Cosmetic Surgery - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

COSMETIC SURGERY A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J A...

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COSMETIC SURGERY A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Cosmetic Surgery: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83585-3 1. Cosmetic Surgery-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on cosmetic surgery. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON COSMETIC SURGERY ................................................................................. 3 Overview ....................................................................................................................................... 3 The Combined Health Information Database ................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Cosmetic Surgery ......................................................................... 6 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed.................................................................................. 7 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND COSMETIC SURGERY ....................................................................... 39 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 39 Finding Nutrition Studies on Cosmetic Surgery ........................................................................ 39 Federal Resources on Nutrition................................................................................................... 40 Additional Web Resources........................................................................................................... 40 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND COSMETIC SURGERY ................................................. 43 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 43 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine ................................................. 43 Additional Web Resources........................................................................................................... 46 General References....................................................................................................................... 47 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON COSMETIC SURGERY ................................................................... 49 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 49 Dissertations on Cosmetic Surgery ............................................................................................. 49 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 50 CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON COSMETIC SURGERY ............................................................................. 51 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 51 Patents on Cosmetic Surgery ...................................................................................................... 51 Patent Applications on Cosmetic Surgery................................................................................... 53 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 55 CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON COSMETIC SURGERY ................................................................................. 57 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 57 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies ............................................................................................. 57 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers .......................................................................................... 58 The National Library of Medicine Book Index............................................................................. 63 Chapters on Cosmetic Surgery .................................................................................................... 64 CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON COSMETIC SURGERY ...................................................................... 65 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 65 Video Recordings......................................................................................................................... 65 Bibliography: Multimedia on Cosmetic Surgery......................................................................... 66 CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON COSMETIC SURGERY ................................................... 69 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 69 News Services and Press Releases ............................................................................................... 69 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 72 Academic Periodicals covering Cosmetic Surgery....................................................................... 72 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 77 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 77 NIH Guidelines ........................................................................................................................... 77 NIH Databases ............................................................................................................................ 79 Other Commercial Databases ...................................................................................................... 81 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................ 83 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 83 Patient Guideline Sources ........................................................................................................... 83 Associations and Cosmetic Surgery ............................................................................................ 90 Finding Associations ................................................................................................................... 91 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................. 93

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Overview ......................................................................................................................................93 Preparation...................................................................................................................................93 Finding a Local Medical Library ..................................................................................................93 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ...................................................................................93 ONLINE GLOSSARIES ..................................................................................................................99 Online Dictionary Directories .....................................................................................................99 COSMETIC SURGERY DICTIONARY .....................................................................................101 INDEX...............................................................................................................................................124

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with cosmetic surgery is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about cosmetic surgery, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to cosmetic surgery, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on cosmetic surgery. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to cosmetic surgery, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on cosmetic surgery. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON COSMETIC SURGERY Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on cosmetic surgery.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and cosmetic surgery, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “cosmetic surgery” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Breast Cancer: Mammographic and Sonographic Findings After Augmentation Mammoplasty Source: Radiology. 174(1):195-198, January 1990. Summary: Researchers retrospectively reviewed 11 cases of breast cancer in patients who had undergone augmentation mammoplasty to determine whether the early diagnosis of breast cancer is possible when examinations are supervised by experienced mammographers and when additional mammographic projections and sonograms are used. Investigators examined clinical findings, mammograms, and sonograms of the patients, who ranged in age from 37-57 (mean age 46), seen between March 1980 and October 1987. Patients completed forms on their medical history, prior mammograms, and timing or prior mammography in relation to the cosmetic surgery. All patients were imaged with dedicated screen-film mammography units; standard craniocaudal

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and 45 degree mediolateral oblique views were obtained of each breast. Initial palpation of the breasts was performed by the technologist to determine how much breast tissue was present anterior to the prosthesis. The phototimer was moved to a position overlying breast tissue. Images were initially evaluated by one of four experienced radiologists; additional examinations were performed when necessary. Results showed that the mammogram or sonogram was abnormal in 11 patients, including 6 patients with an abnormal mammographic density or ultrasound study, 4 with calcifications, and 1 with an axillary node and an asymmetric density. One patient had dense breasts and no suspicious findings at mammography. In four patients without palpable findings in the breast, the malignancy was initially detected by means of mammography. In five of six patients with a palpable breast mass, special mammographic views and sonography were helpful in evaluating the mass. Lymph nodes were not involved in six (60 percent) of the 10 patients with ductal carcinomas. Findings suggest that the detection of breast cancer in the augmented breast by means of mammography is possible, even in patients without palpable findings. Modifiedposition views and sonography may be helpful in evaluating palpable masses. 4 figures, 1 table, 12 references. •

Neuropathological Findings in a Patient With Epilepsy and the Parry-Romberg Syndrome Source: Epilepsia. 42(9):1198-1203, September 2001. Summary: Researchers examined a patient with Parry-Romberg syndrome (PRS) that was associated with medically intractable temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). The patient was a woman who began to develop progressive left facial hemiatrophy at age 18 years. Up to that time she had had normal developmental milestones and she had no family history of neurologic disease. She had cosmetic surgery to reconstruct the affected area. At age 23 years, she began experiencing epileptic seizures that consisted primarily of brief speech-arrest episodes, fixed expression, and automatic activity that lasted for 1 to several minutes (complex partial seizures). At age 28 years she was diagnosed with a left Fuch's heterochromic iridocyclitis. During the following 2 years, her condition continued to deteriorate as her epilepsy progressed to the point that her seizures could not be controlled with antiepileptic drug polytherapy. A magnetic resonance imaging scan demonstrated a large abnormal cortical area that involved the left parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes. A single photon emission computed tomography study of the brain showed an extensive left parietooccipital hypofusion area. The patient underwent a left temporal craniotomy that involved a tailored anterior temporal cortical resection including the amygdala and the anterior portion of the hippocampus and adjacent cortex (leaving intact the superior temporal gyrus). After surgery, the patient remained seizure free (followup period 4 years, 7 months). The resected temporal lobe of the patient showed a variety of significant microanatomic alterations at the light microscopy level in mesial structures: (1) Small groups of ectopic cells, (2) neuronal loss, (3) gliosis, and (4) activated microglial cells. At the electron microscopy level, the number of synapses in the cell-sparse region adjacent to the ectopic mass of neurons in the dentate gyrus was almost twice the number observed in the molecular and polymorph cell layers, indicating the intrusion of neuritic processes and synapse formation. Symmetric axosomatic synapses were not observed. Researchers conclude that the complete seizure relief achieved in the patient after surgery suggests that the pacemaker regions of seizure activity were within the resected tissue. Which of the many neuropathologic findings were the primary cause of the seizures could not be determined. Nonetheless, the changes found in the dentate gyrus circuitry appear to be an important contributor to the patient's epilepsy. 3 figures, 15 references.

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2000 Educational Summaries and Outlines Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 58(8 Supplement 1): 1-158. August 2000. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Periodicals Department, P.O. Box 629239, Orlando, FL 32862-8239. (800) 654-2452. Summary: This special supplement to the August 2000 issue of the Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery contains the summaries, abstracts, and references for the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons (AAOMS) Annual Meeting programs, including scientific and practice management sessions. The summaries are arranged to conform as closely as possible to the schedule of the meeting programs. The supplement first presents nine symposia, covering managing the patient with intractable temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and facial pain, dentoalveolar surgery, pediatric anesthesia, orthognathic (jaw) surgery, distraction osteogenesis (bone growth) for alveolar augmentation, anesthesia morbidity and mortality, odontogenic (arising in the teeth) tumors, dental implants, and biomaterials for esthetic surgery. The supplement then offers oral abstract sessions, covering trauma management, temporomandibular joints, distraction osteogenesis and orthognathic surgery, dentoalveolar surgery and nerve repair, wound repair and cosmetic surgery, orthognathic and craniofacial surgery, maxillofacial pathology and medicine, reconstruction and implants, and anesthesia and pain control. The supplement also includes abstracts of poster sessions, a report on surgical clinics and practice clinics, a list of professional and allied staff programs, and an index of participants.

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Planning To Look Flab-u-less? Know the Facts About Liposuction Source: FDA Consumer Magazine. November-December 2000. Summary: Liposuction is the most popular form of cosmetic surgery today. According to the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ASAPS), an estimated 287,000 procedures were performed in 1999. Liposuction is used for those who want an improved body shape and can be used in conjunction with facelifts, for chin and tummy tucks, and for reducing the size of abdomens, hips, and thighs. The article reviews how liposuction works, the risks versus the benefits, fatalities, post-surgical outcomes, and patient criteria. Obesity experts generally advise that very obese individuals not have liposuction. Post-surgical complications are higher, and there is a compensatory increase in new fat cells. According to a consensus of experts, the best liposuction candidate is a mature adult between the ages of 30 and 50 who is in good health, has dieted and exercised to lose unwanted pounds, has good skin tone, has a set of realistic expectations, and wants a limited procedure for body contouring. The article closes with a Food and Drug Administration (FDA) address and telephone number to report problems related to equipment or medications used for liposuction.

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85 Percent of American Women Don't Like Their Bodies: Are You One of Them? Source: Self. p.134-9. June 1994. Summary: This article discusses the social pressure that women often feel to look perfect. Many women are obsessed with perfection, and will practice compulsive exercise and weight training, chronic dieting, and cosmetic surgery. Experts measure the seriousness of a self-image disorder by determining how disruptive the condition is to one's life. The case histories of women with pathological self-image disorders often reveal an inclination toward obsessive-compulsive or manic-depressive disorders. The

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way in which the U.S. as a society views people who are overweight is discussed. The article includes a quiz to help the reader determine her own self-image and offers suggestions for increasing self-acceptance.

Federally Funded Research on Cosmetic Surgery The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to cosmetic surgery. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to cosmetic surgery. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore cosmetic surgery. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for cosmetic surgery: •

Project Title: PSYCHOSOCIAL, GENETIC, BIOLOGIC FACTORS IN WOUND HEALING Principal Investigator & Institution: Marucha, Phillip T.; Associate Professor; Periodontology; Ohio State University 1800 Cannon Dr, Rm 1210 Columbus, OH 43210 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-FEB-2000; Project End 31-JAN-2003 Summary: Wound healing is the process of re-establishment of the normal structure and function of a tissue after injury. Abnormal healing can result in increased rates of infection, scarring, altered integrity of the injured tissue, and impaired function. When the wound is a therapeutic intervention, e.g., periodontal surgery or cosmetic surgery, the beneficial effect may not be achievable when healing is impaired. An individual's ability to efficiently heal a wound depends upon the quality and quantity of their inflammatory response which can be modulated by neuroendocrine and genetic factors. The overall purpose of this research proposal is to determine the mechanisms by which psychosocial and genetic factors alter inflammatory responses required for oral wound healing. Academic examination stress has been shown to delay healing of oral wounds by 40%, but there is considerable individual variation as to the relative impact of this stressor. We hypothesize that the magnitude of the effect of stress is a function of psychosocial factors which alter the perception of stress and the perceived consequences of stress, and genetic polymorphisms that control the level of pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression. Experimental oral wounds will be placed during examinations and nonstressed times to determine the mechanisms by which psychological and genetic factors alter inflammatory responses during healing. The following specific aims will address these hypotheses: To determine l) the mechanisms by which examination stress alters cellular recruitment and inflammatory responses

2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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during wound healing and how they are modulated by an individual's inflammatory genotype; 2) the relationship among psychosocial factors, neuroendocrine mediators, and delayed wound healing. Understanding the mechanisms of delayed healing, will help to determine those at greatest risk and to develop individualized interventions to ameliorate the effects of stress. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with cosmetic surgery, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “cosmetic surgery” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for “cosmetic surgery” (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A 1927 view of cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Ryan RF. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2000 October; 106(5): 1211. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11039392&dopt=Abstract

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A brief history of cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Rogers BO. Source: The Surgical Clinics of North America. 1971 April; 51(2): 265-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4927769&dopt=Abstract

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A call for dermatologic surgeons to take the board examination in dermatologic cosmetic surgery from the American Board of Cosmetic Surgery. Author(s): Bridenstine JB, Lack E. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 2000 April; 26(4): 301-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10759813&dopt=Abstract

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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A case of malignant hypertension and scleroderma after cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Hitoshi S, Ito Y, Takehara K, Fujita T, Ogata E. Source: Jpn J Med. 1991 January-February; 30(1): 97-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1865582&dopt=Abstract

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A psychological study of patients undergoing cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Wright MR, Wright WK. Source: Arch Otolaryngol. 1975 March; 101(3): 145-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=235253&dopt=Abstract

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A role for the anesthesiologist in elective cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Friedberg BL. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2003 March; 111(3): 1365-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12621224&dopt=Abstract

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A role for the anesthesiologist in elective cosmetic surgery? Author(s): Friedberg BL. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2003 February; 111(2): 953-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12560740&dopt=Abstract

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A statistical method for determining the suitability for cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Christ JE. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1984 January; 73(1): 124-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6691060&dopt=Abstract

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Advantages and disadvantages of computer imaging in cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Koch RJ, Chavez A, Dagum P, Newman JP. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 1998 February; 24(2): 195-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9491113&dopt=Abstract

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Aesthetics and ethics: the implications of cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Hyman DA. Source: Perspectives in Biology and Medicine. 1990 Winter; 33(2): 190-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2304820&dopt=Abstract

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An investigation of changes in body image following cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Sarwer DB, Wadden TA, Whitaker LA. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2002 January; 109(1): 363-9; Discussion 3701. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11786842&dopt=Abstract

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Anesthesia for facial cosmetic surgery: low dosage ketamine--diazepam anesthesia. Author(s): Beekhuis GJ, Klegon RB, Kahn DL. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1978 October; 88(10): 1709-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=703465&dopt=Abstract

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Anesthesia for outpatient dermatologic cosmetic surgery: midazolam--low-dosage ketamine anesthesia. Author(s): Scarborough DA, Bisaccia E, Swensen RD. Source: J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1989 June; 15(6): 658-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2723228&dopt=Abstract

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Anesthesia in cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Graham WP 3rd. Source: Clin Plast Surg. 1983 April; 10(2): 285-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6872432&dopt=Abstract

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Attitudes to cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Rozner L. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1973 September 8; 2(10): 513-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4796078&dopt=Abstract

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Augmentation mammoplasty: the cosmetic surgery with a lift. Author(s): Finn KL. Source: Nursing. 1979 February; 9(2): 60-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=252654&dopt=Abstract

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Baystate Health System launches successful cosmetic surgery campaign. Author(s): Rees T. Source: Profiles Healthc Mark. 1999 July-August; 15(4): 32-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10539217&dopt=Abstract

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Bio-alcamid: a novelty for reconstructive and cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Pacini S, Ruggiero M, Morucci G, Cammarota N, Protopapa C, Gulisano M. Source: Ital J Anat Embryol. 2002 July-September; 107(3): 209-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12437147&dopt=Abstract

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Board certification and subcertification in cosmetic surgery: how to qualify and what to study. Author(s): Bridenstine JB. Source: J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1989 December; 15(12): 1257-60. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2592665&dopt=Abstract

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Body dysmorphic disorder in cosmetic surgery patients. Author(s): Sarwer DB, Crerand CE, Didie ER. Source: Facial Plastic Surgery : Fps. 2003 February; 19(1): 7-18. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12739178&dopt=Abstract

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Body image dissatisfaction and body dysmorphic disorder in 100 cosmetic surgery patients. Author(s): Sarwer DB, Wadden TA, Pertschuk MJ, Whitaker LA. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1998 May; 101(6): 1644-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9583501&dopt=Abstract

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Body image dissatisfaction in male cosmetic surgery patients. Author(s): Pertschuk MJ, Sarwer DB, Wadden TA, Whitaker LA. Source: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 1998 January-February; 22(1): 20-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9456350&dopt=Abstract

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Changing times in cosmetic surgery. Recession hits the market in plastic surgery. Author(s): Fabrizio T. Source: Nord Med. 1992; 107(2): 57-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1538963&dopt=Abstract

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Characteristics of women with cosmetic breast implants compared with women with other types of cosmetic surgery and population-based controls in Denmark. Author(s): Kjoller K, Holmich LR, Fryzek JP, Jacobsen PH, Friis S, McLaughlin JK, Lipworth L, Henriksen TF, Jorgensen S, Bittmann S, Olsen JH. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 2003 January; 50(1): 6-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12545102&dopt=Abstract

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Cleft lip and cosmetic surgery, a personal account. Author(s): Simmonds SJ. Source: Nursing (Lond). 1981 April; 1(24): 1060. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6965132&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical spectrum of connective tissue disease after cosmetic surgery. Observations on eighteen patients and a review of the Japanese literature. Author(s): Kumagai Y, Shiokawa Y, Medsger TA Jr, Rodnan GP. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1984 January; 27(1): 1-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6691849&dopt=Abstract

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Common traits for thinking out-of-the-box: the evolution of cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Rohrich RJ. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2001 July; 108(1): 197-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11420523&dopt=Abstract

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Completing the cosmetic surgery cycle: it takes a village. Author(s): Rohrich RJ. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1999 February; 103(2): 585-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9950550&dopt=Abstract

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Consenting and consulting for cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Ward CM. Source: British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 1998 October; 51(7): 547-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9924410&dopt=Abstract

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Considerations for cosmetic surgery in the black population. Author(s): Grimes PE, Hunt SG. Source: Clin Plast Surg. 1993 January; 20(1): 27-34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8420706&dopt=Abstract

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Contrasting evidence of the effectiveness of cosmetic surgery from two health related quality of life measures. Author(s): Klassen A, Fitzpatrick R, Jenkinson C, Goodacre T. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 1999 July; 53(7): 440-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10492741&dopt=Abstract

