preparing it, its use to prepare transgenic plants and transgenic plants containing it are provided. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a coat protein gene of cucumber mosaic virus strain c (CMV-C). More specifically the invention relates to a process for preparing a DNAfragment encoding said gene as well as its incorporation into a transformation vector and to its use to produce transformed plant cells and transformed plants which are resistant to CMV viral infections. Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is a single-stranded (+) RNA plant virus which has a functionally divided genome. The virus genome contains four RNA species designated RNAs 1-4; and for CMV strain Q 3389 nucleotides (nt), 3035 nt, 2193 nt and 1027 nt, respectively (Peden and Symons, Virology, 53, 487-492, 1973; Gould and Symons, 1982 Eur. J. Biochem., 126, 217-226; Rezaian et al., 1984 Eur. J. Biochem. 143, 227-284; Rezaian et al., 1985 Eur. J. Biochem. 150, 331-339). Only RNAs 1-3 are required for infectivity (Peden and Symons, 1973) because the coat protein, which is encoded by RNA 4, is also encoded by RNA 3. Translations of CMV RNAs yield a 95KDal polypeptide from RNA 1, a 94kDal polypeptide from RNA 2, (Gordon et al., 1983 Virology 123, pp 284-295) and two polypeptides from RNA 3: its 5' end encodes a 35KDal polypeptide, and its 3' end encodes a 24.5kDal polypeptide (Gould and Symons, 1982). The 24.5kDal polypeptide is identical to that encoded by RNA 4 and is the coat protein. The CMV coat protein gene does not contain the signals necessary for its expression once transferred and integrated into a plant genome. It must be engineered to contain a constitutive promoter 5' to its translation initiation codon (ATG) and a poly(A) addition signal (AATAAA) 3' to its translation termination codon. Several promoters which function in plants are available, but we believe that the best promoters are the constitutive promoters from CaMV, the Ti genes nopaline synthase (Bevan et al., 1983 Nucleic Acids Res. II 369-385) and octopine synthase (Depicker et al., 1982 J. Mol. Appl. Genet. 1, 561-564), and the bean storage protein gene phaseolin. The poly (A) addition signals from these genes are suitable for our purposes as well. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05623066__ •
Device for weeding vine or similar crops Inventor(s): Mentele; Pat (P.O. Box 41, Woonsocket, SD 57385) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,570,721 Date filed: April 12, 1984 Abstract: A device for weeding such vine crops as melons, cucumbers or the like comprising a tool bar adapted to be carried by a tractor. The tool bar in turn carries multiple rotary agitators adapted to stir the earth and uproot plants with which they come into contact. The agitators are driven by motors and are suspended from the tool bar so that they can be raised or lowered. Springs may be used to bias the agitator to particular position and seats may be carried by the tool bar so that operators of the agitators may ride over the field. Excerpt(s): This invention pertains to agricultural implements and more particularly to an implement useful in the cultivation and weeding of vine crops such as melons or cucumbers although it may be adapted to other crops. Many vegetable crops, particularly those grown on vines such as melons, still require a good deal of individual manual labor. The vines cannot be confined to rows in the manner of corn, sugar beets
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or the like. Neither can they be trained on fences or similar supports in the manner of grape vines. In general, they are allowed to run on the ground although efforts are made to limit somewhat their wandering. Because of the uncertain limits of the areas of growth, it is often necessary for an individual to thin and weed such crops by using an ordinary garden hoe. This type of labor is tedious and therefore is not desirable so that workers are increasingly difficult to find. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04570721__ •
Elongate vegetable skin cleaner apparatus Inventor(s): Haghkar; Cyrus (610 Middleton Pl., Norristown, PA 19403) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,146,681 Date filed: April 16, 1990 Abstract: An apparatus for removing a skin layer of elongate vegetables, such as cucumbers and carrots, includes an elongate housing mounting blade segments therewithin. A manually supported embodiment of the invention includes coaxially arranged resilient segments mounting rigid blade members at a lowermost end thereof defining a conical chamber for directing of the vegetables therethrough. The blade segments may be formed of various configurations, such as utilizing triangular projections in association with fluid directing apertures, as well as cylindrical cutters directed interiorly of the blades. The blades define offset cutting elements. The invention further includes a power-driven aspect of the invention utilizing a central cylindrical hopper defining a cylindrical cutting blade coaxially arranged within the chamber, as well as using a helical wire mounting a matrix of spaced needle cutting members projecting interiorly of the cutting chamber to enhance cutting of a vegetable therethrough. Excerpt(s): The field of invention relates to vegetable cutting apparatus, and more particularly pertains to a new and improved elongate vegetable skin cleaner apparatus wherein the same permits removal of a skin portion or surface layer of elongate vegetables minimizing removal of an underlying vegetable flesh. The prior art has presented various skin removal apparatus for removal of vegetable skin, as well as skin associated with fish and the like, wherein a relatively thin skin layer is protective of an underlying flesh for consumption. Vegetable skinning apparatus of the prior art has in past usage been of a relatively cumbersome organization, or has utilized structure tending to remove flesh along with the aforenoted skin of a vegetable. Further, due to the various geometric configurations and non-symmetrical arrangement of elongate vegetables, an apparatus is required to accommodate the undulations and variations in geometric alignment of elongate vegetables. Examples of the prior art include U.S. Pat. No. 2,884,658 to Johnson wherein the patent sets forth a rotary head underlying an air manifold to direct air under pressure past the rotary head during a fish cleaning procedure. U.S. Pat. No. 1,444,975 to Maine sets forth a potato peeler wherein a plurality of cooperative rotors peel a potato skin relative to a potato. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05146681__
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Fermentation composition, process for preparing the same, and use thereof Inventor(s): Matsuura; Shingoro (Innoshima, JP) Assignee(s): Manda Formentation Co., Ltd. (Hiroshima, JP) Patent Number: 6,395,315 Date filed: March 10, 1998 Abstract: Fermented and aged fruits such as apples, persimmons, bananas, pineapples, akebia, silvervine, figs, wild strawberries, wild vines, Myrica, and Ume (Japanese apricot), citrus fruits such as Navel oranges, Hassaku oranges, Mandarin oranges, Sour oranges, Iyokan oranges, kumquats, citrons, Kabosu oranges, shaddocks, Ponkan oranges, and lemons, edible roots such as Burdock, carrots, garlic, lotus root, and lily bulbs, grains such as brown rice, glutinous rice, polished rice, millet, corn, wheat, barley, and Foxtail millet, beans and sesames such as soybeans, black soybeans, black sesame, white sesame, and walnuts, seaweed such as Konbu, Wakame, Hijiki, and Laver, saccharides such as brown sugar as lump, fructose, and glucose, as well as honey, starch, cucumbers, Perilla, and celery are used as food quality improvers. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a fermented composition, a method for its manufacture, and applications thereof. The fermented composition pertaining to the present invention can be used as a growth promoter for various plants and animals, and more specifically, can be used for plants such as rice, fruit trees, farm produce, flowering plants, and trees, animals such as cattle, horses, pigs, and chickens, and seafood such as fish and shellfish. Various types of fermented composition for health foods have been known in the past. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06395315__
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Field crop harvesting and loading machine Inventor(s): Abatti; Cinto A. (1296 W. Evan Hewes Hwy., El Centro, CA 92243), Ash; Harold T. (1907 Orchard Rd., Holtville, CA 92250) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,292,784 Date filed: June 16, 1980 Abstract: A means and method are provided for harvesting field crops such as watermelon, tomatoes, cabbages, brocolli, cauliflower, cucumbers, spinach, onions, red beets, turnips, squash, mixed melons, and others. The system utilizes about six identical or very similar trucks, one of which is modified to act as the harvesting truck by the attachment of a series of conveyors and hydraulic structure whereby laterally directed wing conveyors extend out over the fields and convey crops deposited thereon through other conveying mechanism up to the truck bed where it is put directly into crop shipping containers which are palletized on a roller grid attached to the truck bed. The trucks other than the harvesting truck act as shuttle trucks and back up in sequence to the rear of the harvesting truck and are coupled to it, subsequent to which a winch and T-bar are extended from the shuttle truck into the harvesting truck to draw, in a single pull, all of the filled containers onto a roller grid in the bed of the shuttle truck. The shuttle truck is then driven to the truck or railroad freight depot where the containers are removed by sliding them off the roller grid and the truck returns to the harvesting site.
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Excerpt(s): The present invention was developed particularly toward the specific needs of watermelon harvesting, and the description will pertain principally to watermelons although the machine and system is equally usable, and will be used, on other field crops. Watermelons are currently harvested and taken to the freight depot as follows. First, as a preliminary measure, field laborers called "cutters" move through the fields, locating all ripe melons and cutting their vines and turning them with the yellow side up so that the pickers will know which ones to pick. After this is done, an open truck is driven through roads that are put in the fields between every group of ten rows and field laborers lift the melons into the truck. This is done by the field laborer furthest from the truck picking up the melon in his part of the melon patch and throwing it to the next field hand, so that a bucket-brigade chain is formed, the last link of which is a worker in the truck bed who puts it in the open bed. There are at least three serious flaws with this process that the instant invention solves. First, obviously only the strongest and healthiest field workers may be used due to the rigor of lifting and tossing, or receiving a tossing, hundreds and hundreds of watermelons all day long. During the harvest season, workers of this type may be hard to come by and may be expensive. Other workers who may be readily available may not have the requisite strength and endurance for the harvest. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04292784__ •
Growing plant support system Inventor(s): Packett; Marion J. (P.O. Box 129, Warsaw, VA 22572) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,094,029 Date filed: January 15, 1991 Abstract: An improved system is disclosed for the growing of plants, especially fruiting plants such as tomatoes and cucumbers, which enables the bearing vines to be supported on pervious ventilating surfaces forming a V-shaped valley, the bottom of which is the row of plants flanked by impervious, gently inwardly sloping panels substantially preventing weed growth and delivering rain or spray falling onto the vines into the row. Such valleys can be advantageously arranged parallel and separated by a walkway of mowable turf. Excerpt(s): Growing plants is an ancient calling and systems for supporting the plants to improve their yield and make their care and harvesting easier have been in use from prehistoric times. Various vineyard systems come to mind at once, but a glance at a nineteen nineties gardener's store's stock shows that supports for vegetables such as tomatoes and cucumbers, for examples, are also much in use in a variety of forms. The present invention offers a novel and advantageous improvement in this ancient art, providing secure support for the growing plant, ease of access for cultivation and fruit picking, weed control, proper watering, and improved appearance. Installations can be made using materials readily available nearly everywhere and reasonably priced. This invention relates to a system for growing garden plants, particularly summer vegetables such as tomatoes and cucumbers in temperate zones outdoors, utilizing, in a novel combination, support stakes, wire screen, and sheet material, such as plywood. The field of gardening is so widely dispersed in time and space that no one can, with any hope of completeness, claim to know all systems of plant support that have been tried, not even if the field of relevant prior use be accepted as limited to use "in this country" (35 USC.sctn.102).
