KAR L MARX FRE DER ICK E GEL S COLLECTED WORKS VOLUME
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8
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KARL�MARX FREDERICK ENGELS
KARL MARX FREDERICK ENGELS
COLLECTED WORKS
Volume 8
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MARX A D ENGELS: 1 848-49
INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHERS
INTERNA TIONAL PUBLISHERS
NEW YORK
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NEW YORK
This volume has been prepared jointly by Lawrence & Wishart Ltd., London, International Publishers Co. Inc., l\�ew York, ana Progress Publishers, Moscow, in collab· oration with the Institute of Marxism-Leninism, Moscow. ,
,Editorial commissions: GREAT BRITAIN: Jack Cohen, Maurice Cornfurth, Maurice Dobb, E. J. Hobsbawm, James Klugmann. Marg.,a.'ret Mynatt. USA: James S. Allen, Philip S. Foner, Dirk J. Stroik. William W. vVeinstone.
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USSR:
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Progress Publishers, Momlw, 1977
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C ontents
Preface
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K A R L M A RX AND F R EDERIC K ENG E L S ARTICLES
I. Socialism-C ollected works. 2. Economics-Col
lected works. I. Engels, Friedrich, 1820-1895. Works. English. 1975. II. Title.
HX39.S.AI6 1975 335.4 73-84671 ISBN 0-7178-0508-5 (v. 8)
FROM
THE
NEUE
RHEINISCHE
ZEITUNG
November
.'vIarx, Karl, 1818-1883.
Karl Marx, Frederick Engels: collected works.
8. 1848-March 5, 1849 1848
November
1. The Crisis in Berlin ...................................................................... 2. The Ex-Principality ...................................................................... 3. The New Institutions.-Progress in Switzerland ........... ............. 4. Counter-Revolution in Berlin ...................................................... 5. Decision of the Berlin National Assembly .................................... 6. Sitting of the Swiss Chambers ..................................................... 7. Cavaignac and the June Revolution ............. . ............................... 8. Appeal of the Democratic District Committee of the Rhine Province ..... .... ............................. ...... ............... .................. . . 9. Impeachment of the Government . . 10. StateInent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... ..... . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . ....... . . . . .............. ' I . Confessions of a Noble Soul ......................................................... 12. The Kolnische Zeitung ...................................................................... 13. No More Taxes!!! ......................................................................... 14. A Decree of Eichmann's ............................................................... IS. T ax Refusal and the Countryside .................................................. 16. /\. ppeal .......................................................................................... 17. Elections to the Federal Court.- Miscellaneous ........................ 18. rrhe City (:ouncil ..................................................................... ..... 19. f\ppeal .......................................................................................... .
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20. On the Proclamation of the Brandenburg-Manteuffel Ministry .. !. . . . . . . .. .. ' about Tax Refusal 21. The Chief Public Prosecutor and the Neue Rheinische Zeitung ..... 22. The Public Prosecutor's Office in Berlin and Cologne ................ 23. The Frankfurt Assembly ............................................................. 24. State of Siege Everywhere ............................................................ 25. Position of the Left in the National Assembly ............................... 26. News from Switzerland ................................................................ 27. Result of the Elections to the I\"ational Council ........................... . ..... . . . .� 28. Elections.-Sydow .... . .. 29. Debate in the National Council .................................................... 30. Raveaux's Resignation.-· Violation of the Swiss Frontier ............. 31. Manteuffel and the Central Authority ......................................... 32. The German Central Authority and Switzerland ........................ 33. Drigalski -Legislator, Citizen and Communist .......................... 34. Three State Trials against the Neu£ Rheinische Zeitung ................. 35. Personalities of the Federal Council ............................................ 36. Report of the Frankfurt C£>mmittee on Austrian Affairs ............ 37. News . .. . . . . . .... 38. Sittings of the Federal Council and the Council of States ............ 39. Letters Opened .......................................................: . . .. . 40. Joint Sitting of the Councils.-The Federal CouncIl ..............: . . 41. The Organ of Manteuffel and Johann.-The Rhllle Provlllce and the King of Prussia ................................................................ . 42. The Revolutionary Movement in Italy ........................................ 43. German Professorial Baseness ..................................................... 44. Sitting of the National Council.-The Council of States.-�ro test of the Pope.-Imperial Grain Embargo.-The Valalsan Great Council ............................................................................... 45. Sitting of the National Council .................................................... 46. Berne Declared Federal Capital.-Franscini .............................. 47. News from Switzerland ................................................................ 4 8 . Duel between Berg andLuvini .................................................... . .
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December
49. The Closing of the German Frontier.-The Empire.-The Council of War .............................................................................. 50. The Federal Council and the Foreign Ambassadors.-The Federal Council in Tessin.-Centralisation of Posts.- German Army Commander's Apology ...................................: .... : 51. Swiss Evidence of the Austrian Army's HerOIc Deeds III .............................. VI'enna . . .. . . .. . . . 52. The French Working Class and the Presidential Elections .......... 53. Proudhon ..................................................................................... 54. Herr Raumer Is Still Alive ........................................................... 55. Second Stage of the Counter-Revolution ........... .
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T he Coup d'Etat of the Counter-Revolution ............................... Measur es Concerning the German Refugees .......................... 58'. The National Council .................................................................. The Bourgeoisie and the Counter-Revolution ............................ .r, A New Ally of the Counter-Revoll:'tion ··:································.... h h of the T Neue 61. R. eimsc e Z"tung ..............: . .. . .. he Calumnies . 62. Ursulin e Convent.-R?�rU\tmg fO.r t.he Grape-Shot Kmg.-The "Burghers' Commune .-Commlssl O n on a General Customs
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of Switzerland to the Executive of the March Association in Frankfurt am Main ...................................................................... .
Distnissal of Drigalski .................................................................. The Trial of Gottschalk and His Comrades ................................. The Prussian Counter-Revolution and the Prussian Judiciary ... Measures against German Refugees.- Return of Troops from . . TeSS1n.- The P atnclans'commune .......................................... ..
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68. Letter of the Central Commission of the Workers' Associations in Switzerland to [he Association in Vivis ................................... 69. Refutation ..................................................................................... 70. The New "Holy Alliance" ............................................................ . 71. The Revolutionary Movement .............................. :.. . 72. Swiss-Italian Affairs ..................................................................... ..
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1849
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�2. R3. 84. 85. - R6. 87. 88.
January
A Rourgeois Document ......................... .. ... ... . . . A New-Year Greeting .................................................................. The Magyar Struggle . . . .. .. .�..................................... Herr Miiller.- Radetzky's Chicanery towards Tessin.-The Federal Council.-Lohbauer ...................................................... The Last Volunteer Insurgents ................................................ ... Budget ......................................................................................... P riests' Rebellion .......................................................................... The Swiss Press ................................................................ ............ Protectionist Agitation.-Recruiting into the Neapolitan i\rmy Miiller._The Freiburg Government.-Ochsenbein ................. Montesquieu LVI ................................................................ ......... Answer from Colonel Engels ............................ ............................ The Prussian Warrant for the Arrest of Kossuth ....... ................. The Berlin Nationat-Zeitllng to the Primary Electors .................. The Situation in Paris . .. .. ... ... . .... · Th e SItuat10n In . parlS . ................................................ ................. . ........ , ........
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Feb;uary 286
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Speech by Karl Marx .................................................................... Speech by Frederick Engels ......................................................... 95. The Trial af the Rhenish District Committee of Democrats ....... 96. The Tax-Refusal Trial ................................................................. . . . ' .......................................• 97. Political Trial
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98. Lassalle 99. War.-Discord between the Government and the Southern Slavs . . . . . . .................••......................... ......•.......................................
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100. The War in Hungary ................................................................... 101. The Division of Labour in the Kiilnische Zeitung .......................... 102. From the Theatre of War ...........................................................
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115. Further Contribution on the Old-Prussian Financial Administra . tion 116. A Denunciation ........................................................................... 117. Bulletin No. 23.-From the Theatre of War .............................. I18. Latest News of the Magyars.- Victory on the Theiss.-Brutality . . . ....................................................................
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of the Austrians.-State of the War in General ........................... 119. More News of the Magyars . . . 0 120. The Russians in Transylvania ...................................................... 121. Russian for the Austrian,. Invasion.-Serbs.-Prospects .
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FROM THE PREPARATORY MATERIALS
J. Karl Marx. Prohibition of a Torchlight Procession for Gottschalk. �ote ........................................................ .......................... 2. Karl Marx. Fragment of the Draft of "The Bourgeoisie and the Counter-Revolution" ................................................................... 3. Karl Marx. Draft of a Speech at the Trial of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung ..........................................................................................
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APPENDICES
.......................... 1. Summons for Karl Marx ................................... 2. Kar1 Marx ............ ......................................................................... Reside in Berne ..... 3. Frederick Engels' Petition for Permission to ........... 4 . Decision of the Local Court Chamher ................................ gels and Other g 5. Decision of the Court Ch,(mber Concernin En ... ... . .. ... .. .. ... .. .. . . .. C()-defendants ..... . . .. . .................. 6. A Deputation to Chief Public Prosecutor Zweiffel ...... er and 7. Communication on the Hearing of Marx, Schapp .............. Schneider II by the Examining Magistrate .................... ...... 8. Trials of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung ...................................... ick 9. M andate of the Lausanne Workers' Association for Freder ........... E ngeIs ..................................... .......................................... inische 10. Communication Concerning Orders for the Neue Rhe . Zeilung for the First Quarter of 1849 .......................................... I I . Press Law Proceedings against the Neue Rheinische Zeitung ........... i\djourned ................................................................. ....... 12. Drigalski's Lawsuit against the Neue Rheinische Zeitung ............... 13. From the Minutes of the Committee Meeting of the Cologne .... Workers' Association, January 15, 1849 .................................. 14. Record of Engels' Residence Permit for the Canton of Berne and . His Departure for Germany ........................................................ 15. Engels before the Examining Magistrate ..................................... ..
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16. Jury Acquits Marx. Engels and Korff .......................................... 17. Acquittal of the Neue Rheinische Zeitun ....................................... . g 18. Jury Acquits Marx, Schneider II and Schapper .......................... 19. Two Trials of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung.................................... 20. Democratic Banquet ............................ ....................................... 21. Report on the General Meeting of the Workers' Association, February 1849 ... . .. . .. . .. .... . . .
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March 122. Speech from the Throne .............................................................. 123. From the Theatre of War in Transylvania and Hungary . . 124. European War Inevitable ............................................................
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112. Military Art of the Royal 1mperial Army ..................................... 113. Proclamation of a Republic in Rome .......................................... 114. Windischgriitz.-Jews and Southern Slavs .................................
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89. The Kiilnische Zeitungon the Elections ....................................... .. 90. The Strugg]e i!l Hungary ............................................................ 91. Camphallsen· ................................................................................
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From the Theatre of War ..................... ....................................... 125. 12 6. Lassalle .......................................................................................... 127. l'he War in Hungary .................................................................... 128. From the Hungarian Theatre of War ......................................... 129. The Proceedings against Lassalle ................................................ 1 30. Magyar Victory .............................................................................
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Contents
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Minutes of the Committee Mee ting of the Cologne Workers'
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Banquet of February
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NOTES AND INDEXES
Notes Name Index
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Index of Quoted and Mentioned Literature ................................................ lrulex of Periodicals . . ., Subject Index ...... , Glossary of Geographical Names ............................................................. .
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ILLUSTRATIONS First page of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung No.
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contain ing Marx's
article "The Crisis in Berlin" ................................................................
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Special edition of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung with Marx's article "Impeachment 0f the Government " .............. ......... ........ - . .
A page of the Neue Rheinische Zei tun g containi ng Marx's article "The .
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Title-page of the pamphlet Two Political Trials containing Marx's and Engels' speeches at the Colo gne trials ................................................c ..
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A page
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of German Workers'
Associations in Switzerland, at which Engels was the secre tary
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RICHARD DIXON: Article 19 CLEMENS DUTr: Articles 2,7,10-12,14,17,18,20-22,24, 31_37,41,43,54,55,58,60,61,65,66,69,70,74,75,
0, 121, 123, 124 W. L. GUTTSM AN : Articles 12 57,62,64, 67,72,76-79, , , 51 50 les tic Ar : HT IG KN A FRID 81 ,8 2, 84 les 52 , 53 , 63 , 68, 90,92, tic Ar : NN MA HE RU A AR RB BA ndices 2,3,6-13,17, 106, Il2, Il4,125,127-30; Appe 19, 20, 24 I,3,4,8,9, 13,16,23,42, SALO RYAZANSKAYA: Articles 56, 59, 71, 73, 83, 95, 113. BARRIE SELMAN: Articles 117-19 CHRISTOPHER UPWARD: Article 104
A page from Marx's draft of a speech at the trial of the Neue Rheinische
Zeitung ..................................................................................
GREGOR BENTON: Articles 5, 6, 15,25-30,38-40,44-49
80, 85-89,91, 94,96-98, 101, 103, 105, 107 09, ll5, : 116, 122, 126; From the Preparatory Matenals 3
Bourgeoisie and the Counter-Revolution" and the slogan "No More
Taxes! I!" ..............................................................................................
TRANSLATORS
507
JOAN AND TREVOR WALMSLEY: Articles 93, 99, 100, 102, 110, Ill; From the Preparatory Matenals I, 2; Appendices I, 4, 5, 14-16, 18,21-23
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Preface
Volume Eight of the Collected Works of Marx and Engels contains their writings from November 8, 1 848,to March 5, 1 849. This is the second of three volumes (Vols. 7-9) covering the period of revolutions in 1 848 and 1 849. The bulk of the volume consists of articles written by Marx and Engels for the Neue Rheinische Zeitung, organ of the revolutionary proletarian wing of German and European democracy. These articles, like the rest of the contents of this volume - the letters written by Engels on behalf of the workers' organisations of Switzerland, the accounts (published in the Appendices) of Marx's and Engels' speeches at the meetings of workers and democrats in Cologne, and so on - demonstrate the part which Marx and Engels played in the revolutionary events of those days. Edited by Marx and Engels, the Neue Rheinische Zeitung was a fearlessly revolutionary journal. It consistently exposed the manoeuvres of the monarchist aristocratic circles and of the liberal bourgeoisie whose connivance t hey enjoyed; it was the genuine organiser of the people's struggle. Through this newspaper, Marx and Engels directed the activity of Communist League members in various parts of Germarry, influ enced the German working-class and democratic movement as a whole, and p romoted the unity and mobilisation of all the country's revolutionary forces. Tbese articles by Marx and Engels show the continuous, dialectical change in class forces during the revolution, the real meaning of the events taking place in Germany and other countries and the social background to the acute political conflicts. The conclusions they then drew have made a major contribution to the
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M arxist teaching on the class struggle, explaining i n detail working class strategy and tactics at. each new stage of the bourgeoisdemocratic revolution. In the period covered hy this volume the counter-revolutionary forces were fighting hard against the people's gains in the first months of the 1 848 revolution. The defeat of the Paris proletariat in June was the signal for a general counter-attack hy monarchist aristocratic and Right-wing bourgeois circles whose aim was the complete or partial restoration of the old order. The bourgeois-democratic revolutions in France and Germany were, indeed, largely in . a stage of decline-yet the masses everywherewntinued the struggle to defend their achievements. Police persecution notwithstanding, the democratic and proletarian organisations did not ahandon their activity. In these conditions, Marx and Engels concentrated their efforts on explaining the real situation to the broad masses, the real threat of defeat for the �evolution, and on mobilising resistance against the counter�rev?lutlO�. The Neue Rheinische Zeitung editors did everythmg III t�elr power to unite the workers and revolutionary democrats, urgmg them to make use of parliamentary as well as other methods to bring about a turn of the tide in favour of the revolution. Marx and Engels realised that if the revolutionary struggle was to succeed, it must not be confined within a national framework but become international; the international solidarity of the democratic and proletarian movement in all the major European countries �hould be counterposed to the bloc that was being formed by the IIlternal and external counter-revolutionary forces. They saw in every revolutionary centre in any part of Europe an integral element of the general European revolutionary movement. They devoted particular attention to Italy and Hungary, where, despite the general downw�rd trend of the European revolution, an upsurge of popular revolutlOn.ary e!1-e;gy was evident- a fact justifying their hopes that the reactIOnaries aHem pts at restoration would yet be finally frustrated and the revolution be renewed with greater depth and scope. The volume This, together Berlin", came lutIOnary coup
begins with Marx's article "The Crisis in Berlin" . with his series of articles "Counter-Revolution in as the immediate response to the counter-revo d'etat which had taken place in Prussia. The Neue Rheinische Zeitung had already in September 1 848 warned that a coup d'etat was imminent, and had pointed out that unless the
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PruSsian National Assembly took steps to. rally the su �port of the would first be turned out of BerlIn .and then dlsl>olved (see masses it resent edition, Vol. 7, p. 429). T� e. prognosIs proved correct: Early fn November 1 848, Frederick WIlham IV charged the reacttonary General Brandenburg with forming a government, and the provincial city of Bran�enburg was �eclared to be the new seat ?f the Assembly. Marx saw thIS coup as a �Ir�ct result of the suppresslOn ?f the uprisings of the Paris proletariat m June and of the masses III Vienna in late October and November 1 848. At the moment of political crisis Marx proposed what should be done. His tactical platform of struggle against the counter revolutionary forces envisaged not only active defence but also a counter-offensive to carry forward and consolidate the revolution. As an immediate reply to the coup d'etat, he put forward o� November 12, 1 848, the slogan of refusal to pay taxes (see thIS volume, p. 2 1). This move would not only weaken the counter revolution by undermining its financial resources, .but- most important of all- would draw t�e mas.ses of the people into action. At the same time, he adapted hiS tactical proposals to the actually developing conditions of the struggle. Thus the appeal of the Rhenish District Committee of Democrats of November 14, 1 848, which was written by Marx, advised, for the time being, against any violent resistance to the collection of unpaid taxes under a writ oi execution. While the Prussian �ational Assembly had as yet not decided to call on the masses to refuse to pay taxes and this slogan was not su pported in the other provinces, such resistance could only have developed into premature and sporadic acts of rebellion. The situation changed when, under the influence of numerous l,?cal appeals, the National Assembly adopted on November 1 5 a deCISion on the refusal to pay taxes which was to come into force on Novem ber 1 7. Non-payment of taxes had now . acquired nation-wide significance and the authority of the N anonal Assem hly. Ma�x immediately called on the masses and the workers' and d� mocr�tlc organisations to resist the collection of taxes by all means, mcludmg violence. On November 1 7 he wrote in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung: "It is high treason to pay taxes. Refusal to pay taxes is the primary duty of the citizen!" (see this volume, p. 36). From November 1 9 to December 1 7 the Neue Rheinische Zeitungcarried in large type on its front page the slogan "No More Taxes!!!" The Rhenish District Committee of Democrats' appeal of November 1 8, written by Marx, called for the organisation of a people 's militia everywhere, the re-election of municipal councils that had refused to obey the decision of the National Assembly, the '
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setting up of committees of public safety. Marx saw such committees as embryos of provisional revolutionary organs of power to replace Prussian officialdom. And he was himself a member of the People' s Committee in Cologne, which played a considerable role in organising the campaign against tax payments in the Rhine Province . The Second District Congress of Democratic Associations of the province, held on November 23 with Marx as one of the delegates, approved M arx's programme of action (see this volume, p. 46). Meanwhile, the liberal-democratic majority in the Prussian National Assembly confined itself to passive resistance. Many local democrats also remained irresolute. And Marx warned that their tactics of passive resistance were dooming the movement to failure . Such tactics, he wrote, "resemble the vain struggle of a calf against its slaughterer" (see this volume, p. 38). Profiting by their opponents' w,�akness: the Pru�sian counter-revolutionaries carried the coup d etat to Its conclUSIOn: on December 5, 1 848, the Prussian National Assembly was dissolved. Ma�x .analyse� the cau �es of }he counter-revolutionary victory in PrussIa III a senes of artlcles, The Bourgeoisie and the Counter Revolution", in his articles "Montesquieu LVI", "The Berlin :lVati �nal-Zeitung to the Primary Electors" and "Camphausen", and III hIS speech at the trial of members of the Rhenish District Committee of Democrats on February 8, 1849. The first of these works was particular�y important . It contained a general account of the urgeois society, the degree of development of the class contradIctIons between tbe bourgeoisie and the oppressed classes, the proletariat above aiL Tbe revolution in Germany, Marx pointed out, was, like the preceding revolutions in England and France, the result of an acute contradiction between the dominance of the feudal ruling class, whose b,;,lwark was the monarchy, and the bourgeois relations which were taklllg shape . However, as distinct from the English bourgeoisie o.f the seventeenth century and the French bourgeoisie of tbe eIghteenth, when the proletariat and the other exploited sections of tbe urban population "did not yet constitute independent classes or
l'ss sub-divisions", the Prussian bourgeoisie was already being ��allenged by an emerging w�rking class . which was beginning to fight for its own interests. And It could see 111 the exa�ple of France what a menacing tum the class struggle of the proletanat could take.· That is wby "from the first it was inclined tf.> betray the peop�e and to compromise with the crowned representative of the old sOCIety.. . . It stood at the helm of the revolution not because it had the people behind it but because the people drove it before them; it stood at the head not because it represented the initiative of a new social era but only because it represented the rancour of an old one" (see this vOl;Ime, pp. 161, 162-63). Whereas in England and France the bourgeois revolutions had led to a radical change in the political system corresponding to the requirements of the capitalist mode of production, the March revolution of 1848 in Prussia left intact "the old bureaucracy, the old army, the old boards of prosecuting magistrates" (see this volume, p . 3 1 7). The Prussian bouq�eoisie decided to �ake its ,,:ay to power, not with the help of revolutlon but by a deal WIth the anstocracy and the monarchy. Hence the "theory of agreement with the Crown" which was put forward by the Prussian liberal constitutionalists and which covered up, as Marx and Engels repeatedly stress�� , the bourgeoisie'S betrayal of the revolutionary cause. The OpposItion to the revolution by considerable sections of the Prussian, mainly big, bourgeoisie and their fear of the masses thus dictated their efforts to remain on "a legal basis", their renunciation of resolute struggle against the forces of feudal-monarchist reaction . Fearing for their own property, they nipped in the bud every encroachment on feudal property and thereby alienated the peasantry, their natural ally in the struggle against feudalism. This cowardly and essentIally treacherous stand of the bourgeoisie doomed the bourgeois democratic revolution to defeat in conditions when the working class was not yet itself ready to lead a revolutionary-democratic. �ovement of the whole nation and had not yet achIeved suffICIent class consciousness and organisation. The coup d'etat in Prussia, Marx stressed, was the logical result of the policy of the Prussian so-called liberal governments which succeeded one another after March 1848 and surrendered position after position to the counter-revolutionary monarchists and aristo crats. And so, during the November crisis in Prussia, far from energetically supporting the Prussian National Assembly in its conflict with the Crown, the liberal majority of the Frankfurt National Assembly declared the Berlin decision on the refusal to pay taxes to be illegal and thus actually helped the Brandenburg
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Go�ernment to imple.ment its counter-revolutionary designs. In his artIcle "The Fran kfurt Assembly" Marx branded this as an act of treachery. Subsequently, too, the Neue Rheinische Zei tung continually exposed the FrankflJrt Assembly's connivance at counter-revolution (see the article '�Report of the Frankfurt Committee on Austrian A ffairs" and others). In 1848-49 Marx and Engels became finally convinced that the bourgeoisie was step by step lasing its effectiveness as an advanced opponent of feudalism. The counter-revolutionary degeneration of the European bourgeoisie-even though in certain sectors of the struggle �nd in certain countr.ies (Hungary, Italy) it was still acting in a revolutIOnary way-made It necessary drastically to reassess the disposition of class forces in the bourgeois-democratic revolution an? the conditions for its victory. Since the bourgeoisie was losing the abIlIty to carry through bourgeois-democratic reforms by means of revolutio�, it. fel� to the working class to head the people's struggle for tota! !lqUldatIOn of .the remnants of feudalism. Thus changes in the positIOn of the vanous classes by the middle of the nineteenth cent�ry led Ma:x and Engels to the idea of the hegemony of the workmg class m the hourgeois-democratic revolution-an idea which was elaborated by Lenin in the new historic conditions of the twentieth centu.ry. I?uring �he 1848-49 revolution, Marx and Engels were �Iready dlTectmg 0 elr efforts to preparing the working class for thIS role by acceleratmg the growth of its class consciousness and the creatio� of a revolutionary working-class party. At the tnal of the Rhenish District Committee of Democrats, Marx t?ld the bo�rgeois jury th�t the bourgeoisie was in duty bound to flg�t to abolrsh feudal relatIOns and absolutism. And yet, he said, by theIr appeals to preserve "a legal basis" the Prussian liberals were merely �eeking to pe:petuate the old laws and to impose them on the 'new .soClal system whIch had arisen during the revolution. Society, he contmued, was not founded on the law but, on the contrary, "the law must be founded upon society, it must express the common interests and needs of society . . . which arise from the material mode of production pr�vailing at the gh:en time" (see this volume, p. 327). The preservatIon of old laws In despite of new needs of social development, the striving to impose on society an obsolete political system already doomed by the new conditions, led to social crises only to b� resolved by revolution. He accused Prussia's ruling circles of cO.nspmng agamst the people, against the law and order estabbshed as a result of the popular revolution in March 1848. He emp� asised that, having in effect violated all legality, the Crown had no nght to accuse the revolutionary movement's leaders of illegal
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ate means of itim leg d an l ura nat a s wa es tax y pa to al fus Re y. vit acti kes a cou nter elf-de fence for the people. "If the Crown hma e (se n" tio olu rev a wit ly rep to ht rig the has ple peo the , ion �evolut , this volume, p. 339 ). ded clu con " r Ma , any rm Ge and ssia Pru in nts eve : the g sin aly An the of y tor te VIc ple com the en we het y wa le dd mi no s wa re the that , bly em ass of m edo fre of n litio abo the h wit , ces for tist olu abs feudal a as , tion olu the rev of ge sur up new a and ss, pre the and n atio associ ty pet an urb the and try san pea the t, ria leta pro the ich wh of result and p�oceed to bourgeoisie would establish a democratic republic tra n to the carry out social measures to prepare the ground for nsitIobou s proletarian revolution. �arx pointed out �hat "a. purely. rgem III the form of a revolution and the estabhshment of bourgeozs rule a y onl t tha and , any rm Ge in ible oss imp is hy arc mon nal utio stit con al republican revolution is soci a or on luti evo r-r nte cou tist olu ahs dal feu possible" (see this volume, p. 178). � of the Marx and Engels saw the German revolution as parIch they European revolution, the course and prospects of wh the se followed closely in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung. It was to problems that Marx devoted his a:ticles "The Re� ,ol�tionhl�ryh Movement in Italy" and "T he RevolutIOnary Movement , m � n �m he noted that the triumphant progress of the Eu ropean revolutIonary February and March 1848 had been followed by a reactio counter-offensive. The prevention of the workers' demonstration of April 10 in London had weakened the revolutionary impetus of Chartism, and the Jun e defeat of the French proletariat was a heavy blow for the European revolutionary movement as a whole. On August 6, Mil an was retaken by Austrian troops; on November 1 , revolutionary Vie nna fell. This was followed by the counterrevolutionary coup d'etat in Berlin. . olut Soberly assessing the consequences of the defeat of the rev IOn, Marx emphasised the importance of these lessons for th.e m�sses ,,:ho at the beginning of the revolution had been prey to tlluslOns, fme phrases about universal brotherhood and so on. "The chief result of the revolutionary movement of 1848 is not what the peoples won, but what they lost-the loss of their illusions" (see �his volume: p. 197 ). As regards the prospects ?f the revolution m .Eu r,?pe I� .1849, Marx placed his hopes on the Immmence of a new vICtonous nSlllg of the French proletariat which would provide the impulse for a revolutionary upsurge in other countries of Europe, including Germany. Marx saw in bou rgeois-aristocratic England, with its enormous indu strial and commercial might, a serious threat to the French
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proletariat and the cause of the revolution.' He compared the England of that time to "the rock against which the revolutionary waves break .... A revolution of the economic relations in any country of the European cOIginent," he stressed, "in the whole European continent without England, is a storm in a teacup" (see this volume, p. 214). That is why, taking account of the actual situation, Marx predicted that a victorious move by the French proletariat would call forth a military' clash on a European and even on a world-wide scale-inasmuch as the involvement of England, as a colonial power, was inevitable. But in the course of this armed struggle between the r�volutionary and the counter-revolutionary forces, the precondi tions could again mature for a Chartist rising in England itself. " England will head the counter-revolutionary armies, just as it did during the Napoleonic period, but through the war itself it will be thrown to .the head of the revolutionary movement and it will repay the deht It owes in regard to the revolution of the eighteenth century" (see this volume, p. 215). This volume contains a large group of articles and reports written by Engels during his forced stay in Switzerland from November 1848 to the middle of January 1849. While living in that country of "�lassical" bourg�ois. fed.eralism, Engels used every opportunity. to disabuse of their illusIOns the South-German petty-bourgeois democrats who rejected the slogan of a centralised German democratic republic and saw the Swiss state system as a model for Ger�any. Engels' reports on the sittings of the Federal Assembly an� Its chambers show u p the provincial limitations of political life in SWitzerland, the narrow-mindedness, pettiness and prejudices of most of the politicians there. At the same time, Engels did not overlook progressive aspects of the struggle against aristocratic :eaction and clericalism, the eradication of patriarchalism, the Implementation of certain centralising reforms. His article "The German Central Authority and Switzerland" and his reports on the Swiss conflict with Austria and the so-called Imperial Government formed by the Frankfurt National Assembly defended the right of the Swiss to repulse the attempts of the reactionaries to interfere in their internal affairs, in particular the demands for the extradition or expulsion of revolutionary refugees. Engels followed closely the development of the working-class movement in the Swiss Republic. In his reports "The Ex Principality", "The New Institutions.-Progress in Switzerland", "Electlons.-Sydow" and others, he emphasised that "the actual
XXI
revolutionary forces of the people are among the Swiss and German workers" (see this volume, p. 59). He himself took part in the First Congress of the German Workers' Associations of Switzerland held from December 9 to II, and was able to ensure that many of its decisions stressed the need for drawing the workers into the political struggle, and not merely into the struggle for limited econo�ic dem-ands. This point of view was constantly defended by the Neue Rheinische Zeitung against some of the leaders in the German working-class movement who were inclined, like Stephan Born, to see the tasks of the proletarian struggle only in terms of economic reforms. Elected by the Congress to the Central Commission of the newly created Union of German Workers' Associations in Switzerland, Engels worked hard to promote international lin�s between the Swiss workers and the proletarian and democratic organisations of Germany (see "Address of the Central Co:nmission of the Workers' Associations of Switzerland to the Executtve of the \{arch Association in Frankfurt am Main" and the "Letter of the Central Commission of the Workers' Associations in Switzerland to the Association in Vivis"). In the middle of January 1 849, when he was no longer in danger of arrest if he appeared in Germany, Engels, who was eager to engage in active revolutionary work in his own country, ret�rned to Cologne and continued, in association with Marx, to work With great energy on the editorial board of the Neue RhemlSche Zedung. ThiS was when the newspaper published a number of his articles on the Hungarian revolution, on the national contradictions and conflicts in the Slav regions of the Austrian Empire, and on the na�ion.al question as one of the most important problems of the revolutton III Europe. The struggle of oppressed nations for freedom and independence had Marx 's and Engels' firm support. In a number of articles, they stressed the high importance for European democracy of the P?lish people's national liberation movement. The ; 7\leue Rhezntsche Zezt"!ng . wrote with keen sympathy about the Itahans struggle for hberatlOn from Austrian oppression and for national unification. A new wave of revolutionary events in a number of Italian states (the Papal states, Tuscany, Sicily etc.), the fall of the counter-revo lutionarv and moderate liberal governments there under pres sure froin the masses, and the prevailing republican influence were all welcomed .as portents of possible change in general European revolutionary development in the interests of the working class and democracy. "After six months of almost uninterrupted defeats for democracy, after a series of unprecedented tnumphs for the _
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counter-revolution, there are at last indications of an approaching victory of the revolutionary party," wrote Marx about the turn of events in Italy at the end of November 1848 (see this volume, p. 10 1). The Neue Rheinische Z�itung greeted the proclamation of a republic in Rome on February 7, 1849, as an important revolutionary act (see this volume, p. 4 14). . In Hungary, too, the liberation struggle was entering upon a new phase which Marx and Engels believed could help rekindle the flame of general European revolution. Led by Kossuth's revolutionary Government, the H ungarian people were heroically repulsing the Austrian counter-revolutionaries, who, after the suppression of .the Vienna uprising, had hurIed heavy armed forces against them. Taking advantage of the contradictions between the H ungarian landowner and bourgeois top crust and the national minorities, the Austrian ruling classes dragged into the war against revolutionar.y Hungary national formations recruited in the Slav lands of the Austrian Empire and Transylvania-Serbs, Croats, Rumanians and others. They were able to direct the national movements of these peoples against the Hungarian revolution largely also because Kossuth's Government had long ' refused to grant these peoples autonomy and satisfy other national demands. Marx and Engels stressed that the Hungarian people's national liberation war against the Habsburg monarchy was a genuinely revolutionary war, part of the revolutionary-democratic struggle of the people of Europe. They saw the fighters for the independence of Hungary, and also of Poland, as allies of the European proletariat and revolutionary democracy, part of the forces undermining such bulwarks of international counter-revolution as the Austrian Em pire, the Prussian monarchy and Tsarist Russia. By shaking the might of the Habsburg Empire, the H ungarian revolution, wrote Marx and Engels, was having a big influence on the course of the European revolution. As early as November 1848, Marx was devoting close attention to the revolutionary events in Hungary and asked Engels, who was then in Switzerland, to write an article about them. In January 1849, this article appeared in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung under the title "The Magyar Struggle" . It was followed by a series of articles and reports in which the course of military operations in Hungary was analysed. These articles refuted the reports of the "brilliant successes" of the Austrian army and the hopeless predicament of the Hungarians, spread by the official Austrian news bulletins and seized on by a number of German newspapers, liberal ones included. Engels noted that the German press as a whole adopted an attitude of open
XXIII
hostility and nationalist arrogance towards the Hungarians' struggle. Sifting and comparing the forced admissions contained in Austrian bulletins and local newspapers, he pieced together the true picture of the successful defensive battles being fought by the H ungarian army, which in fact possessed resources sufficient not only for defence but also for a counterblow. Subsequent events confirmed the accuracy of Engels' military forecasts (see the articles "European War I nevita ble", "From the Theatre of War" and others). He pointed out that on the Hungarian side it was a genuinely revolutionary and popular war, and showed itself to be such in the very methods of warfare being used -mobilisation of all the forces of the people to repulse the invading enemy and the combination of regular army operations with widespread guerilla warfare. Despite the Austrian advantage in numbers and arms, the H ungarian army was superior in its fighting qualities, its revolutionary enthusiasm, its high morale, and in the support of the people and the unity of the rear and the front. The rear of the Austrian army of occupation was, as Engels constantly noted in his articles, extremely unreliable and the rebel movement occasionally flared u p behind the lines. He gave a high appraisal of the political and military leaders of the Hungarian revolution, including the Polish revolutionaries who had joined H ungary's liberation struggle, and of the H ungarian Government's energy and resolution and its anti-feudal reforms. He spoke of Lajos Kossuth as a revolutionary leader "who for his nation is Danton and Carnot in one person" (see this volume, p. 227). Engels saw danger, not only for the H ungarian but also for the European revolution, in the Austrian reactionaries' appeal for military aid from Tsarist Russia. The appearance of the first Tsarist detachments in Transylvania was interpreted by him, on the one hand, as testifying to the weakness of the Habsburg monarchy, whicb had proved incapable of suppressing the Hungarian revolutionary movement with its own forces, and, on the other hand, as the danger signal of an impending union of the counter-revolutionary states, a rebirth of the policy of the Holy Alliance, a policy of brutally imposing monarchist counter-revolutionary governments on the natIons. The use by the counter-revolutionary forces of a number of Slav peoples against Hungary, and also what was known as Austro Slavism, a programme for uniting the Slavs under the aegis of the Habsburgs, provoked Engels to a violent attack on pan-Slavism. The denunciation of pan-Slavism was, for him, an integral part of the struggle against the bourgeois-landowner nationalist ideology. This campaign was vigorously fought by the editors of the Neue Rheinische •
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Zeitung, who also condem �ed other forms of nationalism-pan_ , , Germamsm, pan-Scandmaviamsm 'and the like , In �heir entire ap�roac� to the national question, M1rx and Engels " mvana ?ly asked whICh class forces were playing the leading role in the natIO�al movements, to what extent they were helping to weaken the re �ctIonary states, and whether they were reserves of the revolutIOn or �ere, on the contrary, playing into the hands of count�r-revolutH�n , The class criterion was for them decisive in assessu �g any natIOnal moveI?ent. For in the course of the revolution, the entIre character of a national ,movement may change depending on the prepond �rance of the vanous classes in it. In 1 848-49, when the st�ggle agat�st absolutism and the remnants of feudalism was comphcated by VIOlent national conflicts, the ruling classes deliber atel � sought to !an the �la �e� of national hatred still higher, by deceit or vIOI �nce to mvolve mdlvl?u �1 nations in predatory and Counter > re�olu �IOn �ry wars, an,d to mClte them against those peoples who were fightmg for t,he VICtOry of the bourgeois-democratic revolution and fo � truly natIOnal liberation. It was in this sense that Engels spoke m 1848-49 of revolutionary and counter-revolutionary peoples (se � his article "The Magyar Struggle", "Democratic , Pan-Slavism and others). In those y.ears, owing to a number of historical causes the development of the national movement of some of the Austria Slav peoples wa � complicated and rife with contradictions. When the representatIves of revolutionary-democratic trends had been de feated or pushe into the background, the leadership of these movements fell mto the hands of monarchistic bourgeois and landowner elements who in effect subordinated them to the interests of the H absb�rg monarchy and Russian Tsarism, Just before the 848 revolutIOn, Marx and Engels had sympathised with the mdepende �ce �tru ffgle of th� S �av peoples in the Austrian Empire (see Engels aru�l,e The Be!5mmng of the End in Austria", Vol. 6 of th� pr�sent , edItIon); and m June 1 848 they expressed complete sohdanty ��th the popular uprising in Prague (see Vol. 7 of the present edItIon, pp. 92 and 1 19). But after the defeat of the uprising as the character of the national movements of a number of Sl� peoples changed and reactionary Austro-Slavism showed its hand, they condemned these movements, describing them as counter revolutIOnary and hostile to the cause of democracy and the working class , Nor did Enge �s �orget that the Austrian Slavs themselves were in many , respects VlCWns of the cunning and provocative policy of the , Austnan reactIOnanes, who were only too free with their demagogi_
d
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cal promises of autonomy, The Slav peoples, he wrote, would have to pay dearly for this deception: when they had finished with the H {.ngarians, the Hahsburgs would trample on the illusions of a "Slav Austria", of a "federative state of nations with equal rights", and in particular of "democratic institutions" for the Austrian Slavs. These ' peoples "will have to suffer the same military despotism which they helped to impose on the Viennese and Magyars" '(see this volume, pp, 375 and 376), In "War.-Discord between the Government and ' the Southern Slavs" , "The War in Hungary ", "Croats and Slovaks in Hungary" and other articles, Engels cited numerous facts showing how the Slav peoples had become painfully aware that they had been deceived and were being used for purposes contrary to their real interests. He noted with satisfaction the emerging sympathy for revolutionary H ungary among some of the Austrian Slavs, for instance in Slovakia (see this volume, pp, 442 and 469) , However, it must be evident to us today that the articles "The Magyar Struggle" and "Democratic Pan-Slavism" contain some erroneous judgments on the past and future o f the small Slav peoples incorporated into Austria, Contrary to the picture of the predatory, oppressive policy of the German states in the east of Europe which Engels gave in his series of articles "The Frankfurt Assembly Debates the Polish Question" (see Vol. 7 of the present edition) and other works, in these articles he represented the subjugation of some of the Slav peoples as having been connected exclusively with the spread of civilisation and culture, History has not confirmed Engels' opinion that the small Slav peoples of Central Europe were doomed to be absorbed and assimilated by their larger and more highly civilised neighbours, The tendency towards political centralisation which resulted from the development of capitalism and caused the small peoples to lose their national independence, concealed from Engels another tendency which was not sufficiently manifest at the time, namely, the sharpening of the oppressed peoples' struggle for independence, for setting up their own states. In these pronouncements, Engels was probably influenced by the gravity of the political situation at the time, and this accounted for the sharp polemical tone of his articles, all the heat of which was directed against the counter-revolutionary forces then going over to the offensive. A certain part was played in this by the idea which Marx and Engels entertained at that time of the nearness of a simultaneous victory of the proletarian revolution in the developed countries, a revolution which would have put an end to both social and national oppression and for which more favourable conditions would have been provided by capitalism drawing into its orbit the
XXVI
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backward peoples still in the stage of ����e��le, s t?waYd s decentralisation, includinfeguthdalo�isem�h�� t�: k ��: n atJOnal demands. -Marx and Engels re garded then; often enou,g� as a factor slowing down the d'ev eIopment of the favou rable condItIOns, ; This point of view was not final . Later o "al n , su b st an tI corrections were made wh 'cb t ok ' n stru�gle o f the o p�ressed peO�les � E ���;ea�c;:�� .n � �� : �� I : : :! f co u n tn es ag ai national enslavement, a struggIe whic st . . growing vigour. T h u s already at the p h . was d evelopmg wIth ever of 1 853-56 was looming ah d E enod w hen th e Cr'Imean war national independence for t b� �m a�f l supported the demand o f Balkan Peninsula w h o were oppress �ta v and other peoples in the ed by the reactionary Turkish Empire. Yet Engels' opinion in 1 848 49 th: Austrian Empire would h ardl - la t the sma�1 Slav peoples of the Y P J:' progressive role in th e future was not expressed WIt. h out rese rvatIOns . " If at any epoch whIl' e they were oppressed the Slavs had beg l u ne e o v . �.� :;, � utionary history, that by itself would have proved their Via I ltY e wrote (see this volume, p . 3 7 1) . Subsequent devel h e ts ve shown that the Slav peoples who were oppressed�an� � Empire proved entirel . viable I. � :h ens �ved under the Austrian e natIOnal sense, succeeded in creating their own stat�ho d an socialist revolution, set ab�u� e sta�.t�: as a r�sult of the victorious system , greatlv contributing t0 h ubmISan Ing a hIghly advanced social progress. •
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Much 0 1 ,he material in thI'S voIume r� flects the struggle waged by Marx and E nge1s to rall nary-de�ocr�tic forces in Germany after the count:r_���o��;i�lutIo well as their efforts to develo th e �I nary co�p d etat In Prussia, as � ss co nsCJousness � f the German ro le ta ri a t a n d to prepare the r n d for the cre p a.tlOn .o f a mass m dependent proletarian art � n lmp ' ortant place m thiS struggle as t ( up � occ ied by the def nc of the Ger an , ": , e � o p le P s democratic nghts and liberties against the ea . . their encroachments o n the. re�o�� �tlOnanes, m particular against targets being the Neue Rh;��rc. e tI�mary press, one o f their main Trials against the Neue . msc e�ung. ::he article "Three State h e . ettung , the speeches for the defence by Marx and E n t.nal of the ��wspaper's editors on February 7, 1 8 49, and ���e� the . against the initiators o f these rewacnt.mgs, admmIstered a body . blow tionary moves . Th ey bore Witness to th e effecti· veness o f th e revoI utJ. On .mg . e " ar y p re ss in fo rm progressIv publ'Ie opmlOn, exposing the arb1't ran'ness 0 f counter-revolutionary
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power and organising the struggle against a reactionary political tem (see this volu me, pp. 3 1 6-17 ). svs . In the Neue Rheinische Zeitung, Marx and Engels defended m embers of the democratic movement in general who were victims of police persecution. The articles "The Prussian Counter Revolution and the Prussian Judiciary", "The Tax-Refusal Trial", "Lassalle " and others informed the public of the lawlessness of the Prussian police authorities and showed up the whole Prussian police and jud icial system. During preparations for the elections for the Second Chamber of the Prussian Diet, which replaced the dissolved National Assembly, Marx and Engels worked to unite all the democratic forces without, however, glossing over the disagreements existing in the democratic camp. They punctured the parliamentary illusions associated with the Constitution imposed by the King, which not only the liberals but also certain democrats represented as a guarantee that democratic reforms would be carried out by peaceful and constitutional means. In his articles "The Berlin National-Zeitung to the Primary Electors" and "The Kiilnische Zeitung on the Elections", Marx exposed the vain belief that this Constitution would be a means of solving the social question, and also the attempts of the liberals to comfort themselves and the people with hopes of its revision in a progressive spirit. He foretold that it would indeed be revised, but only "insofar as it suits the King and the Second Chamber consisting of country squires, financial magnates, high-ranking officials and clerics" (see this volume, p. 2.1)7). In opposition to the liberals and some of the democrats, Marx considered broad popular participation in the elections not as a means of directly achieving political and social aims by constitutional methods, but primarily as a means of politically activating the masses and preparing them for future revolutionary battles. The successes of the democrats at the electoral meetings and in the Chamber itself, he thought, would provide them with additional opportunities to influence the masses in this direction and resist the reactionaries. But he never ceased to emphasise that the pressing political and social problems could be solved only by a new revolution carried out by the working class, the urban petty bourgeoisie and the peasantry. "Are not precisely these classes the most r.ldical, the most democratic, of society as a whole?" Marx wrote. "Is it not precisely the proletariat that is the specifically red class?" (see this volume, p. 289). Marx and Engels also defended their tactical line in the revolutionary struggle in heated arguments with sectarians in the working-class movement. In particular, the adherents of Gottschalk
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in the. Cologne W?rkers' Associati.on were arguing against taking any part m the parlIamentary electIOns, and trying to convince the workers that it would make �o difference to them whether Germany was a mon�rchy or a repubhc. The . Neue Rheinische Zeitung: pointed . of the proletariat from out that thIS could lead only to the IsolatIon the other democrat�c forces, and that the democratic republic was the form of state whIch corresponded most closely to the interests of the. working class an.d its allies and was best adapted to the tasks of theIr future revolutIonary struggle. Under the influence of Marx and his supporters it was decided at committee meetings of the Workers' Assoc�ation in January 1 849 "to take part in the general electoral commIttees ... and to represent the general democratic principle there" (see this volume, p. 5 1 4). While �alling on the workers to take an active part in the democratIC movement, Marx and Engels at the same time tried to help them become aware how much their own interests were politically . �nd . socia,ny opposed to those of the bourgeoisie. CharacterIstIc m thIS respect is Marx's article "A Bourgeois Document" which describes the Prussian bourgeoisie crawling "in the most s�rvil,� reve�en�e before throne, altar, army, bureaucracy and feudalIsm and Its , shameless maltreatment of. the working class" (see this volume, p. 2 1 9). The section "From the Preparatory Materials" contains the rough draf.ts of two of Marx > articles and also the draft of the judiciary part of hiS speech at the tnal of the Neue Rheinische Zeitungon February 7 1 849.
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Preface
'
The Appendices include reports on the meetings of the Commit tee .of the Cologne Workers' Association and on the general meeting of Its mem �ers. Although these reports are extremely brief and resem �le mmutes, they give a vivid picture of the ideological, �ducatIonal and o;ganis�ti<;mal w�rk carried out by Marx and Engels �n a mass workers. aSSOCIation which they were striving to transform mto the. foundatIon on which the future party of the German pr�letanat was to be built. The Cologne Workers' Association of whICh � arx was elected President pro tem. in the autumn of 1 848 was becommg, due to the influence of Marx and other members of the Communist League, more and more a proletarian class organisation whICh t?ok an in.creasingly acti�e part in the political struggle. Also mcluded m the AppendICes are reports on the "democratic banquets", or people's meetings, which took place in February 1 849. Such banquets became a recognised form of political work among the masses and were held to commemorate the anniversaries of the
documents in this the of ber num A s. tion olu rev rch Ma and ry ma Feb u sec per ice pol and nt me ass har l icia off of ent ext the vey con n ctio e s wer tor edi its and g tun Zei che inis Rhe e Neu the ich wh to :� n subjected. *
*
*
y of the In compiling this volume, account has been taken, not onl s rx' of Ma s tion edi n ssia Ru and an rm Ge the of 6 e lum Vo of s ent cont i n out ried car ch ear res of ults res the of also but rks, Wo els' Eng . awl rs in the Soviet Union and the German DemocratIc recent yea Republi� to establish the authorship of articles in the Neue Rheinische cision of the Ber lin Zeitung. Newly discovered articles by Marx, "Dentr National Assembly", "Tax Refusal and the Cou yside", "Positions ort of the Left in the National Ass em bly ", together with Engels' rep in war ary tion olu rev the on cles arti his and d rlan tze Swi m fro Hu ngary- in all 52 articles and report s- have been included in this vol um e. Of the 130 works in the main section, 1 1 4 are being published in English for the first time, as is noted on each occasion at the end of the translation. Articles previously translated into English are accompanied by editorial notes giving the date of the first English publication. All the items in "From the Preparatory :\faterials" and the Appendices are being published in English for the first time. Account has also been taken of the latest conclusions of German and Soviet research concerning the insufficiently justified inclusion in previous editions of certain articles attributed to Marx. Wherever it has been impossible, on the basis of the materials available to ascertain to which of the two authors- Marx or Engels - an article or item in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung belongs, the author's name is not included at the end of the translation. If such data are available, the author's name is given. The titles of articles published in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung are taken from the table of contents in the newspaper. Titles provided by the editors of the present edition have been printed in square brackets. Wpen newspaper sources quoted by Marx or Engels are not available, references are given to reproductions of the correspond ing items in other newspapers. The volume is provided with Notes, a Name Ind ex, an Inde x of Quoted and Mentioned Literature, an Index of Periodicals and a Subject Inde x. For the reader's convenience, there is a Glossary of Geographical Names occu rring in tbe text in the form customary in the German press of the time, but now archaic or Germanised. ,
•
xxx
Preface
Explanatory footnotes are yrovided for Swiss geographical names still current in a German, French or Italian form. The volume was compiled and the 'Preface and Notes written by Vladimir Sazonov and edited by Lev Colman (Institute of Marxism Leninism of the CC CPSU). Albina Gridchina and Yuri Vasin (Institute of Marxism-LenilJism of the CC CPSU) prepared the Name Index, the Index of Quoted and Mentioned Literature, the Index of Periodicals and the Glossary of Geographical Names, and Vladimir Sazonov the Subject Index. The translations were made by Gregor Benton, Clemens Dutt, W. L. Guttsman, Frida Knight, Barbara Ruhemann, Barri"e Selman, Christopher Upward, Joan and Trevor Walmsley (Lawrence & Wishart), and Richard Dixon and Salo Ryazanskaya (Progress Publishers), and edited by Maurice Cornforth, Clemens Dutt, Frida Knight, Christian Maxwell and Margaret Mynatt (Lawrence & Wishart), Richard Dixon, Lydia Belyakova, Tatyana Grishina and Natalia Karmanova (Progress Publishers), and Larisa Miskievich, scientific editor (Institute of Marxism-Leninism of the CC CPSU). The volume was prepared for the press by Lyudgarda Zubrilova (editor) and Nadezhda Korneyeva (assistant editor) for Progress Publishers.
KARL MARX and
FREDER I C K ENGELS ARTICLES FROM THE NEUE RHEINISCHE
ZEITUNG
November 8 , 1 848-March 5 , 1 849
•
•
•
•
•
,
-
II
18C8.
las. THE CRISIS IN BERLIN !
Cologne November 8. The situation looks very complicated, but it is very simple. The King, as the Neue Preussische Zeitung correctly notes: stands .. on the broadest basis" of his " hereditary" rights " by the grace of God" . On the other side, the National Assembly has no basis whatever, its purpose being to constitute, to lay the basis. Two sovereign powers. The connecting link between the two is Camphausen, the theory of .
agreement. 2
When these two sovereign powers are no longer able to agree or do not want to agree, they become two hostile sovereign powers. The King has the right to throw down the gauntlet to the Assembly, the Assembly has the right to throw down the gauntlet to the King. The greater right is on the side of the greater might. Might is tested in struggle. The test of the struggle is v ictory . Each of the two powers can prove that it is right only by its victory, that it is wrong only by its defeat.
The King until now has not been a constitutional king. He is an absolute monarch who decides -for or against constitutionalism. The Assembly until now has not been constitutional, it is constituent. I.t has so far attempted to constitute constitutionalism. It can con. tlIlUe or discontinue its attempts. Roth the King and the Assembly temporarily acquiesced in the con stitutional ceremonial . ----
lR48.-Ed. ,
, In
the
article
"Ministerium
Brandenburg "
published
on
November
5,
>
4
-
Articles from the Neue Rheinische Zeirnng •
The King's demand that a Brandenburg Ministry which is to liking be appointed in defiance of the majority in the Chamber, is demand of an absolute monarch. The Chamber's presumption, by means of a deputation straight the King, to forbid the formation of a Brandenburg Ministry is presumption of an absolute Chamber. The King and the Assembly have sinned against
AI 138. ,
convention. The King and the Assembly have both retreated to their original : sphere, the King deliberately, " Ie Chamber unwittingly. The King is at an advantage. Right is on the side o f mcgh" Legal phrases are on the �i.ie Ot i'ff.potence. A Rodbertus Ministry would be a cipher in which plus and minus neutralise each other. Written by Marx on November 8, 1 848
Printed according to the newspaper
�rBan .ber i)tmofratit.
1848.
,
�'.tf.I•
• •.
\[)if e.t.oIioo r..... f<�
_
publish ed in the Neue Rheinischl' Zeirnng No. 138, November 9, 1848 First
First
page of the l,"'euR Rheinische 7.eitung No. 1 3 8 containing "The Crisis in Berliil"
Marx's
article
•
7 •
,
THE EX-PRINCIPALITY '
,
November 7. You will be interested La hear something also from a little country that until recently enjoyed the blessings of Prussian rule, but which was the first of all the lands under the Prussian Crown to raise the banner of revolution and drive out the Prussian paternal Government. I am s peaking of the former " principality of Neuenburg and Vallendis" , in which Herr Pfuel, the present Prime Minister, performed his first administrative exercises as Governor and was deposed by the people in May of this year, even before he could win laurels in Posen5 and gather votes of no confidence as Prime Minister in Berlin. This little country has now assumed the prouder title of " Republique et (:anton de Neuchatel", and the time is probably not far off when the last Neuchatel guardsman brushes his green tunic in Berlin. I must confess it gave me an amusing feeling of satisfaction five weeks after my flight from the Prussian Holy H ermandad6 to be able once more to walk about unmolested on what is de jure still Prussian soil. I ncidentally, the Republic and Canton of Neuchatel evidently finds itself in much more comfortable circumstances than the late principality of Neuenburg and Vallendis; for at the recent elections to the Swiss National Council the republican candidates received over 6,000 votes, whereas the candidates of the royalists, of the bedouins: as they are called here, hardly musLered 900 votes. The Great Council,' too, consists almost entirely of republicans, and only Les Pants, a srnall.mountain village dominated by the aristocrats, sent
From the Republic of Neuchiilel,
---
a This nickname of the Swiss royalists is an allusion to the fact that the old Swiss
cantol S preserved patriarchal relations similar to those � orgamsation of an Arab nomadic tribe, the Bcdouin.-Ed.
found
in
the
social
•
8
Articles from the NeUe Rheinische Zeitung
9
,
Calame, ex-State Councillor ; of the royal Prussian Neuenburg principality, as its representative to N'euchatel, where a few days ago he had to swear an oath of loyalty to the Republic. Instead of the old royalist Constitutionnel Neuchtttelois, there is published now-in La Chaux-de-Fonds, the largest, most industrialised and most republi can place in tbe canton-a Republicain Neuchtttelois, written it is true in very bad Swiss-French of tbe Jura, but otherwise not at all badly edited. The clock- and watch-making industry of the Jura and the lace manufacture of Tr,\verstal, which are the main sources of livelihood of this little coun ttY , are beginning to prosper again, and the Montagnards: in sHite of the snow here being already a foo� deep, are gradually reg
published
in
the Neue Rheinischr
Zeitung No. 140, Novem ber I I . 1848
a
. Printed according to the newspaper PubHshed in English for the first "' time .
i .e. the revolutionary-minded po ulation of the mountain canton of Neuchatel p who were engaged mainly in dock- an a: watch-making. They were given the name by analogy with the representatives of the revolutionary Montagne-the Jacobins-in the French Convention of 1 792-93,- Ed.
THE NEW INSTITUTIONS.-PROGRESS IN SWITZERLAND"
Berne, November 9. The new legislative Federal Assembly, consisting of the Swiss National Council and the Council of S�ates, has been gathered here since the day before y esterday. The cI� y of , Berne has done its utmost to give them as brIllIant and seductIve a reception as possible. There has been music, festive proc� ssions, illuminations, the boom of cannon and the peal of bells-nothmg has been forgotten. The sessions began the day be ore yesterday. In the National Council, which is elected by unIversal suffrage and according to the number of inhabitants (Berne has returned 20 deputies, Zurich 12, the smallest cant�ns two or thr�e each), the overwhelming majority of deputies are lIberals of a radIcal hue. �h e decidedly radical party is strongly represented, and the conservatlves . have only six or seven seats out of over a hundred. The CouncIl of States, which is made up of two deputies from each canton and �n � depu ty from each demi-canton, on the whole resembles the last DIet as regards composition and character, The Ur-cantons have once again returned several true separatists,1O and as a result of the in direct elections, the reactionary element, though definitely in a minority, is nevertheless more strongly represented in this Council than it is in the National Council. As a matter of fact, by abolishing binding mandates' and invalidating half votes, the Council of States has been turned into a rejuvenated version of the Diet and has been
�
a
the instructions which the deputies of the Swiss Diet received from th ei r can tonal governments and which greatly impeded the adoption of general dccisions._ Ed. i. e.
•
10
-
NeuE Rheinische Zeitung •
Articles from
the
,
,
pushed into the background by the creation of the National Council. It plays the thankless role of a Senate or a Chamber of Peers of a drag on the assumed excessive desire' for innovation of the Na;ional Council, the role of heir to the mature wisdom and careful reflection of the forefathers. . T.his dig�ifi�d and sedate institution already shares the fate of simIlar bodies m England and America, and the ?o� defunct one in France. Even hefore it has shown any signs of life It IS. looked do�n up
The New Institutions.-Progress in Switzerland zu rich
11
satisfied with the federal university, and Lucerne with the federal court of law, but in vain . Berne at any rate is the only suitahle city. being the .point where German and French Switzerla merge, t h� capital of the largest canton and the emerging c tre of the ,,,hole Swiss movement. But in order to become a real entre, Berne must also possess the university and the federal court. But try and ex nlain that to the Swiss whose fanaticism for their cantonal town has . been roused! It is quite possible that the more radical National Council will vote for radical Berne, and the sedate Council of States for sedate, wise and prudent Zurich. An extremely difficult situation will then arise. There has been considerable unrest in Geneva during the last three weeks . The reactionary patricians and bourgeois, who, from their villas, keep the villages around Geneva in almost feudal dependence, managed with the help of their peasants to push through all their three candidates in the elections to the National Council . But the committee declared the elections invalid, as more ballot-papers were returned than had been issued. Only this measure was able to pacify the revolutionary workers of Saint-Gervais, crowds of whom were already marching through the streets and shouting " A ux armes'" The attitude of the workers in the course of the week that followed was so menacing that the bourgeois preferred not to vote at ,tIl ralher than provoke a revolution with the inevitable scenes qf horror of which there had already been warning, especially since the Government threatened to resign if the reactionary candidates were once more elected . The radicals meanwhile altered their list of candidates, to which they added some more moderate names, made up for lost canvassing time, and obtained 5,000 to 5,500 votes in the new elections, tlIat is almost a thousand more than the reactionaries had received in the previous round. The three reactionary candidates obtained hardly any votes; General Dufour, who received the highest number, managed to poll 1 ,500 votes . Elections to the Great Council were held a week later . The city elected 44 radicals, and the countryside, which had to elect 46 councillors, returned almost exclusively reactionaries. The Revue de Geneve is still arguing with the bou rgeois newspapers as to whether all 46 are reactionary or half a dozen of them will vote for the radical Government. We shall Soon know. The confusion in Geneva may increase; for if the Govern ment, which is here elected directly by the people, is forced to resign, then during the new elections the same thing might easily happen as during the second elections to the National Council, and a :adlcal government could be confronted with a reactionary majority III the Great C:ouncil. It is moreover certain that the workers of ,
•
•
12
The New Institutions..