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Coordinating disciplines: aesthetic dentistry and cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Coker RD. Source: Dent Today. 1999 November; 18(11): 88-90, 92-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10803167&dopt=Abstract

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Cosmetic surgery and criminal rehabilitation. Author(s): Freedman AM, Warren MM, Cunningham LW, Blackwell SJ. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1988 September; 81(9): 1113-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3420443&dopt=Abstract

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Cosmetic surgery and patients who smoke: should we operate? Author(s): Rohrich RJ. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2000 July; 106(1): 137-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10883626&dopt=Abstract

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Cosmetic surgery and the internal morality of medicine. Author(s): Miller FG, Brody H, Chung KC. Source: Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics : Cq : the International Journal of Healthcare Ethics Committees. 2000 Summer; 9(3): 353-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10858884&dopt=Abstract

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Cosmetic surgery and the motivation for health and beauty. Author(s): Leppa CJ. Source: Nursing Forum. 1990; 25(1): 25-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2367238&dopt=Abstract

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Cosmetic surgery as a revenue engine for academic dermatology. Author(s): Alam M. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2000 September; 136(9): 1096-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10987864&dopt=Abstract

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Cosmetic surgery as an antecedent of life change. Author(s): Belfer ML, Mulliken JB, Cochran TC Jr. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1979 February; 136(2): 199-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=760549&dopt=Abstract

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Cosmetic surgery can alter the mental state findings. Author(s): Pridmore S, Turnier-Shea Y. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2001 October; 35(5): 6967. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11551295&dopt=Abstract

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Cosmetic surgery for a fatally ill infant. Author(s): Frankel CA, Juengst ET. Source: Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 1991 September-October; 28(5): 250-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1955958&dopt=Abstract

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Cosmetic surgery for aging is not inherently immoral. Author(s): Gross EA. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1998 October; 134(10): 1294; Author Reply 1296-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9801693&dopt=Abstract

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Cosmetic surgery for Cornelia de Lange syndrome. Author(s): Hems TE, Godfrey A. Source: British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 1990 July; 43(4): 489-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2393778&dopt=Abstract

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Cosmetic surgery for portwine stain. Author(s): Brahams D. Source: Lancet. 1992 April 25; 339(8800): 1045-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1349063&dopt=Abstract

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Cosmetic surgery for the ageing face. Author(s): Mendelson BC. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1992 July; 21(7): 907-10, 913-5, 918-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1510628&dopt=Abstract

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Cosmetic surgery history and health service use in midlife: Women's Health Australia. Author(s): Hussain R, Schofield M, Loxton D. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 2002 June 17; 176(12): 576-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12064955&dopt=Abstract

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Cosmetic surgery I. Author(s): Davies DM. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1985 May 11; 290(6479): 1421-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3922519&dopt=Abstract

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Cosmetic surgery II: augmentation mammoplasty. Author(s): Graham JK. Source: J La State Med Soc. 1982 January-February; 134(1): 12-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7086259&dopt=Abstract

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Cosmetic surgery III: rhinoplasty. Author(s): Graham JK. Source: J La State Med Soc. 1982 May-June; 134(3): 63-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7119541&dopt=Abstract

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Cosmetic surgery in males. Author(s): Gorney M. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2002 August; 110(2): 719. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12142718&dopt=Abstract

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Cosmetic surgery in the United States: its past and present. Author(s): Dolsky RL. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 1999 November; 25(11): 886-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10594603&dopt=Abstract

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Cosmetic surgery in times of recession: macroeconomics for plastic surgeons. Author(s): Krieger LM. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2002 October; 110(5): 1347-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12360083&dopt=Abstract

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Cosmetic surgery is coming out of the closet. Author(s): Trent B. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1987 December 15; 137(12): 1123-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3676974&dopt=Abstract

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Cosmetic surgery IV: mastopexy. Author(s): Graham JK. Source: J La State Med Soc. 1982 September; 134(6): 21-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7175328&dopt=Abstract

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Cosmetic surgery may be hazardous... for the doctor as well as the patient. Author(s): Bartley GB, Linberg JV. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 1998 December; 24(12): 1415-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9865215&dopt=Abstract

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Cosmetic surgery may be hazardous...for the doctor as well as the patient. Author(s): Bartley GB, Linberg JV. Source: Ophthalmology. 1998 May; 105(5): 763-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9593372&dopt=Abstract

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Cosmetic surgery of black skin. Author(s): Pierce HE Jr. Source: Dermatologic Clinics. 1988 July; 6(3): 377-85. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3048820&dopt=Abstract

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Cosmetic surgery of burns. Author(s): Evans AJ. Source: Br J Hosp Med. 1981 June; 25(6): 544-5, 548-50. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7260464&dopt=Abstract

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Cosmetic surgery of face: philosophic considerations. Author(s): Jones CE, Jones BD. Source: N Y State J Med. 1977 December; 77(14): 2292-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=271793&dopt=Abstract

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Cosmetic surgery of the abdomen, eyelids, face and chin. Author(s): Wallace AF. Source: Practitioner. 1980 April; 224(1342): 414-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7433383&dopt=Abstract

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Cosmetic surgery of the aging mouth. Author(s): Austin HW. Source: Va Med Q. 1991 Spring; 118(2): 110-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2039778&dopt=Abstract

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Cosmetic surgery of the breast. Author(s): Sanders R, Smith P. Source: Br J Hosp Med. 1981 June; 25(6): 552, 557-8, 563. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7260465&dopt=Abstract

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Cosmetic surgery of the breast. Author(s): Hoffman GW, Massiha H. Source: Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1975 June; 18(2): 253-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=166783&dopt=Abstract

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Cosmetic surgery of the face. Author(s): Glasgold AI. Source: N J Med. 1988 January; 85(1): 22-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3422364&dopt=Abstract

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Cosmetic surgery of the lips. Author(s): Maloney BP. Source: Facial Plastic Surgery : Fps. 1996 July; 12(3): 265-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9243995&dopt=Abstract

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Cosmetic surgery of the neck as an office procedure. Author(s): Lake D. Source: J Dermatol Surg. 1976 November; 2(5): 397-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=993443&dopt=Abstract

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Cosmetic surgery of the non-caucasian nose. Author(s): Falces E, Wesser D, Gorney M. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1970 April; 45(4): 317-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5435865&dopt=Abstract

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Cosmetic surgery patients: they need nursing care too! Author(s): Levy DM. Source: J Pract Nurs. 1980 October; 30(10): 13-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6158570&dopt=Abstract

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Cosmetic surgery procedures as luxury goods: measuring price and demand in facial plastic surgery. Author(s): Alsarraf R, Alsarraf NW, Larrabee WF Jr, Johnson CM Jr. Source: Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery : Official Publication for the American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Inc. and the International Federation of Facial Plastic Surgery Societies. 2002 April-June; 4(2): 105-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12020205&dopt=Abstract

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Cosmetic surgery reveals: resolution of the core paradox of cosmetic surgery by a shift in paradigm. Author(s): Austin HW, Weston GW, Sigal RK. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2002 November; 110(6): 1571-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12409780&dopt=Abstract

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Cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Hodgkinson DJ. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 2002 October 21; 177(8): 461-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12381263&dopt=Abstract

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Cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Khan JA. Source: Ophthalmology. 1999 February; 106(2): 207-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9951461&dopt=Abstract

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Cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Harris DL. Source: Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 1989 May; 71(3): 195-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2589786&dopt=Abstract

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Cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Dixon PL. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1988 January 4; 148(1): 56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3336310&dopt=Abstract

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Cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Davis PK. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1981 March 28; 282(6269): 1075-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6783258&dopt=Abstract

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Cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Horton CE, Adamson JE, Mladick RA, Carraway JH. Source: British Medical Journal. 1974 August 31; 3(5930): 566-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4412664&dopt=Abstract

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Cosmetic surgery. 2. Rhinoplasty. Author(s): Talamas I. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1973 July; 54(1): 129-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4714255&dopt=Abstract

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Cosmetic surgery. Correcting emotional, rather than functional, defects. Author(s): Masters FW, Robinson DW. Source: J Kans Med Soc. 1966 March; 67(3): 128-33. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5905637&dopt=Abstract

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Cosmetic surgery. I: Face-lift. Author(s): Graham JK. Source: J La State Med Soc. 1981 November; 133(11): 174-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7320612&dopt=Abstract

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Cosmetic surgery. Introduction. Author(s): Kaminer MS. Source: Semin Cutan Med Surg. 1999 June; 18(2): 99-100. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10385277&dopt=Abstract

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Cosmetic surgery. Light makes right for everything from crow's-feet to blotchy skin, lasers are the cosmetic quick fix of the moment. Author(s): Booth C. Source: Time. 1999 October 11; 154(15): 66, 69-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10620932&dopt=Abstract

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Cosmetic surgery. The face-lift. Author(s): Talamas I. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1973 June; 53(7): 120-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4707880&dopt=Abstract

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Cosmetic surgery/planned reconstruction: checklists. Author(s): Maksud D. Source: Plastic Surgical Nursing : Official Journal of the American Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgical Nurses. 1998 Summer; 18(2): 103-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9814348&dopt=Abstract

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Cosmetic surgery: a risky route to youth, beauty? Author(s): Kelly O, Trafford A, Davidson J. Source: U.S. News & World Report. 1982 August 9; 93(6): 46-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10256431&dopt=Abstract

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Cosmetic surgery: a sociological analysis of litigation and a surgical specialty. Author(s): Macgregor FC. Source: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 1984; 8(4): 219-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6532164&dopt=Abstract

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Cosmetic surgery: a specialty worth exploring. Author(s): Trevisani TP. Source: Surg Technol. 1990 March; 22(2): 20-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10170524&dopt=Abstract

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Cosmetic surgery: a theological comment. Author(s): Carey JS. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1989 January; 83(1): 139-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2909055&dopt=Abstract

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Cosmetic surgery: greater duty to warn of risks. Author(s): Brahams D. Source: Lancet. 1988 December 17; 2(8625): 1434. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2904566&dopt=Abstract

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Cosmetic surgery: surgical tools--psychosocial goals. Author(s): Grossbart TA, Sarwer DB. Source: Semin Cutan Med Surg. 1999 June; 18(2): 101-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10385278&dopt=Abstract

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Cosmetic surgery: the Kingsway surgical suite. Author(s): Sande D. Source: Aarn News Lett. 1984 April; 40(4): 1-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6562839&dopt=Abstract

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Cosmetic surgery: the psychiatric perspective. Author(s): Thomson JA Jr, Knorr NJ, Edgerton MT Jr. Source: Psychosomatics. 1978 January; 19(1): 7-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=622436&dopt=Abstract

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Cosmetic surgery--an overview. Author(s): Prendiville JB. Source: Ir Med J. 1984 June; 77(6): 155-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6746250&dopt=Abstract

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Cosmetic surgery--where does it begin? Author(s): Harris DL. Source: British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 1982 July; 35(3): 281-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7150850&dopt=Abstract

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Cross-cultural understanding of aesthetic surgery: the male cosmetic surgery patient in japan and the USA. Author(s): Nakamura Y, Mulliken JB, Belfer ML. Source: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 2000 July-August; 24(4): 283-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10954792&dopt=Abstract

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Cutaneous scars and cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Hogan VM. Source: The Surgical Clinics of North America. 1971 April; 51(2): 491-500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4927773&dopt=Abstract

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Demographic features of patients seeking cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Ishigooka J, Iwao M, Suzuki M, Fukuyama Y, Murasaki M, Miura S. Source: Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 1998 June; 52(3): 283-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9681579&dopt=Abstract

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Depression, anxiety and quality of life among scheduled cosmetic surgery patients: multicentre prospective study. Author(s): Meningaud JP, Benadiba L, Servant JM, Herve C, Bertrand JC, Pelicie Y. Source: Journal of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery : Official Publication of the European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery. 2001 June; 29(3): 177-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11465258&dopt=Abstract

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Depression, anxiety and quality of life: outcome 9 months after facial cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Meningaud JP, Benadiba L, Servant JM, Herve C, Bertrand JC, Pelicier Y. Source: Journal of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery : Official Publication of the European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery. 2003 February; 31(1): 46-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12553927&dopt=Abstract

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Dermatologic cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Coleman WP 3rd, Alt TH. Source: J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1990 February; 16(2): 170-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2406311&dopt=Abstract

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Dermatologic cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Epstein E. Source: J Am Med Womens Assoc. 1966 June; 21(6): 475-80. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4223539&dopt=Abstract

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Difficult laryngoscopy masked by previous cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Haddow GR, Brodsky JB, Brock-Utne JG, Azar DR, Kaye B. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1991 June; 87(6): 1143-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2034742&dopt=Abstract

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Discount cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Feldman DL. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2003 July; 112(1): 354. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12832934&dopt=Abstract

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Discount cosmetic surgery: industry trends and strategies for success. Author(s): Krieger LM. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2002 August; 110(2): 614-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12142686&dopt=Abstract

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Does cosmetic surgery improve psychosocial wellbeing? Author(s): Castle DJ, Honigman RJ, Phillips KA. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 2002 June 17; 176(12): 601-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12064961&dopt=Abstract

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Dysmorphophobia and the search for cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Crisp AH. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1981 April 4; 282(6270): 1099-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6786453&dopt=Abstract

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Ethics and aims of cosmetic surgery: a contribution from an analysis of claims after minor damage. Author(s): Meningaud JP, Servant JM, Herve C, Bertrand JC. Source: Med Law. 2000; 19(2): 237-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10994212&dopt=Abstract

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Ethnic considerations in multidisciplinary cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Pierce HE. Source: Journal of the National Medical Association. 1984 September; 76(9): 915-6, 91820. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6492182&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of transcutaneous oxygen tension monitoring during cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Riefkohl R, Cox EB, Kosanin R, Beder AH. Source: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 1987; 11(2): 117-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3630835&dopt=Abstract

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Facial analysis in patient evaluation for physiologic and cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Patterson CN, Powell DG. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1974 June; 84(6): 1004-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4832371&dopt=Abstract

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Facial cosmetic surgery: a 30-year perspective. Author(s): Pitanguy I. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2000 April; 105(4): 1517-26; Discussion 1527. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10744247&dopt=Abstract

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Facial cosmetic surgery: a primary care perspective. Author(s): Landis BJ. Source: The Nurse Practitioner. 1994 November; 19(11): 71-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7838437&dopt=Abstract

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Facial rejuvenation: the art and science of cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Sullivan PK. Source: Medicine and Health, Rhode Island. 2001 April; 84(4): 110-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11347343&dopt=Abstract

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Fifteen years of mammography in cosmetic surgery of the breast. Author(s): Perras C. Source: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 1990 Spring; 14(2): 81-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2333813&dopt=Abstract

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First cosmetic surgery resident. Author(s): Farber GA. Source: J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1990 January; 16(1): 69. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2299026&dopt=Abstract

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Fortnightly review: cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Hoeyberghs JL. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1999 February 20; 318(7182): 512-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10024262&dopt=Abstract

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Functional and cosmetic surgery of nose and ear deformities in children and adolescents. Author(s): Nachlas NE, Papel ID, Steiner A. Source: Md Med J. 1990 July; 39(7): 655-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2398783&dopt=Abstract

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Hair transplantation in women: treating female pattern baldness and repairing distortion and scarring from prior cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Epstein JS. Source: Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery : Official Publication for the American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Inc. and the International Federation of Facial Plastic Surgery Societies. 2003 January-February; 5(1): 121-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12533155&dopt=Abstract

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Human-derived and new synthetic injectable materials for soft-tissue augmentation: current status and role in cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Alster TS, West TB. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2000 June; 105(7): 2515-25; Discussion 25268. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10845309&dopt=Abstract

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Hypnotic psychotherapy and cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Scott DL, Holbrook LA. Source: British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 1981 October; 34(4): 478-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7296155&dopt=Abstract

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Hypotensive anesthesia and cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Dunn RE. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1969 July 19; 2(3): 158-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5801505&dopt=Abstract

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If it sounds too good to be true...evaluating consumer health and cosmetic surgery claims. Author(s): Rohrich RJ. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1999 October; 104(5): 1472-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10513933&dopt=Abstract

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In defense of cosmetic surgery for aging. Author(s): Lawrence N, Coleman WP 3rd, Cox SE, Brody HJ. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1998 October; 134(10): 1295-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9841637&dopt=Abstract

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Incorrect use of the term “cosmetic surgery”. Author(s): Field LM. Source: J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1988 February; 14(2): 120. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3343417&dopt=Abstract

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Infarction and shrinkage of a meningioma after extensive cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Balkhoyor KB, Bernstein M. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2001 March; 70(3): 405. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11181871&dopt=Abstract

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Instrumentation for cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Goldman MP, Fitzpatrick RE, Bennett RG. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 1988 July-September; 6(3): 108-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3071399&dopt=Abstract

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Insurance coverage for cosmetic surgery complications. Author(s): Isaacs G. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1982 May; 69(5): 907-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7071250&dopt=Abstract

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Intertask transfer in plastic surgery. Author(s): Karacalar A. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2003 August; 112(2): 711-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12900656&dopt=Abstract

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Intraoperative measurements in cosmetic surgery of the face. Author(s): Tegtmeier RE. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1981 October; 68(4): 608-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7280106&dopt=Abstract

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Introduction to cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Matarasso SL. Source: Semin Dermatol. 1994 March; 13(1): 60-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8155513&dopt=Abstract

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Issues in the practice of cosmetic surgery: consumers' use of information and perceptions of service quality. Author(s): Babakus E, Remington SJ, Lucas GH Jr, Carnell CG. Source: Journal of Health Care Marketing. 1991 September; 11(3): 12-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10170909&dopt=Abstract