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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05094029__ •
Hand tool for peeling elongated vegetables Inventor(s): Henning; Wilhelm (Hattingen, DE), Koenig; Hans G. (Werdohl, DE) Assignee(s): Westmark Schulte Co. KG (DE) Patent Number: 5,237,749 Date filed: April 4, 1991 Abstract: A hand tool for peeling elongated vegetables such as, for example, asparagus, carrots, cucumbers, black salsify, etc. including two hand levers pivotable against a spring force about a pivot axis, with the hand levers carrying, on free ends thereof, two mutually opposed paring knives constructed as low-waste peelers. The paring knives are oriented such that longitudinal center axes thereof are disposed parallel to the pivot axis of the hand levers and remain constantly aligned in parallel with each other independently of the pivoting position of the hand levers. The hand levers may be integrally formed in one piece from, for example, spring steel and the pivot axis and the longitudinal axis of the paring knives may be arranged inclined with respect to a longitudinal extension of the hand tool. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a hand tool and, more particularly, to a hand tool for peeling elongated vegetables such as, for example, asparagus, carrots, cucumbers, radishes, black salsify, zucchinis, or the like, with the tool including two hand levers pivotable against a spring force about a pivot axis, and with the hand levers carrying, on free ends thereof, two mutually opposed paring knives fashioned as lowwaste peelers. A hand tool of the aforementioned type is proposed in, for example, DAS 1,139,945 wherein the hand levers, urged or spread apart into a V-shape by a spring force, are provided, at free ends thereof, with two paring knives extending in a longitudinal direction of the hand levers and being mutually inclined with respect to the longitudinal direction in correspondence with the V-shape of the two hand levers. In use, during a paring, two strips of peel are simultaneously removed from an elongated or rod-shaped vegetable; however, the removed strips of peel are not in mutual diametrically opposition. A disadvantage of the proposed hand tool resides in the fact that, when performing successive paring strokes, the user can only ascertain for certain that only the skin is removed by the paring knife within visible range during the carrying out of successful peeling strokes since the opposite paring knife is hidden by the vegetable. Consequently, it may occur that a strip of material is likewise peeled off the vegetable; however, by virtue of the fact that the second paring knife is hidden, there is no optical control possibility to readily ascertain whether the hidden paring knife peels off the skin or actual flesh of the vegetable. Thus, the use of this proposed hand tool often results in a considerable loss of actual vegetable tissue which is extremely disadvantageous particularly in the case of expensive vegetables such as, for example, asparagus. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05237749__
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Harvester for vine crops Inventor(s): Schilling; Clinton (Rte. 3, Lockwood, MO 65682) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,076,046 Date filed: December 3, 1990 Abstract: A harvester is provided for mechanized harvesting of vine crops such as cucumbers. A harvester head is provided with a plurality of rollers, each of which comprises a cage structure rotatable about a central longitudinal axis, a rotatable shaft within the cage structure and extending generally parallel to but offset from the longitudinal axis of the cage structure, and a plurality of fingers mounted to the shaft and extending radially outward through the cage structure. Because the shaft and the cage structure rotate about offset axes, the extension of the fingers beyond the cage structure varies along the rotational arc of the roller. The rollers are preferably mounted to provide maximum extension of the fingers during lifting of the vine mat and crop. Belts on the forward roller are spaced apart to permit dispersion of soil picked up with the vine mat. Excerpt(s): This invention relates in general to crop harvesting machines and, more particularly, to a header adapted for harvesting vine crops. Vine crops such as cucumbers have traditionally been harvested using field workers to hand pick the crop as it matures. Because of the labor intensive nature of manual picking, increased attention has been directed to the use of machines to harvest such crops. Mechanized harvesters which have heretofore been used generally include a cutting blade which severs the vines at or below the ground surface. A rotating forward roller with projecting fingers picks up the severed vine mat and additional rotating rollers or conveyors then transport the vine and crop to devices such as closely spaced pinch rollers which separate the crop from the vine. The crop is then conveyed to a hopper attached to the harvesting machine and the vines are returned to the field. Mechanized harvesting of this type is known as onceover or single-pass harvesting as the entire crop is harvested and the vines are destroyed during passage of the harvester. Since only one crop is obtained from each vine growth, it is critical that the harvesting machine operate with the utmost efficiency and reliability to maximize crop yield. Yet, many conventional machines experience an unacceptable loss of as much as a third of the crop during harvesting operations. These losses generally occur as the crop is dislodged by the sudden lifting action of the rotating fingers lifting of the vine from the ground and as the vine is conveyed rearwardly along adjacently positioned rotating rollers. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05076046__
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Medium for the isolation of Pseudomonas cepacia biotype from soil and the isolated biotype Inventor(s): Lumsden; Robert D. (Bowie, MD), Sasser; Myron (Newark, DE) Assignee(s): The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of (Washington, DC) Patent Number: 4,588,584 Date filed: June 1, 1983
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Abstract: A new biotype, SDL-POP-S-1, of the soilborne beneficial bacterium Pseudomonas cepacia NRRL B-14149 has been discovered. The biotype is very effective in controlling Pythium diseases of cucumbers and peas. A new medium that is exclusively selective for the bacterium Pseudomonas cepacia has also been developed. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the development of a new biotype of the soilborne beneficial bacterium Pseudomonas cepacia and to the ability of the new biotype to control Pythium diseases of cucumbers and peas. The invention also relates to a newly formulated medium which is exclusively selective for the bacterium P. cepacia. Biological control is a known approach for insect control. The protection of seedlings from infection by soilborne fungal pathogens by infesting seed with antagonistic microorganisms has also been reported. Many bacteria and fungi antagonistic to foliar pathogens have also been identified. An object of this invention is to provide a new biotype of the soilborne beneficial bacterium Pseudomonas cepacia. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04588584__ •
Method and apparatus for molding fruits Inventor(s): Tweddell, III; Richard (2207 Upland Pl., Cincinnati, OH 45206) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,827,666 Date filed: March 12, 1987 Abstract: A method and apparatus for growing squash, cucumbers and other fruits in desired shapes. The fruit, while growing on the plant, is enclosed within the internal cavity of an oversized mold having a cavity (inside) surface configured to form the desired details on the fruit. As growth continues the fruit fills the cavity and in doing so conforms with remarkable fidelity to the internal details of the mold. The mold is yieldable so as to allow the fruit to continue to expand outwardly after it has grown against the mold. The mold can be opened or removed after the fruit has conformed to its details, and the fruit is removed from the plant. The fruit can be eaten or, if dried, can provide a long-lasting sculptural item. Excerpt(s): This invention relates relates to the art of gardening, and more particularly to growing fruit in desired shapes and with desired surface details. Almost every home gardener has tried his or her luck with growing fruits or vegetables such as zucchini, pumpkins, gourds, cucumbers, squash and the like. Given a thumb which is even slightly green, it is quite easy to grow such produce in the home garden. However, the very commonplace nature of such home produce, particularly at the end of summer when everyone seems to have bushels of it, sometimes makes raising it seem like an ordinary accomplishment, devoid of special interest. Moreover,those fruits which have natural stripes or colored markings on them can be grown so that the stripes or colors become an integral part of the design and greatly contribute to its overall decorative effect. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04827666__
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Method and apparatus for packing elongated food material such as pickle spears Inventor(s): Tribert; Claude (Bedminister, NJ) Assignee(s): Northeast Ohio Axle, Inc. (Lawrenceville, NJ) Patent Number: 4,646,509 Date filed: May 3, 1985 Abstract: A method and apparatus for packing into a jar elongated articles, such as cucumbers or pickles cut along their length into spears. The jar is positioned with a guide disposed within the interior of the jar. The guide directs a predetermined array of spaced spears into the jar and outwardly towards the wall of the jar. Thereafter, the jar is rotated. The guide, which is coupled to the bottom of the jar, is thereby rotated to position the guide to direct additional arrays of spears between the spears of the array previously placed in the jar. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to an apparatus for packing elongated articles such as cucumbers or pickles, sliced into the form of spears, into a container with the sliced surfaces of the food material facing outwardly. Elongated food material such as cucumbers and pickles are often packed in glass containers, i.e. jars, as spears which are obtained by slicing the material along its length into a plurality of sectors. Thus, for example, a pickle may be sliced into five sectors or spears. It is customary to position the spears of a plurality of pickles ajacent the wall of the jar in order to fill all available space adjacent to the wall. A demand has developed for packing spears of substantially large cucumbers or pickles, for example those of nearly two inches in diameter. Such large cucumbers or pickles are typically sliced in half, i.e. two spears. Accordingly, there has developed a need for an apparatus to pack spears resulting from such large cucumbers or pickles each of which has been sliced into two spears. Prior art machines for packing food material sliced into spears with their sliced surfaces facing outwardly are shown in the applicant's U.S. Pat. No. 3,468,098, which issued on Sept. 23, 1969 for "Spear Packing Apparatus" and in the applicant's U.S. Pat. No. Re. 27,852, which issued on Dec. 25, 1973 for "Spear Packing Apparatus". Briefly, U.S. Pat. No. 3,468,098 and U.S. Pat. No. Re. 27,852 show machines for packing cucumbers or pickles, each sliced into a plurality of spears, such as five spears. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04646509__
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Method for fermenting vegetables Inventor(s): Raccach; Moshe (Tempe, AZ) Assignee(s): Microlife Technics, Inc. (Sarasota, FL) Patent Number: 4,342,786 Date filed: May 29, 1981 Abstract: A method is described for producing fermented vegetables by generating lactic acid in an acidic brine solution using selected cultures of Pediococcus pentosaceus which have rapid low temperature fermentation characteristics. The preferred Pediococcus pentosaceus is NRRL-B-11,465 which effectively and rapidly removed brine carbohydrate thus lowering the pH at unusually low brine temperatures less than about 25.degree. C. (77.degree. F.) and at high salinity. A stimulatory food grade, metal salt, preferably a manganese salt, is provided in the acidic brine solution with the Pediococcus pentosaceus to accelerate growth and reduce the fermentation time. The
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method is particularly adapted to the controlled fermentation of cucumbers in making pickles. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for fermenting vegetables in an acidic brine solution using selected cultures of Pediococcus pentosaceus having rapid low temperature fermentation characteristics. The present invention particularly relates to the use of Pediococcus pentosaceus in the presence of a stimulatory food grade metal ion, preferably a manganese ion, in the brine. The prior art in the controlled bulk vegetable fermentation field is represented by U.S. Pat. No. 3,932,674 to Etchells et al where lactic acid producing bacteria are used to remove naturally occurring carbohydrates thereby generating the lactic acid. This patent describes the use of Lactobacillus plantarum or Pediococcus cerevisiae for the fermentations at 65.degree. F. (18.3.degree. C.) to 90.degree. F. (32.2.degree. C.) although 78.degree. F. to 85.degree. F. (25.6.degree. to 29.4.degree. C.) is preferred. The vegetables are preliminarily treated in the brine solution (preferably about 6.6% sodium chloride) and sanitized to eliminate the natural bacterial or yeast flora by the addition of chlorine (about 80 ppm) and by means of the use of non-toxic acids. The acid is generally acetic acid, particularly vinegar and the pH is reduced to about 3.1 to 3.3. The brine solution is then neutralized to a pH of about 4.2 to 4.8 and lactic acid producing bacteria are added to the brine, preferably in a concentration between about 1 to about 10 billion per gallon of the vegetable-brine mixture. In the Etchells process, carbon dioxide, which causes defects in the pickles, is purged from the brine solution using a non-reactive gas such as nitrogen which is bubbled through the solution. In the southern parts of the United States where the ambient air temperatures are relatively warm, it is not difficult to maintain an optimal bulk fermentation temperature of about 80.degree. to 85.degree. F. (26.7.degree. C. to 29.4.degree. C.). At these temperatures the fermentation is completed in about 10 to 14 days. As the ambient air temperatures are reduced in the northern regions of the United States, the fermentation period is considerably lengthened. There has been a need for bacterial cultures which will function rapidly at temperatures which are significantly lower, e.g. on an average in the 60.degree. F. to 65.degree. F. (15.6.degree. to 18.3.degree. C.) range and generally less than 77.degree. F. (25.degree. C.). The problem is that the highly saline solution having a relatively low pH retards the growth of most lactic acid producing bacteria at the lower temperatures. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04342786__ •
Method for the production of double-haploid cucumbers Inventor(s): Dirks; Robert (Maaseik, BE) Assignee(s): Nunhems Zaden BV (NL) Patent Number: 5,492,827 Date filed: January 11, 1995 Abstract: Obtaining double-haploid cucumber plants from haploid plants is considerably improved when immature or unfertilized ovulae or embryo sac cells, which may be contained in ovarial tissue, are isolated, the formation of callus, embryos or shoots is induced on a hormone-containing medium, these haploid plants are cultured and duplication of the genome is effected. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a microbiological method for producing doublehaploid Cucumis sativus plants by culturing haploid plants, which is substantially more effective than the previously known methods. It is known that haploids are
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spontaneously formed in cucumbers at low frequencies, less than one haploid embryo usually being formed per thousand seeds (Aalders 1958; J. Hered. 49, 41-44). This frequency occurs in many plants, but it is not enough for application in breeding methods. It is furthermore known (Truong-Andre, 1988; Proceedings of the Eucarpia congress on cucurbitaceae, AvignonMontfavet May 31-Jun. 1-2, 1988) to grow haploid cucumbers in vitro from extracted unfertilized ovules 2-6 weeks after the female flowers have been pollinated with irradiated pollen (400-600 gy). About 3 viable haploid plants are obtained per 1000 ovules. Accordingly, this method, too, is of only limited value for application in breeding programs. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05492827__ •
Packaging and storage container Inventor(s): Duffy; John F. (8625 Braeburn, Beaumont, TX 77707) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,795,033 Date filed: July 10, 1987 Abstract: A container for edible materials such as fruits and vegetables is fashioned in two parts from low density polyethylene material. A joint is provided between the two parts which allows the parts to be separated while the contents are inserted or used, and to then be reclosed. The joint may be a simple frictional connection, but the joint may also include and interference type of connection. The two parts define an internal cavity which is sized to accommodate individual pieces of fruit or vegetable such as citrus fruit like lemons and limes, yellow onions, tomatoes, leafy vegetables like lettuce an cabbage, squash, cucumbers, carrots, green onions, and celery. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to containers for packaging and storing edible materials. More particularly, the present invention relates to a container for packaging and storing fruits and vegetables. In connection with the harvesting, distribution, retail, and consumption of fruits and vegetables, there are a variety of problems which have manifested themselves. For example, during harvesting, fruits and vegetables are often placed in large containers for shipment to distributors. The distributors then clean the edible materials, as necessary, and ship those edible materials to various retail outlets. At the retail outlet, the vegetables are sometimes packaged into smaller disposable containers but are sometimes offered for sale as loose items. The known containers which have been used for fruits and vegetables generally are not reclosable and do not offer physical structure to protectively support individual perishable items during handling, transit, and retail sale. Typically, these containers comprise crates, corrugated boxes and the like. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04795033__