Articles from the Neue Rheinische Zeil1lng
Geneva are only waitin� for an opportunity to safeguard the threatened gains of 847 2 by a new revolution. On the whole,s6mpared with the early forties, Switzerland has made considerable progress. This is nowhere so striking as among the working class. Whereas the old spirit of parochial narrow-min dedness and pedantry still holds almost undivided sway among the bourgeoisie and especially in the old patrician families, or has, at best, assumed more modern form.s, the Swiss workers have developed to a remarkable degree. Formerly, they kept aloof from the Germans and displayed the most absurd "free Swiss" national arrogance, complained about the "foreign rogues" and showed no interest whatever in the contemporary movement. Now this has changed . Ever since working conditions have deteriorated, ever since Switzerland has been democratised, and especially since the minor riots have given place to European revolutions and battles such as those waged in Paris in June and in Vienna in October"-ever since then the Swiss workers have participated more and more in the political and socialist movements, have fraternised with the foreign workers, especially the German workers, and have abandoned their "free Swiss attitude" . In the French part of Switzerland and in many of its German d istricts, Germans and German Swiss are members of the same workers' association on an equal footing, and associations consisting mainly of Swiss workers have decided to join the proposed organisation of German democratic associations which has partly come into being. Whereas the extreme radicals of official Switzer land dream at best of a Helvetian republic, 14 one and indivisible, Swiss workers often express the view that the whole of little Switzerland's independence will soon perish in the impending European storm. And this is said quite calmly and indifferently, without a word of regret, by these proletarian traitors! All the Swiss I h ave met expressed great sympathy for the Viennese, but among the workers it amounted to real fanaticism. No one speaks about the National Council, the Council of States, the riot of the priests in Freiburg,15 but Vienna was on everybody's lips all day long. One would think that Vienna were again the capital of Switzerland as it was in the days before William Tell, that Switzerland belonged again to A ustria. Hundreds of rumours were bruited about, debated, called in question, believed, refuted, and all possible aspects were thoroughly discussed . And when, at last, the news of the defeat of the heroic Viennese workers and students and of Windischgratz's su perior strength and barbarity was definitely confirmed, the effect on these Swiss workers was as though their own fate had been decided in Vienna and their own country had succumbed. Though
/
Progress in Switzerland
13
--
ng g :ou �d ini ga ly ad ste is it e, on � l rsa ive un t a ye t no is g lin this fee eady eXIsts In alr It t tha t fac the d an , at ari let pro iss Sw the , ' . a m ong nd , a tremend ou s rla Itze SW lIke y ntr cou . a for is, ies alit loc y ma n advance. written by Engels on November 9, 1 848 First published
in
the
Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 143, November 1 5 . 1848
Printed according to the newspaper
•
14
Counter-Revolution in Berlin
15
dissolved the Long Parliamen� and the French people i the person of Bonaparte dissolved the Corps legislatif But the Long Parliament had long ago become a Rump, and the Corps legislatif a
o f Cromwell •
COUNTER-REVOLUTION' I N BERLINI6
rorpse.
Are the
kings more fortunate than the peoples in their revolts a!,:ainst legislative assemblies? Charles I, James II, Louis XVI and Charles X are hardly promising
•
ancestral examples. There are luckier ancestors in Spain and Italy however. And rerentlv in Vienna? But one must not forget that a Congress of Nations was in session in Vienna and that the representatives of the Slavs, except for the Poles, went over to the imperial camp with bands playing.21 The struggle of the camarilla in Vienna against the Imperial Diet was at the same time a struggle of the Slav Diet against the German Diet . It was not Slavs, however, who seceded in the Berlin Assembly, it was only slaves, and slaves do not constitute a party; at best they are Lamp-followers of a party, The members of the Right who left the Berlin Assembly22 have not strengthened the enemy camp, they have infected it with a fatal malady-with trea.mn. The Slav party Wa.1 victorious in Austria together with the camarilla. It will now fight the camarilla over the spoils. If the Berlin camarilla is victorious it will not have to share the victory with the Right or to defend it against the Right; the Right \Vill be given a tip--and kicks. The Prussian Crown is within its rights in confronting the Assembly as an absolute Crown. But the Assembly is in the wrong because it does not conhont the Crown as an absolute assembly. To hegin with it .�hould have had the Ministers arrested as traitors, traitors to the sovereignty of the people. It should have proscribed and outlawed all officials who obey orders others than those of the Assembly. But the political weakness characterising the actions of the N ational Assembly in Berlin.. may become a source of civic strength in the ,
[Neue Rheinische Zeitun/f 1\0.
1 4 1 , November 12 , 1 848]
c. 0l?gne, Novem ?er 1 1 . Th e Pfuel Ministry was a " misunderstand_ . .t�g ; Its real m ea nI ng IS th e Brandenb urg Ministry. T he Pf ue l M in ist r "a s th e table of contents, the Brandenburg Ministry is the ontent itsel r . Brandenburg In the A sse mbly and the A sse c
m bly in Br andenburg 1 7
Thus runs the epitaph Qf the House of Brandenburg. a
•
. � he Empero� Ch �rles V was ad m ired because buned whIle still ahve 1 8 To have a bad joke en he had hi m se lf tombstone IS to go one better than the Emperor Chgraved on one's arles V an d h'IS penal system, hi s criminal code 19
�
�
Br a�denburg in t e Assembly a d the Assembly in Brandenburg! A King
of PrussIa once pu t in an appearance in the A .[hat was no ssembl ' t t.he real Brandenburg. The Ma['quis of Brande u[ "�1O appeared. In the Assembly the day before yesterday was thnb e rea1 KIng of Prussia. The guardroom in the A sse m bly, the A sse m bly in the guardroom-th at m ea ns : Brandenburg in the Assembly, the Assembly in Brandenburg! . , Or " til th e A ssembly In Brandenburg Be rl in , as is .situa v/ el own is ted th e Province -o f Brandenburg-be master l kn .. of �he . B�andenburg In the A ssembly? Will Bran denburg seek th e protection of t e Assembly as a Capet once did in another Ass embly ,20 -
III
IS �� e� presslOn ":Ith many meanings, ambiguous an d \\.e kn ow , It. [S much easle : for th e peoples to copeportentous� with kings th �n mth legtslatwe assem?ltes. HIstory gives us a wh ol e lis e, ol ts of th e pe� ple agamsl national assemblies. It kn t of abortive : ows only two Important exceptIOns to this rule. The English people in the person .
Brandenb rg in the Assembly an d the Assembly in Br�ndenbur � .
a This refers to the Hohenz ollerns' Brandenburg in 14 1 7.-Ed.
WI]O
becamc h ered'Ita ' margraves .... ... .....
f
0
provinces.
The bourgeoisie would have liked so much to transform the feudal monarchy into a bourgeois monarchy in an amicable wa y . After depriving the feudal party of armorial bearings and titles, which are offensive t o its civic pride, and of the dues appertaining to feudal property, which violate the bourgeois mode of appropriation, the bourgeoisie would have liked so much to unite with the feudal party and together with it enslave the people. But the old bureaucracy does not want to be reduced to the status of a servant of a bourgeoisie for whom, until now, it has been a despotic tutor. The feudal party does not want to see its marks of distinction and interests burnt at the altar of the
-
16
7
Cuunter-Revolution in Berlin
Articles from the Neue Rheinische Zeitung -
bo� rgeoisie. Finally, the Crown sees in the elements of the old feudal soc �ety-a society of which it i� the crowning excrescence-its true, . natI�e socI�1 gro�nd, whe :eas It regards the bourgeoisie as an alien, . . artIfICIal SOlI whIch bears It only under the condition that it withers , away. ' into a sober Th � bourgeoisie turns the intoxicating the rule of blood into the rule of aper, the royal sun into a CIVIC astral lamp, Royal�y, therefo :e, was not taken iiI by the ourgeoisie: Its reply to the par,tIal revolutIon of the bou �g�oisie was full-fledged counter revolutIon. It drove the bourgeOISIe once more into the by crying out to it:
"grace of God"
lr:g?l tttle,
arms of the revol�twn, of the people, Bra,!,denb��g ,in the Assembly and the Assembly in Brandenburg.
WhIle adm�tt�ng that we d<.> not expect the bourgeoisie to answer in a manner befIttmg the occasIOn, we must not omit to remark on the other hand, that in its rebellion against the National Asse bly the Crown, too, res<.>rts to hypocritical half measures and hides its head . under, t �e constltu�onal veil at the very moment when it tries to cast' off thIs Irksome veIl, him the ma es the , for hIS The Berlin counter-revolution is carned out by order of the German Central Authority. Brandenburg orders Frankfurt to giv: him this order. It denies its sovereignty at the very moment when It wants to establish it. Herr Bassermann of . course eagerly seIzed the opportunity to play the servant as master' But he has the satisfaction that the master in his turn plays the servant, Whatever the outcome in Berlin may be, the is: either the , or the people-and the people will be victorious with the cry
�
Branden?urg � German Central Authority" give order coup d etat, The regiments of the guards marched into Berlin by o-:der of the Central Authonty,
dilemma Ktng Brandenburg in the Assembly and the Assembly in Brandenburg,
'
We may have to go through a h anLschool, but it is the preparatory school for a complete revolution. [Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 1 4 1 , November
12, 1848,
second edition]
Nov�mber 1 1 . The is describing a circle" It started In I taly and assumed a European character in Paris; , th,e fIr�t repercussIOn of the February revolution took place in . . Vle �na, the repercussIOn of the VIennese revolution followed in BerlIn; �uropean struck its first blow in Italy, in . Paris in June; the first Naples,. It. assumed a European character In repercussIon of the June counter-revolution followed in Vienna; it
Cowgne, ,
European revolution
counter-revolution
elf in Berlin. its s dit cre dis d an se clo a to es com
The crowing of the ' e! rop Eu se rou ain ag ce on ll wi ris Pa in k coc c lli Ga , ute rep dis to in elf its ing ng bri is n tio ol� ev r-r nte co� the n rli Be Bu t in n. tio l� vo -re ter �n co en ev n, rli Be in ble uta rep dis es om bec g Everythin st the ain ag hy rc na mo e th th wi ed 5 gu lea e ar 2 ni ro In Naple , s th e lazza
bou rgeOlsle. g place. kin ta is ry sto hi in n ow kn er ev gle ug str t tes th e grea In e working th st ain ag e th th wi ed gu lea is The bourgeoisie class. lities who imagine that na tio na of m ar sw e ol wh a ve ha we 1n ion. In addi at cip an em em th g in br ll wi n tio lp vo -re the counter e workers and the th st ain ag ie ois ge ur bo e th of ite sp et cr se tion-the '6; finally, attack elf its tia ili m ic civ e th in th wi ife str ; on gi Le Academic by th: �ourt. k ac att e th � fo xt ete pr a ng lyi pp su le op pe by the The bourgeoIsIe and th e her. ot e th on s nt ea rg -se ill dr e th d an e sid e people are on on ad, no heart, he no ve ha o wh en m o tw and sis of this he tit an e th is ch su ios ch sta mu t bu g in th no opinions, no y. bl m se As l na tio Na e ut ol es irr d, te na io in op querulous, selfa_is all that is e ch sta ou m a , ox an s, as an of at th en ev Will-be it arch revolu tion. M e th of rs ble um gr d ille -w ak we e th kle tac needed to as has And the in th e monarchy and tells seeks ou t th e brain. Bu t of s ain gr w fe a d ha ll sti l ue Pf these lions: hieve ac h rc Ma e th of rs ble um gr e th en ev s ke ma ments flinch. .
Paris
lazzaroni
Vienna
Noth ing like that is happening in Berlin. Brandenburg, Wrangel a_
Prussian Court, which just little will as the National two most stupid men Assembly, represent will. absolute stupidity "With stupidity the gods themselves struggle in vain".
"
exclaim s th e perplexed National Assembly. heads wh o can ck blo ese th , gs ur nb de an Br d an els ng ra W ese Th ey want what because they have no will of their own, because th orders they the ion est qu to pid stu too are o wh d an they are they, too, slip g lin mb tre d an ice vo ing ter fal a th wi are given themselves because they do not get down to are good for. the only job these ly a on s ise gn co re he at th ing ess nf co d on bey go t does no son in les a en giv rs. de or s ey ob t tha bly National Assem amber parliamentary behaviour, and after having shocked the Ch ill-sergeant, he dr a to te ria op pr ap n go jar e lsiv pu re e, ud cr with his
want
ordered,
discredit Wrangel
a
b
skull-cracking,
-battering-rams
Brandenburgis
In the original Schnurrbart in both cases.- Ed. Schiller, Die Jungfrau von Orleans, Act Ill, Scene 6.-Ed.
18
Articles from the
•
allows the "tyrant to be tyrannised" and carries out the orders of the National Assembly by humbly begging for permission to speak, though he had just attempted to take this right:? hwr rather be a tick in a sheep Than such a valiant ignorance. ,;3 "/
Berlin's calm attitude delights US; · the ideals of the Prussian drill-sergeants prove t,lnavailing against it. But the National Assembly? Why does it not pronounce t� mile hors de IoN Why does it not outlaw the' WrangeIs? Why does not one of the deputies step into the midst of Wrangel's bayonets to outlaw him and address the soldiers? Let the Berlin National Assembly leaf through the Moniteur, the Moniteur for 1 789-95 . And what should we do at the present time? We should refuse to pay taxes. A Wrangel and a Brandenburg understand-for these creatures learn Arabic from the Hygh lans2"-that they wear a sword and get a uniform and a salary. But where the sword, the uniform and the salary come from-that they do not understand. There is only one means of defeating the monarchy, and that is to do it before the advent 0l the anti-June revolution, which will take place in Paris in December. 9 The monarchy defies not only the people, but the bourgeoisie as well. Defeat it therefore in a bourgeois manner. And how can one defeat the monarchy in a bourgeois manner? B y starving it out. And how can one starve it out? By refusing to pay taxes. Consider it well. All the princes of Prussia, all the Brandenburgs and Wrangeis produce no bread for the army. It is you who produce even the bread for the army. _
.
decision adopted in the shooting-gallery declares Brandenburg a traitor. The text, as received from our Berlin correspondent (who signs his articles G ) is contained in our special editioI? issue.d this morning, but it is not mentioned in the report pubh shed the K iilnische Zeitung.· However, we have just received letter from a member of the National Assembly which quote word for word: A
,
III
a
vIe
"The National intro duc ing this
Assembly has unanimously (242 members) declared that by
civic militia) Brandenburg has committed high treason, and any person who actively or passively c()-()perates in the implementation of this measure is to be regarded as a traitor." 3 1 measure (dissolution of the
trustworthiness is well known. or, the Since the National Assembly has declared Brandenburg a traitpaid to obligation to pay taxes ceas es automaticall y. No taxes are to be government guilty of high treason. Tomorrow -we shall mf? r� our � r.eaders in greater detail how in England, th� oldest c:onsbtuU�n country, a refusal to pay taxes operated dunn g a SimIla r confhct. Incidentally, the traitorous Government itself has shown the people the right way when it immediately refused to pay taxes (allowances etc.) to the National Assembly in order to starve it out. The aforementioned deputy writes further: Dumont's
a
"The
civic militia wi))
not
hand over its arms."
A fight therefore seems inevitable,
Province to hasten
and it is the
1848
\'\Tritten by Marx on November I I and
13.
Printed according to the newspaper
published in the Neue Rheinische Zeitullg Nos. 1 4 1 , 141 (second edition) and 142, November 1 2 and 1 4, 1 848 First
November 1 3. Just as once the French National Assembly, on finding its official meeting place closed, had to continue its session in the tennis-court, so now the Prussian National Assembly has to meet in the shooting-gallery.'o Cologne,
b
Shakespeare, Troilus Outlawing.- f;d.
and Cressida. Act
nl, Scene
! the R!'ine
duty o
to the assistance of the Berlm National Assembly with men and weapons.
[ Neue Rlu?inische Zeitung No. 142, November 14. 1 84R]
•
19
i Berlin
Coul1ter-Re,,'olution n
Neue Rheinische Zeitung
3.-Ed. •
On November 12, 1 848 (special supplemcnt).-Rd.
20
Decision of the Berlin National Assembly
21
•
[DECISION OF THE BERLIN NATIONAL ASSEMBLy]33 •
•
Berlin,
November I I , 7.45 p.m .
About 6 o'clock news came that Rimpler had been ordered to hand over aU arms of the civic militia by 4 o'dock tomorrow. In the meantime the AssembJy had adopted the following decision:
That General B randenburg is guilty of high treason; 2) that the civic militia shall not give up its arms and, if necessary, shall repel force by force; 3) that any officer who gives the order to fire against citizens shall be charged with high treason.-In addition, a commission was appointed to discuss the question of tax refusal. 1)
tax refusaL
At its morning sitting the Assembly had already appointed a commission
to discuss
When the National Assembly reached the playhouse, they found the entrance barred. Inside a company of soldiers was bivouacking. Their captain refused to allow Herr von Unruh to enter. The National Assembly then proceeded from there to the assembly haH. where they were likewise rting-gallery in Lindenstrasse. On ·Monday it will move into the Kollnische Rathaus. 34 From what I hear, the Stock Exchange has offered credit and the city councillors are willing to guarantee the deputies' allowances. Several deputations from Sp�ndau. �agdeburg and Pomerania have arrived here to acknowledge the authority of the Assembly. . During the course of the day a "proclamation" of the King was published, countersigned by the Ministers. This proclamation, which is reminiscent of similar proclamations by Dom Miguel, seeks to justify the prorogation of the National Assembly. A second royal decree disbands the civic militia; and a third appoints Rintelen, chief presiding judge of the Court of Appeal at Naumburg, to be Minister of Justice.a a
Neue Rheinische Zeitung
No. 142, l'.'ovember 14, 1848.-Ed.
The royal Supreme Court, asked by Herr Bornemann whether the Crown bad the right to prorogue, to transfer or to close down the National Assembly convened here in the Dame of the whole country, replied with a unanimous "No!"
In Berlin the Tumour was circulating that at Breslau. the troops have been driven out of the town and Brandenburg's hotel destroyed. We cannot give credence to this rumour, for a letter which has just reached us from Breslau. dated 1 o'clock in the morning of November 1 1 , contains no mention of this. The main co tents of this letter are as follows: At its sitting 0 ovember 1 0 the Central Committee of the civic militia decided to request that the ity Council (and the City Councillors) take steps fo� the immediate general armin of all men capable of bearing arms and declare that it will recognise and protect the National Assembly unde-I" all circumstances and acknowledge it as the only seat of government. The Oberpriisidenta declared to a deputation sent to meet him that he would not go beyond the law, but that he would never undertake any action against the National Assembly, nor lend his hand to such action. He would resign from office immediately if he was asked to do anything contrary to the law. He did not recognise the necessity for prorogation of the National Assembly. The Chief of Police,b who was also present, gave his support to these declarations. He did not recognise any right to dissolve the Chamber and would immediately resign from office if anything of the sort were to happen. The Central Committee of the Breslau civic militia has declared itself a permanent body.
Since the National Assembly has declared Prime Minister Brandenburg guilty of high treason, the obligation to pay taxes automatically ceases, for it would be impermissible to support his treasonable administration with t axes There fore, to pay taxes is .-
now tantamount to high treason and refusal to pay taxes is the primary duty of the citizen. Written by Marx on November I I , 1848
nr" published in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung 141 (special edition). No. November 12, 1848
a
b
Eichmann.- Ed. Minutoli.- Ed.
Printed according to the newspaper Published in English for the first time
,
23
22
[SITTING OF
THE SWISS CH A M BERS]
[CAVAIGNAC AND THE JUNE REVOLUTION]3
7
•
•
•
Louis Napoleon, the "little constable" .s ; he is likeable in his attacks on Cavaignac, the warrior hero of M. Marrast. Since November 7 he has been publishing in consecutive issues a philippic against the hero ofthe EuTOpean bourgeoisie, which has fallen in love with his Arabian nightcap. '9 Perfidious as this bourgeoisie is, it has sacrificed him to the Sipehsalar' Jellachich, who is now the lion of the European hucksters. We give our readers in full the acte d'accusation made by La Presse. In contrast to all European newspapers of great or small format, we have conceived the June revolution in a way that history has confirmed.b We insist on coming back from time to time to its chief factors and- chief dramatis personae, since the June revolution is the centre around which the European revolution and counter-revolution revolve.' The distance from the June revolution, as we stated at the time when it was taking place, marked the zenith of counter revolution, which had to make its tour of Europe. The return to the June revolution is the real beginning of the European revolution. Therefore, back to Cavaignac, to the inventor of the state of siege.
E. Girardin is pitiable in his apologia for the i mperialistic cretin
Berne, November 1 2. I n the sittings held so far, the two Swiss
Chambers have not yet debated any of the more i mportant questions. Last week the main business was the constituting of the two Councils; the debate On the publication of proceedings (which, as is known, has been dropped for the present without any conclusion . being reached) ; the recall of deputies elected with reservations regarding the new Constitution.35 During yesterday ' S sitting the oath for the federal authorities was finalised and the salaries of the Federal Council fixed (6,000 Swiss francs for the President, 5,000 for each of the councillors, and 4,000 and free residence for the Chancellor). I t will now no longer be possible to delay the choice of the federal capital and the appointment of the }'ederal Council. I n
addition the Vororta yesterday informed both Councils of the measures taken with regard to Tessin.'6 Tessiners have appealed against the Vorort to the new federal authorities; however, it is not to be expected that the latter will modify or revoke altogether the decisions taken by their predecessors. -
Written by Engels on Nove.mher 1 2, 1848 First published in the Neue Rheinische Zeilung No. 147 (second edition), November 1 9, 1848
Printed according to the newspaper
Published in English for th e first tIme
Written by Marx on November 13, 1 848
Prinled according to the newspaper
First published in tbe Neue Rheinische Zeitung ;\[0. 142 (second edition). November 14. 1 848
Publisbed in English for tbe first orne
a Supreme commander.-Ed. Sec Karl Marx, "The June Revolution" (present edition, Vol 7, pp. 14449)._ Ed. t: See Karl Marx, "The Victory of the Counter-Revulution in Vienna" (present edition. Vol. 7. pp. 503-06).- Ed.
b
a
Bernc.-Ed.
.
24
25
APPEAL OF THE DEMOCRATIC DISTRICT COMMITTEE OF T H E RHINE PROVINCE40
IMPEACHMENT OF THE GOVERNMENT41
,
•
APPEAL
Cologne, November 14. The Rhenish District Committee of Democrats calls upon all democratic associations in the Rhine Province immediately to convene their associations and organise everywhere in the neighbourhood popular meetings in order to encourage the entire population of the Rhine Province to refuse to pay taxes, since this is the most effective means to oppose the arbitrary acts committed by the Government against the assembly of Prussian people ' s representatives. It is necessary to advise against any violent resistance in tbe case of taxes collected under a writ of execution, but it can be recommended that at public sales people should refrain from bidding. In order to agree on further ./TIeasures, the District Committee is of the opinion that a congress of deputies from all associations should be held, and h erewith invites them to meet on Thursday, November 23, at 9 a.m. (in the Eiser Hall, Komodienstrasse). Cologne, November
1 4, 1 848 For the District Committee Karl Marx
Written by Marx on 1\�ovember 14, 1848 First puhli"hed in the Neue Rheinische 7.eit1Lng No. 143, November I S , 1 848
Schneider
II
Printed according to the newspaper
The city of Brandenburg refuses to have anything to do with the. Brandenburg Ministry and sends an address of thanks to the National Assembly. . In its addresses the whole country recogmses only the govern ment of the National Assembly. The Ministry has comntitted a further act of high treason by defying the Habeas Corpus Act42 and proclaiming a state of siege without the assent of the National Assembly and by expelling the National Assembly itself from the shooting-gallery at the point of the bayonet. The National Assembly has its seat m the people and not m the confines of this or that heap of stones. If it is driven out of Berlin t will meet elsewhere, in Breslau, Cologne, or any other place It thinks fit. It has declared this in the decision it adopted on the .
•
�
13th! The Berliners scoff at the state of siege and will not allow themselves to be in any way restrained by it. Nobody is handing over his arms. Armed men from various parts of the country are hurrying to the assistance of the National Assembly. The guards refuse to obey orders. More and more soldiers are fraternising with the people. Silesia and Thuringia are in full revolt. We, however, appeal to you, citizens send money to the democratic Central Committee in Berlin. But pay no taxes to the counter-revolutionary Government. The National Assembly has a
This decision was adopted at the evening silting uf November 12, 1848.- Ed.
\
26
Ertra-
Articles from the 1\Teue Rheinuche Zeitung
declared that refusal to pay taxes is justified in law. It has not yet adopted a decision on this out of consideration for the officials. A starvation diet will make these officials realise the power of the citizenry and will make them also good citizens. Starve the enemy and refuse to pay taxes! Nothing is sillier than to supply a traitorou s government with the means to fight the nation, and the me«ns o f all means is money. Written by Marx on N ovembe r 15, 1 848
First published in th e Neue Rheintiche Zeitung :-.10. 143 (special edition), Novemher 1 5, 1848
Printed according to the newspaper
•
9R i t l ftl o cb. b t l 1 5. 9I t Hlt m btr.
�tlB !llinifttrium ift in .n!(4gc=
�uftanb utrft,t.
•
�e �tdbt !!3rdnbenIJul'g .iU niebt' IDlfffn bon btm ahai< ftrr.um !!3rdnbrnIJurg unb fetidt eine �Clnf.tlbl'efft can btt 9ldt iondlbrl'fdm mlung. �d' gdnJr t?dnb rrfrnnt in ftinen "bl'effrn nul' btt lII'" 0itrUn9 brr dn. �di Slll inifterium ntutn (9rgtnfdGt �u brm dotruno.�uftdnb 9ldtiondlbrrfammluDg btn eben unb bit 9ldtiondlbrrfdmmlung ftlbf\ mit dUt btm �d)u�rn"duff bertriebrn bdt. :nit 9'lationa(�trfamm(ung �at i�rtn ei� im [lo[ft, nief)t in btm Um· frti� t>it\tr ot>tr jtntr ettin� lMI ftn [lrrtTtibt man fit aus !8tr[in, fo lIIirb fit in tintm an'Otrn Ortt tagtit, in !8rts[au, i"6[n ot>rr 1110 r� i�r gutblinft. elt �at in ibm eibun� I)om 13. bief!n !8rfd;l[uj gtfajt. :t:lit !8trlintr moqumn fief) Iibrr tltn !8t1agtrungg�uftanb unb laffrn fief) in ftintr mtift buref) tltnfrlbtn rinfcf)ranfm. 9litmanb htftrt bit !l9affen abo [Ion I)rrfef)irbtntn @tgrnbtn finb !8tlllaffnttt M Inational·[ltrfamm. lung �ur $.)lilft gttilt. J1)it lIDart>tn DtrlDtigrrn brn IIDtborfam. J1)it .eoillot,n fratnniCir'R immn
Habeas-Co�'l-Act .
. mtbr mit 'Orm lJolkr. .etbltCitn lInil .�iiringrn lint> in 1I0Unn ::auf.toRb,.
!IDir Ab.r . !Burg.r. rufm t.d) IU: 6cbiift (!Iolb bna b....fr.lifdJ<. 1l••t..l.ulr� had) !!I...li.. J4�lt bAsrg.n frin. Sttu...n •• �it '.ntr......luti.nirt !R.glrru.g. tli. m.tio••I. !8rrfo.. mlung "'" rrflort. b._ blr Stcu.....rigu.ng ... r.dlthd) !>cera.bt! frio eo. '.1 fl• • od) nid)! brfd)I.Il" • •� !JIiuffld)t fur b". !It...tm. :{lit ......... ",i,D Ditj( !l••mte bit !m.d)t br. !Bilrg...� f,n." 1.\Jr" . u.b r" frlbtl IU gul,. !!IUrgrr. lIad)m. , t,. .fl.ng.r! D.n \Jrtno aue u.b orrJl)(igrrt Di. etrurrn ! mid)tl 1bbt',d!lrr all fi.rr ,,,,,'O ra'l)rr,r
!mittrl
iii
-
6l
m...mbrr !mittAgl halb ilJ � � f . .. · I .. n g
.fl••t. !ll1 ittruodl
Den
15.
I
u�,
brr eanb"'t�rmannrr unb 'Rtfrruiftrn aUtr \IDaffrngattungrn rinfcf)litjlicf) . bertn Dffi�jtrt im Ififr r'fcf)tn eaalf.
------1n. �.hA;., t:1.�"�fI�.� _
Special edition of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung with of the Government"
!). !D.
•
Il l ••• •,11" _ II.
\farx's article
"Impeachment
\
,
29 ,
STATEMENT •
•
Cologne, November 1 6. The Kiilnische Zeitung in its issue of November 1 6 draws a wholty invented connection between the
" Appeal of the Rhenish District Committee of Democrats'" and an "Assurance" about the refusal to pay taxes4S alleged to have been sent to the provinces by the extreme Left of the Prussian National Assembly. Nothing is known to the undersigned of a news report spread by members of the extreme Left concerning a refusal to pay taxes already decided on by the National Assembly.
Karl Marx
\ Schneider II \
Written by Marx on November 1 6, 1848
Printed according to the newspaper
First published in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung No . 145, November 17. 1 848 .
Published i n English for the first time
a
See this volume, p. 24 .-- Ed.
•
30
31
Confessions of a Noble Sou]
�
For an official news-sheet, the Neue Preus� che Zeitu�g is too n aively . frank. It tells the various parties too exphCltly what IS locked In the files o f the Santa Casa.46 In the Middle Ag.es, people used to open VlTgII at random III order to prophesy . I n the Prussian Brumaire o f 1 848, people open the .Yeue Preu.uische Zeitung to save themselves the trouble o f pro �hesy " iog. We shall give some new examples. What has the camanlla In
CONFESSIONS O F A NOBLE SOUL"
•
store for the
Listen ! No.
1 15
.
.
•
Catholics?
o f the
Neue Preussische Zeitung
states:
�
untrue that the state" (namely the royal Prussian state, the sta�c o the -\rm '.... Reserve Cross i n its pre-March period) " has assumed a nan'.ow denOl;UJnatlon� . h ter and has guitkd religious affair, from this one·sided standpomt. AdmIttedly this ;'It is
equally
�e;:�ch,
Cologne,
November 16. We predicted to the Right what would await them i f the camarilla was victorious-a tip and kicks.b We were mistaken. The struggle has not yet been decided, but they are already being given kicks by their chiefs, without receiving any tip. The Neue Preussische Zeitung, Dame of the Army Reserve Cross "with God for King and Fatherland " , the official organ of those now in power, states i n one of its recent issues that the deputies Zweiffel (Chief Public Prosecutor in' Cologne) and Schlink (Counsellor of the revolu Court of Appeal i n Cologne) arc-let the reader g uess tionary stomachs " fMagenJ (the Neue Preussische Zeitung writes " Miigen" C ). I t speaks of these gentlemen's " inexpressible emptiness of thought and absence of thought" . I t finds even " R obespierre's fantasies" far su perior to the ideas of these " gentlemen of the central section . A vis . a" Mes.�ieurs Zweiffel et Schlink! In the same issue o f this newspaper Pinto-Hansemann44 i s declared to be a " leader of the extreme Left ": and according to the same newspaper there is only one remedy for leaders of the extreme Left-summary justice-the rope. Avis ii M. Pinto-Hansemann, ex -"
"
Minister of action and of the constabulary."
a This is th e title of the sixth book of Goethe's novel U'iUulm Aleisters Ll'hr,ahrp.- Ed. b See this volume, p. 1 5.- Ed. C "De r Bericht del' Zentralabt.e ilun g libel' Kirche unci Sch ule ", Neue Preussische Zeitung No . 1 1 5 (supple me nt). :-':ovember 1 I , 1 848 .- Ed. d , Take notlCe ' .- Ed. t' In the leading artide of rhe ""leu e Preus.s ische Zeitung �o. 1 1 5, I'\ovember 1 J , 184 8.- Ed.
truet would be an expression of definite praise. But It 1..S untrue; for it is well knovm th at our Government has expressly abandoned the old and good standpojnt of an evangelical government. " if it
were
It is well known that Frederick William III made religion a branch of military di�cipline and had dissenters" thrashed by the police . It is . well known that Frederick William LV, as one of the twelve minor prophets, wanted through the agency of the Eichhorn-Bodel.lchw.mgh Ladenberg Ministry to convert th.e people and men of SCience forcibly to the religion of B unsen. It I S well known that even under the . Camphausen Ministry the Poles were Just as much plundered, scorched and clubbed because they were Poles as because th ey were . . Catholics. The Pomeranians always made a point of thru.�tmg thetr bayonets through images of the Virgin Mary in Poland and hangmg. Catholic priests. . The persecution of dissenting Protestants under Fredenck William
\
III and
Frederick William IV is
equally well known. The former immured in fortresses the Protestant pastors who repudiated the ritual and dogmas that he himself had invented. H e was a great inventor o f soldiers' uniforms and rituals. And the latter? The Eichhorn Ministry? It suffices to mentIOn the name of the Eichhorn Ministry .
But all that was a mere nothing! "Our Government had expressly abandoned the old and good . standpoint of an evangelical government." Awalt therefore the resl oration of Brandenburg-Manteuffel, you Catholics of the Rhine Province and Westphalia and Silesi� ! Previ<:,usl you were pUnIshed � wit h rods, you will be scourged WIth scorpwnI. You w,ll get to know " expressly the old and good standpoint of an evange1"I ea1 govern ment" .I ,
Paraph rased words of Rehoboam . King of Judah . See 1 Kings 1 2 : I I .-J<:d.
\
32
•
Articles from the Neue Rheinische Zeitung
And as for the Jews, who since the emancipation of their sect have everywhere put themselves, at least i n the person of their eminent representatives, at the head of the counter-revolution-what awaits them? There has been no waiting for victory in order to throw them back into their ghetto. .
I n Bromberg the Government is renewing the old restrictions on freedom of movement and thus robbing the Jews of one of the first of Rights of Man of 1 789, the right to move freely from one place to
another. That is "one" aspect of the government of voluble Frederick William IV under the auspices of Brandenburg-Manteuffel-Ladenberg. In its issue of November 1 1 " the Neue Preussische Zeitung threw out well-being as bait to the "liberal-constitutional party" . But it was already shaking its head doubtfully over the constitutionalists.
"For the time being at any rate, our constitutionalists are still exceedingly shy of admitting, when together in their clubs or in their public. press, that they are reacti01UJ,nes. " However, it adds soothingly and pertinently : "Every single one" (of the liberal-constitutionalists) " has long ago ceased to conceal that at the present time there is no salvation except in legal reaction,"
that is to say, in making the law reactionary or reaction legal, elevating reaction to the level of law. In its issue of November lSI, the Neue Preussische Zeit'!lng already makes short work of the " constitutionalists" who want reaction elevated to the level of law, but are opposed to the Brandenburg Manteuffel Ministry because it wants counter-revolution sans phrase.c "The ordinary constitutw1U.llists," it says, "must be left to their fate." Captured together! Hanged together! For the information of the ordinary constitutionalists!
And wherein lies the extraordinary constitutionalism of Frederick William IV under the auspices of Brandenburg-Manteuffel Ladenberg? The official government organ, the Dame of the Army Reserve Cross with God for King and Fatherland, betrays the secrets of extraordinary constitutionalism. a
..
Aus Breslau, den 8. November". Neue Preus.sische Zeitung No.
I I . I 848 .-Ed.
1 1 5,
Nove . mber
b "Ob Konigtum, ob Republik", Neue Preussische Zeitung No. 1 1 8, November 1 5 ,
1 848.-Ed. C
Without mincing the matter.-Ed.
33
Confessions of a Noble·Soul
The "simp lest, most straightforward and least dangero�s ,, place er anoth to bly the Assem ve remo "to is rcme dy" , of course . from a capital to a guardroom , from Berlm to. Brandenburg . However, this removal is, as the Neue Preuss1.lche Zettung revea ls, �
.
only an "attempt".
attempt must be made, " it says. "to see whether the Assembly Iry removal to anothe:: pwce regains internal freedom along with the re-achievement of external freedom of movement. "The
f
In Brandenburg the Assembly will be exte,:� lly ree. It wi�1 no longer be under the influence of the blouses, It WIll only stIlI be under the influence of the sabres of moustached cavalry men. But what about internal freedom? . . Will the Assembly in Brandenburg free itself from the p rejudlces . and reprehensible revolutionary sentiments of the mneteenth century? Will its soul be free enough to proclaim once more as offuwl articles of faith feudal hunting ril? hts all the musty lumb� r of fO�I er ? : . . feudal burdens, social estate d,stmctlons, censorshIp, tax mequahttes, . aristocracy, absolute monarchy and t e eath penalty, f� r whIch Frederick William IV is so enthUSIaStic, the plundermg and squandering of national labour by
� ?
"the pale canaille who are looked upon as faith, love and hope" b
�
by starved country junkers, guard lieutenants .and personificatio,:,s of good conduct records? Will the National ssembly even m Brandenburg be internally free enough to proclaIm once more all these items o f the old wretchedness to be official articles of fazth? It is known that the counter-revolutionary party put forw ard th� . � constitutional watch ord: " Completion of the work on the Consttt�tI?nl The organ of the Brandenburg-Manteuffel-Ladenberg Mmlstry scorns to wear this mask any longer.
"The state of affairs," the official organ admits, "has reached a point at which even the long desired completi.on of the work on the Constitution can ,,!,O longer help '!L.�: For who can an)! longer conceal from himself that a legal document whlCh has been dICtated to the �e-"plc" representatives, paragraph by paragraph, under threat of the wheel and the gallows, and which has been wrung from the Crown by these .same represen �attv.es.' Wl.it �e . �·o"'/,.'jidered binding only as long as the most direct compul.swn IS capable of mamta'tmng tt m
force. "
Therefore to abolish once again, paragraph try paragraph, the meagre righ;s of the people achieved �h :ough the Natio�al Assembly in Berlin-such is the task of the l\atlOnal Assembly III Branden burg! a That is workers.-Ed. b H einrich Heine, Deutschland. Ein Wintermiirchen, Caput VIlL- Ed.
34
35
Articles from the Neue Rheinische Zeitung
·If it docs not completely restore the old lumber, paragraph lry paragraph, that just proves that while it is true that it has regained "external freedom of movement" in Brandenburg, it has not regained internal freedom as claimed by Potsdam . 49 And how should the Government act against the spiritual obduracy, against the internal lack of freedom of the A ssembly that has migrated to Brandenburg? " Dissolution ought to follow," exclaims the Neue Preussische Zeitung. But the idea occurs to it that perhaps the people is internally still less free than the Assembly. "It would he po ssible new
, "
a still more pitiful re.IUlt
it says, shrugging its shoulders, "for doubt to arise whether
primary elections might not produce
than the first."
In its primary elections the people is said to have external freedom of movement. But what about internal freedom ? That is the question!' The statutes of the A ssembly resulting from new primary elections could exceed the old ones in their iniquity. What is to be done then against the "old" statutes? The Dame of the Army Reserve Cross strikes an attitude . "The fist gave birth to them" (the old statutes of the Assembly after �[arch 19), "the fist will overthrow them-and that in the name of God and right."
The fist will restore the "good old government". The fist is the ultimate argument of the Crown, the fist will be the ultimate argument of the people. Above all, let the people ward off the mendicant hungry fists which take out of their pockets civil lists-and cannon. The boastful fists will become emaciated as soon as they are no longer fed. A bove all, let the people refuse to pay taxes and-later it will be able to count on which side is the greater number of fists. All the so-called March achievements will be considered binding only as long as the most direct compulsion is capable of maintaining them in
force. The fist gave birth to them, the fist will overthrow them. That is what the Neue Preulsische Zeitung says, and what the Neue Preussische Zeitung says, Potsdam has said. Therefore, let there be no more illusion! The people must put an end to the halfway measures of March, or the Crown will put an end to them. Written by :Marx on November 1 6, 1848
Printed according to the newspaper
First published in rhe jVeu(' Rheini\che 7.eitung 1\0. 145, November 1 7, 1848
Published in English for the first nme
a
THE K OLNISCHE ZEITUNG
Shakespeare, Hamlet, Act III, Scene I ; these words are ,...Titten by Marx in English.- Ed,
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Cologne, November 16. The edit� rial oard o t�e Kolnische Zeit�ng in its issue of November 16 deSCribes Itself bnlhantly as follows . "In our wavering between fear uf anarchy today and fear of reaction �omorrow one is forcibly reminded of Luther's words: 'Man is like a drunken peasant ; If he mounts a horse on one side, he falls off on the other.'''
Fear is the emotion of the Kiilnische Zeitung. Written by Marx on November 1 6, 1848
Printed according to the newspaper
published in the Neue Rheinische bitung No, 145, :-.!ovember 1 7, 1848
Published in English for the first
First
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36 37
NO MORE TAXES! !!50
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C% lfne, November A ll th e Be rli n newspapers, with th e exception �f th e �reuss1-Sche Staats-A nzeig er, Vossische Zeitung, an d Neue Pre��mM. � ztung, ha ve failed to appear. � � he mIlItIa has been disarmed in th e Priv y Councillors' . quarter, but on ly th re. It IS the same battalion that dastardly � m ur de red the en gmeenng workers on O . ctober 3 1 . 52 The d Isa ' rm m g of th IS O b�tt�I Io ' n strength ens th e popular cause. he NatIOnal A ssembly has again been driven out of the . K
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B n Ill!r DJS.& J as DO ngbt to dispose of govern ment revenues and to collect taxes. "This decision comes into force on November 1 7. The National Assembly, Novembe r 15."
From today. therefore, taxes. are abolished!!! It is high treason to pay taxes. Refusal to pay taxes is the primary duty of the citizen! Written by Marx on November 16, 1848 First publhhed in the special supplement to the Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 145. November 1 7 . 1 84R
Printed according to the newspaper
A DECREE OF EICHMANN'S
Cologne, November 1 8 . "The calls which are to be heard for a refusal to pay taxes make it my duty to utter a serious warning against them to the province entrusted to my care. "After the King has publicly set out the weighty reasons for the removal of the National Assembly from Berlin, after a large part of the deputies has acknowledged the right of the Crown, and the German National Assembly equally with the Central Authority in Frankfurt has concurred with this acknowledgement. it cannot be my intention to add my voice to the verdict on this act of the Government which is being arrived at by the inhabitants of the Rhine Province. "My official position alone obliges me to oppose with all the means at my dispo�al every attack against the laws and their implementation. without which no state can exi�t. Such an attack is to he seen in the calls to stop paying taxes, which are the indispensable means for maintaining law and order, taxes which have been legally imposed and can only be altered through a law.
"After my experience of the respect which the inhabitants of the province have for the law, I cannot envisage its violation by them, which would have serious consequences. On the contrary, I am confident that they will unshakeably resist such temptations directed against their honour and the commun weal. As regards those unexpected cases where this confidence should nevertheless prove mistaken, I expect from all provincial and local authorities that they will ensure the payment of taxes by employing all the powers conferred on them by the laws and that they will do their duty without hesitation . Cologne. November 1 7. 1848
Oberpriisident
of the Rhine Province (signed) Eichmann"
Sucb is the text of the reply of ex-Minister and Oberpriisident Eichmann to the appeal of the Rhenish Committee of Democrats! a See this volume, p. 24.� Ed.1
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When Herr Eichmann wrote this, his Epistle to the Thessalonians,a did h e already know of the decision of the National A ssembly on the ,-efusal to pay taxes? Eichmann previously represented the Brandenburg-Manteuffel elements within the Pfuel Ministry. H e represents them now at the head of the Rhine Province. Eichmann embodies the counter revolution of the Government i n the Rhine Province. Herr Eichmann's decrees, therefore, have the same value as those of Herr B randenburg. Arraignment for high treason will sooner or later be the most fitting termination of the career of Herr Eichmann, this worthy man who in his youthful years with indefatigable zeal dispatched "traitors to the state" to i mprisonment in fortresses. I n the above decree, Herr Oberpriisident Eichmann declares himself an open enemy of the Natiorw,l Assembly, i n complete contrast to Herr Oberpriisident Pinder i n Silesia, who is known to b e a royalist. Herr Eichmann has therefore ceased to be Oberpriisident, just as his master, Brandenburg, has ceased to be a Minister. Herr Eichmann has dismissed himself. Officials who carry out his counter-revolutionary orders do so at their risk. I f the i nhabitants of the Rhine Province wish to support the National Assembly in a more effective way than by mere addresses, i f they are not prepared to kneel stupidly and unresistingly before the knout, they must compel all authorities, in particular the Re gierungspriisidenten, Landriiten, burgomasters and urban authorities, to make a public declaration as to whether they recognise the :"1ational Assembly and are willing to carry out its decisions, oui ou nOll ? r n case of refusal, and especially o f direct contravention of these decisions, such officials are to be declared L dismissed from office, 2. guilty of high treason, and provisional committees of public safety appointed i n their place, whose orders are alone to be regarded as valid. Where counter-revolutionary authorities seek forcibly to frustrate the formation and official activity of these committees o f public safety, force must be opposed by every kind of force. Passive resistance must have active resistance as its basis. 53 Otherwise it will resemble the vain struggle of a calf against its slaughterer. Written by Marx on November 1 8, 1848 published in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung No . 147, November 19, 1 848 First
39
Articles from the Neue Rheinische Zeitung
Printed according to the newspaper
Published in English for the first
tIme
a An allusion to the Epistles of St. Paul to Thessalunians.- Ed.
[TAX REFUSAL AND T H E COUNTRYSIDE]
tion today of ca i bl pU ts en ev pr e ac sp of ck La 8. . Cologne, No ve m be r 1 NatIO al A s� m bl y
su pp or t for the � the nu merous fresh messages of on e of ou r ne xt Iss � es . in ed ish bl pu be ll wi y he T n. . . in Be rli lzc ltt W erected III en be ve ha s de ica rr ba at s th rt There are repo en try �f th e 27 t e th t en ev pr to ) ict str di e tiv ra (Trier ad m in ist ownsmen III ernca�teI � at th rt po re s es itn ew ey an ve ha e Re gi m en t. W . hes WIth wh Ich tunng scvt ac uf an m d an , s ce lan d ol up g are sh ar pe mn . . they mean to hasten to Wittlic h . I II ng atcs to bn e th at ed us s wa e rc l? fo nn Bo in It is reported that led to a CO� flI�t . is th at th d an ee -fr tax e ttl . ca d an flour He rr Graff, y, CIt IS th of r te as om rg Bu f ie g Ch tin Today the new ac dy of ar me d bo a by d te ec ot pr al, pe Ap of t ur Counsellor of the Co ll, fIrst attende.d a Ha wn To e th e to nc tra en e th ed m en wh o occupi to prevent pOSSIble r de or In . cil un Co l pa ici un M sitting of the er tax on the oxen .t� be ht ug sla e th y pa to l sa fu re of se ca co nflicts in ealers, the MumcIpal e-d ttl ca e th by ys da few xt ne e th in brought in a de putatIOn to meet the nd se to ed cid de ve ha to id sa is Council reement Wi th then: . ag an to e m co d an te ga e th at dealers us from W es tp ha ha : d he ac re s rt ha po re ng wi llo fo e Th
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"The Neue Rheinische Zeitunghas already succeeded in ha:,ing the tax-colle t�r \\'ho was sent the day before yesterday from A rn sberg to :!\c hel m forc�d to lea\c almo:;,t
empty-handed. since the peasants refused to pay any taxes at all.
co un try places in us rio va om fr rts po re r ila sim d ive W e ha ve rece . the R hi ne Province. e reV ?lutlOnary en ergy th h ug ro th d de ar gu fe sa be ly on Be rli n can III pa rli cu lar th e s, wn to l cia in ov pr r ge lar of th e provinces. Th e
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Articles from the Neue .Rh eini�che Zeitung
41
�rovincial capitals, can only be safeguarded through the revolu onary e,:"er�y of the cou ntryside. The refusal to pay taxes (whether . � . trect or mdtrect taxes) gIves th e countryside the bes t opportunity to serve the revolution. Written by Marx on November 1 8 . 1848 First published in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 147 (secon d edition), November 1 g , 1848
APPEAL"
Printed according to the newspaper Published i n Engli sh for the first time
November I S . The Rhenish District Committee of Democrats calls upon all democratic assbciations in the Rhine Province to have the following measures decided upon and carried out: I . Since the Prussian National Assembly itself has ruled that taxes are not to be paid: their forcible collection must be resisted · everywhere and in every way. 2 . In order to repulse the enemy a people's militia must be organised everywhere. The cost of weapons and ammunition for impecunious citizens is to be defrayed by the community or by ' voluntary contributions. 3. The authorities are to be asked everywhere to state publicly whether they recognise the decisions of the :"Jational Assembly and intend to carry them out. In case of refusal committees of public safety are to be set up, and where possible this should be done with the consent of the local councils. Local councils opposed to the Legislative A ssembly should be elected afresh by a universal vote. Cologne,
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Cologne, November 1 8
For the Rhenish District Committee of Democrats
Karl Marx Written by Marx First
published
011
in
November I H I 1848
the Nelle Rheinische
Zeitung No. 147 (second edition), l'\ovember 19, 1848
a See this volume, p. 36.- Fd.
Karl Schapper
Schneider
II
Printed according to the newspaper
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42 Electio ns to the Federal Courr.- Miscellaneous
EL EC T IO :\ S TO T H E FE D ER A L COlJRT. M IS CE LL A :\'EO US
which it finds itself confronted by a compact hostile majority dominated by the priests, it had either to demand the oath or resign. The German radicals stand by the intention of the legislators, whereas the French, with Waadt' at their head, base themselves on the letter of the Constitution in order to rescue the Freiburg administration and the five radical votes in the National Council which they so much desire. They declare the decision of the Xational Council to be an' indirect approval of the rebellion of the Bishop of Freiburg," which-and in this they are quite correct-is bound to bring about the ovelthrow of the Freiburg radical administration and the establishment of a Sonderbund government in this canton.58 They call the Berne and other German radicals "theoreticians" , "makers of empty abstractions", "doctrinaires" etc. I t is true that the German-Swiss radicals, most of whom are lawvers, often adhere too closely to their legalistic standpoint, whereas the men of Waadt and Geneva, who have been trained in the revolutionary French school, are better politicians and sometimes make light of questions of law. The most forthright newspaper of this French-Swiss trend is the Nouvelliste Vaudoi� of Lausanne, the "organ of the revolution declared permanent", as the conservatives and even the moderate liberals call it. This newspaper, which moreover is written not without wit and a light hand, hoists the banner of the red republic without reservation, declares its support of the June insurgents in Paris, calls the death of Latour in Vienna "a mighty act of justice of the sovereign people" and with bitter irony ridicules the pietistic reactionary Courrier Suisse, which rolled its eyes and howled at such an abomination. Yet this Nouvelliste is the organ of a powerful party in the Waadt administration, indeed one can almost say the organ of the majority in this administration. Nevertheless in Waadt absolutely everything goes on in an orderly way, the people are calm and enthusiastically su pport their Government, as the elections to the National Council prove Once again. Acc'ording to a semi-official report of the Revue de Geneve, the decisions of the diocesan conference about the Bishop of Freiburg (you will have learnt of them long ago,g) will be ratified by Geneva, with a few small reservations due to previous concordats. The other cantons in the diocese have already ratified them. The newspaper further reports that as soon as all ratifications have been received Bishop Marilley will be set free, since the Freiburg canton has stated that it is ready to put a stop to the criminal proceedings begun _
November 1 8. Yesterday I gave you th e names of the eight members of the Federal Court J'u st elected .-'" I n the cou rse 0f . in . t sIt. . yest.erday 's JO tmg th e following were also appointed: Joll ' from relburg (one of the local National Councillors, w hose electidn had een annulled), Dr. Karl Brenner, editor of th e Schweizerische . Ba N�tw al-Zeltung In sle, and the lawyer Jauch from Uri thus ": bnngmg the membership of th e Federal Co t up to th� f II complemen� of eleven judges. Kern was appointeur d President and ;r. . K. Pfyffer VICe-PresId en t. �� you know, the National Council annulled the elections in th e FreI urg capton because only thos e electors who were pre ared to swea; allegIance to the new Federal Constitutio were all�wed to vote. .7 The next day It. confIr . med its decision byn re jecting almost una.mmously (73 against 1 3) Funk's motion for dec��ed by both Councils. Apart from th e loca the matter to be l gossip which this . Bern eclSlon evoked In e, it gave rise also to very bitter discussions . etweeI� the radIcals of German an d French Switz erland. T he matter a�ds as follo�s: accord.ing to th e Federal Cons atIOnal CounCIl IS. to be elected by all Swiss citiz titution, the first years of age w ho are in other respects qualifi ens of at least 20 cant�� . For th e rest, all arrangements, regulationsed to vote in their d more detailed rovIsIOns are left to t�e individu�1 cant�ns. The an oath of allegiance . ratIo e;anded by th e Frelburg admInISt n is a condition for the . man .s� rage In y .other ca�tons as well; in these cantons every Swiss . . ltJ z n w ho ex er CI se s hI e. S rtght to vote for th e first time must swear � : ;fance to the cantona1 Constitution. Clearly, the intention of e �rs ,?f the new ConstIt. utIOn was to ensure universal suffrage th �h e .� ectIOns; .b,:,t ac�ording to the wording of the Constitution for th e reI urg admmistratIon is in th e right, and in th e circumstances in Berne,
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a The French name is Vaud.-Ed.
h
Marilley.-Ed.
44
Articles from the Neue Rheinische Zeitung
THE CITY COUNCIL
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against him for partic pation in the rec ent attempt at an upr ising. . PeoP le are v�ry excIted over the choICe of the federal capita l. If . B � rne IS not gomg to be chosen-and it is regarded as a porte nt of thI s that no one from Berne has been appointed either as Pre sident' or Vice-Presidentb of the Federal Council-a movement will break out here which would result in the overthrow of Ochsenbein a majority for the radical trend (Stampfli, :'IIiggeler, Stockmar etc.) a d . the revISIon of the Federal Co nstitution which has only jus t been adopted. For, according to the Constitution, both Councils mu st be dissolved and new ones elected for a revision of the Constitu tion, if 50, 000 enfranchised Swiss citizens de ma nd it . Be rne by itself can easily collect this number of signatures, without counting the masses w would come from the leading Romance-speaking can tons, stlmula ted. by the prospect of a one-C ha mb er system and greater . centralisatIO n. However, all su ppositions about the votes of the Swiss Councils are guesswo rk; the unlimited fragmentation, that inevitable consequence of the historical federative republic, the indesc ribable con usion of interests, an d the inconceivable medley of determ ining . motlves mu st render futile all talk ahout probabilities and pos sibilities.
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Written by Engel, un �uvember 1 8, 1848
Printed according to the newspaper
First published i n the Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 150, November 23, 1848
Published in English for the first time
"
The President was Furrcr.-Ed. b The Vice-President was Druey .�Ed.
Cologne, November 20 . The Cologne Municipal Council has sent a
petition to Berlin in which it urgently begs the King' to dismiss the Ministry in order to save the monarchy." The Cologne City Council, or Herr Dumont and Co., addresses itself to the King at a time when the entire Rhine Province is turning away from the King in order to turn towards the Constituent Assembly. Herr Dumont, or the City Council, wants to save the King, where'as the Rbine Province is thinking only of saving itself. As if the salvation of the King had any connection with the salvation of the Rhine Province! At a moment when the kings and emperors are trying to save themselves by means of m �rtial law and bomb�rd ments, the City Council wants to save the Kmg. Who has authonsed the City Council to save the King and issue a petition which is a most servile product of Col�gne good-for-nothings? Jud.ging fro� previous relations between the King and the Cologne CIty Councll, the latter is begging for nothing more than to be kicked. If the City Council had paid more attention to the decision of the Berlin deputies' than to the King's autocratic will and his salvation, it · would long ago have ordered the Cologne city gates to be m�nned in order to prevent the levying of taxes and to emphasIse the ",1I1 of the Chamber. The Cologne City Council, therefore, must be dismissed without delay. All judicial and tax authorities that do not exert the utmost energy to hinder the levying of taxes must be treated as guilty of high treason. . If the city of Cologne does not dismiss its City Council and at once scnd two new deputies to Berlin in place of the two who ran away,d it deserves-the knout. Written by Marx on November 20, 1848
Printed according to the newspaper
First published in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 148, November 2 1 , 1848
Published in English for the first tIme
, Frederick William IV.-Ed. b "Petition 'des Kolnes Gemeinderates", Kolnische Zeitung No. :H 1 (second edition), November 1 9 , 1 848.� Ed. , See this vulume. p. 30.- Ed. d The reference is to Haugh and 'Vittgenstein who left the Assemhly- together with other Right-wing deputies�afteT hearing the King's order transferring its sirting from Berlin to Brandenburg.-Ed.
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47
THE PROCLAMATION OF THE BRANDENBURG-MANTEUFFEL MINISTRY ABOUT TAX REFUSAL 0::>1
APPEAL
Eich mann, the well-known , Chief Public Prosecutor Zweiffel has, through Examining Magis trate Leuthaus, s,:, �m,:,ned your Com mittee to appear tomorrow on a charge of public lIlcltement to rebellion. A scandal is ex !:'ected ; thc Cologne Garrison Headquarters has . made all prep.ar.atlon s; 1Il �ccord�ncc with the order issued by a treacherous MlIllStry, on thiS occasIOn Colognc is to be declared in a state of siege. Frustrate this hop e. Whatever may befall us, conduct yourselvcs calmly. The Congress is going to take place under any circumstances ' Th � Rhi ne Provincc will sooner shed its last d'rop of blood than submit to thc rule of the sword. fiO
Karl Marx
vVritten by Marx on November 20, 1848 First published in the Neue Rheini�ch(' �eitung No. 14R (second edition), November 2 1 . 1848
Karl Schapper
November 2 1 . The Brandenburg-Manteuffel Ministry has issued an order to all royal administrative authorities to employ forcible measures to collect taxes: The Brandenburg-Manteuffel Ministry, whose position is illegal, recommends coercion against the recalcitrant and mildness towards the propertyless. It thus establishes two categories of non-payers: those who refuse to pay in order to comply with the wiII of the National Assembly, and those who do not pay because they are unable to pay. The intention of the Ministry is only too clear. It wants to divide the democrats; it wants to make the peasants and workers count themselves as non-payers owing to lack of means to pay, in order to split them from those not paying out of regard for legality, and thereby deprive the latter of the su pport of the former. But this plan will fail; the people realises that it is responsible for solidarity in the refusal to pay taxes, just as previously it was responsible for solidarity in payment of them. The struggle will be decided between the force that pays and the force that is paid. Cologne,
Cologne, November 2 0 . Democrats of the Rh ine Province, l.nstead ,:,f summoning Oberpriisident
Schneider II
Printed according to the newspaper
Published in English for the first tIme
Written by Marx on November 2 1 , 1848
Printed according to the newspaper
First published in the NetU! Rheinische Zeitung No. 149, November 22, 1848
Published in English for the first time
a "An samtliche koniglichen Regierungen�', Preussischer Staats-Anulger No. 200,
November 20, 1848.- Ed.