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Jewish law and cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Snyderman RK. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1986 August; 78(2): 259. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3725975&dopt=Abstract

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Laser applications in cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Toregard BM. Source: Ann Chir Gynaecol. 1990; 79(4): 208-15. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2129381&dopt=Abstract

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Laser cosmetic surgery. Author(s): David L, Lask G. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 1995 December; 21(12): 1015. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7496666&dopt=Abstract

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Laser facilitates cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Karpen M. Source: Journal of Clinical Laser Medicine & Surgery. 1992 August; 10(4): 316-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10147883&dopt=Abstract

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Legality of the use of silicone injections in cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Shiffman MA. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2001 October; 108(5): 1441. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11604658&dopt=Abstract

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Local anaesthesia in cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Cesany P. Source: Acta Chir Plast. 1991; 33(3): 151-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1722601&dopt=Abstract

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Local anaesthesia in cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Maisels DO, Millard DR. Source: British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 1966 April; 19(2): 187-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5931600&dopt=Abstract

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Mammary cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Sanchez AE. Source: Bol Asoc Med P R. 1969 August; 61(8): 280-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5271543&dopt=Abstract

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Management of blindness in the practice of cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Castillo GD. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1989 June; 100(6): 559-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2501730&dopt=Abstract

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Management of patient dissatisfaction with cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Adamson PA, Kraus WM. Source: Facial Plastic Surgery : Fps. 1995 April; 11(2): 99-104. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9220722&dopt=Abstract

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Management of the recovering alcoholic who seeks cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Lewis CM, Mineo R. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1985 February; 14(2): 145-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3994257&dopt=Abstract

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Mastering shape and form in cosmetic surgery: the annual meeting of the american society for aesthetic plastic surgery. Author(s): Rohrich RJ. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2001 September 1; 108(3): 741-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11698849&dopt=Abstract

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Measurements in plastic surgery: cosmetic surgery of the face. Author(s): Tegtmeier RE. Source: J Plast Reconstr Surg Nurs. 1982 Summer; 2(2): 37-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6922919&dopt=Abstract

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Measuring quality of life in cosmetic surgery patients with a condition-specific instrument: the Derriford Scale. Author(s): Klassen A, Jenkinson C, Fitzpatrick R, Goodacre T. Source: British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 1998 July; 51(5): 380-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9771365&dopt=Abstract

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Measuring quality of life in cosmetic surgery patients with a condition-specific instrument: the Derriford Scale--reply. Author(s): Harris D, Carr T. Source: British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 1999 March; 52(2): 158. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10434898&dopt=Abstract

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Medicare under the knife: radical or cosmetic surgery? Author(s): Pretzer M. Source: Med Econ. 1995 June 12; 72(11): 170-2, 175, 180-3 Passim. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10142867&dopt=Abstract

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Mental health and cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Clarkson P. Source: Int Surg. 1966 June; 45(6): 611. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5931896&dopt=Abstract

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Micropigmentation as an adjuvant in cosmetic surgery of the scalp. Author(s): Traquina AC. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 2001 February; 27(2): 123-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11207683&dopt=Abstract

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Minimizing and preventing the “wear-you-out” syndrome in cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Rohrich RJ. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2001 October; 108(5): 1355-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11604643&dopt=Abstract

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More than skin deep: a self-consistency approach to the psychology of cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Burk J, Zelen SL, Terino EO. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1985 August; 76(2): 270-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4023099&dopt=Abstract

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Office photography for facial cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Beekhuis GJ, Rosenbaum JM. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1979 April; 89(4): 677-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=431269&dopt=Abstract

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Patient selection in cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Grossman AJ. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2000 September; 106(4): 960-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11007430&dopt=Abstract

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Perfectionism and cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Hewitt PL, Sherry SB, Flett GL, Shick R. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2003 July; 112(1): 346. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12832926&dopt=Abstract

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Periodontal cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Oringer RJ, Iacono VJ. Source: J Int Acad Periodontol. 1999 July; 1(3): 83-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10833288&dopt=Abstract

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Philosophical pitfalls in cosmetic surgery: a case of rhinoplasty during adolescence. Author(s): Hilhorst MT. Source: Medical Humanities. 2002 December; 28(2): 61-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12817599&dopt=Abstract

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Plastic and cosmetic surgery for leprosy in Japan. Author(s): Narita M. Source: Keisei Geka. 1966 October; 9(4): Suppl: 10-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6009353&dopt=Abstract

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Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Cosmetic surgery II. Author(s): Davies DM. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1985 May 18; 290(6480): 1499501. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3158370&dopt=Abstract

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Plastic surgery update. Part two: Cosmetic surgery for breasts, trunk and extremities. Author(s): Swartz RM, Knode RE. Source: Imj Ill Med J. 1984 April; 165(4): 269-75. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6144654&dopt=Abstract

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Plastic versus cosmetic surgery: what's the difference? Author(s): Rohrich RJ. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2000 August; 106(2): 427-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10946943&dopt=Abstract

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Postoperative (pressure) alopecia: report of a case after elective cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Dominguez E, Eslinger MR, McCord SV. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1999 October; 89(4): 1062-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10512292&dopt=Abstract

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Post-traumatic cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Poole MD. Source: Queens Nurs J. 1975 February; 17(11): 234-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1038763&dopt=Abstract

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Problems reported by people who request cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Klassen A. Source: Plastic Surgical Nursing : Official Journal of the American Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgical Nurses. 1999 Winter; 19(4): 193-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12024598&dopt=Abstract

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Propofol ketamine anesthesia for cosmetic surgery in the office suite. Author(s): Friedberg BL. Source: International Anesthesiology Clinics. 2003 Spring; 41(2): 39-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12711912&dopt=Abstract

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Psychiatric assessment of the candidate for cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Shulman BH. Source: Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 1980 May; 13(2): 383-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7393579&dopt=Abstract

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Psychiatric considerations in cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Taylor BW, Litin EM, Litzow TJ. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 1966 September; 41(9): 608-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5918664&dopt=Abstract

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Psychiatric perspectives on facial cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Kwentus JA, Brown T. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 1980 October; 59(10): 403-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7227247&dopt=Abstract

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Psychiatry, body image, and cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Woods LW. Source: Appl Ther. 1968 July; 10(7): 451-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5671566&dopt=Abstract

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Psychological considerations in the elderly cosmetic surgery candidate. Author(s): Napoleon A, Lewis CM. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1990 February; 24(2): 165-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2316976&dopt=Abstract

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Psychological investigations in cosmetic surgery: a look back and a look ahead. Author(s): Sarwer DB, Pertschuk MJ, Wadden TA, Whitaker LA. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1998 April; 101(4): 1136-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9514352&dopt=Abstract

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Psychological issues in cosmetic surgery: a functional overview. Author(s): Hasan JS. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 2000 January; 44(1): 89-96. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10651374&dopt=Abstract

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Psychopathology and body image in cosmetic surgery patients. Author(s): Vargel S, Ulusahin A. Source: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 2001 November-December; 25(6): 474-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11731858&dopt=Abstract

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Put a new face on your care of cosmetic surgery patients. Author(s): Conlee D. Source: Nursing. 1981 November; 11(11): 90-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6171759&dopt=Abstract

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Quality-of-life outcomes after cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Klassen A, Fitzpatrick R, Jenkinson C, Goodacre T. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1999 September; 104(4): 1209-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10654779&dopt=Abstract

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Quality-of-life outcomes after cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Rankin M, Borah GL, Perry AW, Wey PD. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1998 November; 102(6): 2139-45; Discussion 2146-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9811016&dopt=Abstract

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Re: UltraPulse carbon dioxide laser with computer pattern generator for facial cosmetic surgery and resurfacing. Author(s): Shakespeare PG, Dewar AE, Carruth JA. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1997 May; 38(5): 547-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9160144&dopt=Abstract

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Reconstruction of the chin in cosmetic surgery (genioplasty). Author(s): Fitzpatrick B. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1975 April; 39(4): 522-35. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1054460&dopt=Abstract

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Regulating cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Orton C. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 May 25; 324(7348): 1229-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12028962&dopt=Abstract

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Religion and cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Seltzer AP. Source: Journal of the National Medical Association. 1965 May; 57(3): 205-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5859931&dopt=Abstract

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Review of the course titled “Latest advances in cosmetic surgery of the face,” given in Newport Beach, Calif, August 1999. Author(s): Pearlman SJ. Source: Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery : Official Publication for the American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Inc. and the International Federation of Facial Plastic Surgery Societies. 2000 January-March; 2(1): 66-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10925430&dopt=Abstract

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SAFE: a practical guide to psychological factors in selecting patients for facial cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Lavell S, Lewis CM. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1984 March; 12(3): 256-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6721387&dopt=Abstract

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Scleroderma after cosmetic surgery: four cases of human adjuvant disease. Author(s): Kumagai Y, Abe C, Shiokawa Y. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1979 May; 22(5): 532-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=375942&dopt=Abstract

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Selection of cosmetic surgery patients. Social and psychological considerations. Author(s): Macgregor FC. Source: The Surgical Clinics of North America. 1971 April; 51(2): 289-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5550692&dopt=Abstract

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Self-esteem and cosmetic surgery: is there a relationship between the two? Author(s): Figueroa C. Source: Plastic Surgical Nursing : Official Journal of the American Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgical Nurses. 2003 Spring; 23(1): 21-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12803096&dopt=Abstract

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Self-imposed isolation as a factor in depression following cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Vinnik M. Source: Plastic Surgical Nursing : Official Journal of the American Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgical Nurses. 1986 Winter; 6(4): 144-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3644362&dopt=Abstract

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Should children with Down's syndrome have cosmetic surgery? Author(s): Aylott J. Source: British Journal of Nursing (Mark Allen Publishing). 1999 January 14-27; 8(1): 338. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10085811&dopt=Abstract

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Simplifying cosmetic surgery: improving safety or refinement? Author(s): Rohrich RJ. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1999 June; 103(7): 2010-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10359267&dopt=Abstract

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Standards for cosmetic surgery articles. Author(s): Rohrich RJ, Goldwyn RM. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2001 July; 108(1): 259-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11420536&dopt=Abstract

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Standards for cosmetic surgery articles. Author(s): Lineaweaver WC. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2001 July; 108(1): 251-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11420534&dopt=Abstract

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Streamlining cosmetic surgery patient selection--just say no! Author(s): Rohrich RJ. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1999 July; 104(1): 220-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10597700&dopt=Abstract

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Symposium on cosmetic surgery. Foreword. Author(s): Rees TD. Source: The Surgical Clinics of North America. 1971 April; 51(2): 261-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5550691&dopt=Abstract

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The “insatiable” cosmetic surgery patient. Author(s): Knorr NJ, Edgerton MT, Hoopes JE. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1967 September; 40(3): 285-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6037160&dopt=Abstract

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The “obsessive” cosmetic surgery patient: a consideration of body image dissatisfaction and body dysmorphic disorder. Author(s): Sarwer DB. Source: Plastic Surgical Nursing : Official Journal of the American Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgical Nurses. 1997 Winter; 17(4): 193-7, 209; Quiz 198-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9460445&dopt=Abstract

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The ageing face. Stemming the tide with cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Downie P. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1997 September; 26(9): 1032-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9382715&dopt=Abstract

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The benefits and hazards of cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Harris D. Source: Br J Hosp Med. 1989 June; 41(6): 540-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2752239&dopt=Abstract

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The cosmetic surgery patient. Why do they do it to themselves? Author(s): Stafne JG. Source: Minn Med. 1980 March; 63(3): 175-7, 209. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7374633&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of fellow patients on the emotional well-being and satisfaction with care of postoperative cosmetic surgery patients. Author(s): Kulik JA, Shelby D, Cooper RN. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2000 November; 106(6): 1407-14; Discussion 1415-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11083575&dopt=Abstract

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The evaluation and management of lower eyelid retraction following cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Patipa M. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2000 August; 106(2): 438-53; Discussion 4549. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10946945&dopt=Abstract

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The globalization of cosmetic surgery: the pursuit of excellence. Author(s): Rohrich RJ. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2000 September; 106(3): 685-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10987479&dopt=Abstract

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The good old days: a look back at cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Dugas B. Source: Plastic Surgical Nursing : Official Journal of the American Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgical Nurses. 1999 Summer; 19(2): 74-6, 106. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10647481&dopt=Abstract

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The health status of women following cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Wells KE, Cruse CW, Baker JL Jr, Daniels SM, Stern RA, Newman C, Seleznick MJ, Vasey FB, Brozena S, Albers SE, et al. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1994 April; 93(5): 907-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8134482&dopt=Abstract

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The increasing popularity of cosmetic surgery procedures: a look at statistics in plastic surgery. Author(s): Rohrich RJ. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2000 November; 106(6): 1363-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11083570&dopt=Abstract

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The man as a cosmetic surgery patient: the weaker sex? Author(s): Rohrich RJ. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2001 December; 108(7): 2098-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11743408&dopt=Abstract

34 Cosmetic surgery

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The market of plastic surgery: cosmetic surgery for sale--at what price? Author(s): Rohrich RJ. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2001 June; 107(7): 1845-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11391210&dopt=Abstract

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The morality of cosmetic surgery for aging. Author(s): Ringel EW. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1998 April; 134(4): 427-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9554294&dopt=Abstract

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The Moscow Cosmetic Surgery Clinic. Author(s): Nikolayeva A. Source: J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1980 September; 6(9): 696, 759. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7419783&dopt=Abstract

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The post-meeting “wear-you-out” syndrome in cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Rohrich RJ. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2001 September 15; 108(4): 1043-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11547169&dopt=Abstract

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The problem of somatic delusions in patients seeking cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Druss RG, Symonds FC, Crikelair GF. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1971 September; 48(3): 246-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5566474&dopt=Abstract

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The psychiatric assessment of candidates for cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Jefferson RS. Source: Journal of the National Medical Association. 1976 September; 68(5): 441-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1034022&dopt=Abstract

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The psychology of cosmetic surgery: a critical overview of the literature 1960-1982-Part I. Author(s): Wengle HP. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1986 May; 16(5): 435-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3078614&dopt=Abstract

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The psychology of cosmetic surgery: a review and reconceptualization. Author(s): Sarwer DB, Wadden TA, Pertschuk MJ, Whitaker LA. Source: Clinical Psychology Review. 1998 January; 18(1): 1-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9455621&dopt=Abstract

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The psychology of cosmetic surgery: old problems in patient selection seen in a new way--Part II. Author(s): Wengle HP. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1986 June; 16(6): 487-93. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3078616&dopt=Abstract

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The role of cosmetic surgery in criminal rehabilitation. Author(s): Schuring AG, Dodge RE Jr. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1967 September; 40(3): 268-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6037158&dopt=Abstract

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The role of preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis in cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Fatica CA, Gordon SM, Zins JE. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2002 June; 109(7): 2570-3; Discussion 2574-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12045594&dopt=Abstract

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The ultrapulse carbon dioxide laser with computer pattern generator automatic scanner for facial cosmetic surgery and resurfacing. Author(s): Apfelberg DB. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1996 May; 36(5): 522-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8743664&dopt=Abstract

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The use of autologous platelet-rich plasma (platelet gel) and autologous platelet-poor plasma (fibrin glue) in cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Man D, Plosker H, Winland-Brown JE. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2001 January; 107(1): 229-37; Discussion 2389. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11176628&dopt=Abstract

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The value of a new filler material in corrective and cosmetic surgery: DermaLive and DermaDeep. Author(s): Bergeret-Galley C, Latouche X, Illouz YG. Source: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 2001 July-August; 25(4): 249-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11568826&dopt=Abstract

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The value of mammography in cosmetic surgery of the breasts. Author(s): Perras C, Papillon J. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1973 August; 52(2): 132-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4722670&dopt=Abstract

36 Cosmetic surgery

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The Web and your cosmetic surgery practice. Author(s): Rohrich RJ. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2001 April 15; 107(5): 1253-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11373571&dopt=Abstract

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The who, what, when, and why of cosmetic surgery: do our patients need a preoperative psychiatric evaluation? Author(s): Rohrich RJ. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2000 December; 106(7): 1605-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11129193&dopt=Abstract

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Thick skin and cosmetic surgery of the nasal tip: how to avoid the cutaneous polly beak. Author(s): Botti G. Source: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 1996 September-October; 20(5): 421-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8849435&dopt=Abstract

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Topical agents used in association with cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Draelos ZD. Source: Semin Cutan Med Surg. 1999 June; 18(2): 112-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10385279&dopt=Abstract

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Toward optimal health: the experts discuss cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Meisler JG. Source: Journal of Women's Health & Gender-Based Medicine. 2000 January-February; 9(1): 13-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10718500&dopt=Abstract

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Using “anti-ageing” to market cosmetic surgery: just good business, or another wrinkle on the face of medical practice? Author(s): Ring AL. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 2002 June 17; 176(12): 597-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12064960&dopt=Abstract

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Warning about herbals in plastic and cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Shiffman MA. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2001 December; 108(7): 2180-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11743451&dopt=Abstract

Studies 37

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What is cosmetic surgery? Author(s): Arndt KA, Kaminer MS, Dover JS. Source: Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2002 March; 21(1): 1-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11911534&dopt=Abstract

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What is cosmetic surgery? Author(s): Manstein CH. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1986 July; 78(1): 121. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3725945&dopt=Abstract

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When the patient wants facial cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Johnson CM Jr, Anderson JR. Source: American Family Physician. 1977 September; 16(3): 170-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=900001&dopt=Abstract

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Women, the body and brand extension in medicine: cosmetic surgery and the paradox of choice. Author(s): Gillespie R. Source: Women Health. 1996; 24(4): 69-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9104765&dopt=Abstract

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Working within contradiction: the possibility of feminist cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Kirkland A, Tong R. Source: J Clin Ethics. 1996 Summer; 7(2): 151-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8889891&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND COSMETIC SURGERY Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and cosmetic surgery.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Cosmetic Surgery The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “cosmetic surgery” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

4

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

40 Cosmetic surgery

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “cosmetic surgery” (or a synonym): •

Micropigmentation as an adjuvant in cosmetic surgery of the scalp. Author(s): Hair Transplantation Clinic of Sacramento, Sacramento, California, USA. Source: Traquina, A C Dermatol-Surg. 2001 February; 27(2): 123-8 1076-0512

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Topical agents used in association with cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA. Source: Draelos, Z D Semin-Cutan-Med-Surg. 1999 June; 18(2): 112-8 1085-5629

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Warning about herbals in plastic and cosmetic surgery. Source: Shiffman, M A Plast-Reconstr-Surg. 2001 December; 108(7): 2180-2 0032-1052

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

Nutrition 41

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND COSMETIC SURGERY Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to cosmetic surgery. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to cosmetic surgery and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “cosmetic surgery” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to cosmetic surgery: •

“Acupuncture anesthesia”--a clinical study. Author(s): Modell JH, Lee PK, Bingham HG, Greer DM Jr, Habal MB. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1976 July-August; 55(4): 508-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=945954&dopt=Abstract

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A history of oculoplastic surgery in Spain. Author(s): Fernandez-Vega Sanz L, Sanchez JA, Fernandez-Vega Sanz A. Source: Adv Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 1986; 5: 189-217. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3331902&dopt=Abstract

•

A new system of infiltration anesthesia and sedation for plastic surgery. Author(s): Buffington CW, Buehler PK, Glauber DT, Hornbein TF, Hamacher EN.