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Packing device for cut products Inventor(s): Backus; Steven M. M. (Velden, NL), McKee; Paul J. (Holland, MI) Assignee(s): Backus Beheer B.V. (Venlo, NL) Patent Number: 5,121,591 Date filed: March 26, 1991
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Abstract: A packing device for cut products is used for packing a number of products such as pickles, cucumbers, and the like into a cylindrical holder such as a glass jar. The device includes at least one cutting member for cutting each product into portions, a member for receiving the portions, a member for transporting the holders, and a member for guiding the portions into the holders in a predetermined pattern. The guiding member includes a number of prism-shaped carriers disposed in a circle so that each receives a portion, wherein each carrier is pivotable about an axis from a first position to a second position. Pivoting of the carriers allows for guiding of the portions into the holders according to the predetermined pattern. Excerpt(s): means co-acting therewith for guiding and filling the portions into the holder in a pre-determined pattern. A known device of the type described in the preamble makes use of rather long transporting paths to bring the cut portions of each product into the correct spatial position in order to be able to place these in the pot according to the determined pattern. This requires quite a lot of space, in addition to long transporting times and therefore long cycle durations for filling the holders. The invention has for its object to provide a device wherein the above mentioned problems are solved. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05121591__ •
Pickle harvester Inventor(s): Ledebuhr; Richard L. (6082 Pheasant St., Haslett, MI 48840), Rotz; C. Alan (946 River Knoll, Haslett, MI 48840), Van Ee; Gary R. (711 Sherwood, Williamston, MI 48895), Wilde; Bernard D. (16920 Kenowa, Kent City, MI 49330) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,524,572 Date filed: August 18, 1983 Abstract: A harvester for picking cucumbers that is effective and cost efficient on small, "pickling" cucumbers is mountable on a tractor frame for a conventional mechanical pickle harvester between a vine cutter and pinch roller mechanism. The harvester comprises a pickup mechanism at the front of the harvester for picking up severed cucumber vines and a conveying and fruit removal mechanism that conveys the vines rearwardly between the pick-up mechanism to the pinch roller mechanism, while at the same time gently dislodging fruit from the vines and thinning and defoliating the vines so as to improve the action of the pinch roller mechanism. The conveying and fruit removal mechanism includes a rotating paddle mechanism comprising cushioned gum rubber paddle blades that rotate in the direction of vine travel and strike the fruit as the vines are conveyed over the paddles. The number of paddles and position, spacing, speed, and synchronization of the paddles are carefully controlled such that the mechanism is small enough to fit in a frame for a conventional pickle harvester, is sufficiently light and flexible to use in a wide variety of field conditions, and is inexpensive and effective enough to provide an economically attractive alternative to hand harvesting or other conventional mechanical harvesters. A conveyor mechanism catches the pickles as they are separated from the vines and conveys the separated pickles to an elevating conveyor for storage. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a harvester for pickling cucumbers ("pickles") and more particularly to an improved harvester that fits in a conventional tractor mounted running gear and employs rotating cushioned paddles along with
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pinch rollers for improving the yield of smaller fruit. Conventional cucumber harvesting machines convey cucumbers and vines to counter-rotating pinch rollers, which draw the vines through the rollers but resist passage of fruit through the rollers. Such machines are relatively successful in separating larger pickles (sizes 3 and 4) from the vines. However, such machines have been less than satisfactory in separating a high percentage of small pickles (sizes 1 and 2) from the vines. This is particularly disadvantageous, because small pickles are quite desirable. A principal object of the present invention is to provide an improved pickle harvester that can be mounted in the frame or running gear of a conventional tractor mounted harvester and economically improves the harvest of small as well as large cucumbers, with a high percentage yield and low amount of damage to the fruit. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04524572__ •
Plant cultivation apparatus and method Inventor(s): Whisenant; Blake (P.O. Box 207 - Hwy. 62, Parrish, FL 34219) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,193,306 Date filed: July 2, 1990 Abstract: An apparatus and method for conserving water and reducing labor in growing plants, particularly commercially grown tomatoes and cucumbers. The invention includes a reservoir container assembly and an arch support structure. The reservoir container assembly comprises a reservoir container capable of holding water as well as a bag container disposed on top of the reservoir container for holding a plant growing medium. Water in the reservoir container is connected via a hydroscopic medium to the growing medium inside the bag container. The top surface of the bag container is provided with at least two openings. A plant grows through one opening, and evaporation takes place through a second remote opening. In use, a plurality of such reservoir container assemblies may be disposed in a line in a field and a series of arch support structures disposed between them. The plants which grow out of the bag containers and over the arch support structure are thereby supported off the ground. Plants grown in this way do not need to be manually tied to any support structure. They are easily tended, weeded, sprayed and picked. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a cultivation apparatus and method which greatly minimizes the quantity of water and amount of labor required to grow plants to maturity. In particular, the invention relates to a water efficient and labor efficient apparatus and method for commercially growing tomatoes. In the cultivation of various plant species, numerous structures for housing a growing medium have been proposed to enable the grower to closely control the quantity of water supplied to the roots of the plant as well as to maintain the integrity of the growing medium. In general, these structures have involved a container for the growing medium together with an irrigation system for supplying water and other nutrients to the growing medium in the container. As compared to the natural cultivation of plant species directly in the ground, the use of such growing containers has not met with widespread acceptance due to the expense of the container and due to the rapid depletion of the nutrients in the growing medium employed. These prior growing containers have also suffered the severe disadvantage of promoting the growth of undesirable parasites and fungi due to confinement of the growing medium in the containers. In addition, salt and mineral accumulation resulting from localized evaporation from the container has resulted in
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stunted plant growth or death of the plant. The only known solution to this detrimental mineral buildup has involved a significant investment in labor for attending to the condition of the soil in the container during the growing period. Accordingly, the disadvantages of such prior art growing containers have offset any advantages realized by their use. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05193306__ •
Plant harvester Inventor(s): Butler; Lee D. (Kingsburg, CA), Lenker; Don H. (Salinas, CA), Orlando; Franklin P. (Morgan Hill, CA) Assignee(s): FMC Corporation (Chicago, IL) Patent Number: 4,965,993 Date filed: December 20, 1988 Abstract: A mobile plant harvester for harvesting plants having foliage or vines such as cucumbers, includes an inclined main conveyor having an upper run and an inclined gripping conveyor supported by a vertically adjustable sub-frame and having an arcuate lower and upper end portions and parallel upper and lower runs. The foliage gripping conveyor includes a plurality of foliage gripping bars which open when moving around the lower arcuate end portion to gently gather the foliage and crop and then close to grip the foliage and transport the foliage and crop upwardly for release onto the main conveyor with a minimum of crop loss. The harvester also includes means for cutting the foliage horizontally, and means for maintaining the foliage gripping conveyor and foliage cutters at the desired height when moving over rough ground are also disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to mobile plant or vegetable harvesters, and more particularly relates to method and apparatus for releasing vegetables such as cucumbers from the ground, gripping the vines or foliage of the vegetable, and conveying the vines and vegetables upwardly away from the ground for release upon a main conveyor while minimizing the amount of dirt and debris deposited upon the main conveyor and maximizing the amount of vegetables deposited upon the main conveyor. Mobile plant or vegetable harvesters are well known in the art for harvesting vegetables such as tomatoes. One such tomato harvester is disclosed in assignee's Fitzmaurice U.S. Pat. No. 4,335,570 which issued on June 22, 1982. The components of the plant harvester of the present invention are specifically designed for harvesting cucumbers. The harvester is driven through a field of cucumbers, which cucumbers are attached to vines growing in the ground. Vine cutting means first cut a swath of vines using vertical and horizontal vine cutting means. The width of the swath is equal in width to that of a main harvester conveying system. A vine gripping conveyor then grips the vines and gently lifts vines and cucumbers from the soil with a minimum amount of dirt clinging to the vines and with most of the cucumbers attached to the vines. The vines and cucumbers are then released from the vine gripping conveyor and fall onto an inclined main conveyor for movement into means for separating the cucumbers from the vines. The vines are then discharged onto the ground rearwardly of the vehicle, and the cucumbers are collected on the vehicle for conveyance to trucks or the like moving alongside of the harvester. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04965993__
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Plants resistant to C strains of cucumber mosaic virus Inventor(s): Boeshore; Maury L. (Wauconda, IL), Carney; Kim J. (Davis, CA), McMaster; Russell J. (Kenosha, WI), Reynolds; John F. (Davis, CA), Tricoli; David M. (Davis, CA) Assignee(s): Seminis Vegetable Seeds, Inc. (Saticoy, CA) Patent Number: 6,127,601 Date filed: September 29, 1997 Abstract: Coat protein genes of cucumber mosaic virus strains V27, V33, V34 and A35 (CMV V27, CMV V33, CMV V34, and CMV A35 respectively) are provided. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to coat protein genes derived from cucumber mosaic virus strains V27, V33, V34, and A35 (CMV V27, CMV V33, CMV V34, and CMV A35, respectively). More specifically, the invention relates to the genetic engineering of plants and to a method for conferring viral resistance to a plant using an expression cassette encoding V27, V33, V34, or A35 strains of cucumber mosaic virus. Many agriculturally important crops are susceptible to infection by plant viruses, particularly cucumber mosaic virus, which can seriously damage a crop, reduce its economic value to the grower, and increase its cost to the consumer. Attempts to control or prevent infection of a crop by a plant virus such as cucumber mosaic virus have been made, yet viral pathogens continue to be a significant problem in agriculture. Scientists have recently developed means to produce virus resistant plants using genetic engineering techniques. Such an approach is advantageous in that the genetic material which provides the protection is incorporated into the genome of the plant itself and can be passed on to its progeny. A host plant is resistant if it possesses the ability to suppress or retard the multiplication of a virus, or the development of pathogenic symptoms. "Resistant" is the opposite of "susceptible," and may be divided into: (1) high, (2) moderate, or (3) low resistance, depending upon its effectiveness. Essentially, a resistant plant shows reduced or no symptom expression, and virus multiplication within it is reduced or negligible. Several different types of host resistance to viruses are recognized. The host may be resistant to: (1) establishment of infection, (2) virus multiplication, or (3) viral movement. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06127601__
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Preparation and use of inula extracts as a fungicide for the control of plant diseases Inventor(s): Cohen; Yigal (Kiryat, IL) Assignee(s): Agrogne Ltd. (IL) Patent Number: 5,853,727 Date filed: July 26, 1996 Abstract: Rapid, convenient and inexpensive methods for extracting fungicidal compounds from Inula are described, as well as methods for controlling fungal disease in crops by using these extracts. One preferred method of extraction starts with the dipping of leaves and stems of freshly cut Inula shoots for 10-15 seconds in organic solvent, at a ratio of 0.3-0.6 kg of shoots per 1 liter of solvent. A second method of extraction starts by shaking freshly cut Inula shoots in an organic solvent for 30 minutes at a ratio of 0.1-0.3 kg shoots per 1 liter of solvent. A third method is the same as the second, except that dried and ground Inula shoots are used a ratio of 0.05-0.25 kg dried shoots per 1 liter of solvent. For all three extraction methods, the solvent is evaporated
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and the residual paste (about 0.6-6.6% yield in the first method, 1.6-6.2% yield in the second method and 3.5-30% yield in the third method) is dissolved in acetone. The acetone solution is sprayed onto the foliage of potato, tomato, cucumbers, wheat and barley. The control of various fungal diseases, including downy mildews, gray mold, late blight, and powdery mildews, is demonstrated. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to fungicides and, more particularly, to fungicidal plant extracts from Inula species, which are effective against fungal plant infections. Extracts of plants which are members of the Inula species are effective against infections of plants caused by a variety of fungi. These extracts are prepared by dipping freshly cut Inula shoots in an organic solvent, or agitating freshly cut or dried Inula shoots in an organic solvent, blowing off the solvent so that a paste is formed, and then dissolving this paste in an organic solvent or in water with an additive. The resultant solution is then applied to plants, resulting in the control of a wide variety of fungal diseases. Extracts of Inula plants are effective at low concentrations, in the fractions of a single percent of extract, so that dilute concentrations have excellent fungal-control properties. The plants which are the basis of these fungicidal extracts are Inula viscosa and Inula graveolens (Family Compositae), perennial weeds widespread in the Mediterranean basin. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05853727__ •
Production of hybrid cucumber seeds Inventor(s): Galun; Esra (Rehovot, IL), Levy; Margalith (Rehovot, IL), Niego; Shlomo (Maskeret Batia, IL) Assignee(s): Yeda Research Development Company Limited (Rehovot, IL) Patent Number: 4,822,949 Date filed: April 20, 1987 Abstract: The invention relates to the production of F.sub.1 hybrid seeds in cucumber (Cucumis sativus). The present invention relates to a method wherein the pollen-parent bears only male flowers and thus lacks the capability to bear fruits. The method comprises planting the hybrid seed production field with a mixture of seed-parent and pollen-parent seeds and harvesting the desired F.sub.1 hybrid cucumber seeds from the thus produced fruit on the seed parent.This invention also relates to hybrid seed produced by the methods of this invention, the hybrid cucumber plant produced from the hybrid cucumber seed, and variants, modifications, and mutants thereof. Excerpt(s): This invention is in the field of plant breeding, specifically hybrid cucumber breeding. Field crops are bred through techniques that take advantage of the plant's method of pollination. A plant is self-pollinating if pollen from one flower is transferred to the same or another flower of the same plant. A plant is cross-pollinated if the pollen comes from a flower on a different plant. A plant is sib-pollinated if pollen from one flower is transferred to another flower of a related plant. The F.sub.1 hybrid seed of cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus)are produced through a seed parent and a pollen parent. In current cucumber breeding techniques, the seed parent is a gyneocious line, i.e., having only female flowers. The pollen parent is a monoecious line, i.e., having both male and female flowers. For some cucumber hybrids, the pollen plant may be andromonoecious, i.e., having both male and bisexual flowers, or hermaphroditic, i.e., having bisexual flowers. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04822949__