The Chief Public Prosecutor and the Neue Rheinische Zeitung
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THE CH�EF PUBLIC PROSECUTOR A ND THE NEUE RHEINISCHE ZEITUNG
t no s ha fel eif Zw rr He far So ? nn ma ch Ei rr He ct, efe Pr e th Zeitung, or . fel should arrest arrested anyone. We propose, therefore, that some other ZweIf not arrest t e "-- did � Herr Zweiffel because before th e Sabbath he th editors of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung, and after e Sabbath he did not arrest Herr Eic hm an n. Written by Marx
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November 2 1 . Wh,o takes a legal stand, OberpriisUient Eichmann 9r the editors of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung? Who ought to be put· in prison, the editors of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung or OberpriisUient Eichmann? This question is at present awaiting decision by Chief Public Prosecutor ZweiffeL Will the Public Prosecutor's office, which Zweiffel represents, side with the Bran denburg Ministry ' or will he, as an old contributor to the Neue Rheinische Zeitung,61 take the side of his colleagues? This question is at present awaiting decision by the public. The Neue Rheinische Zeitung was pressing for cessation of payment of taxes prior to the decision of the National Assembly'; it upheld legality before the legislative power did so, And if this anticipation of legality is an illegality, then for six whole days the editorial board of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung had been taking an illegal stand. Six days Herr Zweiffel could have instituted proceedings, but on the seventh day he would have had to give up his inquisitorial zeal. On the seventh day, however, when the work of creation had been completed and Herr Zweiffel had celebrated the Sabbath, and the National Assembly had elevated the refusal to pay taxes to the level of law, Priisident Eichmann proposed to Herr Zweiffel to institute proceedings against those who had provoked the refusal to pay taxes, Who provoked the refusal to pay taxes? The editorial board of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung or the National Assembly in Berlin? Whom should Herr Zweiffel arrest: his old colleagues, the deputies in Berlin, or his old co-workers, the editors of the Neue Rheinische Sec 'his volume, pp. 20-2 1 , 24 and 25-26.- Ed.
Oil
November 2 1 , 1 848
published in the Neue Rheinischl' Zeitung No. 149, November 22, 1848
First
Cologne,
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TH E PU BLI C PR OS EC UT OR 'S OF FIC E IN BE RL IN AN D CO LO GN E
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THE FRANKFURT ASSEMB Ly 6 2
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Cologne, November 2 1 . In Berlin the Public Prosecutor's off ice has cap itu lated to a traitor to the state. Th e Ch ief Public Pro secutor, He rr
Cologne, November 22. The Frankfurt Parliament has declared the
Sct he, ins tea d o f com ply ing with the Na tion al Ass em bly 's dem and tha t h e sho uld do h is dut y in respect of the traitor Bra ndenbu rg has ' resi�� . Th e Rh eni sh District Co mm ittee of .D em ocr ats , wh ich is en deavouring to ma ke the leg al decision of the Nation al Assemblv as ' wid ely known as pos sib le, and which therefore dem and s tha t the pla ns of a traitor to th� state sho uld be frustrated: is bei ng prosecuted by the Cologne Pubhc Prosecutor on a charge ofrebell-ion (?!) . " He wh o has mig ht, h s right. " -T he rep res ent atives of the right � . are everywhere on the Sid e of mrght. Written uy Marx on November 2 1 , 1 848
Fin>t published in the Neue RheinMche Zeihmg No. 149 , November 22, 184 8
Printed acconling to the newspaper
time
Published in English for the fi"l
:'
a See
this volume, p. 4 1 .--Ed.
,
decision of the Berlin Assembly regarding the refusal to pay taxes null and void as being illegal. It has thereby sided with Brandenburg, with Wrangel, with specific Prussianism. Frankfurt has moved to Berlin, and Berlin to Frankfurt. The German Parliament is in Berlin, and the Prussian Parliament in Frankfurt . The Prussian Parliament has become a German Parliament, and the German one has become a Brandenburg-Prussian Parliament. Prussia was to be merged into Germany, now the German Parliament at Frankfurt wants Germany to be merged into Prussia! German Parliament! Whoevcr spoke of a German Parliament after the grave cvents in Berlin and Vienna. A fter the death of Robert Blum no one gave another thought to the life of the noble Gagern . After the setting up of the Brandenburg-Manteuffel Ministry no onc thought any more about a Schmerling. The p rofessors who "made history" for their own amusement had to allow the shelling of Vienna, the murder of Robert Blum and the barbarity of \Vindischgratz! The gentlemen who were so greatly concerned about the cultural history of Germany left the practical management of culture in the hands of a Jcllachich and his Croats! While the professors were evolving the thcory of history, history ran its stormy course withom bothering about the professorial history. The decision taken the day before yesterday has destroyed the Frankfurt Parliament. It has driven the Frankfurt Parliament into the arms of the traitor Brandenburg. The Frankfurt Parliament is guilty of high treason, it must be brought to trial. It a whole people rises to protest against an act of royal tyranny, and if this p rotest
is
52
Articles from the Nw.e Rheinische Zeitung .
53
made in an entirely legal way - by refusing to pay taxes an d an assembly of professors declares- without being at all com petent to o so- that the �efusal to pay taxes, this revolt of the whole people, . IS Illegal, then thIs assembly places itself outside the law, it commits . hIgh treason. I� is the. duty .of all members of the Frankfurt Assembly who voted . �gamst thIS decISIon to resign from this "d eceased Federal Di et" ."· It IS the duty o all democrats to elect these resigned "Prussi ans" to the German NatlOn?1 ssembly in Berlin in place of the "Germ an s" who have left. The ]';auonal Assembly in Berlin is not a "frag ment" it is complete entity, for it has the right to take decis ions. B t Bra ? de�burg As� emb y at Frankfurt will become a "frag ment", for the mevltable resIgnatIOn of the 1 50 deputies will surely be followed by that of many others who do not wish to set up a Fede ral Diet at Frankfurt. The Frankfurt Parliame nt! It fears a red republic an d decrees a �ed monarchy ! W e do no wa nt a red mo narchy, we do not � want the cnmson Crown of AustrIa to extend its sway ov er Prussia, a? d we therefore declare that the German Parliamen t is guilty of . hlg? trea�on! Nay, we d? It too mu ch ho no ur ; we im pu te to it a . politIcal Importance whIch It ha& long since lost. Th e severest Judgment has already been passed up on it- disregar d of its rulings and total obhvlOn.
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Written by Marx on November 22, 1848
First published in the Neue Rheinische Zeilung No. 150, November 23. 1 848
[STATE OF SIEGE EVERYWHERE]
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Printed according to the newspaper
Cologne,
November 2 2 . We predicted that the Cologne City Council would receive kicks in answer to its petition to the King.' We were mistaken. It is true that the Municipal Council did receive kicks, although not from the King, but from Manteuffel-Brandenburg.fl4 Tant pis!b We said further that after the decision of the Frankfurt Parliament, it was the .duty of . the Left to withdraw from it.' According to what we hear, not only the Left, but also the Left Centre has withdrawn in order to form a democratic Central Committee. Tant mieuxl d States of siege everywhere, such are the achievements of the March revolution. Dusseldorf in a state of siege! A town is besieged in order to be conquered. All Prussian towns are being gradually declared in a state of siege, in order to be reconquered. The whole of Prussia has to be reconquered because the whole of Prussia has become disloyal to Prussia. How is the state of siege put into effect? By disarming the citizens. How can a city like Cologne, which is already disarmed, be declared in a state of siege for a second time? By first of all being given back its arms. To put Cologne in a state of siege for a second time means putting weapons in its hands. Long live the state of siege! Written by Marx on November 22. 1848
First published ill the Neue Rheinische Zei!ung No. 150 (special edition), November 2.�, 1 848 a
b
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See thi!l volume. p. 45.- Ed. So rnuch the worse I - Ed. See this volume. p. 52.- Ed. So much the betterl-Ed.
Printed. according to the newspaper Published in English for the first time
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55
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[POSITION OF THE LEFT I", THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY]
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NEWS FROM SWITZERLAN D
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Cologne, November 2 2 . We have heard from private sources that
the Left and the Left Centre of the National Assembly in Fran kfurt decided yesterday evening at a closed sitting to withdraw, to constitute themselves a democratic committee for Germany, and at the same time to issue an appeal to the German people.
In publishing this information, we do not guarantee its authentici ty, but we are convinced this is the only course open to the Left and the Left Centre. Were they not to take it, they would he signing their own death warrants. Written by Marx on l'iovember 22, 1848
Zeitttng No. 150 (special edition), First
published
in the
November 2�, 1 848
Neue Rheinischl'.
Printed accord in g to the newspaper Published in English for the first tIme
Berne, November 20.
I have just heard from officials
.of the Fed
eral Wa r Department that the German Centra.l A tith?nty IS reported ay to have declared war on Swi tzerland.65 The couner .arnved yesterd evening, and the Vorort was said to have gone IIlto session at J I o'clock the same evening. Measures had already been taken f?r Impenal serious war preparations. I t was �tated f� rther th�t . troops were concentrating on the Sunss frontler to beg.1Il hOStlhtles. I am passing this news to you exactly as I heard It. I my�e1f do not believe it, although the source is reliable. I would not credit even the Imperial Governm ent with stich luna cy.
50,O??
Written by Engels on l'iovember 20, 1848
I\"o. 15 1 ,
First published in the supplement to the Seue Rheiniw:he Zeittmg
November 24. 184R
Printed accoTding to the newspaper Published in English for the first time
56
57
[RESULT OF THE ELECTIONS TO THE NATIONAL COUNCIL]
ELECTIONS.- SYDOW
21.
H ere is the result of the elections to the National Council which took place the day before yesterday: ex-member of the. Great Council Fischer (conservative), 1 ,793 votes, elected. Weingart 1 ,3 1 5, Matthys 1 ,266, Blosch (conservative) 1 ,256 votes. As n �me of the last three has an absolute majority, the two r�dICals Wemgart and Matthys still remain i n the ballot and Weingart wIll proba ly be el�cted. The fact t at the radicals are having at least one of t �lr candl�ates returned IS due to the participation of the . Berne mIlItIa battalIon whIch happened to be on service in Freiburg and voted to a man for the radicals.
Berne, November
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Written by Engels on November 2 1 , 1848 First published in the Ntrne Rheinische Zeitung No. 152, November 25, 1 848
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Berne November 2 1 . At yesterday'S sitting the Federal Assembly (the
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two Co ncils in joint session) dealt with the Freiburg elections." Earlier, the Vorort had announced that it intended to corne to an agreement with Tessin and therefore desired the withdrawal of the troops that had been ordered there.66 Further (because of the complications with the Imperial Government), �h e Vorort wants the Federal Diet to constitute itself as soon as pOSSIble. Herr Escher wishes to resign as representative of the Confederation in Tessin. Herr Furrer declares that for the time being, until the nexfsession, he accepts th e position of Federal Councillor and Fe eral P �esident. This means that four members (Furrer, Ochsenbem, Frel-Herose and Niiff) are present; Herr Ochsenbein declares the Federal Council to be constituted, and leaves the chair o f the Assembly, which Herr Escher takes over, and the four Federal Councillors are . 67 sworn m. . ' Proceeding to the agenda, Herr B:uwsser proposes a motIon 111 . the name of the majority of the commISSIon c� ncerned callmg for the . revocation of the decision by which the NatIonal CouncIl annulled the Freiburg elections.6s The minQrity demands that the decision of the National Council be confirmed. Messrs. Kopp, Anton Schnyder, Pottier, Eytel, Pittet, Castella (Freiburg), We e: (St . Gallen), . Ochsenbein and Fazy spoke in support of the majorIty mottons a � d :\{essrs. Tanner, Trog, Escher, Frei, Streng and Imobersteg m su pport of the minority. The arg�ments we�e mo � t1y of a legal nature, but the defenders of the Frelburg electIOns laId tremendous
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Printed according to the newspaper Published in English for the first time
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58
Articles from the Neue Rheinische Zeitung
emphasis on th � politic�l necessity to retain the Freiburg Govern ment and to aVOId expo �Ing the canton once again to the intrigues of the clergy. The maJonty motIOn of the commission was finally ado pted by 68 .votes to 53, which meant that the decision of the NatIOnal Councd annulling the Freiburg elections was revoked. The Sume an � the Verfassungsfreund are jubilant, for this decision ensures them fIve v�tes for Berne as the federal capital The Nouvelllste Vaud01s wI 1 also rejoice, for the radical Freiburg . Governn:ent and the fIve radICal votes on the National Council are for the tJr� e beI ng guaranteed. The Berner Zeitung, although much . . . c1ose � In Its pnnclples to the Nouvellisle than to the two above ment.lOned Ochsenbein newspapers, nevertheless declare-s that the declsl �n of �h e Federal Assembly is the first victory for cantonal soverelgnty In the new Confederation . In our opinion, the Bemer . Zel �ung IS wrong . Most speakers for the majority were certainly not . senous about the Issues of p rinciple which were advanced during this de ate, least of all Herr Ey,rel, w o even went so far as to speak agaIn st th � supporters o umty. WIth them it was purely a matter of . . practIcal I �terests; thIS IS clear from the newspapers mentioned ' above, whICh pay homage to diametrically opposed parties and whose folI ?wers nevertheless used the same arguments in support of the sa.me sIde. Most members of the minority, on the other hand, and �speC1ally the. erne radicals, were serious about the principles Involved . But It IS open to question whether these gentlemen did not allow themselves to be carried rather too far by their legaJ . conSCIence. To everyone's surprise, His Excellency Herr von Sydow, the . Prusslan en ,:"oy, returned here the day before yesterday after a year's abs.ence. I� IS known that after the Sonderbund war6' he took up reSIdence m worthy Basle - birds of a feather etc . The sigm ' 'f'ICance . ' sudden return IS not yet known . Probably it has none at all. At of hIS least h � has � ade no communication to the Vorort70 or to the Federal CounCIl. BeSIdes, his whole staff has for the time being remained in Basle. So my repor.t yesterday about disagreements with the Imperial Gove :nment dId have some truth in it.- To be sure, there is no questIon ?f a declaration of war, nor has any new Note arrived from the Emplr.e. But news ?f the 50,000 imperial troops said to be concentratIng on the SWISS frontier and forming a cordon between Constance and Basle was certainly received the day before yesterday m the evemng by the Vorort which, as I wrote to you, thereupon went
Elections.-Sydow
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A' ,A,
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a
See this volume, p. 55.- Ed.
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59
at sort of wh rn lea n ll soo sha e W . ing en ev e sam ry ve the n sio into ses uncil ha ve Co ral de Fe ted itu nst co w no e th d an it res su ea -m counter decided on . Mittelland The da y before yesterday eJections took place in the lors to take the cil un Co l na tio Na o tw r fo ty) ini vic d an e rn (Be ct tri dis cies an d op ted en itu nst co ee thr in d cte ele s wa o wh r, fou Du of ces pla the to on cti ele his of nt ou acc on o , wh ein nb hse Oc of d an d, lan for See serva con e Th or. cill un Co nal tio Na e of titl his es los cil un Co ral Fe de tained 1 ,05 9 ob sch B10 d an er ch Fis s ate did can ) ary on cti e. rea (i. tive ingart an d an d 89 3 of the city's votes respectively, the two radicals We ile that of Matthys, 55 9 an d 54 0 .' Fischer's election is certain, wh so . The Bl6 sch , wh o is the object of greater an tip ath y, is less ma inl y du e considerable conservative majority in the city of Be rne is h an d long to the influence exercised on the elections by the ric rt of the established patrician families he re. By far the greater pa from the ir ay aw s ak bre ly on d an m the on t en nd pe de is e rat electo esents him sel f tutelage in mo me nts of crisis or wh en a candidate pr s managed to who, lik e Ochsenbein, ha s popular antecedents an d ha most places achieve a respected position in Switzerlan d. He re, as in people arc in Switzerland, the actual revolutionary forces of the y have no am on g the Swiss an d Ge rm an workers, bu t since the th e right ve ha ely rar ry ve ly on y the y, cit the in e nc ide t res en pe rm an mstance, cu cir is Th .71 ton can the of ns ize cit are y the if n eve te, to vo quieter the e com be s ng thi as n soo t as tha t fac the h wit er eth tog explains the , ead spr to s gin be re mo ce on ns cia tri pa of the nce lue inf few years conservative elections which never fail to come about a after each liberal or radical revolution . Lucerne At today's sitting of the National Council, Dr . Steiger of Assembly is was elected President in place of Ochsenbein. Th e lian, Ita an for d, an g lon a of e urs co the In ir. ffa a ssin Te the debating ns tio usa acc s rou me nu de ma ) ssin Te (of da Pio , ech s spe les very life in ion rat de nfe Co the of s op tro d an s ive tat en res rep against the es. If arg ch se the ute ref to e ov str , ver we ho h, ric Zu of r he Esc Tessin . me of the tco ou the on ort rep al ion dit ad an d sen ll sha le possib for the sitting. b It loo ks as though this will be unqualified ap proval an agenda based ply sim st be at d an s, ive tat en res rep the d an t ror Vo everything on the Vorort's announcement yesterday (see above) that has been settled.
I
of votes is explained by the a See thi� volume, p. 56. The difference in the number the preliminary result of the fact that in the previous report Engels quoted voting .- Ed. Ed. h See thi. volume, pp. 142-53.-
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60
Anicles from the Neue Rheini:iche Zeitung
61
There were several more speeches, induding a final one from Colonel Ziegler, In this he supplemented the majority motions app rovmg the steps taken by the Vorort with a motion ordering the Government of Tessin to pay at least a part of the costs and to express its appreciation of the representatives. The discussion was then adjourned until tomorrow on a motion from the President . Written by Engels on November 2 1 , 1848
Printed according to the newspaper
First published in the supplement to the
Pu blished in English for the first
Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 153,
November 26, 1 848
, ., .
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[DEBATE I N THE NATIONAL COUNCIL]
., '. .
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time
Berne, November 22. At today's sitting of the National Council, there was a long debate in which General Dufour made an excellent speech in support of Tessin. All the other military men in the Council- Ziegler, Michel, Benz etc.- bitterly opposed Tessin and after Pioda had made an admirable reply to all the attacks, a motion of the minority on the commission
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"to intern the Italian refugees who took part in the recent uprising and to leave the execution of this decision to the Government of Tessin"
was rejected on a roll-call by 62 votes to 3 1 . On the other hand, the majority motions . " 1 ) to expel aU Italian refugees from the canton of Tessin into the Swiss interior,
taking into account humanitarian considerations, on which the representatives of the Cunfederation shall decide",
and "2) to forbid the canton of Tessin until further notice to allow Italian refugees to
remain there",
\,
were adopted by 62 votes to 3 1 and 50 votes to 46 respectively. The two Zurich deputies, Escher and Furrer, decided the issue hy skilfully influencing the German Swiss; Furrer threw his whole weight as President of the Federal Council onto the scales against Dufour's noble gentlemanliness and almost brought the matter to a vote of confidence. The 3 1 votes for Tessin were, with five or six exceptions, all French Swiss. During the roll-call one heard nothing but "oui" and "nein " , not one "non", and only five or six "jas" . Romance Switzerland was hopelessly overwhelmed by the Germans.
62
Article,> from the Neu.e Rheinische Zeitung
63
Th remaining. points in the majority motion, to which the . � n,tl ,?onty (Herr PlOda). also agreed, are just being adopted. The slttmg and the post-offIce close at the same time. More details of this interesting debate tomorrow. 7 . .
Written by Engels un November 22. 1848
Printed according to the newspaper
First
Published in English for the first
puhlished
Zeitung No.
in the
Neue Rheini�che
153 (second edition).
November 26. 1 848
[RAVEACX'S RESIGNATION .- VIOLATION OF THE SWISS FRONTIER]
time
November 23. Raveaux's resignation from his embassy post ' is causing quite a sensation here and is unanimously approved. But great indignation has been caused by the German troops' violation of the frontier at Sulgen, and still more by their commander's cavalier apology. What! Thirty-five soldiers enter Swiss territory, weapons in hand, and force their way into a village. They surround a pre-selected house where a pre-selected refugee, Herr Weisshaar, is supposed to be hiding, and make as if to search it. They persist in their purpose despite being told repeatedly that they are on Swiss soil, threaten to use force and finally have to be driven of hy peasants wielding cudgels and throwing stones. And despite those incontestable circumstances which prove beyond doubt that the attack was premeditated, the commander maintains that the troops did not know that they were on Swiss soil. How then can we explain the strange fact that such a large detachment was commanded only by a non-commissioned officer, not at least by a lieutenant, as is otherwise invariably the case, particularly in Germany, which is teeming with lieutenants? How can we explain this, if not by the fact that the presence of an officer, who would certainly know that much geography, would have been far too compromising? The Swiss Government will certainly not rest content with an apology flung down so cavalierly after an insult so lightly committed. The Zurich authorities have already instituted an inquiry and the affair will probably end not with an apology from Berne,
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Imperial commissioner in Switzerland.-Ed.
64
Articles from th e Neue Rheinische Zeitung
65
Switzerland to the Barataria's Reich,"' but with the Barataria's Reich apologising ·to Switzerland. Written by Engel, on Novem ber 23, 1848
Fi rst published in the supplement to the ]Veue Rheinische Zeitung No. 154, November 28, 1 848
Printed according to the newspa per
MANTEUFFEL AND THE CENTRAL AUTHORITY
Published in English for the first tjme
Cologne, November 24. The Minister Manteuffel declared yesterday to the imperial commissioners' at present in Berlin that the Prussian Government would not submit to the decision of the Frankfurt Assembly to form a popular Ministry 74 because this was an i.nternal matter. Hence Manteuffel agrees with us that the decision of the Frankfurt
Assembly on the refusal to pay taxes b is also null and void, because it concerns only an internal matter. It is possible, of course, that the B randenburg-Manteuffe1 Ministry will help to convert the Rhine Pmvince into an external matter for
Prussia .
Written on November 24, 1848
Printed according to the newspaper
First publisbed in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 153, November 26, 1848
time
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Simson and Hergenhahn.-Ed. See rhi.' volume, pp. 5 1 -52.- Fd.
Published in English for the first
66
The German Central Authority and Switzerlanrl
THE GERMAN CENTRAL AUTHORITY AND SWITZERLAND
Foreign Affairs, Herr A ;� im, when h � con �luded the unpleas �n t armistice with Denmark, had the satIsfaCtion not only of bcmg duped, but also of duping someone, and this someone was-the I m perial Min ister ! . . . . I n fact, the I m penal Mtnlster of For�lgn Affairs IS the ':)Illy one of them all who played a completely passive ;ole, who rec �lved bl�ws, but did not deal a single one. From the first days of hiS entry tnt? office he has been the predestined scapegoat on whom all hiS colleagues of neighbouring states ve? ted the r splee� , �n whom they all took reprisals for the petty suffenngs of dIplomatic hfe, a share of which they too had to bear. When he was beaten and tortured, h e . remained silent, like a lamb being led to the slaughter. Where IS there anyone who can say that the Imperial Minister ever harmed a hair of his head? Truly the German nation will never forget Herr Schmerling for having dared with such determination and consisten cy to resume the traditions of the old Holy Roman Empire.'6 Need we give further confirmation of Herr von Schmerling's courageous patience with a list of his diplomatic successes? Need we return to the journey of Herr Max Gagern from Frankfurt to Schleswig, that worth� parallel to the old story of Sophia'S Journey from Memel to Saxony? ' Need we again rake u p the whole edifying history of the Danish armistice? Need we dwell on the unsuccessful offer of mediation in Piedmont and on Herr Heckscher's diplomatic study trip at the expense of the E m pire? There is no need to do so. The facts are too recent and too striking for it to be necessary even to mention them. But there is a limit to everything, and in the end even the most patient man must show his teeth, as the German philistine says. True to this maxim of a class which our worthy statesmen declare to be the great, well-meaning majority in Germany, Herr von Schmerling at last also felt the need to show his teeth. The sacrificial lamb looked for a scapegoat and believed it had finally found one in the shap � of Switzerland. Switzerland - with scarcely two and a half mllhon inhabitants, republicans into the bargain, the refuge from which Hecker and Struve invaded Germany" and seriously alarmed the new Holy Roman Empire-can one find a better and, at the same time, a less dangerous opportunity of proving that "great Germany" has teeth ? An "energetic" Note was immediately dispatched to the Vorort Berne because of the machinations of the refugees. The ' Vorort Berne, however, being conscious of its rights, replied no less energetically to "great Germany" in the name of "little � witzerl� n d " . But this did not at all intimidate Hen Schmerling. HIS capaCity to .
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Cologne, November 24. I n the comedies of last century, notab y the French, there never failed to be a servant who amused the pubhc because he was continually being cudgelled, cuffed and, in esp �cially . effective scenes even kicked. The role of this servant IS certamly a thankless one ut still it is enviable compared with a role which is being contin ously performed at our Fr�n kfurt imperial theat re: . . compared with the role of the Imperial Mmlster of Foreign Affa�rs. The servants in the comedy at least have a means of avengmg themselves -they are witty. But the Imperial Minister! . . 1 Let us be fair. The year R48 is no year of roses for any M 11lIster of Foreign Affairs. U p to now Palmerston and Nesselrod� have . . been glad to be left in peace. Eloque� t Lamartme, who With hIS . manifestos moved even German old maids and Widows to tears, has had to slink away in shame with broken wings and bedraggled feathers. His successor, Bastide, only a year ago in the, National and the obscure Revue nationale, as official trn mpeter of war, gave vent to the most virtuous indignation at Guizat's cowardly policy. Now he sheds silent tears every evening on reading his alUvres completes de La veille' and at the bitter thought that day by day he is sinking more and more to the level of Guizot of the respectable republic. Nevertheless all these Ministers have one consolation : i f things have gone badly for them in big matters, they have been able t.o �ake their revenge in small matters, on Danish, Sicilian, Argentilllan, Wal . lachian and other remote questions. Even the Prusslan ;"11ll1ster of
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Collected works of the dav before.-Ed. ,
67
-1-3780
68
Artides [rom the
Neue Rheinische Zeitung
bite grew with astonishing rapidity, and already on October 23, a new, still "more energetic" Note was drafted and on November 2 handed' to the VOTOrt.79 In it Herr Schmerling now threatened naughty Switzerland with the birch . The Vorort, even swifter in its actions than the Imperial Minister, replied two days later with the same calm and determination as before, and therefore Herr Schmerling will now put into effect his "provisions and measures" against Switzerland. H e is already most busily engaged in this, as he has stated in the Frankfurt Assembly! If this threat was the usual imperial farce such as we have seen so many times this year, we would not waste a single word on it . Since, however, one can never sufficiently credit the stupidity of our imperial Don Quixotes, or rather imperial Sanchos, in administering the Foreign Office of their Barataria island,"o it may easily happen that owing to this Swiss conflict we shall be involved in all kinds of new complications. Q'Uidquid delirant reges etc.h Let us then examine somewhat more closely the imperial Note to Switzerla nd. It is well known that the Swiss speak German badly and are not much better at writing it. But the Note in reply from the Vorort is, as regards style, a perfect masterpiece worthy of Goethe compared with the schoolboyish, clumsy German of the Imperial Ministry, which is always at a loss for the right expression s. The Swiss diplomat (Federal Chancellor Schiess, it is said) seems to have deliberately used a specially pure, limpid and refined language in order in this respect too to form an ironical contrast to the Note of the I mperial Regent,' which could certainly not have been written i n a worse style by one of Jellachich's red-coats.B1 I n the imperial Note there are sentences which are quite incomprehensible, and others which are extremely clumsy, as we shall see later. But are n ot these sentences . written precisely "in the straightforward language which the Govern ment of the I mperial Regent will always consider it its duty to use in international intercourse" ? Herr Schmerling does no better in respect of the content. In the first paragraph he recalls "the
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fact that in regard to the German Note of June 30 of this lear for several weeks before any reply folluwed, procceding8 took place in the DietB2 in a tone which at that time 'ivould have made it impossible for a representative of Germany tu stay in Switzerland" . a
b
At its silting on November 1 8, 1848.-Ed. First \vunls of the line from Horace:
Arhh!i." - Ed. C
Archduke
John
of A ustria.- Ed.
"Quidquid deliranl reges, plectuntur
69
The German Central Authority and S.vitzerland
(This is also a sam ple of the styl e.) " The Vorort is good-natured enough to prove to the . Government of the Imperial Regent" from the minutes o the D1.et that. these debates "for several weeks" were limited to a sml/ile. bnef .sesSlOn on ad of one single day. It is clear. that our Imp eria l Mml ster, mst� I 00king up the docu mentary records, prefers to trust to hiS own confused mem ory. We shall find still further proofs of th'IS. Incidentally, the Governm ent of the Imperial Reg ent could :egard this obligingness of the Vorort, its readiness to com e to the ass�,stance of the Government's poor mem ory, as a � roof �f the good neighbourIy attitude" of Switzer and .. Inde ed, If the Go � ernm ent ?f the Imperial Regent had taken mto ItS head. to spe� k m a Note m h a fashion about the debates of the Eng hsh Parhament, the dry ogance of Palm erston would have dealt with .it in quite a differe� t way! The Prussian and Aus tria.n ambassador: m Lon on can tell It what was said in public proceedmgs about t� elr resp.ectlve states and Notes, without anyone thin king that theIr stay m Lon on was thereby rendered impossible. These tyros wan t to teach SWItzerland international law and do not even know that the only thing that concerns them in the proceedings of sovereign ass� mblies is what is decided but not wha t is said ! These logicians assert m the sam e Not e, "Switze land shou ld know that attacks on free dom of the pres s coul d not ema nate from Germ any" (it suffices to print these lines in the and they Neue Rheinische Zeitung to mak e them bitterly iron ical! even wan t to med dle with the freedom of deba te of the hIghest organ of authority in Switzerland at that time ! "There is no conflict here over principles . It is not a question of the right of as�lum or of freedom of the press , Switzerland should know that attack� o� these nghts cannot emanate from Germany. Germany has repeatedly slated that It wlll,not tolerate their abuse, it has recognised that the right of asylum must not become �n Indu�try for Switzerland" (what docs that mean?), "a state of war for Germany (the nght of asylum a state of war- what Ger��nJ), "that the� must be a dIf!� rence between shelter for the persecuted and a hIdIng-place for highway robbers.
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"A hiding-place for highway robbers" ! Hav � Rina ldo Rina ld ni and all the robber chieftains who mad e theIr appearance , WIth Gottfried Basse in Quedlinburg descended with their b.ands fn? m the A bruzzi Mou ntai ns to the Rhine in order at a smtable ume to plu nder Upp er Bad en? I s Karl Moor on the m �rch from th; Boh emia n forests? Has Schinderhannes also left beh md a ,? rother s son, who as the " neph ew of his uncl e" a wan ts to .cont mue the dynasty from Switzerlan d? Far from it! Struve, now m the Bade n a
An
allusio n
to
Louis
Bonaparte.-Ed.
-
Articles frum the Neue
70
The German
Rheinische Zeitung
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prison, Madame Struve, and a few workers who crossed the frontier unar,,!:e - th.ese are the "highway ro bers" �ho had thei!.: "hiding place m SWItzerl �nd, or �llegedly stIll have It there. The imperial . authonty, not satIsfIed wIth the prisoners on whom it can take revenge, is so lost to all decency that it hurls abuse across the Rhine at those who were lucky enough to escape.
. ,"S\'\-'itzcrland.knows
that i t is not being asked to persecute the press
in any way th at It IS l� ot a questIOn .of newspapers and leaflets, but of their authors, who at the very frontlc� dar and mght wage a base contraband war against Germany by th e mass . smugghng In of m fla m matory wri tings _
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" Smuggling in"! "Inflammatory writings" ! "Base contraband war"! T e expressions become ever more elegant, ever more dIplomatIC-but has not the Government of the Imperial Regent "consid �red it ts duty to u �e straightforward language" ? And, m fact, Its language IS remarkably "straightforward " ! I t does not demand from Switzerland any persecution of the press·' it is not speaking about "newspapers and leaflets", but about "their authors" . he activities of the latter �ust be P�t a stop to. But, worthy , , when proceedings are Im the G vern Regent enal of ent p � . � l ns.tJtuted �n Germ �ny agamst a newspaper, e.g. the Neue Rheinische , IS It a questIon of the newspaper which is in everyone's hands Zeztung,
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and can no longer be withdrawn from circulation, or of the "authors", who are put in prison and brought before the court? This �orthy Government does not demand any persecution of the press, It merely demands persecution . of the authors of the press. . W� l-meanmg pe ;sons! Wonderful "straightforward language" ! , 1 hese authors w�ge a base contraband war against Germany by . . I� mass smugglmg . m of mflammatory writings" . This crime of the hl �hway robb�rs" !s truly unpardonable, �he more so since it goes , , on day and mght , and the fact that SWItzerland tolerates it is a flagrant violation of international law. , . Fro� ibraltar whole s iploa? s of English goods are smuggled lI1to S �am, and the �pan.Ish priests declare tnat the English "by . s� ugglmg �n evangehcal mflammatory writings", e.g. the Spanish BIbles pubhshed by the Bible Society, wage a base contraband war �gainst the Catholic Church. Barcelona manufacturers also curse the ase contraban( war waged from Gibraltar against Spanish industry oy the smugglmg in of English calico. But were the, Spanish . amb?ssador to complam about it just once, Palmerston would reply to him : Thou blockhead: that is just what we took Gibraltar for!
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these two words in
English .�Ed.
Central Authority an d
Switzerland
71
H itherto all other goverI? m ents have shown too m�ch tact, taste a�d . onsideration to complam m Notes about smugglIng. But tht: naIve overnment of the Imperial Regent speaks in such "straightforward language" that it �ost artlessly declares that S:witzerland h �s violated . international law If the Baden customs offICials do not display the appro priate vigilance.
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completely ms see nt ge Re l ria pe Im the of t en nm ver Go The ryone eve ace pe in ve to lea d an erl itz Sw of ht" rig the t tha e "unawar e contraband bas a ges he wa if n eve d, lan the of s law the ys obe who whether the on nd pe ot de nn "ca ., etc in ng gli ug sm by . etc war vent" this German authorities lack the strength or desire to pre uld take to smuggling . The Government of the Im perial Regent sho him about a heart Heine's reply to the Ha mb urger wh o moaned to big fire: Get yo u rse lves better laws And better fire-hoses a
and then it would no longer need to make itself ridiculous by its . straightforward language. "The conflict is only over the facts, " it goes on to say, and therefore we shall at last hear about some other significant facts besides the base contraband war. We are eager for them.
tion, that it be "The eminent Vorort demands, on the grounds of its lack of informa firm the accusations made supplied with definite proof of actions which could con again st the Swiss authorities."
nt Obviously, a very reasonable demand on the part of the emine Regent most Vorort. An d will the Governm en t of the Im perial willingly accede to this just dem and ? By no means! Just listen :
.
IS
matters a controversial procedure between governments on generally known not customary among nations. " "Bu t
That is a rough lesson in international law for arrogant little Switzerland, which believes itself entitled to be as impertinent towards the Government of the I mperial Regent of great Germany as little Denmark was at one time. It should take note of the example of the Danish armistice and be more modest . Otherwise the same thing might happen to it. a Heinric h Heine, Deutschland. Ein Wintenniircht'n, Caput XXI.- Ed.
72
The German Central Authoritv and Switzerland
Articles from the Neue Rheinische Zeitung
yvhen t�e extradition of a common criminal is demanded from a
, nelghbounng state, a controversial procedure is involved ' however "generally known" the crime. But the controversial proc edure, or rat er the mere proof of guilt which Switzerland demands before takIng measures- not against common criminals who have crossed the border, nor against refugees, no, against its own officials, elected on the basis of a democratic popular vote- such proof "is not customary among nations"! Truly, the "straightforward language" cannot be denied even for a moment. It could not be more straightforwardly confessed that there are no proofs to put forward. . There now follows a hat! of questions in which all these generally known facts are enumerated.
�
"Does anyone doubt the activity of the German agitators in Switzerland?"
Of c0l! rse no one does, just as no one doubts the activity of Herr . Schmerlmg In Frankfurt. It is clear that most of the German refugee � in S� tze.rland purs ue some "activity" . The only question is . theIr actIvIty IS, and what obVIOusly Herr Schmerling himself does not know, otherwise he would tell us.
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"Has anyone any doubt about the refugee press?"
�
Of course no one has. Yet Herr Schmerling himself states that attac s on freedom of the press could not emanate from Germany. And If they were to come from there, Switzerland would certainly know how t� repuls? the� . What then does this question mean? I f �e translate It from .stralghtforward language" into plain German, It can only mean: SWltzerlan shou d abolish freedom of the press. for the refugees. A un autre, Monsieur de Schmerling!
�
!
"Has Germany to give Europe proof of the pilgrimage to Muttenz?"
.s
�
Of course not, cunning "Government of the Imperial Regent" ! ut �o prove t at these pilgrimages were the cause of Struve's InVaSIOn or possIbl y of so �e other enterprise giving greater grounds f�r co� plaInt agaInst SWItzerland - to prove that would bring no dIscredIt to .th � Government of the Imperial Regent, but would be all the more dIffIcult. Once again the Vorort is obliging enough to do more than "is cl!st �mary among natio� s", and to remind Herr Schmerling that the pIlgnmages to Muttenz directly concerned Hecker, that Hecker was affamst the second invasion, that he even went to A merica in order to dIspel all doubts about his intentions, that among the pilgrims there a
Tell that to somebody else.-Rd.
73
,
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prominent members of the German National Assembly. The Vorort is tactful enough, even in presence of the tactless Note of Herr SchmerIing, not to mention the final and most striking reason: namely, that the "pilgrims" after all returned to Germany, where at anv m'oment they could be called to account by the Government of th � Imperial Regent for any punishable action, for all their "activity" in Muttenz, That this did not happen is the best proof that the Government of the Imperial Regent possesses no data incriminating the pilgrims, and that therefore it is stilI less able to reproach the Swiss authorities in this respect.
were
"Or the meetings in Birsfeld?"
"Straightforward language" is a fine thing. Anyone who, like the Government of the Imperial Regent, "has considered it his duty in international intercourse" to use this language, has merely to prove that meetings in general, or even meetings of refugees, took place in Birsfeld to be able to accuse the Swiss authorities of gross violation of international law. Other mortals, of course, would first of all have had to show what occurred at these meetings that was contrary to international law. But, of course, they are "generally known facts", so generally known that I am prepared to bet that among the readers of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung there are not three to be found who have any idea what meetings Herr Schmerling is talking about.
"Or the warlike preparations of the malefacturs, who are able to pursue their
activity alung the frontier. in Rheinfelden, Zurzach, Gottlieben and Laufen?"
Praise God! At last we learn something more definite about the "activity" of the refugees! We did Herr von Schmerling an injustice in expressing the opinion that he did not know what the refugees were doing. He knows not only what they are doing, but also where they are doing it. Where do they do it? In Rheinfelden, Zurzach, Gottlieben and Lau£en along the frontier. What do they do? "Pursue their activity"! " They pursue their activity" ! Monstrous violation of all international law- their activity! What then does the Government of the Imperial Regent do in order not to violate international law? Is it perhaps "its excesses " a? Rut Herr von Schmerling speaks of "warlike preparations". And since among the towns where, to the terror of the whole Empire, the refu gees pursue their activity there are several that belong to the Aargau canton, the Vorort takes it as an example. It again does OJ A pun: the German Wesen here means "activity" . Unwesen "excesses".- Ed.
74
Articles from the NetU! Rheini'iche Zeitung
something more than is necessary, it once again does more than "is customary among nations", and offers to prove by means of a "controversial procedure" that at that time only 25 refugees were living in ,the Aargau canton, that of these only ten took part in Struve's second expedition of volunteers,84 and that even they entered Germany unarmed. That is all there was of "warlike preparations". But what does that mean? The other fifteen, who remained behind, were the most dangerous. They obviously only remained behind in order to continue to "pursue their activity" without interruption. These are the weighty accusations of the "Government of the Imperial Regent" against Switzerland. More than this it is unable to put forward, nor does it need to do so, since it "is not customary among nations" etc. But if Switzerland is so shameless as still not to be shattered by these accusations, the "decisions" and "provisions" of the Government of the Imperial Regent will not fail to have a shattering effect. The world is curious to know what these decisions and provisions will consist of, and is all the more curious because Herr Schmerling is preparing them in the greatest secrecy and does not want to communicate any details even to the Frankfurt Assembly. Meanwhile the Swiss press has already shown that all reprisals Herr Schmerling might take are bound to have a more harmful effect on Germany than on Switzerland and, according to all reports, the Swiss regard the " provisions and decisions" of the Government of the Imperial Regent with the greatest equanimity. Whether the Ministers in Frankfurt will be of the same mind, especially if English and French Notes intervene, remains to be seen. One thing is certain: the affair will end, like the Danish war, in a new disgrace, which on this occasion, however, will fall on official Germany alone. Written by Engels on November 24, 1848
Printed according to the newspaper
First published in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 153, November 26, 1848
PublishL-d in English for the first time
75
DRIGALSKI - LEG ISLA TOR, CITIZEN AND COMMUNIST85
· te of sta a in ed lar dec en be s h orf eld iss Di . 24 r Cologne, Novembe . � nd worthy rep siege; the Brandenburg-Wrangel MlI� stry h.as fou s gentle �en resentatives in Herren spiegel-Drigalsh Th e fust of the � bmes varIOUS is a simple Regierungspriisident, but the second com r of � qualities. He is not only a lieutenant-genera� and comm�nde . e rem sup as s division - as such he figures in the army list and . IS rf - he legislator of the city and entire municipality of Diisseldo time a sam the at is he t tha f sel him � of s say and hor aut an also . h God for King and Wit "citizen" and - a communist, and all that as t e Fatherlan d. These two gentlemen, the simple as well law m multicoloured one, hav e discovered that the state of he�ce Diisseldorf can only be maintained by extraordinary measures; they have found themselves "compelled" to declare the �ntJre tIOn of municipality of Diisseldorf in a state of siege "for the protec law and order". 86 We have known for a lon g time that the B randenburg Gover� ment can only preserve itself by extraordinary mea!ls; we know that Its existence would hav e come to an end lon g ago If the country were not in a state of siege. Th e state of siege is the state of law of the Brandenburg Government. . "A state of siege, gentlem en, means a state of war," declared PrIme Min ister von Pfuel at the agreem ent sitti ng b of September 29. 87 At that time the matter concerned the city and fortress of Cologne, at a
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a The words "with God for King and Fatherland" are from Frederick William I1l's decree of March 1 7 , 1 8 1 3 , on organising the army reserve.- Ed. b T he reference is to the sitting ofthe Prussian National Assembly held todraw up a Constitution by agreement with the Crown.-Ed.
76
77
Drigalski - Legislator. Citizen and Communist
Articles from the Neue Rheinische Zeitung
that time it was a question of an uprising, the decisions of the courts could not be carried out, the la",ful force - the civic militia- could not ensure tranquillity, barricades had been erected; force could only be opposed by force. Such was the assertion at least of those who defended the state of siege, at least they stilI made an effort to save external appearances by relying on allegedly established facts. Now, however, the matter is regarded much more lightly; Diisseldorf is not in revolt, the activity of the courts has not been prevented for a single moment, the civic militia has always been ready to execute lawful orders; indeed one cannot appeal even to the obsolete instructions of the year 1 809, on which the main stress was laid at that time, for Diisseldorf is not a fortress. But Diisseldorf with rare energy has declared itself in favour of the tax refusal; that sufficed for the two supporters of Brandenburg to establish the state of law that . IS to say, to declare the city outside the law. We shall not go into the accusations which are intended to serve as a pretext for proclaiming the state of siege; we recommend them to the attention of the judicial authorities as being false accusations, for nowhere has legal proof been adduced to support them; they are calumnies which come under Articles 367 et seq. of the Penal Code.88 We desire here merely to set out the illegalities of which Herren Spiegel and Drigalski have made themselves guilty for the purpose of protecting law and order. After these two gentlemen had proclaimed the state of siege and "thereby supreme power passed to the military authorities" , "com munist and citizen" Drigalski issued the following decrees: . 1 . The legally existing authorities remain in office and will be given the most energetic support in the measures undertaken by them. That means that the legally existing authorities, insofar as they have a legal basis of existence, are dismissed, but they remain in office in order to support Herr von Drigalski. '
"1 expect," says Drigalski to his "co-citizens", "t hat all well-intentioned inhabitants wiII facilitate the application of the laws for me, and that the authorities will support me in
.
thts with completl! diltermination."
Herr Drigalsk.i not merely makes the laws, he also applies them; the legally existing authorities are his henchmen. And the "indepen dent" judges of the Diisseldorf district court and the Chief Public Pros�cut? r and his colleagues calmly put up with all that! They see no ViOlatIOn of the law in their being removed from office, they pay homage to the legislator Drigalski and rejoice at being allowed at this price to continue to draw their salaries. Fie! Are you not ashamed,
ge� r:S ��
for arrests rs de or ue iss to , ord sw the of le ru the r de un demen , e arrest of Herr th s ap rh pe Or ? gs din ee oc pr l ina im cr institute good right his in ly l bo t all ly ate rn f un ng sti tru ?? o, ? �� salle, wh , did not want to evade Ies nt tho au al dio Ju e th of on cti ote pr d the nge on the pa �t of Herr v re te iva pr of t ac � an ly on is , ge sie of e state thiS ma n and hl� h �lpers st ain ag gs din ee oc pr s ap rh Pe i? Drigalsk already been InstItuted ve ha 24 1 d an 23 1 , 14 1 les tic Ar on base d . secretly and are in process? The second law of He rr D ngalskl states:
�
d social aims are abolish ed." an cal liti po ing hav s on ati oci ass "All
h ap g ra Pa ril 6, A of law e th t ou � ab re ca i lsk iga p Dr rr What does He tItled en e ar ns sla us Pr ll "a , law at th th wi ce an rd co 4! g9 If, in ac r pu r fo s ti cie so in te mi } �? n io iss rm pe � e lic po . ; without previous " at IS obvI(� usly th , s law mg lst eX e th ne ve ra nt co t no poses which do 1� kly qU as d lle nu an be st mu ich wh ts" en em iev ch "a one of those legtslai's lsk iga Dr th wi le tib pa om inc e ar , say to is t tha as possible, . . tlOn. street traffIC a� d ls ro nt co ki ga D n vo rr He s., law � rth fou d � an ird Th . f ha d become Par�s, r ldo sse Du If As . es us ho c bli pu of s ur ho s es . busin no t merely � bIg IS he t Bu .· nts me pe rou att st ain ag law s a ue iss he talent as a mght figure as a ' policeman, he betrays also special watch ma n: he imposes a curfew. Fifth law. •
is disbanded and must itia mil ic civ the n. atio nis rga reo ing end imp "In view of its surrender its arms as from today."
owing: Th is law is a complex of illegalities. W e d� stinguish the �oll ary laws, a) The civic militia is disbanded. Accordmg to the ordm an b� specifi cally the Civic Militia Law of October 1 7,90 the militia � lskI ga Dn n vo rr He s Ha r. de Or et bin Ca l ya ro a disbanded only by he not perh aps a secret Cabinet Order in petto ? Well then, �hy does publish it, as he published the statement of the ChIef Postma.ster, diated Maurenbrecher? 91 O f course, this statement was at once repu et as a lie by the Diisseldorf militia. He rr von 'D ? galski. ha s no Cabin nd Order, he acts on hi s own assumption of plempotenua�y pow�,r� � n assu mes royal prerogatives, although he is a royal m m ded cttlze and communist". �(:m b) The civic militia is not merely removed from, i � duties. Herr Drigalski is not satisfied with merely seizing for himself the offICial p ower of th e Regierungspriisident. As far as illeg�lity is concerned, he -
a Gatherings.-Ed,
78
Articles from the Nffii! Rheinische Zeitung
would . . � ave al �eady . done quite enough by merely removing the mIlItia from Its dutIes. Paragraph of the law of October 1 7 states:
4
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civic �ilitia of a municipality or district refuses to obey the orders of the "If , author �t�es or mterferes In the activities of municipal, administrative or judicial , . . authont�es, the� the �mlmstT'!'twe head of the governmental area may provisionally . remove It from Its duties, prOVIded he gIves the grounds for 80 doing."
H.ence re r:' �val from duties could be pronounced only by the Regzerungsprastdent, but not by a lieutenant-general or divisional fommander, nor by a citizen, nor finally by . a communist even a "royal Prussian communist". But H �rr Drigalski has his own good reasons for at once acting as royaltr .�Ithout regard for .the regular instances. I f he had dealt with �he mIlItIa merely as a Regzerungspriisident he could not have disarmed It. But c) "the civic mili�ia �ust surrender its arms as from today". Mere removal from duties m no way justifies the taking away of arms Other�ise officers who have b�en s �spended would also have to giv . up their swords. But Herr Dngalskl is right; i f the militia had been allowed to keep its arms, it would probably not have allowed itself to be removed from duties by him; it would have fulfilled its function as Paragraph 1 of the law prescribes. . d) Herr von Drigalski orders the arms to be handed over to him. Smce he feels himself called upon to act as if he were royalty, he is not �on�erI?ed about the royal order on compliance with the law on the mstltutlon of the civic militia. Here Paragraph 3 states: ,
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"The arms supplied by the state to the municipalities remain in the poSo.lession of the LaUer In any case until the' time indicated above."
!he
"city administration and Municipal Council" of Dusseldorf . :alse I?o objection �o this order. In �tead of protesting against this Illegahty an �tandmg up for the nghts of the municipality, they exhort the citIzens to adopt a "calm, legal attitude" towards their new dictator.
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Sixth law.
"An �
79
Drigalski- Legislator, Citizen and Communist
"
According to the I aw safeguarding personal freedom, 92 no one may . be brought before an Judge other than the one designated by the law. Special
� courts and extraordmar,y commissions are inadmissible. No punishment can be threatened or lmposed other than in accordance with the law According to the same law, this provision can never be suspended fo ;
any time or area, even in case of war or insurrection. For even then, ccording to Paragraph 8, only Paragraphs 1 and 6 can be uspended, but only try decision and �nder the respo� ib lity of the . . are to Ministry of State. Yet Herr von Dngalskl decrees that CIvIlIans he tried by a military tribunal. It can no longer be a matter for surprise that he orders arrests to be mad� !l nd for this purpose violates the sanctity of the home. These provISIons can at least sull be suspended, although not by Herr von Dr�galski. For the .rest, it is a matt er of indifference whether one beheves the assertIon of the Diisse!dorfer Zeitung ' that Lassalle's arrest was carried out in a wholly irregular manner or the assurance given by the Kiilnische Zeitung that the arrest occurred by order of the examining magistrate.b The Kiilnische Zeitung, of course, takes the side � f .the mili�ary comman dant in order to put the blame on the exammmg magistrate . In any case, the arrest is illegal; for in an illegal situation no legal actioI? s can be undertaken. In a state of war, civil justice ceases to be operative. If the examining magistrate continues to functio�, he assumes the position of a memher of a military tribunal; the arhcles of war become his code of law. The Dusseldorf Public Prosecutor's office is well aware of its new situation; for if it still considered its competence to be that laid down in the Rhenish Penal Code it would have intervened long ago, if only on .the basis of Paragraph 9 of the Habeas Corpus Act, whiCh states:
:
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"No preliminary permission of the authorities is necessary' for taking le.K�l action agai� t public officials, civil or military. fOT violating the above-mentioned ProVMl.Oru by exceedt.ng their official powers."
In order to become fully acquainted with the power of our Rhenish institutions, the question still remains whether the Prose cutor-General, Herr Nicolovius, under whose supervision are all officials of the judicial police, even the examining magistrat�s, will approve the attitude of the Dusseldorf Public Prosecutor's offIce. To a deputation which visited him yesterday in order to demand that he should exercise his official powers in relation to the Dusseldorf events , Herr Nicolovius is said to have replied that he did not h�ve at his disposal any legal provisions on the basis of which he could mter vene. We say only that Herr Nicolovius is s!lid to have t;Iade that reply, although this utterance was communicated to us m a most trustworthy way. Nevertheless we cannot believe it, for otherwise we
"Dusseldorf, vom 22. November", Dii.sseldorfer Zeitung No. 3 1 1 , November 24, l 848.-Ed. a
b "Neuesle Nac.hrichtcn. Dusseldorf, 23. November", Kolnische Zeifung No. 3 15, r\ovember 24. 1848.- Ed.
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81
Articles from the Neue Rheinische Zeilung
would have to assume that Herr Nicolovius has completely forgot ten the Co pinal together with all the laws that have been pro mulgated since March of this year.
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Written by Marx on November 24, 1848 First published in tbe N"", Rheinische Zeitung No. 153, November 26, 1848
[THREE STATE TRIALS AGAINST THE NE UE RHEINTSCHE ZHTUNGj
Printed according to the newspaper Published in Englisb for tbe first time
,
Cologne, ;\iovember 24. At this moment three state trials against the Neue Rheinische Zeitung are impending-we do not include the judi cial proceedings against Engels, Dronke, Wolff and Marx for alleged
"unnewspaperlike" political offences.- We are assured from well informed sources that at least a dozen more inquisitions have been instituted against the "scurrilous sheet"-the official expression of the ci-devanta Public Prosecutor and actual Chief Public Prosecutor Hecker ( c 'est du Hecker tout purb) .93 First crime. Violent attack on the
maidenly " delicacy" of six royal Prussian police officers and of the king of the Cologne Public Prose cutor's office, Herr Chief Public Prosecutor Zweiffel94- people's representative in partibus infidelium ;' who carries out his duties for the time being neither in Berlin nor in Brandenburg, but in Cologne on the Rhine. On the Rhine! on the Rhine! there our vines do grow! ' We, too, prefer the Rhine to the Spree and the Disch Hotel to the Mielentz Hotel.9fi Va pour la delieatesse des gens d'armes!d As far as the "delicacy" of Herr Zweiffel is concerned, for us it is a " noli me tangere!'" We were morally incensed at the indelicate vote of non-confidence by which his electors are said to have caused him to beat a retreat. As true guardians of the maidenly " delicacy" of Herr Zweiffel, we request him to refute publicly the statemcnt of Herr Weinhagen of Cleve. Herr For mer Ed b It's genuine Hecker.-Ed. "
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( Matthias Clauuius, "Rheinweinlied" ,- Ed. J So m uch for the delicacy of the police! -- EA. c Not to be touched! - Ed.
82
83
Articles from t he Neue Rheinische Zeitung
�e:n�agen stated in the . Neue Rheinische Zeitung over his signature
t � e could commu�lIcate facts injurious to the "honour an d ' y " of Herr ZwelHe! H e could even provide prooif of th ese d e ,cac ' I 11 d facts, h e wrote but h · f l' �� g \ �e� �� ;a.k .�e�� : i: ���r � � denunCIatIon, even the most well 7' b �:� ��very . prosecuted as calumny unless it can be proved by a fou ?d ed , IS JudICial verdict or authentic documents We appeal therefore to the . r;e'1 ! of' . H delicacy" r er "honour and ZwelJ1 . ' Second cTlme. The simple H ec ker an d tIIe dichotomous Hecker. . . " b . ng which took place in 1 848 ,s ThIS crime, ' ' d cTlme. Th Ir prosecuted on the demand of the Imperial Ministry. The cri�� ' Schnapp�ah11;skl ! .A feature article as a criminal I "? ' . . " I n its llldictment the'JI mpena I Mllllstry IS said to have described the Neue Rheinisch� Z,el ung as th e worst newspaper of the "bad pres " F C;:;t��! r e the imperial authority to be the most i� u:� r�� �� com� �f
�:z ���� . .
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PERSO:'llA LITIES O F THE FEDERAL COUNCIL
� � �F!
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Written by Marx on November 24, 1 848
Fi �st puhlished in the Neue Rheinische (second 153 Zettung No, edition), November 26, 1848
Printed according
Published tIme
in
to
English
the newspaper for the
first
e th of s er ad re e th to e m co el w un he t no ill Berne, November 24 . It w es iti al on rs pe e th t ou ab ng hi et m so n ar le Neue Rheinische Zeitung to the of ol tr n co e th er d n u d an rl ze it Sw le w h o are n o w called upon to ru n ow just begun their w or k. Five two Councils, an d w h o have il accepted their election without members o f the Federal Counc , h as accepted provisionally until reservation , another, Herr Furrerby the seventh (M u n zi n ger) there the sp ri n g , an d about acceptance can be n o doubt. , is a typical er urr F r er H il, nc ou C l ra The President of the Fede iminemment ir l'a y, sa ld ou w ch en Fr Zuricher. H e h as , as th e er lv si s hi g in d u cl in , es ur at fe our an d bourgeois. " C lo th es , d em ea n e th of en iz it "c e th e nc la g t rs fi ry mounted spectacles, reveal at the ve t 98 ie D e th d an t or or V e th f o nt de si imperial free town ", w h o , as Pre e somewhat civilised, but ha s yet respectively, ha s, it is true, becom al" ' The chief merit of Herr . remained "every inch a provincilawye (as s" en th A s is w "S e th of rs nt ta or Furrer, one o f th e most imp s), nt ta bi ha in 00 ,0 10 of n w to e tl lit is h ll ca th e Z u ri ch philistine likes to the m is al er lib e at er od m d an s rt fo ef t is that by his consisten as w on nt ca e th d an n w ro th er ov September regime in Zurich 99 was s. As President of th e Diet he won back to th e party of p rogres erate progress in internal affairs remained true to h is principles . M od rnal affairs was the policy h e and th e strictest neutrality in exte a
Council
e Federal of States which made up th
e The National Co uncil an d th As.semhl y of Switzerland.- Ed. ce.-Ed. b An eminently bourgeois ap pearan King Lear. Act IV , y ed ag tr e's ar pe es ak Sh in paraphrase of Lear's words C A Scene 6.- Ed. a
Articles from the Neue Rheinische Zeitung
84
Personalities of the Federal Council
pursued. That he has now become President of the Federal Council IS more a matter of accident than of design. People would have preferred a man from B� rne; but then there was only the choice between Ochsenbe1O, agamst whom there was great antipathy, and . Ne � aus, �ho n �w 10 1 848 has been just as conservative in his actIvity as f,ve or SIX years ago and for that reason was not elected at all to the Federal Council. Owing to this difficulty a Zuricher was chose n , and 10 that case Furrer was of course the most suitable. Thus Fu rre� by no means represents quite exactly the majority of the . but at any rate he IS the representative of the Feder�l Assembly, maJoI'lty of German Switzerland. The Vice-President, D�ey, is in all respects the opposite of Furrer a d the best rep resentatIve that French Switzerland could send. "" hel e�s Fur�er I� too moderate for the majority and particularly for the radIcal m!nonty, Druey on the other hand is far too radical for most. Whereas Furrer is a moderate bourgeois liberal, Druey is a resolute sUppOlter of the red republic. The prominent role played by DI uey III the recent revolutIOnary events in his canton is well known; Iess wel1 known but all the greater for that are the . . mu ltI anous servIces he has �endered his canton (Waadt). Druey, a . soclal�st emocrat of the LoUIS Blanc shade, a first-class authority on . constJtutIOnal la�v, and the qUIckest and most industrious worker in . nd, is an element in the Federal Council which he SwItzerl of le who � � . . m tllne 'S bound to w1 0 more and more influence and have the most . benefICial effect. Owing �o his antecedents, Ochsenbein, leader of the volunteer bands a.gamst Lucerne, President of the Diet which decided on the war agamst the Sonderbund,lOo colonel of the Berne reservists in that campaIgn, has become well known and popular not only in Switzerland, ut throughout Europe. Less well known, however, is h,S attItude smce the February revolution. The partially socialist c laracter of . that revolu tion, the measures of the Provisional Govern �ent m France, and the whole movement of the French proletanat, served to no small extent to intimidate him, the demo crate pur, who the French would count as belonging to the party of the l He gradually drew closer to the moderate trend. . NatIOnal. . EspeCially III ex �ernal policy, in which he had shown so much energy . the Sonderbund, he became more befOl c and du �1Og the war agamst . and m �re 1Oc me to th � old system of so-called strict neutralitv, whICh m reahty IS nothmg but the policy of conservatism au'd � onmvanc.e wJth reaction. Thus as President of the Vorort, he delaved '� recogmsmg �he Fre1Hch Republic, and behaved ambiguouslv : to say the least, m regard to the Italian affair. In addition ' the
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D ie t, e th er ov g in id es pr in d ye la sp di he ch un re strained passion whi ds th e ar w to e ud tit at d se as bi a ke ta to m hi an d w hi ch often caused cially pe es d an e, es th g on am s ie em en y an radicals, m ad e hi m m ssible for po en be d ha ce oi ch r he ot y an If . iss am on g the Fr en ch Sw n hi m an d ee tw be an th il nc ou C ,l ra de Fe e th of the Be rn e m em be r vo te s. er w fe r fa ed in ta ob ve ha ld ou w n ei N eu ha us , Ochsenb of th e m os t e on ed er id ns co is u ga ar A om fr �e em Co lo ne l Frey-H of th e G en e �al f ie Ch as w e H . en m y ta ili m 's nd la er � capable of Switz t SWISS os m ke LI . nd bu er nd So e th st am ag n Staff du ri ng th e ca m pa ig s hi in le ro al ic lit po a ed ay pl e tim ng lo y irl staff officers, he too fo r a fa in ist m ad il civ ith w so al ar ili m fa e m ca be e ca nt on , an d in consequenc k for or w nt lle ce ex m or rf pe ill w he st po w s ne ration, In an y case, in hi on e of is he s, ew vi al ic lit s po hi s rd ga re s A t. th e Military D ep ar tm en th e st au nc he r liberals of hi s ca nt on . t os m e th of e on y nl ai rt ce is n si es T om State Councillor Fran.�cini fr r m an y years Fo . nd la er itz Sw of le ho w e th in es ur respected public fig 1 83 0, in ho w he y nl ai m as w It . on nt ca s he ha s worked tirelessly in hi d s pi de e th ng gi in br � in d � de ee cc su n, tio already before th e Ju ly revolu st III fir e th be to d, ar w ck ba ly al ic lit po ed T es sin , w hi ch was consider e old th e ac pl re to n, tio lu vo re a t ou ith al l Switzerland, an d w n w ho ai ag he as w e. It on tic ra oc m de a oligarchic Constitution by th rew er ov e tim nd co se e th r fo ch hi w n, tio headed th e 1 840 revolu s an d st ie pr e th of n io at in m do d re sto th e su rre titiously re at revolu th r te af , ho w i in sc an Fr as w it 2 I e, or Fu rt he rm oligarch s. llen mto fa d ha ch hi w n, tio ra ist in m ad e th sh tio n, organised afre t a stop to �he pu s, ie ar tio ae re e th of s nd � ha e th in complete di so rd er sq ua nd en ng d an ry be bn d, au fr t, ef th of s ce en rr in nu m erable occu n region allowed, ai nt ou m or po a of ns ea m e th as r fa an d, finally, as etely pl m co d ha ch hi w s, ol ho sc e th in n io at once m or e organised educ pnved de y eb er th e . H ks on m e th of n io ct re gone to ruin un de r th e di le , an d op e pe th ng ci en flu in of ns ea m f ie ch r ei the priests of on e of th increasing e th by ar ye ch ea t en id ev e or m e th e results a becom In addition, t. en nm er ov G r ei th in s er sin es T e confidence of th in Switzerland ist om on ec rt pe ex t os m e th as ed rd ga Franscini is re (Statistica della s tic tis sta iss Sw on s ok bo st and is th e author of th e be a, 1 84 8) . H e is a er izz Sv lla de ica ist at St a v o u N , Svizzera, Lu ga no , 1 82 7 th Druey wi e sid ll wi l ci un Co l ra de Fe e th in d staunch radical an le of Tessin op pe he . T er rr Fu d an n ei nb se ch O rather th an with s, ar ye y an m r fo t en nm er ov G r ei th of er espec ially va lu e hi m , the le ad for his "h on ourable poverty" .