44 Cosmetic surgery

Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1984 November; 74(5): 671-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6494323&dopt=Abstract •

Complications after silicone injection therapy in aesthetic plastic surgery. Author(s): Milojevic B. Source: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 1982; 6(4): 203-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6763468&dopt=Abstract

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Cosmetic surgery: a theological comment. Author(s): Carey JS. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1989 January; 83(1): 139-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2909055&dopt=Abstract

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Depression, anxiety and quality of life: outcome 9 months after facial cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Meningaud JP, Benadiba L, Servant JM, Herve C, Bertrand JC, Pelicier Y. Source: Journal of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery : Official Publication of the European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery. 2003 February; 31(1): 46-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12553927&dopt=Abstract

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Experience with acupuncture anesthesia in cosmetic plastic surgery. Author(s): Franklyn RA. Source: The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 1974 July; 2(3): 345. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4413357&dopt=Abstract

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Facial rejuvenation: the art and science of cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Sullivan PK. Source: Medicine and Health, Rhode Island. 2001 April; 84(4): 110-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11347343&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperbaric oxygen in plastic surgery. Author(s): Brownjohn M. Source: Nurs Times. 1968 November 8; 64(45): 1512-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5723622&dopt=Abstract

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Hypnosis as adjunct therapy in conscious sedation for plastic surgery. Author(s): Faymonville ME, Fissette J, Mambourg PH, Roediger L, Joris J, Lamy M. Source: Reg Anesth. 1995 March-April; 20(2): 145-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7605762&dopt=Abstract

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Hypnosis in plastic surgery. Author(s): Scott DL.

Alternative Medicine 45

Source: Am J Clin Hypn. 1975 October; 18(2): 98-104. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1190098&dopt=Abstract •

Hypnotic psychotherapy and cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Scott DL, Holbrook LA. Source: British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 1981 October; 34(4): 478-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7296155&dopt=Abstract

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Is there plastic surgery in the Edwin Smith Papyrus? Author(s): Goldwyn RM. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1982 August; 70(2): 263-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7048373&dopt=Abstract

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Micropigmentation as an adjuvant in cosmetic surgery of the scalp. Author(s): Traquina AC. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 2001 February; 27(2): 123-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11207683&dopt=Abstract

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Music Rx: physiological and emotional responses to taped music programs of preoperative patients awaiting plastic surgery. Author(s): Updike PA, Charles DM. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1987 July; 19(1): 29-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3307595&dopt=Abstract

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Orthodox Jewish law (Halachah) and plastic surgery. Author(s): Westreich M. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1998 September; 102(3): 908-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9727465&dopt=Abstract

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Plastic surgery findings in Ethiopian immigrants. Author(s): Baruchin AM, Scharf S, Nahlieli O. Source: Isr J Med Sci. 1993 June-July; 29(6-7): 398-402. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8349461&dopt=Abstract

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Plastic surgery in rural Ethiopia. Author(s): Finseth F. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1975 May; 55(5): 545-550. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1144532&dopt=Abstract

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Psychological complications in 281 plastic surgery practices. Author(s): Borah G, Rankin M, Wey P.

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Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1999 October; 104(5): 1241-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10513902&dopt=Abstract •

Relaxation techniques to enhance plastic surgery. Author(s): Tegtmeier RE. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1990 November; 86(5): 1038-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1700448&dopt=Abstract

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Religion and cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Seltzer AP. Source: Journal of the National Medical Association. 1965 May; 57(3): 205-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5859931&dopt=Abstract

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Sushruta Samhita (Sushruta'a Collection) (800-600 B.C.?). Pioneers of plastic surgery. Author(s): Hauben DJ. Source: Acta Chir Plast. 1984; 26(2): 65-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6206670&dopt=Abstract

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The use of hypnosis as a tool in plastic surgery. Author(s): Tucker KR, Virnelli FR. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1985 July; 76(1): 140-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4011770&dopt=Abstract

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Warning about herbals in plastic and cosmetic surgery. Author(s): Shiffman MA. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2001 December; 108(7): 2180-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11743451&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

Alternative Medicine 47

•

MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to cosmetic surgery; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation (some Web sites are subscription based): •

General Overview Burns Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

•

Herbs and Supplements Grape Seed Alternative names: Vitis vinifera Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitis vinifera Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON COSMETIC SURGERY Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to cosmetic surgery. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “cosmetic surgery” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on cosmetic surgery, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Cosmetic Surgery ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to cosmetic surgery. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

Bodies of Work: Cosmetic Surgery and the Gendered Whitening of America by Eichberg, Sarah Lucile; Phd from University of Pennsylvania, 1999, 324 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9953526

•

Body and Soul: Plastic Surgery in the United States, 1914-1990 by Haiken, Elizabeth Gail, Phd from University of California, Berkeley, 1994, 528 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9504826

•

Saving Face: Women's Experiences with Cosmetic Surgery by Ancheta, Rebecca Wepsic; Phd from University of California, San Francisco, 2000, 167 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9974764

•

Synthetic Beauty: American Women and Cosmetic Surgery by Anderson, Lenore Wright, Phd from Rice University, 1989, 425 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9012773

50 Cosmetic surgery

•

The Effects of Self-esteem, Success Vs. Failure Feedback, and Cognitive Load on Attitudes toward Tattooing and Cosmetic Surgery by Hill, Timothy; Ma from University of Louisville, 2002, 93 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1409359

•

The Medicalization of Feminine Beauty: a Study of Cosmetic Surgery by Mark, Marie Elizabeth; Phd from City University of New York, 2001, 122 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9997107

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

51

CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON COSMETIC SURGERY Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.5 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “cosmetic surgery” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on cosmetic surgery, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Cosmetic Surgery By performing a patent search focusing on cosmetic surgery, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. 5Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

52 Cosmetic surgery

The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on cosmetic surgery: •

Method of laser cosmetic surgery Inventor(s): Keller; Gregory S. (2323 De La Vina, #104, Santa Barbara, CA 93105) Assignee(s): Keller; Gregory S. (Santa Barbara, CA) Patent Number: RE36,903 Date filed: July 26, 1999 Abstract: Laser surgery is utilized to perform cosmetic surgery. A quartz fiber is used to direct the laser energy to the target area for the incision, division or resection of tissue. An endoscope may be utilized in conjunction with the quartz fiber to perform the cosmetic surgical techniques. One application utilizes laser energy to eliminate glabellar frown lines and/or forehead wrinkles. Another application employs laser energy to rectify brow descent. A further application uses laser energy to perform a neck lift. In yet another application, laser energy is utilized to reduce nasolabial folds. The use of laser energy in cosmetic surgical procedures greatly reduces the size of the incision required in the skin to perform cosmetic surgical procedures, and as a result greatly reduces the risks of potential complications. Excerpt(s): The field of the present invention is cosmetic surgery.... In recent years, laser technology has been utilized in a variety of applications in industry, surveying, communications and the medical field. In the field of cosmetic surgery, however, standard procedures typically involve extensive use of scalpels for incising, dividing and resecting tissue. Depending upon the particular procedure, disadvantageous complications may result including scarring, nerve damage and reduced blood flow to the affected area which can result in skin slough.... For example, to remove glabellar frown lines (between the eyebrows) and forehead wrinkles, standard cosmetic surgical technique involves an extensive procedure called a forehead lift which entails a large incision that extends from ear to ear over the top of the forehead. The forehead lift is particularly disadvantageous because it opens the patient up widely requiring the physician to stop bleeders and risk cauterizing nerves. Since this procedure creates a large thin skin flap and reduces the blood supply to the skin, there is also an increased risk of skin slough and alopecia (balding). An alternate procedure for removing glabellar frown lines and forehead wrinkles is collagen treatment. However, this treatment is temporary at best and also involves a risk of allergic reaction. Moreover, collagen has been reported to cause autoimmune disease and blindness. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US0RE36903__

Patents 53

•

Method of preparing treatment compositions for use in plastic or cosmetic surgery Inventor(s): West, heir; by Janet (11607 Acama St. #12, Studio City, CA 91604), Startz, heir; by James A. (10633 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90024), Startz, heir; by Jerry A. (10633 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90024), Startz, heir; by Jonathan D. (10633 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90024), Startz, deceased; Jack P. (10633 Le Conte Ave, late of Los Angeles, CA 90024) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,863,733 Date filed: August 28, 1985 Abstract: There are disclosed methods for use in plastic or cosmetic surgery in which a predetermined volume of blood is withdrawn from a donor-patient; and the blood is separated to yield a fraction containing 38% globulins and 54% albumin. This fraction is heated and then reintroduced in conjunction with the respective cosmetic surgery procedures, such as the treatment of scars, breast augmentation, lines near the mouth, in the forehead, and the like. There are also disclosed the corresponding compositions for use in plastic surgery, and these compositions may additionally contain compositions with anesthetic properties and/or coagulants. Excerpt(s): This invention is concerned with treatment methods for plastic or cosmetic surgery, to methods of preparing treatment compositions for use in such surgery, and to compositions for use in plastic or cosmetic surgery.... Recently, considerable interest has been shown in the application of autotransfusion techniques in surgical management for a variety of surgical purposes. Autotransfusion is generally comprised of the steps of removal or salvage of the patient's blood during or prior to the surgical procedure, and re-introduction or administration of the patient's blood, or specific components thereof, to the donor-patient.... Although progress has been made in this field, there has remained the need for specific treatment methods and techniques for use in cosmetic or plastic surgery, to methods of preparing treatment compositions for the use in such surgery, and to specific compositions for use in plastic or cosmetic surgery. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04863733__

Patent Applications on Cosmetic Surgery As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.6 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to cosmetic surgery: •

Cosmetic surgery preview system Inventor(s): Shamoun, John M. (Newport Beach, CA) Correspondence: STRADLING YOCCA CARLSON & RAUTH; IP Department; 660 Newport Center Drive, Suite 1600; P.O. Box 7680; Newport Beach; CA; 92660-6441; US Patent Application Number: 20020092534 Date filed: January 4, 2002

6

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

54 Cosmetic surgery

Abstract: A method for providing a preview via a network of the potential effects of cosmetic surgery includes selecting a cosmetic surgery procedure, asking at least one question regarding the body of a prospective patient via the network, viewing and/or selecting images related to the body of the patient and/or the selected cosmetic surgery procedure, answering the question(s) via the network and using the answers to form preview image of the prospective patient showing the potential effects of the selected cosmetic surgery procedure. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to cosmetic surgery. The present invention relates more particularly to a method for providing a preview via a network (such as the Internet) of the potential effects of cosmetic surgery.... Cosmetic surgery previews for allowing patients to see the potential effects of a cosmetic surgery procedure, either in a doctor's office or via the Internet, are known. However, contemporary cosmetic surgery preview systems require that prospective patients provide pictures of themselves.... Many patients are reluctant to provide pictures of themselves. This is particularly true when the cosmetic surgery procedure involves an intimate part of the perspective patient's body. For example, according to contemporary practice providing a preview of a breast augmentation procedure requires that a picture of the perspective patient's breast be provided. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Virtual cosmetic surgery system Inventor(s): Arima, Ryoji; (Tokyo, JP), Fujimoto, Hitoshi; (Tokyo, JP), Kameyama, Masatoshi; (Tokyo, JP) Correspondence: BIRCH STEWART KOLASCH & BIRCH; PO BOX 747; FALLS CHURCH; VA; 22040-0747; US Patent Application Number: 20020009214 Date filed: May 17, 2001 Abstract: Conventional systems mainly include technical aspects and it is not a main purpose to display a changed result accurately. Therefore, its processing time is significantly long.Thus, there are provided an image input device for inputting face data as digital data, an image output device for inputting change information on the face data and a terminal for storing a virtual cosmetic surgery program, extracting from the face data based on the change information a changing part including a feature part to be changed in predetermined manner and an absorbing part surrounding the feature part and absorbing a gap with respect to the periphery caused by a change and performing predetermined changing processing within the extracted changing part.Accordingly, a changing person can obtain an image of his/her face changed partially in naturallooking manner. Excerpt(s): This application is based on Application No. 2000-221864, filed in Japan on Jul. 24, 2000, and Application No. 2000-363032, filed in Japan on Nov. 29, 2000, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.... The present invention relates to a virtual cosmetic surgery system for providing virtual cosmetic surgery services by using face images.... Surgery on a face is performed in plastic or cosmetic surgeries. In such surgeries, it is almost common to show a virtual image after surgery by using some image processing. In that case, it is critical to create in the virtual image a customer's face after the surgery accurately. Thus, size, processing time and user interface of a processing program have been not so important in particular.

Patents 55

Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with cosmetic surgery, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “cosmetic surgery” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on cosmetic surgery. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning cosmetic surgery. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON COSMETIC SURGERY Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to cosmetic surgery. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on cosmetic surgery include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “cosmetic surgery” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on cosmetic surgery: •

The National Women's Health Resource Center book of women's health: Your comprehensive guide to health and well-being Source: New York, NY: William Morrow and Company. 1999. 680 pp. Contact: Available from William Morrow and Company, 1350 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10019 / Web site: http://www.harpercollins.com/hc/aboutus/imprints/morrow.asp. $35.00. Summary: Written for the woman consumer, this book discusses health and well-being throughout her lifespan. Part one gives advice on healthy sexual practices, nutrition, exercise, menopause, and how best to use her health-care practitioner. Part two considers special issues in reproductive health, cosmetic surgery, mental health, abuse, and occupational and environmental issues. The third part focuses on pregnancy and childbirth in all its stages, both physical and emotional. Part four talks about medical

58 Cosmetic surgery

disorders and diseases of women in topics such as breast disorders, menstrual problems, sexually transmitted diseases, urinary tract infections, reproductive system problems, cardiovascular problems, oral health, musculoskeletal disorders, and skin problems. The book closes with sections on common medical tests and procedures, a glossary, and an index. •

American Medical Association complete guide to women's health Source: New York, NY: Random House. 1996. 759 pp. Contact: Available from Random House, 201 East 50th Street, New York, NY. $39.95. Summary: This book addresses a full range of health issues of concern to women through the life span. The book presents information on routine health care; complicated subjects such as cancer and genetics; issues such as domestic violence and rape. Detailed information on a variety of disorders is presented. The book is divided into four parts: (1) staying healthy for life; (2) sexual and reproductive health; (3) pregnancy; and (4) health concerns of women. Part 4, the largest section, examines the following topics: heart, blood and circulation; lungs; digestive system; urinary tract and kidneys; bones and joints; mental health; the endocrine system; the immune system; eyes, ears, and teeth; skin; elective cosmetic surgery; death and bereavement; and sexual assault.