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Self-watering vertical supporting planter Inventor(s): Moss; Alvin Edward (3 Gushue Avenue, Mount Pearl NF, CA) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,370,820 Date filed: January 31, 2000 Abstract: A self-watering vertical supporting planter includes a growing medium cavity formed by the combination of outer and inner walls fixed to a bottom. The inner walls are fixed to a top and bottom forming a water reservoir with a centrally located sleeve to support a vertical telescopic support pole and pole cap fixed at its upper end. The reservoir is fixed to the bottom of the growing medium cavity. The reservoir has a filler hole and wick ports for self-watering of the growing medium. A plurality of strings are attached to the pole cap and the outer walls by means of hook-like elements fixed to the outer edges of the pole cap and the outer walls. The strings inclined with respect to the vertical form individual supports for vine type plants such as beans, tomatoes and cucumbers. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to a self-watering planter and more particularly to a vertical supporting planter having a growing medium cavity and a reservoir for watering the plants by capillary action. The reservoir has a centrally located support sleeve extending from the top of the reservoir through to the bottom of the reservoir to accommodate a telescopic support pole, and a plurality of strings for supporting vine type plants such as beans, peas, cucumbers and tomatoes. Container gardening is a very popular method of gardening for backyards, decks, and balconies. This method of gardening is usually confined to smaller areas, limiting the number of containers that can be used and the number of plants that can be grown, or in areas where the natural soil is not suitable for growing plants. This method of gardening is particularly beneficial to gardeners who enjoy gardening but have a small amount of time to devote to it. There are many varieties of vine type plants suited to container gardening, some examples are beans, peas, cucumbers and tomatoes. It is logical that vine type plants will produce a far greater yield of fruit or vegetables in any given area than bush type plants would yield from the same area. One of the problems encountered when growing in containers is supplying the growing medium with an adequate moisture level to provide good plant growth. This problem can be overcome by using self-watering planters. There are various types of self-watering planters on the market to choose from. Self-watering planters of this nature are usually small in size and will only accommodate a small number of plants. Also, planters of this nature do not have a vertical support mechanism to accommodate vine type plants such as beans, peas, cucumbers and tomatoes. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06370820__
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Single wall, nestable/stackable, rotatable tank Inventor(s): Wise; Thomas W. (Oreland, PA) Assignee(s): Plastech International, Inc. (Warminster, PA) Patent Number: 4,756,425 Date filed: March 17, 1987
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Abstract: A plastic tank for handling and storing large quantities of bulk material such as cucumbers in brine comprises a molded plastic tank having a bottom and four upwardly extending walls, a lip along the upper edges of the four walls, the walls including corner nesting stops for facilitating nesting and unnesting of the tank in a similar tank by limiting the distance an upper nesting tank extends into a lower nesting tank, the walls further including gussets extending from the walls of the tank to the outer portion of the lip for supporting the lip at the top of the four walls and for guiding a tank being lowered next to an adjacent tank into proper position, an interference ear at each of the lower corners of the tank to protect against tanks jamming together when nesting, the bottom of the tank including three parallel downwardly extending, hollow runners forming support members for the tank, the runners extending across the bottom of the tank, spaces formed at the ends of the runners for entry of tines of a forklift truck or a pallet jack, spaces between the runners for entry of tines of a forklift truck or a pallet jack and a depressor member for submerging the cucumbers in the brine. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to stackable containers for bulk materials, and more specifically concerns large containers for food and chemicals, for example, for holding cucumbers that are soaking in salt water to make pickles and for shipping pickles from one processor to another for further processing. Brining typically is done in large 10,000 gallon wooden tanks outdoors in a field, where cucumbers are turned into pickles by soaking them in brine (salt water). The wooden tanks are easily damaged and are expensive to repair. When the brining is completed, the pickles are transported in bins or containers to a processing plant where the pickles are made into relish or whatever. Bins or containers must be used to transport the pickles because the large wooden tanks, for the most part, cannot be shipped due to their size. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04756425__ •
Slicer guide Inventor(s): Lothe; Arlan D. (Sun Prairie, WI) Assignee(s): McGowan Manufacturing Co. (Hutchinson, MN) Patent Number: 5,626,067 Date filed: December 1, 1994 Abstract: A slicer guide suitable for use with a food item such as a loaf of bread, certain vegetables or the like is provided. The slicer guide includes a base having a generally planar upper surface. A flange is affixed to the base. The flange includes a top surface suitable for guiding a knife as it travels alongside the top surface, and a plurality of spaced-apart generally parallel grooves therein. A cutting board having a generally planar cutting surface suitable for abutting the product to be sliced thereon is adapted for slidable insertion into a selected groove. The slicer guide is used with the knife and the product to provide slices of thicknesses corresponding with the selected groove. The slicer guide is generally used for food items including bread and items such as cucumbers, tomatoes, peppers, mushrooms and the like. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a device for controlling the slicing of products such as food. More particularly, the present invention relates to a slicer guide that can be adjusted for obtaining different width slices of the product. The hand slicing of food items is often a time consuming and frustrating process. It is also very difficult to achieve a uniform thickness slice when cutting several slices by hand. It is even more difficult to obtain uniform flat slices if the item to be sliced is a relatively delicate
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product such as bread or a tomato. It is difficult to cut these food items without damage to the shape or appearance of the product. When preparing food, often times it is desirable to have several slices of uniform thickness. Also, a food preparer may wish to prepare several items of food in which generally straight slices of different thickness are desired. For this, there is a need for a relatively simple device which allows the food preparer to obtain a number of predetermined uniform-thickness slices wherein the device can be adjusted to the proper size quickly and easily. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05626067__ •
Thrashing system for vegetable harvesters Inventor(s): Butler; Lee D. (Kingsburg, CA), Lenker; Don H. (Salinas, CA), Orlando; Franklin P. (Morgan Hill, CA) Assignee(s): FMC Corporation (Chicago, IL) Patent Number: 4,927,440 Date filed: December 23, 1988 Abstract: A thrashing system for a vegetable harvester including a plurality of tines on an oscillating shaker head which engage vines and shake the fruit such as cucumbers, from the vines. The fruit is collected on a cross conveyor and the vines are pulled through at least one pair of pinch rolls for discharge on the ground. A full width blower directs high pressure air across the cross conveyor to lift and spread the vines allowing disconnected fruit to fall therethrough onto the cross conveyor. Excerpt(s): The present application relates to Butler et al application Ser. No. 286,831 filed on Dec. 20, 1988 (pending) and entitled Plant Harvester. The present invention relates to self propelled vegetable harvesters and more particularly pertain to a thrashing system and method in a cucumber harvester for separating cucumbers from their vine. Mobile vegetable harvesters are well known in the art for harvesting and separating vegetables from their vines or foliage. One such harvester for harvesting tomatoes is disclosed in Assignee's Fitzmaurice U.S. Pat. No. 4,335,570 which issued on June 22, 1982. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04927440__
Patent Applications on Cucumbers As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to cucumbers:
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This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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Electric salad spinner Inventor(s): Ancona, Bruce; (New York, NY), Varakian, Robert A.; (Chicago, IL) Correspondence: Mark Montague, ESQ.; Cowan, Liebowitz & Latman, P.C.; 1133 Avenue OF The Americas; New York; NY; 10036-6799; US Patent Application Number: 20010035101 Date filed: March 16, 2001 Abstract: An electric salad spinner device which is designed for ease of use and allows for efficient drying of salad greens, leafy vegetables and the like. The device comprises a base component, a generally cylindrical basket component, a generally cylindrical basket component, a sealable lid having a handle, an on/off switch and a drive motor. Optionally, the device also comprises a liquid dispenser assembly which may also be motorized to provide agitation and may also comprise a sheer assembly to allow for slicing in of hard vegetables such as, for example, cucumbers, carrots, celery and the like. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/193,635, filed Mar. 31, 2000. The present invention relates generally to kitchen appliances and more, particularly, to an electric salad spinner device, which is designed for ease of use and provides the user with a more efficient way of carrying out the drying of wet salad greens, leafy vegetables, and the like, as well as to provide various optional functions as desired by the user. While a variety of salad spinners are known in the art, none are available which provide the user with the ease and simplicity of an electric motor-driven device, such as is the subject of the present invention. Also, while numerous food processor devices exist, which are electrically driven, none provides the user with the benefits afforded by a conventional hand-operated salad spinner. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Inbred cucumber line 8D-5079 Inventor(s): Taurick, Gary; (Fall River, WI) Correspondence: Jondle & Associates P.C.; 9085 East Mineral Circle; Suite 200; Centennial; CO; 80112; US Patent Application Number: 20030154521 Date filed: February 14, 2002 Abstract: An inbred cucumber line, designated 8D-5079, is disclosed. The invention relates to the seeds of inbred cucumber line 8D-5079, to the plants of inbred cucumber line 8D-5079 and to methods for producing a cucumber plant, either inbred or hybrid, by crossing the inbred line 8D-5079 with itself or another cucumber line. The invention further relates to methods for producing a cucumber plant containing in its genetic material one or more transgenes and to the transgenic plants produced by that method and to methods for producing other inbred cucumber lines derived from the inbred 8D5079. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a new and distinctive cucumber inbred line, designated 8D-5079. There are numerous steps in the development of any novel, desirable plant germplasm. Plant breeding begins with the analysis and definition of problems and weaknesses of the current germplasm, the establishment of program goals, and the definition of specific breeding objectives. The next step is selection of
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germplasm that possess the traits to meet the program goals. The goal is to combine in a single variety or hybrid an improved combination of desirable traits from the parental germplasm. These important traits may include higher yield, field performance, fruit and agronomic quality such as fruit shape and length, small cavity size, flesh texture, resistance to diseases and insects, and tolerance to drought and heat. Practically speaking, all cultivated forms of cucumber belong to the highly polymorphic species Cucumis sativus L. that is grown for its edible fruit. As a crop, cucumbers are grown commercially wherever environmental conditions permit the production of an economically viable yield. They can be hand or mechanically harvested. Cucumbers that are grown for fresh market, also called slicers, are generally hand harvested. Those that are to be processed are called pickles and may be hand or mechanically harvested. They are produced on trailing or climbing vines. On healthy plants there is a canopy of large, regular, three lobed leaves, in an alternate arrangement. Pickling cucumbers grown in the United States have usually blunt and angular fruits. They are white-spined and most possess dark green or medium dark green exterior color. Most slicers have slightly rounded ends and taper slightly from the stem to blossom end, although cylindricalshaped fruits with blocky or even rounded ends are also available. Many changes that occurred with the domestication of the cucumber relate to fruit morphology, with a specialization in fruit shape and size. Slicing cucumbers are frequently sold in lengths from 6 to 10 in. and diameter varies from 11/2 to nearly 3 in. In the United States, the principal slicer cucumber growing regions are Georgia, Florida, Michigan, California and North Carolina with nearly 42,000 acres out of a US total acreage of 57,500 acres. The main states that produce processing cucumbers are Michigan, North Carolina and Texas. Fresh cucumbers are available in the United States mainly from spring to fall. Cucumbers are consumed in many forms, generally processed for pickling types and as fresh market product for slicers. Although slicing cultivars may be processed, they generally are not acceptable substitutes for the pickling cucumbers. Cucumis sativus is a member of the family Cucurbitaceae. The Cucurbitaceae is a family of about 90 genera and 700 to 760 species, mostly of the tropics. The family includes melons, pumpkins, squashes, gourds, watermelon, loofah and many weeds. The genus Cucumis, to which the cucumber and several melons belong, includes about 70 species. The cucumber is believed to be native to India or Southern Asia and has been apparently there for 3000 years. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method and device for harvesting agricultural products, in particular fruit Inventor(s): Valstar, Jacob; (Honselersdijk, NL), Van Zanten, Evert; (Naaldwijk, NL) Correspondence: Young & Thompson; 745 South 23rd Street 2nd Floor; Arlington; VA; 22202 Patent Application Number: 20010035330 Date filed: February 12, 2001 Abstract: The invention relates to a method for harvesting agricultural products, in particular fruit, such as capsicums, tomatoes, cucumbers, aubergines, peppers, etc., from plants which are cultivated in greenhouses. The product-bearing plants are cultivated in parallel rows. Between the said rows, processing passages which extend in the longitudinal direction thereof are provided, in such a manner that each row adjoins a said processing passage. Between the said rows, harvest conveyor tracks which extend in the longitudinal direction thereof are arranged, in such a manner that each row
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adjoins said harvest conveyor track. The product to be picked from a specific row is harvested from the processing passage which adjoins this specific row, is laid onto the harvest conveyor track which adjoins this specific row and by the said harvest conveyor track is removed to a delivery point at one of the ends of the said specific row. The invention also relates to a device for using the method according to the invention. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for harvesting agricultural products, in particular fruit, such as capsicums, tomatoes, cucumbers, aubergines, peppers, etc., from plants which are cultivated in a greenhouse. Greenhouse-cultivated plants of this type are generally cultivated in parallel rows, between which a number of passages are provided. At ground level, these passages are generally provided with two pipes which extend in the longitudinal direction of the said rows and through which water for heating the greenhouse runs. These pipes are generally coupled to one another at one end, for example via a U-shaped pipe section. These passages are also used to inspect and process the plants, inter alia for picking the fruit. If the said heating pipes are laid above the base of these passages, these heating pipes are often also used as rails for one or more trolleys which can travel along them and by means of which, for example, accessories, such as a container for picked fruit, and staff involved in processing the plants, for example pickers in the case of picking, can be moved through the passages. In the case of capsicums, for example, the picking takes place by hand, with the picker standing on one trolley, which is coupled to a trailing trolley provided with a container for the picked capsicuns. The picker then has to pick in each case one or more fruit and then turn in order to place the fruit into the container. A large number of fruit, in this case capsicums, are collected in the container, lying on top of one another. In this arrangement, a significant drawback is that the way in which the fruit are stored in the container leads to damage to the fruit. This is because the fruit will be laid on top of one another, which can cause bruises, among other things. A further problem is that the fruit often drop into the container, which may also lead to damage, in particular bruising, to the fruit. Furthermore, the fruit may scratch one another as a result of the stem of one fruit acting on another fruit. In the case of cucumbers, for example, there is the further problem that they weep at the location of damage and release moisture, and that this moisture forms a good food base for fungi and bacteria. Obviously, these problems could be resolved by laying all the fruit next to one another and constructing the container in levels, which are then filled one by one with fruit lying next to one another. However, this is time-consuming and will have an adverse effect on the number of fruit picked per unit time, i.e. the fruit-picking speed. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Pepper plants which contain a single, dominant gene and which are resistant to cucumber mosaic virus Inventor(s): Kao, John; (Davis, CA) Correspondence: Rockey, Milnamow & Katz, LTD.; Two Prudential Plaza, STE. 4700; 180 North Stetson Avenue; Chicago; IL; 60601; US Patent Application Number: 20010052138 Date filed: April 25, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to a pepper cultivar containing a single dominant gene which when expressed in said cultivar confers complete resistance to cucumber mosaic virus to said cultivar. The present invention also relates to methods for making a completely cucumber mosaic virus resistant pepper cultivar.