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In th e Neue Rheinische Zeitung there is an editorial note: "To be continued in the su pplement,"-Ed.
86
Articles from the Neue Rheinische Zeitung
Government Councillor Munzinger from Solothurn is the most influential man in his canton , which he has represented in the Diet and which he has actually ruled for almost continuously since several years. As a semi-radical newspaper of French Switzerland, the Gazette de Lausanne, puts it, he is said to cacher S011.s les apparences de la bonhomie un esprit fin et penetrant; which means that concealed beneath the outward appearance of a good-natured fellow h e possesses that petty cunning which in the i mperial free towns i s regarded as diplomatic ability. A s for the rest, h e is a moderate man of progress a la Fu rrer and he demands that Switzerland should concern itself with its own affairs and leave the high politics of Europe to God and Lord Palmerston. Hence h e speaks extremely unfavourably of the foreign refugees, who so far have always been a source of unpleasantness for Switzerland. Together with the Swiss Athenian , Dr. Escher, he has recently in Tessin again given proofs of his attitude in this respect. 103 In general, Furrer and Munzinger in the Federal Council perfectly represent the p rejudices and narrow mindedness of the "enlightened" German Swiss. Finally, Herr Niiff from St. Gallen, about whom I can say very little. He is said to have done much to i m p rove the administration in his canton , and has also distinguished himself in other respects. The canton of St. Gallen, one can read in Swiss newspapers, is i n general one containing the richest and most excellent men ; hut these excellent men suffer from the misfortune that not much is heard about them, and in any case they seem to lack initiative. Nevertheless, in his special capacity as administrator, Herr Niiff is apparently not without merit. A s regards his political views, he stands midway hetween Furrer and Ochsenbein; h e is more resolute than the former, but does not go as far as could perhaps be expected of the latter judging by his antecedents. In view of this composition of the Federal Council, there is no doubt about the policy Switzerland will p u rsue in the i mmediate future. It is the same policy as the old Diet and the Vorort Berne pursued under the leadership o f Ochsenbein, and later of Funk (who without Ochsenbein is a nonentity). I n internal affairs - strict implementation of the new Federal Constitution which still leaves too much scope to the sovereignty of the cantons; in external affairs- strict neutrality, of cou rse stricter or milder accord ing to circumstances, in particular stricter in relation to Austria. The moderate party definitely has the upper hand, and it is prohable that , Herr Ochsenbein will vote with it on most questions .
1 830,
a Conceal a shrewrl, penetrating mind under a kind· hearted appearance.- Ed,
87
cil Personalities of the Federal Coun
m in or ity , a es nc sta um nc ci ch su in w ho Bu t in or de r to un de rs ta nd an d expose d te ec el be to e re ag d ul co an sc in i, . lik e D ru ey an d Fr , h ? w such a ed ot tv ou lly ua m nt co g in be of pect II em se lv es to the pros t eI th er be a us m e on is th nd ta rs de un to jointly t Ue gi um ca n ru le e, where .al l th e er H d . rn ve go is d n 1 er itz Sw � . � . or ha ve seen how followed I S . J u st le lp nc pn e th , tly m Jo e at er lib ecutive authorities de da y, ut pe rh ap s to ity or in m e th in e ar u yo , ue , cept the po sit io n ; tr he r m a ye ar or et wh s ow kn ho w d an e , us e m ' , . I I be" of so st'I " yO U m ay ' not fm d yourse If m tll w u yo , c. et ns tio na sig re , tw O, owing to de at hs e o,f th � act that nc ue eq ns co l ra tu na e th is t the m aj or ity . Tha ec tIO ns , I he n , Ju st el of ns ea m by ed rm fo e ar s (}verni ng collegium at least to consohdate s ie tr y rt pa ch ea s, ie bl m se as . s in th e legislative Id ral cand ates to th e ve se or e on f y tr en e th g rin � its position by secu It �annot as ng lo as f, el Its fo ty on in m � colle iu m , an d to en su re a ectIOn, as el se fu re to ed lsh w es at id nd ca . achi ve a m aj or ity . I f its ou ld not take w y rt pa e th , es tn un co er rg la , would certainly ha pp en in wn du pouvOtr tSs m m co �10 i l ci ou C l ra � , � it am is s. B ut the Fe de e fr om th at of ot m re ly tc ftm m IS n io sit po 's 1: , 104 a nd D ru ev , u.t'f I e:xec . Le dr u- R ol lin . ra l Co un c �' I conststs de Fe e th at th s rt se as le ho w a T he Sw iss pr es s as he th er a smgle on e w , er ev w ho t, ub do I s. nt le ta of m en of first-class in i w ou ld ever pl ay an sc an Fr d an ey ru D om fr t ar of its m em be rs ap th e th r.ee of y an e th h w nd a y, tr un co ; � ou ts ta nd in g role in a larger O ch se nb em , d an e os er ,-H e) Fr of n io . pt ' ce oth er m ember s, WIth tile ex an t secondary ro le . rt po im an en ev e ev hi ac to e w ou ld m an ag
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er 24 , 18 48 Written by Engels on Novemb Neue Rheinische
published in the , an d Zeitung No . 15 5, November 29 , 18 48 in the su pp lem en t to Nu . 1 55 First
Printed according to th e newspaper st Published in English for the fir time
88
Report of the Frankfurt Committee
. November 27 . Some forty years ago there were pe op le wh o desCrIbed Gennany m Its Deepest Humiliation.lOs It is as we ll that they have already been gathered ad patres. They could no t now write such a book; they would not know what title to give it, and if they chose the old one they would co ntradict themselves. Because for Germany there is always, as the English po et says, "beneath the lowest deep a lower stil l". b We believed that the conclusion of the Danish arm istice 1 06 signified the utm ost de pth s of sha me . It seemed to us tha t after the activity of the im pe�ia� envoy Raumer in Paris, of Hecksch er in Italy, and o f the Co mmissIOner Stedtmann in Schleswig-Ho lstein, and after the two Notes to Swit erland, ' the h miliation of � Germany � �ould not go farther. The actIOns of the two Imperial co mm issioners III regard to Austrian affairs pro ve that we were mistaken Ho w i �credibly far the German imperial commissioners ' go in their disregard for the honour of Germany, what stupid incapacity, cowanhce or treachery can be inh ere nt in the men of the old libera lism , is abundantly evident from the recently issued "R eport of the Committee for Austrian Affairs etc., " 107 an d especiall y from the 20 documents it contains. On October 1 3, Herren Welcker and MosIe travelled from Frankfurt o� �� e orders of the Central Authority "to me diate in V�enna affaIrs . Pe rso ns no t conversant with the new central a
, See t h is volume, pp.
67- 68. - Ed.
diplo macy expected news of their arrival in Vienna within a few days. It was not known at the time that imperial commissioners have their own itineraries. The Imperial Regent's Eisele and Beisele l O B took the most direct route to Vienna via Munich. With the well-known travel map from the Jobsiade 109 in their hands, they arrived there in the evening of October 1 5 . Until noon of October 1 7 they studied the Vienna events in cosy company with the Bavarian Ministers and the Austrian charge d'affaires. I n their first letter to Herr Schmerling they gave an account of their preliminary studies. In Munich the pair had a moment of illumination. They passionately desired the arrival of a "third colleague", if possible a Prussian, "hecause we would then be better able to cope with our great mission". The Herr "colleague" did not appear. The hope of a trinity was wrecked; the poor couple had to go out into the world alone. What then will become of the "great mission" ? The great mission travels in the pockets of Herren Welcker and MosIe to Passau. Before crossing the Austrian Rubicon, the "great mission" sends out a proclamation in advance. It was frightful over there on the other side! b -
C()logne,
nal.- Ed.
89
a
REPORT OF THE FRANKFURT COMMITTEE O N A USTRIAN AFFAIRS
a To their falhers .-Ed. b John Milton, Paradise Lost� The quotation is in English in the G erm an
on Austrian Affair:o;
origi
on the Austrian frontier the " f fere, too," \Vekker writes to Schmerling. pop ulation is by no means free from rcvolutio�lary and ter-:orist symptoms." In eed, " only by the i n terven tion of a military' occupatIon of the h ndgc was even the natIOnal guard of Krem s rendered incapab1e of depriving their Emperor of it and therefore to some extent of making him a prisoner" "
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What reader would be so hard-hearted as not to appreciate fully these feelings of the fine soul of a political encyclopaedia [Staatslex ikonseele] ! ' After the two gentlemen had gathered strength in Passau from midday on the 1 8th to early on the 20th, they betook themselves to Linz. They had left Frankfurt on October 1 3; in the evening of the 20th they were already in linz. Is not this tremendous speed proof enough of the importance of their "great mission"? Werc they perhaps spurred on by special instructions to this enormous h �stc? It suffices to say that after seven full days the gentlemen arrIved III Linz. This town, which with its "big factory population already influcnced by emissaries from Vienna" had aroused anxious Paraphrase of a line from Schiller's ballad "Del' Tauche r " :
" Archduke John of Austria.-Ed. h
"Da u n ten aber
C An all usion to the Staats-Lexikon oder Encyklopiidie der Staatswissen.�chaften, in Ferbindung mit viefRn tIer angesehensten Publicisten Deutschland.�, hrsg. von Carl von Rotteck und Carl Welcker, Rri. I S , Alton a, I 843.-Ed. ist's fiirchterlich. " - Ed.
90
Articles from the Nf'ue Rheinische Zeitung
forebodings in Herr Welcker during his stay in Passau , showed absolutely no signs of the gallows which he and his Herr colleague had probably envisaged in their imagination. On the contrary:
"The entire national guard with its officers and musicians . . . received us in ccremoniaJ furmation with the German fJag flying. and together with the surrounding people welcomed us with repeated cheers."
Therefore Linz - the revolutionary Sodom - turns out to be a well-disposed town, having sufficient bonhomie to welcome our excellent imperial commissioners with due ceremony. All the more dreadful does Vienna appear in the Welcker-Mosle reports to Herr Schmerling as the most godless Gomorrah , as a bottomless pit of anarch y etc. On the 2 1 st the gentlemen embarked on a steamship and went to Krems. On the way they reported to Frankfurt that they had been met with a guard of honour in Linz, that the main guard had paraded before them under arms, and other equally important matters. At the same time they prepared three letters: to Win dischgratz, to Minister K rauss, and to the Presidium of the I mperial Diet. Should anyone still not be completely satisfied with the more than eight days activity of our i mperial commissioners, let him now accompany them during the night of October 2 1 -22 to the headquarters of Windischgratz in Stammersdorf. Here the Central Authority in the shape of its commissioners appears before us i n all its glory. "Windischgratz," say We1cker-Mosle, "rejected every attempt at influence on our part with a certain harshness."
In other words, they were received with kicks and had to make themselves scarce. "Indeed, h e would not even see our credentials, " Welcker complains t o his Minister Schmerling. And to fill the cup of bitterness to overflowing: Windischgratz did not offer a drop of wine to the personifications of the Central Authority confronting him, not even a tot of brandy. Our commissioners therefore once more seated themselves i n their carriage, sadly humming the words " 0 du Deutschland etc.",. and continued their journey to - Vienna? Heaven forbid! To Olmiitz, "to the imperial residence" . And they did well to do so. Otherwise the whole imperial joke would have lost its point, the last act would These words are from a German folk song weIJ known in Ernst Moritz Arndt',� adaptation under the title "Ausmarsch des Jah rs 1 8 1 5 " ,- Ed, a
Report of the Frankfurt Committee on Austrian Affairs
91
. . were treated like stupid be misslIIg fro m the mediation farce . If they . .. schoolboys by Windischgratz, they found III 0I mutz . . . ' n on the part of the Emperor and the nnpcnal famIly " a much m.ore 0hi· gmg rereI)t W l
leI. p . 1 1 of the report, letter No. 6). . ,
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. Herr They were lIIVI·ted to a meal and , as they write. further to . " . It g pleasure the r "we had the of most gracwus receptIon e l S ·h ' . c � ;t �lI the German lackey character that is expr� ssed here, ?ut :ost sincere thankfulness which Jinds it�, � ppropnate expreSSIOn :�� . h ong · " After so much suffenng etc. . m f�e; all �he dini�g and wining the famous "great mission" stdl . rcmallls to be fu IfI· lied . Our two commissioners address themselves III writing to Minister Baron von Wessenberg.
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"Your Exc:ellen9' " (beg s the letter of October 25), "we humbly request you to be so good as to fIx a tIm� at wi�' 11�h It' WI'n be convenient for you to receIve our thanks f� r the benevolent receptIon whlC has een accorded our mission and ourselves by HIS Royal Imperial MaJesty and � ur and to inform u s of your views and 11
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The "following points" say in a great. many words that the . . . . of . to be allowed to go to VIenna for the purpose com mISSIOners wI·sh mediation . . The whole letter, as also the second one to W ess�nb erg, I s drafted . ill such a complicated last-century governm.ent offIce style, and I� �o full of excessive politeness and servility that It really doe� o�e goo � be able to read Wessenberg's replies immediately . af�er It. 0?Ipar� with the Austrian Minister, the two commlsSlone:s gIve t e im ression in this correspondence of being two loutIsh peasants co�fronting a highly cultured nobleman, before whom theY ow � n . scrape I·n a comical fashion and try to make use 0f reaI y se ec ex presSIOns. . . · Wessenberg replIed to the above-mentlOned Ie tter as follows·.
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. · "Your Excellencies, ] must apolo�lse fo,r bclng so Iate · n replying to your letter o f torlay , . A 5 regard S yo ' ur well-meant mtenUon to rnake on more attempt in Vienna to . of all (0 acquaint you WIth th e settIe th e d IssenSlOn ' there" it seems to me necessary f'rst I ' ' It 15 ' n �t a question of negotiating with a party . �tate of affairs there at the prc�ent lIme . : , an msurrectIon etc. (cf, p, l fi of the report), but solely of suppressmg . .
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Together with this reply, he returned them theIr credentials. They repeated their request on October 2 7 .
"We must regard it as our urgent d uty. " t}ley sa} . "once more mo�t h lI.mbly to request ' klY as Your ExcelIeriC)' and t hrough you the Imperial Government to sen d us as q,u1C ' I1 lel1le ' t an.d conciliatory instructIons and possible to Vienna u n cr sa�e esc<:r� WIt conditions, so that in thIS ternble cnsl� w: ca� rna�e use u f the assuaging and personal influence embodied in us and our mISSIon, .
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92
Articles from the
Report
Neue Rheinische ZeitunK
We have seen how this "assuaging and personal influence" operated in the fourteen days after they left the gates of Frankfurt. It exerted such a powerful effect on Wessenberg that in his reply he gave no answer to their request. He gave them some items of news from Vienna, half untrue at that, and remarked ironically:
"Furthermore, that revolts like that of the proletarians in Vienna cannot easily be suppressed without the1 1 0use of means of coercion has been confirmed recently by the . -1,. events In Tankf urt.I "
It was impossible for Herren Welcker and MosIe to withstand such arguments; hence they desisted from further attempts and waited with their "assuaging and personal influence" for the events that would come about. On October 28 they again reported to Schmerling about their "great mission". In response to an offer by Wessenberg they handed their message to a courier whom the former was sending to Frankfurt. The courier departed, but not the message, which only arrived in Frankfurt on November 6 . If they had not dined at the imperial table, if the imperial family, and especially Archduke Karl, had not spoken to them in such a friendly way -the commissioners must have gone out of their minds at such bad luck. There now followed two days of silence. The "assuaging influence" was resting on the Sabbath after so much labour. Then, on October 3D, Wessenberg gave them official news of the surrender of Vienna. Their decision was taken. True, on October 28 they still expressed the opinion (p. 1 4 of the report), "It seems that he" (Windischgratz), "like the influential persons here" (in Olmiitz), all too greatl)' duminated by the idea not only of subjugating Vienna but of
"is inHicting a revengeful punishment for previous wrong-doing."
However, since then Wessenberg has assured them -and how should imperial commissioner dare to doubt it -that an
"the Austrian Government, in making use of this victory, will be principles suitable for ensuring the sympathy of its subjects".
guided by
"We can therefore assume," exclaim Welcker-Mosle in a tone of imperial pathos, "that nevertheless our proposals have had some influence." Therefore, nevertheless? 0 certainly! For eight days you have most magnificently amused Wessenberg, Archduke Karl, Sophia & Co. You were an aid to the royal imperial digestion, Welcker-Mosle!
.. After that assurance of the Minister, we regard our task as having been accomplished and we shall tomorrow" (October 3 l ) "begin our return journey via Prague."
of
th e Frankfurt
Committee
93
on Austrian Affairs
re k lc e W n e r r e H f o e g a ss e m st Ia e th f o n o . si lu c n o c e th Such MosI e. in fact, you are rlgh . u r "great mission" of conciieliantinoan? V to o g And , . w o n u o Id u h s , � J' d c fulhll ° was , tion h ic h c media · a ll Je d n a and tz ra g h sc l in , }. y , W lllt a m u h f s le . st o . aI ap . ose t h ot n e p n lm l a v "'ere ro e th d n a " , ts a o -c d re e h t t . o n ;v e H ;> ' . e th d e ch a re p masters of th e CIty. e p ra d n a r e rd u m n so er, d un p of means to le b si n e h . re p m o trOO pS by c y a w a in v rt e b l' l a n O tl u It st n o c d n a e c a e p gospeI f ld d n le sp w o h , n all? e e b s a h " e c n e u fl 'n l g m g a U ' ss a ,, r u o y e v s ti . c le e tt a ff e -r th a e d How� e th m o fr t . n e 'd I V e k s ta r u o v t ou d carne . ' d by ifIe have st te is it , d e h Iv vo u is v ra e th f s e r c te a r e s 0 e d e th p , d e r d e e d in r u ta -s m d o ; lo b e � f the th v b s u t h g u ta , IS It s, n o Is r p e th in . s d n t1Ie th ou sa , tz ra g h c is d shade of Robert Blum. in W y b d e g a st y g o il tr e th t n e m I e p p u s to s a . w tz u sk lm O in e Your ta rc fa a m r fo r e t I I' g e h Y g r e b n e ss c W d u n o a y h ty si o . tu ir v Jellachic t a re g h it w f r. � � e � n a c y l th r o w n e e b s a h sk ncle" , if nol u d That ta le oz bo m ba � e °h t f e ro e th d n e e th to d e y la have p something worse. IS
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on November 27 , 1 848 Rheinischt e eu N e th in ed sh first publi , 1 848 28 r be m ve o N , 54 1 o. N Zeit1Jng
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er ap sp ew n e th to g in d or :c at d te n Pri first Published in English for the time
95
94
NEWS
T H E C O U T\ C IL
November 28. In its issue of :\'ovember 1 7 the Neue stated: "And as for the Jews, who since the emancipation of their sect have everywhere put themselves, at least in the person of their eminent representatives, at the head of the counter-revolution- what awaits them? There has been no waiting for victory in order to throw them back into their ghetto.'" At the ti�e, we quot�d. government decrees from Bromberg. Today we have a stIll more stnking fact to report. The big "Three Crowns" masonic lodge in Berlin -it is well known that the Prince of Prussia is the �uprem: head of the Prussian freemasons, just as Frederick Wtllzam IV t � � suprem e h ,,:ad of the Prussian religion -has put a stop to the actlvlt� of the Mznerva lodge in Cologne. Why? Because zt has Jews among zts members. Let the Jews take note of this! A circular of the Brandenburg Ministry to all administrative bodies, which we came upon by chance, calls upon them to carry out mass arrests of the leaders of the clubs. We are assu.red fro � a tr� stwo:thy source that Cologne, Diisseldorf, Aachen etc. WIll be gIVen Impenal troops, in fact Austrians as a C�ri �tmas present from our most gracious sovereign. Probabl� they wdl mclude Croats, Serezhans, Czechs, Raizes, Serbs etc., so that "<:> rder and calm" will be established in the Rhine Province as in VIenna. By the way, people say that the Rhine Province borders not on Russia but on France. Let the most gracious sovereign take note of this! Cologne, Rheinische Zeitung
IS
Il2
Written on l'."ovember 28, 1848
First puhlished in the Neue Zeitung ;"\10. 1 5 5, November 29. OJ
See this volume, p.
Rheinische 1848
32.- Ed.
C O C :\ c; IL
L SI T T IK G S O F T H E F E D E R A O F ST A T ES AND
Printed according to the newspaper
Published in English for the first
tUliC
l ci un Co l na io at N he ft go tin sit s y' da er st Ye 25 r Berne N ov em be I 't a pl I ca a er d e f e th of n tio es qu e th g lvin did not come any nearer to so as w It e. ot m re e or m en ev n tio lu so and, if anything, it made the, to choose the federal capital not by . decided , against the majority t� w la a h ug ro th t bu ls, Ci un Co o tw e th of g . secret ballot at a joint sittin t lK nf co ns pp ha IS th f I ly te � ra pa se l ci un be deliberated by each Co rlier '; th e Nat. lOn 1 CounClI wIlI ch?ose will ensue, as I conjectured ea es will choose Zu n� ch , ThI IS, admitted Berne and the Council of Stat . Unless the C ottn�il <:>f States revokes by members of both Councils see how the confhct IS to be lesolved this decision, it is im possible to at is to be chosen was placed un de l: In addition, the federal capital th th e necessary quarters for the obligation to procure an d furnishd the �entral Govern �ent and legislative federal assemblies anthat, un hmlte , e er w es hu Cl fa lt � e cr � er ft likewise to provide a m in t. A , s "a it ed cr r la nI Su . ty On aJ m e rg la a by l ci un granted to the Federal Co s ha e or ef er th d an , es at St of l ci un Co e th d simultaneously grante by the force of law. t h b < f en th es at St of l ci un ; Co e th . of g tin : sit a st Today there was fir t om e th At lJ. nC ou <: ) l na io a N e th Council� jointly, and afterwards of orn �I� as Federal CounCillors. sitting Druey and Franscini were sw the Slttm . I sh al l re po rt any , gs g in nd te at Since 1 was prevented from further developments of importance tomorrow. ,
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V\,.'rillcn by Engels on November
25, 1848
First published in the Neue Rheinischt Ze'; tll.ng No. 1 55, November 29, 1 848 a See this volume, p. 44.- Ed.
cr Printed accord in g to th e new r;;pap st Published in English tor the fir tIme
96
97
JOINT SITTING OF T H E COUNCILS. THE FEDERAL COUNCIL
[LETTERS OPENED]
Cologne, N ov em be r
28 , 1 1 p .m .
�wo of th e items of correspon
derlCe that have reached us this evemng , one postmarked Bern e an d the ot he r Pans, have c1 a ly been opened by � : an official or se m i-o fficial ha nd . T he se al was m lss m g. T he wafers with which the letters had b�en re: sealed u:ere not yet dry. Sedlnitzky, too, is m ak in g propaganda with Wmdzschgratz. Written by Marx on "Iovember 28, 1848 First published in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 155 (special edition) , Novelll�cr 29, 1 848
Printed according to the newspaper Published in English lor the first time
Berne, November 26. Contrary to the intention and declared
purpose that the Federal Councillors Druey and Franscini were both to be sworn in at yesterday's joint sitting of the Councils, only the former was sworn in. Franscini had not arrived as heavy snow had held up the stage-coach over the St. Gotthard. The Federal Council was then empowered to swear in those Federal Councillors and Federal Judges who did not arrive until after the eventual adjournment of the two legislative Councils. A sitting of the Council of States had taken place earlier to discuss the draft Bill adopted two days ago by the National Council on the question of the federal capital. This question, which had already been posed in a complicated manner by the National Council, was here made even more complicated. Fazy of Geneva proposed a motion to keep the scat of government in Berne for a provisional period of one year, and in the meantime to work out a more detailed law which would also include the obligations to be imposed on the canton with regard to the security of the federal authorities. The question was being treated much too lightly. The Swiss people should also first be given an opportunity to express its wishes. Briatte of Waadt , President of the Council of States, shared this opinion. Other members proposed further amendments: that the seat of the Federal Government should be determined by a vote at a joint sitting; that like the old Vorort it should be changed, but only every SIX years, at least until the federal university is established etc. The deb ate had to be broken off because the time allocated for the joint a
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Articles from the Neue Rheinische Zeitung
98
99
sitting had expired; it will be resumed today. Riittimann (ZUrich) . proposed to refer the draft back to the commission together with the · amendments. After the joint sitting, the l\'ational Council remained assembled to discuss the draft Bill submitted by the Federal Council on taking over all the Swiss postal establishments by the Confederation as from January J , 1 849, with the individual cantons continuing meanwhile to administer them until the postal system is finally settled, but the federal authorities having full powers to alter the rounds etc., etc. The draft was adopted seance tenante a with slight changes by Druey and others. Today the National Council is discussing the law proposed by the radical Dr. Emil Frei (Baselland) on responsibility of the executive officials o f the Swiss Confederation ; and, time permitting, the draft Bill proposed by Ochsenbein on the establish ment of a federal university. The Federal Council, the executive authority, has already sat several times. Provisionally, Furrer has taken over external affairs, Ochsenbein military affairs and Frei-Herose finance. The Federal Council of War h as been accordingly thanked for its services and suspended from activity. The Federal Council has further decided to announce to the cantons, to Switzerland's diplomatic agents abroad and to the foreign powers that it has been constituted. It has likewise decided to lodge a complaint with the Imperial Government regarding the territorial violation in the canton of Zurich,b and at the same time to make inquiries, in the relevant cantons, as to the behaviour of the refugees and the truth of the facts published by the imperial authorities in the Oberpostamts-Zeitung. I I . 26, 1 818
Printed according to the newspaper
First published in the Neul! Rheinische Zeitung No. 156. November 30. 1 848
P ublished in English for the first urne
vVTitten by Engels on J\Tovember
.
J OH AN N D AN L FE UF TE AN M OF N GA OR TH E CS SIA PR OF G N I K E TH D AN CE IN OV PR F IN . TH E RH
lfuffel's statean M s irm nf co ng itu :le che sis eus Pr ue e IV j e , I ogne. Th Co . . . mg tI]e F ran kfun ern nc co a ed sh bli pu dy ea alr \'e ha e h n1ent W IHe w . . ' ys sa n ga or s l ffe Central Authority and Assembly. Manteu .
We . I Regent b may be very well meant. ' na mpe I the of n tio ma cla pro he "'T s than the Crown. les no le op pe the it, ect rej ly ive cis de st mu , Prussians, however " c
:\fanteuffel's organ has guessed ou r inm ost thoughts . .
the t ou ab s low fol as us cts tru ins r pe pa ws ne al ici off Th e sam e . 114 : ns · Slo · d eCl validity of the Fra nkfu rt .
And only what he approves in the g. Kin our n tha ster ma er oth e no hav ians . ds " 11! P uss "fin e!) styl n ,sia (Pm " He use beca us, fOT ecision.', only that will be binding it good and for no other reason. "
Frankf�rt �
We "Prussianl" ! ! ! In the great haggling over � umal� , beings i � Vien na we Rhinelanders had the good fortune to wm an Arc�duke of the L ower Rh ine wh o ha s not fulfilled the conditions on whIch he ' . '" became I,"rc'hdU ke " 1 1 5 A "K ing 01 Prussia " exists for us only th roug h the Be rli n National Assembly, and since no. BerlIn f:i a�wnaI Assembly exists for ou r "A rchduke" of the Lower Rh me , no Kmg oj wer Prussia" exists for us . W e fel l to th e lot of the Ar ch du ke of the Lo Rh i n e owing to th e haggling over nations! As soon as we have got so .
" On the spot.-Ed. b
See this volume, pp.
.
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See this volume, p. 65.- Ed. Prok1am�tlon de.s the l? IS nc� ere ref e Th a. stri Au of ke n Joh b Archdu Rcichsverwesers an das deutsche Vol k, den Konfhkt ZWischen der Kron.e und cler " . ,�atl. Ona lvt"rsaIIl mlung In �' 'ember 2 1 , 1 84 8.- Ed. Preussen betreffeneI" nO\ 8.-Ed. Neue Preu.s.�lsche Zeitung Ko. 129 , November 28, 184 a
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63-64.- Ed.
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Articles from the
101
IVeue Rheinische Leitu ng
far that we n o longer recognise the seII"m g o f h u m a n souls, we sh a ll a sk the "Archduke o f th e L ower R h m e " about his
ownership " .
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"title to ·
Written on November 29 , First published Z"·tun , g " 0. 1 5
.
18 48
in the Neue 6, Novemher 30 , "
THE REVOL UTION ARY MOVEM ENT IN ITALy I 16
,
Printed. Rhttn . tsc . he
18 48
according to the newspaper
Published in English for the first
time
November 29. After six months of almost uninterrupted defeats for democracy, after a series o f unprecedented triumphs for the counter-revolution, there are at last indications o f an approach ing victory of the revolutionary party. Italy, the country whose uprising was the prelude to the European uprising of 1 848 and whose collapse was the prelude to the fall o f Vienna- Italy rises for the second time. Tuscany has succeeded in establishing a democratic government, and Rome has just won a similar government for itself. London, April 1 0; Paris, May 1 5 and June 25; Milan, August 6; Vienna, November 1 1 17 - these are the four important dates o f the European counter-revolution, the four milestones marking the swiftly accomplished stages o f its latest triumphal march. Not only was the revolutionary might of the Chartists broken in London on April l O, but the revolutionary propaganda impact of the February victory was also for the first time broken. Those who correctly assess England and the role she plays in modern history were not surprised that the continental revolutions passed over her without leaving a trace for the time being. England, a country which, through her industry and commerce, dominates all the revolutionary nations of the Continent and nevertheless remains relatively independent of her customers because she dominates the Asian, American and Aust ralia n markets; a country in which the contradictions of present-day bourgeois society, the class struggle o f the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, are most strongly developed and most acute, England more than any other country pursues her own, indepen dent,. course of development. The fumbling approach of continental provIsIonal governments to the solution of problems and til(' Cologne,
102
Articles from lhe
The Revolutionary Movement in Italy
Neue Rheinische Zeitung
abolition of contradictions is not required in England, for sheis more competent in dealing witb and solving them than any other country. England does not accept revolution from the Continent; when the time comes England will dictate revolution to the Continent. That was England's p()sition and the necessary consequence of her position, and hence the victory of "order" on April 1 0 was quite understand able. But who does not remember how this victory of "order", this first counterblow to the blows of February and March, gave fresh su ppo�t to the counter-revolution everywhere and raised daring hopes In the hearts of those who were called conservatives! Who does not remember how throughout Germany the action of London's special :o,:stables was immediately accepted as a model by the entire Clvte fIulIua! Who does not remember the impression made by this first proof that the movement which had broken out was not unconquerable! On May 1 5, Paris promptly provided its counterpart to the victory of the English conservative party. The outermost waves of the revolutionary flood were stemmed on April 1 0 ; on May 1 5 its force was broken at its very source. April 1 0 demonstrated that the February movement was not irresistible; May 1 5 demonstrated that the insurrection could be checked in Paris. The revolution defeated at Its centre was of course bound to succumb at the periphery as well. And this happened to an increasing extent day by day in Prussia and the smaller German states. But the revolutionary current was still strong enough to ensure two victories of the people in Vienna, the fIrst also 0',1 May 1 5, t.he s�cond on May 26, while the victory of absolutIsm m Naples, lIkeWIse won on May 1 5, acted because of its excesses rather as a counterbalance to the victory of order in Paris. Something was still missing, though. Not only had the revolutionary movement to be defeated in Paris, but armed insurrection had to be divested of the spell of invincibility in Paris itself; only then could the counter-revolution feel safe. And that happened at PariS' in a battle lasting four days, from June 2 3 to �6. Four days of gun-fire put an end to the impregnability of th � barncades and the invincibility of the armed people. What did Cavalgnac demonstrate by his victory if not that the laws of warfare are mo�e or less the same in a st'reet and in a defile, whether faced by a barncade or by an entanglement ot bastion? That 40,000 undisciplined armed workers, without guns or howitzers and without deliveries of a.mmunition: can withstand a well-organised army of 1 20,000 expenenLed soldIers and 1 50,000 men of the national guard su pp�rted by the best . a.nd most numerous artillery and abundantly supplIed With ammunltion for no more than four days? Cavaignac's l iB
1 03
vic tory was the sheerest sup'p r�ssion of the sn:raller !orce .by a force IfIlerically seven times as bIg; It was the most inglOrIOUS VICtory ever ��n, the more inglorious for the blood that it cost despite th: overwhelmingly superior forces. Nevertheless the world regarded It with amazement as if it were a miracle, for this victory won by superior force� di." es.te.� the people o.f Paris and the Paris bar�icade,s of the aura of Invmoblhty. By defeatmg 40,000 workers, Cavaignac s 300,000 men defeated not only the 40,000 workers, but, without realising it, defeated the �uropean revolution. We all know what. an impetuous storm of reactIOn set In from that day. There was.nothlng now to r�strain it; the people of Paris were defeated with shell and grape-shot by conservative forces, �nd what. could be done in Paris could be repeated elsewhere. Nothing remamed to democracy after this decisive defeat but to make as honourable a retreat as possible and at least defend foot by foot i� the press, at public meetings and in parliaments, the ground whICh could no longer be held. The next great blow was the fall of Milan: The recapture of Milan by Radetzky was indeed the first European event foll?wing the June victory in Paris. The double-headed eagle on the spire of th� Milan Cathedral signified not only the fall of Italy as a whole, It signified also the restoration of Austria, the restoration of the stronghold of European counter-revolution. Italy crushed �nd Austria resurrected - what more could the counter-revolution demand! Indeed, with the fall of Milan there was an immediate slackening of revolutionary energy in Italy, Mamiani was overthrown in Rome, the democrats were defeated in Piedmont; and simulta neously the reactionary party raised its head again in Austria and from its centre, Radetzky's headquartetis, it began with renewed courage to spread the net of its intrigues over all provinces. Only then did Jellachich assume the offensive, only then was the great alliance of the counter-revolution with the Austrian Slavs completed. I say nothing of the brief intermezzi in which the counter revolution gained local victories and conquered separate provinces, of the setback in Frankfurt,"9 and so on. They are of local, perhaps national, but not European significance. Finally, the work that was begun on the day of eustozzal20 was completed on November I-just as Radetzky had marched into Milan so did Windischgratz and Jellachich march into Vienna. Cavaignac's method wa�s employed, and employed successfully, "
I n Augu,! 1 84R�-F,d.
104
The Revolutionary 'Movement in Italy
Articles from the Nette Rheinische Zeitung
against the largest and most active focus of German revolution. The revolution in Vienna, like that in Paris, was smothered in blood and smoking ruins. But it almos't seems as if the victory of November I also marks the m oment whell the retrogressive movement reaches the turning point and a crisis sets in. The attempt to repeat the bold exploit of Vienna bit by bit in Prussia has failed. Even if the country should for�ake the Constituent Assembly, the most the Crown can expect is merely a partial victory which will decide nothing, and at any rate the first discouraging effect of the Viennese defeat has been nullified by the clumsy attempt to copy it in every detail. While Northern Europe has either been forced back again into the servitude of 1 84 7 or is laboriously defending the gains won during the first months against the attacks of the counter-revolution, Italy is suddenly rising again. Leghorn, the only Italian city which the fall of Milan spurred on to a victorious revolution, Leghorn has at last imparted its democratic elan to the whole of Tuscany and has succeeded in setting up a radically democratic government, more rad ical than any that ever existed under a monarchy, and more radical than most formed in a republic. This Government responded to the fall of Vienna and the restoration of Austria by proclaiming an Italian Constituent Assembly. The revolutionary fire-brand which this democratic Government has thus hurled into the midst of the Italian people has kindled a fire: in Rome the people, the national guard and the army have risen as one man, have overthrown the evasive, counter-revolutionary Government and secured a democratic government, and first among the demands they suc ceeded in putting through is a government based on the principle of Italian nationality, that is to say, the sending of delegates to the Italian Constituent Assembly as proposed by Guerazz i . 1 2 l That Piedmont and Sicily will follow suit is beyond doubt. They will follow just as they did last year. And then? Will this second resurrection of Italy within three years - like the preceding one- herald the dawn of a new upsurge of European democracy? It almost looks as i f it will. The measure of the counter-revolution has been filled to overflowing. France is about to throw herself into the arms of an adventurer in ordcr to escape the rule of Cavaignac and Marrast; Germany is more divided than ever; A ustria is overwhelmed; Prussia is on the eve of civil war. All the illusions of February and March have been ruthlessly crushed a
a
Louis Bonaparte.-Ed.
105
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the people ha ve not ing d, ee nd I ry. isto h of ad tre ift sw the h be neat ion ! lut vo -re ter un co the of ies tor vic r the fur y an m fro learn more ta , to ap pI y tl1C ses an n sIO ca oc e th en wh le, op pe e th to . It is up y. ssl rle fea d an e hm od go in hs nt mo six st pa e th Jess on S Of .
on November 29 , Written by Marx
18 48
. . cu in the Neue Rheinivhe First pu bJish em ber 30, 1 848 7citUl1g N o . 1 56 , Nov
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Printed according to the newspaper
106
10 7
German Professorial Baseness
ry at fu ble iba scr de in an is s se es dr ad th bo in re atu The central fe more No d! an rst de un to sy ea ry ve is is Th es. tax th e reju
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GERMAN PROFESSORIAL BASENESS
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The lackey nature of German professors finds its ideal surpassed in the learned gentlemen of Berlin and Halle. Such a servile frame of mind would shame a Russian serf. The pious Buddhist who credulously swallows the excrement of his Dalai Lama hears with astonishment about the Berlin and Halle Buddhists whose prostitution before royalty "by the grace of God" seems to him like a fable. He only believes in its reality when he is shown the addresses of the Berlin and Halle professors to the King of Prussia dated November 24 and 2 1 respectively, with the original signa tures Cologne, November
\Vritten on November 29, 1 848
Fir�t published in the Neue Rheinische ZPitung ,",,0 . 156. ,""ovember 30, 1 848
r Pri nted accordi ng to the newspape
st PUhlished in English for the fir time
. •
"Freedom of discllssion was abolished. the lives of the deputi es menaced. the dignity of the A ssembly and the honour of the nation besmi rched , and the most well-intentioned and just proposals for putting an end to this reign of terror were frustrated by the resist ance of those whom it was to benefit."
With these and other such brazen lies, and with the most servile assurances of inborn loyalty, 80 Berlin professors - including Hengstenberg, Schonlein, Ehrenberg, Bockh, the two Grimms etc.- have concocted an address to the King in which they bray in chorus their learned applause for the coercive measures of the Brandenburg Ministry. The address of 1 9 Halle professors has a similar sound, but they go so far in their comicality as to speak incidentally of the "seriousness of their profession". a'
"Adresse def Berliner Professoren an den Konig von Preussen", November 24, 1848; "ErkHirung von Prorektor und Senat def Koniglichen vereinten Frierl richs Universidir" in Haile, November 2 1 , 1848 (Preussischer Staats-Am:.eiger. November 25 and 26. 1 848).- Ed.
•
108 Sitting
OF THE NATIONAL COUNCIL. O N L ST EMBARGO.-THE VALAISAN COL'NCIL
SITTI:-\G A TES. THE C U CI OF PROTEST OF THE POPE.- I MPERIAL GREAT G RA I N
B erne, N ovember 26 . At yesterday's sitting th e Na tio na l Co un cil
dispatched both items on th e ag en da (E mi l Frei's mo tio n on the law of responsibility an d Ochsenbein's on the fed eral un iversity) by refern� g th em to th e Federal Co un cil . Du rin g th e discussion on th e . un iversity so me strange remarks were ma de . Lu sse r from Vr i saw in th e project the ru in of his canton's finances. Hu ngerbuhler from Be rn e sim ilarly resisted th e ide a of a university wi th all his mi gh t: he said it was a luxury expenditure an d that there we re already enough people ��ose he ad s had been turned through too mu ch lea rn ing . . Th e AlClblades of th e SWISS At he ns , He rr Esch er from Zu ric h, also th ou gh t it necessary to wait first for th e financia l me an s. Alcibiades ha d good reason to press for an or din ary ag en da ; he was well aware that th e Be rn e deputies intended to grab the seat of th e Federal Government for themselves an d let Lucerne be satisfied with the Fed�r�l Court an d Zurich with th e " Federa l H ig he r School ". Bu t the am bItIon of the At he ni an s of Switzerland go es beyond that, an d al l bu t two of th em voted, although to no av ail , for an ordinary agenda. I n th e Co un cil of States th e law on the se at of the Federal
A
Steck)
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of the N ational Council
109
hOUle in great consternation. From what we have heard, the dispute resulted from a violent attack on the part. of H �rr Steck � nd was settled by a commission of the Great CouncIl appoInted speCIally for the purpose . . At the sitting t� e d.ay before yesterd�y the State . . Counci1lors WIthdrew theIr resIgnations amIdst loud cnes of VlVe la ripublique from the Great Council. . . . The pope has protested against the decISlon.s of the fI�e canto� s . . of the Freiburg diocese, which are relIeVIng Blsh.op Manlle� �f hIS episcopal duties and taking steps to set up a proVISIOnal admlmstr� tion of the bishopric. 12' I f these measu�es a�e not �evoked, he IS . threatening to issue "other decrees to whtch hIS �onsClence commIts him towards the Catholic world". The Schwetzenscher Beobachter, the local reactionary newspaper, consoled itself two � ights. ago with the hope that since a republic had now been proclaImed In Ro� � (the worthy paper was made to believe this), the p.apacy was fInlsh.ed with 124 and the Catholic world had regained Its freedom, which meant that the confused situation in Freiburg would also be resolved! There are conflicting reports from the German frontier as to whether or not a grain embargo has been introduced. It is known for sure that so far it has at the most been introduced at Lake Constance; for on the 24th, the day before yesterday, as many Swabian corn growers as ever before cam� to the market in � urich . . The Valaisan Great CounCil has taken the deCISion to levy the taxes necessary to pay the Sonderbund war reparations not: �s e� s�where, on the enormously rich monasteries, but on the mUnlClpal!tles. The proportion that Valais has to pay amounts to. 1:600 00� SWISS francs. : So, instead of the monks who were the ongmal mst� gators of the insurrection, it is the poor people of the canton who Will h a:ve to pay this tax. In the meantime, the reverend fathers are cartmg away more and more of their property to Piedmont, just as the patres of the Great St. Bernhard have already done. These priestlings, famous in school books and sentimental stories for their dogs and for their all�ged selfless devotion to travellers dying in the snow, are in reality tremendously rich and live extremely comfortably. They have taken all their riches their cattle, their money and their effects to Aosta, where they re also now staying and parta�ing c�pio sly of � Piedmontese wine. When Radetzky marched mto Milan, these philanthropists celebrated the happy event with banq� eting and cannon-fire, for which they were brought before the Pledmontese
;
, Pius IX.-Ed. b On August 6, 1 848.- Ed.
1 10
courts. This ecclesia pressaa left nothing behind in their wintry monastery but a little bread and bacon, with which a few servants entertain travellers. However, the Suisse doubts whether the above decision was actually taken, even though it was printed in the Journal du Valais.
Written by Engels on November 26. 1848
1\'0.
First published in the supplement to the Neue Rheinische Zeitung December I , 1848
111
Articles from the Neue Rheinische Zei,ung
1.157,
[SITTING OF THE NATIONAL COUNCIL]
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?
P ntcd according to the newspa per Published in English for rhe first time
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Berne, November 27. At today's sitting of the National Council t e question of publishing a bulletin of proceedings was once agam taken up, but owing to the small number of mem bers present It was very soon adjourned until tomorrow. Written by Engels on November 27, 1848 First published in the supplement to the Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 157, December
J.
Persecuted church.- Ed.
I,
1848
Printed according to the newspaper
Published in English for the first time
113
1 12
[NEWS FROM SWITZERLAND]
BERNE DECLARED FEDERAL CAPITAL. FRANSCINI
November At today's of the National Council by votes to 42. All that is now needed is the ratification of the Council of States, which in the opinion of the Berne public is a foregone conclusion. There will be a sitting of the Council of States at 4 o'clock this afternoon, when it will take a decision on this matter. As the post goes at half past four, it will be impossible for me to send a report today on the outcome of this sitting. At yesterday's sitting the Council of States ratified the National Council's decision on the Tessin question without amending it, which means that it has force of law. In the debate, which was somewhat long drawn out, Federal Councillor Franscini, who arrived the day before, particularly distinguished himself with speech in support of the Tessiners. Carteret of Geneva also spoke out energetically in su pport of the Italian refugees and protested against their being referred to as "culprits" in this assembly, whereas they deserved the sympathy of all Swiss people for their aspirations and their struggles. It was indeed by demonstrating such active sympathy that the Tessiners proved that they were genuinely Swiss. In spite of this and several other vigorous protestation s, esp.ecially against Article 2, which deprives Tessin of the right to grant asylum, the decision of the National Council was, as I have said, ratified in its entirety by a sizeable majority. Here too the German cantons were the de isive factor, even though a few German deputies also supported the Tessiners in the Council of States. sit6ng 28. Berne, Berne was declared the federal capital 58
a
a
c
Written by Engels on November 28. 1848
First published in (he Neue Rheini�che Zeitung No, 158. December 2. 1848 a
See this volume, pp. 6 1 -62,-
Ed.
Printed according to the news pa per
Published in English for the first time
tes Sta of cil un Co he of g tin sit 's ay rd ste ye � At , 29 er mb ve Berne, No the ha nd s of the sts po e th of l ro nt co e th ing lis ra nt ce the law d an ted ba de s wa 9: 84 1 , 1 y ar nu Ja m fro as ies rit tho au federal a ppro al e th d ive ce re dy ea alr d ha It ts. en dm en am t ou th wi ed approv l ra de Fe e th of t sea e th on ion cis de e Th . cil un Co l na tio Na e of th l na tio Na e th ce sin r, ve we Ho . da en ag e th on s wa nt me rn Gove dy ea alr d ha d an e tim me sa e th at ion cis de is g th tin ba de s wa cil un Co At k. loc o' ur fo til un d ne ur jo ad s wa � g tin sit e th e, tiv tia ini e th en tak te vo st fn e th At te. vo e th to d de ee oc pr cil un Co . four o'clock th e ve an ga ich wh 3, e rn ce Lu d an 13 h ric Zu , tes 1 vo 2 Berne received the seat of the ely tiv ini def re efo ther is e Bern e, rn Be to ity absolute major . Sll!i�,� federal authorities. l ra de Fe r ea I sw o er th ge to me ca � s � cil un Co th . bo ing This morn n ha Ita ch ee sp h gis lon a ed er liv de ni sci an Fr ni. sci an Fr Councillor bly se As l ra de Fe e th n � po eu er Th . all by ed ud pla ap s which wa to Cil un Co l ra de Fe e th t t lef s wa It y. tel � . e, adjourned indefini . u te na op pr ap e th at ly � mb se As e th e . . en nv co re f n tlo bu tn dls g wm llo fo ? e th de ma cil un Co The Federal I� p� s wa , nt de esi Pr � as r, rre Fu s: er mb me its g on am departments . . r� l I?ohCle �, fed of on ctI lre l � ra ne ge � d an s air aff l na ter ex charge of l na ter JIl Ill , sCl an Fr r; wa . , m be en hs Oc e; lic po d an ce sti v ju Drue d an e rc me m co on s xe ta se ro He ei, Fr ; ce an . ffai;s ; M unzinger, fin works . c bh pu d an s st po f, iif N ; s) ge ea (P ey on . m i tu n p k e Cil un Co ! a on atI N e ·th r fo e rn Be in s on cti ele The two recent s wa rt ga em W d an ell itt M in ; als er lib e th r s fo rie to resulted in vic elected and in Emmenthal, governor Karrer. III
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Ed.
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Articles from the Neue Rheinische bitung
It goes without saying that the people of Berne are jubilant at their elevation to citizens of the capital of Switzerland. Last night there were any number of torchlight processions and serenades; in addition, the inevitable roar of cannon; bell-ringing seems to be left to the "imperial authority " . There was naturally quite a serenade in front of the Erlacher Hof, where the Federal Council has its seat, and Steiger and Furrer made speeches. I have just heard that Luvini fought a duel with Colonel Berg because of the latter's provocative remarks during the Tessin debate. It appears that no one was hurt; however, I cannot yet say anything definite on that score. Written by Engels on November 29, 1848
First published in the Neue Rheinische No. 159 (second edition). Zeitung December 3. 1848
DUEL BETWEEN BERG AND LUVINI
Printed according to the newspaper Published in English for the first tlme .
.ri
Berne November
30. In the duel yesterday between Herren Berg
and Lu ni' Herr Berg sustained fairly severe wounds in the arm �nd in the side. The weapon chosen was the officer's broadsword ( brzquet . When d'ordonnance). Herr Berg left yesterday he had to be earned to the carriage. Written by Engels on November 30. 1848
Printed according to the newspaper
First published in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 160, December 5, 1848
Published in English for the first time
Closing of German Frontier.-The Empire.- The Council of War
1 16
THE CLOSING OF THE GERMAN FRONTIER. THE EMPIRE.-THE COUNCIL OF WAR
December 1 . Thank God! At last it appears that the official news of the closing of the German frontier has reached the Federal Council and we shall now know what the position is. It was high time, considering how long their worships in the Central Authority have been taunting us Swiss and making fools of us. The Federal Council is said to have decided not to put even a single company of Swiss troops in the field against the mighty formation of 50,000 imperial troops. The imperial. authorities can judge from this how much Switzerland fears their decisions, precautionary measures, threats and troop formations. Of course, the "Empire" does not have the same military system as Switzerland, which has no standing army at all but within a week can raise 1 50,000 trained and battle-ready troops - that is twice as many as the classical land of the military parad� �ith its celebrated Scharnhorstian system of military orgalllsatlon. Ev�n though the .conflicting rumours about tbe closing of the frontIer are threatenIng to dry up as a source of merriment for the Swiss, we can still rely On the "Empire" for something to laugh at. Yesterday the German and especially the Frankfurt imperial newspapers presented us in all seriousness with yet another fat canard: the recent invasion of Lorrach by refugees-or rather bandits-and the battle in which four real live Badenese dragoons succumbed! There is no need to tell you that the whole ridiculous s�ory, which provoked the greatest hilarity here, is pure mystifica tIOn. However, I can tell you that the Empire citizens' fear of the couple of volunteers who may still be prowling about on the border makes a hilarious impression on every Swiss. The newly coined Berne,
117
phrase, "Scared as six Empire citizens by one volu�teer.", has permanently entered the language. The .Iat�st artIcle . In the Frankfurter Oberpostamts-Zeitung about the contInuIng subverSive actI vities of the refugees along the frontier has greatly helped to keep up the laughter at the e:,pense ?f the Empire.a What i� p�r�a�t reve lations Herr Schmerlmg's spIes have made! Metterlllch IS In Mut tenz and has been seen in Birsfeld, where Neff too is residing and writing and receiving many letters. Siegel and Katzenmaier are staying in Emmishofen-and they say the Empire need not tremble! Even more terrifying, the Swiss Government tolerates the presence in Dornach, close to the German frontier, of-"a few canteen-keepn stragglers from Lorrach and the vicinity" !!! In addition to that, "it is generally believed" that fresh "predatory in.c�rsions" would h'.[ve taken place if ... etc., etc. And was there not SlllpIng across the RhIne from Gross-Laufenburg? When, how and by whom the imperial newspaper has of course no idea. In short, if the Empire is in s';lch .a bad state that it shakes to its foundations just because Metterlllch IS seen in Birsfeld and a few canteen-keeper stragglers are wasting away in Dornach, Switzerland will certainly have no part in propping up such a rotten building! What is more, tI;ese confused . reports strung together by Empire mouchards' contradICt themselves m eve:y line: for example, Metternich is said to be the only refugee m M uttenz, and yet three lines further on "there are reports from Muttenz that they (! !) are once more arming there" !! "They" -means Metternich, all on his own! And it i.s for this -for making them the laughing-stock. of the wh?!e world wl�h such clum�y contradictions-that the impenal authontJes pay theIr mouchards �n Switzerland! Trema, Bisanzio,d Metternich has been seen In Birsfeld and "several canteen-keeper stragglers" in Dornach have sworn your destruction! . . But let us leave the Empire aSide. The Federal CounCIl of War has been dissolved pro forma, but immediately reconstituted as a military commission, Herr Ochse�bein, as head of the !,ederal War Department, taking over as chaIrman. The Berner Zedung sharply criticises this reconstitution or retention of the most cumbersome and costly item of the old Federal Government. In its opinion, the Military Council has never achieved anything but the appointment of few aristocratic officers and the birth, after protracted labour a
"Die Fortdauer der Uberstande an def Schweizergrenze", Frankfurter Oberpostamts-Zeitung No. 3 1 4 (supplement) . November 24. 1 848.- Ed. Germain Metternich.- Ed. c Informers.- Ed. d Tremble, Byzantium ! (Donizetti. Belisario.) - Ed. a
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Articles from the Neue Rheinische Zeitung
pains, .of federal drill reg\,lations [KamaschenreglementJ. These regulations proved so expensIve that for the same price the whole army might have been equipped with puttees [Kamaschen] and boots. For the rest, the. Military Council restricted itself to drawing its daily allowance of sIxteen francs per head and because of all the diff.icu.lties and �air-splitting has long since given up all hope of ever achIevmg anythmg. Besides the duel between Luvini and Berg, there were prospects of a second one-between Pioda and Michel from Graubiinden -as a result of the Tessin debate in the National Council. Colonel Michel h �d expre�sed ?imseJf in an unbecoming �anner and ended u p angnly declanng Pioda to be a downright liar. PIOda answered extremely calmly and properly, but afterwards called the old federal war-horse to account. Thereupon Michel made statements that gave complete satisfaction to Pioda and his friends and with that the affair was allowed to rest.
Written by Engels on December 1 , 1848
First published in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 160, December 5, 1848
Printed according to the newspaper Published in English for the first tlme
THE FEDERAL COUNCIL AN,[) THE FOREIGN AMBASSADORS.THE FEDERAL COUNCIL IN TESSIN . CENTRALISATION OF POSTS. GERMAN ARMY COMMANDER'S APOLOGY
December 2. Since announcing the constitution of the new federal authorities and the simultaneous expiry of the 1 8 1 5 treaty,!" the Federal Council has already received the assurance from all the foreign ambassadors that they believed they could promise in advance their governments' recognition of the new authorities and the new Constitution. Only the British ambassador, Master' Peel, made no mention of recognition, and merely stated tersely that he had communicated the announcement to his Government. As Russia has no representative here, no statement has, of course, come from that power, The Federal Council has appointed as its representatives in Tessin Colonel Stehlin from Basle and Colonel Briatte from Waadt, both of them members, and the latter President, of the Council of States. The radical Briatte will, it is hoped, act differently from Herr Escher and Herr Munzinger.126 Incidentally, all Italian refugees of military age have been removed from Tessin into the interior of Switzerland, Further, the Federal Council has started to apply the law on the centralisation of posts. Herr Laroche-Stehelin from Basle has been appointed acting Postmaster-General of Switzerland, and two commissions have been set up, the first to assess the materials to be taken over from the cantons and private individuals, the second to draft a law on the organisation of the Swiss posts. The German army commander concerned has made the appro priate apology in a letter to the Federal Council b; he declares himself ready to give the satisfaction required, and announces that those concerned have already been handed over for punishment. Berne,
Written by Engels on December 2, 1848 First published in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 1 6 1 , December 6, 1848 a h
Pnnted according to the newspaper
Published in English for the first time
This word is given in English ;n the original.- Ed. See this volume. pp, 63 and 98.- Ed.