•

Sacrificing our selves for love: Why women compromise health and self-esteem, and how to stop Source: Freedom, CA: Crossing Press. 1996. 230 pp. Contact: Available from Crossing Press, P.O. Box 1048, Freedom, CA 95019. Telephone: (800) 777-1048. $10.00. Summary: This book discusses women's willingness to risk their health as a result of three intertwined forces: the caring attitude that characterizes many women; centuries of subordination; and cultural traditions about how to look, behave, and be treated. Part one topics include eating disorders and how to obtain help, cosmetic surgery and its repercussions, accepting yourself and body imaging. Part two talks about living in abusive relationships, intimate abuse/battering, rape, and how to get help. The third part covers sexuality, reproductive and sexually transmitted diseases, and guidelines for safer sex. An annotated notes section, a resources listing, and an index are provided.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “cosmetic surgery” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “cosmetic surgery” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “cosmetic surgery” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com):

Books 59

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A Change for the Better: A Guide to Cosmetic Surgery by Bronwen Meredith; ISBN: 0246129948; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0246129948/icongroupinterna

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Are You Considering Cosmetic Surgery? (Avon Health) by Arthur W., Md. Perry, Robin Karol Levinson (1997); ISBN: 0380791595; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0380791595/icongroupinterna

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Atlas of Cosmetic Surgery by Michael S. Kaminer (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0721684130; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0721684130/icongroupinterna

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Beauty by Design: A Complete Look at Cosmetic Surgery by Kurt, Wagner; ISBN: 0070676712; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0070676712/icongroupinterna

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Beauty by Design: A Complete Look at Cosmetic Surgery by M.D. Imber (1985); ISBN: 9995261588; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9995261588/icongroupinterna

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Change of Face: A Surgeon's Guide to Transforming Your Face and Figure, What to Expect When You Choose Cosmetic Surgery by Angelo Capozzi; ISBN: 0936602678; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0936602678/icongroupinterna

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Change of Face: What You Should Know If You Should Choose Cosmetic Surgery by Angelo Capozzi; ISBN: 0942294149; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0942294149/icongroupinterna

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Change Your Looks, Change Your Life : Quick Fixes and Cosmetic Surgery Solutions for Looking Younger, Feeling Healthier, and Living Better by Michelle Copeland (Author) (2002); ISBN: 0066213738; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0066213738/icongroupinterna

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Cosmetic Surgery by William Brown; ISBN: 0812860020; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0812860020/icongroupinterna

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Cosmetic Surgery by Cynthia Sutton, Wanda S. Lyon; ISBN: 0788150936; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0788150936/icongroupinterna

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Cosmetic Surgery by Denise Winn; ISBN: 0356171361; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0356171361/icongroupinterna

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Cosmetic Surgery (Your Operation) by John Kenealy, Jane Smith; ISBN: 0340664460; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0340664460/icongroupinterna

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Cosmetic Surgery [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by Key Note Publications Ltd (Author); ISBN: B00005R9XH; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00005R9XH/icongroupinterna

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Cosmetic Surgery [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by Mintel International Group Ltd. (Author); ISBN: B00005R9SD; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00005R9SD/icongroupinterna

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Cosmetic Surgery and Beauty Guide by Trevor Lansdown (Editor); ISBN: 0951884824; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0951884824/icongroupinterna

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Cosmetic Surgery for Teens: Choices and Consequences (Teen Issues) by Kathleen Winkler; ISBN: 0766019578; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0766019578/icongroupinterna

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Cosmetic Surgery for Women by Moynahan A. ISBN: 0517054272; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0517054272/icongroupinterna

60 Cosmetic surgery

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Cosmetic Surgery May Be for You by George Willeford; ISBN: 0883190486; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0883190486/icongroupinterna

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Cosmetic Surgery of the Asian Face (American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Series) by John A. McCurdy (1990); ISBN: 0865773297; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0865773297/icongroupinterna

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Cosmetic Surgery of the Skin: Principles and Techniques by William P. Coleman (Editor), et al (1997); ISBN: 0815114605; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0815114605/icongroupinterna

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Cosmetic Surgery Without Fear : How to Make Safe Choices and Informed Decisions by Patricia Burgess, Cosmetic Surgery Consultants - Patricia A. Burgess (1999); ISBN: 0966763009; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0966763009/icongroupinterna

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Cosmetic Surgery, Gender and Culture by Suzanne Fraser (2003); ISBN: 1403912998; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1403912998/icongroupinterna

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Cosmetic Surgery: A Consumer's Guide by Sylvia Dworsky Rosenthal; ISBN: 039701211X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/039701211X/icongroupinterna

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Cosmetic Surgery: An Interdisciplinary Approach (Basic and Clinical Dermatology) by Rhoda S. Narins (Editor) (2001); ISBN: 0824703022; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0824703022/icongroupinterna

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Cosmetic Surgery: Before, Between and After by Susan Gail; ISBN: 0967816807; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0967816807/icongroupinterna

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Cosmetic Surgery: Facing the Facts by Christopher Margrave; ISBN: 0140466983; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0140466983/icongroupinterna

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Cosmetic Surgery: The Cutting Edge of Commercial Medicine in America by Deborah A. Sullivan (2001); ISBN: 0813528607; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0813528607/icongroupinterna

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Dr. Paula Moynahan's Cosmetic Surgery for Women: A Revolutionary Approach to Image Enhancement by Paula A. Moynahan, Vilma Ortiz (Illustrator); ISBN: 0517564297; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0517564297/icongroupinterna

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Dubious Equalities and Embodied Differences: Cultural Studies on Cosmetic Surgery (Explorations in Bioethics and the Medical Humanities) by Kathy Davis (2003); ISBN: 0742514218; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0742514218/icongroupinterna

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Everything Women of Color Should Know About Cosmetic Surgery by Jan R. Adams (2000); ISBN: 0312253109; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0312253109/icongroupinterna

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Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Cosmetic Surgery but Couldnt Afford to Ask by Alan Gaynor (1998); ISBN: 0756757398; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0756757398/icongroupinterna

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Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Cosmetic Surgery but Couldn't Afford to Ask: A Complete Look at the Latest Techniques and Why They Are Safer and Less Expensive by One of Today's Most Prominent Cosmetic Surgeons by Alan, Md. Gaynor (1999); ISBN: 076790172X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/076790172X/icongroupinterna

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Everything You Need to Know About the Dangers of Cosmetic Surgery (Need to Know Library) by Magdalena Alagna; ISBN: 0823935523; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0823935523/icongroupinterna

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Face to Face: Men & Women Talk Openly About Cosmetic Surgery by James Nolan (1998); ISBN: 1885221444; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1885221444/icongroupinterna

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Flesh Wounds: The Culture of Cosmetic Surgery by Virginia L. Blum (2003); ISBN: 0520217233; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0520217233/icongroupinterna

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I Want Cosmetic Surgery, Now What?!: What to Expect/Costs/Recovery Tips by Jodi Green, Jodie Green (2002); ISBN: 0760729719; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0760729719/icongroupinterna

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Key Issues in Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery (Key Issues in Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery) by M. B. Habal (Editor), et al (1999); ISBN: 380556970X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/380556970X/icongroupinterna

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Lasers in Cutaneous and Cosmetic Surgery by Gary P. Lask, Nicholas J. Lowe; ISBN: 0443076391; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0443076391/icongroupinterna

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Makeover Miracles: A Before-And-After Guide to Corrective Makeup, Cosmetic Surgery, and Anti-Aging Strategies by Michael Maron (1994); ISBN: 0517584301; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0517584301/icongroupinterna

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Manual of Tumescent Liposculpture and Laser Cosmetic Surgery: Including the Weekend Alternative to the Facelift by William R. Cook, Kim K. Cook; ISBN: 0781719879; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0781719879/icongroupinterna

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More Than Just a Pretty Face: How Cosmetic Surgery Can Improve Your Looks and Your Life by Thomas D. Rees, Sylvia Simmons; ISBN: 0316737070; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0316737070/icongroupinterna

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Nips & Tucks: Everything You Must Know Before Having Cosmetic Surgery by Diana Barry; ISBN: 1881649938; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1881649938/icongroupinterna

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Ocuplastic Surgery Atlas: Cosmetic Surgery by Geoffrey J. Gladstone (2003); ISBN: 0387200797; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387200797/icongroupinterna

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Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Volume 6: Cleft/Craniofacial/Cosmetic Surgery by Raymond J. Fonseca (2000); ISBN: 0721696376; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0721696376/icongroupinterna

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Plastic and reconstructive surgery of the face : cosmetic surgery by Frank W. Pirruccello; ISBN: 0683068911; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0683068911/icongroupinterna

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Plastic Fantastic: A Complete Guide to Safe Cosmetic Surgery by Dai, Dr Davies, Judy Sadgrove (2002); ISBN: 1843580144; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1843580144/icongroupinterna

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Plastic Surgery Hopscotch: A Resource Guide for Those Considering Cosmetic Surgery by John McCabe, Miriam Ingersoll (Editor) (1995); ISBN: 1884702325; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1884702325/icongroupinterna

62 Cosmetic surgery

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Reconstructive and Cosmetic Surgery Sourcebook by M. Lisa Weatherford (Editor), Allan Cook (Editor); ISBN: 0780802144; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0780802144/icongroupinterna

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Reshaping the Female Body: The Dilemma of Cosmetic Surgery by Kathy Davis (1995); ISBN: 0415906326; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0415906326/icongroupinterna

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Safe Cosmetic Surgery: a Complete Guide by Dai Davies, Judy Sadgrove (1996); ISBN: 1900512025; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1900512025/icongroupinterna

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Sculpture: Man's Guide to Cosmetic Surgery by Mark Mandel, Jim Connor (Editor); ISBN: 0770108792; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0770108792/icongroupinterna

•

The American Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons' Guide to Cosmetic Surgery by American Society of Plastic, Josleen Wilson; ISBN: 0130253138; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0130253138/icongroupinterna

•

The Columbia Manual of Dermatologic Cosmetic Surgery by Emil Bisaccia, et al; ISBN: 0838516262; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0838516262/icongroupinterna

•

The Complete Book of Cosmetic Surgery: A Candid Guide for Men, Women and Teens by Elizabeth, Morgan; ISBN: 0446513709; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0446513709/icongroupinterna

•

The Complete Idiot's Guide to Cosmetic Surgery by Jeff, Ph.D. St.John, et al; ISBN: 0028639936; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0028639936/icongroupinterna

•

The Cosmetic Surgery Revolution: An Objective Guide to Understanding Your Cosmetic Surgery Choices by Robert Scheer, Kathleen O'Connor; ISBN: 0945806094; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0945806094/icongroupinterna

•

The No-Nonsense Guide to Cosmetic Surgery by Sheldon. Rothfleisch; ISBN: 0448164175; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0448164175/icongroupinterna

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The Patient's Guide to Cosmetic Surgery by Carol Sevitt, John Taylor; ISBN: 0920197701; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0920197701/icongroupinterna

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The Unofficial Guide to Cosmetic Surgery by E. Bingo Wyer (Author) (1998); ISBN: 0028625226; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0028625226/icongroupinterna

•

Two Girlfriends Get Real About Cosmetic Surgery by Susan J. Collini, et al (2000); ISBN: 1580631274; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1580631274/icongroupinterna

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Venus Envy: A History of Cosmetic Surgery by Elizabeth Haiken (2000); ISBN: 080186254X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/080186254X/icongroupinterna

•

Welcome to Your Face Lift: What to Expect Before, During & After Cosmetic Surgery by Helen Bransford, Ivo Pitanguy; ISBN: 0385485506; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0385485506/icongroupinterna

Books 63

•

What Your Doctor Can't Tell You About Cosmetic Surgery by Joyce D., Ph.D. Nash (2000); ISBN: 0595003869; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0595003869/icongroupinterna

•

Your Appearance Really Counts: A Consumer's Guide to Cosmetic Surgery, Hair Restoration, and Complexion Care by Edward B., M.D. Frankel (1983); ISBN: 9996444511; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9996444511/icongroupinterna

•

Your Looks: Younger and Better Through Cosmetic Surgery by Richard Arohsohn (1981); ISBN: 0935236171; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0935236171/icongroupinterna

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “cosmetic surgery” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:7 •

Basic principles of cosmetic surgery of the face and breast. Author: Franklyn, Robert Alan,; Year: 1956; Hollywood, Calif., 1956

•

Cosmetic surgery: the cutting edge of commercial medicine in America Author: Sullivan, Deborah A.,; Year: 2001; New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press , c2001; ISBN: 0813528593 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0813528593/icongroupinterna

•

Cosmetic surgery of the skin: principles and techniques Author: Coleman, William P.; Year: 1995; Philadelphia,: Decker; Saint Louis, Mo.: Sales and distribution, U.S. and Puerto Rico, Mosby-Year Book, c1991; ISBN: 1556641761 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1556641761/icongroupinterna

•

Cosmetic surgery. Author: Brown, William E.; Year: 1970; New York, Stein and Day [1970?]; ISBN: 812812247

•

Cosmetic surgery; principles and practice. Author: Fomon, Samuel,; Year: 1960; Philadelphia, Lippincott [c1960]

•

Cosmetic surgery; the correction of featural imperfections. Author: Miller, Charles Conrad,; Year: 1924; Philadelphia, Davis, 1924

•

Dubious equalities and embodied differences: cultural studies on cosmetic surgery Author: Davis, Kathy,; Year: 1992; Lanham: Rowman; Littlefield, c2003; ISBN: 074251420X http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/074251420X/icongroupinterna

7

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

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•

Plastic and cosmetic surgery. Author: Kolle, Frederick Strange,; Year: 1911; New York, Appleton, 1911

•

Reshaping the female body: the dilemma of cosmetic surgery Author: Davis, Kathy,; Year: 1997; New York: Routledge, 1995; ISBN: 0415906318 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0415906318/icongroupinterna

•

The American Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons' guide to cosmetic surgery Author: Wilson, Josleen.; Year: 1991; New York: Simon; Schuster, c1992; ISBN: 0671761056 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0671761056/icongroupinterna

•

The clinical atlas of cosmetic plastic surgery: a teaching manual Author: Franklyn, Robert Alan,; Year: 1976; [Geneva]: International Academy of Cometic

•

Tissue glues in cosmetic surgery Author: Saltz, Renato.; Year: 1999; St. Louis: Quality Medical Pub., c2004; ISBN: 1576261743

•

Venus envy: a history of cosmetic surgery Author: Haiken, Elizabeth.; Year: 2000; Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997; ISBN: 0801857635 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801857635/icongroupinterna

Chapters on Cosmetic Surgery In order to find chapters that specifically relate to cosmetic surgery, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and cosmetic surgery using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “cosmetic surgery” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on cosmetic surgery: •

Facial Plastic Surgery in Professional Voice Users Source: in Sataloff, R.T., ed. Professional Voice: The Science and Art of Clinical Care. 2nd ed. San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 1997. p. 659-663. Contact: Available from Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 401 West 'A' Street, Suite 325, San Diego, CA 92101-7904. (800) 521-8545 or (619) 238-6777. Fax (800) 774-8398 or (619) 238-6789. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.singpub.com. PRICE: $325.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1565937287. Summary: Plastic surgery refers to procedures that repair or reconstruct tissues. Cosmetic surgery encompasses any plastic surgical procedure or set of procedures used to enhance appearance. This chapter, from a book on the clinical care of the professional voice, discusses facial plastic surgery in professional voice users. Many singers also play musical instruments, so the authors include a few additional comments to highlight selected effects of facial plastic surgery on instrumental performance. Topics include general considerations, such as the choice of surgeon, procedures, limitations, and financial concerns; and special considerations, including anesthesia and effects on voice and instrumental performance. A final section discusses the role of the rehabilitative team. The authors conclude that if all questions and concerns are dealt with preoperatively, safe and effective cosmetic surgery can be accomplished in the professional voice user population. 2 tables. 3 references.

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CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON COSMETIC SURGERY Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on cosmetic surgery. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on cosmetic surgery is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “cosmetic surgery” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “cosmetic surgery” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on cosmetic surgery: •

Health Care Professionals' Guide to Oral Cancer Source: Fairburn, GA: Oral Health Education Foundation. 1996. (videocassette). Contact: Available from American Dental Hygienists' Association (ADHA). 444 North Michigan Avenue, Suite 3400, Chicago, IL 60611. (800) 243-2342 (press 2) or (312) 4408900. Fax (312) 467-1806. Website: www.adha.org. PRICE: $15.00 each. Item Number 3673 DEV. Summary: The diagnosis, treatment, rehabilitation, and maintenance of oral cancer patients are explored in this multi-disciplinary educational video for health care professionals. Throughout the video, the importance of early detection and diagnosis is emphasized. The program discusses risk factors, including age and lifestyle factors such as alcohol and tobacco use. The video reviews epidemiology, including the most common types of oral cancer. The program describes typical symptoms, appearance, and classification of oral cancers and precancerous conditions including leukoplakia and

66 Cosmetic surgery

erythroplakia. The potential role of diet in reducing risk for oral cancer is discussed. The program addresses diagnostic issues, including step-by-step guidelines for performing an oral cancer examination, the common presenting signs of oral cancer, the role of histologic confirmation of suspected lesions, and the use of imaging. Treatment considerations discussed include radiation therapy, surgery, chemotherapy, indications for surgery, the benefits and disadvantages of surgery, the importance of speech and swallowing assessments prior to surgery, and the need for dental evaluation and possible treatment before surgery. Rehabilitation and maintenance issues described includes prostheses, cosmetic surgery, speech and swallowing rehabilitation, audiologic monitoring, physical therapy, psychological testing and counseling, and ongoing oral health and dental care. The program briefly mentions the SPOHNC (Support for People with Oral and Head and Neck Cancer) organization and its newsletter. Each segment provides recommendations for referral services and the program concludes by reiterating the importance of coordination among health care providers involved in the care of patients with oral cancer. •

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery: How it Serves the Public Source: Rosemont, IL: American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons (AAOMS). 199x. (videocassette). Contact: Available from American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons (AAOMS). 9700 West Bryn Mawr Avenue, Rosemont, IL 60018-5701. (800) 822-6637; Fax (708) 241-9805. PRICE: $59.00 (members); $65.00 (nonmembers); plus shipping and handling. Summary: This videotape program explains to viewers the specialty of oral and maxillofacial surgery. The videotape program presents slides showing the general circumstances in which oral and maxillofacial surgeons may be consulted, including a broken jaw in a child, jaw and chin abnormalities, and problems with dentures. The program then briefly reviews this history of orofacial surgery and outlines the typical academic training for these surgeons. The educational process includes at least a 4 year residency program during which physicians learn to manage patient anxiety, to control pain, and to provide total medical and surgical patient care management. The program then describes three areas of the specialty of oral and maxillofacial surgery: diagnosis, office surgery, and major oral and maxillofacial surgery. Maxillofacial techniques are described, including facial trauma repair, orthognathic surgery, reconstructive surgery, dental implants, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) surgery, oncologic surgery, cleft lip and cleft palate repair, and cosmetic surgery. The program concludes with suggestions for locating an oral and maxillofacial surgeon. The program features numerous 'before and after' photographs of surgical patients.