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Excerpt(s): This application claims priority from U.S. application Ser. No. 60/202,258 filed on May 5, 2000. The present invention relates to pepper plants which contain a single, dominant gene in their genome, which when expressed, confers complete resistance to cucumber mosaic virus to said plants. The present invention further relates to methods of breeding said cucumber mosaic virus resistance into pepper plants. The cultivated pepper, Capsicum annuum, is an important vegetable crop worldwide. There are many varieties of Capsicum annuum, such as, for example, bell pepper, sweet pepper, green pepper, red pepper and hot peppers. Varieties or cultivars of hot peppers include, for example, Anaheim, Ancho, Cascabel, Cayenne, Charleston hot, Cherry, Chilaca, Chipotle, Fresno, Gaujillo, Habanera, Jalapeno, Pasilla and Pepperoncini. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with cucumbers, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “cucumbers” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on cucumbers. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning cucumbers. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON CUCUMBERS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to cucumbers. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on cucumbers include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “cucumbers” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on cucumbers: •
Low Fat No Fat Cookbook Source: Garden City Park, NY: Avery, 228 p., 1997. Contact: Avery Publishing Group, 120 Old Broadway, Garden City Park, NY 11040. (516) 741-2155, (800) 548-5757. FAX (516) 742- 1892. Summary: Bellerson offers tips and advice for reducing fat intake through low-fat recipes and cooking techniques. She also includes suggestions for shopping and meal planning. Recipes include Apple Cinnamon Pancakes, Creamy Cucumbers, and Cheesy Garlic Mashed Potatoes. Each recipe includes nutritional information.
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Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “cucumbers” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “cucumbers” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “cucumbers” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
A manual of cucumber production; ISBN: 0112405053; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0112405053/icongroupinterna
•
Cucumbers by Bob Adams Publishers; ISBN: 1558504923; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1558504923/icongroupinterna
•
Cucumbers in a Flowerpot by Alice Fulton Skelsey; ISBN: 0894807293; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0894807293/icongroupinterna
•
Cucumbers, Melons & Gourds From Seed To Supper by Jack W Hazelton; ISBN: 1928907032; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1928907032/icongroupinterna
•
EEC standards for fresh cucumbers; ISBN: 0855210567; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0855210567/icongroupinterna
•
Greenhouse Tomatoes, Lettuce and Cucumbers by S.H. Wittwer, Honma Wittwer; ISBN: 0870132105; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0870132105/icongroupinterna
•
Growing Tomatoes: with a Note on Cucumbers, Pepper and Aubergines (Penguin Gardening) by Clay Jones; ISBN: 0140463887; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0140463887/icongroupinterna
•
Harvesting Robot of Cucumber Fruits (Order No. 89-7053) by Amaha (1989); ISBN: 9991449094; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9991449094/icongroupinterna
•
National Gardening Association Book of Cucumbers, Melons and Squash (National Gardening Association Series) by National Gardening Association (1987); ISBN: 039474988X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/039474988X/icongroupinterna
•
NGA Garden Library: Cucumbers, Melons and Squash by Natl Gardening Assoc Staff (1980); ISBN: 0915873125; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0915873125/icongroupinterna
•
Nutritional Disorders in Glasshouse Tomatoes, Cucumbers, and Lettuce by J.P.N.L and Smilde, K.W. Roorda Van Eysinga; ISBN: 9022007375; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9022007375/icongroupinterna
•
Onions and Cucumbers and Plums: 46 Yiddish Poem in English by Sarah BetskyZweig, et al; ISBN: 081431080X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/081431080X/icongroupinterna
Books
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•
Onions and cucumbers and plums; 46 Yiddish poems in English by Sarah BetskyZweig; ISBN: 0836960025; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0836960025/icongroupinterna
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Scales of cucumber by Murray Pomerance; ISBN: 0920968163; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0920968163/icongroupinterna
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Selected Themes and Icons from Medieval Spanish Literature: Of Berards, Shoes, Cucumbers and Leprosy (Studia Humanitatis (Ediciones Jose Porrua Turanzas).) by John R. Burt; ISBN: 0935568387; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0935568387/icongroupinterna
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Six Million-Dollar Cucumber by Richard Churchill; ISBN: 0531024296; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0531024296/icongroupinterna
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The National Gardening Book of Cucumbers, Melons, Squash by Gael Steffens (Editor) (1996); ISBN: 0915873249; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0915873249/icongroupinterna
•
The SIX-million-dollar Cucumber by E. Richard Churchill (Editor), Carol Nicklaus (Illustrator); ISBN: 0330256459; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0330256459/icongroupinterna
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The six-million-dollar cucumber : riddles and fun for children by E. Richard Churchill; ISBN: 0531011062; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0531011062/icongroupinterna
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The Turn of the Cucumber by Ann Drysdale; ISBN: 1871471486; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1871471486/icongroupinterna
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The Woman Who Loved Cucumbers by Janet Thomas, Patricia Duncker (Editor); ISBN: 1870206495; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1870206495/icongroupinterna
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Watermelon in a Cucumber Patch by G. I. Shaw (1994); ISBN: 0963945009; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0963945009/icongroupinterna
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Who Put All These Cucumbers in My Garden by Patricia Wilson; ISBN: 0835804755; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0835804755/icongroupinterna
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Why Cucumbers Are Better Than Men by Cucumber Group (Introduction), Risa Glickman (Illustrator) (1986); ISBN: 0871314835; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0871314835/icongroupinterna
•
Why Eat Green Cucumber at the Time of Dying: Exploring the Link Between Women's Literacy and Development-A Nepal Perspective by Anna Robinson-Pant (2003); ISBN: 9282011070; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9282011070/icongroupinterna
Chapters on Cucumbers In order to find chapters that specifically relate to cucumbers, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and cucumbers using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates
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and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “cucumbers” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box.
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
•
National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
•
National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
10
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
•
Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
11
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “cucumbers” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 791 8 625 9 0 1433
HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “cucumbers” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
13
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
14
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
18 Adapted 19
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on cucumbers can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to cucumbers. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to cucumbers. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “cucumbers”:
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•
Other guides Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cancer.html Cancer Alternative Therapy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/canceralternativetherapy.html Food Contamination/Poisoning http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/foodcontaminationpoisoning.html Nutritional Support http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/nutritionalsupport.html
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to cucumbers. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to cucumbers. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with cucumbers. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about cucumbers. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “cucumbers” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “cucumbers”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “cucumbers” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.