120
Swiss Evidence of Austrian Army's Heroic Deeds in
SWISS EVIDENCE OF THE AUSTRIAN ARMY'S HEROIC DEEDS I N VIENNA
5. While the Augsburg Allgemeine Zeitung and
other bought new �papers exalt a Windischgra tz and a Jellachich to heaven for restoring law and order, crow n the valiant Austrian troops wi�h la� rels an d never tire of recoun ting the horrors of th e democratIc reIgn of terror, a new source of in fo rm ation ha s sudden y appeared in th e Swiss press to serve th e chronicling of th e latest VIennese events. This source consists of th e Swiss citizens wh o wi th difficulty and in mortal danger, an d after maltreatment, esc�ped from the my�midons of "o rd er ", an d having returned to theIr om ela nd , ubhsh their perien�es during the "days of p' �.x terr� r �nd th � wa �f order . An d Inde ; ed not raging "pro etan � ns , but bIg capltahsts, people who owne d enormous factories I? VIenna, m ost trustworthy bourgeoi s of conservative convic . tIon s - an a WI �� ��ns�rvative is well known to be th e equivalent of a German wal er rals�d to th e second power - an d their reports . are not appeanng In radICal scandal sheets but in the most serious conservatIve n �wspap rs. We ha ve taken th e following details from � on e such descnptlon In the Basler InteUigenz blatt: Herr Specker of St . Gallen was director of a big machine factory which stood quite isolated on the Tabor, th e extreme customs boundary of Vien na . He, like his workers ar id foremen all of th em Swiss, had neither taken part in the fighting, nor had we� pons in th e Oll se. Only 1 5 workers ha d remained on duty with th e factory's . flTe-pump set up �� the ya rd . At the ap pr oach of the military, General Wyss, patnClan of Berne an d chief of th e Au strian General Staff, gave ':I err S �eck r his word of ho no ur th � � t nothing would . happen to hIS bUIldmg If he ha d no weapons and if no shots were fired from th e factory . The house was search ed by the troops and
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nothing was found. I n spite of this another detachment of riflemen sserted that shots had been fired from the house (very understand as they had permission to loot any house from which shots we�e fire d). The "Swiss dogs", who had trusted the word of the� r compatriot General Wyss so implicitly that they had e� en left theIr wives and children in the factory, were most brutally mIshandled by these soldiers, and only saved by the intervention of another officer. The latter took them to the guardroom. A neighbour pointed at one of the workers passing by and said: "He, too, was at the dismantling of the Tabor bridge." Immediately. without being allowed to say a word, the worker was put up against a wall and shot. In the guardroom guns were pointed at the "Swiss dogs ' and only a oaded pistol brought out by the offIcer held the sol lers back. Irector Specker was stood up against the wall, three soldIers set on hIm, one cocked his gun, put the -barrel to Specker's mouth and fiddled ab �ut with the trigger. One of the officers took out his watch and saId: "You have a quarter of an hou :, Swiss dog, then you'll be shot, so say . your prayers!" Before the tIme was up : the offIcer who had previously saved them returned, and took hIm to General Wy �s, who reproached him for "breaking his word" ! The general obstmately maintained that shots had been fired from the factory, although Herr Specker proved that this was phYsically impossible : At last he , people to Flonsdorf. obtained a pass for himself and hIS n returning to the factory they found everything in wrack and rum and looted bare. Herr Specker's family had been chased around the house with rifle-shots; the book-keeper, a Swiss, riddled with bullets, rolled in his death throes in the garden and anyone who approached him was shot at, so that the unfortunate man was left till late at night to lie there and die. His name was Kum. I n the end the survivors succeeded in getting away safely to Florisdorf. . . The machine manufacturer Bolhnger, also - a SWISS, who made himself famous by his work on the spire of St. Stephen'S, succee ed with the help of fire-pumps in protecting his factory from bemg burned down. But here too the Austrians broke in under the false pretence that shots had been fired fro,? �he fact0;Y, an they plundered and demolished the whole bUIld� ng, set fIre to It, and ,tabbed Bollinger's brother to death as he tned to escape from the flames. Another Swiss resident in Vienna, Madame Bodener, had her child shot in her arms by the Croats. The report holds out prospects of still further in formation about . the heroic deeds of the brave Austrian army as soon as other SWISS citizens return. At the same time, it depicts in most moving terms the assurance and calm of the armed proletarians, and the courteousness
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Vienna
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and decency with which the Swiss were treated during the so-called . reIgn of terror of th e VIenna proletariat an d students. · We r�pe at : the originators of these reports ar e not radicals, not proletarIans and malcontents, but big capi talists an d true full . . blo?de d WISS arIstocrats. Will the Augsburg A llgemeine Zeitung not let Its varIOUS correspondents!" M W ++ A . an d otherS In V'lenna , ++ � t'" co ect �nformatlOn as to whether this is not word for word true? W e have gIven names, locality, and all other de tails as exactly as the paper can wish . Bu t it will of course be wa ry.
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Written by Engels on December 5 ; 1848 First published in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 1 6 1 , December 6, 1848
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[THE FRENCH WORKING CLASS AND THE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS] 128
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Printed according to the newspaper Published in English for the first time
Paris. Raspail or Ledru-Rollin? Socialist or Montagnard? That is
the question which is now splitting the party of the red republic into two hostile camps.129 What is this dispute really all about? Ask the journals of the Montagnards, the Riforme, the Revolution, and they will tell you that they themselves cannot make it out; that the socialists have drawn up the same programme: word for word, as the Mountain,b a programme of permanent revolution, of progressive taxes and death duties, and of organisation of labour; that there is no dispute on principles, and that the whole untimely scandal has been instigated by a few jealous and ambitious men who are deceiving the "religion and the good faith" of the people and out of egotism casting suspicion on the men of the people's party. Ask the journal of the socialists, the Peuple, and you will be answered with bitter expletives about the ignorance and empty headedness of the Montagnards. with endless legal, moral and economic treatises, and finally with the mysterious hint that at bottom it is all about Citizen Proudhon 's new panacea, which they say is going to outdo the old socialist phrases of Louis Blanc 's school. C
a
A reference to "Manifeste electoral du Peuple" , I.e Peuple No. 4, November 8- 1 5 , 1 848.- Ed. b A reference to "Declaration au peuple", La Riforme No. 3 1 0, November 9, 1848.-Ed. , [P.-J. Proudhon,l "Argument a la Montagne", LiPeuple No. 5, November 15-2 1 . 1 848.- Ed.
1 24
Articles from the Neue
Rheini.
Finally, ask the socialist workers, and they will answer you shortly: . Ce sont des bourgeois, les montagnards! Once again, the only ones wh o hit the nail on the h ead are the workers. They will have nothing to do with the Mo untain because the Mountain consists only of bourgeois. The socialist-dem ocratic party, even before February, consisted of two different faction s; first, of the spokesmen, deputies, writers, lawyers etc., with their not inconsiderable train of petty bourgeois who formed the party of the Riforme proper; secondly, of the mass of Paris workers, who were not at all unconditional followers of the . former, but, on the contrary, were very distrustful allies, and adhered more closely to them or moved farther away from them, accord ing to whether the Riforme people acted with more resolution or with more vacillation. In the last months of the monarchy the Riforme acted with great resolution in consequence of its polemic with the National, and the relationship between it and the workers was very close. The Riforme people therefore also entered the Provisional Government as representatives of the proletariat. There is no need to go into details here about how they were in the minority in the Provisional Government and hence, incapable of asserting the workers' interests, only served the pure repub licans 130 oto put off the workers until the pure republicans had re-organised public power, which was now their power over against the workers; how Ledru-Rollin, the leader of the Riforme party, was persuaded by Lamartine's phrases of self-sacrifice and by the lure of power to enter the Executive Com mission 1 31; how he thereby split and weakened the revolutionary party, partially putting it at the disposal of the Government, and so caused the failure of the insurrections of May and June, nay, even fought against them him self . The facts are still too fresh in the memory. Enough said; after the June insurrection, after the overthrow of the Executive Commission and the rise of the pure republicans to exclusive domination 132 in the person of Cavaignac, the party of the Riforme, of the democratic-socialist petty bourgeoisie, lost all illusion s about the development of the Republic. It was pushed into opposition , it was free again, acted again as opposition and resumed its old connections with the workers. As long as no important questions were raised, as long as it was only a question of exposing the cowardly, treacherous and reaction0
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They are
bourgeois,
those Montagriards.- Ed.
1 25
The French Working Class and the Presidential Elections
arv policy of Cavaignac ' so long the workers could put up with . and th e RevoI�twn ' hein g represente in the press. by �he �eforme dernocratique et soclale. The Vrau Repubhque and the real workmg class papers had anyway already been suppressed by the state of °ege by tendentious trials and surety payments. They could equally ell ut up with being represented in the National Assembly by th e . Mountain. Raspail, Barbes and Albert were under arrest, LoUIS . Blanc and Caussidiere had had to flee. The clubs wer� m part closed, in part under strict supe:vision� and .the old la.ws agamst freedom of speech continued and still contm�e m operatIon. Enoug exa� ples of how these laws were used agamst the workers were given m the newspapers every day. The workers, faced With the impossibility of . . having their own representatives speak, had agam to be content �th . those who had represented them before February, wIth the radIcal petty bourgeois and their spokesm en. . . Now the question of the PreSIdency anses. There . are three candidates: Cavaignac, Louis Napoleon and Ledru-Rolhn. For the workers Cavaignac was out of the question . The man who shot them down in June with grape-shot and incendiary rockets could only count on their hatred. Louis Bonaparte? They could only vote f.or him out of irony, to raise him by the ballot �oday. and overthrow him again by force of arms tomorrow, and wIth hIm t e honourable, "pure" bourgeois republic. And finally, Ledru-Rol lll� , who reco� . -democratIc sOCIahst red, the only as s worker mended himself to the candidate. Really, after the experiences of the Provisional Governmen.t, of May 1 5 and June 24, could the worker� be expected once ��am to give a vote of confidence to the radIcal petty bourgeOISIe and Ledru-Rollin? To the same people who on February 25, whe� the armed proletariat ruled Paris, �hen they �ould have obtaI ? ed everything, had only lo ty, reassun�g phrases . mstead of rev?lutIon ary action, only promIses and vam hopes mstead of qUIck and decisive measures, only the £lag, the fine phrases and the styles of 1 793, instead of the energy of 1 793 ? To the same people who shouted with Lamartine and Marrast : First and foremost the bourgeois must be reassured, and who in doing so forgot to carl}' on the revolu tion? To the same people who on May 1 5 were'u nde�Ided and on June 23 had artillery fetched from Vincennes and battahons from Orleans and Bourges? And yet, the people might have vot� for Ledru-Rolhn so as n �t to split the votes. But then came h.is speech of N�vember 25 a!l" alIlst Cavaignac in which he once again took the sIde o �he VIctorS, . suffiCIent energy wIth acted having reproached Cavaignac for not
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proud of having demanded more battalions against the insurgents than Cavaignac could supply!
And the man who considers the June fighters were not vanquished quickly enough wants to be the head of the party which has entered upon the h eritage of the June martyrs? After that speech the candidature of Ledru-Rollin was lost for the Paris workers. The opposing candidature of Raspail, already put forward earlier and already having earlier enjoyed the sympathy of the workers, was victorious in Paris. If the ballot papers of Paris had decided, RaspaiI would now be President of the Republic. The workers know very well that Ledru-Rollin is not yet played out, that he still can and will render great service to the radical party. But he has forfeited the confidence of the workers. For his weakness, his petty vanity, his dependence on high-sounding phrases, through which even Lamartine mastered him, they, the workers, have had to suffer. No service h e can render will make them forget that. The wo�kers .will always �now that when Ledru-Rollin becomes energetic agam, hIS energy wIll only be that of the armed workers standing behind him and driving h i m on. By giving Ledru-Rollin a no-confidence vote, the workers also gave a no-confidence vote to the whole of the radical petty bourgeoisie. The indecision, the dependence on the traditional phrases of divoument' etc., the forgetting of revolutionary action over revolutionary reminiscences, are all qualities which Ledru-Rollin shares with the class h e represents. The radical petty bourgeois are only socialistic because they clearly see before their eyes their ruin, their transition into the proletariat. They are enthusiastic for the organisation of labour and revolution in the relationship between capital and labour not as petty bourgeois, as possessors of a little capital, but as future proletarians. Give them political domination, and they will soon forget the organisation of labour. Political domination gives them, of course, at least in the intoxication of the first moment, the prospect of the acquisition of capital, of salvation from threatening ruin. Only when the armed proletarians stand behind them with bayonets at the ready, only then Devotedness.-Ed.
The French Working Class and the Presidential Elections
from the Neue Rheinische Zeitung
against the revolution, for not having had more battalions in readiness against the workers. This speech deprived Ledru-Rollin completely of all credit with the workers. Even now, after five months, after having had to suffer all the consequences of the June battle so to speak on his own body, even now he still sides with the victors against the vanquished, h e is
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will they remember their allies of yesterday . That is how they acted in February and Mar ch, and Ledru-Rollin, as their leader, was the first to act like that. I f they are now disappointed, does that alter the workers' attitude to them ? If they com e back in sackcloth and ashes, does that entitle them to dem and that the workers now , und er quite different circumstances, shall fall into the trap again ? By voting not for Ledru-Rollin but for Raspail, the workers give them to understand that they wiII not do so, that they know how they
stand in relation to the radical petty bourgeoisie. But Raspail - wha t services has Raspail rendered the workers? as a socialist How can he be placed in opposition to Ledru-Rollin
par excellence?
The people know full well that Raspail is no official socialist : �o system-maker by professio n. The people want . none of the offl�lal socialists and system-makers, they are fed u p WIth them . OtherWIse, Citizen Proudhon would be their candidate, and not the hot-blooded
Raspail. But the people have a good memory and are not nearly so ungrateful as it pleases certain unap preciated reactionary celebrities, in their modesty, to main tain . The people still remember very well that Raspail was the first to reproach the Provisional Government for its inactivity, for its preoccupation with mere repu lican stuff and Ie nonsense. The people have not yet forgotten the Aml du Peuple, par citoyen' Raspail, and since Raspail was the fir�t to ha,:e the courage - an d it did require courage - to speak out m r�volutlOnary fashion against the Provisional Governm ent, and smce Rasp�I1 represents not any particular socialist couleur, but only the SOCIal revolution, the people of Paris vote for Raspail. y It is not at all a question of a few petty measures solemnl he proclaimed in the man ifesto of the Mountain a� the sal.vatio� of � world. It is a question of the social revolutIon whIch WIll gwe the French people som ethin g very different from these in rgy to coherent, already stale phrases. I t is a question of the ene the petty carry through this revolution. It is a que� tion whether proved bourgeoisie will have this energy, afte: It alrea y once . Raspall, powerless. And the proletariat of Pans, by votmg for
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replies " Nof' . , H ence the amazement o f the Ri/orme and the Revolutwn that 0!l e can accept their phrases and yet not vote for Ledru-Rol m, although he proclaims these phrases. These worthy papers, whIch think of themselves as working·dass papers and yet are now more .
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tha� ever before papers of the pet.ty bourgeoisie, cannot, of course, reahse �hat th � same d e�and whICh on the lips of the workers is . revolutIOnary, IS on thlnr hps a mere phrase. Otherwise they would not have their own illusions. And Citizen Proudhon and his Peuple? More of them tomorrow. Written by Engels at the beginning of December 1 848 .First
German. in: published, in Marx/Engels, Gesamoousgabe, Abt. I , Bd. 7 ,
1935
129
[PROUDHONj
Pri�ted according to the manu scnpt Publisbed in English for the first time
Paris. Yesterday we spoke of the Montagnards and the socialists, of the candidatures of Ledru-Rollin and of Raspail, of the Riforme and the Peuple of Citizen Proudhon. We promised to return to Proudhon. Who i s Citizen Proudhon? Citizen Proudhon is a peasant from the Franche-Comte who has done a variety of jobs and engaged in a variety of studies. He first drew public attention to himself by a pamphlet published in 1 842: What Is Property?' The reply was: "Property is theft." The surprising repartee startled the French. The Government of Louis Philippe, the austere Guizot, who has no sense o f humour, was narrow-minded enough to take Proudhon to court. But in vain. In the case of such a piquant paradox any .French jury can be relied on for acquittal. And so it came to pass. The Government disgraced itself and Proudhon became a famous man. A s to the book itself, it corresponded throughout to the above resume. Every chapter was summed up in a curious paradox in a manner which is new to the French. For the rest, it contained partly legal and moral, partly economic and moral treatises, each of which sought to prove that property amounts to a contradiction. As to the legal points, these can be admitted, inasmuch as nothing is easier than to prove that the whole of jurisprudence amounts to nothing but contradictions. A s to the economic treatises, they contain little that is new, and what is new in them is based on wrong calculations. The rule of three is everywhere most disgracefully mishandled. a P._]' Proudhon, Qu'est-ce que fa proprifte?- Ed.
130
Articles from the Neue Rheinische Zeitung
The French, however, were unable to cope with the book. For the jurists it was too economistic, for the economists too legalistic and for both too moralistic. Apres tout, c'est un ouvrage remarquabLe: they said finally. �ut Proudhon was hankering after greater triumphs. After v�nous long-forgotten minor writings, there appeared at last in 1 846 hIS Ph iLosophie de La misere, in two enormous tomes. In this work which was to establish his fame for ever, Proudhon applied a hadly mishandled Hegelian philosophical method to a curiously misunder stood political economy and sought by all kinds of transcendental leaps to found a new socialist system of a free association of workers. This system was so new that in England, under the name of Equitable Lahour Exchange Bazaars or Offices, 133 it had already gone ban kru pt ten times ten years earlier in ten different towns. This ponderou.s, pseudo-le�med, bulky work, in which eventually not only all prevIOus econormsts but all previous socialists too were told the rudest things, made absolutely no impression on the casy-going French. This way of speaking and reasoning was new to them and much less to their taste than the curious paradoxes of Proud� o� 's earlier work. Similar paradoxes were not lacking here either, It IS true (as when Proudhon declared himself quite seriously a "personal enemy of Jehovah" b), but they were, so to speak, buried under the allegedly cIialectical lumber. The French again said: C'est un 011vrage remarquabLe, and put it aside . In Germ any, the work was of coursc received with 'great reverence. Marx at the time issued a pamphlet in reply, which was as witty as it w�s , thorough (Misere de La phiLosophie. Reponse it fa PhiLosophie de La mz�ere �e M. Proudhon. Par Karl Marx, Bruxelles et Paris, 1 847), and whIch m thought and language is a thousand times more French than Proudhon's pretentious monstrosity. As to the real content of Proudhon's two works in criticism of the e�isting social rel �tionships, one can, after reading them both, say wIlh a clear consCIence that it amounts to zero. As . to his proposals for social reforms, they have, as already mentIoned, the .advantage of having been brilliantly proved in England a long tlme ago by multiple bankruptcy. That was Proudhon before the revolution. Wh ile he was still engaged in efforts to bring out a daily newspaper, Le Representant du Peuple, without capital but by means of a calculation unequalled in its contempt for the rule of three, the Paris workers he.. After
all, it is
ITmarkable work.- Ed.
b Heinrich He-ine, Deutschland. Ein "'intermarchen, a
Caput XXII L- Ed.
Proudhon
131
stirr ed themselves, chased out Louis Philippe and founded the Republic. Proudhon first became a "citizen" by virtue of the Republic; afterwards by virtue of the Paris workers' vote, given on the strength of his honest socialist name, he became a representative of the people. . . . So the revolution flung CItIzen Proudhon out of theory mto practice, out of his sulking comer into the forum . How did .this obstinate, high-handed, self-taught man, who treats all prevIous authorities-ju rists, scholars, economists and socialists- with equal contempt, who declares all previous history to be drivel and introduced himself, so to speak, as the new Messiah; how did he behave now that he himself was to help make history? We must say to his credit that he began by taking his seat on the extreme Left, among the same socialists, and voting with the same socialists whom he so deeply despised and had so vehemently attacked as ignorant, arrogant dolts. It is put about, of course, that in the party meetings of the Mountain he renewed his old violent attacks on his former opponents with fresh vehemence, that he declared them one and all to be ignoramuses and phrase-mongers who did not understand the ABC of what they were talking about. We readily believe it. We even readily believe that the economic paradoxes which Proudhon uttered with all the dry passion and confidence of a doctrinaire caused no small embarrassment to Messieurs les Montagnards. Very few among them are theoreticians of economics and they rely more or less on little Louis Blanc; and little Louis Blanc, though a much mo�e significant brain than the infallible Proudhon, is all the same too intuitive a nature to be able to cope with his learned economic pretensions, odd transcendence and seemingly marhematical logic. Moreo�er, Louis Blan� soon ha.d to flee, and his flock, helpless in the field of economICS, remamed unprotected, exposed to the merciless claws of the wolf Proudhon. We need hardly repeat that in spite of all these triumphs Proudhon is still an extremely weak economist. Only his weakness does not happen to lie within the grasp of the mass of French socialists. Proudhon won the greatest triumph of his life on the rostrum of the National Assembly. On one occasion, I do not remember which, he took the floor and angered the bourgeois of the Assembly for an hour and a half with an endless string of truly Proudhonist paradoxes, each crazier than the other, but all calculated to shock the listcners most rudely in their dearest and most sacred feelings. And
132
Articles from the NtIU Rheinische Zeitung
133
. with his dry academic indiffere.nce, In a. all this was delivered · . Franch e-Comte dialect' in the dnest, most t. oneIess, academlC Imperturbable style I� the world -the effect, the St. Vitus's dance of the enraged bourgeOis, was not at all bad.l34 But this was th � highlight of Proudhon's public activity. In the . he contInued to belabour the workers, both throu h the mea�tJme . Representant du Peuple - wh lch, after bitter experiences with t;e rule of three, had gradual!y materialised and soon was transformed into the Peuple pure .and simple -as well as in the clubs, in favour of his theory of happmess for all. He was not without success. On ne Ie comprend pas, the workers said, mais c 'est un homme remarquable." Written by Engels at the beginning of December 1848
Printed according to the script
First published. in German, in : Marx/Engels, Gesamtausgabe, Abt. I ' Bd 7
Publishc"t! in English for the first time
1935
"
HERR RA UMER IS STILL ALIVE
man u
December 6. Recently we mentioned the addresses of loyalty sent by the Halle and Berlin professors to the King: Today we have to announce that Herr von Raumer, imperial envoy in partibus, b who at the present time is to be found in the antechambers of Bastide and Cavaignac, has fully joined in the professors' ignominy by stating his agreement with those addresses. As a matter of fact, nothing else was to be expected of an imperial envoy like Herr Raumer. But there seems to be yet another reason for his statement. For months past Herr Raumer has been entirely forgotten in Germany. In his longing to be rescued somehow from that oblivion, he eagerly seized the opportunity offered him by his fellow bonzes in Berlin and promptly published the above mentioned statement. This production of Raumer's is to be found in the latest issue of the Preussischer Staats-Anzeiger.' Cologne,
•
Written by Marx on December
6, 1848
First published in the Ntrne Rheinische Zeitung No. 162, December 7, 1 848
a
a
You can't understand him, but he is
a
remarkable man.-Ed.
See this volume, pp. 106-07 .- Ed.
b See Note 95.- Ed. •
Issue No.
2 1 5.
December
5, I R4R.-Ed.
Printed according to the newspaper Published in English for the first time
135
1 34
[SECOND STAGE OF THE COUNTER-REVOLUTION]
THE COUP D'ETAT OF THE COUNTER-REVOLUTION 137
December 6. The counter-revolution has reached its �econd stage. .Th� National Assembly has been dissolved. An Impo�ed C ?,nst.'tutlOn has been proclaimed by the "grace of the Ali-HIghest wIthout more ado. ,, 136 which has been going on All the hypocrisy over the "agreement .smce May has been stripped of its last mask. The March revolut�?n is declared null and void and royal power "by the grace . of God �elebrates its triumph. rh.e ca� anlla, t�e ' Junkers, the bureaucracy, and the entire reactIOn: wIth and wIthout uniform, are jubilant because the stupid people '� at last to be driven back into the stall of the "Christian Germamc" state.
December ? The reason given by the Government for thIs act of vlOle�ce adds bitter conte8 mpt to the coup d'etat carried through 'WIth such mSOIence. 1 3 The National Assembly now reaps the fruits of its chronic weakness and cowardice. For months it allowed the conspiracy against the people to carry on its work unmolested, to grow strong and powerful, and hence has now become its first victim. The people, too, is now suffering for its sins, committed out of magnanimity, or rather stupidity, in March and again in April and May, and finally through so-called passive resistance. l.t has now been taught a lesson which it will probably put to profit. Its next victory will put an end to "agreement" and to all other phrases and hypocrisies.
Cologne,
m
Written by Marx on December 6, 1848
First published in the Neue Rheinische Xeitung No. 162 (special edition),
December 7, 1848
Printed according to the newspaper Published in English for the first time
,
7. The National Assembly has been dissolved. The Cologne, representatives of the people have been dispersed " y the gra�e of God"., .
Written by Marx on December 7. 1848
First published in the Neue Rheini�che
Zeitung No. 163. December 8, 1848
Printed according to the newspaper
137
Measures Concerning the German Refugees
1 36
MEASURES CONCERNING THE GERMAN REFUGEES
, ier nt fro an rm Ge e th of g sin clo e th t ou ab d ar he · en be . as h , . NotIImg . h er h et It W It. st am ag g tm es ot pr is ia ab Sw of ole wh e th at th et , e se th ca y an In e. cid de to d Go to t lef ain ag is t no or ce pla ��� fake s op y tro an e ng ra to t no t en es pr e th r fo ed cid de s ha cil un Co l Federa ion. . c ncluded Its . Pposite thdee raiml peMirialitlardiyvisCo t en �r cu w no s ha cil un � The Fe ll be e wI er e th ac �I In ItS d. de an sb di ly ite fin de en be . business and ha s t, en rtm pa De y ar Iht M e th of ad he as , in be en hs Oc ich War Office wh will organise and di rect. . ' e e � d � ve arn o wh s, ya Za rr He r, The new Spanish ambassado e t es te en es pr w no s ha t, ror Vo e th r fo ls tia en ed cr th wi few da s ago d an ey ru I? rr , He , cil un Co l ra d Fe e th of t en sid re -P � . to th / Vice s. tIe on th au w ne e th W Ith t ac nt co e at di me im de ma thereby . . ISS In S e th of nt me at tre e er th � . The ress is much incensed ovyo a on ts Sls I It s. ple am e ex m s u ? ve ga ly nt ce re I ich � wh of : Vienna m fro n tIo sa en mp co d an on ctI fa tis sa ng di an m de cil un Co l ra de the Fe s ys W al er Ge e es rn Be e th of ur � vio ha be e th lar Austria ' In particu r ste ma a r he ot br l's ra ne ge is Th . re he n tio na dig arouses general in builder here in Berne. o
a
December 5 . The }'ederal Council has now taken measures to deal with the German refugees, partly in order to deprive the imperial authority of the pretext for hostile measures, partly to show its impartiality towards Tessin and to carry through in practice also in the northern cantons the triumph of the policy of strict neutrality which 'Was won in the Tessin debate. The policy of Furrer-Mun zinger-Ochsenbein is being pursued everywhere. A circular of the Federal Council addressed to the border cantons concerned repeats the basic principles expressed by the Vorort, and again insists on the internment of all refugees who took part in the Struve campaign"9; and in order to give weight to this demand the President of the Federal Assembly, Dr. Steiger, already left yesterday as representa tive of the Confederation to visit the northern cantons. There can be no objection to the measure in itself. Nobody will . blame Switzerland for not wanting to get involved in unpleasantness because of a few volunteer insurgents who are thirsting for adventure and heartily bored in their exile. But why then the previous bold talk against Germany, the positive assurance that the Swiss had done their duty, when it is now indirectly admitted that they did not do it, when they are only now seeking to satisfy themselves how far the cantons have obeyed the orders of the VOTOrt?- It is not to be denied that this decision of the Federal Council, an act of justice towards Tessin, is a complete dementi of the last official act of the VOTOrt, and though the Note b received unanimous applause, this beginning of disavowal in the Note will cause little joy. Berne,
a
Ed. See this volume, pp. 6 1 -62 and 1 1 2 b Sent to the Imperial Government on November 4. 1 848. See this volume, pp. 67-68.- Ed. a
IS
Written by Engels on December 5. 1 848
the Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 165. December 10, 1848 published in
First
.-
a
See this volume, pp . 120-22.- Ed.
Printed according to the newspaper Published in English for the first
time
138
The National
T H E N A T IO N A L C O U N C IL
[Neue Rh£inische Zeitung No. 16 5, December 1 0,
1 848]
December 6 . Who in this period f E a rrr� is con�ern e� about Switzerlan d ? Certainly alm�st ������e:�:��h �r��, ;hich su pects there is a von:lu��nte:er�1n��surge: �ush on the left bank e In ev er y o f th e R h in from C o n t s an ce to B as le A . n d yet Switzerland is a n im ortanet .: b r f r oday constitutional Belgium is the officiafmodel � ���, �� w� �I?s. tres e st o rm y d s will guarantee us that tomorrow a repubhcan SWItzerland will notay know more than one aroucheb rebe an' official mo.del state-. AIready I , Berne,
,
�
0
cds -across the R h ' e . to t ansfo m Gsteratmes, and other counto a large-scale Switzerlan d , and th�: 'I��� c � � peac fulanhyfeinIn . all godliness and honour as a mem ber of �h: �r::r Cou nCI�l or a Landammann' o f the Baden , Hesse o r Nassau canton. At any rate therefore we Ge s rned about Switzerland, a�d what th� SWiss t��:� s:hy��� dboe mcoance held u. p to u s as a model. Hence It. can' do n o har y. very soon b acquamt ourseIves to some extent with the kIn' dm I'f In advanc.e we f cu . st o m s an d o e p I e t e h tw en ty -t . w o ca n to n s of the "ConfederatlOn " have P od �ced in their Federativ pr e R ep u b li It IS reasonable for u s first o f all toc.consider the . cr ea m o f S '; t th e m the Swiss people themselves have appoin��� ! ��:ir m en wthat�lves am I ; : to the National Council � r:� e; � which m �e Town H a11 InrefBerring erne. c
0
•
: See present edition,
C
Flerce._ Ed.
Vol. 7, pp. 333-36 and
President of a canton.- Ed
482-84.-Ed:
Council
139
Anyone who comes to the public gallery of the National Council is bound to be surprised at the variety of figures the Swiss people has sent to Berne to deliberate on matters common to the whole nation.. One who has not already seen a good deal of Switzerland will hardly understand how a small country of a few hundred square miles and of less than two and a half million inhabitants can produce such a colourful assembly. But it is not at all surprising. Switzerland is a country in which four different languages are spoken - German, French, Italian (or rather Lombardian) and Romansh-and which combines all stages of culture, from the most advanced machine industry down to the most unadulterated pastoral life. The Swiss National Council combines the cream of all these nationalities and stages of culture and therefore looks anything but national. There cannot be any question of definite seats, of separate parties in this semi-patriarchal assembly. The radicals have made a feeble attempt to seat themselves on the extreme left, but they do not seem to have been successful. Each member sits where he likes and often changes his place three or four times during one sitting. But most members have certain favourite seats which finally they always occupy , so that after all the assembly is divided into two rather sharply separated parts. On the three front semicircular benches one sees men with sharply defined features, many with beards, with well-kept hair and modern clothes of Parisian cut. Seated here are the representatives of French and Italian Switzerland, or the "Welch" members as they are called here; on these benches it is rare for anything but French to be spoken. But behind the Welch members sits a curiously motley society. True, no peasants in Swiss national costumes are to be seen; on the contrary, these are all people whose clothing bears the stamp of a certain degree of civilisation; here and there one even sees a more or less modern frock-coat, the owner usually possessing decorous features; then half a dozen Swiss officer types in civilian dress, looking very much alike, more solemn than military, their faces and clothing somewhat old-fashioned and to some extent reminiscent of Ajax in Troilus and Cressida'; lastly the bulk of the assembly, consisting of more or less elderly, old-fashioned gentlemen with features and costumes that defy description, each one different, each one a distinct type and in the main also a type for caricature. All varieties of the petty bourgeois, the campagnard endimanchi, b and the oligarchy of the cantons are here represented, but all equally respectable, all terribly serious, all a A drama by Shakespeare.-Ed. b Peasant in his Sunday hest.-Ed.
1 40
Articles from the Neue Rheinische Zeitung
141
The National Council
wearing equally heavy silver-rimmed spectacles. These are representatives of German Switzerlan d, and this bulk of the ass,errlt is sent by the smaller cantons and outlying areas of the larger ones The presidential chair facing this assembly is occupied by famous Dr. Robert Steiger from Lucerne, who a few years ago wa&' sentenced to death under the Siegwart-Miille r administration, and is , now the President of the Swiss Federal Assembly . Steiger is a small ' thickset man with clear-cut features, to which his grey hair, brown ' moustache, and even the inevitable silver-rimmed spectacles, provid e ' a not unpleasant background. He carries out his duties with great . • calm and perhaps somewhat excessive restraint. ' The discussion corresponds to the physiognomy. Only the Welch members, and not even all of them, speak a fully civilised, rhetorical form of language. The Bernese, who amon g the German Swiss have most of all adopted Romance customs, most closely resemble them. Some tem peramental fire, at least, is still to be found among them. The Zurichers, these sons of the Swiss Athens , speak with the gravity and precision appropriate to someone halfway between a professor and a factory foreman, but always "educatedly" . The officers speak with solemn slowness, without much skill or content, but always decisively as though their battalion stood behind them ready for action. Finally, the main body of the assembly provides orators who are more or less well-meaning, cautious and conscientious, and who weigh up the arguments on one side and the other but nevertheless in the end always come down on the side of their cantonal interests; almost all of them speak very clumsily and in some places according . to theIr own rules of gramm ar. When the discussion turns on a question of cost, it always starts from them, particularly from the representatives of the Ur-cantons. In this respect the Uri canton has already a well-deserved reputation in both Councils. Consequently, on the whole the discussion is dull, calm, mediocre. The National Council has very few talented orators who would be successful also in larger assemblies; so far I 'know only of two, Luvini and Dufour, and perhaps Eytel. True, I have not yet heard several of the more influential memb ers; but neither their successes in the assembly nor the newspaper reports of their speeches are such as to justify great expectations. Only Neuhaus is said to be a brilliant orator. How indeed could oratorical ability develop in assemblies which represent at most il few hundre d thousand people and have to concern themselves with the most petty local interests? At any rate, the defunct Diet 1 40 was a diplomatic rather than a legislative assembl y; in it one could learn how to distort instructions and find a plausible way out of a situation, but not how_ to rouse an assembly . •
�
Council al on ati e th s of he ec sp e th e nc He it. te � . ,'lfl d domina ery, speaker ev th wI g, un vo r fo es tIv mo to d ite lim y stl mo e bers ar . lfle m way or that , an.d . h' t IS ' m te vo to m hI e uc ind ich wh ts fac e th ,cIting 0ut I mI y repeats agam ca he t en ssm rra ba em est ht slig e th . sO WI'thout pre�IOus speak er� . by am use na ad d ate pe re en be dy ea alr s �\'hat ha ntatIves dIsplay thIS ese pr re e th of lk bu e th of es ch ee sp e th ly Is ecial leme� ha s .th e o.or , nt ge ese th of e on ce on d An y. rit ce sin al , riarch o to vOIce hls opl�IOn als y nit tu po op e th es us he se ur co of : r tte . . . s a ma O�, SSI S�U e dI th Ised m ra s mt po al nt ide inc e th all on h gt at len mldst thIS long ago. of sed po dis en be ve ha y ma ey th although ' a few ma m speeches ws llo f old nt ce de e th of er � att ch friendly . On together, a.nd when ssI cu e dIs th of s ad re th e th ep ke sly iou or lab g �or: m yth d an ea ,t ldo s ve ha to s se es : nf co e on ds � n the sitting en e phystque th to lty ma ng o m rt ce a ds len ich , wh ism tin � boring. Philis . rm , here too l fo ca ssl cl� l th m n see ly re ra is it e us � ca be ly . of the. assemb ssIOn and. no pa tle ht IS e er Th s. iou ted d an t fla !' o m ra remalns au speaks WI' t h rou �m g, o wh e ly on on e th is i vin Lu t. �i of all at question esses by genulIlcl� pr Im o wh e on ly on e th ur fo Du , on ssi pa l forcefu sle canton rep resents Ba e th m fro ey Fr . on isi ec pr d an y rit cla French o �ttempts wIth some als old m Be el lon Co es tim at ich wh , ur hu mo the ut ho ug ro Th t. WI ch en Fr k lac lly ta to iss Sw success. Th e French s be en ha n pu le ab ler to gle sin � t no ra Ju e th d an ps Al exist.ence of th e e h eard rt pa re nt ha nc , tr lck qU y an r � no s, pe slo eir th � produced on . seneux, he ly re me t no IS d lan er itz SW ch en :Fr of nt ita ab there , Th e inh , IS grave. ' I h er concer? tal de m so in ibe scr d� ll wi I � ich wh on ssi . The di scu . The Clr ssm Te I� es ge fu re n ha Ita e th d an ir fa af th e Tessin s of the Itahan ue ng int d lle -ca so e th n: ow kn ll we e ar s ce cumstan ing un ple a�ant tak r fo xt ete pr e th y tzk de Ra ve ga n ssi Te in s ee refug ral represe � tatlv � s de fe n ssi Te to nt se e rn Be t ror Vo e th ; es ur meas s; the upnsmg m op tro of de iga br a o als d an " rs we po d de ten with ex r�turn t s ee ug ef of r b nu a � ed pt om pr : lvi te � � Veltlin and in Valle In vIgIlance e t of e l sp m g m do d in de ee � cc su ey th to Lombardy, which out arms th wI , Ier nt fro e th d se os cr ey th ; sts po ier of the Swiss front at of t e fe de e th ter af d an ing ris up e th in rt pa however, took lvi to the Tessm te In lle Va m fro ed rn tu re , ed m ar un ain ag . in su rgents, Il G�)Ve rn me nt . SSl Te e th by ted or ep d re we ey th e er th m fro area and and ea ar ler nt £I'o e th in ls isa pr re s hi ied sif en :-1ea while Radetzky int ive s , redoubled hi s protests to the federal representat
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X
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a Outward appearancc.-Ed. 1 1 In essence.-Ed . Ed, , Sec this volume, pp, 59-60, 61-62 and 1 1 2,d Escher and Mu nzinger.- Ed.
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1 42'
Articles from the
Neue Rheinische Zeitung
.dlst�mhectIO.lantt;erthedemanded the deportation of all refu ees Tessin Government refused; the Voro� the measure of the representatives ' the Tessin Go pealed. to th e Fede�al Assembly, whi�h in the meanti;:r��ent , Its sessIOn . The Na�lonal Council had to decide on this the �actual assertl�ms put forward by both side appeal eSPeclally t�e behavIOur o f the Tessiners towards the r�s present"l'. tivei and th e SWISS . troops. The maj'onty 0f the commission appointed on pr�p�sed the deportation of all the Italian refuge this mat�er their mternm�n t in the interior of Switzerland a banes fr�m Tesstn, . e �:;��:�;�lr; ssin n d In' g eneral that the mea0 t e s� re s t: �� �; . . :: by [ ; / co n Ir m e d an d ad he re . he re t f h lOn 7� Iven by Herr Kasimir Pfyffd erto.frTom L!c�;n�. �u� f�����ore a� made m y way to the p u crowded. audle' nce, H err Pfyffer ended h isblraicthgerallery through the dry report, and Herr PlOda was given the floor: [Neue Rheini.<ehe Zeilung N o. 1 65, December 10 " 1 848 seeon d edHl " on]
Herr Pioda, Secretary of State in Tessm. ho . on. ty m . the comm : .w was the sole representative of the mm SIOn ' proposed th d o:tatl'on of 0?1y those refugees who had taiSke n part in the las� u;� a d e t for ;��!n � b:�:�:� .��r';:p���:�:0��j��e:; d�� unng the wa: agamst the Sonderbund, despit�ae 1h�� ��������: � pe e' Isplayed grea.t courage at the time at Aisirolmo,ild;nblonde d held hfs :���� /o I t i d bett�r-armed :n:;;����� ��i��r� ;:�t����6a ?vantageous position . PlOda's speech is as mild an�d��fu�� ���: m��� ll �f feelI' �s �IS o tward appearance. Since h e speaks � s c�ent a d fluency, .I would at fiFrsret nhachveperfectly b J! taken him°fo ra; ;���:h ;WISS an� was astomshed to lear H owever.' when h e came to speak 0f the renprthoaatchhese was an ItaI'Ian. the. Tessl ers, wh�n In. contrast to these reproaches levelled a ain st actIOns 0 � th e SWISS troops, who behaved almost ash 'e describ!d th. e enem. y cou ntry, wh en he began to get heated, he If they wel.e In passIOn, at �n y rate �hat lively, thoroughly Italian elrevealed if not lesorts at t1me� to antiquated forms and at othe oquence which modern, sometimes exaggerated, magniloquence rs to a certain . To his credit I 14 1
,
The newspaper here ha s an editorial note; " To be contin ue d. "- Ed.
143
The National Council
must say that in this last respect he knew how to keep within bounds, and these passages in his speech had a very good effect. On the wh ole, however, his speech was too long and too emotional. The German Swiss possess Horace's aes triplex: and all the fine phrases, all the noble sentiments of the good Pioda made no impression on their breasts, which are as hard as they are broad. The next to speak was Herr Doctor Alfred Escher from Zurich. A fa bonne heureb he is a man comme it en taut pour la Suisse. Herr Doctor Escher, federal representative in Tessin, Vice-President of the National Council, the son-if I am not mistaken-of the. well-known machine-builder and engineer Escher who canalised the Linth and founded a huge engineering works near Zurich. Herr Doctor Escher is not so much a Zuricher as a "Swiss Athenian". His frock-coat and waistcoat have been made by the best marchand tailleurd in Zurich; one sees the praiseworthy and partly successful effort to meet the demands of the Paris fashion magazine; but one sees also the influence of the town's original sin, which compelled the cutter to go back to the age-old, customary, petty-bourgeois lines. Like the frock-coat, so the man. The fair hair is very carefully cut, but in a horribly bou rgeois manner, as also the beard - for our Swiss Alcibiades wears a beard, of course, a caprice of the Zuricher from a "good family" that strongly reminds one of the first Alcibiades. When Herr Doctor Escher takes the presidential chair to replace Steiger for a short time, he carries out this manoeuvre with a mixture of dignity and elegant nonchalance of which M. Marrast could be envious. One sees clearly that he is taking advantage of those few moments in the soft upholstery of the arm-chair to rest his back, weary from sitting on a hard bench. In a word, Herr Escher is as elegant as it is only possible to be in the Swiss Athens; moreover, he is wealthy, handsome, strongly built, and not more than 33 years old. The ladies of Berne need to heware of this dangerous Alcibiades of Zurich. Herr Escher, in addition, speaks very fluently and in such good German as is only possible for a Swiss Athenian: an Attic idiom with a Doric accent, but without grammatical mistakes, and not every member of the National Council from German Switzerland is capable of that; like all the Swiss he speaks with the most terrifying solemnity. If Herr Escher were 70 years of age he could not have --:
C
a " lUi robur et lle.� triplex circa pectus erat". (Horace, Carminum, Ode 3.)- Ed. b Excellent.- Ed. C Such as Switzerland needs - Ed. d :Merchant tailor.- Ed..
144
Articles from the Neue Rh eini...che Zeitung
adopted a more solemn tone than h e d 'd the day before yesterday - yet he is o n e o f the s v e 1 s J; ��:� :�'e�y �: r���h;�G�a� �� �;��c�t��: �!i���;�:;��� , speeches, in all circumstances and ��!ou��Iloul�I� .g��:ure for all his '. Kern, for instance, stretches out h IS' r�. ght arm IS e. �err Doctor angles with his body' the .OU o ftcers h to the sIde at right gesture, the only diffe�ence ��� t� : ey ho ave exactly the same in front of them instead o f to t�e �d��, Herrld the arm straight o u t makes a bow after eve th ' d �o d ; H r F Tanner from Aarau front, then in a half-tu:;; to ��e �t ��:��e urrer bows first to the all the German-speaking mem�!s t e n t� the left; in s.hort, if assembled, a fairly complete s· IIIl" l o NatIOnal CounCIl were Escher's gesture consists in stretc��; � h�S de �ould resu lt . Herr making a movement with it exactly I�� t� :r� front o f him a n d A s for th e content o f Herr D octor Esc :er' a p u mp-handle. need for m e to repeat hIS' I'1st f the co; s speech, there is n� ' ts f t h e federal representatives, since almost all theS comp FPIam of the German newspapers through �he NeuaIll�.S have reached most was ab. solutely nothing new . th e sp eech e Zurcher-Zettung. There Zunch solemnity was succeeded b Ita!"Ia'n . paSSIOn : a fter Herr Dr. Escher came Colonel LuVIlli.. LUVlm . ? excell. en.t soidIe' r, to whom the Tessin canton owes its whole �ITItaISryanorg leader h e led the 1 840 revolutIOn. In AamsatIOn ; as the military u g us t 18 4 1 , when the overthro w n o li g a rc h ' s a n d p n . e st s . a u n I c h e d a n a rt ac k f ro m P an d tne. d to make a counter-revoIutI'on L Ie. dmont energetIc action supp ressed the atte . ' U�Il" lI bY hIS' swift and w�r against the Sonderbund he w:;\�e aosIllgle day. DUring the pnsoner solely because the Bu" nd�ners le n Iy one to be taken Luvini very q uickly leapt from hIS sea ft him in the lurch. countrymen against Escher. The fact that t to defend h is fellow were couched in the stilted but outwardHerr E sc·her's reproaches schoolteacher did not make theI? any the le ly calm language of a everyone knows that doctn. naIre WI. Sdom ss bit. ter;. on the contrary' i s ItseI f su fficiently IlltoIerable and woundin Lu.vini replied with all �h' e paSSIO. n f an old soldle' r a nd TessI.ller, . S by accident but ItarIan b wh 0 IS S WIS y nature. 1
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"A re not th e people of Tessin here being ,sym strOllgI}. reproached be pathy with Italian fr . cause of their . eedom" . yes, " I S tr . ue that the TeSSlners Italy . an d I am proud sympathise with o f th e fact and I shaII n ot cea�e to pray to God ev and evening for the ery morning liberation o this coun f tr . y ro m Its oppressors. Yes, despl' Escher, thc Tesstners te Herr are a calm and pe f I I pe op le but if aily and hour � to watch the SWiS9 sold ly they have : iers fraterm.se WI t e Austnans, WIth the po lice detachmLnts .
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14 5
The National Council
of a man whose name I can never pronounce without a bit:terness that comes from the
depths of my soul, with Radetzky's hirelings-how can they fail to be embittered, they hefore whose very eyes, as it were, the Croats commit the most shocking atrocities? Yes, the Tessiners are a calm and peaceful people, but when they are sent Swiss soldiers who take .�ides with the Austrians. and in some places behave like the Croats, then, of course, they cannot be calm and peacefu1!" (There follows an enumeration of facts about the behaviour of the Swiss troop' in Tessin.) "It is already hard and sad
enough to be oppressed and enslaved by foreigners, yet this is tolerated in the hope that the day will come when the foreigners will be driven out; but when my own brothers and members of the Confederation enslave me, when they, as it were, put a rope round my neck, then truly .... .. .
The President's bell interrupted the speaker. Luvini was called to order. He said few more words an� ended his speech rather abru ptly and irritably. The fiery Luvini was followed by Colonel Michel from Graubun den. The Bundeners, with the exception of the Italian-speaking inhabitants of Misox, have always been bad neighbours to the Tessiners, and Herr Michel remained true to the traditions of his homeland. Speaking in the highly solemn tone of a man of worth, he tried to cast suspicion on the statements of the Tessiners, launched into a series of uncalled-for denunciations and slanders against the Tessin people, and was even tactless and ignoble enough to re proach the Tessiners because they (rightly) laid the blame for their defeat at Airolo on Michel's fellow countrymen, on the Bun deners. He concluded his speech by kindly proposing that part of the frontier occupation costs should be imposed on the Tessin Government. On a motion by Steiger, the debate was then adjourned. The following morning the first to speak was Herr Colonel Berg from Zurich. I shall not describe his appearance for, as I have pointed out, the German-Swiss officers all look alike. Herr Berg is the commander of the Zurich battalion stationed in Tessin, the insolent behaviour of which was described by Luvini with numerous examples. Herr Berg, of course, had to defend his battalion, but as he soon came to the end of the factual assertions put forward for this purpose, he launched into a series of the most unrestrained personal attacks on Luvini. a
"Luvini," he said, "ought to be ashamed to talk about the discipline of the lroops and moreover to cast suspicion on the discipline of one of the finest and most orderly J:>attalions. For if what happened to Herr Luvini had happened to'me I would long ago have resigned. What happened to Herr Luvini was that in the war against the Sonderbund he was defeated in spite of his army being numerically superior. and on being given the order to advance, replied that it was impossible, as his troops were demoralised etc. Incidentally, I should like to have a word with Herr Luvini on this matter, not here but somewhere else; I like to look my opponent in the eye."
146
Articles
from the N"" Rheinische Zeitung
cil The National Coun
' statements and i'IIStll: er provocatIve All these and numerous o th . . were uttered by Herr B erg m a tone that was in part �ni'lfield, ' : He obviously wanted to imitate Luvini's rt bl.ust nng ��etonc, �ut hIs effort was a complete fiasco . s ��� s ory of Airolo has al�eady cropped .'up twice in my �ow come up agam I shall b nefl y recall the an1 ' . circumstances. Dufour's Ian in the war agamst the Sonderbund was . .P army attacked Freiburg an d L uc�rne, the as follows' while the mam . Tessmers " were to advance over the St . Gotth �rd , and the Bundeners over the Oberal into th UrserentaI, . h�erate and arm the " liberal-minded oP ulation th:re, and by thIS dIversion cut off WalIis from the Ur-<:a�t!nsI42 an . d compel the main. Luc�rne army of the ,Sonderbund to divide into two. The pIa? faIled, fIrstly because the men of Uri and Wallis had Ir ady occupIed the St. Gotthard before hostilities began and second� � ' s of t �talf-heartedn�ss of the Biindeners. The latter totall; f:��:� : n o�l Ise the Cathoh� militia, and even the troops that were m bilir sed ;et th.emseives be dIssuaded from further advance b the Cath? IC populatIOn at a meeting in the Disentis High Court Jence T�SSI� was quite alone, and bearing in � mind miIit that ry organISatIOn. of this can ton was stI' 1I very the .Immature and that the ent'Ire Tessm army .numbered on·1y about 3 ,000, the weakness of Tessin com:ra�: . WIth .the Sonderbund is easily grasped. Meanwhile the men Walh� and �nterwalden had been reinforced by more than 2 ' 000 men WIth artIllery. and on. November 1 7 " 1 847 they descended the St G0 tth ard WIth theIr . . n 'troops were deployed Th ntIre force and broke into Tessin. l es �In echelons up the . . � � Leventinatal fro� el Inzona to Alrolo; their reserves were in Lugano. The S. onderbund tro.ops, concealed by a dense mist, occupied all the h elgh ts .around Alrolo' and wh en the . . mIst d'Ispersed Luvini saw th:t h'���sl lOn was I?st before a shot had �e defenSIVe an.d after a battle bee� fired. Nevertheless he ssu lastmg many hours, in which the Tes�t' ers �ought wl�h the greatest courage, his troops were thrown bac �� t e numerIcally stronger enen,ty. At first the retreat was covered some d�my UnIts, but the Tessm recruits, attacked on the flanks fro; the heIghts and fired on by artillery, were soon in total disord �� c uld on.lY be brought to f behmd the Moesa. a halt at eight hours' distance fro% Anyone who knows the St' G tthard road wIll understand the huge if it has advantages of an arm y c.o? g d own from above, especially . artillery , and the imp0sSlbI�II '.'Ity for an army retreatmg down the mountain to make a stand anywh ere and deploy its forces in the :
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in d e lv o v in y ll a u ct a re e w o h w rs e in ss e T e th r e v o re o M . y e ll a v e w o th n o s, p o narr o tr d n u b er d n o S e th d re e b m u tn u o s n a e m o n y b le tt o a n b d a h y (he ll ta n e d ci in h ic h w , re fo re e th t, a fe e d is th r o F . , y ry tl a rs fi t, u contr b e m la b to s a w o h w i in v u L t o n s a w it s, ce n e u q se n co r r u e o h v fa furt n u e th , ly d n co se s. p o o tr d e in a tr n u d n a k a e w y ll ca ri e m o u h n . w rs e n h is e d n ii B e th f o ce n se b a e th , ly in a m d n a ly d ir th , n ai rr g te in e b f o able ad e st s in ti n e is D in e in w n !i lt e V ff a u q to s e lv se m e th rs d e e in w ss lo e al T e th f o lp e h e th to e m ca st la at o h w d n a . lp ra e b O ry e to th ic v is th on d n A s. n o li a tt a b O tW h it w over the St. Bernanrdd,, patostthfeste uomn, ly place where it was superior in of th e Sonderb uto reproach the Tessiners b y those who shamefully d ers, is used n b a m rg u u n ib re F t a ls re u la p a e . left them in the lurch or who won ch ! e n o st in a g a e re th g n ti h g fi , e rn a in Luce ed lt su i re in v u L st in a ag g er B y b As you know, theseelcathtamckans severely d isabled th e Zuricher .' eW se ro u a rg u d u e l in which thrn h T m o fr rn e K . r D rr e H . te a b e d e th to tu re s u s, t is le w S l a But ic p ty a is rn e K rr e H . ty ri jo a m e th f o ls sa o p ro p e th rt d o n a p s re tu to su p a fe t cu ra e cl t n sa a le p n u t o n h it w , d re e ld u o h -s d a ld ro u b o w s is tali, . w S st e n o b n a s p a rh e p s a ch su , ir a h l a ic tr a e th t f a o h n w a e m a som e k li t a b w e m so d e ss re d is e h ; r e it p Ju n ia p m ly O le b e a e in k g a sh ima n u te a ic d in g n ri a e b d n a e ic o v f o e n to . k o lo is h , m g o in cc a rn st lea o m e th f o e n o d re e d si n o c is rn e K rr e H . n o ti a s in ri e rm ct te ra e a d h c is h h it W " . d n a rl ze it w S in rs e y w la st e d w re sh d t n n a e d d e si sh re li P p e th , g in k a e sp f o r e n n a m ry to a m a cl e d ly h ig h d n a t u b , n io st e tic logic" u q in ss e T e th n o d n u o p x e to n a g e b rt u o C l ra e d e d n a n of the F e li a it fe a C e th to o g to d e rr fe re p I t a th d re o b so s a w I n o so drink a glass ofrnWeadll, isKewrnineb. ad already been [ollowed by Almeras When I retu rnberger, Blancbenay from Waadt and Castaldi from Geneva, Hmoore or less important local figures whose fame in from Geneva on is only just beginning. Eytel from Waadt was the Confederati s a e rg la speaking. s a ly te a n io rt o p ro p re a le p o e p re e b w , d n a rl t, ze il it u b ly In Sw te a c li e d d re e d si n o c e b y a m l te y E rr e H , le tt a c ry b He e. st bu ordina ro rt fo e m o-m h e n u je a r fo ss a p ld u o w e h ce n ra , F ir in a h h g y u rl u c altho ir fa d n a e h c a st u o m ir fa , ce fa te a c li e d , e m so d n f a o h a e n o s has d in m re e h l ra e n e g in le p o pe t d a a W e r th ze e it k w li S d h lc an e W f o ts n a it ab h in r e th o e tb o d n a th re o m of n a rs e rt o p p Frenchm su in a m e th f o e n o is e h t a th g in y sa t u o h it w . s e le o p g o e It p t d a a land. W e th g n o m a d n e tr n a c li b u p e -r d re l, a ic d a -r ra lt u tbe _
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1 1 4 , 1 1 5 .- Ed. . p p , See Ed. b Quite rouust young m an . this volume,
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· 148
Articles from the Neue Rheinische Zeitung
MQreQver, he is still yQung and certainly nQt Qlder than Escher. Herr �ytel sPQke with great vehemence against the federal representa_ tIVes . !
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" hey b�haved in Tessin as t ough Tessin were not a sovereig n state, but a .provInce whIch they . had to admInIster as pro-Consuls: truly, if these gentlemen had acted in that way in a French canton, they would not have been allowed to remain there long! Yet these gentlem n , instead of thanking God that the Tessiners put up so � cahnly wIth theIr lust for dommatlon and their fantastic ideas even complain of being ' badly received ! " ,
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Herr Eytel speaks very well but is sQmewhat tQQ IQng-winded. Like all the French Swiss, he fails to. CQme to. the PQint. Old Steiger also. said a few words from his presidential chair in favQur Qf the majQrity proPQsals and then our Alcibiades Escher tQQk the flQQr for the second time in Qrder to. repeat Qnce mQre the accQunt. he ?ad alreadr given. But this time he attempted a rhetorical conclUSIOn m whICh hIS schDolboy's exercise was evident three miles away. "Either we are neutral or we are not neutral, but whateve r we are, that we must wholly be, and old Swiss loyalty demands that we should kee p our word, even if given to a despot."
From this new and striking idea, Herr Escher's tireless arm pumped Qut the broad stream Qf a sDlemn perQratiDn, and when he had cQm�leted it Alcibiades, DbviDusly pleased with himself, sat down agam. Herr Tanner from Aarau, President Qf the Supreme Court, was the next speaker. He is a lean, puny man Qf medium height who speaks very IQu�ly abDut very uninteresting matters. Basically his speech was nothmg but the hu ndredfold repetitiDn Qf Qne and the same grammatical mistake. He was followed by Herr Ma urice Barman from French Wallis. To. IDDk at hil� no. Qne would believe that he fQught so. bravely at Pont de Tnent 111 1 844, when the men of Upper Wallis led by the KaJbermattens, Rie. dmattens and other Mattens· attempted a coun�er-revDIutl·On m the cantDn . Herr Barman's outward appearance IS that Qf a tranquil bDurgeQis but is by no. means unpleasant; he speaks thDughtfully an� .rather disjointedly. He repulsed Berg's persQnal attacks on Luvml and suppDrted Pioda. Herr Battaglini f:�m Tessin, who IDoks rather bou rgeois and CQuld remmd a ma�lclOus o�server of Dr. BarthQIQ in Figaro, read out a rather long dlscDurse m French about neutrality in favour Df 143
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Matten also means "meadows".- Ed.
149
The Naliona! Council
his cantQn, a statement which cQntained �e:fectly cQ.rrect principles but was listened to. with Qnly very superfICIal atten�lOn. Suddenly the cQnversatiDns and mQvmg abDut the assembly ceased. There was complete silence and all eyes turned to a beardless, bald Qld man with a big aquiline nose, who beg�n to spe.ak in French. This little Qld man, who. in his simple black SUIt and WIth his completely civilian appearance was mQre. like a pr?fessor than anything else, and who. struck Qne Dnly by hIS expressive face and lively, penetrating glance, was General Dufour, that same D.ufQur whQse far-sighted strategy crushed the SQnderbund almQst wIthQ�It bloodshed. What a distance separated him from the German-SwIss officers of that assembly! Those Michels, �ieglers,. Bergs etc., thDse narrow-minded fire-eaters, those pedantic martmets, cut a �ery characteristic figure in cQmpariSDn with the small unpretentIDUS Dufour. One CQuld see at a glance that it was DufQur who. was the brain behind the whQle war against the SQnderbund, wherea� these Ajaxes full Df a sense Qf their ?�n wQrth w�re Qnly the fIsts he needed fDr carrying Qut his deClSIQns. The Diet had truly chDsen cQrrectly and fDund the necessary man. But when Qne hears DufQur speak one becomes really astounded. This Did Qfficer in the Engineers, who. has spen� his whQI.e life o� ly organising artillery schDQls, drawing up regulations and mspe� tmg batteries who. has never taken part in parliamentary prQceedmgs, never spoken in public, sPQ�e with a.n assu�ance and wit� a fh� ency, elegance, precisiQn an? c1ar:ty th�t IS admIra�le and umq� e the Swiss NatiQnal CouncIl. ThIS malden speech Df Dufour s on the Tessin questiQn, as far as its fQr?I a� d cDntent are cDncerne�, wDuld have created the greatest sensatIQn m the French Chamber; m every respect it far surpasses Cavaignac's b three-hou� speech which made him the leading lawyer in Paris-if Qne can J udge fr�m. the text published in the Moniteur. As fQr beauty Qf language, It IS d� ubly deserving Df recognition in . s<:)[T� eQne frQm Geneva. The natIQnal language of Geneva is a CalVInIstIcally refQrmed Fren�h, broad, fl�t, PQQr, mQnotQnDUS and cQIQurless. DufQur,. hQwever, dId nDt speak m the language Qf Geneva, but in real, genume French.. MQ,:eDver, the sentiments which he expressed were so. nQble, so. sQldlerly the good sense Qf the word that they made the petty professional jealDusies and petty canton;1 narrQwness Qf the German-Swiss Qfficers stand out in glaring CQntrast. m
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a The words "maiden speech" are in English in the original.- Ed. b T h is refers to Eleonore Louis Godefroy Cavaignac.-Ed.