Bibliography: Multimedia on Cosmetic Surgery The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in cosmetic surgery (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance.

Multimedia 67

The following multimedia has been indexed on cosmetic surgery (for more information, follow the hyperlink indicated): •

Cosmetic oculoplastic surgery [videorecording] Source: Allen Putterman, Clinton McCord; Year: 1985; Format: Videorecording; San Francisco, CA: American Academy of Ophthalmology, c1985

•

Cosmetic surgery [videorecording]: face lift Source: a presentation of Films for the Humanities & Sciences; produced for the Learning Channel by Advanced Medical Productions, Inc; Year: 1997; Format: Videorecording; Princeton, N.J: Films for the Humanities & Sciences, c1997

•

Cosmetic surgery [videorecording]: new techniques Source: a presentation of Films for the Humanities & Sciences; a presentation of KCBD-TV and Medstar Communications, Inc; Year: 1995; Format: Videorecording; Princeton, N.J.: Films for the Humanities and Sciences, c1995

•

Cosmetic surgery [videorecording]: risks and benefits Source: a presentation of Films for the Humanities & Sciences; a presentation of WKRC-TV and Medstar Communications, Inc; Year: 1995; Format: Videorecording; Princeton, N.J.: Films for the Humanities and Sciences, c1995

•

International journal of cosmetic surgery and aesthetic dermatology. Year: 9999; Larchmont, NY: Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., c2000-

•

Journal of aesthetic dermatology and cosmetic surgery. Year: 1999; Larchmont, NY: Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., c1999

•

Lasernews.net [electronic resource]: the online journal for lasers and cutaneous cosmetic surgery. Year: 9999; Format: Electronic resource; San Francisco, CA: LaserNews.net, LLC, c2000-

•

The latest advances in cosmetic surgery of the face [videorecording] Source: sponsored by the Foundation for Facial Plastic Surgery and Medical Education Collaborative; CME Information Services, Inc., CMEVideo; Year: 1997; Format: Videorecording; Mt. Laurel, NJ: CMEVideo, 1997

•

The latest advances in cosmetic surgery of the face [videorecording] Source: CME Conference Video, Inc. sponsored by the Foundation for Facial Plastic Surgery and Medical Education Collaborative; Year: 1995; Format: Videorecording; Mt. Laurel, NJ: CME Conference Video, 1995

•

Video journal of cosmetic surgery [videorecording] Source: Boyd Medical Productions, Inc; Year: 1995; Format: Videorecording; Seattle, WA: Boyd Medical Productions,

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CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON COSMETIC SURGERY Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover cosmetic surgery.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on cosmetic surgery is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “cosmetic surgery” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to cosmetic surgery. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “cosmetic surgery” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for cosmetic surgery: •

Cosmetic surgery catching on with men: U.S. study Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 04, 2003 http://www.reutershealth.com/archive/2003/06/04/eline/links/20030604elin033.htm l

70 Cosmetic surgery

•

Canada approves Inamed skin fillers for cosmetic surgery Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: December 18, 2002

•

UK cosmetic surgery is a 'lottery,' report says Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 08, 2002

•

Many say plastic surgery not a source of shame Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 19, 2002

•

Body image effects of cosmetic surgery limited to feature altered Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 15, 2002

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Inamed wins injunction barring LifeCell claims about plastic surgery products Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: September 22, 2000

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Reconstructive plastic surgery on the rise Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 04, 2000

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Cosmetic surgeries getting a big lift Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 29, 2000

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Cosmetic surgery may relieve migraines Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 21, 2000

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Plastic surgery rates increasing in Brazilian men Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 16, 2000

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S. African hospital to auction plastic surgery Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 24, 2000

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Desperate patients resort to DIY plastic surgery Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 31, 2000

Periodicals and News 71

•

Number of cosmetic surgery procedures performed over past 6 years has doubled Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 08, 1999

•

Cosmetic surgery rates rise Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 07, 1999

•

Cosmetic surgery rates jump 50% Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 03, 1999

•

Plastic surgery patients may have personality disorder Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 28, 1999 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “cosmetic surgery” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or

72 Cosmetic surgery

you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “cosmetic surgery” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to cosmetic surgery, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “cosmetic surgery” (or synonyms).

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “cosmetic surgery” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on cosmetic surgery: •

Cosmetic Surgery: Laser Resurfacing Slows the Hands of Time Source: Harvard Health Letter. 21(10):4-5; August 1996. Contact: Available from Harvard Health Letter, P.O. Box 380, Boston, MA 02117. Summary: This newsletter article for the general public describes the use of lasers to resurface skin to remove wrinkles, roughness, and discoloration that accompany aging. Although dermabrasion and chemical peels have been used for many years by dermatologists and other specialists to improve photoaged skin or remove acne or chicken pox scars, short-pulse and rapid-scanning carbon dioxide lasers are now being used in cosmetic surgery. Reasons for the increasing use of laser resurfacing are identified. The process of laser resurfacing is described, and postoperative care is explained. In addition, complications are highlighted. 1 figure.

Academic Periodicals covering Cosmetic Surgery Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to cosmetic surgery. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering cosmetic surgery that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.”

Periodicals and News 73

If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

75

APPENDICES

77

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute8: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

8

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

78 Cosmetic surgery

•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources 79

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.9 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:10 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

9

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 10 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway11 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.12 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “cosmetic surgery” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 19234 1584 13 1 0 20832

HSTAT13 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.14 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.15 Simply search by “cosmetic surgery” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

11

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

12

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 13 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 14 15

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources 81

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists16 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.17 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.18 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

16 Adapted 17

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 18 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on cosmetic surgery can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to cosmetic surgery. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to cosmetic surgery. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “cosmetic surgery”:

84 Cosmetic surgery

•

Other Guides Breast Implants/Breast Reconstruction http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/breastimplantsbreastreconstruction.html Facial Injuries and Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/facialinjuriesanddisorders.html Piercing and Tattoos http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/piercingandtattoos.html Plastic & Cosmetic Surgery http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/plasticcosmeticsurgery.html Scars http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/scars.html Skin Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/skindiseasesgeneral.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to cosmetic surgery, the following was listed: •

General/Overviews Cosmetic Plastic Surgery: Procedures at a Glance Source: American Society of Plastic Surgeons http://www.plasticsurgery.org/public_education/procedures/CosmeticPlasticSur gery.cfm Facts on Dermatologic Surgery Procedures Source: American Society for Dermatologic Surgery http://www.asds-net.org/derm_surgery_procedures.html Plastic Surgery and Total Patient Care Source: American Society of Plastic Surgeons http://www.medem.com/MedLB/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZ8PMXOX8C &sub_cat=98

•

Treatment Skin Augmentation Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.org/skinaugmentation-rst/ Wrinkle Treatment: When You Don't Want a Face-Lift Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=WO00005

•

Coping Psychological Aspects: Your Self-Image and Plastic Surgery Source: American Society of Plastic Surgeons http://www.plasticsurgery.org/public_education/procedures/psychological_aspe cts.cfm

Patient Resources 85

•

Specific Conditions/Aspects Abdominal Reduction (Abdominoplasty) Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.org/abdominalreduction-rst/ Alterations of the Jaws (Cosmetic Orthognathic Surgery) Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.org/orthognathicsurgery-rst/ Facial Implant Surgery Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.org/facialimplantsurgery-rst/ Find a Plastic Surgeon: Make the Right Choice Source: American Society of Plastic Surgeons http://www.plasticsurgery.org/find_a_plastic_surgeon/Making-an-InformedDecision.cfm Laser Hair Removal: Zapping Unwanted Hair Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=HQ00981 Laser Resurfacing Source: American Society for Dermatologic Surgery http://www.asds-net.org/FactSheets/laser_resurfacing.html Lipoplasty/Liposuction Source: American Society of Plastic Surgeons http://www.plasticsurgery.org/public_education/procedures/Lipoplasty.cfm Liposuction Information Source: Food and Drug Administration http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/liposuction/ Plastic Surgery of the Ear (Otoplasty) Source: American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Inc. http://www.entnet.org/healthinfo/ears/plastic_surgery.cfm Rhinoplasty: Surgery of the Nose Source: American Society of Plastic Surgeons http://www.plasticsurgery.org/public_education/procedures/Rhinoplasty.cfm Saving Face: The Nips and Tucks of Facelifts Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=HQ01326 Understanding Blepharoplasty: Surgery of the Eyelids Source: American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery http://www.facial-plastic-surgery.org/patient/procedures/blepharoplasty.html Understanding Forehead & Brow Lift Surgery Source: American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery http://www.facial-plastic-surgery.org/patient/procedures/forehead_lifts.html Understanding Mentoplasty: Surgery of the Chin Source: American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery http://www.facial-plastic-surgery.org/patient/procedures/mentoplasty.html What Is a Facial Plastic Surgeon?

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Source: American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery http://www.facial-plastic-surgery.org/patient/procedures/facial_plastic.html What Is the Difference between Cosmetic and Reconstructive Surgery? Source: American Society of Plastic Surgeons http://www.plasticsurgery.org/FAQ-What-is-the-difference-between-cosmeticand-reconstructive-surgery.cfm What You Should Know about the Safety of Outpatient Plastic Surgery Source: American Society of Plastic Surgeons http://www.plasticsurgery.org/FAQ-What-You-Should-Know-About-the-Safetyof-Outpatient-Plastic-Surgery.cfm •

Children What Is a Pediatric Plastic Surgeon? http://www.aap.org/sections/sap/he3009.pdf

•

Journals/Newsletters Facial Plastic Surgery Today Source: American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery http://www.facial-plastic-surgery.org/patient/fps_today/fps_today.html

•

Latest News Breast Implants May Be Linked To Suicides Source: 09/11/2003, United Press International http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_13946 .html

•

Organizations American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery http://www.facial-plastic-surgery.org/ American Society for Dermatologic Surgery http://www.asds-net.org/ American Society of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery http://www.asoprs.org/ American Society of Plastic Surgeons http://www.plasticsurgery.org/

•

Pictures/Diagrams Before and After Images: Liposuction Source: American Society for Dermatologic Surgery http://www.asds-net.org/lipo_surgery_photos.html Before and After Photos of Dermatologic Surgery Procedures Source: American Society for Dermatologic Surgery http://www.asds-net.org/before_after.html Before and After: Procedure Example Photos

Patient Resources 87

Source: American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery http://www.facial-plastic-surgery.org/patient/procedures/before_after.html •

Research IV Sedation with Local Anesthesia Proven Safe for Office-Based Plastic Surgery Source: American Society of Plastic Surgeons http://www.plasticsurgery.org/news_room/press_releases/IV-Sedation-withLocal-Anesthesia-Proven-Safe-for-Office-Based-Plastic-Surgery.cfm

•

Statistics 2000/2001/2002 National Plastic Surgery Statistics Source: American Society of Plastic Surgeons http://www.plasticsurgery.org/public_education/loader.cfm?url=/commonspot/ security/getfile.cfm&PageID=4855 2001 Average Surgeon/Physician Fees: Cosmetic Patients Source: American Society of Plastic Surgeons http://www.plasticsurgery.org/public_education/loader.cfm?url=/commonspot/ security/getfile.cfm&PageID=1911 6.6 Million Americans Get a Nip, Tuck, and Lift with Cosmetic Plastic Surgery in 2002 Source: American Society of Plastic Surgeons http://www.plasticsurgery.org/news_room/press_releases/6-6-MillionAmericans-Get-A-Nip-Tuck-And-Lift.cfm AAFPRS 2002 Statistics on Trends in Facial Plastic Surgery Source: American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery http://www.facial-plastic-surgery.org/media/stats_polls/m_stats.html More Than 6 Million Reconstructive Plastic Surgery Patients Treated in 2002 Source: American Society of Plastic Surgeons http://www.plasticsurgery.org/news_room/press_releases/More-Than-6-MillionReconstructive-Plastic-Surgery-Patients-Treated-in-2002.cfm

•

Teenagers Teens Turn to Facial Plastic Surgery to Improve Self-Esteem Source: American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery http://www.facial-plasticsurgery.org/patient/fps_today/vol15_3/vol15_3pg1.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search.

88 Cosmetic surgery

The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on cosmetic surgery. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Plastic Surgery of the Nose: Rhinoplasty Source: Washington, DC: American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Inc. (AAFPRS). 1994. 2 p. Contact: American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Inc. (AAFPRS). 310 South Henry Street, Alexandria, VA 22314. (800) 332-FACE (in U.S. and Canada) or (703) 299-9291. Website: www.facial-plastic-surgery.org. PRICE: Single copy free; $50.00 (members) and $150.00 (nonmembers) per 100 copies. Summary: This pamphlet is written to familiarize the patient with some basic facts about cosmetic and functional surgery of the nose. It discusses rhinoplasty, the operation that corrects deformities of the external nose. The publication discusses indications for nasal surgery, considerations in the evaluation of candidates for facial plastic surgery, post-surgical effects, risks, and costs of the operation.

•

Plastic Surgery of the Ear: Otoplasty Source: Washington, DC: American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Inc. (AAFPRS). 1993. 2 p. Contact: American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Inc. (AAFPRS). 310 South Henry Street, Alexandria, VA 22314. (800) 332-FACE (in U.S. and Canada) or (703) 299-9291. Website: www.facial-plastic-surgery.org. PRICE: Single copy free; $50.00 (members) and $150.00 (nonmembers) per 100 copies. Summary: This pamphlet is written to familiarize the general public and patients with some basic facts about cosmetic surgery of the ear. It discusses otoplasty, the operation designed to 'pin back' the ears and to change their shape and contour. The document describes considerations in the evaluation of candidates for facial plastic surgery, how otoplasty is done, post-operation effects, results to expect, risks, and costs.

•

Pediatric Plastic Surgery: Johns Hopkins Children's Center Source: Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Children's Center. 1992. 2 p. Contact: Available from Johns Hopkins Children's Center, Outpatient Center. 601 North Caroline Street, Baltimore, MD 21287. (410) 955-2136. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This brochure describes the pediatric plastic, reconstructive and maxillofacial surgery service of the Johns Hopkins Children's Center. The service is devoted exclusively to the diagnosis, management, and treatment of congenital and acquired deformities in infants, children, and young adults. Topics covered include the types of problems seen at the service; the multidisciplinary approach involved; and services for children with cranio-maxillofacial deformities, cleft lip and cleft palate, and cutaneous

Patient Resources 89

abnormalities. Contact telephone numbers for the faculty members, care coordination and appointments, and emergency consultation are included. •

Plastic Surgery Considered Source: Sharon, MA: PXE International. 2001. 4 p. Contact: Available from PXE International. 23 Mountain Street, Sharon, MA 02067. (781) 784-3817. Fax (781) 784-6672. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.pxe.org. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This fact sheet, which is based on a presentation given at the International Centennial Meeting on Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum (PXE), provides people who have PXE with information on plastic surgery. Wrinkles, folds, and looseness of the skin may result from PXE, and these can be removed with plastic surgery. However, the cobblestone appearance of the skin cannot be changed by surgery. One surgical technique that can be used in people affected by PXE is a procedure called direct excision. The folds and loose skin are smoothed out by pulling the skin in one direction, and the excess skin is cut away. However, this procedure may leave an obvious scar. Other procedures that can be used to improve the appearance of folds and loose skin include a face lift, a neck lift, or tightening of the skin of the breasts or abdomen. Anyone considering one of these procedures should find out where the incisions will be and understand that permanent scarring could occur. A person who is considering surgery should have a thorough preoperative cardiac workup and an evaluation of all other systems. Postoperative complications include scarring, calcium extrusion, infections, reaction to anesthesia, and risk of hematoma. One difficulty PXE patients deal with in deciding whether to undergo plastic surgery is that insurance coverage may be initially denied for some patients. The key to the decision is usually based on the definition of plastic surgery as either reconstructive surgery or cosmetic surgery. PXE is a congenital condition, so corrective procedures should be defined as reconstructive surgery and, thus, covered by insurance. The National Guideline Clearinghouse™

The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “cosmetic surgery” (or synonyms). The following was recently posted: •

Endoscopic procedures in plastic surgery Source: American Society of Plastic Surgeons - Medical Specialty Society; 1998 June 26; 5 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=1714&nbr=940&am p;string=plastic+AND+surgery Healthfinder™

Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database:

90 Cosmetic surgery

•

Cosmetic Laser Surgery: A High-Tech Weapon in the Fight Against Aging Skin Summary: This brochure discusses the use of laser in cosmetic surgery and provides information about the different procedures. Source: Federal Citizen Information Center, U.S. General Services Administration http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5967 The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to cosmetic surgery. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources

A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Associations and Cosmetic Surgery The following is a list of associations that provide information on and resources relating to cosmetic surgery: •

Forward Face, Inc Telephone: (212) 684-5860 Toll-free: (800) 393-3223 Fax: (212) 684-5864 Background: Forward Face, Inc. is a self-help group affiliated with the Institute of Reconstructive Plastic Surgery at the New York University Medical Center and the National Foundation for Facial Reconstruction. Established in 1978, Forward Face is dedicated to helping affected individuals and family members successfully cope with

Patient Resources 91

craniofacial disorders. Forward Face networks affected individuals and families with similar conditions and offers a comprehensive support system including medical, psychological, and financial services. The organization works to facilitate communication between affected families and their physicians, conducts workshops, and distributes a variety of resource materials. Forward Face also funds pediatric projects at New York University, conducts community outreach programs, publishes periodic newsletters, and promotes education and networking opportunities. •

Healing the Children Northeast, Inc Telephone: (860) 355-1828 Fax: (860) 350-6634 Email: [email protected] Background: Healing The Children Northeast, Inc. (HTCNE) is an international voluntary organization dedicated to providing medical and surgical treatment to children from impoverished backgrounds. Established in 1985 and currently consisting of approximately 2,000 members and 14 chapters, HTCNE assembles volunteer teams of medical and surgical health professionals to travel to host countries where children and young adults are treated free of charge. HTCNE s 'Medical Missions Abroad' program serves over 3,000 children annually and provides over three million dollars in donated services. Healing The Children Northeast is committed to expanding the Medical Missions Abroad program to meet the increasing needs of children worldwide. HTCNE provides referrals to appropriate health care agencies, has a database, and offers a variety of materials including brochures, pamphlets, booklets, reports, Spanish language materials, videos, and a quarterly newsletter entitled 'Healing.'.