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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “cucumbers” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
21
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
•
California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
•
California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
•
California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
•
California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
•
California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
•
Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
•
Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
22
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
Finding Medical Libraries
77
•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
•
Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
•
Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
•
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
•
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
•
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
•
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
•
Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
•
Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
•
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
•
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
•
Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
•
Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
•
Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
•
Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
•
Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
•
Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
•
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
Finding Medical Libraries
79
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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
•
New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
•
New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
•
New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
•
New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
•
New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
•
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
•
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
•
New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
•
Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
•
Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
•
Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
•
Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
•
Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
•
Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
•
Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
•
Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
•
Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
•
Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
81
ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
•
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
83
CUCUMBERS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetone: A colorless liquid used as a solvent and an antiseptic. It is one of the ketone bodies produced during ketoacidosis. [NIH] Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. [NIH] Acyl: Chemical signal used by bacteria to communicate. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Aldehydes: Organic compounds containing a carbonyl group in the form -CHO. [NIH] Aldicarb: Carbamate derivative used as an insecticide, acaricide, and nematocide. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This
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is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anergy: Absence of immune response to particular substances. [NIH] Angiogenesis: Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. This is caused by the release of chemicals by the tumor. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antidote: A remedy for counteracting a poison. [EU] Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH]
Dictionary 85
Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Antithrombotic: Preventing or interfering with the formation of thrombi; an agent that so acts. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aphids: A family (Aphididae) of small insects, in the suborder Sternorrhyncha, that suck the juices of plants. Important genera include Schizaphis and Myzus. The latter is known to carry more than 100 virus diseases between plants. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arabidopsis: A genus of flowering plants found in north temperate regions. The species A. thaliana is used for experiments in classical plant genetics as well as molecular genetic studies in plant physiology, biochemistry, and development. [NIH] Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid to yield 12-hydroperoxyarachidonate (12-HPETE) which is itself rapidly converted by a peroxidase to 12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoate (12-HETE). The 12-hydroperoxides are preferentially formed in platelets. EC 1.13.11.31. [NIH] Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid to yield 15-hydroperoxyarachidonate (15-HPETE) which is rapidly converted to 15-hydroxy5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoate (15-HETE). The 15-hydroperoxides are preferentially formed in neutrophils and lymphocytes. EC 1.13.11.33. [NIH] Arachidonate Lipoxygenases: Enzymes catalyzing the oxidation of arachidonic acid to hydroperoxyarachidonates (HPETES). These products are then rapidly converted by a peroxidase to hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETES). The positional specificity of the enzyme reaction varies from tissue to tissue. The final lipoxygenase pathway leads to the leukotrienes. EC 1.13.11.- . [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arsenic trioxide: An anticancer drug that induces programmed cell death (apoptosis) in certain cancer cells. [NIH] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and
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the capillaries. [NIH] Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to glycine in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biopsy specimen: Tissue removed from the body and examined under a microscope to determine whether disease is present. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotype: A group of individuals having the same genotype. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example,
Dictionary 87
in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Breeding: The science or art of changing the constitution of a population of plants or animals through sexual reproduction. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium Chloride: A salt used to replenish calcium levels, as an acid-producing diuretic, and as an antidote for magnesium poisoning. [NIH] Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi. [NIH] Callus: A callosity or hard, thick skin; the bone-like reparative substance that is formed round the edges and fragments of broken bone. [NIH] Canthaxanthin: A trans-carotenoid pigment widely distributed in nature. The compound is used as an oral suntanning agent and as a food and drug coloring agent. It is believed that it inhibits development of tumor cells and neoplastic transformation through its antioxidant properties. Oral ingestion of the compound causes canthaxanthin retinopathy. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary
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for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Carotenoids: Substance found in yellow and orange fruits and vegetables and in dark green, leafy vegetables. May reduce the risk of developing cancer. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Cathode: An electrode, usually an incandescent filament of tungsten, which emits electrons in an X-ray tube. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chlorine: A greenish-yellow, diatomic gas that is a member of the halogen family of
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elements. It has the atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 70.906. It is a powerful irritant that can cause fatal pulmonary edema. Chlorine is used in manufacturing, as a reagent in synthetic chemistry, for water purification, and in the production of chlorinated lime, which is used in fabric bleaching. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chondroitin sulfate: The major glycosaminoglycan (a type of sugar molecule) in cartilage. [NIH]
Chorioallantoic membrane: The membrane in hen's eggs that helps chicken embryos get enough oxygen and calcium for development. The calcium comes from the egg shell. [NIH] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloaca: The common chamber into which the intestinal, urinary, and genital tracts discharge in birds, reptiles, amphibians and many fishes; also a phylogenetically related embryonic structure in mammals. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cockroaches: Insects of the order Dictyoptera comprising several families including Blaberidae, Blattellidae, Blattidae (containing the American cockroach Periplaneta americana), Cryptocercidae, and Polyphagidae. [NIH] Codon: A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (codon, terminator). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, transfer) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (codons, nonsense). [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active
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enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complement Activation: The sequential activation of serum components C1 through C9, initiated by an erythrocyte-antibody complex or by microbial polysaccharides and properdin, and producing an inflammatory response. [NIH] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU]
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Cones: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide sharp central vision and color vision. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Cells: A group of cells that includes fibroblasts, cartilage cells, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and bone cells. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contact dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin with varying degrees of erythema, edema and vesinculation resulting from cutaneous contact with a foreign substance or other exposure. [NIH]
Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Cucumovirus: A genus of plant viruses of the family Bromoviridae, which infect cucurbits and solanaceous plants. Transmission occurs via aphids in a non-persistent manner, and also via seeds. The type species cucumber mosaic virus, a Cucumovirus, should not be confused with cucumber green mottle mosaic virus, a Tobamovirus. [NIH] Cucurbitaceae: The gourd family of flowering plants that belongs to the order Violales. It includes cucumbers, gourds, melons, squashes, and pumpkins. It is sometimes placed in its own order, Cucurbitales. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH]
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Cytokines: Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some nonleukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Detoxification: Treatment designed to free an addict from his drug habit. [EU] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diabetic Retinopathy: Retinopathy associated with diabetes mellitus, which may be of the background type, progressively characterized by microaneurysms, interretinal punctuate macular edema, or of the proliferative type, characterized by neovascularization of the retina and optic disk, which may project into the vitreous, proliferation of fibrous tissue, vitreous hemorrhage, and retinal detachment. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Dispenser: Glass, metal or plastic shell fitted with valve from which a pressurized formulation is dispensed; an instrument for atomizing. [NIH] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or
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in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Diuretic: A drug that increases the production of urine. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Electrolysis: Destruction by passage of a galvanic electric current, as in disintegration of a chemical compound in solution. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Embryogenesis: The process of embryo or embryoid formation, whether by sexual (zygotic) or asexual means. In asexual embryogenesis embryoids arise directly from the explant or on intermediary callus tissue. In some cases they arise from individual cells (somatic cell embryoge). [NIH] Endometrial: Having to do with the endometrium (the layer of tissue that lines the uterus). [NIH]
Endometriosis: A condition in which tissue more or less perfectly resembling the uterine mucous membrane (the endometrium) and containing typical endometrial granular and stromal elements occurs aberrantly in various locations in the pelvic cavity. [NIH]
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Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]
Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Far East: A geographic area of east and southeast Asia encompassing China, Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, Macao, Mongolia, and Taiwan. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH]
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Fertilizers: Substances or mixtures that are added to the soil to supply nutrients or to make available nutrients already present in the soil, in order to increase plant growth and productivity. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Filler: An inactive substance used to make a product bigger or easier to handle. For example, fillers are often used to make pills or capsules because the amount of active drug is too small to be handled conveniently. [NIH] Fish Products: Food products manufactured from fish (e.g., fish flour, fish meal). [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fructose: A type of sugar found in many fruits and vegetables and in honey. Fructose is used to sweeten some diet foods. It is considered a nutritive sweetener because it has calories. [NIH] Fucose: Deoxysugar. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungicide: An agent that destroys fungi. [EU] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
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Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]
Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucuronic Acid: Derivatives of uronic acid found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. They detoxify drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form glucuronides in the liver which are more water-soluble metabolites that can be easily eliminated from the body. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycosaminoglycan: A type of long, unbranched polysaccharide molecule. Glycosaminoglycans are major structural components of cartilage and are also found in the cornea of the eye. [NIH] Glycoside: Any compound that contains a carbohydrate molecule (sugar), particularly any such natural product in plants, convertible, by hydrolytic cleavage, into sugar and a nonsugar component (aglycone), and named specifically for the sugar contained, as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose) etc. [EU] Glycosidic: Formed by elimination of water between the anomeric hydroxyl of one sugar and a hydroxyl of another sugar molecule. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH]
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Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft Rejection: An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient. [NIH] Grasses: A large family, Gramineae, of narrow-leaved herbaceous monocots. Many grasses produce highly allergenic pollens and are hosts to cattle parasites and toxic fungi. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Helminths: Commonly known as parasitic worms, this group includes the acanthocephala, nematoda, and platyhelminths. Some authors consider certain species of leeches that can become temporarily parasitic as helminths. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Heparin: Heparinic acid. A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Hermaphroditic: Having both male and female reproductive organs in one individual. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]