The National Council
Articles from the Neue Rheinische Zeitung
150
am glad that everyone is talkin ab u t neutrali.�y . saId Dufour. "B u t What � ? neutr�lity? It consists in o u r n�t unde ta.kmg or allowmg to be undertaken anvH,;, by Wh1Ch the state of peace between S wI zerland an d n eighbouring states wou ld � · . . , b u t als0 norh mg more We h ave th e nght, therefore' endangered. Nothing le ss . · a ngh t o·f which grant asylum to refugees from abroad , 1't 1s . . weare proud . We regard;ail .' as a dufy Wh·Ieh we owe to misfortune But on ?ne condJtlon : that the refugee su bn i. . to o u r Jaws that h e does not d�rta e anyth�ng that could endanger OUf security ,. "'"l' home or ab'road. That a patri�t� nven from h IS country by tyranny endeavours, frOIll . our terntory also, to win back the freedom of l li'S homeJand, I call understand. I do not reproach him in any way on that �count, �::>U t then we also have to see what We must do. If, therefore ' a refugee takes u p h 1S pen or his muskct to oppose the . h an .not.deport �im for it. that would be " nelg . hhou nng Government-all ri ht ; �: unjust, but we shaH remove him fr�ni' t r<:>"tler, l�tern hIm, That is demanded by OUI own security and by our regard for ne ghbounng states; nothing less but also · ' nothing more. If on the other h d ' ,we ta{� steps not only against the insurgent . volunteer who h�s penetrated ' t0 orelgn terntory, hut also against the brother or the 0 0 father of that volunteer agai��t ne Wh has remained in peace, th en we are doing more than we are obliged to d0, then we are no. longer . �eutraI . we take the side of a agamst Its' VICt·Ims. (General applause.) ' . forelgn government the side of d cspotIsrn . " "A n d preCIsely a fo h o cerl�mJy no one in this assembly now when Radetzk has any sympathy. is already demI��i�g �ro �:s t� . IS unjust removal of all refugees ' bac king uP, hIS demand by threats indeed by from the frontier zone when he · �s hostile measures preci:c1y now t s Ieast of all !ltting for us to accede t� the unjust of a mo�e powerful opp��en t . becallse It would look aS 1·f we were bowing to demand . supenor force, as if we had taken tllIS . . ' dCOSlOn becau:
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regret that I cannot give more �f thIS. speech and more word-far-word extracts from I· t . But t ere . ar� no stenographers here, and I have to write from m�m �ry. Su�fICe It to. say that Dufour astonished the entire assemblY o� by hiS oratorIcal skill and by the unpretentiousness of h'�s ��ec as ;e1i a� by the weighty argu ments h e put fo;ward an t a af��r ec armg he would vote for Pioda's proposal ' he r�turned t? lS seat amid general applause . · debates I. have never on any oth er occasIOn heard ap.pIause d urmg � n the National Council. Dufour's s�e.�ch deCld �d t?e matter ; after It there was nothing more to be sal , and PlOda s proposal was carried. However, this did not suit the kn'Igh ts a f the small cantons whose consciences had been shaken a d �� the c �1l for an end to the debate they replied by casting 48 vot�s �or s cont�nuance. Only 42 voted for ending the debate, which th ere fore contmued. H err Vel'11on from · Waadt proposed that the whOIe matt� be teferred. to the Federal Council. Herr Pittet from W�dt, � andsome man with French features, spoke in favour of PIOda, Iuently but. verbosely and in a . d th at the d�· CUsslOn was petering out doctrinaire tone and 't seeme when, finally, Herr Furrer, President of t e Con federatlOn, rose to speak. I
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· f o rt a rp te n u co a , fe li f o e m ri p e th in n a m a is r e rr u F rr e rr H s, e n e H th A s is w S e th ts n se re p re r e tt la e th If r. e h sc E s r, e o d ss ia fe ih ro AJc p a e k li k o lo to s d n te r e h sc E If . h c ri u Z ts n se re p re a r re e a y e th r e Furr th e g o T . n a m re fo ry o ct fa a e k li k o lo to s d n te r re Fur . ch ri u Z f o n o ti ta n se re p re te te lu so b a st o comple m e th rs u o v fa o h w n a m a is , e rs u co f o r, e rr u F lt su re Herr a s a d e n te a re th y sl u o ri se m e st sy is h w sa e h ce n si d n a to ty s li a re su a neutr e m e m e tr x e st o m e th y lo p m e to d a h e h , h c e e sp s r' u n fo e u e D b ly n o s a h of r e rr u F rr e H t a th e u tr is It . ty ri jo a m a lf se im t h a th d re e v ro ensu p e t h a th f o e it sp in t u b s, y a d e re th r fo t n e d si re P e it l sp ra e e d d s Fe n o ti es u q ce n e d fi n o -c o n f o cs ti li o p e th s d n ta rs s e a d w n l u ci n u o C he l ra e d e F e th t a th d re a cl Duchfaei and Hansermthane nd. eHciesidoen o f th e National Council, because extremely eager ldfo b e a decisive turning-point in the entire policy o f this decision wou. After a little embellish ment of this captatio Switzerland etc gradually proceeded to expound his own opinion e th t a th , benevolentiae,' h e ly e m a n l, ci n u o C l ra e d e F e th f o ty ri jo a m e th f o f t o a ty th ri jo a and m e th f o w ie v e th t a th d n a in a m re st u m ty li a tr u e n l f ra o e d e F e policy th f o ty ri jo a m e th f o w ie v e th o ls a s a w n o si is m n a m o c ch su the in d n a y it n ig d n m le so ch su h it w is th ll a id sa e H . in il n c n io st e Cou u q ce n e d fi n o -c o n e th f o t in h a s a w re e th t a th e n to d t n n a e rl st ze it insi w S in t a th d in m in r a e b st u m e n O . h c e e sp is h f o rd e o th w e ry d e si g ev n lo a r e w o p t n e d n e p e d in n a t o n is r e w o p e v ti ch cu n e x re e F e th w e n e th in r o y h rc a n o m l a n o ti u it st n co a in s a , e e v v ti ti la la is is g g le le e th f o t n e m ru st in d n a e v Constitution, but obnelyarthine dmeinridvathti at it is not at all the custom for the power. One mustto resign if its wishes are disregarded by a decision executive power assembly; on the contrary, it is accustomed to carry of th e legislative most obediently and wait for better times. A n d since out this decision wer li k ewise consists of an elected cou ncil in which the executive po ous shades o f opinion, it is of no great im portance there are also variin the executive council has a majority on some if the minority legislative council. A n d here at least tWO members o f questions in the uncil, Druey a n d Franscini, were for Pioda and the Federal Co Consequently, from the point of view of Swiss against Furrer. ws, Furrer's appeal to the assembly was quite customs a n d vie. B u t what does that matter? The weighty voice o f unparliamentary dent gave new courage to the knights o f th e small th e Federal Presien he returned to his seat, they even attempted a h n a d e d n a m cantons, and wfa e d d n a , se n o sp re y n a t u o h it w y a w a d e d h ic h w " o v " b ra end to the debate. a
Attempt to win goudwill.-Ed.
ncil The National Cou
1 52
Articles from the
Neue Rheinische Zeitung
But old Steiger was fair enough to give the floor first to Herr Pioda-as the reporterfor th� minority. Pioda spoke with the same ·. calm and decorum as before. He again refuted all the accusations : while briefly summing up the debate. He warmly defended his . friend Luvini, whose fougueuse eloquence had perhaps somewhat carried him away but who, and this should never be forgotten, on previous occasion had saved his canton for Switzerland. Finally, he touched upon Airolo and expressed his regret that this word had been mentioned here and, moreover, mentioned by the side from which he least of all expected it, a
"It is true that we suffered a defeat at Airolo," he said. "But how did it come about? We stood there alone, our little, sparsely populated canton against the whole ' weight of the Ur-cantons and Wallis, which hurled themselves upon us and crushed us, although we defended ourselves bravely. It is truc, we were defeated . But is it seemly for you" (turning to Michel) "to reproach us for it? You, gentlemen, you are to
blame for the fact that we were defeated; you should have been on the Oberalp and have struck the Sonderbund forces in the flank, and it was you who were not there and who left us in' the lurch, and that was why we were defeated. Yes, you did arrive, gentlemen , but when it was too late, when it was aU over - then at last you arrived!"
Colonel Michel leapt up in a fury and with a face red as a lobster and declared that it was a lie and a slander. Called to order by loud murmurs and the President's bell, he continued somewhat more calmly. He said he knew nothing about having been sup posed to be on the Oberalp. All he knew was that after getting the order he came to the aid of the Tessiners and in fact was the first to arrive. Pioda replied as calmly as hefore: it had not entered his mind to attack Herr Michel personally, he had merely spoken of the Graubiindeners in general, and it was a fact at any rate that they should have supported the Tessiners by descending from the Oberalp. If Herr Michel did not know that, it was easily explained by the fact that at the time he commanded only a battalion, and therefore the general plans of the campaign could very well have remained unknown to him. With this intermezzo, which further led to private discussions of various kinds between these gentlemen outside the assembly haJJ and was finally settled by mutually satisfactory statements, the debate came to an end. The voting was by roll-call. The Frenchmen and four or five Germans voted with the Tessiners, the mass of the German Swiss voted against them. Tessin was deprived of the right to afford asylum, Radetzky's demands '44 were agreed to, neutrality at any price was proclaimed, and Herr Furrer could feel satisfied with himself and the National Council. •
153
e th f o er w o fl . e th e er h . w l, ci n u ISS National Co ed h is Such IS the Slt.wze u g n ti is d e ar ey th at th d f' In I en of SW rland omnelyet.one virtue, greater patt,ence. }��:�ther legislators by December 6, 18 48 Written by Engels on
inisehe
the Neue Rhe First published in , ,On edItI nd co se e th in d an 5 Z "lUng N o. 16 1 0 , 18 48 f;� 'N O, 1 65 , December
the newspaper Printed dccording to
for the fi,,' h lis ng E in ed h is bl pu time
154
THE BOURGEOISIE A N D THE COUNTER-REVOLuTION I45
110.
JtrlUt ettUtnl m�r!!!
[Neue Rheinische Zei!ung
N o. 16 5, December 10 , I S48]
December 9 . We h ave never concealed the fact that not a but a revolutionary basis. Now the Government ofours is r its part has abandoned th e fa lse pretence o f a legal basis. It st. and on a revolutionary basis, for the counter-revolutionarhas taken its y basis, too, IS revo Iutzona · ry. 1 46 § 6 of the law o f A p ri l 6 , 1 84 8, lays d o w n : Cologne, legal basis,
"The right to approve al l laws as well as to determine th e national bUdget and right to grant taxes must in any case belong th e to the future represen tatives of th e people ."
§ 13
of the law of April 8,
18 4 8,
reads:
"The Assembly convened on the basis of this law is called upon to establish future Comtitution by agreement with th the e Crown and du ring the period of its existence to exercise the prerogatives of th e former im pe rial estates, in particular regarding granting of taxes." the
The Government sends this Agreement Assembly to th e devil, most autocratically imposes a soi-disant' Constitution 147 upon the country and grants itse lf the taxes which the representative s of the people had refused it. The Camphausen epic, a sort o f pompous legal Jo been brought to an abrupt end by the Prussian Govbsiade, 148 has retaliation the great Camphausen, the author o f this ep ernm en t. In coolly to deliberate in Frankfurt as envoy of this sa ic, continues Government, and goes on scheming -with the Basserrnme Prussian interests o f this same Prussian Govern ment. This Carn anns in the invented th e theory of agreement in order to preserve thphausen, who that is in order first o f al l to cheat the revolution of th e ree legal basis, spect that is •
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an
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Marx's article "The Bourgeoisie and " N o M re Taxes ! ! ! " o
The Bourgeoisie and the Counter-Revolution
15 7
.
dll e to it, at the same time invented the mines which were later to blow up the legal basis together with the theory of agreement. This man introduced the indirect elections that produced an ass e mhly to which, at a moment of sudden revolt, the Government cou ld shout: Trop tard! 149 He recalled the Prince of Prussia, the head of the counter-revolution, and did not disdain an official lie to turn the Prince's flight into a study trip. 150 H e let the old pruss ian laws dealing with political crimes and the old courts continue to function. Under h is government the old bureaucracy and the old army gained time to recover from their fright and to reconstitute themselves completely. All the leading personalities of tbe old regime were left untouched in their positions. Under Camphausen the camarilla carried on a war in Posen,151 while he himself carried on a war in Denmark. The Danish war was intended as an overflow for the superabundant patriotism of the German YOllth, against whom also after their return the police took the appropriate measures . This war was intended to give some popularity to General Wrangel and his notorious Guards regiments and to rehabilitate the Prussian soldiery in generaL This purpose achieved, the sham war had to be ended at any price by a disgraceful armistice, which was once again agreed on at Frankfurt am Main by the same Camphausen with the German National Assembly. The outcome of the Danish war was the appointment of the " Commander in-Chief of the two Marches" 152 and the return to Berlin of the Guards regiments which had heen driven out in March. And the war which the Potsdam camarilla waged in Posen under the auspices of Camphausen! The war in Posen was more than a war against the Prussian revolution . It was the fall of Vienna, the fall of Italy, the defeat of the heroes of June . It was the first decisive victory gained by the Russian Tsar over the European revolution. And all this was done under the auspices of the great Camphausen, the thinking friend of history: the knight of .the great debate, the champion of agreement. Under Camphausen and with his help the counter-revolution seized all important positions; it prepared an army ready for action while the Agreement Assembly debated. Under Hansemann-Pinto, 153 the \'{inister of action, the old police force was fitted out with new uniforms, and the bourgeoisie waged a war - as bitter as it was petty - against the people. The conclusion from these premises was a
An ironical allusion to AligemeifU? Ge$chichte vom Anfang der hidoriichen Kenntniss bis auf unsere Zeitrn. by Karl von Rotteck, a weU-known wQrk at the time. Its subtitle was: Filr denkende Geschichtsfreunde (For Thinking Friends of Hi,tory).-Ed.
1 58
Articles from the
Neue Rheinische Zeitung
drawn under Brandenburg's rule. The only things needed for were a moustache and a sword instead of a head. When Camphausen resigned we exclaimed:
He has sown reaction as interpreted by the bourgeoisie, he will reaction as interpreted by the aristocracy and absolutism:
We have no doubt that His Excellency, the Prussian Camphausen, at this moment considers that he himself is a feudal and will have come to a peaceable agreement with this stan ding " . One should not, however, commit the error o f ascribing initiativ. of world-historic significance to such m ediocrities as a Camphlallse or a Hanseman n . They were nothing but the mouthpieces of a Their language, their actions, were merely the official echo of class which brought them to the forefront. They were simply the bourgeoisie placed in the forefront . The representatives of this class formed the liberal opposition i n blissfully deceased United Diet, which Camphausen resurrected for mom ent . The gentlemen of this liberal opposition have been relJrc with having betrayed their principles after the March This is a fallacy. The big landowners and capitalists, who were the only ones represented in the Vnited Diet, in short the money-bags, becam e . wealthier and more educated. With the development of bourgeois society i n Prussia, in other words, with the development of industry, trade and agriculture, the old estate distinctions had, on the one hand, lost their material basis. The aristocracy itself was largely bourgeoisified . Instead of dealing in loyalty, love and faitIl, it now dealt primarily in beetroot, liquor and wooL Its tournaments were h eld mainly 011 the wool market. On the other hand, the absolutist state, which in the course of development had lost its old social basis, became a restrictive fetter for the new bourgeois society with its ch anged mode of production and its changed requirements. The bourgeoisie had to claim its share of political power, i f only by reason of its material interests. Only the bourgeoisie itself could secure legal fulfilment of its commercial and industrial requirements. It had to wrest the administration of these, its "most sacred interests", from the hands of an antiquated bureaucracy which was both ignorant and arrogallt. It had to demand control over th e national wealth, of which it considered itself the creator. Having depl�ved the bureaucracy of the monopoly
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Vol. 7 , pp. l08.- Ed.
1 59
. . r-Revolution te un o C e th n d a Ie IS O The Bourge
. ossessed a far p it t a th . t c fa e th f o S . t"IOn a n d c o n sciOU uca e d d alle ourgeOIs SOC.I�ty , b f o ts n e m e ir of so -c u O the real re ledge kn,? a pohtlcal r lf rio se it � r fo pe re u c se f�o th e a m b it o n to 511 h a e ols � urge h a d to b e . it im bo a � is th in e a tt a o th � Its SO 1al status T WI mg � ns of th e o ti c a e th . d n .t atUS in keep a s w ie v t �nd l t �� O Its debate to eoisie h a d rg u o b :hJe fre ely e h T . " ss re e ih thIS f e called It ent. of . om d ee fr " is ('Overn m th d e ll a c It P ' . assocwfttons. into Y I ree f enter to It h ad , able n io it et p m co ee fr f o e c . to be y consequ e.n r a ss e c e n a s A . " 84 8 th e 1 , ' n h rc a M Il.\socwtw e r fo e B . n o . . a n d so ty er b r ' r g d re deman w a all Its l m.s. t ng , . realisi lik ewi.se to to way was e l on the geolsle bou borrowmg s It � s. ie Pru sslan lt u c fi if d l s I' n financia a w te a st n la ss ru v ocatIOn o f n o The p c e th d n ' l h e b t e r . , , T h is was t h e see d auste h ex as It gamst S fate a d le power � g g ru st t . n e m th e Govern ough Alt let. money, a nd of � the V IlIted l? of lack Diet, he United t d e v so Is d y sl � u . ually mto th e and ungr��](? d ra g it n e iv r d e v mevlta�lY ha l u o w s � e iu ll C of G o d fa e c a , r g e c r e d it th y b s g in s� w h o a r e k Th eOIsIe. bourg � e fe u d a l , th id d ann s of the s a sh a c d r a for h v e p r the ed barter av i n _h istoric deal in all the h e always world i t c a t a e r g st r fi e h serfs; th e e th f barons. T o n o ti . a i c n wa0� t h, e e m a s te a st c m a m r e ent n'a pas de g r a , C h ristian-G L " h y rc P a n o Im e c onsututlOna t h s a w t c a t a e as they are second gr soon as es maztr , res cease to b e tt a m e th t u b 'tre" , a mat g else . in th o n . , s a d em o n e ti se d . w t ie D d m th e . U n it e n o ti SI O p p o l a r e b . that n o m r fo l And so the li . . a c ti li o p a ourgeOISIe to b e th f n o ti sI o , oppose 0 to r e d r th an th e opp o In . s d e e n terests a n d m s 't 1 t d e d n o sp 0. . longer corre people , the court to d h e r eOISI, e peo p le . th r th e C o u r t, th e b o U !? o f s a w n o ti si o p th t 't s o p l Imag y real sou ght for oisie ! It m �y have bourge the ibert e which n a ts h g n e th , y u n d e r th e ly ObVIousl n o t n e m n r e v o l 'be TtG' d fr o m th e d n a m e d e b ld itself cou . t e us, r I a u op p d n a ts h g ' n r a I u S goa I It op p l to y a w s ogan: e th n o ll sat' d , was w e e v a h e w s a , n o ti T h is o p p o si e, k o r b m or st ry a ru w h e n th e Feb '
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lical d e l� ge ib B a e g lu e d h h e n th e Marc . 1 1 r e b m e c e dlgle� , D o r p o n Cologne, n li r e B f . o n th e su rface o ft le � It , d e d SI b urgeOIs o b t se in miniatur, e - su k ic th s e n , n ' na l crea . d I'tIo a tr t u b , ts n ' la g ry a n o ti ves 0 f th e lu o tI ta no rev n se e r p e r e th V m' ted Diet , e th f o ls a r e b li e f'I gures - th '
ter. " -Ed, '" "Money has no mas
Articles from the N eue
160
Rh'" ..n . 1S " Ch e Zet"tung
The Bourgeoisie and the Counter-Revolution
conscious Prussian bourgeoisie The ma " . In c o tI ngents for the Ministries were supplied b th � provinces with the most advInceJ b!:�ne �?vznce �nd Silesia, whole train of R h ems. h Iawyers T geolsle. BehInd them -. bo.urgeoisie was pushed into "the o the same extent that backgroun d by the an· st·ocra. cy' the R h in e Provm MImstnes by the old pr�s':�' cne parn dv .Silesia were repIaced in mces. .The only li n k of <:> Brandenburg Minist ry w single Elb erfeld Tory . HansemeanRnhIna e Provmce now is th rough names represent for the Prussian bo n d vo.n. der Heydt.' Th ese u r g e O is le the between March whole d'iff'er,en, and D e c e m b e r I 8 4 8 1 . Th e Prussian bourgeoisie reached t ' state, not, however by mean Of p h e highest pOSI.tI.Ons in had desire d, but a� the resu�t ot � eaceful �al with the Crown, defend, not its own interests but h revolut�on. It was supposed ose f t e people- fo r a movement h a d prepar ' Crown in other wordes,d athgaem . wstayItsefolfr the bourgeoisie -. .agaInst th e C ro' wn simply as a cloak Provid� For th e bourgeOIS!e regard d the grace. of God, a clo, that w. as to conceal its own profane m . teby o. wn mterests and of the poIIt" IcaI f rests ' Th e mVIO. IabI'IIty ' of its o r mterests, when translated into const"It ms correspon dmg ' to these u tI to read m" vw' lability of the Crown. OI1al language, ",:as supposed ', . partI. H ence th e enth. USiasm of the ' German bourgeoisie and In . fo r th e co" nstIt' utional monarchy. TchueIa r o f the Prussian bourgeolsie refore' a.lthough th e Prussia. n bourgeoisle welcomed th e rep.ercussions in Germany beFceaburseuai��:�volutIon together with its theIr hands, it also upset their p lan placed th� helm of state in bound by conditions which they : sh because thelT rule was thus neIt er wanted nor were able to fulfil. The bourgeoisie did not raise a fI7g . � . , th e y Simply allowed th e people to fight for th e m . Hence the r was not th e rule o f a general w h O h asU e � at was transferred to them rule of a committee o f p ubl' safety de ea�ed his ad. versa. ry, but the entrusts th e p rotection Of l'tS Intere . sts.to. whIch the VictOrIOU s people C,amphausen was still clearly aware o f " h t ' IS e m b a r . r and the a SS Ing situation , weakness of h IS' M'InIStry was entirely du " . e to t hIS feeling and th e CIrCUmstances that gave rise to actions of his Government are th It' . Even the most shameless shamef,aced" .blush . 0pen hamelessnerefore tinted by a sort of ess and z.nso Ience "Iemann s p n vilege . Th were Han. a ll e " r . e . d co10 urt.ng IS that dIstI'ngUlshes these two paInters one from the other. Th e March revol!�tion in Prussia should the Engltsh revolutIOn of 1 64 8 or WIt. not. b e confused eIt' her WIt. h h the French one o f 1 7 8 ""ir
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the bourgeoisie was allied with the modern aristocracy again st the monarchy, the feudal aristocracy and the established c h urch. In 1 789 the bourgeoisie was allied with the people against the mon archy, the aristocracy and the established church. The revolution of 1 789 (at least in Europe) had as its prototype only the revolution of 1 648; the revolution of 1 648 only the revolt of the" Netherlands against Spain.154 Both revolutions were a century in advance of their prototypes not only in time but also in content. In both revolutions the bourgeoisie was the class that really headed the movement. The proletariat and the non-bourgeois strata of the middle class had either not yet any interests separate from those of the hourgeoisie or they did not yet constitute independent classes or c1<1ss sub-divisions. Therefore, where they opposed the bourgeoisie, as they did in France in 1 793 and 1 794, they fought only for the attainment of the aims of the bourgeoisie, even if not in the manner of the bourgeoisie. All French terrorism was nothing but a plebeian way of dealing with the enemies of the bourgeoisie, absolutism, feudalism and philistinism. The revolutions of 1 648 and 1 789 were not Engli�h and French revolutions, they were revolutions of a European type. They did not represent the victory of a particular class of society oYer the old political order; they proclaimed the political order of the new European .lOeiety . The bourgeoisie was victorious in these revolutions, but the victory of the bourgeoisie was at that time the victory of a new social order, the victory of bourgeois ownership over feudal ownership, of nationality over provincialism, of competition over the guild, of the division of land over primogeniture, of the rule of the landowner over the domination of the owner by the land, of enlightenment over superstition, of the family over the family name, of industry over heroic idleness, of bourgeois law over medieval privileges. The revolution of 1 648 was the victory' of the seventeenth century over the sixteenth century; the revolution of 1 789 was the victory of the eighteenth century over the seventeenth. These revolutions reflected the needs of the world at that time rather than the needs of those parts of the world where they occurred, that is England and France" There has been nothing of all this in the Prussian March revolution. The Febr�ary revolution actually abolished the constitutional monarchy and nominally abolished the rule of the bourgeoisie. The Prussian March revolution was intended to establish nominally a In 1 648
a In the
Neue Rheinische Zeitung:
"the revolu tion".-Ed.
Articles from th e Neue R heinische Zeitung
1 62
constitutional monarchy and to esta bl " h a. ctu bourgeoisie. Far from being a European revol ally �he rule o f stunted after-e. ffect Of a Eu r�pean revolution utwn It was Instead of bemg ahead of Its centu � , It. w in a backward behind. its time. From th e very outset It was a as over h a lf a celltu and it IS weII k nown that secondary dls' eases resecondary p,ht!nC)ln...'et the same time cause more h a. rm th an th e pn� h arder to c u re and ' not a question o f establishm' g a new soci.etymary. dls' eases do. .It ' but f resurrectmg BerI'm a society that had eXP�r. ed m . Pans. The Prussian revoluti. on 'was not even a natwnaI ' Germ revoIutt' on ; from. outset It was. a provincial PrusST.an re'voI utl' Oan n . A ll so rts of' uprisings Vle ' nna, Cassel ' Munich et c.-took place alongside and contested its lead. Whereas 1 64 8 and 1 789 ained boundless being at the apex o f cre�ti�n' It' was the se.l�-confidence from' ' revolution of 1 84 8 t COnstIt. ute an anach ambItion of th e B e rlin . Its IIg ' ht was like that of the stars which reaches u s, the m . harbOItIlaIs'nm ts o f th e Ea. rth" only " after the bodies from 'hIC' h It' ema ate h u ndred thousand years. The March �ev d h.ave . been e:::tmct for a ' small scale -just as it was On a small scale�lutlOn m �russla was, on a for Europe. Its light was that o f the corp everythm.g _ such a star • se of a society which had long ago decayed. The German bourgeoisie developed so . sl slowly that at the moment when It. menacm uggishly, timidly a. nd and . bso1utl" sm, It saw menacingIY con fro gly co. nfronted feUdahsm all sections o f the middle eIass wh ose mterentl'Ilg It th. e proletariat and to th ose o f the proletariat. The German � sts a nd. 1d. eas were related one class behind it, but aII E umpe host ourgeoisle found not just Il. ely ,acmg It. UnlIke the F-re n eI bourgeoisie o f 1 78 9' th e Prussian bourg eoisie, when it confronted the monarch nd ls. to racy old society, was not clars� e a; g �o r t�, the representatives o f the It had sunk to the level of � �i�� f SOCIe whole o f modern society. from the Crown as it was fr m the eopal estate as clearly distinct oppose both adversaries an� I. eso)ute le, with a strong bent to towards each of them individually because it al ;: behind it. . From the first�;;:;assa:cl��heJftoth�m either in front o f it or eople and to �ompromlse with the crowned re rese....tat v�eotrfathy ethoeldpso ciety, for it �tself already belonged to the ol� SOCiety�, . . st an old It dtd not repre.sent the IIl.terests of a new .societY agam WIthm' a n obsolete society It to d a the ohne' but renewed IIlterests because it had the people' be�I' � . t �ut elm of the revolution not au bec se t.he people drove it f r � � m the ; it stood at the ea n t because ?t: ? � represented the mItlatIve of a new social era but onfy because ItIt re presented the IS
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ranCOur of an old one. A stratum of the old state that had failed to break through and was thrown up on the surface of the new state bv the force of an earthquake; without faith in itself, without faith in th� people, grumbling at those above, trembling before those below, egoj�tic towards both sides and aware of its egoism; revolutionary in relation to the conservatives and conservative in relation to the revolutionaries. It did not trust its own slogans, used phrases instead of ideas, it was intimidated by the world storm and exploited it for its own ends; it displayed no energy in any respect, but resorted to plagiarism in every respect, it was vulgar because unoriginal, and original in its vulgarity; haggling over its own desires, without initiative, without faith in itself, without faith in the people, without a world-historic mission, an , abominable dotard finding himself condemned to lead and to mislead the first youthful impulses of a virile people so as to make them serve his own senile interests-sans eyes, sans ears, sans teeth, sans everything'-such was the Prussian bourgeoisie which found itself at the helm of the Prussian state after the March revolution.
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The Bourgeoisie and the Counter�Revollltion
[Neue Rheinische Zeitung :-.ro.
170. December 1 6. 18481
December 1 5. The theory of agreement, which the bourgeoisie, on attaining governmental power in the shape of the Camphausen Ministry, immediately declared the "broadest" basis of the Prussian contrat social, was by no means an empty theory; on the contrary, it grew on the tree of " golden" life. The sovereign by the grace of God was by no means subjected to the sovereignty of the people as a result of the March revolutiop.. The Crown, the absolutist state, was merely compelled to corne to an understanding with the bourgeoisie, to come to an agreement with its old rival. The Crown is ready to sacrifice the aristocracy to the bourgeoisie, the bourgeoisie is ready to sacrifice the people to th'e Crown. Under these circumstances the monarchy becomes bourgeois and the bou rgeoisie monarchical. Only these two powers still exist since the March revolution. They u,e each other as a sort of lightning-conductor against the revolution. Always, of course, on the "broadest democratic basis" . Tlicrein lay the secret of the theory of agreement. The oil and wool merchants 155 who formed the first Ministry after the ).1arch revolution took pleasure in their role of protecting the Cologne,
�
Cf. Shakcspc.ll t' . As
You I-1ke It. Act
II. Scene 7.- £d.
. , le lS eo rg u The Bo
164
Articles from the
NetUJ Rheinische Zeitung
exposed Crown with their plebeian wings. They were delighted at having gained access to the Court and reluctantly driiv, by pure magnanimity to abandon their austere Roman pose, i.e. Roman pose of the United Diet, to use the corpse of their former popularity to fill the chasm that threatened to engulf the . , Minister Camphausen plumed himself on being the midwife of the constitutional throne. The worthy man was evidently deeply mOVl>rl" by himself, his own magnanimity. The Crown and its h angers-on , reluctantly suffered this humiliating protection and made bonne mine:, a mauvais jeu,' hoping for better days to come. The bourgeois gentilhommeb was easily taken in by a few honeyed words and curtsies from the partly disintegrated army, the ' bureaucracy that trembled for its positions and salaries, and the . humiliated feudals, whose leader' was engaged in a constitutional ' educational journey. The Prussian bourgeoisie was nominally the ruler and did not for a moment doubt that the powers of the old state had placed themselves unreservedly at its disposal and had become devoted adjuncts of its own ommpotence. Not only in the Ministry but throughout the monarchy the bourgeoisie was intoxicated with this delusion . Did not the army, the bureaucracy and even the feudal lords act as willing and obedient accomplices in the only heroic deeds the Prussian bourgeoisie performed after the March revolution, namely, the often sanguinary machinations of the civic militia against the unarmed proletariat? Did not the subdued Regierungspriisidenten and penitent divisional generals listen with admiration to the stern patriarchal admonitions which the local councillors addressed to the people-the only efforts, the only heroic deeds of which these local councillors, the local representatives of the bourgeoisie (whose obtrusive servile vulgarity the Windischgratzes, Jellachiches and Weldens afterwards repaid with kicks), were capable after the March revolution? Could the Prussian bourgeoisie have doubted after this that the former ill will of the army, bureaucracy and feudal aristocracy had been transformed into respectful loyalty to the bourgeoisie, the magnanimous victor who h ad put a curb both upon itself and upon anarchy?
,
A good face on a bad game,-Ed. b An ironical allusion to the German liberal leaders whom Marx compares with Jourdain. hero of Moliere's comedy Le bourgeOIs gentilhomme.-Ed. C The reference is to the. Prince of Prussia.-Ed •
nter-Revolution and the Cou
1 65
le , . ls tt . se to sk ta e on ly on ad . h w o n ie . n b o urgeO ome Clearly th e PruSSIa .m the saddle, get n. d o f th e troubles . ortabIy f com st lo t fI ro p e I'(self th ve ie tr re d n ' de r'" a . r o d an w a "l e r . o st e r S, st g to cm u d re f o anarchI n io st e u q a ly re e m w o n � during th e March storm .It. Ist wr ua e a nd °f th e March revolution w h ic h s of st co e th m u im in m ,'I .It ab ou t. T h e weapons Wh I'c h , I' n its struggle against th e n e e b d a h ie is o had brought e rg u o b n ia ss ru P th feudal society and th� C �ow:�me right of � the as such e, peopl the f e t m d n a m e d to e d b e ll e to d n u comp o b t o n y e th e er w ss re th f ;n o d e e fr d n a n to ti
,
�
;'!; �
a
US fe A robust but malICIO
0rn
s
1 66
Articles from th e N eue Rheinische Zeilung
' the Crown , but that l't wa' s rna k In' g a re , v o I u tI ' O n In order that th Crown would come to an agreement wIl' people! Thus was the legal title o f th e h the,bourgeolSle ' again st .. revo I ut�o nary people annulled ' and the legal basis secured for the conse rvatIve bou rgeoisie, ' The legal basis! Bruggemann, a n d ' th ro u g h h im th e K "I n ' L�c h e Zeztung, have prated fahled and moaned so m u c l abOut th ' e " l e g ' a 1 b a SI ' S " Iost a n d recovered , p u n ve so o ften c.tuI'ed a nd mended th at "lega,I hbaasis" ,Il from Be , tossed rlin to Frankfurt a?-d f 'om F r n k furt to B e r li n , n arrowed and widened it turned th e s lm p/e b sl,s � inlaid floor in t� a false bottom wh�IC m to an inlaid floor a n d the ' deVlc' e o f performing CoI�J' urors()' a h , as we k now, IS' a principal bottomless trapdoor" so tJlat In, th e ennd th e false bottom into a turned for ou r readers ' t0 th e baSl' s o d th e Iega' I baSI' S ,has rightly they could confuse th e shibh0Ieth 0f' f th e K "Ims' che Zeztung; th u s the p n" vate s hIbboleth of H err Joseph Dthue Pru SSIan bourgeO' ls' le with f Prussza' n world history with the arbm' o t, a necessary IIIvention t r ary hobby-horse of the Kolmsche Zeitung J and re , gard t � e legal baSIS SI m p ly as which the Kiilnisch th e b a sis on e Zeitung th s, e v n The I g I b a m e l legal basis! The I:g�l ba;s� �n wh�IC, hthCe aPmrupsshiaaunse debate, the resurrected Ph antom of" n the km'ght o f th e great Agre,eme, nt Assemblv" acted after th th e United Diet and the constItUtIOnal law o f 1 8 1 o r th e Iaw o e March revoIutI'On-is it the Dle' t, or the edict o f 1 847, or the e1ectofr 1 820 regard'Ing th e Provincial al and agreement law of A p ril 8, 1 8 48 .5 7? It is none of these, "Legal basis" si m p ly m e,��� tha t the r, evolution had gained n o ground and th e old societ n o 10 st It s g r o u n d ; re th � v o a lu ti " o n w a s o n ly a n 0 } , c c urrence th at g'ave th' e '"Imput Ithsee" Mfoarrach "agre e m e n t" betw n e e n , th , e th ro n e , a n d th e b o u rg e o ' sl fo" r whICh h a d long be e . p re p a ra tI O � n s e n m a d e w it h In ' need for which the Crown I'tse If had tah c old Prusslan state, and the royal decrees , but had n0 t, pn'or to Ma lready a' nnounced ' earlier short, the, " legal basi5" meant that arch , conSI'd ered as " urgent:' In ' e wanted to' negot'late' WIt J!te' r the March revolution 'the hourgeoIsl as before th e March events h ' hhthe, Crown on th e same fOOling re:'olu llOn had taken place and the United Diet had ;c��e�e�u!l'I�S gno "legal basis" meant that th I I tItle oal WIthout a revolution The o f the �cople, revolutio�. did not eXis,t in the contrat so;ia7g� bo�rgeOlsie, The bourgeoisie dedu�:;ei�1 c��e Govern ment and the m,l from
TIle Bourgeoisie
and the
Counter-Revolution
167
"
e '
,
0
1
III
0
a.
.
,
"n
.
.
'
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'
III
legL5latlOn. in order that the , new Prusszan revo lution,
peop ie shouid no' t dedu "
c'e
the old Pruss ian ' I. any C" lIms from the
'
Naturally, the ideological cretins of the bourgeoisie, its journalists, "nd suchlike, had to pass off this embellishment of the bourgeois interests as the real interests of the bourgeoisie, and persuade themselves and others to believe this, The phrase about the legal basis acquired real substance in the mind of a Bruggemann, The Camphausen Government fulfilled its task, the task of being an intermediate link and a ' transitional stage, It was the intermediate link between the bourgeoisie which had risen on the should"ers of the people and the bourgeoisie which no longer required the shoulders of the people; between the bourgeoisie which ap parently represented the people in face of the Crown and the bourgeoisie which really represented the Crown in face of the people; between the bourgeoisie coming away from the revolution and the bourgeoisie which had come out as the core of the revo lution," In keeping with its role, the Camphausen Government coyly and bashfully confined itself to passive resistance against the revolution, Although it rejected the revolution in theory, in practice it resisted only its claims and tolerated only the re-establishment of the old political authorities, The bourgeoisie in the meantime believed that it had reached the point where passive resistanc� had to turn into active offensive, The Camphausen Ministry resigned not because it had committed some blunder or other, but simply because it was the first Ministry following the March revolution. because it was the Ministry of the March revolution and by virtue of its origin it had to conceal that it represented the bourgeoisie under the guise of a dictatorship of the people, Its dubious origin and its ambiguous character stilI imposed on it certain conventions, restraints and considerations with regard to the sovereign people which were irksome to the bourgeoisie, and which a second Ministry originating directly from the Agreement Assembly would no longer have to reckon with, Its resignation therefore puzzled the saloon-bar politicians, It was followed by the Hansemann Government, the Government of Action, as the bourgeoisie intended to proceed from the period when it passively betrayed the people to the Crown to the period of active subjugation of the people to its own rule exercised in agreement with the Crown, The Government of Action was the second Government after the March revolution; that was its whole secret, a
This is evidently a revolution".- Ed.
misprint:
is should read
" the core of the counter
Articles from the Nffie RhemlSc ' he Zeltung
1 68
,
•
,
Cologne,
[Neue Rheinische Z eitung No '
December 2 9 .
"GentIemen, business is husi ness., ..a
1 83,
December
3 1 ' 1848.1 . '
. . This man w Ired head of. a government based .' on the Agreement Assemasblthe:requ �ove�nment whICh was to turn passive ' resistance to the people . in {; actIVe offens IVe on the people , the . Government of Actio n. No Prussian Government con tam . ed so any bourgeois names! Hansemann, Milde, Marker Kiihlwe � t te r , G Ie r k e ! wald, th e sort o f la E v e n von A uers_ ' , b e l a c c e ta b le aristocracy of the Konigsbe;g °P poastIt. �OUrt, .belon!?ed to the liberal bourgeoisie . Roth von Schreekenstezn. lOn whIch paId homage to the bureaucratl'C Prussian feudal nobITlty alon e represented the old a m o n g th is Schreckenstein .l T h � r a . b b le . Roth von su r v iv ' m g . ti l t e f and kmgh ts by the late Hildebranda vanished noveI about robbers was merely the feudal setting for tthb B:t Roth . v�n Schreckenstein e ourge OIs Schreckenstein in a b jewel. Roth von o u r g e ' l ca�ital letters; the Prussia� :e��:�rs�;n7 t meant this, spelled out in gUIded by the newly arisen Sl'ar, th,e ::e an�ly and bureaucracy are Prusslan bourgeoisie. The'se powe rful. . figures have pIaced th bourge�lIsle has set them u in fronemselv. es t It' s d'. Isposal, and the placed front of the rulefs f th. � t of Its throne, just as bears were Roth von Schreckenstein IS' mere yp �ople on old heraldic emblems Intended to be the bear of th� bo� rgeois Government. n June 26 the Hansemann Govern . NatIOnal Assembly . Its effectl' ve eX . ment presented itself to the Is te n c e b e gan 'Tune revo Iutl'On was on Iy m ' july. The th e . b a c k g r o u just as the February revolution nfodr of the Governmen t of Action, med the background of the Government of Mediation. The. bloody victory of the Pan.s bou . . r over �he proletarians f P ans w as exploited against the Peo PIegbeyolsle ? Prusslan bourgeoisie, Just. as the bloody victory of th e croats athe t Vlenn ' agamst" the bourgeoisie by the PrUSSIa' a was explo ited n C r o wn . Th e su ffenng Prusslan bou rgeOIs' ie after the' A u s�n ' of the ' a n N o v ember was retribution for the s u ffering o f the Prussia �r the Fren�� J�llle. In their shorl-sighted narrow-mind;d�:�f 7haf e ,erman phdlstmes mistook A quotation from .
In these few words H ansemann ep 'tom1Sed the whole lzberalism � Umted Diet. 011 the " .· "
0
m
a
a
0
Hause-rnann 's speech
In
the first Unite.d D ' let on June 8' The reference is to Hildebrandt's nove . ' l Kun'o Lo wezssagende Traum , n '-co 'Chreekenstem gestalt._Ed. oder die 1 847._Ed, b
The Bourgeoisie and the Counter-Revolution
169
themselves for the French bourgeoisie. They had overturned no throne, they had not abolished feudal society, still le.ss its last vestiges, they did not have to uphold a society they themselves had created. After June, as after February, they believed, as they had since the beginning of the sixteenth century and during the eighteenth century, that they would be able in their traditional crafty money-making manner to pocket three-quarters of the profit produced by someone else's labour. They had no inkling that behind the French June lurked the Austrian November and behind the Austrian November, the Prussian December. They did not suspect that whereas in France the throne-shattering bourgeoisie was confronted by only one enemy; the proletariat, the Prussian bourgeoisie, grappling with the Crown, possessed only one ally-the people. Not as if these two groups had no hostile and contradictory interests, but because they were still welded together by the same interests in face of a third power which oppressed them both equally. The Hansemann Government regarded itself as a government of the June revolution. In contrast to the "red robbers", the philistines in every Prussian town turned into "respectable republicans", without ceasing to be worthy royalists, and occasionally overlooking the fact that their "reds" wore white-and-black' cockades. In his speech from the throne on June 26, Hansemann gave short shrift to Camphausen's mysteriously nebulous "monarchy on the broadest democratic basil". "Constitutional m01WTchy based the two-chamber system and the joint exercise of legislative power by the two Chambers and the Crown"-that was the dry formula to which he reduced the portentous motto of his enthusiastic predecessor. on
"Modification of the most essential relationships that are incompatible with the new constitution. liberation of property from the fetters that hamper its most advantageous utilisation in a large part of the monarchy. reorganisation of the administration of justice, reform of fiscal legislation and particularly annulment of tax exemptions etc." and above all "strengthening of the power of the sta" which is necessary for safeguarding the freedom which has been won" (by the citizens) "against reaction" (i.e. using the freedom in the interests of the feudal aristocracy) "and anarchy" (i.e. using the freedom in the interests of the people) "and for restoring the shaken tTtL5t"
-such was the Government's programme, the programme of the Prussian bourgeoisie in office, whose classical representative is Hansemann. In the United Diet Hansemann was the most bitter and the most cynical adversary of trust, for-" Gentlemen, business is business!" Hansemann in office proclaimed the " restoration of the shaken trust" a a Black and white were the Prussian colours.-Ed.
1 70
Articles from
the Nt1te Rheini.ljche Zeitung·
foremost necessity, for-this time he addressed previously he had addressed the throne-for
"Gentlemen,
business is business!"
T he Bourgeoisie
the
people
as
Previously it was a question of the trust that gives money, this time of the trust that makes money; then it was a matter of feudal trust, the sincere trust in God, King and Fatherland, now it was bourgeois trust, trust in trade and commerce, in interest-bearing capital, in the solvency of one's commercial friends, that is, commercial trust; it is not a matter of faith, charity or hope, but of credit. Hansemann' s words, " restoration of the shaken trust", expressed the fixed idea of the Prussian bourgeoisie. Credit depends on the confidence that the exploitation of wage labour by capital, of the proletariat by the bourgeoisie, of the petty bourgeois by the big bourgeois, will continue in the traditional manner. Hence any political stirring in the proletariat, whatever its nature, even if it takes place under the d irect command of the bourgeoisie, shakes this trust, impairs credit. " Restoration of the shaken trust" when uttered by Hansemann signifies: Suppression of every political stirring in the proletariat and in all social strata whose interests do not completely coincide with the interests of the class which believes itself to be standing at the helm of state. Hansemann accordingly placed the " strengthening of the power of the state" side by side with the "restoration of the shaken trust" . But he was mistaken as to the character of this "power of the state " . He sought to strengthen the state power which served credit and bourgeois trust, but he strengthened the state power which demands trust and if necessary extorts this trust with the help of grape-shot, because it has no credit. He wanted to economise on the costs of bourgeois rule but instead burdened the bourgeoisie with the exorbitant millions which the restoration of Prussian feudal rule cost. He told the workers very curtly that he had an excellent remedy for them . But before he could produce it the "shaken trust" must first of all be restored. To restore this trust the working class had to give up all political activity and interference in matters of state and revert to its former habits. If it followed his advice and trust were restored, this mysterious potent remedy would prove effective, if only because it would no longer be required or applicable, since in this case the malady itself- the subversion of the bourgeois law and order- would have been eliminated . And what need is there of medicine when there is no malady? But i f the people obstinately stuck to their purpose, very well, then he would "strengthen the power the state" , the police, the army, the courts, the bureaucracy, and
of
and
th e m , for n o rs ea b his set 'olJ ld " " and'
.
lll atter ,
' , , ,5 busmess. ss ne si bu , en " Gentlem
171
iun th e Counter-Revolut
"trust" h ad become a "money
..
ay sm ile at th is , was m he gh ou th en ev , e m H ansemann s program gram m e , ro p ed n o . ti n te in lel w a e m m a r g r p t es ' ,1 IJ hon e no t oQly agamst at st e th of er w po e th gthen He w a n ted � o str�n so [0 strengthen it al d te an w e h Ie amst h ,m archy, that . IS ag interests al d u fe d an n w ro C e ;h t i against reactlon , purse an d e th st n ai ag es lv se em ted t assert th t at they as r ofa ins ms of th e ai cl al ic lit po t, es od m t nt�aI" , at is the mos ,
(h e
most esse
��
&
! : ���fr
bourg eolSle. . . n T h e very composiUO H
•
•
�
:!
ent 0f th e G o ve rn m
of Action was a protest
n in t a ts r.eal s ie tr is 0 in M n ia ss ru P s previou ag:; ��f�:���'7 ::= � �1 ; " . r �e VrUSSIan t es n tu n ce r o F , . . Finance ' nister of M e h t as w r t e s tm M e Prim
of w ar , ts en tm ar ep d e th at Ialed th e fact th co y l fu re � ca d a h e stat ters a n d even th e at m l o o h sc d n a h rc �� u lrs, ch a n d foreIgn a ope depended o.n h d an y it ar ch � h it fa e as royal h ou �hold as w ion placed thIS ct A f o t n e m n er v o G s. T he profane fmancwl . matte se m an n at an H r er H g n ci la p y b t t� u p � ern o tiresome bou rgeoIs tru : : is opposition h ke li e m m ra g ro p a mmlsten 'rs head a m a n whose e w o rd s: th in ed is ar m m su as w Iprogra�me
internal
�
businesst' " Gentlemen, business is
. e a "m o n e y am ec b ia ss · ru P ' m h Y c ar n o m The m e n t o f ActIOn rn e v o G e th 0 f e m m m th e p o gr 1\ ow let us pass fro
r a
. a t o ns .
maller . "
a te t to Jts c I s e th of . er ow e p th . g in en th g ' t Of "s tren I t really earned out I� S t h r� a all sections of and clas s g wor kin IS gamst the. at th , y" ch ar n "a st n ai ag o f Herr � e th t 0 k o t sUC . th e ml'd d le c1ass w ho did n easmg th e tax cr in m o fr rt a p a t en b e �al' d th � i. e . y, h H a n se m a n n . It can e� . rc ' a n a d e ll a -<: so st in th iS reactwn aga , ts m sp d n a ar g su tf o O n bee n o ti ac s u o ri . se ly n o e th s a movement, w ry a n O tI lu o v re e th st in aga IOn. th is Government of Act o r, 0n P ru ss ia n Law d e . as b ss re p m st th e N u merous I awsU1 �s aga ests o n the rr a s u ro e m u n I where it did not eX ist , on th e C� ode Pe'r;a ' ) , introductio n of a orm ula f s ld rswa " len t gro u n d s" ( A ue sa m e " su fflC nstable p er co e . n o f o te ra e th t a n �err J58 system o f constables I. om of associad e e fr e th h I 't W ce en 11lter er , ' Ia every two h ou se s, Pohce Illi' Jlt ic v ci e th f o d n a s n e " IZ 'r amst u n ru I Y Cl ag rs ie ld so f o se u e · , th ti o n y w a y of b ' n io ct u d o tr I n e h . an d t s an n ta le �o p I y ru n u st am ag a n sc m a n n s H f o ts n e v e se e th l - al f " d e te rr e n t, of a st at e .
"
programme
.
<
'
m . f e eg si 0
,
1 72
Articles from the Neue Rheinische Zeitung
The Bourgeoisie and the Counter-Revolution
Olympiad are still vividly remembered. There is no need to details. This aspect of the efforts of the Government of Action summarised by Kiihlwetter in the following words:
to which Ha ns em an n hi ms elf muttered one of hi s usual remarks' •
•
��
•
•
"This will also greatly he lp to restore trwt and revive the rather slack c01m 11 ercia activity." a
The Government of Action accordingly " str engthened" the Prussian police force, the j udiciary, the bureau cracy and the army, who, since they receive their pay from the bour geoisie, also serve the bourgeoisie, as Ha ns em an n thought. At any rate, they were · "strengthened" . On th e other ha nd , the mood of th e prole tariat and bourgeois ·· democrats was expressed by one event. Beca use a few reactionaries maltreated some democrats in Charlottenbur g, the people stormed the residence of the Prime Minister in Berli n. 159 This shows how popular the Govern ment of Action h ad beco me . The next day Ha ns em an n tabled a law against riotous gatherings an d public · meetings. This shows how cunningly he in trigued against reaction. Thus the actual, tangible, popular activity of the Government of Action wa s of a purely police character. In the eyes of the proletariat and the urban democrats this Ministry and th e Agreement Asseml:ily. whose majority was represented in the Min istry, and the Prussian bourgeois ie, the majority of whom constitut ed the majority in the Agreement Assembly, represented th e old, refurbished police and bureaucratic state. To this was ad ded resentment against the bourgeoisie, because it governed and in the civ ic m ili tia had become an integral part of the police. The "achievement of the March events" , as the people saw it, was that the liberal gentlemen of th e bourgeoisie, too, took police duties up on themselves. There was th us a double po lice force. Not the actions of the Government of Actio n, but the drafts of its organic laws show clearly that it " strength ened' the "police"-the ultimate ex pression of th e old state-and sp urred it into action only in the interest of the bourgeoisie. . In the Bi lls relating to local governmen� juries, an d the civic militia, introduced by the Hansemann Ministry, pr operty in one form or a Qu otation s from the speeches made by Kiihlwetter and Hanscmann in the
Prllssian National Assembly un August 9, 1848.-Ed.
f
"nothe r always forms the demarcation line between the law ul and J . All these BiJIs contain the most servile cqncessJOns to the un IaW.M.l r O Yal power, for the bourgeoi.s Ministry belIeved that royaI ty h ad b ome harmless to it and was Its ally; but to compensate for that the a endancy of capital over labour is all the more ruthlessly emphasised. The civic militia law approved by the Agreement Ass embly was . directed against the bourgeoisie itself and had to prOVide a I��al retext for disarming it. According to the fancy of the bourgeOISie, owever, it was to become valid only after the enactment of t e I?cal overnment regulation and the promulgation of the Con�t�tutlon, e of th� bou:geOisle. �he hat is after the consolidation of the experience which the Prussian bourgeOISIe ha� ga1l1�d 111 connection ith the civic militia law may contribute to Its enhghtenment and how it that for the time being all its actions tha� are meant to he . directed against the people are only directed agamst lts�I . . , the ansema IS As far as the people are concerned, H. � n Mmlstry m practice epitomised by the old-Prussian pohce and 111 theory by the . offensive Belgian differentiation between bourgeOIs and non bourgeOiS. 160 . Now let us pass on to another sectlon of the ministerial programme, to anarchy against reaction. . In this respect the Ministry has more piOUS Wishes te show than real deeds. . . Among the pious bourgeois wishes are the partition an d sa Ie 0 f domains to private owners, the abandonment 0 �nkmg to .free competition, the conversion of the Seehandlung 6 mto a pnvate institution etc. . It was unfortunate for the Government of Action th at aII I' �S economic attacks against the feudal party took place under the a�gls of a compulsory loan, and that in general its attempt� at refor� auon were seen by the people merely as financial expedients deVised to replenish the treasury of the strengthened "po wer of �he state" . . . Hansemann thus won the hatred of one party w�thout wmmng the approval of the other. And it has to be admltte that he only' ventured to attack feudal privileges in earnest when . money matters closest to the Minister of Finance, when mon� matters as understood by the Ministry of Finance, became pressing. In thiS narrow sense he told the feudal lords: �
"A state that wants to be really free mu st have a really large police force •• as execuUve arm ,
173
h �
�
r,u!
�
�
•
.
.
��
�
.
"Gentlemen, business i..� btL�int'ss! "
Thus even his positively bourgeois efforts directe� against the . feudalists reveal the same police taint as hiS negative measures
1 74
Articles from the
The Bourgeoisie and the Counter-Revolution
Neue Rheinische Zeitung
des!&"ned to "revive commer�ial activity" . For in th polItIcal economy the pohce IS called exchequer. The e language bee�-sugar an d liquor duties which Hansemann pass increase in NatIOnal Assembly roused the indignation of th ed th rough standing with God for King and Fatherland, in Silesi e Saxony, East and West Prussia etc. B u t while this m a, the th e in.du strial landowners in the old Prussian provi easure less dIspleasure among the bourgeois distillers in th nces, it cause.d who perceived that their conditions o f competitione Rhine those o f the old Prussian provinces h ad been m compared wit u n favou �able. A n d to cr
•
m .
: �n alJ�sion to the /'feue Pre'U.�.'i�che Zeitung also
k�own as the Krcuz.-Zeitung._Fd. Dtavolo--a sobnquet of MIchele Pezza, an Itahan bandit; the title character of an opera by Auber .-Ed. }
175
the bourgeois Ministry. Thus eve� the financial struggle o.f the prussian bourgeoisie against feudahsm merely proved that owmg to only' able to collect money tt s unpopularity and impotence . it was . ol\ainst itself and- Gentlemen, busmess bus�ness. . Just as the bourgeois Minist ry succeeded equally offendmg the urban proletariat, the bourgeoIs democrats �nd the feudal lords, so did it manage to alienate . and. �ntagomse even the peasantry pressed by feudalism, and m thIS It was eagerly supported by t?e 19reement Assembly. It should not be for�otten that dunng half of Its existence this Assembly was appropnat�ly represented by the Hansemann Ministry and that the bourgeOIS martyrs of today were yesterday the train-bearers of If anseIfo1ann. . . . During Hansemann's rul� . �atow Introduc�d a �Ill . ab,ohshmg feudal obligations (see the cntlClsm of It we published earher ). It w�s most wretched botchwork, the product of the helpless bourgeOIs �esire to abolish feudal privileges, those "conditions . that are incompatible with th� new co�stitution", and of bOl�rge01s fear of revolutionarily attackmg any kmd of. property what�\ er. W relch�d, timid and narrow-minded egoism bhnded the P�usslan b�mrgeolSle to such an extent that it repulsed the peasantry, Its essentzal ally. On June .3 deputy Hanow moved ·
IS
L
I
m
o
·
·
"that all pending proceedings which conc�Tn the seuleu:ent o� landowneT-� easant , be ImmedIately . . t�e ,.equ ?st reiatiuIls and the commutation of scrvu;es dlscontmu�d at , of one of the sides until the promulgation of a new law based on Just pnnClples .
Not until the end of September, that is four months later� und�r the Pfuel Government, did the Agreement Assembly pass a BIll deSIgned 10 discontinue pending proceedings between landowne:s and peasants, after rejecting all liberal amen.dments and retammg .the "reservation about the provisional estabhshment of current1 obhgations" and the "collection of disputed dues and arrears . 63 In August, if we are not mistaken, the Agreement Assen:bly declared that Nenstiels motion that " labour servIces be aboll.shed immediately" was not urgent.lM Could the peasants be expected to consider it an urgent matter for them ·to take up the CU?gels for this Agreement Assembly which had thrown them back mto con ditions inferior to those they had actually won after the March events? . . th e peasants. The French bourgeoisie began by emanClpatmg Together with the peasants it conquered Europe. The Prusslan bourgeoisie was so preoccupied with its most narroUJ, ImmedIate n
a
See p�esent edition. Vol.
7,
pp.