•

National Foundation for Facial Reconstruction Telephone: (212) 263-6656 Toll-free: (800) 422-3223 Fax: (212) 263-7534 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.nffr.org Background: The National Foundation for Facial Reconstruction is a not-for-profit organization dedicated to helping people affected by craniofacial disorders lead productive and fulfilling lives. Established in 1951, the National Foundation for Facial Reconstruction, through its support of the Institute of Reconstructive Plastic Surgery at New York University Medical Center, provides assistance to those affected by craniofacial conditions. The Foundation s broad programs include sponsorship of medical research; professional training; social, psychological, and financial assistance, and programs of public education. Educational materials produced and distributed by the Foundation include a variety of informative brochures.

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to cosmetic surgery. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with cosmetic surgery.

92 Cosmetic surgery

The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about cosmetic surgery. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “cosmetic surgery” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “cosmetic surgery”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “cosmetic surgery” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “cosmetic surgery” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.19

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

19

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

94 Cosmetic surgery

libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)20: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

20

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries 95

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries 97

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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

99

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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COSMETIC SURGERY DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] ACE: Angiotensin-coverting enzyme. A drug used to decrease pressure inside blood vessels. [NIH] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acupuncture Anesthesia: Insertion of acupuncture needles at specific points in the body to block the afferent nerve impulses from reaching the brain, thus producing the loss of sensation of pain. The technique is used in performing surgery. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Ageing: A physiological or morphological change in the life of an organism or its parts, generally irreversible and typically associated with a decline in growth and reproductive vigor. [NIH] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alopecia: Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amnestic: Nominal aphasia; a difficulty in finding the right name for an object. [NIH] Amygdala: Almond-shaped group of basal nuclei anterior to the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle of the brain, within the temporal lobe. The amygdala is part of the limbic system.

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[NIH]

Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Antecedent: Existing or occurring before in time or order often with consequential effects. [EU]

Anterior chamber: The space in front of the iris and behind the cornea. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibiotic Prophylaxis: Use of antibiotics before, during, or after a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure to prevent infectious complications. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antiepileptic: An agent that combats epilepsy. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Anxiolytic: An anxiolytic or antianxiety agent. [EU] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Astrocytes: The largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with microglia) respond to injury. Astrocytes have high- affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitter, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is not well understood. [NIH]

Dictionary 103

Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autologous: Taken from an individual's own tissues, cells, or DNA. [NIH] Axillary: Pertaining to the armpit area, including the lymph nodes that are located there. [NIH]

Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Behavior Therapy: The application of modern theories of learning and conditioning in the treatment of behavior disorders. [NIH] Bereavement: Refers to the whole process of grieving and mourning and is associated with a deep sense of loss and sadness. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blepharoplasty: Plastic surgery of the eyelid. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Coagulation Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, that are involved in the blood coagulation process. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Image: Individuals' personal concept of their bodies as objects in and bound by space, independently and apart from all other objects. [NIH] Body Mass Index: One of the anthropometric measures of body mass; it has the highest correlation with skinfold thickness or body density. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH]

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Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breast Implants: Implants used to reconstruct and/or cosmetically enhance the female breast. They have an outer shell or envelope of silicone elastomer and are filled with either saline or silicone gel. The outer shell may be either smooth or textured. [NIH] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Capital Financing: Institutional funding for facilities and for equipment which becomes a part of the assets of the institution. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiorespiratory: Relating to the heart and lungs and their function. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental

Dictionary 105

protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Chromaffin System: The cells of the body which stain with chromium salts. They occur along the sympathetic nerves, in the adrenal gland, and in various other organs. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Ciliary: Inflammation or infection of the glands of the margins of the eyelids. [NIH] Ciliary Body: A ring of tissue extending from the scleral spur to the ora serrata of the retina. It consists of the uveal portion and the epithelial portion. The ciliary muscle is in the uveal portion and the ciliary processes are in the epithelial portion. [NIH] Circulatory system: The system that contains the heart and the blood vessels and moves blood throughout the body. This system helps tissues get enough oxygen and nutrients, and it helps them get rid of waste products. The lymph system, which connects with the blood system, is often considered part of the circulatory system. [NIH] Cleft Lip: Congenital defect in the upper lip where the maxillary prominence fails to merge with the merged medial nasal prominences. It is thought to be caused by faulty migration of the mesoderm in the head region. [NIH] Cleft Palate: Congenital fissure of the soft and/or hard palate, due to faulty fusion. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulants: Exogenous substances used to promote blood coagulation. The endogenous blood coagulation factors are considered to be coagulants only when administered as drugs. [NIH]

Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin

106 Cosmetic surgery

system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT scan). [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Cells: A group of cells that includes fibroblasts, cartilage cells, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and bone cells. [NIH] Conscious Sedation: An alternative to general anesthesia in patients for whom general anesthesia is refused or considered inadvisable. It involves the administering of an antianxiety drug (minor tranquilizer) and an analgesic or local anesthetic. This renders the patient free of anxiety and pain while allowing the patient to remain in verbal contact with the physician or dentist. [NIH]

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Consultation: A deliberation between two or more physicians concerning the diagnosis and the proper method of treatment in a case. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Craniotomy: An operation in which an opening is made in the skull. [NIH] Crowns: A prosthetic restoration that reproduces the entire surface anatomy of the visible natural crown of a tooth. It may be partial (covering three or more surfaces of a tooth) or complete (covering all surfaces). It is made of gold or other metal, porcelain, or resin. [NIH] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Delusions: A false belief regarding the self or persons or objects outside the self that persists despite the facts, and is not considered tenable by one's associates. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Abutments: Natural teeth or teeth roots used as anchorage for a fixed or removable denture or other prosthesis (such as an implant) serving the same purpose. [NIH] Dental Care: The total of dental diagnostic, preventive, and restorative services provided to meet the needs of a patient (from Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982). [NIH] Dental implant: A small metal pin placed inside the jawbone to mimic the root of a tooth. Dental implants can be used to help anchor a false tooth or teeth, or a crown or bridge. [NIH] Dentate Gyrus: Gray matter situated above the gyrus hippocampi. It is composed of three layers. The molecular layer is continuous with the hippocampus in the hippocampal fissure. The granular layer consists of closely arranged spherical or oval neurons, called granule cells, whose axons pass through the polymorphic layer ending on the dendrites of pyramidal cells in the hippocampus. [NIH] Dentures: An appliance used as an artificial or prosthetic replacement for missing teeth and adjacent tissues. It does not include crowns, dental abutments, nor artificial teeth. [NIH] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH] Dermatology:

A medical specialty concerned with the skin, its structure, functions,

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diseases, and treatment. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Domestic Violence: Deliberate, often repetitive, physical abuse by one family member against another: marital partners, parents, children, siblings, or any other member of a household. [NIH] Duty to Warn: The legal, moral, or ethical responsibility of a health professional to warn an intended victim of specific threats of harm or to warn a person of potential risk for acquiring a disease as the result of a relationship to a patient. [NIH] Dysphoric: A feeling of unpleasantness and discomfort. [NIH] Eating Disorders: A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake. [NIH] Ectopic: Pertaining to or characterized by ectopia. [EU] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Endocrine Glands: Ductless glands that secrete substances which are released directly into the circulation and which influence metabolism and other body functions. [NIH] Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Entorhinal Cortex: Cortex where the signals are combined with those from other sensory systems. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH] Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidermoid carcinoma: A type of cancer in which the cells are flat and look like fish scales.

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Also called squamous cell carcinoma. [NIH] Epispadias: Congenital absence of the upper wall of the urethra. [NIH] Erythroplakia: A reddened patch with a velvety surface found in the mouth. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extravasation: A discharge or escape, as of blood, from a vessel into the tissues. [EU] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Facial Hemiatrophy: A syndrome characterized by slowly progressive unilateral atrophy of facial subcutaneous fat, muscle tissue, skin, cartilage, and bone. The condition typically progresses over a period of 2-10 years and then stabilizes. [NIH] Facial Pain: Pain in the facial region including orofacial pain and craniofacial pain. Associated conditions include local inflammatory and neoplastic disorders and neuralgic syndromes involving the trigeminal, facial, and glossopharyngeal nerves. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent facial pain as the primary manifestation of disease are referred to as facial pain syndromes. [NIH] Fallopian tube: The oviduct, a muscular tube about 10 cm long, lying in the upper border of the broad ligament. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Filler: An inactive substance used to make a product bigger or easier to handle. For example, fillers are often used to make pills or capsules because the amount of active drug is too small to be handled conveniently. [NIH] Fissure: Any cleft or groove, normal or otherwise; especially a deep fold in the cerebral cortex which involves the entire thickness of the brain wall. [EU] Foramen: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of

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shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Generator: Any system incorporating a fixed parent radionuclide from which is produced a daughter radionuclide which is to be removed by elution or by any other method and used in a radiopharmaceutical. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Gliosis: The production of a dense fibrous network of neuroglia; includes astrocytosis, which is a proliferation of astrocytes in the area of a degenerative lesion. [NIH] Glossopharyngeal Nerve: The 9th cranial nerve. The glossopharyngeal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve; it conveys somatic and autonomic efferents as well as general, special, and visceral afferents. Among the connections are motor fibers to the stylopharyngeus muscle, parasympathetic fibers to the parotid glands, general and taste afferents from the posterior third of the tongue, the nasopharynx, and the palate, and afferents from baroreceptors and chemoreceptors of the carotid sinus. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Granule: A small pill made from sucrose. [EU] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Health Status: The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures. [NIH] Hematoma: An extravasation of blood localized in an organ, space, or tissue. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Hippocampus: A curved elevation of gray matter extending the entire length of the floor of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle (Dorland, 28th ed). The hippocampus, subiculum, and dentate gyrus constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the entorhinal cortex in the hippocampal formation. [NIH] Hormones: Chemical substances having a specific regulatory effect on the activity of a certain organ or organs. The term was originally applied to substances secreted by various endocrine glands and transported in the bloodstream to the target organs. It is sometimes extended to include those substances that are not produced by the endocrine glands but that have similar effects. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless,

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odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Immune response: (antigens). [NIH]

The activity of the immune system against foreign substances

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU]

Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy,

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implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Iridocyclitis: Acute or chronic inflammation of the iris and ciliary body characterized by exudates into the anterior chamber, discoloration of the iris, and constricted, sluggish pupil. Symptoms include radiating pain, photophobia, lacrimation, and interference with vision. [NIH]

Iris: The most anterior portion of the uveal layer, separating the anterior chamber from the posterior. It consists of two layers - the stroma and the pigmented epithelium. Color of the iris depends on the amount of melanin in the stroma on reflection from the pigmented epithelium. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (receptors, NMethyl-D-Aspartate) and may interact with sigma receptors. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Laryngoscopy: Examination, therapy, or surgery of the interior of the larynx performed with a specially designed endoscope. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Leprosy: A chronic granulomatous infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid. [NIH] Leukoplakia: A white patch that may develop on mucous membranes such as the cheek, gums, or tongue and may become cancerous. [NIH] Library Services: circulation. [NIH]

Services offered to the library user. They include reference and

Limbic: Pertaining to a limbus, or margin; forming a border around. [EU] Limbic System: A set of forebrain structures common to all mammals that is defined functionally and anatomically. It is implicated in the higher integration of visceral, olfactory, and somatic information as well as homeostatic responses including fundamental survival behaviors (feeding, mating, emotion). For most authors, it includes the amygdala, epithalamus, gyrus cinguli, hippocampal formation (see hippocampus), hypothalamus, parahippocampal gyrus, septal nuclei, anterior nuclear group of thalamus, and portions of the basal ganglia. (Parent, Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy, 9th ed, p744; NeuroNames, http://rprcsgi.rprc.washington.edu/neuronames/index.html (September 2, 1998)). [NIH] Lip: Either of the two fleshy, full-blooded margins of the mouth. [NIH]

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Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Lobe: A portion of an organ such as the liver, lung, breast, or brain. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Mammogram: An x-ray of the breast. [NIH] Mammography: Radiographic examination of the breast. [NIH] Mandible: The largest and strongest bone of the face constituting the lower jaw. It supports the lower teeth. [NIH] Mania: Excitement of psychotic proportions manifested by mental and physical hyperactivity, disorganization of behaviour, and elevation of mood. [EU] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Maxillary: Pertaining to the maxilla : the irregularly shaped bone that with its fellow forms the upper jaw. [EU] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membranes: Thin layers of tissue which cover parts of the body, separate adjacent cavities, or connect adjacent structures. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningioma: A type of tumor that occurs in the meninges, the membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. Meningiomas usually grow slowly. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU]

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Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mental Processes: Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms. [NIH] Mesoderm: The middle germ layer of the embryo. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Midazolam: A short-acting compound, water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH. It is a hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used for sedation in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. Because of its short duration and cardiorespiratory stability, it is particularly useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. [NIH]

Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH]

Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Networks: Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves, a meshlike structure of interlocking fibers or strands. [NIH] Neuroglia: The non-neuronal cells of the nervous system. They are divided into macroglia (astrocytes, oligodendroglia, and schwann cells) and microglia. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of

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the extracellular milieu, participate in the blood-brain and blood-retina barriers, form the myelin insulation of nervous pathways, guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons. Neuroglia have high-affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitters, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is unclear. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU]

Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neurosecretory Systems: A system of neurons that has the specialized function to produce and secrete hormones, and that constitutes, in whole or in part, an endocrine organ or system. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Nonverbal Communication: Transmission of emotions, ideas, and attitudes between individuals in ways other than the spoken language. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nursing Care: Care given to patients by nursing service personnel. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH] Oral Health: The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease. [NIH] Orofacial: Of or relating to the mouth and face. [EU] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Ossification: The formation of bone or of a bony substance; the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. [EU] Osteogenesis: The histogenesis of bone including ossification. It occurs continuously but particularly in the embryo and child and during fracture repair. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH] Overweight: An excess of body weight but not necessarily body fat; a body mass index of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2. [NIH] Pacemaker: An object or substance that influences the rate at which a certain phenomenon occurs; often used alone to indicate the natural cardiac pacemaker or an artificial cardiac

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pacemaker. In biochemistry, a substance whose rate of reaction sets the pace for a series of interrelated reactions. [EU] Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Palpation: Application of fingers with light pressure to the surface of the body to determine consistence of parts beneath in physical diagnosis; includes palpation for determining the outlines of organs. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Parietal Lobe: Upper central part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathologist: A doctor who identifies diseases by studying cells and tissues under a microscope. [NIH] Patient Care Management: Generating, planning, organizing, and administering medical and nursing care and services for patients. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Patient Selection: Criteria and standards used for the determination of the appropriateness of the inclusion of patients with specific conditions in proposed treatment plans and the criteria used for the inclusion of subjects in various clinical trials and other research protocols. [NIH] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] PH: The symbol relating the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration or activity of a solution to that of a given standard solution. Numerically the pH is approximately equal to the negative logarithm of H+ concentration expressed in molarity. pH 7 is neutral; above it alkalinity increases and below it acidity increases. [EU] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Photophobia: Abnormal sensitivity to light. This may occur as a manifestation of eye diseases; migraine; subarachnoid hemorrhage; meningitis; and other disorders. Photophobia

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may also occur in association with depression and other mental disorders. [NIH] Physical Therapy: The restoration of function and the prevention of disability following disease or injury with the use of light, heat, cold, water, electricity, ultrasound, and exercise. [NIH]

Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Plastic surgeon: A surgeon who specializes in reducing scarring or disfigurement that may occur as a result of accidents, birth defects, or treatment for diseases. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Polymorphic: Occurring in several or many forms; appearing in different forms at different stages of development. [EU] Polytherapy: A therapy which uses more than one drug. [EU] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Practice Management: Business management of medical and dental practices that may include capital financing, utilization management, and arrangement of capitation agreements with other parties. [NIH] Precancerous: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called premalignant. [NIH] Premalignant: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called precancerous. [NIH] Preoperative: Preceding an operation. [EU] Primary tumor: The original tumor. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all

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free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prosthesis: An artificial replacement of a part of the body. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Psychotherapy: A generic term for the treatment of mental illness or emotional disturbances primarily by verbal or nonverbal communication. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Pyramidal Cells: Projection neurons in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus. Pyramidal cells have a pyramid-shaped soma with the apex and an apical dendrite pointed toward the pial surface and other dendrites and an axon emerging from the base. The axons may have local collaterals but also project outside their cortical region. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation

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therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiopharmaceutical: Any medicinal product which, when ready for use, contains one or more radionuclides (radioactive isotopes) included for a medicinal purpose. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Rape: Unlawful sexual intercourse without consent of the victim. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Rehabilitative: Instruction of incapacitated individuals or of those affected with some mental disorder, so that some or all of their lost ability may be regained. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Reproductive system: In women, this system includes the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterus (womb), the cervix, and the vagina (birth canal). The reproductive system in men includes the prostate, the testes, and the penis. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Scleroderma: A chronic disorder marked by hardening and thickening of the skin. Scleroderma can be localized or it can affect the entire body (systemic). [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations

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include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Self-Help Groups: Organizations which provide an environment encouraging social interactions through group activities or individual relationships especially for the purpose of rehabilitating or supporting patients, individuals with common health problems, or the elderly. They include therapeutic social clubs. [NIH] Sensibility: The ability to receive, feel and appreciate sensations and impressions; the quality of being sensitive; the extend to which a method gives results that are free from false negatives. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact. [NIH] Shame: An emotional attitude excited by realization of a shortcoming or impropriety. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Social pressure: A strategy used in behavior therapy in which individuals are told that they possess the basic self-control ability to lose weight, but that coming to group meetings will strengthen their abilities. The group is asked to listen and give advice, similar to the way many self-help groups, based on social support, operate. [NIH] Social Support: Support systems that provide assistance and encouragement to individuals with physical or emotional disabilities in order that they may better cope. Informal social support is usually provided by friends, relatives, or peers, while formal assistance is provided by churches, groups, etc. [NIH] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Sonogram: A computer picture of areas inside the body created by bouncing sound waves off organs and other tissues. Also called ultrasonogram or ultrasound. [NIH] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH]

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Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cells: Flat cells that look like fish scales under a microscope. These cells cover internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH]

Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subiculum: A region of the hippocampus that projects to other areas of the brain. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Synapse: The region where the processes of two neurons come into close contiguity, and the nervous impulse passes from one to the other; the fibers of the two are intermeshed, but, according to the general view, there is no direct contiguity. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Temporal Lobe: Lower lateral part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH]

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Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tone: 1. The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. A particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. To make permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal. [EU] Tonus: A state of slight tension usually present in muscles even when they are not undergoing active contraction. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Transcutaneous: Transdermal. [EU] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trigeminal: Cranial nerve V. It is sensory for the eyeball, the conjunctiva, the eyebrow, the skin of face and scalp, the teeth, the mucous membranes in the mouth and nose, and is motor to the muscles of mastication. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

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Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinary tract infection: An illness caused by harmful bacteria growing in the urinary tract. [NIH]

Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Video Recording: The storing or preserving of video signals for television to be played back later via a transmitter or receiver. Recordings may be made on magnetic tape or discs (videodisc recording). [NIH] Videodisc Recording: The storing of visual and usually sound signals on discs for later reproduction on a television screen or monitor. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Womb: A hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ in which the impregnated ovum is developed into a child. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH]

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INDEX A Abdomen, 15, 89, 101, 103, 113, 116, 121, 123 ACE, 61, 101 Acne, 72, 101 Acupuncture Anesthesia, 44, 101 Adjuvant, 27, 32, 40, 45, 101 Adolescence, 28, 101 Afferent, 101 Ageing, 13, 33, 38, 101 Albumin, 53, 101, 117 Algorithms, 101, 103 Alkaline, 101, 104 Alopecia, 29, 52, 101 Alpha Particles, 101, 118 Alternative medicine, 71, 101 Amnestic, 101, 114 Amygdala, 4, 101, 112 Anaesthesia, 26, 102, 111 Analgesic, 102, 106 Anatomical, 102, 104, 111 Anesthesia, 5, 9, 23, 29, 43, 64, 87, 89, 102, 106, 112, 114 Anions, 101, 102 Antecedent, 13, 102 Anterior chamber, 102, 112 Antibacterial, 102, 121 Antibiotic, 36, 102, 121 Antibiotic Prophylaxis, 36, 102 Antibody, 102, 105, 111, 114, 119 Antiepileptic, 4, 102 Antigen, 102, 106, 111 Anxiety, 20, 44, 66, 102, 106 Anxiolytic, 102, 114 Arterial, 102, 111, 118, 121 Arteries, 102, 103, 107, 114 Artery, 102, 103, 107, 118, 123 Astrocytes, 102, 110, 114 Atrophy, 103, 109 Autoimmune disease, 52, 103 Autologous, 36, 103 Axillary, 4, 103 Axons, 103, 107, 118 B Bacteria, 102, 103, 121, 123 Base, 103, 107, 112, 118, 121 Behavior Therapy, 103, 120 Bereavement, 58, 103

Bilirubin, 101, 103 Biotechnology, 7, 63, 71, 79, 103 Bladder, 103, 118, 122, 123 Blepharoplasty, 85, 103 Blood Coagulation, 103, 104, 105 Blood Coagulation Factors, 103, 105 Blood pressure, 103, 111 Blood vessel, 101, 103, 104, 105, 121, 122, 123 Body Image, 9, 30, 33, 103 Body Mass Index, 103, 115 Bowel, 103, 104, 108 Bowel Movement, 104, 108 Brachytherapy, 104, 111, 119 Branch, 97, 104, 120 Breast Implants, 11, 84, 86, 104 Burns, 15, 47, 104 Burns, Electric, 104 C Calcium, 89, 104, 105 Capital Financing, 104, 117 Capsules, 104, 109 Carbon Dioxide, 31, 36, 72, 104, 119 Carcinoma, 104 Cardiac, 89, 104, 114, 115 Cardiorespiratory, 104, 114 Cardiovascular, 58, 104 Case report, 104, 105 Case series, 104, 105 Cell, 4, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 112, 114, 116, 117, 119, 122 Cerebral, 104, 109, 116, 118, 121 Cervix, 104, 119 Chemotherapy, 66, 104 Chin, 5, 15, 31, 66, 85, 104, 113 Chromaffin System, 105, 108 Chronic, 6, 105, 111, 112, 119, 121 Ciliary, 105, 112 Ciliary Body, 105, 112 Circulatory system, 105, 108 Cleft Lip, 66, 88, 105 Cleft Palate, 66, 88, 105 Clinical study, 43, 105 Clinical trial, 79, 105, 116 Cloning, 103, 105 Coagulants, 53, 105 Cofactor, 105, 118 Collagen, 52, 105, 117

Index 125

Colloidal, 101, 105 Complement, 105, 106, 117 Complementary and alternative medicine, 43, 47, 106 Complementary medicine, 43, 106 Computational Biology, 79, 106 Computed tomography, 4, 106 Computerized tomography, 106 Connective Tissue, 11, 105, 106, 113 Connective Tissue Cells, 106 Conscious Sedation, 44, 106 Consultation, 89, 107 Contraindications, ii, 107 Coordination, 66, 89, 107 Coronary, 107, 114 Coronary Thrombosis, 107, 114 Cortex, 4, 107, 108, 109, 118 Cortical, 4, 107, 118, 119 Cortisol, 101, 107 Craniotomy, 4, 107 Crowns, 107 Cutaneous, 20, 37, 61, 67, 88, 107 D Degenerative, 107, 110 Delusions, 35, 107 Dendrites, 107, 115, 118 Density, 4, 103, 107, 115, 120 Dental Abutments, 107 Dental Care, 66, 107 Dental implant, 5, 66, 107 Dentate Gyrus, 4, 107, 110 Dentures, 66, 107 Depressive Disorder, 6, 107 Dermatology, 12, 13, 24, 35, 40, 60, 67, 107 Diagnostic procedure, 51, 71, 108 Diastolic, 108, 111 Digestive system, 58, 108 Digestive tract, 108, 121 Direct, iii, 52, 89, 108, 119, 121 Domestic Violence, 58, 108 Duty to Warn, 19, 108 Dysphoric, 107, 108 E Eating Disorders, 58, 108 Ectopic, 4, 108 Elastin, 105, 108 Elective, 8, 29, 58, 108 Embryo, 108, 111, 114, 115 Endocrine Glands, 108, 110 Endocrine System, 58, 108 Endogenous, 103, 105, 108 Endoscope, 52, 108, 112

Endoscopic, 89, 108, 114 Entorhinal Cortex, 108, 110 Environmental Health, 78, 80, 108 Enzymatic, 104, 106, 108 Enzyme, 101, 108, 117, 122 Epidermoid carcinoma, 108, 121 Epispadias, 109 Erythroplakia, 66, 109 Esophagus, 108, 109, 121 External-beam radiation, 109, 118 Extracellular, 102, 106, 109, 115 Extracellular Matrix, 106, 109 Extravasation, 109, 110 F Facial Hemiatrophy, 4, 109 Facial Pain, 5, 109 Fallopian tube, 109, 119 Family Planning, 79, 109 Fat, 5, 109, 113, 115 Fatty acids, 101, 109 Fibrin, 36, 103, 109, 122 Fibrinogen, 109, 117, 122 Filler, 37, 109 Fissure, 105, 107, 109 Foramen, 105, 109 G Gallbladder, 108, 109 Gamma Rays, 109, 118, 119 Gas, 104, 110, 111 Gene, 63, 103, 110 Generator, 31, 36, 110 Genetics, 58, 110 Gliosis, 4, 110 Glossopharyngeal Nerve, 109, 110 Governing Board, 110, 117 Graft, 110 Granule, 107, 110 Growth, 5, 101, 102, 110, 113, 114, 117, 122 H Health Status, 34, 110 Hematoma, 89, 110 Hemorrhage, 110, 116, 121 Hepatic, 101, 110 Heredity, 110 Hippocampus, 4, 107, 110, 112, 118, 121 Hormones, 101, 108, 110, 115, 120 Host, 91, 110 Hydrogen, 103, 110, 115, 116, 118 Hydroxylysine, 105, 111 Hydroxyproline, 105, 111 Hypertension, 8, 111 Hypnotic, 23, 45, 111, 114

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I Id, 40, 46, 84, 85, 89, 90, 96, 98, 111 Immune response, 101, 102, 103, 111 Immune system, 58, 111, 123 Immunology, 101, 111 Impairment, 111, 114 Implant radiation, 111, 112, 119 Incision, 52, 111, 112 Indicative, 58, 111, 123 Induction, 111, 112 Infarction, 24, 107, 111, 114 Infection, 105, 111, 112, 113, 121 Infiltration, 43, 111 Inflammation, 101, 105, 111, 112, 117 Internal radiation, 111, 118 Intracellular, 111, 112 Invasive, 112, 113 Iridocyclitis, 4, 112 Iris, 102, 112, 118 J Joint, 5, 66, 112, 121 K Kb, 78, 112 Ketamine, 9, 29, 112 L Large Intestine, 108, 112, 119 Laryngoscopy, 21, 112 Larynx, 112 Leprosy, 28, 112 Leukoplakia, 65, 112 Library Services, 96, 112 Limbic, 101, 112 Limbic System, 101, 112 Lip, 11, 105, 112 Lipid, 113, 114 Liver, 101, 108, 109, 110, 113 Lobe, 4, 113 Localized, 110, 111, 113, 117, 119 Lymph, 4, 103, 105, 113 Lymph node, 4, 103, 113 Lymphatic, 111, 113 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 4, 113 Malignancy, 4, 113 Malignant, 8, 113, 119 Malnutrition, 101, 103, 113 Mammogram, 4, 113 Mammography, 3, 22, 37, 113 Mandible, 104, 113 Mania, 113 Manic, 6, 113 Maxillary, 105, 113

Medial, 105, 113 MEDLINE, 79, 113 Membranes, 112, 113, 116, 122 Meninges, 113 Meningioma, 24, 113 Menopause, 57, 113 Menstruation, 113 Mental, iv, 13, 27, 57, 58, 78, 80, 104, 113, 114, 117, 118, 119 Mental Disorders, 114, 117, 118 Mental Health, iv, 57, 58, 78, 80, 114 Mental Processes, 114, 118 Mesoderm, 105, 114 MI, 99, 114 Microscopy, 4, 114 Midazolam, 9, 114 Migration, 105, 114, 115 Modification, 114, 118 Molecular, 5, 79, 81, 103, 106, 107, 109, 114 Monoclonal, 114, 119 Morphological, 101, 108, 114 Myocardium, 114 N NCI, 1, 77, 114 Need, 3, 16, 37, 53, 57, 61, 64, 65, 66, 72, 92, 114 Neoplastic, 109, 114 Nerve, 5, 52, 101, 102, 103, 105, 107, 110, 114, 122 Nervous System, 101, 114, 115 Networks, 91, 114 Neuroglia, 110, 114 Neurologic, 4, 115 Neuronal, 4, 114, 115 Neurons, 4, 107, 115, 118, 121 Neurosecretory Systems, 108, 115 Neutrons, 101, 115, 118 Nonverbal Communication, 115, 118 Nuclei, 101, 112, 113, 115, 118 Nursing Care, 16, 115, 116 O Opacity, 107, 115 Ophthalmology, 13, 15, 17, 67, 115 Oral Health, 58, 65, 66, 115 Orofacial, 66, 109, 115 Osmotic, 101, 115 Ossification, 115 Osteogenesis, 5, 115 Outpatient, 9, 86, 88, 115 Ovaries, 115, 119, 120 Overweight, 6, 40, 115

Index 127

P Pacemaker, 5, 115 Palate, 105, 110, 116 Palpation, 4, 116 Pancreas, 108, 116 Parietal, 4, 116 Parietal Lobe, 116 Patch, 109, 112, 116 Pathologist, 116 Patient Care Management, 66, 116 Patient Education, 88, 94, 96, 99, 116 Patient Selection, 33, 36, 116 Pelvis, 101, 115, 116, 123 Penis, 116, 119 PH, 4, 11, 44, 116 Pharmacologic, 102, 116, 122 Phospholipids, 109, 116 Phosphorus, 104, 116 Photophobia, 112, 116 Physical Therapy, 66, 117 Physiologic, 22, 113, 117 Plants, 104, 117, 122 Plasma, 36, 101, 109, 117 Plasma protein, 101, 117 Plastic surgeon, 14, 117 Pneumonia, 107, 117 Polymorphic, 107, 117 Polytherapy, 4, 117 Postoperative, 29, 34, 72, 89, 117 Practice Guidelines, 80, 89, 117 Practice Management, 5, 117 Precancerous, 65, 117 Premalignant, 117 Preoperative, 36, 37, 45, 89, 117 Primary tumor, 117 Progressive, 4, 109, 110, 117 Proline, 105, 111, 117 Prospective study, 20, 117 Prostate, 118, 119 Prosthesis, 4, 107, 118 Protein C, 101, 118 Protein S, 63, 103, 118 Proteins, 102, 103, 105, 117, 118, 120, 122 Protons, 101, 111, 118 Psychiatric, 19, 29, 30, 35, 37, 114, 118 Psychiatry, 13, 20, 24, 30, 118 Psychic, 113, 118, 120 Psychology, 27, 35, 36, 118 Psychotherapy, 23, 45, 118 Public Policy, 79, 118 Pulse, 72, 118 Pupil, 112, 118

Pyramidal Cells, 107, 118 Q Quality of Life, 12, 20, 27, 44, 118 R Radiation, 66, 109, 112, 118, 119, 123 Radiation therapy, 66, 109, 112, 118 Radioactive, 111, 118, 119 Radiolabeled, 119 Radiopharmaceutical, 110, 119 Radiotherapy, 104, 119 Rape, 58, 119 Rectum, 104, 108, 110, 112, 118, 119 Recurrence, 119 Refer, 1, 105, 115, 119 Refraction, 119, 121 Rehabilitative, 64, 119 Remission, 119 Reproductive system, 58, 119 Resection, 4, 52, 119 Respiration, 104, 119 Restoration, 63, 107, 117, 119 Risk factor, 65, 118, 119 S Salivary, 108, 119 Salivary glands, 108, 119 Scleroderma, 8, 32, 119 Screening, 105, 119 Sedative, 114, 119 Seizures, 4, 119 Self-Help Groups, 120 Sensibility, 102, 120 Serum, 101, 105, 120 Sex Characteristics, 101, 120 Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 58, 120 Shame, 70, 120 Shock, 120, 122 Skeleton, 112, 120 Skull, 107, 120, 121 Social Environment, 118, 120 Social pressure, 6, 120 Social Support, 120 Soma, 118, 120 Somatic, 35, 101, 110, 112, 120 Sonogram, 4, 120 Sound wave, 120 Specialist, 92, 120 Species, 114, 121, 122 Spectrum, 11, 121 Spinal cord, 102, 113, 114, 121 Squamous, 109, 121 Squamous cell carcinoma, 109, 121 Squamous cells, 121

128 Cosmetic surgery

Stomach, 108, 109, 121 Stroke, 78, 121 Subacute, 111, 121 Subclinical, 111, 119, 121 Subcutaneous, 109, 121 Subiculum, 110, 121 Symphysis, 104, 118, 121 Synapse, 5, 121, 122 Systemic, 103, 111, 119, 121 Systolic, 111, 121 T Temporal, 4, 101, 110, 121 Temporal Lobe, 4, 101, 121 Thorax, 101, 121 Threshold, 111, 122 Thrombin, 109, 118, 122 Thrombosis, 118, 121, 122 Thyroxine, 101, 122 Tomography, 106, 122 Tone, 5, 122 Tonus, 122 Toxic, iv, 122 Toxicology, 80, 122 Toxins, 102, 111, 122 Transcutaneous, 22, 122 Transfection, 103, 122 Transmitter, 102, 115, 122, 123

Transplantation, 23, 40, 122 Trauma, 5, 66, 122 Trigeminal, 109, 122 Tryptophan, 105, 122 U Unconscious, 111, 122 Ureters, 122, 123 Urethra, 109, 116, 118, 122, 123 Urinary, 58, 123 Urinary tract, 58, 123 Urinary tract infection, 58, 123 Urine, 103, 122, 123 Uterus, 104, 113, 115, 119, 123 V Vaccine, 101, 123 Vagina, 104, 113, 119, 123 Vascular, 111, 123 Venous, 118, 123 Ventricle, 101, 110, 118, 121, 123 Veterinary Medicine, 79, 123 Video Recording, 65, 123 Videodisc Recording, 123 Viscera, 120, 123 W Womb, 119, 123 X X-ray, 106, 110, 113, 118, 119, 123

Index 129

130 Cosmetic surgery

Index 131

132 Cosmetic surgery

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