Heterotrophic: Pertaining to organisms that are consumers and dependent on other organisms for their source of energy (food). [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH]
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Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Bonding: A low-energy attractive force between hydrogen and another element. It plays a major role in determining the properties of water, proteins, and other compounds. [NIH]
Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Immune function: Production and action of cells that fight disease or infection. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]
effects
of
foreign
Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive Agents: Agents that suppress immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Others may act through activation of suppressor T-cell populations or by inhibiting the activation of helper cells. While immunosuppression has been brought about in the past primarily to prevent rejection of transplanted organs, new applications involving mediation of the effects of interleukins and other cytokines are emerging. [NIH]
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Immunosuppressive therapy: Therapy used to decrease the body's immune response, such as drugs given to prevent transplant rejection. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infestation: Parasitic attack or subsistence on the skin and/or its appendages, as by insects, mites, or ticks; sometimes used to denote parasitic invasion of the organs and tissues, as by helminths. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Insect Control: The reduction or regulation of the population of noxious, destructive, or dangerous insects through chemical, biological, or other means. [NIH] Insecticides: Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics. [NIH] Interleukins: Soluble factors which stimulate growth-related activities of leukocytes as well as other cell types. They enhance cell proliferation and differentiation, DNA synthesis, secretion of other biologically active molecules and responses to immune and inflammatory stimuli. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
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Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irrigation: The washing of a body cavity or surface by flowing solution which is inserted and then removed. Any drug in the irrigation solution may be absorbed. [NIH] Isocitrate Lyase: A key enzyme in the glyoxylate cycle. It catalyzes the conversion of isocitrate to succinate and glyoxylate. EC 4.1.3.1. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Ketone Bodies: Chemicals that the body makes when there is not enough insulin in the blood and it must break down fat for its energy. Ketone bodies can poison and even kill body cells. When the body does not have the help of insulin, the ketones build up in the blood and then "spill" over into the urine so that the body can get rid of them. The body can also rid itself of one type of ketone, called acetone, through the lungs. This gives the breath a fruity odor. Ketones that build up in the body for a long time lead to serious illness and coma. [NIH] Kidney stone: A stone that develops from crystals that form in urine and build up on the inner surfaces of the kidney, in the renal pelvis, or in the ureters. [NIH] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Lanthanum: The prototypical element in the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol La, atomic number 57, and atomic weight 138.91. Lanthanide ion is used in experimental biology as a calcium antagonist; lanthanum oxide improves the optical properties of glass. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Lectins: Protein or glycoprotein substances, usually of plant origin, that bind to sugar moieties in cell walls or membranes and thereby change the physiology of the membrane to cause agglutination, mitosis, or other biochemical changes in the cell. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukotrienes: A family of biologically active compounds derived from arachidonic acid by oxidative metabolism through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. They participate in host defense reactions and pathophysiological conditions such as immediate hypersensitivity and inflammation. They have potent actions on many essential organs and systems, including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and central nervous system as well as the gastrointestinal tract and the immune system. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Lip: Either of the two fleshy, full-blooded margins of the mouth. [NIH]
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Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipoxygenase: An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes reactions between linoleate and other fatty acids and oxygen to form hydroperoxy-fatty acid derivatives. Related enzymes in this class include the arachidonate lipoxygenases, arachidonate 5lipoxygenase, arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase, and arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase. EC 1.13.11.12. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Macula: A stain, spot, or thickening. Often used alone to refer to the macula retinae. [EU] Macula Lutea: An oval area in the retina, 3 to 5 mm in diameter, usually located temporal to the superior pole of the eye and slightly below the level of the optic disk. [NIH] Macular Degeneration: Degenerative changes in the macula lutea of the retina. [NIH] Malate Synthase: An important enzyme in the glyoxylic acid cycle which reversibly catalyzes the synthesis of L-malate from acetyl-CoA and glyoxylate. EC 4.1.3.2. [NIH] Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Mannans: Polysaccharides consisting of mannose units. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Medroxyprogesterone: (6 alpha)-17-Hydroxy-6-methylpregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A synthetic progestational hormone used in veterinary practice as an estrus regulator. [NIH]
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Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Mercuric Chloride: Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Methiocarb: Insecticide, molluscacide, acaricide. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiological: Pertaining to microbiology : the science that deals with microorganisms, including algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses. [EU] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Morphogenesis: The development of the form of an organ, part of the body, or organism. [NIH]
Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Mucociliary: Pertaining to or affecting the mucus membrane and hairs (including eyelashes, nose hair, .): mucociliary clearing: the clearance of mucus by ciliary movement ( particularly in the respiratory system). [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Muscle Contraction: A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in
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muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments. [NIH] Mutagenesis: Process of generating genetic mutations. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens. [NIH] Mutagens: Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Nematocide: A chemical used to kill nematodes. [NIH] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleic Acid Hybridization: The process whereby two single-stranded polynucleotides form a double-stranded molecule, with hydrogen bonding between the complementary bases in the two strains. [NIH]
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Oligosaccharides: Carbohydrates consisting of between two and ten monosaccharides connected by either an alpha- or beta-glycosidic link. They are found throughout nature in both the free and bound form. [NIH] Omega-3 fatty acid: A type of fat obtained in the diet and involved in immunity. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Opsin: A protein formed, together with retinene, by the chemical breakdown of metarhodopsin. [NIH] Optic Disk: The portion of the optic nerve seen in the fundus with the ophthalmoscope. It is formed by the meeting of all the retinal ganglion cell axons as they enter the optic nerve. [NIH]
Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Oxalate: A chemical that combines with calcium in urine to form the most common type of kidney stone (calcium oxalate stone). [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Oxidative metabolism: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as aerobic respiration, cell respiration, or aerobic metabolism. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Paranasal Sinuses: Air-filled extensions of the respiratory part of the nasal cavity into the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary cranial bones. They vary in size and form in different individuals and are lined by the ciliated mucous membranes of the nasal cavity. [NIH]
Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide Mapping: Analysis of peptides generated from the digestion of a protein by a specific protease for the purpose of indentifing the protein or to look for polymorphisms. [NIH]
Perennial: Lasting through the year of for several years. [EU] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU]
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Pesticides: Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (industrial fungicides), insecticides, rodenticides, etc. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pheromone: A substance secreted externally by certain animal species, especially insects, to affect the behavior or development of other members of the species. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Phytochrome: A blue-green biliprotein widely distributed in the plant kingdom. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pigmentation: Coloration or discoloration of a part by a pigment. [NIH] Plant Diseases: Diseases of plants. [NIH] Plant Physiology: Physiological functions characteristic of plants. [NIH] Plant Viruses: Viruses parasitic on plants higher than bacteria. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasmin: A product of the lysis of plasminogen (profibrinolysin) by plasminogen activators. It is composed of two polypeptide chains, light (B) and heavy (A), with a molecular weight of 75,000. It is the major proteolytic enzyme involved in blood clot retraction or the lysis of fibrin and quickly inactivated by antiplasmins. EC 3.4.21.7. [NIH] Plasminogen: Precursor of fibrinolysin (plasmin). It is a single-chain beta-globulin of molecular weight 80-90,000 found mostly in association with fibrinogen in plasma; plasminogen activators change it to fibrinolysin. It is used in wound debriding and has been investigated as a thrombolytic agent. [NIH] Plasminogen Activators: A heterogeneous group of proteolytic enzymes that convert plasminogen to plasmin. They are concentrated in the lysosomes of most cells and in the
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vascular endothelium, particularly in the vessels of the microcirculation. EC 3.4.21.-. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Pollen: The male fertilizing element of flowering plants analogous to sperm in animals. It is released from the anthers as yellow dust, to be carried by insect or other vectors, including wind, to the ovary (stigma) of other flowers to produce the embryo enclosed by the seed. The pollens of many plants are allergenic. [NIH] Polyethylene: A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses. [NIH]
Polygonaceae: The only family of the buckwheat order of dicotyledonous flowering plants. It has 40 genera of herbs, shrubs, and trees. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymorphic: Occurring in several or many forms; appearing in different forms at different stages of development. [EU] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states. [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU]
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Progeny: The offspring produced in any generation. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prostaglandins: A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway. They are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiological processes. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. Quaternary protein structure describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain). [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteoglycans: Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Edema: An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the lungs, may be caused by acute exposure to dangerous concentrations of irritant gasses. [NIH] Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are
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known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Quiescent: Marked by a state of inactivity or repose. [EU] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]
Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the
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retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retinopathy: 1. Retinitis (= inflammation of the retina). 2. Retinosis (= degenerative, noninflammatory condition of the retina). [EU] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rodenticides: Substances used to destroy or inhibit the action of rats, mice, or other rodents. [NIH]
Rubber: A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (latex) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to atleast twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different chemicals, including styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene. [NIH] Saline: A solution of salt and water. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sarcoplasmic Reticulum: A network of tubules and sacs in the cytoplasm of skeletal muscles that assist with muscle contraction and relaxation by releasing and storing calcium ions. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secondary tumor: Cancer that has spread from the organ in which it first appeared to another organ. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer, and the tumor in the lungs is called a secondary tumor. Also called secondary cancer. [NIH] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH]
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Sequence Analysis: A multistage process that includes the determination of a sequence (protein, carbohydrate, etc.), its fragmentation and analysis, and the interpretation of the resulting sequence information. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serology: The study of serum, especially of antigen-antibody reactions in vitro. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Sinusitis: An inflammatory process of the mucous membranes of the paranasal sinuses that occurs in three stages: acute, subacute, and chronic. Sinusitis results from any condition causing ostial obstruction or from pathophysiologic changes in the mucociliary transport mechanism. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Sodium Benzoate: The sodium salt of benzoic acid. It is used as an antifungal preservative in pharmaceutical preparations and foods. It may also be used as a test for liver function. [NIH]
Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU]
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Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stria: 1. A streak, or line. 2. A narrow bandlike structure; a general term for such longitudinal collections of nerve fibres in the brain. [EU] Stromal: Large, veil-like cell in the bone marrow. [NIH] Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Substrate Specificity: A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Superantigens: Microbial antigens that have in common an extremely potent activating