1 1 7· 1 8. 290·95
and
327·:l2.-Ed. •
1 76
Articles from the Neue Rheini�c he Zeitung The Bourgeoisie and_ the Counter-Revolution
interests that it foolishly threw away even this al ly an d turned it . tool o f th e feudal counter-revolu tionaries. The official history of th e dissolu ' tion of the bourgeois M inIS ' try well k n o w n . U n d er its aegis, the "power o f th e state" was "strengthened" such an exten� an d th e popular en July 1 5 the �lOSCu� Kiihlwetter aern gdyHsoanwseeamkeanned that alread n were oblige Issue a w� rnmg agamst reactio nary machinations o f civil and espeCially Landriite, to all R eg ierungspriisidenten in the that late;, an as embty of the nobility and big landowners � for protectton o f theIr pn. vileg es 165 met in Berlin alongsid e Agr�em�n t Assembly; and that fi nally, in opposition to the . Berhn 1'< atlo nal Assembly, a "diet of loca l co m m u n ities for p rotectl.�m o f the th r atened pro . . perty rights of landowners", a � . ongmatmg m the M id d le Ages , was convoked in Upper Lusati a September 4. Th e energy expend d by the Government and the so-called : . � NatlOn�1 Assembly agaInst thes e increasingly menacing COunte . rrevolut��nary symptoms found adequate expression in paper · ad,mollltlOns. The bourgeois M inistry reserved bayonets bulle ts pnsons and consta?les exclusive ly for the people "so as to �estore th; shaken ��t and revwe comm ercwl activity ". The InCld��ts at Schweidnitz, wh ere the soldiery in fact m u rdered . t� e bourgeOlsle In the person o f the civic militia, finally roused th . e N at l?n al Assembly from its ap at h y. O n August 9 it braced itself fo ra herOl� deed, that of the Stein chultze army order, whose mo st �rastlc �eas��e o f coercion was-San appeal to the tact of the Prus sian offIcers. A measure of coercion in d ee d ! . D id not royalist honour forbId the officers to follow the dictates o f bourgeo is honour? On Septemb�r 7, a month afte r the Agreement Assembly had pas�ed the SteIn-Schultze ar m y order, it once more decided that . its deCI�lO n was a real decision an d should be carried out by th . e MInISters. H an�eD?an n efused to d o th is and resigned o n Septemb � er 1 1 , aft�r ap p o m tl n g hImse lf a ban k ? irector at a yearly sa lary o f 6, O?O talers, for - Gentlemen, busz.ness 1S business! : FInally, on Sep tember 25, th e Agreement Assembly gratefull agreed to Pfuet.s thoroughly water d-down formula of acceptance oi . � the Stem-Schultze army order, w h Ic h by that time Wrangel's paral lel arm� order and the large num ber of troops concentrated aro und Berlm h ad turned in to a bad jo ke. A mere glance a t these dates an d the history of the Stein-Schultze . .army order su ffIC es to show that the army order was not the real
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"son for Hansemann's resignation . Is it likely that Hansemann, :;�o did not shy at recognising the revolution, should have shied at his paper proclamation ? Are we to b �lie: e that Hanse � ann, �ho, t wh enever the portfolio slipped from hIS fmgers, al�ays plc�ed it up again, has this time, in a fit of virtuous exasperatIon , left It o� the ministerial benches to be hawked about? No, our Hansemann IS no fanatic. Hansemann was simply duped, just as in general he was the representative of the duped bourgeoisie. He was allowed to believe that on no account would he be dropped by the Crown. He was made to lose his last semblance of popularity in order that the Crown should at last he able to sacrifice him to the rancour of the country junkers and get rid of this .bourgeo.is tutelage. � oreove: , the plan of campaign agreed upon wIth RUSSia and Aus�na reqUired that �he Ministry should be headed by a general appoIn��d by the camanll� from outside the Agreement Assembly. The old power o� the .st�te had been sufficiently "strengthened" under the bourgeOIs Mmlstry to venture on this coup. Pfuel was a disappointment. The victory of the Croats at Vienna made even a Brandenburg a useful tool. Under the Brandenburg Ministry the Agreement Assembly was ignominiously dispersed, foole� , . derided, humilia�ed a� d perse . cuted and the people, at the deCISive moment, remamed tndifferent. The defeat of the Assembly was the defeat of the Pruss�an bourgeoisie, of the constitutionalists, hence a victory for the democrattc party, however dear it had to pay for that victory. And the imposed Constitution? I t had once been said that never would a " scrap of paper" be allowed to come between the King and his people.'67 Now it is said: there shall be only a scrap of paper between the King and h� people. The real Constitution of Prussia is the state of siege. The Imposed French Constitution had only one article-the 14th, which invali dated it. 16s Every article of the imposed Prussian Constitution is an Article 1 4. By means of this Constitution the Crown grants new privileges-that is upon itself. . . . ? l It permits itself to dissolve the Chambers indefImtely. It per D ts Ministers in the interim to issue any desired law (even those affectmg property and so forth). It permits deputies to i D?peach Ministers for . such actions, but at the risk, under the state of siege, of bemg classed as "internal enemies". Finally, it permits itself, should the stock of the counter-revolution go up in the spring, to replace this nebulous "scrap of paper" by a Christian-Germanic Ma�na Cha.rtal69 organi cally growing out of the distinctions of the medieval SOCIal estates, or
1 78
Articles from the::
1 79
Neue Rheinische Zeitung
to drop the constitutional game altogether. Even in the I,atter case th� conservative bourgeois would fold their hands and p , " The Lord gave, and the Lord hath taken away ' blessed bei'Z'name of the. ' Lord!" The history of the Prussian bourgeois class, like that f ' cIass ' general between March an G,erman bourgeOls ' d December"" ' shows th at a pureIy bourgeots revolution and the establ'ISh ment of .. bourgeots Ie ' th e form f a constitutional monarchy IS . . ·: " lmpossI'ble In \Jermany, and that onIy a. feudal absolutist counter-revoIulIon ' or , . IS possible. ' . I republlean revoIutwn sona viab secti Rut le on that the of the bourgeoisie i · boun d to .awake ' . . agam from Its apathy IS' guaranteed above all by the taggermg hiU. . , h· h th e counter-revoi� tlOn " wIll present it with in t.he sp ring and , our Hansemann so sensIbly says: 10
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Written by Marx on December 9, I I , 1 5 and 29, 184R
Neue Rhei7lische Zeitung Nos. 1 65, 169, 170 and 183 , December 10, 15, 16 and 3 1 , 1 848 First
published
in
Job I :2 I .-Ed.
the
December 1 1 . The counter-revolution has acquired a new ally: the Swiss Federal Govern ment. rthy Already five days ago we learned from a thoroughly trusntwo rsio of the source that the recent rumours of an intended incutier, of a German refugees into Baden, of arming at the fron rgeand and mythical battle near Lorrach between volunteer insu e nts "agreed imperial troops-that all these peculiar rumours wer zing er in upon" between the ruling party of Furrer-Ochsenbein-lMun authority in the Swiss Federal Council and the German imperia s against the order to give the said party an excuse for taking measure refugees and thereby helping to establish a good agreement with the imperial power.' our readers, We did not imm ediately communicate this news to intr . We because we could not unreservedly believe in such an g inigue lon coming. waited for confirmation, and confirm ation was note not ed by It was already noticeable that these rumours wer be publish Baden newspapers which, being on the spot, should the best and earliest informed, but by Frankfurt newspapers, rter Journal was It was furthermore noticeable that the Frankfu the Federal that already informed from Berne on December 1 the gees and Council had issued a circular on the question ofspaperrefu ral of sent a commissioner, whereas the Berne newdirect s,conseve tact with which (Verfassungs-Freund and Suisse) are in lish the new s until members of the Federal Council, did not pub December 3 . Cologne,
"Gentlemen, business is business!"
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181
nter-Revolution A New Ally of the Cou
1 80
Articles from the
Neue Rheinische Zeitung
Now at last we have the circular to the cantonal authorities us in the Suisse, and if previously we could still doubt the adhesion 'j' Switzerland to the new Holy Alliance, 17o now all doubts have been' removed. The circular begins with rumours of new armings of the pc,lit :al refugees and of an intended new incursion into the Baden area. ' These rumours, which all Switzerland and all Baden know to be false, serve as the grounds for the new extraordinary measures : against the refugees. The decisions of the Federal Assembly about . Tessin are mentioned only to justify the competence of the Federal ' Council to adopt these measures but not its obligation to do so; on the contrary the essential difference between the situation in Tessin and in the northern cantons is expressly recognised. Then come the following instructions: I ) All refugees who . took part in Struve's expedition, l 7l or who otherwise offer no personal guarantees of tranquil behaviour, are to be removed from the frontier cantons; 2) all refugees without distinction are to be kept under close su pervlSlon; 3) a list of all refugees coming under 1 ) is to be sent to the Federal Council and to all frontier cantons, and 4) possible exceptions to internment are to be left to the decision of the representative of the Confederation, Dr. Steiger, whose instructions in general are to be followed. Then follows the demand for the "strid' fulfilment of these instructions, since otherwise, if it becomes necessary to call out tTOOpS, the costs will have to be borne by the frontier canton concerned. The whole circular is drafted in harsh language, highly insulting to the refugees, and concludes with the words: a
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"Switzerland must not become an assembly area for foreign parties which so greatly misconceive their situation on neutral soil and so often trample under foot the interests of the country that hospitably receives them."
Now compare this bitter language with that of the Note of November 4b; bear in mind that the rumours on which the circular is based are notoriously false; that, as we have been informed from the frontier today, the representative of the Confederation, Dr. Steiger, has already completed his inspection in the Aargau canton, against which the imperial authority put forward most complaints, and has a La Suisse No. 291 , December 6, 1848 .-Ed.
b
Note of the and 136).- Ed.
Vorort Berne to the Imperi�l. Government (see this volume , pp. 67-68
at th d an o ag g n lo ed rn te in e er w cern. ed con ees refu g the that d o Note of ) the that f un Lies tal ' in Irea dy a ere ( h e IS th o d to more no has he weuer Bote, ch S . .g (e ss re p s is w S e th d November 4 al:eady ass�; a n i nal_Zeitung etc.) long ago prov�d I tt Nat o k ol Y es ch th f a h sc d n ' ; bear m o Basella . ag g n lo es ti u d ir e th d le il lf tons fu n a c r e u n o fr e . th ll a ic d a tr n t co st o tha m e th r te af t t � g � � e ft a t a th , y ll a n fi mind, e last �wo or th r fo ow n , er i :r � ;; : �� F � t th.e e i g u o b a s rt o p s re u � m ry am o n u n ee b t e av h s er tt le d a ers a n n � IS � S r u o ll a s y a ? d h p p a g three in e b e � ar n o ci er co f o e�sures � : � te u o Y bs a t a th g m y to certam in sa en iv g r e rd o e th at th d e e d ' . . as w le achrain.st Switzerl a n d , and m p o e p f o t n e m e v o m e th f rvISIon 0 e p su r te ic tr s r o f s st o p r e er tI h et h fron w y sa d an d in ' m s in l th II a Iater; b ear . rs u o h 4 y 2 d rea I a d ke ort p re revo e th Il ta e d st te u in m e th ' nfIr m m co t o n o d s ce n a st m u rc ci the bein, n given b y u s aho: e.. se ch O r, e rr u F n re er H at own th end At �n y rate, It IS weII k � an t u p to re si e d g in rn u b a erished c g n lo e v a h . tc e r e g zm n u M es " . e f g u re e th f o � es s ce x e h " e e o�ly once for a ll to t W s. d n ie fr ew n is h n o g in rl me We congratulate H e rr ch whICh . th a t, l' f he to0 were to enter S WI'tzerland a s a re. fugee-' 0f n o u ra Wish u d l Ia iC ff o s' ar e y e th. e thre re � f e b n e p p a h ll e w ry e v ot n l il w could is h f o s d n ie fr se e th expIr�sCl n u o C l ra e d e F t n se al re n p o rs e the p o n r e ff "o 0 w h s e e re ug se o th f o e n o im h r e d si con as guarantees"
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Rheinische e eu N e th in d he is bl First pu ber 12 , 18 48 Zeitung No. 16 6, Decem
th e newspaper Printed accord ing to for the first sh li g n E in ed h Publis time
1 82 1 83
THE CALUMNIES
URSULINE CONVENT. RECRUITIl'IG FOR THE GRAPE-SHOT KING . THE "BURGHERS' COMMUNE" . COMMISSION ON A GENERAL CUSTOMS TARIFF
OF THE NEUE RHEINISCHE ZEITUNG
December 1 3. The article of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung of July 4: on account of which the responsible publisher, Korff, the edito�-in-chief, Marx, and the editor of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung, Engels, are to appear before the assizes on the 20th inst. , concludes with the following words: "Those are the actions of the Government of Action, the Govern ment of the Left Centre, the Government of transition to an old aristocratic, old bureaucratic and old Prussian Government. As soon as Herr Hansemann has fulfilled his transitory function, he will be dismissed . "The Berlin Left, however, must realise that the old regime is willing to let it keep its small parliamentary victories and large constitutional designs as long as the old regime in the meantime is able to seize all the really important positions. It can confidently Cologne,
recognise the revolution of March / 9 inside the Chamber provided the revolution can be disanned ouL5ide of it. " Some fine day the Left may find that iL5 parliamentary victory coincides with iL5 real defeat. Perhaps German development needs such contrasts. The Government of Action recognises the revolution in principle in order to carry out the counter-revolution in practice." Neue Rheinische Zeitung calumniated
Facts have proved to what extent the the Pmssian Government and its henchmen .
Written by Marx on December 1 3, 1848
First published i n the Neue Rheinische Zeit"ng No. 168, December 14, 1848
a "Arrests" (�ee present edition,
Vol.
has
Printed according to the newspaper
Published in English for the first time
7 , pp. 1 77-79) quoted below.- Fd.
that of December 9. The last convent in the Berne canton, . the U rsulines in Pruntrut in the Jura, is apP.roach'mg Its en d . The Government Council [RegierungsratJ " has deCld� d to p.ropose to the Great Council the dissolution of this convent m fulfIl.ment of the Diet's decision banning from Switzerland all orders affIlIated to the Jesuits (to which the Ursulines belong). . . . After Radetzky had again allowed . the .Ne�pohta?-SwlsS recrUIts through Lombardy, King Ferdinand hk�wlse �mmedlately suggested that recruiting should again he allowed SWltz�r1and. �ucerne and the Ur-cantons naturally hastened to permit recrUItment; the Berne Government, for whom the enlistment agreements172 • are anyway a thorn in the flesh, luckily found an ex.cuse t� contlIl�e prohibiting recmitment for the present. It s�ate� pa�tlcular �hat according to the enlistment agreement (whICh IS a rel.le mhented from the revered regime of Herr Neuhaus), the recruIts would be obliged to go via G�noa, a route which is stil.1 barred to �hem; a�d further, the Neapolitan Government would fust have to mdemmfy the . Swiss in Naples for the damage by lootmg etc . , done on M�: 1 5. 1 73 The god-fearing Beobachter" of cou:se fearfully shocked � , this violation of inviolable Swiss loyalty, whICh moreov.er preve�ts a great number of fine young canton citizens from makmg . a glonous career ( ! ) , jeopardises the future of the Berne soldIers m Naples, . . causes recrultmg sergeants pres ent ' Berne to starve . .and reduces the income of the publicans on whose premises the mIlItary bou �ty would be drunk away . These are the kind of arguments With whICh the reactionary Swiss press wages its war. B erne,
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Neue Rheinische Zeitung ,
The local conservative patricians have su ffered a ha there is a so-called burghers' commune within the rd blow. For This commune, the core of which is the patricia corrimune itself. spite o f al l the revolutions, that the former mon te, made sure, in astery estates and other state an d town domains to which it is entitled as the former holder o f sovereignty, should not be transfer red with sovereignty to the state or the town respectively, but be ke ownersh ip . Only a small part of these highlyptvaby it in collective which the patricians still wax fat today, is to go to luable estates, on "burghers" always refused to give it u p . Now at th e town, but the choi�e of Berne as the federal capital and the con last, through the expenses, th e burghers' commune has been forcedsequent heavy city share to the town commune, the so-called resid to surrender its and moreover to pledge a "substantial " contributients' commune, 174 the federal capital. The patricians declare Zion to on to the costs o f they have good reason, for the federal capital thre be in danger, and atens their p urses very seriously. The Federal Council has formed under the presi of the Trade an d Customs Department, Herr dency of the head which is to prepare the abolition of canton duty Naff, 'a commission Swiss customs tariff, and propose the n ecessaryand the creation of a land will also get protective tariffs now, which w measures. Switzer high but will completely achieve their p u rpose o ill not, it is true, be development of most branches o f Swiss induwsting to the advanced wages. England, Paris, Miihlhausen and Lyons ry and to the low will su ffer most from these measures. Written by Engels on December 9, 18 48
published in the N eue Rheini
Printed according to th e newspaper Published in English fo r the first time
ADDRESS OF THE CENTRAL COMMISSION T E WORKERS' ASSOCIATIONS OF SWITZERLAND °io. tHE EXECUTIVE OF THE MARCH ;-;,SSOCIATION IN FRANKFURT AM MAIN
To the Executive of the March Association in Frankfurt am Main
Citizens, ' . . Iand held a Congress here in The German associations of SWItzer Berne on the 9th, 1 o th and. 1 1 th of this month; they h ave J" omed together in a permanent mllon and appointed the Berne Association ' the Dlstnct UTmono . . The undersigned C�n.tral CommISSlon herewith informs you of the foun�ing of the U n�o� 't t h e Congress has decided to enter into ! ; � :: � � � � � rr � � � h e � arch �ssocia��:' � c ���; u 7�0 ���� co e � n ��� s' latter is exc.lu�ed by A�tI.cle � 0 our � Swiss aSSOCIatIOns exphCItl y ecIare emselves for a democratic . SOCIaI republ' 177 The Congress has also mstructed us to make known to you .ItS I a Impe decided disapproval of the measures taken by the German n authority again st Switzerland. These �e:s�:��as yun�'ust as they are an i the eyes o f all ridiculous, not only serve to compro�ms Europe; f0; u s German work ers m Switzerland they have . the particular dIsadvantage that they J'eorardise our position matenaIIy and put us German democrats m a aIse position in relation to our fn· ends, th e democrats of Switzerland. . . of We hope that one of tbe d. eIegates. the March ASSOCIatIon WI'11 so-called National take the earliest opportumty to . mform the . . Assembly' of this official expreSSIOn 0f opmlon 0f the German workers in Switzerland. as
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1 86
1 87 Articles from the Neue Rheinische Zeitung
In the meantime v.'e I00 k forward to your communications letters. Greetings and fraternal good wishes.
[DISMISSAL
The Central Commission of the German Workers' Associations of Switzerland
Berne, December 1 848' Written by Engels in mid·December 1 848
First published in Reitrage zur Geschichte . deT deutschen Arbeiterbewegung" Heft 4 1960
and
Pri�ted according to the SCript
OF
DRIGALSKI]
manu
Published in English for 'he firs, tlme
Cologne,
is t" D ri gals ki : un m m co d an n ze iti "c e h T . 7 December 1
ag ai n, and then it ed ish ol ab , ip sh or ns ce e wh o introduced th we have ju st heard , s, ha ,b er ap sp w ne l ca lo e th d t h ,eatened to suspen eat pity! gr a , ty pi A . lf se m hi d de en he cl ! susp ierungsprasi eg R l, ge ie Sp err H ! st fa s l'o,tscript. M is fo rt un e travel all over th e t en rr cu s rt po re to ng di or cc A dent, also bi ds uS farewelL to wn , he ha s been dismissed. v,.' ritte n by Marx on December 1 7, 1 84B First
puhlished in the supplement to th e Rheinische Zeitung No. 172, Decemher
1 'J, 1 84R
;'\/eue
The back of the rlocument bears Frankfurt am MaiIl. "-Ed. OJ
the addre SS. " T0 ,
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H erT
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Trutzschler, de p uty at
this volume, pp. 75-BO.---Ed. The Neue Rheini$che Zeitung.-Ed.
a See h
per Printed according to the newspa
st Published in English for the fir time
1 88 The Trial of Gottschalk and His Comrades
1 89
mon Dieu,
THE TRIAL OF GOTTSCHALK AND HIS COMRADES
a man's conscience depends on his knowledge and his way of life . The conscience of a republican is different from that of a royalist, that of a property owner is different from that of one who owns no property, that of a thinking person is different from that of one incapable of thought. One who has no vocation for being a juryman other than that of the register qualification has the conscience of the register qualification. The "conscience" of the privileged is precisely a privileged conSCience. Although, therefore, the jury as at present constituted appears to us to be an institution for asserting the privileges of a few and by no means an institution for safeguarding the rights of all; although, in the present case especially, the Public Prosecutor's office has made the most extensive use of its powers in order to eradicate from the last list the last dozen names displeasing to it- nevertheless we have not a moment's doubt of the acquittal of the accused. Our guarantee is the bill of indictment. Reading it, one could believe it an ironically phrased defence document of Gottschalk and his comrades. Let us summarise this indictment, the only analogy to which is the indictment against Mellinet and Co. (the Risquons-Tout trial in Antwerp 178) . In Cologne there is a Workers' Association. 1 79 Gottschalk was president of it, and Anneke and Esser members of its Executive Committee. The Workers' Association, the indictment informs us, •
rNeue Rheinische Zeitung
:'<0. In .
December 22 .
December 2 1 . This morning the trial of Gottschalk ' and began at the extraordinary assizes here. The accused were e�orted like the lowest criminals in fetters �h e n �w remand prIson to the cour mconslderable armed force was present. t building, where a Ou � r�ders are a.ware that we regard the ju ry system . as at present ;;;:n�s� /\ anrthm1! bu� guarantee. The register qu e e l e � ass t e � nvdege o f choosing the jury fr alification .· The meth � 0 compI. lmg the lists o f ju ry mem om its midst. .· . g from the bers gives the. ·' Govern. me�� the monop'olY o f selectm privileged class those .mdIV' I uals who suit It, . For the Herr Regierun �p �p a I�st. of a certain number o f ihdividuals which h !�eriisident dr ISts 0 J Ury. members o f the entire administrative ar lects from ��� . representatIves o f th e Government prune this list do ea'' the judicial ;:;mory does n �t deceive us. Finally, at the timewn to '3 6' f mat�on of t�e J-: ry, the Public Prosecutor's o ffice haosf th e �c�� • �r� ne fr a thIrd tIme the last list, the outcome o f clas th e right to a b e governmental distillation, and to reduce s privilege an d .· it to the f'm aI requISIte dozen . ;t would b e a real miracle if such a constitution of the jury did not , cu�e� persons who �ave openly opposed the pI ce ac and the exlstIng stat� authonty directly in the absolut!rivile ed class powe�o f their most ruth less enemIes. But the consrence of the ju rymen, we shall be told in re pl y th ei r consnence; co u d on e de m an d a greater guarantee than that ? But, Cologne. Esser
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did not have the opportunity of attending in person the meetings of the Association "had a special orgao, the Arbeiter-Zeitung, edited by Gottschalk. and anyone who
could learn from this newspaper the dangerous tendencies of the Association to flatter h tile proletariat and work for communism and the overthrow of the existing order".
Therefore. one could acquaint oneself with terulencies but not with illegal acts. The proof is: Until the arrest of Gottschalk and the others. the prosecuting magistrates did not bring forward any charge against the Arbeiter-Zeitung, and after Gottschalk's arrest it was only once condemned-in the monster trial instituted by the prosecut ing magistrates here. on the charge of insulting these magistrates. 1M
"But the Arbeitn-Zeitung itself," the indictment admits, "does not seem to have taken the trouble to conceal anything in its reports on the SUbject" (the proceedings of .. In the original there is a pun on the words (knowledge).-Ed.
Gewissrn
(conscience) and
Wissen
Here and below the indictment is quoted from M. F. Anneke's book Der Politische Tendenz-Prozess gegen Gottschalk, Am,eke und Esser, which is named later in this anide.-Ed.
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The Trial of Gottschalk and His Comrddes
Neue Rheinische Zeitung
the Workers' Associatio . n, of the meetIn gs of its Executive Comm ittee and of hranches),
If , therefore, the A rbeiter-Zeitung could not be p accou�1 t . o f its "reports " ?f the proceedings of �o:ecuted ASSOCIatIOn, then thIS AssoCiation itself could not b t e prosecuted account o f its proceedings. The onIy accusatl0I;t levelled against the Workers . ' ' A ss oc IatIon the same as .that agaInst the A rbeiter-Zeitung viz the tendency of thu Association. Do the March ach le" vements tn.als bas ' ed on . tendency, trials against tenden have mere tendenCies? U p to now our September Lciawess81that promulgated. Gottschalk and his comrades werh v not yet arr�sted and accused because o f illegal reports o f th ea �y no or �Iegal proceedings of the Workers' A ssociation e rna es n,o secre� ,-! f this. It was not the previou's The indi'(:ttrlen Workers A ssoCIation that set the wheels 0f .activi. ty of Ju' stice In but- listen to this: .
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" From June 14 to 1 7 of thi, ' year a Congress was hcld In ' Frankfurt of de.le from a multitude of dem . . ocrat'1C aSSOCiatIOns that have . nsen I.n Gc an d Anneke were delegates representin the , ·rman�. . ' , Cologn Workers ASsOClat , known, thIS lOn. A . is . Congress expressed itsel f . j,avour f a d l'Y In
authorities here expected a
'n repeTc"'o .=w
.. ..! '" -r th
of
:
emocratIC repUblic, and theo . e 11UJvement th ere, wh en On SU n . day, June 25,
once more a genera] mee ting of th e Workers' A SSOCl' . atlOn was announced to be the Giirzenich H al l." held
in
The authorities here expected a repe rc ussion of the Frankfurt movement. B u t what movement h ad ta . ke n I, p ac � :� F�ankfurt? The Democratic Congress h a d expressed objectI.Onable tendency of a democraitself op� Y III avour o f. th e th erefore, of this "tendency" was ttec'c teredpuanbltc A " r�percusslOn , d It was IIltended to engag:e in a struggle against this e��r. D:moc:atic Congress in Fr�nkfurt an d the Central co!�;tt�:�;;rie�7i: ! P�;: d to ca rry out Its d�.isio�s, held their � sessions without any' . pp 1 Io 2 n f ro m t 18 h e au th o n tl es . The German govern ments there fore , IIl . ' s Pne of the objectionable tendency, h ad to recognise the I,awfu ln s °f th e Frankfurt Congress an d o f lhe orgam'satI.On o f the democres atic party decided upon by th e C ongress. of ��: ��� �n� ����ri: i��' expected nevertheless" a repercussion n r o h ' ey eXlected. to have a n opportunity of catching Gottsch alk amY IS comra e: on IIJe��1 ground. In order 1 0 create th is 0 ortunit n ne 2 the O lce autho i rit es sen l pl " polio? inspecto�f. I.utte.r �oan� u..unnem,}ann, " to attend the general '.
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llleeting of the Workers' Association in the Giirzenich Hall and "specially instructed them to observe what took place there". At the general meeting there happened to be present "the book binder Johann Maltheser", who, as the indictment states regretfully, "would be a chief witness, if he were not in the pay of the police authorities" , that is to say, in oiher words, if he were not a paid police spy. Finally, the re was present there, probably out of pure patriotic fanaticism, the " candidate assessor von Groote", who gives Anneke's speech at tlte general meeting "in more detail than anyone else, since he wrote it down during the sitting itself' . It is clear that the Cologne authorities were expecting a crime to be rommitted on June 25 by Gottschalk and his comrades. All arrange ments were made by the police to confirm the occurrence of this possible crime. And once the authorities " exped', they do not want to expect in vain. "The reports" of the police inspectors and other minor assistants officially sent to confirm an expected crime s�me
"gave occasion for the state authorities on Ju] y 2 to demand a judicial investigation against Gottschalk and Anneke on account of their inflammatory speeches delivered" (it should say expected) "at that public mt.'eting. Their arrest and the seizure of their papers took place on July 3. "On July 5, after a number of witnesses had been heard and more detailed information had become available, the investigation was extended to the whole previous activity of the leaders of ,.he Workers' Association and thereby to several members of the latter, especially to the cooper Esser etL The results of the illvestigation of the accused relate in part to their speeches in the Workers' ..x.ssociation, in part to their papers and the printed material spread by them".
The real result of the investigation-we shall prove it tomorrow from the text of the indictment itself-is that the movement expected on June 25 was confined to a movement of the authorities-this echo of the Frankfurt movement; that Gottschalk and his comrades have had to atone
for the deceived expectation of the authorities on June 25 by undergoing six months' clo.�e confinement during examination. Nothing is more dangerous than to deceive the state authority:� expectations of earning a medal for saving the fatherland. No one likes to be disappointed in his expectations, least of all the .�tate authority. If the whole way in which the crime of June 25 was staged shows us the state authority as the sole creator of this crime drama, the text of the indictment enables us to admire the astute versatility by which it spun out the prologue over six months. We quote word for word from Der Politische Tendenzprozess gegen Gottschalk und Konsorten, published by M . F. Anneke, Publishing House of the Neue Kiilnische 7eitung.
1 92
Articles from the Neue Rheinische Zeitung
"After the investigation had gone on for about five to six weeks, it was de,:I, dosed by the Examining Magistrate Leuthaus, who had replaced Herr Geiger. , Jatter having been promoted to the post of Police Superintendent. Public Hecker, however, after looking through the dossiers, put forward new dema1lds'' which the examining magistrate agreed. After about ]4 days, the investigation was closed for the second time. After Herr Hecker had made a fn14 study of the dussiers at his leisure, he once more put forward a number afnew demands. examining magistrate did not want to accept them, nor did the Council Herr Hecker appeaJed to the board of prosecuting magistrates and this instance down that some of the demands should be allowed, but others rejected . A mong latter, for example, was the demand that on the basis merely of a list of nam,� from all parts of Germany which was found in Annekc's portfolio, all these p sume 30 or 40 in number, should be subjected to judicial investigation. "After the investigation had been successfully spun out so far, and could reasonably be still further extended, the Council Chamber on September 28 orCle� The the dossiers to be handed over to the board of prosecuting confirmed the indictment on October 10, and on October 28 the signed the bill of indictment. "It was therefore luckily too late for this trial to c<>me before the regular quarterly acitc wh ich had begun on October 9. "After November 2 7 an extraordinary session of the assizes was fixed. It . intended that if possible th is session also should be missed. The dossiers of the examination were sent to the Minisr.ry of Justic.e with the request that the trial be referred to another court of assizes. However, the Mjilistry of Justice found sufficient grounds for t.his and towards the end of November the accused Go,tt.«:haJ Anneke and Esser were finally referred to the extraordinary assi:tes here on December ', 2 1 ."
Pr()""':u�
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During this long prologue, the first examining magistrate, Geiglif', was promoted to aeting Police Superintendent, and Public Hecker to Chief Public Prosecutor. Since Herr Heckerin this last capacity . was moved from Cologne to Elberfeld shortly before the beginning of the .' extraordinary assizes, he will not appear before the jury at the same time as the accused. [Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 1 76 , December 23, 1 848]
December 22. On what day did the Gurzenich general meeting, which was convened to confirm an "expected" crime, take place? It was on June 25. This was the day of the definitive defeat of the June insurgents in Paris. On what day did the state authorities ' begin proceedings against Gottschalk and his comrades? It was on July 2, i.e. at the moment when the Prussian bourgeoisie and the Government allied with it at that time, carried away by their thirst for revenge, believed that the time had come to finish off their political opponents. On July 3, Gottschalk and his associates were arrested . On July 4, the present counter-reVolutionary Ministry in the person of Ladenberg joined the Hansemann Ministry. On the same day, the Right wing in the Berlin Agreement Assembly ventured on a coup Cologne,
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1 93
His Comrade, d an k al ch ts ot G of al ri T The
, after p ar t o f ng tti si e m sa e th g n ti ee ,e,/ t by uneerem onl·ously reJ' . . P Land wh'Ich g m d· r d ga . re on 8 SI c de a 3 . I , ' d e rs e p d d Is a h g m w ft . e L . I e t. . ty n o aJ r m a b d opte a d ' been f o y n o im st te h ad e th y b ve ro p ld u co e . W t e u q o e rc a ts c fa se . e h st of he arre . .w.tTnesses th at on .July 3 a. �certam " person declareabdle'' "T on n IO SS re p im ur vo fa a e ad m s a h s te oCIa . e th f o Gottschalk andt hsIS a�ses es su is e th to t r w I I " he public . U� , �� ��: ' ��lsr:.;: � :r Zeitung of the dates t � K e, a e Xijln�sche, the D� th t o n as w it s ay d se o th g n ri u d t th If o ce �n v n �o to d e n :" ti ( n ch e In � "e e th er th ra t u b , t" en em ov m � ry �;�:nJ:fu m ld "echo of .the I�amgmovaem fo d n sa u o th a ed d n u so re h ent" whic . f "Cavatgnac s Cologne . m so al s, . . ce la p er th o g n o m a , d an y an es tl (,crm n o th au e n . g lo o C e th 25 . e n Ju Our readers wtll ressclal. oln · o0fnthe "Frankfurt movement" on the "expec. ted" a reperencueral meetm n . in o ti ia . oc ss A s' er rk o W e th f o . g (JCcasl<:n 0f. the gll :rh�y will recall further that the startmg pomt . as s w e d the Gurzelllch Ha�esu ra . m co is h d n a k al h sc tt o t G n a ag n o tI a g in l ia ic d ju e th . r fo � � prior to Ju n e 2 5 , . tc e lk a h sc tt o G It l st la at 5 2 e n Ju n o t a th S e ti ri o t� � a e � : � : � � t �a : � � : � : y r ie �� � � � alpable cnm� would be commItted. d an d some p te in o p ap . is d as w 25 e n Ju t �ard . e The expectatIon m84re h T . 8 84 1 r ea y e th to m d e rm f o ° s an tr IS , 8 1 , 25 e n Ju I y en 48. 8 sudd 1 ar ye e th of . t en em ov m sponstble Jo r the re e . ad m e ar d se cu ac h It W ed g ar ch e ar er ss E d n a e · ' tsch al k , Annek C,ot . . n) expreSSIO iS th of ity tic 1848' (note the elas . . "h aving in erthrowing . the ov d an mg g an h c f lIl 0Iogne wnh the al m
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the course of the ye�r . . C In cy ra p1 C01i.S "made a
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". ng the citizens Into di ea isl m by ar w l vi ci a d an d of fomentIng y rate by Government concerne te.') "or at an no e . ak (t " te fa y an at . or e another: taking up arms agamst o.� haVIng melted to s, er st po d an l ia er at m g', by pnnted speeches at pub c ,,:,eetm such like a1.m.s . d an on aO ln SS sa as at s pt attem
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e a ad m g in av h h it w ed . g ar ch e ar e That IS to say, theref�,rew' it.thh nYot h aV · " any cons piracy . " mad e lg ll . I S" ' " r at any rate p. �:r t�:�'at :ny rate "to attempts at. as�?����ti:n:e��i�;�:t�: :rt ! I , a m ss sa as �t t� p � te at to y, sa . to That is How .m.agnifice�t the Jb��;�c:� pstr��e��ting magistrates' decision for So It IS stated m th e committal to trial. n of the . dK. tment I·tse conspiracy is f o n o ti en m , lf . In the conc.IUSI· O ance WIt. h .It" Gott.schalk, Anneke and Esser are . dropped and "m accord charged with as hy public meetings as well .
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at e year B48' b s eech es th of ."e UT co e th in g Constitution by in e th "hav of n tio ra lte t a .�. 0 Y s . a°ted their feIIow CItIzen ' tIy m ec ' 'tr d . al en at m d of one part 0f the te g in in pr m ar e th to d an er w 1 against the roya po force, to armed rebellion
f
1 94
Articles from the Neue Rheini�che Zeitung
t is , in a a h t , er d or g n ti i, . ex e th o d tions of he e mm of under t eedom to of fr �� ": gr(ldWl.lly es, thoriti au the ble to. 0 1ec o , se u a e e k th a t m a h to w is t a th '[ee:" I wav J . d . n A ' n. IatIO . aSSOC of ht ig r e h t er w o p an d l ya o r ss e e r th p t <: 1; ins a g a n o t. ed rebelli rm a to t . en m te el In " ,, .J ' ', " J1 s: ' e, h ot n a st in a g ipo ictment ca a s e citizen th of rt a p one f 0 g armm . of June 25 which was ,, expected o the t
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(:itizens against another, without, however, these incitements having been ful-a crime envisaged in Article 102, in combination with Articles 87 and 91 Penal Code". And why did the authorities in the course of the year 1848 intervene before July 2? Incidentally, for the gentlemen to be able to speak of an .. of the Constitution by force" , they would in the first place have furnish proof that a Constitution existed. The Crown has proved con tra ry by sending to the devil the Agreement Assembly. If agreers had been more powerful than the Crown, they perhaps have conducted the proof in the reverse direction. As regards the incitement t o armed rebellion against the rn" power and to the arming of one part of the citizens against anotllel'� the indictment tries to prove it: I . by speeches of the accused in tbe course of the year 1848; 2 . by unprinted; 3 . by printed documents. Ad. 1 . The speeches provide the indictment with the following
"
i g e In .. ntles d e �utho il ta e d se e th by the m o fr s lt su re �t h w d n � ;, ble avmla rt are fu k n ra F e th n o test imomes. , rt o p re a ad e . m II. " a h se tt o G t a h T mes, OCIatI' Ons III SS a [estimo c ti . ra c o m e d e 0f th e th re n io . n u e th t a h a " cone I u d d re e v even ts t h e d lk a h sc . . tt o [84 a n d th a t G d e SS U C iS d s a , w cologne . II y 'attrac ted th e attention of Maltheser . h lCh espeCla : " , w t " m h o p " c e spee th h it w " d e il l d n e d Groote a n n o v r o � s e s s a te a . m o d n a r t a e ik r a�d th e candid st to n a th u r ' ge " T o g o on waitin g re qUIres mor� CO �. in s result which step , a es . ta .. n ,temen t to io ct a . re e th l ti un wart must n ' . In One . " Obvwus c ' ll b u p e r a f 0 n o tl a he pressure for tIle fl roclam to the arming of one part 0f t ,
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er and w o p I a y ro e th st m a g a n o li armed rebel ! !! r th o n a st in a g a � nt e s n tm ze ic ti d ri in e th to g in rd o c c a , d cerne I\ s f ar a s A nneke IS con .
ion of the three n u e th on e at b e d e th h �n th at . in t . ly amst htm us ag ro e o g or vi m g ry n ve hi e ot k n o sp e "h , e) .. there is n g . I o . C .o f ns 0 Io at Ci so as c an cr o . em d ree h . e t h s (t " n ze h ct n a as.socwhon5 . ic bl u p re as IIe leeting also t . g m ss re d ad , n o m u is for th c ratic o m e d e " re . th . e th f . I ,favou r o f the unton" o II A speech .I S 0b "10u slY " incitement to the arming of one . ( s en In (l t th . . : a s " eommun�, f r o ld e ss ii D o s n e lz lt C e f o g tm e e m l a r himself a n d th . e n e g " d te �u f th e " expec o r p t e n s u tl take . to ? a h y Looking at it r o th u a te sta e th t a t °h n a , st r e d n u n a c e at I t d Id by h w is J un e 2 5 , on t a th d n a 18 4 8 e th of se u co the e h th .g u � ro th r a e r e fu g e in , y is th in t n e :n e ov m ; �� t u �:)O a n o tl a d rm te a fo sc m fi g n o c it , le acqu irin p m a x ' e r fo ts n e m u c o d d . te m r p d n a rs r u fo r fo t h seizure of lette u o ' h g e . h . d lI l CO h ' JC ng wh tu e, -Z er it be r A e th f o s e th ree issu t. e e r st y n a in y p o c a s .It becam e convinced of the "political ig p f en n , r e v e � o h s, r e tt . n the ear 1 84 8 . A letter o f le e th m Fro Ger i it l i I to g n va e ed pr I I �:�� � usc C; ism" i lk seem c ha fanat o to u m � f: el k en Professor Karl H I" . 1 0 p u m. sh h?Im I' t. denounced this le. tter' .to a JU d!CIa I t a th particu larly "fanatlca n o ti c a sf ti h e sa t d a h d n a t n e m r . e ov n G th e H e ss e ll. ' a g aIllst h lI . d te u it st in e b ld investIgatI' on wou �
corpus delirtia:
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At the sitting of May 29, Esser finds that a "republic" is the "remedy ·
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for the suffering of the workers". An incitement to armed rebellion against '· the royal power! Gottschalk declares that " the reactionaries will bring · ' about the republic". Some workers complain that they do not have ·
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enough "to keep body and soul together" . Gottsehalk replies to them: "You should learn to unite, to distinguish your friends from your disguised enemies, to make yourselves capable of looking after
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your own affairs." An obvious incitement to armed rebellion against the royal power and to the arming of one part of the citizens against another!
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The indictment sums up its proofs in the following words: "The witnesses who have been examined concerning these earlier meetings. hoth members and non-members, on the whole speak only in praise of Gottschalk and Anneke, especially the former. He is said to have always warned against excesses, and to have tried tu calm rather than incite the masses. In doing so he indeed indicated the republic the final goal uf his effons, which . however, was to be achieved not by a street riot but only hy the majority of the people heing won over to the view that there was no salvation except in a republic. As is clearly seen, by thus setting out to undermine as
lfTadually the foundations of the existing order, he Wa'i understandably often hard put to it ", restmin the impatience of the vulgar crowd."
It is precisely because the accused calmed the masses instead of inciting them that they showed clearly their nefarious tenden cy
Body of rhe crime .�Ed.
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es d ra m o C is H d an k al h sc tt o G f o al The Tri
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Articles frum the Neue Rheinische Zeitung ,
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But the final result derived from the letters. an d . . , ' 1 848 fanatIclsm of aIl k'III d s was at work documents IS th at III . people's minds and on e eral e�ents took place e ,a resembled as closely as n ther armed rebellion . the royal power and the arming 1 one part of the ntueru against anol , ..... . occupied Gottschalk an d h IS how ver, were busdy ' comrades ' all this, whereas the state au'thon. y only became aware -of "repercussion" of this astonishing I �i!g h confiscating s ! printed docu m e n ts a n d letters o
�: ; �:�� � � �l :
F��:::;� ��
Wntten ' by Marx on December 21 and 22 ' 1 848
First published in the Neue Rheinische ]\TOS. 1 75 and 1 76, December 22 Zeitunu .-� and 23, 1848
U T IO N L O V E -R R E T N U O C N IA S T H E PRUS Ryl.6 IA IC D JU N IA S S U R P E H AND T
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Printed according to the ne'wSI)a
Published In English for the fi.... time
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is 8 4 8 1 f o t n e m e v o m ry a n o ti e revolu th f o lt su re f ie ch e h T e. n og ions. Col lus il r ei th of ss lo e th st lo y t w h a t the u b , n o w s le p o e p e th t a h w t n the o no s e n o st e il m c ti an ig g e ar 8 r of 1 8 4 June, November and Decembe o f the s d in m e th f o n io at ic x to in t and d is n e tm n a h c n e is d e th to th a p le p o e p n European peoples. a rm e G e th p e e k h si o n s whic lu il st la e th f o st li e th in H ig h judiciary. e th in ith fa s u io it st er p su s n has o ti in c h a in s is it lu o v re rte n u o c n ia ss f th e Pru o d in w h rt o n ic sa ro p e tr u e Th se o h w , n o ti a in g a im 's le p th e peo f o r e w o fl is th o ls a d te h blig l Rome. a rn te e ly a It is d n a rl e th l, o f th e \fo ea p p A of rt ou C h is en h R e ts o f th T h e actions a n d statemen Munster, f o l ea p p A of s rt ou C e th a n d of , n li er B of rt ou C e m re p u S ann a n d m ch ir K e, m em T k, ec d al W , inst Esser re m a in s Bromberg a n d Ratibor, aga d n a is on ti n ve on C ch n re F at th e th e d Gierke prove once again th te ra u g u a in It s. ch o nary ep o ti lu o v re ll a r fo n co a e too, s, th e b e g d Ju . ls ia ic off l al g n si is cree dism e d a f o s n a e m y b n o ti lu have o rev s rt u co d e n o ti n e -m ve o ab as th e are n o th in g b u t officials, Chinese d n a s di ka h is rk u T . e p o f E u ro testified before th e whole the most s lm a u q t u o h it w n ig rs te n n cou collegiums o f m a n d a ri n s ca agues. lle co ir e th st n ai g a s rt u co h" e m recent decrees of those " hig re p u S n li er B e th f o es the decre w o n k y ad re al s er ad re r u ed O rn ce n co e ar e w ay d o T l. a e p urt of A p o C r o ib at R e th f o d an rt u o C eal.1 87 with the Munster Court of A pp
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Art.kles from the IVeue Rheinische Zeitung
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First of all, however, a few words more about the Rhenish C'�Urt Of . , A.ppe�l, the �ummus pontifex' of Rhenish jurisprudence, which as Its" seat Berhn . . As i� well known, th� Rhenish jurists (with a few honourable exceptIons) found nothmg more urgent to do in the Prussi ',. Agree�en � Assembly than to cure the Prussian Government of �� ?I d prejudIce �nd old resentme� t: They proved to that Governm ent fact. that theIr prevIous oppOSItIon merely signified as much as the OpposItIOn of th.e French pa:liament before l789 l SB-the obstinate and would-be · lIberal assertIon of guild interests. Like the libe al mem�ers. of. th� French National Assembly of 1 789, so the liberal RheUlsh JUrISts In th� Pru ssian National Assembly of 1 848 were the worthzest of the w�rthy In the a�my of servility. The Rhenish -Prussian pTO,�ecu.tl..ng magls�r�tes outdId the old-Prussian inquisitorial j d ges pohtlcal . fanatICls� ". The Rhenish jurists had, of course, to . maIntaIn theIr reRutatlOn aJso after the dissolution of the Agreement Assembly. Thought of the laurels of the old-Prussian Supreme Court prevented tl.le Rhenish-Prussian Court of Appeal from sleeping. Its chIef presIdIng Judge Sethe sent to judge of the Supreme Cou'rt of � ppeal ,,�sser (not to .be confused with the "well-meaning" Cologne Essers ) a letter SImIlar to that of the presiding judge of the Supreme Court Miihler to judge of the Secret Supreme Court W�deck l89 But the �henish-Prussian court was able to go one bette� than the old-Prusslan court. The presiding judge of the RheUls� Court of ;\ I?peal' played a trump c�rd against his com petItors .by comm ttI ng the treacherous rudeness of informing the BerlIn pubhc of the letter to Herr Esser in the Deutsche Reform, befo�e he had communicated it to Herr Esser himself. We are convInced that th e entire Rhine Province will reply to Herr Sethe's letter by a mon.ster .address to our worthy veteran countryman, Herr Esser. r-: ot someth �? g IS ro tten in the "state of Den mark , but everything. Now for Munster! Our �ead�rs have already heard of the protest of the Court of Appeal In Munster against the reappointment of its director Temme. The matter can be summarised as follows: �he Ministry of the counter-revolution had, directly or indirectly, .InsInua ted to the Secret Supreme Court, the Rhenish Court of m
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: The
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supreme pontiff.�Ed. Esser I and Esser 11.�Ed.
� Sethe.�Ed. e
No. 56, December 2 1 , 1848 (morning edition) .�Ed. Shakespeare, Hamlet. Act I , Scene 4.� Hd.
1 99
n and the Prussian Judiciary The pruss.ian Counter-Revolutio
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d r an tibo Ra , rg be om Br in l ea pp A of ts ur Co d the A Ppestal,er, an rn of tu re the ur vo sfa di me tre ex th wi ew vi d ul wo ' ng Ki M un that the e to their high judicial posts, Waldeck, Esser, Gierke, Kirchmann and Temm n and had rli Be in bly sem As the d en att to d ue in nt co d because they ha d those courts ul wo So es. tax y pa to e us ref to ion cis de the participated in . protest against it. p e al
p A t of ur Co sh em Rh e th t tse ou e th (at rts ou gh hi All the st fir e th b ng i y b ot e s ss e � cc s r ei h e t v ie h ac vacillated ; great artists erf rm) accepted thIS. suggestIon an d sent hut by being the last to p The Miinster Court of App�ahvas st�pid protests from and to Berliton.the King (the so-called conshtutzonal Kmg) enough to address directly which states word for word a protest against Temme, c
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a faction of the adjourned of gs tin sit l ga ille the in on ati "that by particip ty's open rebellion �gainst His Majes in f sel him t pu d ha he bly . National Assem to pay mg us ref on n tIo mo the uf r ou fav in g tin vo in rt pa Government and hy taking ed to hurl the fire-brand of anarchy lri d an n tio olu rev of th pa the Taxes he had taken into the fatherla nd ",
and which then continues
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the public for integrity on s of nd ma de e th to e, tic jus of se sen "It is contrary to our the l e?ium of magistrates, . and to co J cia vin o pr a of tor . ec dir the part of the IS d an rs . Ice off ernIng the traInmg of young law responsibilities of the latter conc er such events the aforesaid aft t tha ts, ur co of als ici off ior jun position in relation to the ur collegium here. Therefore, Yo the in ion sit po ial fic of his Temme should retain ly to expres� the urgent mh h st mu ces ien l cO r ,,! ou �� ,b Majesty, we feel compelled by . e. mm Te or ect m offICIal relation to dIr desire to see ourselves freed fro
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e on o f pt ce ex um i eg ll co e ol wh e th by d ne Th e address is sig Rintelen. e tic Jus of er ist in M of w -la in rhe ot br a , r membe e m em T r er H nt se ce sti Ju of er ist in M s i th 8, 1 On December d ha e m em r T te af , n" io cis de s hi or "f s es dr ad Munster a copy of this st here without opposition f�?m the cowards. already resumed his po December 19 , as th e Dusseldorfer Ze1tung During the morning of r the first tim in a plenaI")' itting of �h e reports, Temme appea edeafol and took hI�S seat as dIrector bes�de provincial Court of A pp dge von Olfers. As soon as the Slt. t1l1g deputy chief presiding juk and in brief said approximately the began, he asked to spea following: J ti r
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us the Minister of m fro pt ri sc e r a ed eiv rec "H e had now 'high collegium', to which he the of ion tit pe a d ne tai on c re enclosure. This enclosu e ce
with a copied
ent in his. post . Th em tat ins re his st ain ag ing est ot had the honour to belong, pr a ormation and 'for Ium to take inf s hi r fo ion tit pe is th m hi nt se Minister 'of Justice had
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Frederick William [V .-Ed. Ed. r No. 22 9, December 1 9. 1 848,� ge .ei Am tsStaa er �ch i i. Pre1L.�' the Quoted from
200
Articles from the
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Neue Rheinische Zeitung
decision accord10 ' 9IY ', l'he protest . , of the 'high coIIe�l" m w , polItIcal activity; bu as obVIo � usly based t of this as in e , on h' er hlS htlcal views, he did not speak here, for h e did not have to e inten d m e o e the 'high co as fa r as h is 'decision llegium ', F � ' was concerned h r a urther e lven effect to it by he� �s di rector, and g taking his s · . he cou ld assu c the 'h , t'<.\ e glUm that he would untIl Judgment and not vacate law compelled h im to do o. Mo that the collegial re n:over� he Was nut of the opi lationship shou Id b" u nion' pset by t e dlV�rSIty part at least that w o f p o lit ical views·• fo r , ould be avol'ded as hII far as posslble .' ,a
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The worthiest of the w orth weI'e th nderstruc � . They sat there d u m b , motionless, like st one f gu r eS s I f a M e d u sa s h e a d h a d been � hurled into the collegiu m 0f m a n d a' rm s . . Th e worthy Court of A p pe . al in M u" n st r .I In It s professional zeal it � h a s caused n u merous pe o ple t be u e s I ned a n d arrested because 9 they wanted th e decisio n of th NatIOna ssem bly on th e refusal to . pay taxes to be carried out B sta e m e n t about Herr T which h a d even been a emme, ddre s e t y t� the throne, the p ro vincial Court of A e worth y ppeal a ormed tself i I p ronou nced a prejudiced 0 � t?--a part y and s . inion an d � herefo e It IS ' a n y longer to play th e Impossible fo r it · ro o f J. dge In relatI�on to another party. It will be recalled that th . e a ll eg d oerclOn o f th e Prussian National Assembly by the Berlin m b as use , ;'S th e pretext for th e first coup d'etat of th e B ra n d e n b . I ur Jstry . n . order not to exercise l coercion agains t th e de any uti . , th e MInistry continued th e . chase" 191 begun " wz'ld agalll st them in Berli n , , even alfter th e deputies retume d to their h o m e had s! . MmISter o f Justice Rinte . len states III h IS ' decree, which we repri further below: nt
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" he illusion �e1iberateJy fostered hv . d man y p er ...ons , that the hI.th cn?Im l laws. par erto existing tIcularly those con � , . ee r ne W ll h cnmes : agamst [he st vahd SInce March . ate • are no longer of this -.-a T, h as great ,y � Y co n t n 'b uted to In perhaps also h ad ' crease anal'chy an . a dangerous influ d has ' ence u n In dIVIclu al co u n s. "
M o�t .of th e actions o f H e r r R in te len and o f th .Jurzsd e courts under his zctwn provide f u rt h er p r o f t h at Sl.llce th e forcible dissolution of th e National A ss e . mbl ' n e law c o n tm u e s to Prussia, the arbitrary w be valid in ill e �r zn camarilla . O n March 2 9" 1 8 4 4 t he PrussIan G'ov ernme . nt promulgated the . notonous disciplinary . la w agalllst the Judges b bY . . wh IC ' h , t h rough a mere deClSio n of the M 11' 115 "try , tIley could be d e p rived of th e ir posts,
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Quuted from the repo � O' ster vom 20 Dez , " pu br un Leitbur;,g N0, 336, December rt "M IS hed In . the Diise s ldorfer 2 3 , I R48 .-'Ed. Gesetz, betreffe nd das . gen.eh trIChe un d Disziplinar-Strafverf Beamten. "-Ed. ahrcn gegen a
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The Prussian Counter·Revolution and the Prussian Judiciary
20 1
moved or pensioned off. The last United Dietl92 abolished this law and restored the validity of the fundamental principle that judges could be dismissed, moved or pensioned off only by a lawfully delivered judgment.. The imposed Constitution confirms this principle. Are not these laws being trampled under foot by the courts which, in accordance with the prescription of the Minister of Justice, Rintelen, want by moral compulsion to drive their politically compro mised colleagues into giving up their posts? Are not these courts turning themselves into an officer corps which casts out any member whose political views do not suit its royal Prussian " honour"? And is there not also a law on the non-liability and inviolability of the people'S representatives? Hot air and empty sound! If the Prussian Constitution had not annulled itself already by its own articles and the manner of its origin, it would be annulled owing to the simple fact that its ultimate guarantor is the Supreme Court of Berlin. The Constitution is guaranteed by the responsibility of the Ministers, and the non-liability of the Ministers is guaranteed by the court that has been granted to them, which is no other than the Supreme Court in Berlin, the classical representative of which is Herr MUlder.
The most recent rescripts of the Supreme Court, therefore, are neither more nor less than the obvious cassation of the imposed
Constitution. In Austria, owing to the Government's direct threats to plunder the bank,'93 which the Viennese people left untouched at the time of its
greatest and most justified resentment against financial feudalism, the bourgeoisie realises that its betrayal of the proletariat surrendered precisely what this betrayal was intended to safeguard-bourgeois property . In Prussia, the bourgeoisie sees that, owing to its cowardly trust in the Government and its treacherous distrust of the people, the indispensahle guarantee of bourgeois property--bourgeois administra tion of justice---is threatened. With the dependent state of the judiciary, the bourgeois administration of justice itself becomes dependent on the Govern ment; that is to say, bourgeois law itself is replaced by the arbitrary action of officials . La bourgeoisie sera punie, par ou elle a piche the bourgeoisie will be punished by that in which it has sinned-by the Government That the servile statements of the highest Prussian courts are only the first symptoms of the approaching absolutist a
The reference is to the "Verordnung tiber einige Grundlagcn der kiinftigen Preussischen Verfassung" .-Ed.
202
n Judiciary ia ss ru P e th d n a n o ti lu evo The Prussian counter-R
AJtic1cs from the Neue Rheinische Zeilung
transformation of the courts, is borne out by the following decree of the Ministry of Justice:
ld continue to u o sh ce n le o vi sS o gr d WIC kedness an at h v-t deput kfurt ran . .e. F I) r·" · Col��ne, 1 .n a er en G rto cu se ro P e){ist among u.s' . e . th ' the Durts and also , necessary, ot s Judge IS g at h w presldm o d to ts "The en Il f their departI ' l s O lCIa 0 the ct fences , instru of at h ngly w r fo accordi d an d ls . ia oul ic 1 � h off f ¥I.1He . m respect 0 ed rIll f In me InStituted . s keep n ? Io at ig st ve in l ,llld ia ic d ju unced and prono bemg are sions �u spen .
rPr.
the general ordinance of October R of this year, my predecessor in ofilQ!� has already called attention to the fact that it is the prime task of the judidar ' authorities to maintain respect for the law and its effective action, that they can btatt' serve their country by fulfiIJing this task, because true freedom can fluurish only OWl' the basis of law. Since then, unfortunately, in many places there have occurred vet'Y, seIious outbreaks of an anarchist activity which mocks at law and order; in some pan;' of the country even violent revolts against the authorities have taken place and have" not everywhere been energetically countered. In view of such a regrettable state Of affairs, I now, after His Majesty's Government has taken a det:isive step to save the: . state, which has been brough' 10 the brink of the abyss, I now address myself anew to the judicial authorities and the Public Prosecutors of the whole country, to requea them '0 do their duty everywhere and wi,hout regard for persons. Whoever the guilty person may be, he must .not escape the legal punishment that has to be brought to bear in the speediest possible way. "With especially deep regre, 1 have been compelled '0 note, both from individual reports of the provincial authorities and from official newspapers, that some judicial officials also, unmindful ' of their special professional duties, have in part let themselves be carried away into committing obviously illegal actions, and in part have not shown the courage and fearlessness through which alone terrorism CQuld be sllccessfully countered. I expect steps to be taken in regard £0 them also. with establishment of the facts and if necessary the institution of a judicial investigation. without lenience and with the utmost expedition, for officials responsible for the administration of justice, who are entrusted with preserving the prestige of the laws. have by 'heir own violation of 'he law been doubly a, faul,; and it i. especially necessary to expedite the proceedings against them because the operation of the law must not be allowed to remain in the hands of such officials. If among those guilty there are officials in respect of whom, on the basis of existing regulations. a formal investigation cannot be made, or on whom suspension from office. which must always be considered as a duty in cases of this kind, Cdnnot be imposed without higher authorisation, then steps must be taken to establish the facts in order to justify the investigation without a special instruction, and after that the requisite permission obtained as speedily as possible. With regard to candidate assessors and junior lawyers attending the CDuns, it must be borne in mind that there are special nJles governing th eir dismis."aJ from state service. "The ilIuskm deliberately fost.ered by many persons: that the hitherto existing criminal Jaws, particularly those concerned with crimes against the state, are no longer valid since March of this year, has greatly contributed to increase anarchy and has perhaps also had a dangerous influence on individual courts. In view of the excellent state of mind of the Prussian judicial official., which on 'he whole 'hey still display, i, suffices '0 point '0 'he weJl-known juridical principle that Jaws remain in force until annulled ur modified through legislation, as wen as to the express provision of Article 108 of the constitutiunal document of the 5th of this month, in order to be assured that the honourable Prussian judicial officials, in their whole-hearted interest for true moral and political freedom, will pUl above everything the prestige of law and orner. "Cuided by these principles and scorning alI personal dangers. we shall go forward confident of victory over crime. over anarchy. Precisely thereby we shall most essentially contribute to ensure that the Prussian state, previously so brilliant, will once again display its moral strength and will no longer tolerate-to use the words of a "By
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it d n fi t o n l il . w it s, . u io r to ic v is ia ss u r P n o ti lu o v e r e y it th il y b a a d v o m e r If one ir e th sh li o b a to o Iu · rev ary Febru aste the like this necessa ry, � � � i � find will It e. decre i s a P b ge Y Jud of class ge l of the olde r priv c � ' its of J n ciatio renun the f 0 e c n e d v e y r ta n e u has given doc �iC de laratl�on� f th e Rh enish Court of Appeal, . thoer in the authen�zn Berlz� n, and t e0Courts of A ppeal in Bromberg,. Rat1b Supreme Court III
and Munster.
Dece mber about Marx by n Writte J MB
23,
Rheinische eW! N e th in ed sh li b u Firs' p 2 4 , 18 4 8 er b em ec D , 77 1 . o N ng Zeitu
newsp Printed accord ing to the
aper
the first r fo sh li g n E in ed h lis b Pu lime
204
Measures against German Re£ugees.-Rer_urn of Troops from Tessin
M E A S U R E S A G A I NST G E R M A N R RETURN O F TROOPS FROM TEEFSUGEES ._ THE PATRICIANS' C O M M U NSEIN . -
Berne, December 2 4 ' h e n e w m easures of the Feder which are s o grate al Council'' fully recogm.sed b . . y the mplre, d consIst of the circul 0 not merely , . ar and . Stelg ' er s Journey 0f . . consIst In ' In sp e c tI On'; they particular o f th e . expuIsIon ' from SWItzerland of absolutely non-dan three gerous refu es ho ublish ed an blamel ess, merely info' absolutely rma tive mp et a out the latest Baden ,b and furthe rising in . rmore o f th e steps ta ken agal st th e ne · Revolution and against D. te wspaper � . th e so-caIIed HtlJ Dtr military associatlOn. l94 The volunteer c o m m a n d e r'£J ' Ph ' Becke r of Biel, wh o has been a citizen of the Berne canton lOr th e past ' year, was the head mIli tary organ isatio of a n of th e ab ove n a m e , w . hlC ' h IS ' sal'd to h a v e h a d th e aim of organ ising all th e e r m a n . volu n teers I"lYIng . Into a Germ an Legio m Switzerland n It seems a da ngerous busin ess but . really so at all. The was not . eglOn only eXiste . d on pap r; there question of weapons, � was n o still less of dril 1m . ' ' g, Its only object was more over"hasty to hinde r and unpl a n n ed voI . unteer ampalgns, aIt th ese are nd since necessarily over-ha � st y and n p anned-a by the two of Luc s IS proved erne' the t o 0 f B a en, and th e o � d'Inteivi H'5-the m . ne of Val ilitary aSSOCIatIOn . . . would mevltab ly h preventIon of such ave led to th e . volunteer cam algns altogether. For that neither th e Baden . reaso n n o r the overn with it , and as th �ent had- anything to do e leaders o f o:g �msatlon owin beloved memories g to a ll SOrts o f of all secret SOCiet Ies as well as to m ore or Iess .