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effect on T-cells that bear a specific variable region. Superantigens cross-link the variable region with class II MHC proteins regardless of the peptide binding in the T-cell receptor's pocket. The result is a transient expansion and subsequent death and anergy of the T-cells with the appropriate variable regions. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Symptomatic treatment: Therapy that eases symptoms without addressing the cause of disease. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Terminator: A DNA sequence sited at the end of a transcriptional unit that signals the end of transcription. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytes: Blood cells that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called platelets. [NIH] Thrombolytic: 1. Dissolving or splitting up a thrombus. 2. A thrombolytic agent. [EU] Thromboxanes: Physiologically active compounds found in many organs of the body. They are formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides and cause platelet aggregation, contraction of arteries, and other biological effects. Thromboxanes are important mediators of the actions of polyunsaturated fatty acids transformed by cyclooxygenase. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Ticks: Blood-sucking arachnids of the order Acarina. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and
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pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transgenes: Genes that are introduced into an organism using gene transfer techniques. [NIH]
Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH]
Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH]
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Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Vitreoretinal: A rare familial condition characterized by a clear vitreous, except for preretinal filaments and veils which have been loosened from the retina, a dense hyaloid membrane which is perforated and detached, and masses of peripheral retinal pigmentation inters. [NIH] Vitreous Hemorrhage: Hemorrhage into the vitreous body. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH]
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INDEX A Abdomen, 8, 83, 87, 99, 101, 111, 112, 114 Acceptor, 83, 104 Acetone, 50, 83, 100 Acrylonitrile, 83, 109 Acyl, 14, 83 Adenosine, 83, 105 Adrenergic, 22, 83, 94 Adverse Effect, 56, 83, 110 Affinity, 83, 110 Aldehydes, 24, 83 Aldicarb, 11, 83 Algorithms, 83, 86 Alkaline, 83, 87 Alternative medicine, 83 Aluminum, 32, 83 Amino Acid Sequence, 35, 83, 84, 96 Amino Acids, 6, 83, 84, 89, 96, 104, 106, 107, 109, 110, 111, 113 Analogous, 84, 106, 113 Anaphylatoxins, 84, 90 Anergy, 84, 112 Angiogenesis, 84 Anions, 84, 100 Antibacterial, 84, 111 Antibiotic, 84, 111 Antibodies, 9, 84, 97, 101, 105 Antibody, 83, 84, 90, 92, 97, 99, 110, 111 Antidote, 84, 87 Antifungal, 84, 110 Antigen, 83, 84, 90, 97, 98, 99, 110 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 84, 90 Anti-inflammatory, 85, 91, 96 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 85, 91 Antioxidant, 22, 85, 86, 87 Antiseptic, 83, 85, 102 Antithrombotic, 85 Anus, 85 Aphids, 85, 91 Apoptosis, 85 Aqueous, 33, 85, 86, 92 Arabidopsis, 5, 15, 23, 85 Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase, 85, 101 Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase, 85, 101 Arachidonate Lipoxygenases, 85, 101 Arachidonic Acid, 85, 100, 107 Arsenic trioxide, 32, 85 Arteries, 85, 86, 87, 91, 102, 112
Arterioles, 85, 87 Ascorbic Acid, 15, 33, 86, 98 Assay, 86 Autoimmune disease, 86 B Bacteria, 42, 44, 56, 83, 84, 86, 102, 105, 111, 113 Bacterium, 42, 86 Base, 30, 31, 52, 54, 56, 86, 92, 96, 100, 112 Basement Membrane, 86, 94 Benzoic Acid, 86, 110 Biochemical, 7, 86, 100 Biopsy, 8, 11, 86 Biopsy specimen, 8, 86 Biosynthesis, 7, 16, 24, 85, 86, 110 Biotechnology, 3, 8, 67, 86 Biotype, 41, 42, 86 Bladder, 8, 86, 113 Blood Coagulation, 86, 87 Blood pressure, 86, 102, 110 Blood vessel, 84, 86, 87, 88, 94, 101, 110, 113 Body Fluids, 87, 110 Bone Marrow, 87, 98, 101, 110, 111 Bowel, 87, 99 Branch, 79, 87, 101, 104, 110, 112 Breakdown, 87, 92, 95, 104 Breeding, 16, 45, 50, 54, 57, 87 Buccal, 87, 101 C Calcium, 33, 87, 89, 90, 100, 104, 109 Calcium Chloride, 33, 87 Calcium Oxalate, 87, 104 Callus, 44, 87, 93 Canthaxanthin, 87 Capillary, 51, 87, 113 Capsules, 87, 95 Carbohydrate, 43, 87, 91, 96, 106, 110 Carbon Dioxide, 44, 87, 108 Carcinogenic, 88, 99, 107, 111 Cardiac, 10, 22, 88, 94, 103, 111 Cardiovascular, 88, 100 Carotene, 88, 108 Carotenoids, 88 Case report, 88, 89 Case series, 88, 89 Cathode, 88, 93 Cations, 88, 100
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Caudal, 88, 106 Cell Death, 4, 85, 88, 103 Cell Division, 6, 86, 88, 102, 105 Cellulose, 88, 95, 105 Central Nervous System, 88, 100 Cerebellar, 22, 88 Cerebellum, 88 Character, 88, 92 Chemotactic Factors, 88, 90 Chlorine, 44, 88 Chlorophyll, 7, 89, 95 Cholesterol, 89, 111 Chondroitin sulfate, 89 Chorioallantoic membrane, 89 Chromosome, 89, 97 Chronic, 89, 99, 107, 110, 111 CIS, 15, 89, 109 Citric Acid, 33, 89 Citrus, 38, 45, 86, 89 Clear cell carcinoma, 89, 92 Clinical study, 89 Clinical trial, 3, 67, 89, 108 Cloaca, 89 Cloning, 9, 23, 86, 89 Cockroaches, 32, 89 Codon, 36, 89, 96 Coenzyme, 86, 89 Collagen, 86, 90, 95, 106, 107 Complement, 84, 90, 96 Complement Activation, 84, 90 Complementary and alternative medicine, 21, 26, 90 Complementary medicine, 21, 90 Computational Biology, 67, 90 Concomitant, 90 Cones, 91, 109 Connective Tissue, 86, 87, 90, 91, 95, 109 Connective Tissue Cells, 91 Consumption, 37, 45, 91, 108 Contact dermatitis, 9, 91 Contamination, 72, 91 Contraindications, ii, 91 Cornea, 91, 96 Coronary, 91, 102 Coronary Thrombosis, 91, 102 Corticosteroid, 91, 106 Cortisone, 91 Cucumovirus, 9, 91 Cucurbitaceae, 45, 55, 91 Curative, 91, 112 Cutaneous, 91, 101 Cysteine, 91, 111
Cytokines, 22, 92, 98 Cytoplasm, 85, 92, 94, 109 Cytotoxic, 92, 98 Cytotoxicity, 92 D Databases, Bibliographic, 67, 92 Degenerative, 92, 101, 109 Density, 45, 92, 104, 106 Dermatitis, 9, 92 DES, 84, 92 Detoxification, 23, 92 Diabetes Mellitus, 92, 97 Diabetic Retinopathy, 92 Diagnostic procedure, 29, 92 Digestion, 87, 92, 99, 101, 104, 111 Dihydrotestosterone, 92, 108 Diploid, 92, 105 Direct, iii, 15, 37, 43, 92, 108 Disinfectant, 92, 94, 102 Dispenser, 54, 92 Dissociation, 83, 92 Diuretic, 87, 93 Dorsal, 93, 106 Drive, ii, vi, 13, 54, 93 Drug Interactions, 93 Drug Tolerance, 93, 112 E Edema, 91, 92, 93 Effector, 90, 93 Efficacy, 93 Elastin, 90, 93 Electrolysis, 84, 88, 93 Electrolyte, 91, 93, 106, 110 Electrons, 85, 86, 88, 93, 100, 104, 108 Embryo, 44, 45, 93, 106 Embryogenesis, 93 Endometrial, 93 Endometriosis, 93 Endometrium, 93, 94 Endothelial cell, 94 Endotoxins, 90, 94 Environmental Health, 66, 68, 94 Enzymatic, 87, 88, 90, 94, 108 Enzyme, 85, 90, 93, 94, 100, 101, 105, 106, 107, 108, 111, 112, 114 Epinephrine, 83, 94, 103 Epithelial, 94 Erythema, 91, 94, 113 Erythrocytes, 87, 94, 108 Ethanol, 94 Extensor, 94, 107 Extracellular, 4, 16, 91, 94, 110
Index 117
Extracellular Matrix, 91, 94 Extracellular Space, 94 Extraction, 49, 94 F Family Planning, 67, 94 Far East, 94 Fat, 59, 85, 87, 88, 91, 94, 100, 101, 104, 109 Fatty acids, 24, 94, 101, 107, 112 Fermentation, 33, 38, 43, 44, 94 Fertilizers, 17, 95 Fibrinogen, 95, 105, 112 Filler, 51, 95 Fish Products, 95 Flatus, 95 Fluorescence, 22, 95 Fructose, 38, 95, 96 Fucose, 95 Fungi, 6, 15, 42, 47, 50, 56, 84, 95, 97, 102, 113, 114 Fungicide, 49, 95 Fungus, 6, 95 G Gas, 44, 87, 88, 95, 98, 103 Gastric, 95 Gastrin, 95, 97 Gastrointestinal, 94, 95, 100 Gastrointestinal tract, 94, 95, 100 Gelatin, 95, 96, 112 Gene, 4, 5, 6, 15, 16, 17, 24, 35, 36, 56, 57, 86, 95, 96, 113 Gene Expression, 24, 96 Genetic Code, 96, 103 Genetic Engineering, 49, 86, 89, 96 Genetics, 85, 96 Genital, 89, 96 Genotype, 86, 96 Gland, 91, 96, 111 Glomerular, 96, 108 Glucocorticoid, 96, 106 Glucose, 38, 86, 88, 92, 96, 97, 109 Glucuronic Acid, 96, 97 Glycine, 24, 86, 96, 110 Glycoprotein, 16, 95, 96, 100 Glycosaminoglycan, 89, 96 Glycoside, 96, 109 Glycosidic, 96, 104 Governing Board, 96, 106 Grade, 43, 44, 96 Graft, 97, 98, 99 Graft Rejection, 97, 99 Grasses, 33, 97
H Half-Life, 97 Haploid, 44, 97, 105 Haptens, 83, 97 Helminths, 97, 99 Hemoglobin, 94, 97 Heparin, 97 Heredity, 95, 96, 97 Hermaphroditic, 50, 97 Heterogeneity, 83, 97 Heterotrophic, 95, 97 Homologous, 4, 23, 97 Hormonal, 33, 91, 97 Hormone, 44, 91, 92, 94, 95, 97, 101, 109, 112 Host, 23, 35, 49, 98, 99, 100, 114 Hybrid, 50, 54, 55, 98 Hydrogen, 83, 86, 87, 98, 102, 103, 104 Hydrogen Bonding, 98, 103 Hydrolysis, 98, 106, 107 Hydroxylysine, 90, 98 Hydroxyproline, 90, 98 Hyperplasia, 98 Hypersensitivity, 98, 100, 109 Hypertrophy, 98 I Id, 18, 25, 72, 78, 80, 98 Immune function, 98 Immune response, 84, 86, 91, 97, 98, 99, 114 Immune system, 98, 99, 100, 101, 114 Immunity, 98, 104 Immunization, 98, 99 Immunology, 10, 22, 83, 98 Immunosuppressive, 96, 98, 99 Immunosuppressive Agents, 98 Immunosuppressive therapy, 99 Immunotherapy, 10, 15, 22, 99 In vitro, 45, 99, 110 In vivo, 97, 99, 112 Indicative, 60, 99, 104, 113 Infarction, 91, 99, 102 Infection, 4, 42, 49, 88, 98, 99, 101, 109, 111, 113, 114 Infestation, 34, 99 Inflammation, 85, 91, 92, 99, 100, 109 Ingestion, 11, 87, 99, 106 Initiation, 36, 99 Insect Control, 42, 99 Insecticides, 99, 105 Interleukins, 98, 99 Interstitial, 94, 99, 108
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Intestinal, 88, 89, 99 Intestine, 87, 99, 100 Intracellular, 99, 106 Intrinsic, 83, 86, 99 Invasive, 98, 99 Ions, 22, 23, 86, 92, 93, 98, 100, 109 Irrigation, 47, 100 Isocitrate Lyase, 16, 100 J Joint, 45, 100 K Kb, 66, 100 Ketone Bodies, 83, 100 Kidney stone, 100, 104 L Labile, 90, 100 Lanthanum, 15, 100 Large Intestine, 99, 100, 108, 110 Lectins, 16, 100 Lesion, 100, 101 Leukocytes, 87, 88, 92, 99, 100 Leukotrienes, 85, 100 Library Services, 78, 100 Life cycle, 95, 100 Lip, 52, 100 Lipid, 5, 15, 101 Lipoxygenase, 5, 14, 15, 85, 100, 101 Liver, 85, 86, 96, 97, 101, 110 Localization, 6, 24, 101 Localized, 47, 99, 101, 105, 113 Locomotion, 101, 105 Lupus, 101 Lymph, 94, 101 Lymphatic, 99, 101, 110 Lymphatic system, 101, 110 Lymphocyte, 84, 101 Lymphoid, 84, 101 M Macula, 101 Macula Lutea, 101 Macular Degeneration, 101 Malate Synthase, 15, 101 Malathion, 24, 101 Malignant, 101, 103 Malignant tumor, 101 Mannans, 95, 101 MEDLINE, 67, 101 Medroxyprogesterone, 101 Membrane, 14, 89, 90, 93, 100, 102, 105, 108, 114 Mercuric Chloride, 32, 102 Metastasis, 102
Methiocarb, 24, 102 Methionine, 102, 111 MI, 35, 45, 46, 81, 102 Microbe, 102, 112 Microbiological, 44, 102 Microbiology, 102 Migration, 102 Mitosis, 85, 100, 102 Mobility, 102 Modification, 7, 96, 102 Molecular, 9, 15, 16, 23, 67, 69, 85, 86, 90, 95, 97, 102, 105, 109 Molecule, 84, 86, 89, 90, 92, 93, 96, 98, 102, 103, 104, 108, 111, 113 Monitor, 102, 103 Morphogenesis, 102 Morphological, 93, 95, 102 Morphology, 55, 102 Mucociliary, 102, 110 Mucosa, 101, 102 Muscle Contraction, 102, 109 Mutagenesis, 5, 103 Mutagens, 103 Myocardium, 102, 103 N NCI, 1, 65, 89, 103 Necrosis, 6, 8, 85, 99, 102, 103 Need, 43, 44, 47, 53, 59, 61, 73, 103, 112 Nematocide, 83, 103 Neoplasia, 103 Neoplasm, 103 Neoplastic, 87, 103 Nerve, 83, 103, 104, 108, 111 Nitrogen, 44, 103, 113 Norepinephrine, 83, 103 Nuclear, 16, 93, 103 Nuclei, 93, 96, 102, 103 Nucleic acid, 35, 96, 103, 108 Nucleic Acid Hybridization, 35, 103 O Oligosaccharides, 6, 104 Omega-3 fatty acid, 104 Opacity, 92, 104 Opsin, 104, 109 Optic Disk, 92, 101, 104 Ovary, 104, 106 Oxalate, 19, 104 Oxidation, 24, 83, 85, 104 Oxidative metabolism, 100, 104 P Palliative, 104, 112 Paranasal Sinuses, 104, 110
Index 119
Parasitic, 97, 99, 104, 105 Patch, 39, 61, 104 Pathogenesis, 27, 104 Pathologic, 85, 86, 91, 98, 104, 107 Pelvic, 93, 104 Peptide, 35, 104, 106, 107, 112 Peptide Mapping, 35, 104 Perennial, 34, 50, 104, 113 Perforation, 8, 104 Pesticides, 23, 99, 105 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 88, 94, 95, 105, 110 Pharmacologic, 97, 105, 113 Pheromone, 105 Phospholipids, 94, 105 Phosphorus, 16, 87, 105 Physiologic, 86, 97, 105, 108 Physiology, 25, 100, 105 Phytochrome, 7, 23, 105 Pigment, 7, 87, 105 Pigmentation, 105, 114 Plant Diseases, 49, 105 Plant Physiology, 23, 24, 85, 105 Plant Viruses, 49, 91, 105 Plants, 6, 7, 8, 14, 16, 22, 23, 24, 27, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 44, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 54, 55, 56, 57, 85, 87, 88, 89, 91, 96, 102, 103, 105, 106, 109, 113 Plasma, 14, 84, 95, 97, 105 Plasma cells, 84, 105 Plasmin, 105 Plasminogen, 105 Plasminogen Activators, 105 Platelet Aggregation, 84, 106, 112 Platelets, 85, 106, 112 Poisoning, 72, 87, 106 Pollen, 10, 15, 22, 45, 50, 106 Polyethylene, 45, 106 Polygonaceae, 106 Polymerase, 17, 106 Polymorphic, 55, 106 Polypeptide, 35, 36, 83, 90, 95, 105, 106, 107 Polysaccharide, 84, 88, 96, 106, 107 Posterior, 88, 93, 106 Potassium, 16, 33, 106 Practice Guidelines, 68, 106 Precursor, 85, 93, 94, 103, 105, 106, 113 Prednisolone, 106 Prenatal, 93, 106 Progeny, 49, 107 Progressive, 93, 97, 103, 107, 108
Proline, 90, 98, 107 Promoter, 36, 38, 107 Prostaglandins, 85, 107 Protease, 104, 107 Protein C, 7, 84, 89, 107 Protein Conformation, 84, 107 Protein S, 86, 96, 107, 109 Proteins, 5, 6, 24, 84, 90, 92, 98, 102, 103, 104, 105, 107, 110, 112, 113 Proteoglycans, 86, 107 Proteolytic, 90, 95, 105, 107 Protozoa, 102, 107, 113 Psoriasis, 107 Public Policy, 67, 107 Publishing, 4, 14, 59, 107 Pulmonary, 86, 89, 91, 100, 107 Pulmonary Edema, 89, 107 Purines, 107, 110 Q Quiescent, 108 R Race, 102, 108 Radiation, 7, 23, 95, 108, 114 Radioactive, 97, 98, 103, 108 Randomized, 93, 108 Reagent, 89, 108 Receptor, 84, 108, 112 Recombinant, 4, 108, 113 Rectum, 85, 95, 100, 108 Red blood cells, 94, 108, 109 Reductase, 5, 6, 108 Refer, 1, 87, 90, 95, 101, 108 Refraction, 108, 111 Regeneration, 108 Regimen, 93, 108 Reliability, 41, 108 Renal failure, 10, 22, 108 Respiration, 88, 102, 104, 108 Retina, 91, 92, 101, 108, 109, 114 Retinal, 92, 104, 108, 114 Retinol, 108, 109 Retinopathy, 87, 92, 109 Rheumatism, 109 Rheumatoid, 26, 109 Rheumatoid arthritis, 109 Ribosome, 109, 113 Rigidity, 105, 109 Rod, 40, 86, 109 Rodenticides, 105, 109 Rubber, 46, 83, 109 S Saline, 44, 109
120 Cucumbers
Saponins, 109, 111 Sarcoplasmic Reticulum, 109 Screening, 89, 109 Seafood, 38 Secondary tumor, 102, 109 Senile, 109 Sequence Analysis, 35, 110 Serine, 110 Serology, 35, 110 Serum, 84, 90, 110 Side effect, 83, 110, 112 Sinusitis, 21, 110 Skeletal, 109, 110 Skeleton, 100, 110 Skull, 110, 112 Small intestine, 97, 99, 110 Smooth muscle, 84, 91, 110 Sodium, 33, 44, 110 Sodium Benzoate, 33, 110 Solid tumor, 84, 110 Solvent, 49, 50, 83, 94, 110 Somatic, 93, 102, 110 Specialist, 73, 110 Specificity, 83, 85, 111 Spectrum, 101, 111 Sperm, 89, 106, 111 Spinal cord, 88, 89, 111 Steel, 40, 111 Steroid, 91, 109, 111 Stimulus, 93, 111 Stomach, 95, 97, 110, 111 Strand, 106, 111 Stress, 6, 7, 109, 111, 113 Stria, 111 Stromal, 93, 111 Styrene, 109, 111 Subacute, 99, 110, 111 Subclinical, 99, 111 Subspecies, 110, 111 Substrate, 111 Substrate Specificity, 111 Sulfur, 14, 102, 111 Superantigens, 111 Symptomatic, 112 Symptomatic treatment, 112 Systemic, 4, 7, 27, 86, 94, 99, 106, 112 T Temporal, 101, 112 Terminator, 89, 112 Testosterone, 108, 112 Therapeutics, 112 Thermal, 7, 92, 112
Thorax, 83, 112 Threonine, 110, 112 Thrombin, 95, 106, 107, 112 Thrombocytes, 106, 112 Thrombolytic, 105, 112 Thromboxanes, 85, 112 Thrombus, 91, 99, 106, 112 Ticks, 99, 112 Tolerance, 6, 55, 112 Topical, 94, 102, 112 Toxic, iv, 33, 44, 92, 97, 98, 102, 111, 112, 113 Toxicity, 93, 112 Toxicology, 10, 21, 22, 68, 112 Toxins, 84, 94, 96, 99, 113 Transfection, 86, 113 Transgenes, 54, 113 Translation, 36, 113 Trees, 33, 38, 106, 109, 113 Tryptophan, 90, 113 Tuberculosis, 91, 101, 113 U Unconscious, 98, 113 Uremia, 108, 113 Urinary, 89, 113 Urine, 86, 87, 93, 100, 104, 113 Urticaria, 9, 113 Uterus, 93, 94, 113 V Vaccines, 113, 114 Vagina, 8, 92, 113 Vascular, 24, 99, 106, 112, 113 Vector, 6, 35, 36, 113 Vein, 103, 113 Venules, 87, 113 Veterinary Medicine, 67, 113 Viral, 4, 17, 35, 36, 49, 114 Virulence, 112, 114 Virus, 4, 6, 8, 16, 17, 35, 36, 49, 56, 57, 85, 91, 96, 114 Viscera, 110, 114 Vitreoretinal, 10, 114 Vitreous Hemorrhage, 92, 114 Vitro, 8, 97, 114 Vivo, 16, 114 W White blood cell, 84, 100, 101, 105, 114 Wound Healing, 114 X X-ray, 22, 88, 95, 103, 114 Y Yeasts, 95, 114
121
122 Cucumbers
Index 123
124 Cucumbers