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See this volume, pp . 1 80 8 1 _ T. W. Lo wenfels, F. Neff un . d tn Baden, Basel, 1 848.-Ed
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G . T hle ' lemann,
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bragging behaviour gave the Government a pretext for intervening; an d as, moreover, the whole plan came under the Berne law on volunteer insurgents, there was the best possible opportunity to see here a far-reaching conspiracy and preparations for a new attack on Baden in the near future. Added to this was Becker's indiscretion in announcing, on the title page, his weekly Revolution as the "organ of the democratic military association ' Hil! Dii ". That was enough: Herr Ochsenbein, who by chance or intentionally came to Biel, brought about the intervention of the public authorities. The specimen issue of the Revolution was seized, one of the editors, Michel, banished from the canton, and Becker's house searched. A fter that there were second thoughts. The attack on the freedom of the press was too provocative. The distraint was again lifted, and the Revolution will continue to appear'; but a judicial investigation against Becker has begun, and it will probahly be the end of the military association " Hil! DiT" , The German imperial philistine can once more sleep in peace. In Tessin, all the troops have been discharged . The extent to which the Tessiners were slandered by the East Swiss is shown by the excellent understanding between the Bernese battalion sent there and the population. It is true, of course, that this battalion began by hehaving quite differently from the men of Zurich and Appenzell. At one o f the banquets given to the officer corps, Colonel Seiler of Berne declared that neutrality was a necessary evil, and that he looked forward to the time. when the Swiss, free from these fetters, would fight for liberty in the ranks of the other peoples. The battaJion collected a day's pay as a contribution for the refugees from Italy. If the gentlemen from Zurich and Appenzell had acted in the same way instead of taking pleasure in fulfilling odious gendarme functions and fraternising with Austrian officers, the Tessiners would have given them a very different reception. Some days ago there was a highly amusing meeting of philistines in Berne. The residents' commune met to decide whether they wanted to take over the burden of being the seat of the Federal Government. The patricians, beaten in the last burghers' commune meeting,b and seeing with their own eyes that the property dispute between the burghers and the residents was really beginning, wanted to have their revenge here. With the actual handing over of the property of the residents' commune the town was made independent of the patriciate, they lost a large number of lucrative posts and the main
:
Subsequently it appeared as Die Evolution.-Ed. Sec this volume. pp. 1 83-84.-l\d.
206
Artides from th e N eue Rheinische Zeitung
props o f their overwh elming influe ce . to mention the direct he' fInancla? l In the Com mune Council their intrigues in order��? rem ve loss: So they launched int� Government from BeIne,' ;h ey doecla agaIn the seat of th e Fede"; the FederaI G' overnment h d bee� red that the costS of the Seat was a risk o f being sham:fuIIy c stated so uncertainly that Further, the state and not th t�:n eated by the Federal . ' and under these pretexts the; p posh�Uld bear the � ulk of the costS; ' francs, but no more . Th e Ia w concse to grant a mIserable ' ' e . r n ' m g th e seat of the Government d e m a n d s h o ' conditions within a month, :n���e unreserved. acceptance of the The, acceptance o f the p IO. posaIs mmonth expires on. Dece mber , eq UIvaIent to a refusal to make ade by the patnCians was thus. ' Government. The patrid ns ' Iau .serne th e seat. of the F sIble p roposals for economy and ' safeguards met with trer::e�d:Pus app oval from the Berne philis.+ tines, so that the radicals w � � a tout prix to keep the capital there almost despa ' d 0, nted fede ral suc eeding in their object. It debated all day, and not til::�e Ing � against 3 1 4 for the unc.ondIt· �lIonal dId the radica ls collect 4 1 9 votes ' proposed by the Federal Assembly, acc· eptance 0f th e oblIgation s Th eJe ' you the petty parochialism whi 'h dares llave an examp le of to tr y to lay do\\n' the Iaw, even in the capit' aI cit' y o f Switzerland ,' Was
c
Written by .
Enge)s
on
December 24, 1 848
First published in the supplement to th e Neue RheinISChe Zeitu ng No . 1 80 , Decem b er 28. 184 8
Printed accord ing to the newspa
Publi"hed in Eng lish for th e tune
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first
207
LETTER OF THE CENTRAL COMMISSION Of THE WORKERS' ASSOCIATIONS IN SWITZERLAND TO THE ASSOCIATION IN VIVIS
TO T i l E
ASSOCIATION IN VIVIS
Friends, Brothers, We, the Central Commission set up � the Congress, have before us for reply your letter of December 7.1 Since the Congress has now established the foundations for the unification of the various associations, we shall not deal with your reproaches to the Zurich Association 1 97 but go straight on to answer the different points of your letter which concern the proposed centralisation. You demand, first, that at the Congress the votes of associations given only by letter should be included in the count, justifying this by reference to the democratic principle. The Congress discussed this matter and also the reasons you give, but it believed that it could not accept them. It took the view that in that case no congress would be necessary and the associations would only need to send letters to the Central Commission, which could then add up the votes and proclaim the result. This is more or less the manner in which the associations have been in communication up to now and which yielded no results, while the Congress was easily ahle to put matters to rights in a few days, And this was because more can be achieved, and understanding can more easily be reached, in a few hours of oral consultation than by years of correspondence. Associations which send no delegates cannot, of course, take part in the debates of the Congress, they cannot hear what reasons for and against are being put forward, and since in the end these reasons decide the voting, they cannot, of course, vote either. Otherwise it would not be possible ever to reach a majority decision. If you think this is not democratic, we take the view that no democratic state in the world has ever accepted your opinion in this respect, but invariably taken ours: in America, in Switzerland, in France, as in all former
208
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Articles from the Neue Rheinische Zeitung I
democracies, the principle has always held good that those who no delegates cannot vote either. Incidentally, the Congress has to it that in future every association can be represented by Congress taking over the entire costs of the delegates. At this ' Congress, too, you could perhaps have been represented; Lausanne. ,: which lacked the means to send a delegate, arranged for a citizen in' Berne> to represent them and sent him his instructions.lgB , It is certainly to be regretted that up to now there has been so little . , unity among the associations in Switzerland, and also that so many ' contradictory proposals for the Central Association were put " forward. For this very reason it was an excellent idea of the Zurich / Association to suggest a Congress. The provisional regulations which ' it drafted were, of course, only a suggestion on which the Congress' , had to vote, and which it altered considerably, as you will see from the enclosed printed copy of the minutes. But now, when a beginning at least has been made through the debates of the delegates of ten different associations, it is most desirable that the unrepresented associations should adhere to the centralisation which has at last been started and that they should yield in the same way that almost every other represented association has yielded on one point or another of its opinion and submitted to the decisions of the majority. Without mutual concessions we can never achieve any thing. Your suggestion that the Executive of the " Hilf Dir" military association be proclaimed the Central Association was very seriously considered, but was rejected. The Hil! Dir military association is a banned association under the local laws (the law on volunteers) and thus all associations joining it as associations would likewise be in danger of being dissolved and deprived of their funds. Moreover, the military association will only take over the military organisation, but docs not see it as its task to represent the associations also with respect to social-democratic propaganda and correspondence with Germany. The Berlin Central Committee and the Workers' Commit tee in Leipzig,gg would not be able to risk entering into correspon dence with the military association, even on innocent matters, without exposing themselves to dissolution and arrest; and the other way round, the military association would likewise not be able to conduct a regular correspondence with these committees without exposing itself to the most persistent persecution by the Swiss authorities. Above all, however, we want a centralisation which does not give the governments any pretext for new persecutions of a _Frederick Engels.-Ed.
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is h ic h w d . n a d e m r . a h e b t o .. cann WhiCh · n Isatlo I a centr a . tlO t0 �erform Its functI'ons· The deputy. frome I,e fugees ' h t � pOSJ sfernng a in tran ore st eref again ' h oke P t ds an IO Opl � this � of military was the of tive B· e1' him self Execu . On,. . e t h to On SOCiatl s A I a OCiati aSS ry milita d u tl'es of the Centr the . . Jom " to ree f urse ' f 0 c are, latlO � ? . associations, SO that the assoC association . But all not to Jom as It If ns, asked perso ual individ they are only only t u b , h sue as med har . . place can never b e take hould s S utlOn letter, persec your in ned mentio perchance new rephed oints P e h t f . � each to the of ns decisio er Having thus furth the 0' r f s mmute Iosed 0 f enc e mon ' h t ' U to e t h ' you JOIn r . refe to ess we Congr the f If h b on as 0u y soon sk as us advise Congress and a. ' to and ereby � � e � foun German AssOClaUon� g ��n� sO possible of your havmagaln . ve ;"a in secondary matters as others to save the as . � so We appeal to you Will , future in : y w gIVe been and ady alre has which have given way n Unio h t of s nuc!e� the main object; join assoClauons "':�' �h much sacrifice in money and founded by several only succeed I we all stand together, forget. the time ' and which can r allow ourseIves to be divided by mmor Past and nO longe ' . Ion. I opm of differences s. wishe ood g I erna frat Greetings and , ess g CO the : of ? lf On beha mIssIon ,
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The Central Com
25, 1 848 r embe Dec ut Berne , abo r e rg e B N . ' rr e H Address: Kiifich gasslein No. 109, Bern \Vrinen by Engels
!f /leitrage zur GiRChich 4 bewegung, Heft
. tIed 'm F' t pubhs deutschen Arbeiter er .
dlfS
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to th e manu ing accord d Printe script
the first for h Englis In Publish ed tIme
210 21 1
REFUTATION
THE NEW "HOLY ALLIANCE"
The literary lumpenproletariat of . Herr D t�: �;: �°uching passive h lch ac cepts �: ] � � t � with resis tanc e . all t t . i s estowed on It by . hemlSche. Zellung' is trllOg to revenge itself by denounci . th� editors of the Neue Rh ·n art.ldes which they have no�l lS.� e Zeztung to the police on acCOunt �1 ten "!'hus, according to the Zeztung of December 25, Kolnische Fr:�� ngralh alleg report from Cologne in the ed to be the autbor of a h York, and for that reason is sai:r�� e Schnellpo�t,. published in New h ave partICIpated in the concert dedicated to the . November 3. It seem s that that�ons of the Kolnische Zeitungeat's . on the editors of the Kolni�che Z � allrels won by ." Aialtheser'" prevent ettung from sleepmg.
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Written on Dece mber 26, I M48 First pubJi shed in theb Neue Rh"n . 1.l,he . Zei!ung No . 1 79, D eCem er 27, 1 848
Printed accordin
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Puhlished in English for the' �,'rst time
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See thi.s volum e, p. 19 . J .-Ed.
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Cologne,
December 30. It is already generally known that some months ago a new "Holy Alliance" was concluded between Prussia, Austria and Russia.2Otl The treaty itself will very shortly be brought into the light of day and it will be possible for it to be made public. The soul of this alliance of the rulers "by the grace of God and the knout" is Russia. On the other hand, the whole of Russian policy and diplomacy, with few exceptions, is borne on the shoulders of Germans or German Russians. Indeed, wherever absolutism and counter-revolution are actively at work, Germans are always to be found, but nowhere more so than at the focal point of the permanent counter-revolution, Russian diplomacy. There, in the first place, is Count Nesselrode, a German Jew; then come Baron von Meyendorf, ambassador in Berlin, from Estonia, and his assistant, adjutant of the Tsar, Colonel Count Benkendorff, also from Estonia. Working in Austria is Count Medem, a Courlander, with several assistants, including a Herr von Fonton, all of them Germans. Baron von Brunnow, Russian ambassador in London, also a Courlander, acts as an intermediate and mediating link betwcen-Metternich and Palmerston. Finally, in Frankfurt, Baron von Budberg, a Livonian, acts as Russian charge d 'affaires. These are a few examples. We could cite several dozen more, without mentioning the creatures of the Petersburg Tsar' who occupy high and highest posts in Germany and at the same time arc in high Russian pay. The role played by the Austrian Archduchess Sophia, now the Dowager Empress, in the cause of the Holy Alliance and the enemies of the people, is so notorious as to need no description . Sophia a Nicholas I.-l!,'d.
212
Articles from the Neue
. . . he Rhnnuc Ze'ltung .
<., herself, however, is in turn Helen�: wife of Gran d D u fe°����ullr �' nfluenced by Grand Duch ' von Wurttemberg . Helena serves ae and daugh. ter of Prince p es& "' as t au he f most N Ichola · mtIma . te s and Sophia and the n Oton. ous A link b et w rc h d u k e L Moreover . already some mon ths ago udwig. een pIan accordmg to which th A . these persOns agreed on th marry the surviving daughter� of � n martial-law E�perora will order that the new "Hoi Allia ���ra�d-ducal marned couple ' " wIl� be indissolubly weld � �ogether and Russia broug�t ever cnIce e m Germany of the most compl ose, to Its goal, the establishment ete ru le of the knou t .
213
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THE REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT2'"
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Written on Dece mber 30, 1848 First published in the Neue Rhem ' lSch, . . Zettung No 1 83 , Decem ber 3 1', . 1 84R
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Prin ted accord ing
to the newsp aper Puhlish ed in EngliS h for t he . first time
December 3 1 . Never was a revolutionary movement opened with such an edifying overture as the revolutiona:;r. movement of 1 848. The Pope gave it the blessing of the Church," 2 and Lamartine's aeolian harp vibrated with tender philanthropic LUnes to the text of fratemite, the brotherhood of members of society and nations. Cologne,
. '.
Welcome all ye myriad creatures] Brethren, take the kiss of loveJ3
� Franz Joseph .-Ed .,
Cathe rillc._Ed.
.
Driven out of Rome, the Pope is at present staying at Gaeta under0' the protection of the tigerish idiot Ferdinand; Italy's " iniciatore"2 conspires against Italy with Austria, Italy's traditional mortal enemy, whom in happier days he threatened to excommunicate. The recent French presidential elections have given statistical proof of the unpopularity of Lamartine, the traitor. There has been no event more philanthropic, humane, and weak than the February and March revolutions, nothing more brutal thajl the inevitable conse quences of this humanity of weakness. The proofs are Italy, Poland, Germany. and. above all, those who were defeated in June. But the defeat of the French workers in June was the defeat of the June victors themselves. Ledru-Rollin and the other men of the Mountain were ousted by the party of the National, the party of the bourgeois republicans; the party of the National was ousted by Thiers-Barrot, the dynastic oPft0sition; these in turn would have had to make way for the legitimists 04 if the cycle of the three restorat.ions had not come to an end, and if Louis Napoleon were something a Schiller. "An die Freude" .-Ed.
214
Articles from the Neue Rheinische Zeitung
more than an empty ballot-box by means of which the French peasants announced their entry into the revolutionary social movement, and the French workers their condemnation of all leaders of the preceding periods Thiers-Barrot, Lamartine and Cavaignac-Marrast. But let us note the fact that the inevitable consequence of the defeat of the revolutionary French working class· was the defeat of the republican French bourgeoisie, to which it had just succumbed. The defeat of the working class in France, the victory of the French bourgeoisie was at the same time the renewed fettering of the nationalities who had responded to the crowing of the Gallic cock with heroic attempts to liberate themselves. Prussian, Austrian and English Sbirria once more plundered, ravished and murdered in Poland, Italy and Ireland. The defeat of the working class in France, the victory of the French bourgeoisie was at the same time the defeat of the middle classes in all European countries where the middle classes, united for the moment with the people, had responded to the crowing of the Gallic cock with sanguinary insurrections against feudalism. Naples, Vienna, Berlin! The defeat of the working class in France, the victory of the French bourgeoisie was at the same time a victory of East over West, the defeat of civilisation by barbarism. The suppression of the Rumanians by the Russians and their tools, the Turks, began in Wallachia205; Croats, Pandours, Czechs, Serezhans206 and similar rabble throttled German liberty in Vienna, and the Tsar is now omnipresent in Europe. The overthrow of the bourgeoisie in France, the triumph of the French working class, the emancipation of the working class in general, is therefore the rallying-cry of European liberation. But England, the country that turns whole nations into its proletarians, that takes the whole world within its immense embrace, that has already once defrayed the cost of a European Restoration, the country in which class contradictions have reached their most acute and shameless form-England seems to be the rock against which the revolutionary waves break, the country where the new society is stifled even in the womb. England dominates the world market. A revolution of the economic relations in any country of the European continent, in the whole European continent without England, is a storm in a teacup. Industrial and commercial relations within each nation are governed by its intercourse with other nations, and depend on its relations with the world market. But the a
Pohcemen.-Ed.
215
t TIle Revolutionary Movemen
ed at in m is do nd la ng E d an , nd la ng E y b world market is do. minated hy the bourgeoisieof Europe, whether brought about by th e struggIe . . The liberation b Y or ce en nd pe de ll r ei l th r fo s ie lit na tio h e 0 ressed na tism, depends therefore on the cce f�l �� e:th rowf!g feudal abchsoluworking class. Every sOCI.al up�eav ::. .m en u prising of the Fr c, Sl ol ge . ur bo h lis ng E e th by d te ar w th . und to be . France however, IS binodu e th f 0 on aU m om d al ci er m m co d an b}, Gr�at Britain's. sOCIst'alrialreform . France or on the E. uropean Id Eve artJal signed to be lasting, is merely a pIOUS .wls' h . if de ;:�ti�ent a7a �hole, ca n ca iS th ly on , as nd la ng E d ol e th w ro th n over A d onI a world warts, th , r� ke <:,r w � lis ng E � se ni ga o: e th of y rt p�vide �he Chartis for ea pasuccessful rI. smg agams.t their gigantiC WI't h th e conditionshen the C hartists head the Enghsh Government s rs Only w f� at th �o pi t u of . re he sp e th om fr ss pa n �lf��l:�o�ial revolutio � � piS a � or �e vo m nd la ng E h c hi . w in ar w n ea reality. But any Europ a as in Italy, . East Indies as m rUSSia. , m war: waged in Canadube · A European war will be the first result of a Afrtca as on the 'Dan e t I d '11 h d th e c � ; � � :i !��j��t ;����id �:�i�� th:1 Na;�leonic ��� .::: � ev:T� �� r�the:�war itself it will be thrown t? the h�ad of th � od but through r ga re es ow It bt de e th y pa re ill w it d an t en em ov m ry na io u� �l �:� . y. ur nt ce th en te gh ei e th . of n tio t o the revolu 0f the ng SI ri ry na io ut ol ev R s: ad T he table of contents for 1 84w9arre. III
m
IS .
tIl
.
ld French working class, wor
Written by Marx on
December 3 1 .
1 848
First published in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 184, January 1, 1 849
Printed according to the newspaper
216 S",riss-Italian A £fairs
Incidentally, the Lucerne Government seems to imitate the Bernese Government in wanting to suspend the enlistment agree
S W IS S -I TA L lA N A F F A IR S
Berne,
28
. December The S wlss troops have hardly been drawn from th e L withomb rd Y bo rd e r . a n d RadetZkY 's ch lC a read y beg m ' anenes are · n in g again . He h as wn' . . tten to th e f�d era t1ves m Tessin say I representa_ . ing there is a d Is ' . tu r mg trade m w . frontier, a n d th e eapons o n the fe d e r a l r epre,en tatlves hav . e t aIked th e . . Go vernment into a Tessin u th o r lsm g sev eral h use searches in Mend <;> few m u sk e ts have risio . A been fou nd an d c o n flscated . I t cannot on what grounds th be foreseen is violation of th f e n'vac y o f th e hom o f foreign proper e a n d seizure . ty will be J' st e . I t IS o n ly surp Tessin Governmen rising that the t has lent 1 se : to . such practIces. The N , ea poI'Han reCrU Itmg in I'ucerne a n d th e Ur-canto appears however ns a . to be le a dm ' g n where. It IS n o t as if they h a d fo u n d a su fficie n not . t number f st a r A lp m e la d s w h o w their sk in s for re ould give ady m o n e an e a p p y to d o Cr Ferdinand 's a r m oat services in y'' on the contra . ry! B u t th e wh o . foundermg on th I e b u sm ' e ss IS . e im p o ss ib1T1 tY 0 f g e tt . m g from Switzerla N aples. nd to A ceoI'd'm g to th e enlistment ag r e 2 7 � m ents, 0 the recruits must b transp orted via G e enoa , a n d th e Tu . . n n G overn m e n t ref use IS now saId that s transit . I t th e reCrUIt ' s are to b e bro ugh t to Trieste a embarked there. nd This news h a .s u se great alarm amo recruits. They do ng th e not want t " go to u st n a . They are afr p u t a m o n g real . aid of being C r o a ts a n d ed agams t the Magyars . now petI' tl. Onm , an d th ey are g the Lucerne Go . vernment CounC I to mSIst on th e Genoese route. Str ange . A S l'f It ' were n o t a ma tt er 0 f m ' dIf th ese h e n c h m e n " ference to . o f the counter-re volutIOn wh eth er M agyars or M e ss th ey massacre in e se.l B u t 0f co urse there IS ' a bIg between Austrian ' dIf ' ference . paper m o n ey an d NeapolItan full-w ducats ' eight gold
I
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"
�
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l
.�
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'1
a See this volume, p. I 83.-Ed.
217
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ments till the Swiss merchants in Naples and Messina are indem nified.208 A t least, it has inquired of the Federal Council about the arrangements for compensation . So that leaves only the Ur-cantons, and these will not suffer any encroachment upon the right of every citizen to sell himself as long as the Federal Constitution allows it, i.e. as long as the present enlistment agreements have still to run. This right of self-sale is one of the finest and oldest privileges of the free Ur-Swiss, and if these brave "first-born sons of freedom" tried to defend their "five-hundred-ycar-old rights" against the new Federal Constitution , it was above all on account of this special right which the new Constitution has annulled. The military enlistment agree ments are really a vital matter for the Ur-cantons. For five hundred years they have been the drainage channel for the superfluous population, and hence the best guarantee for the existing barbarous state ' of things. Annul the enlistment agreements, and you will unleash a real revolution in these so-called clean, i.e. in fact extremely unclean, democracies . The younger sons of peasants, now setting off for Naples and Rome, will have to stay at home; they will find no occupation either in their own cantons or in the rest of Switzerland, which is already suffering enough from "over-population" ; they will form a new class of peasant proletarians, who by their very existence must bring all the old relations of property, property acquirement and law of these pastoral races, established for a thousand years, into the utmost confusion . Where would these sterile mountain lands get the means to feed the paupers deposited there from all sides on the frontier by expulsion orders? The core of such a class of paupers already exists and threatens in an exceedingly disagreeable way this traditional patriarchalism. A n d even if-which is not to be expected-in the next few years the European revolution observes the same respect as hitherto towards Swiss neutrality, the article of the new Federal Constitution forbidding enlistments is preparing a revolutionary ferment which will eventually completely uproot the oldest and most firmly entrenched seat of reactionary barbarism in Europe. Like the monarchies, the reactionary republics are going under, dying of pecuniary consumption, of the "pale melancholy of financial need " . Written by Engels on December 28. 1848
First published in the supplement to the Neue Rheinische Zeitung ;-.Jo. 185. January 3, 1 849
Printed according to the new�paper
Published in English for the finn time
218 219
A Bourgeois Document
BOURGEOIS D O C U M EN T 209
A
a o n ha;: ���e� ��:i!a��s; l;����::�te t:���lec�fat?e bourgeoisie know, has assumed the most no. ble and magnam. nty too, as we m o u s f o rm s In English .w0rkh ou se s p u b b lie in itutions in which the surplus la our p0l;>UIatlOn IS. allowed to vegetstat . e at th e e e �oC1ety�?arity is cunningly combined with t� �: ����::?tlS1e wreaks o n the wretches who are compel:en�: :��:���� led to ap eal to . receiv it y . 1"\,ot only do .the poor devils meagre m �ans o f su bSlstence, hardly sufficiee ntthefomost wretch�d an. d e propagatlon �f the species, their activity, too, is restricted to revor ltth"mg , unprod uctIve' meaningless' . dru dgery, such as work at the deadens both m m d and b0dy . These un fortun treadmill' which committed the crime o f ha�. n g cea�e? to be an objeate people have yielding a pr. ofit to the ourgeolsle-as IS. the ct of exploitation ca se in or d in ar j"f d n te e o � pe ditu e f r hos� o � � � r d :� � � � �� � � �wh�IC�� ��;:;���� i��r�� t��� � � h, left unsold in the warehous ' become an y0bJe�rre s 0 lIqu�r ct 0 f ex pe nd lture to th e w in e m er ch . an t T 0 . b n · ng horne to them the fUII magmtude of their crime, they are dep g�;�ted to the !owest criminal-associatriiovendwoitfhever thin that is � :�n ' recreatl?? , t.alk-everything. Even this " cruethl�chrarwityi�"esofand the �gli: bourge�lsle IS due not to sentimental bu practICal and rational reasons. On the one hand if t to thoroughI. y Great B ritain .were suddenly thrown into the str�et aII he pa�pers m and commercial activity would su ffer to an alarmi�g�u I ex�:�� ����� a Here and helow this word is given in English in the original.-Ed lC
a
.
oth er hand, British industry has alternate periods of feverish over-production, when the demand for hands can hardly be satisfied, and the hands are nevertheless to be obtained as cheaply as possible, followed by periods of slack business, when production is far larger than consumption and it is difficult to find useful employment even at half pay for half the labour army. Is there a more ingenious device than the workhouse for maintaining a reserve army in readiness for favourable periods while converting them in these pious institutions during unfavourable commercial periods into machines devoid of will. resistance, claims and requirements? The Prussian bourgeoisie differs favourably from the English bourgeoisie, since in contrast to British political arrogance reminis cent of pagan Rome it displays Christian humility and meekness in the most servile reverence before throne. altar, army, bureaucracy and feudalism; instead of displaying the commercial energy which conquers whole continents, it engages in domestic retail trade of a Chinese type, and tries to confound the impetuous titanic spirit of inventiveness in industry by clinging staunchly and virtuously to the traditional semi-guild routine. But the Prussian bourgeoisie ap proaches its British ideal in one respect-in its shameless maltreatment of the working class. That, as a body, it in general lags behind the British bourgeoisie, is due simply to the fact that, on the whole, as a national class, it has never achieved anything of importance and never will, because of its lack of courage, intelligence and energy. It does not exist on a national scale, it exists only in provincial, municipal, local, private forms, and in these forms it confronts the working class even more ruthlessly than the English bourgeoisie. Why is it that since the Restoration the peoples longed for Napoleon, whom they had just before chained to a lonely rock in the Mediterranean a? Because it is easier to endure the tyranny of a genius than that of an idiot. Thus the English worker can feel a certain national pride in face of the German worker, because the master who enslaves him enslaves the whole world, whereas the master of the German worker, the German bourgeois, is himself everybody's servan� and nothing is more galling and humiliating than to be the servant of a servant We publish here without any alterations the " Worker's Card", which proletarians engaged on municipal works have to sign in the good city of Cologne; this historical document shows the cynical attitude of our bourgeoisie towards the working class . a
An allusion lo Elba, the island to which Napoleon Bourt)On restoration in 1 8 14.-Ed.
I
was exiled during the
220
Articles from the
Neue Rheinische Zeitung
WORKER'S CARD
!
§ 1 .. Every worker must
strictly obey
su erv"ors, who have been sworn w ll enta�l tmmedrote dL�m'/.SSal.
•
in
A Bourgeois Docum_enr
;
�
all mu ' '.!'<'l, as police officers. Disobedience aM iflSubord � t the instructions and o ders of
• ....
I01t. ,
.:. . § � . N� worker is allowed to move from one section to anoth er or to leave � "ermission of the sUr·rv"OT. bUIldmg-Slte without the s"ecial '"' . r r · purloining wheelbalTows, carts or other equi ment from anothe §' 3 . Workers � . . . .:;et.:t.Ion In order to use them in their work will be d'1sm1ssed . P . . §4 n run kenness, d Isturbance of the peace and starting up squabbles, quarrel. , : and f1ghls entail immediate dismissal -In app opriate cases moreover legal proceed": \�: , ; ings will be taken against the culprit . . § 5. A worker arriving ten minutes late at his place of wo k "II b on that a dis u!ar half day; if this should occur three times he m y er. � . § . n , -f workers arc dIsmissed at their own request or b w sh w will receive their wa!l"es �t the next regular pay-day in accor an it o e, . , . .aI be bJI § 7. A worker s dISmIssal IS noted in the Worker'., Card .-Should th e d·1sm1s way of punish ment , the worker, according to the circumstances, is barred from . _ , either at the same p lace of work or at all municipal works. le-empluyment . § 8. The pohce are always to be mformed when workers are dismissed by way of ,j : . pUlllshment and of the reasons for their dismissal . .
:
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ny compl inLs to make against the building-site SUPervisOT; :' ha � g e town the e c en of works through an elected delegation °df' ,:':' ' t . ;'1 . th fee �ork��s. ThiS offIcer \-\'Ill examine the cause of the complaint on the spot an, ' , l
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k
gwe h IS deC1..Hon.
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lO. Th � working hours are from six thirty in the morning to twelve noon and n ro clock m the afternoon till evening darkness sets in. (Wonderful style!) §l . e work.cr IS employed on these conditions. § 1 2 . Payment �s �ad � on the building-site on Saturday afternoon.
Th� sworn . bUIldmg-sIte supervisor, for whose mstructIons have to be obeyed.
}
Cologne
Sig�ature or sign
of the worker
the
present
[. .. J
Assigned to section of . .. and has etc. S�gnature visor
of
the
building-site super�
C.ould the Russian .edicts of the Autocrat of All the Russias to hi! . subjects be couched III more Asiatic terms� The municipal, and even "all municipai supervisors, who have �een s,",:orn III as police . officers", must be "strictly obe ed" . ?'!Sobedlence and msubord.mation will entail immediate dismi�sal." /Irs � of all, theref� re, passwe obedience. Then, according to § 9, the wo � .ers have the nght to complain to "the town clerk of works" · The deCISIons of �his pas� a are irrevocable and directed, of course, a ainst e :v.orkers, If only III the interests of the hierarchy. And onc� this eCI�lOn has been taken and the municipal interdict laid upon the wor ers, woe to them, for they will then be placed under police surveLliance. The last semblance of their civic freedom disappears,
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,� ' 1'- -
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22 1
informed wh en be to s ay alw e ar e lic po he "t 8, § to g in for, accord th e reasons for of d an t en m sh ni pu of y wa by ed iss sm di workers are their dismissal" . ct ra nt co e a at in rm te u yo if , er rk wo a iss sm di u Bu t gentlemen, if yo has th e h rt ea on t ha w s, ge wa ur yo r fo ur bo la s hi hy which he gives un icipal m e th Is t? en em re ag l vi ci a of n io at in rm te is police to do with th cause he be e lic po e th to m hi d ce un no de u yo e av H worker a convict? wise and t os m , ry ta di re he s hi u, yo to e nc re fe de did no t pay du e tizen w ho ci e th de ri de t no u yo ld ou W ? rs te as noble-minded m , ct ra nt co y er liv de e m so en ok br ng vi r ha fo denounced you to th e police much on New o to k un dr or e, du s wa it n he w ll bi a or failed to pay e ar u yo r ke or w e th s rd ga re as t Bu ! ld ou w Year's eve? Of course you e of ic pr ca e th ith w m hi er ov it rd lo u yo t, en bound by no civil agre em ep a ke lf, ha be ur yo on t, us m e lic po he T ! od the lords by the grace of G record of hi s conduct. th the wi ed sh ni pu is te la es ut in m ten g in riv ar r U nd er § 5 , a worke with the n so ri pa m co in t en m sh ni pu a t ha W . ur bo loss of half a day's la to arrive ed w lo al t no is r ke or w e th t bu , te la � ie. ur nt offence! You are ce ing day. rk wo a lf ha g sin lo t ou ith w six st pa lf ha ten minutes after in be t no ld ou sh s es in ar tr bi ar l ha rc ia tr Finally, in order that this pa ent on your nd pe de y el tir en be r ke or w e th d an ed any way restrict to , le ib ss po as r fa as t, en m sh ni pu of e od whim, you have left the m ia nc nu de d an al iss ism D . ts an rv se ed rm fo th e discretion of your u ni iate pr ro pp "a in ed w llo fo be to 4, § to g in rd tion to th e police is, acco as rd ga re to d se ea pl be ill w u yo ch hi w case s" , that is in cases er § 5, nd U , " ts ri lp cu e th t ns ai ag s ng di ee oc pr appropriate, by "legal es after ut in m n te . i.e e, tim d ir th e th r fo te la s the worker w ho arrive issal by sm di of se ca . In er th ge to al ed iss sm di be ha lf past six, "may" ing to the rd co ac r, ke or w he "t , es at st 7 § t, way of punishmen e ac pl e m sa e th at er th ei t en m oy pl m -e circumstances, is barred from re fort h. so d an on so d an ", ks or w al ip ic un m l of work or at al this in n ve gi is s oi ge ur bo d ye no an e th of s m What scope for th e w hi ovel gr ho w en m t ea gr e es th s, to Ca al ip ic un criminal code of our m before Berlin! , if it stood sie oi ge ur bo r ou r rte ha C of rt so at wh s ow This m od el la w sh e people. th on se po im d ul wo e, at st of lm he e th at Written by
Marx
on January 4, I R49
First published in the Neue Rheinische Zeilung 1'0. 187, January 5. I R49
paper Printed according to the news
22 2
A New-Year Greeting
223
If you were not peacefully
A NEW-YEAR GREETI N G
"
or
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- If',', ,
.)i;� .i , ,
•
January 8 , That !ri ' " d ec o�gan-blowers, barbers and ' g::_�a:�m�� ����rs, ve�gers and : guar s, grave<- ,�, dIggers etc. send us N Yea, r reet "ngs IS a ' m that is as old as it '?!: is ever recu rrent' an;:ne wh&"ICh leal ves, u S'CcoUsto ld, Th e year 1 849 h v r, IS' no content with ' traditional. It� �� :,n g unprecedethe arrival has been 'I�ar�:� � nted, a New-Year > greet,ing from the King or;;��� , It IS a New-Year wish addressed not to the P , "To m y dear Berliners" , but "To my army , russIan people, Th IS' �oyal N�w-Year message looks on the army "with pride" because It remalOed loyal " when" (in March) " revoll di . slurbed Ih y ep!':;'�,ful developmenl of M lowards which wished caulious eral institutions ly lead M Previously people spoke of the M, arch even standings" ' and so forth ' Now th" ere IS n O ,lon ts, of "mls' underthe March ''misunderstandings are cast ger need for d isguise: lO our face as " revolt" The ro al New ' which em�nates f��:�t:���:�! �;:�t��; ���:nt;�:�:e �pirit,�� that e Cross , Just as th e former speaks o f "re:VOIl " 'I �he latt "March criminals" of the cnmma ra ble whIc�r speaks o f in glorious h u pset the tranquillity of Court life in 'BerlIn. ' If w e ask why the March "revolt" sh,ou Id, be so partI' cularly revolting, we are told in reP IY:' "�ecause It dIsturbed the peaceful , development of liberal (I" I) lO StItutlOns e tc ," : Frede�ick "Vimam IV .-Ed. "
Cologne,
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"
I
10
so
That
15
KTe'U'l._Zl!it,/tng (Neue Preu.t�is che Zeitung).-Ed.
2 10
at rest in Friedrichshain,211 you March rebels, you would now have to be rewarded with "powder and shot" penal servitude for life, By your wickedness did you not indeed disturb "the peaceful development of liberal institutions"? Does one lleed to be reminded of that royal Prussian development of "liberal instiTUtions", of the most liberal development in the squandering of money, of the "peaceful" expansion of bigotry and royal Prussian jesuitry, of the peaceful development of police and barrack rule, of spying, deception, hypocrisy, arrogance, and finally the most disgusting brutalisation of the people alongside of the most shameful corruption among the so-called upper classes? There is all the less need for such a reminder because we have only to look around, to stretch out our hands, in order to see that "disturbed development" again in fu 1I bloom and to refresh ourselves with a double edition of the above-mentioned "liberal institutions" .
nOT
"My army�" the royal message of greetings goes on to say, "has kept its old glory and won new glory."
Indeed it has! It has won so much glory that at most the Croats could lay claim to greater. But where and how has it won it? In the first place:
''It adorned its banners with new laurels when Germany required our weapons in Schleswig. "
The Prussian Note sent by Major Wildenbruch to the Danish Government is the basis on which the new Prussian glory has been erected. The entire conduct of the war conformed excellently to that Note, which assured the Danish Herr cousin ' that the Prussian Government was not at all in earnest, it was merely throwing out a bait to the republicans and throwing sand in the eyes of other people in order to gain time. And to gain time is to gain everything. Later agreement would be reached in the jolliest of ways, Herr Wrangel, about whom public opinion was led astray for rather a long time, Herr Wrangel left Schleswig-Holstein secretly like a thief in the night. He travelled in civilian clothes in order not to be recognised. In Hamburg all the innkeepers declared that they could not give him shelter. They considered their houses, and the windows and doors in them, to be dearer to them than the laurels of the Prussian army , which were despised by the people although embodied in this illustrious gentleman. We should not forget either that the only success in this campaign of useless and senseless 212
•
Frederick VI I.-Ed.
224
Articles from the
Neue Rheinische Zeitung
A New-Year Greetin g
movements hither and thither which was w . . h 0 II y remmlsc . aI 'courts o p.rocedure o f the old Im ent o f the ' . p e n f J ' u st ic e ( see our ISSu es at tIme), was a strategic mistake. the The only SUrprising thing about thIs' campa ' . cheek of the Danes, who mIs. ehle' vousiy hoa ign IS the in ex.pressible . and completely cut off Prussia from the wo xed the PrussIan army To com p Iete the Prussla' n glory in th rId mark. et. . ' s c o n n e ctIon, one mUst incl d� also the peace negotiations with � arm�IstICe which resulted from them 213 enmark and the MaJmo If the Roman Em peror b on snif"fin'g a ���� . . ' t �e receipts from the public conveniences couid say' N Prussian laurels wo� in Schles�ig_HO�S;e��� It �es not smell), the marked in ineradicable characters.' '?Olet. , (?n � e other hand, are It stmksri. ..
I' .
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Secondly, "My arm y vI'ctor.iously overca me hard Sh Ip · S and dangers necessary to comba When it was t insu rrection in th e Grand Dlleh y of . pose n ".
A s far as the "victoriously overcome ha they are as follows: Prussia fIr tlYi ex r.dsh Ip' S " are concerned, illusion, fostered by smooth 'wo Js romplOIted the magnanimous Berlin, o f. the Poles, who regarded the " Pomeranians" � c es-m-arms against and ���J �� fore calmly d ba �he�lrmrad there a, s i R.us mans march in and only reassembled the . army, let the Pomerawhen the Pru;sians most '1eIy �al trea lr scattered military cadres defenceless. A n d a� for th�1 �russlan feated them when they were deeds of the " glorious" PrussIan army w ts of heroism ! The heroic the war, but after the war W h e n M �e' ro ere ac�omprIShed not during June victor Cavaignac's first que tlon sIawskt was presented to the how the Prussians had mana. ged t� be defea�ed at Ml�loslawwas eyewItnesses. ) 3,000 Poles ha d l r . (We can prove thIS' by ' scythes and pikes, struck twice and twice for�ed ;O 60� �reud .wlth the latter were well orgam.se'd and ssIans to retrea. t, although weapons. 214 In its wild flight the p ssla' liberally �qUlpped with Prussian in fantry into con fusion Tr;:e n . cav�lry Itsel� threw the hold on Miloslaw, after twice dr' .:n g t� PolIsh msurrectlon kept its o f the city. Still more shamef�I t�an t ee count�r-revolutionaries out was their final victory at Wresc en prepa Prusslans' defeat at Miloslaw unarmed but Herculean ° �,nt c ? red for by a defeat!15 If an pistols, the coward flees f���Ire �ISfr�nts a COward armed with distance. That is how the 'Prussla'. ns �ehav pIstols from a respectable ed at Wreschen. They fled to
a A referenc e to Enge1s' articl es ' "The De'f.mark" (�ee pr
esent edition, Vol. VespaSIan._Ed.
War eorned y" and "Th e 7 pp . 42-44 an d �666g).-Ed. •
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distance at which they could fire grape-shot, grenades containing 1 50 bullets, and shrapnel against pikes and scythes which, as is well known, cannot be effective at a distance. Previously shrapnel had only been fired by Englishmen against semi-savages in the East Indies. Only the stalwart Prussians, in fanatical fear of Polish c.ourage and conscious of their own weakness, used shrapnel against their so-called fellow citizens. They had, of course, to look for a method of killing masses of Poles at a distance. Close to, the Poles were too terrible. Such was the glorious victory at Wreschen. But, as already stated, the heroic deeds of the Prussian army begin only after the war, just as the heroic deeds of the prison warder begin after sentence has been pronounced. That this glory of the Prussian army will go down in history is guaranteed by the thousands of Poles killed with shrapnel, pointed bullets etc. as a result of Prussian treachery and black-and-white trickery, and by those later branded with lunar caustic.216 Adequate testimony to this second laurel wreath of the counter revolutionary army has been provided by the villages and towns burnt by the Prussian heroes, by the Polish inhabitants beaten up and massacred in their homes with rifle-butts and bayonets, and by the acts of plunder and violence of all kinds committed by the Prussians. Immortal glory for these Prussian warriors in Posen, who paved the way trodden shortly afterwards by the Neapolitan executioner,' who battered with shot and shell his lo�al capital city and allowed the soldiery to plunder it for 24 hours. 17 Honour and glory to the Prussian army for the Posen campaign! For 218it served as a shining example for the Croats, Serezhans, Ottochans and other hordes of Windisehgratz and Co., who, as Prague (in June), Vienna, Pressburg etc. have proved, were inspired to be its most worthy imitators. And, lastly, even this courage of the Prussians against the Poles occurred only owing to fear of the Russians. "All good things come in threes." Hence "My army" aJso had to win a triple glory. The occasion for it was not lacking. For "its participation in the maintenance of order (J) in South Germany won fresh recognition for the name of Prussia". Only malice or an attempt at belittlement could make one deny that "My army" performed the most effective services as jailor and policeman for the Federal Diet, which modernised itself on being rebaptised and had itself caJled the Central Authority!19 It is equally undeniable that the Prussian name gained full recognition in a
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guzzling South-German wine, meat, cider etc. The starving Brandenburgers, Pomeranians etc. grew patriotic paunches, th� thirsty ones refreshed themselves, and in general succeeded in polishing off everythiRg that the South Germans who provided thelIj with billets set before them with such heroic courage that the Prussian name has gained the most noisy recognition there. It is � pity that the billet money has not yet been paid; the recognition would be still noisier. The glory of "My army" is really inexhaustible; nevertheless , one must not omit to mention that
THE
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"whenever I called. it stood ready, in complete loyalty and in complete discipliml�.
nor omit to communicate to posterity the equally remarkable statement that " M y army countered ahominable calumnies by its excellent spirit and noble self-control, "
How flattering for "My army" is this greeting, evoking as it doe� the pleasant recollection of its "complete discipline" and "noble . self-control", and at the same time once more its heroic deeds in the Grand Duchy: and furthermore the laurels it won in Mainz, Schweidnitz, Trier, Erfurt, Berlin, Cologne, Dusseldorf, Aachen, Coblcnz, Munster, Minden etc. We others, however, who do not belong to "My army", can in this way widen our limited conceptions as humble subjects. To shoot down old men and pregnant women, to rob (officially documented in the neighbourhood of Ostrowo), to maltreat peaceful citizens with rifle-butts and sabres, to destroy houses, to make attacks in the night on unarmed people with weapons hiddcn under cloaks, waylaying (recall what happened at Neuwied)-these and similar heroic deeds are termed in Christian German language " complete discipline" and "noble self-control" ! Long live self-control and discipline, since those murdered under this watchword are in fact dead. The few passages of this royal Prussian New-Year greeting which we have touched upon here show us that this document in its the significance and spirit is on the same level manifesto of as the Duke of Brunswick' about 1 79 2, 220 Written hy Marx on January
8, 1 849
First published in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung No, 190, January 9, 1849 a Posen.-£d. h
Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand,-Ed.
Printed according to the newspaper Published in English for the first
tIme
y ad re al is w lo rb te n u co t rs fi e th aly ' og e, Janua ry, W h lle in It ol and r summe last 0 n , � of volution c re ountere th st bemg str�ck agal m to le gg ru st . e th f o e ag st st la e th ' au tu m n , m the pla sentf Hhu' nhgarar}ose d1' l'ectl}' out of the Febr. uary ppre�s th.e m o. vcm, pleted The new Italian movement IS th e revolution IS be m g comment . f '1849 th' e war against the Magyars is ' gue WI' 11 yet pro Iogue of th ethme omveovement 0f 1 84 8 Probably th.IS. epilo . ' th' e epilogue to . t e cr se m d e ar p re p g ' 1 be IS at d ra ma th l , I ch pass into th� nCWscen wh i 1 848 , of dv tra v ge ' 1 ona r t, es 0 f th e re, 0 u th c fall o f Paris an d V Ie. n n a, I ,1ke th e hrst k r d n e h l n d de ee cc su y � �:�ci� :�� pl:a :antly heroic after the partly ra�idl . thIS epIlogue toortISly pett , e' P. sod e f the eriod between June an d colo urless an d pa t f lY848l pass:s0 thro!gh terrorism into the first October. The la st ac 0 act of 1 849. e th r . fo . 8, 84 1 , f o t en m 'e oY m ' y al n o u lu vo For .the fi.rst time III thenreation surrounded b y supen. or c ounterfI, rst' tim e smce 1 793 , daares · , to co u nter thc cowardly counterrevolutionary forcesv' revolutIOnary paSSI. On, th e terreur blanch" e by the revoI u t'10nary fu rry' thb e first tl. lnc after a Iong pen. od w meet WIt, h a te.rrem' rouge:", Fo pIe o pe h f e am n e th 0 o h w ' an Igure, a truly revolu tIonary fch is h r fo o h w , le g g ru st te ra pe es d ' a f enge 0 . dares to accept the d "a_,al lrn I,alos Kossuth. son per ' one m t o an nation is Dar:to[l . 6 1 a, ri st u A of le o h w e h , T l u tf :ces IS fn gh ' , Th e supenonty ?f [os 1;' . rs ya ag M n io ill m 4 st ill t, n ro the fo ef million fanaticised Slav s, te no nk ba of e su is s m �' / :� tu ac Mass u prising, natlOnnca :� a �uer n g �� � revol�tionarv movement, yo short shrift for anan e th f o s re u �t fe n ai m ; e th l al , t r lo s 1l re vo lu tio n in perm ence-l 0
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Articles from the Neue Rheinische Zeitung
in the Hungary which Kossu' th glorious year 1 793. are found again has armed , org�m�ed and . msp ' l" red �Ith enthusiasm. This revolutionary orgamsatlon, . whICh on pam of utter ruin had to be ' completed, so to speak, 24 hours, was lacking in Vienna otherwIse W·10 d'ISChgratz " wouId never have been able to enter it. We sha11 see' . w het he! he '11 succeed entering Hungary in spite of thO " revolutIOnary organisation. Let us take � closer look at the struggle and the combatant parties '. .' ,' The Austrian monarchy arose out of the attempt to u TIlte . Ie monarchy Just ' Ger�at;ty m a slOg as the French kings up to Louis " XI did �rance. The attempt failed because of the pitiful provincial " narrow-mmdedness of both .the Germans and the Austrians, and " because of the correspondmg petty commercial spirit of the ' Hab�burg dynasty. Instead of the whole of Germany, the Habsburgs obtal?ed .only t�ose South-German lands which were in direct con ��ct with the Isolated Slav tribes, or in which a German feudal noblhty and German burghers ruled jointly over enslaved Slav tribes. In b.oth cas�s the Germans of each province required support from outside. ThiS sU I;>port t�e� received through the association against the Slafs: and .thls aSSOCiatIOn came into being through the union of the pro�mces question un�er t.h� sceptre of the Habsburgs. That IS how German .Austria ongmated. It suffices to read in any textbook how .the A� stnan monarchy came into being, how it split up and arose agalI� , all m the cou rse of struggle against the Slavs' to see how correct thiS description is. Adjacent to German Austria is Hungary. In Hungary the Magyars waged the same s�ruggle as the Germans in German Austria. A German wedge . d nven between the Slav barbarians in the Arch duchy of . Aus�na and Styria went hand in hand with the Magyar we?ge d nven �he same way between the Slav barbarians on the Leitha. . Just as m. the south and north, in Bohemia, Moravia, Cannthl.a and Krama the German nobility ruled over Slav tribes, Germamsed the� an? so .drew them into the European movement, the Mal?yar nobl!lty hkewls.e ruled over Slav tribes in the south and , orth, m Croatia , Slavoma and the Carpathian territories. The ? m�erests of b.oth were the same; Opponents of both were natural alhes. The alliance of the Magyars and the Austrian Germans was a necessity . All that was still lacking was some great event, a heavy attack on both of them, order to make this alliance indissoluble . Such an event came with the Turks' conquest of the Byzantine Empire. Th.e Turks threatened Hungary and, secondly, Vienna, and for centunes Hungary came indissolubly under the lIabsburg dynasty. 10
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e Tb . ak we lly ua ad gr me ca be tb bo of s nt ne po op on Bu t the comm to h gt en e th str st lo vs Sla e th d an ss, rle we po e m ca be re Tu rkish Empi e th of rt a pa , ed de In s. an rm Ge d an rs ya ag M e th ,volt against v d Sla te op ad ds lan v �l in g lin ru y lit bi no r � ya ag M d . �e rm an anan e m ca be es lv se em th s Je ht na tlo na av Sl e th y eb er th d . had more an d more to nationalityin preservm . g the monarchy, which in terest ed r ya ag M d a an m er ,. (' ng pi lo ve ? de e th st ain ag y lit bi no e th defe nd e d th an g rm ea pp sa di re we ns io ct di ra nt co l na tio na e Th e. isi bourgeo g ur sb ab e H m sa e Th y. lic po nt re ffe di a d te op sty ad H absburg dyichnaha e th on ne ro th l ria pe im an rm Ge e th to ed mb cli d dynasty wh y an an ly th ive cis de re mo e m ca be rs he rg bu an rm sl'wulders of the Ge champion of the feudal nobility against the other dynasty the bu rghers. " d! lan Po of n tio rti pa e th in ed at cip rti pa ia str Au t iri sp II; the same is, ck to Po e th , rs de an m m co y m ar d an s er eld ian lic Ga nt Th e im po rta d an ia str Au to d lan Po d ye tra be is, sk ry to ar Cz d an Lubomirskis in ich wh , sty na dy g ur sb ab H e th of ts or pp su l ya lo t os became the m e th m fro s ck ta at st ain ag s on ssi sse po eir th em th d tee an return guar lo we r nobility an d burghers . d an h alt we in ew gr lly ua in nt co s wn to e th in Bu t the burghers y str du in of at th e sid ng alo re tu ul ric ag of ss re og influ ence and the pr s. er wn do e lan th to ion lat re in ts an as pe e th of n io changed the posit y lit bi no e th st ain ag ts an as pe d an rs he rg bu e th of The movement e th of t en em ov m e th ce sin d An g. in ac en m e or m d became more an d an l na tio na of t en m di bo em e th e ar re he yw er ev peasants, who l na tio na d an al loc a es m su as y ril ssa ce ne s, es dn de in -m local narrow l na tio na d ol e th of ce en rg su re a by ed ni pa m co ac s wa it character, . struggles. ith W e. ok str r te as m s hi ed ev hi ac ich rn te et M , irs fa af of te sta is In th e th d ive pr de he , ns ro ba al ud fe ul rf we po t os m the exception of the e th ed pp sa e H n tio ra ist in m ad te sta . on ce en flu nobility of all in ul rf we po t os m e th e sid s hi to g in nn wi by sie oi ge ur ,�trength of the ho it e ad m s ce an fin e th of te sta e th is, th do to d ha he ns financial baro d an al ud fe p to e th by y wa is th in d te or pp . Su m hi r fo compulsory he y, m ar e th d an y ac cr au re bu e th by as ll we financial aristocracy, as te lu so ab an of l ea id e th ed in ta at als riv s hi far more than all n tio na ch ea of try an as e pe th d an rs he rg bu e th monarchy. H e kept e th d an n tio na at th of cy ra oc ist ar e th of ns ea m under �c ontrol by ch ea of cy ra oc ist ar e th pt ke he d an n, tio na r he ot y er peasantry of ev d an rs he rg bu n's tio na at th of ar fe its l by ro nt co r de nation un of es ur at fe l na tio na e th , sts re te in ss cla nt re peasantry. The diffe , ity ex pl m co eir th ite sp de s, ice ud ej pr al loc d an s, narrow-mindednes d an on cti ra te un co l ua ut m r ei th by k ec ch in ld he were completely 0,.
Ankles from th e Neue Rheinisc he Zeitung
23 0
The Magyar Struggle
allowed the old scoundrel M etternich the utmost freed mal� oeuvre. H o� far he succeeded in this setting of one �� . to agalJlst another IS proved hy the Galician scenes of slaughte a�on the democratic Polish movement which began in the interest; � �n peasantry was crushed by Metternich by means. of the Rutho t. e peasants th emseIves who were am. mated hy religious and na eman lanaI fanaticism .223 The year 1 84 8 fi �st of all brought with it the most terrible for . Austna by settmg. free for a short time all these dI' chaos ff ' na tIO a n I" lt ie s w h !C h, ow m .mg one anoth er. The g to Metternich' had h itherto been enersIaenv-t G er m . an s M ag ' ya rs C ze " ch s , Po le s . , M . or av la aks, C. roa�s, Ruthemans, Rumanians, I1Iyrians and Serbs ns :1I1SIov to confhct wIth one another, while within each of these nationalcam� a struggle went on al�o between the different classes. But ities order came out of thiS chaos. The combatants divided intoSOon lar�e camps: th
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much for the Poles and Ruthenians who, moreover, because of and geographical position, are so sharply separated h� e�.� Ahistory ustria proper that we have had to get them out of the way first �()all in order to reach clarity in regard to the chaos of the other ople s. peLet us, however, also remark at �he outset that the Pole� have great political understa�dlng �nd a .true revolu,rlOnary revealed alliance with their old enemies, the sp irit by. now entering into an . Germans and Magyars, against th. e pan-.SIav count�r-revoIUtlo. ,n . A Slav people for whom freedom IS dearer than Slavlsm proves Its vitality by this fact alone, and thereby already assures a future for itself. We pass now to Austria proper. . . m. Situated to the south of the Sudetic and Carpathian mountams, the upper valley of the Elbe and in the region of the Middle Dan.ube, Austria in the early Middle Ages was a country populated exclUSively by Slavs. By language and customs these S.lavs belong . to the same stock as the Slavs of Turkey, the Serbs, Bosl1lans, Bulgarians, and the Slavs of Thrace and Macedonia; these, in contrast to the Poles and Russians are called Southern Slavs. Apart from these related Slav nationali�ies, the vast region from the Black Sea to the Boh�mian forests and Tyrolean Alps was inhabited only by a few Greeks In the south of the Balkans, and in the Lower Danube region by scattered Rumanian-speaking Wallachians. Into this compact Slav mass a wedge was driven by Germans from the west and the Magyars from the east. The German element conquered the western part of Bohemia and pushed forward on both sides of the Danube as far as the other side of the Leitha. The Archduchy of Austria, part of Moravia, and the greater part of Styria were Germanised and thus separated the Czechs and Moravians from the inhabitants of Carinthia and Kraina. In the same way Transylvania and Central Hungary up to the German frontier was completely cleared of Slavs and occupied by Magyars, who here separated the Slovaks and a few Ruthenian localities (in the north) from the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, and subjected all these peoples to their rule. Finally, the Turks, following the example of the Byzantines, subjugated the Slavs south of the Danube and the Sava,224and the historical role of the Southern Slavs was ended for ever. The last attempt of the Southern Slavs to play an independent part in history was the H ussite war,225 a national peasant wa� . of the Czechs under the flag of religion against the German noblhty and the supremacy of the German ·Emperor. The attempt failed, and 5
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Th e Magyar Struggle
ever since then the Czechs have remained fettered unde r th e yoke of the German Empire. On the other hand, their conquerors-the Germans �nd M �gyars-too� over the historical initiative in the Danube re i �tthout the aid of the Germans and particularly of the Magya�s :hs. outhern Slavs. would have become Turkish, as actually happen�d t: part of them , mdeed Mohammedan, as the Slavs of Bosnia still at today. And for the Southern Slavs of Austria this is a service which ie not too dear even at the price of exchanging their nationality fat Gyerman or Magyar. The Tur� i�h invasion of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries was a seco� d �dlt1on of the Arab invasion of the eighth century. Charles Martel s vICt?ry was. repeatedly rewon at the walls of Vienna and on �he . H unga�!an f:Jlam. As then at Poitiers, and later at Wahlstatt urmg the mvaslOn of the Mongols,226 there was here once more � threat to the whol� of European development. And where it was a �atter of savJll!? this, how could it be achieved by few nationalities I e the . Austnan Slavs, which had long ago disintegrated and beco� e Impotent and which, moreover, themselves needed to be saved The �it.uation internally was like that externally. The class that was the d n�lJ:lg force and standard-bearer of the movement the bourge�JlSle, .w�s everywhere German or Magyar. The Slavs �ould only wIth difficulty give rise to a national bourgeoisie and the �o� the�n Slavs only in quite isolated cases. And with the ba'urgeoisie Jll ustnal power and capital were in the hands of Germans 0; �agyars, German culture developed, and intellectually too the Slavs ecame �ubordJll ate to the Germans, even as far as Croatia The ::: e .thmg happened-only later and therefore to a less�r ex1-1� Hunga�y, �here the Magyars together with the Germans too t .e lead m mtellectual and commercial affairs ' But the �unganan G�rmans, alt�oug? th �y retained the German language, ecame genume J:I unganans m disposition, character and customs �nly t�e newly mtr<;>duced peasant colonists, the Jews and th � �x0ns m !ran �ylvama, are an exception and stubbornly retain an a su rd .natlonahty in the midst of a foreign land . A d f the yars were a little behind the German Austrians in ? � .C1vI!I atlOn, t?Mag ey have recently brilliantly overtaken them by their � . fol�lcal activity. Between. 1 830 and 1 848 there was more political life n ungary alone than the whole of Germany and the feudaI �orm s of the old Hungarian Constitution were bette; exploited in the Jllter�sts . of dem ocracy than the modern forms of South-German constitutIOns. And who was at the head of the movement here? The I
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d an ts oa Cr e Th ? on cti rea ian str Au ted or pp su ho W ;v! af,l'yars. . st the reawakenmg Slovenes. the Ma gyar movement, as also agam Af,l'ainst a d de un fo vs Sla ian str Au e th y, an rm Ge in t en em ov m al Psoonlitic ' m. derbund227-pan-51av zsigi ue ag in Pr t bu d, lan Po or a ssi Ru in te na or t no did pan-Slavism v Sla all e sm th all of ion un e th s an me m vis Sla nPa 228 m. ra an d in Ag r fo , ey rk Tu of y ril da on sec d an ia, str Au of es liti na tio na nations and , lly tua en ev d, an ars gy Ma the s, an rm Ge ian str Au the st ain 'truggle ag re ed he lud inc lly nta ide inc ly e on ar s rk Tu e Th s. rk Tu the against n be ca , ne cli de e let mp co of te sta a in o als is ich wh n tio na a and, as ed aim is ism lav n-S pa y, nc de ten sic ba its In . ed ard reg dis entirely e for re the d is an ia str Au of nts me ele ry na tio olu rev the against reactionary from the outset. proof of this reactionary tendency Pan-Slavism im mediately gave d to its petty national narrow hy a do ub le be tra ya l: it sacrifice a in ted ac d ha en th to up ich wh n tio na v Sla ly on e n�indedness th the to d lan Po d an elf its th bo d sol it les; Po the , er nn ma revolutionary Russian Tsar. r de un te v sta Sla a of n tio ea cr e th is m vis Sla npa of aim t ec The dir e th d an e irg eb zg Er e th m fro g din ten ex n, tio na mi do Russian ich wh te sta a ssea tic ria Ad d an an ge Ae k, ac Bl e th to s an Carpathi n, hia ac all W r, ya ag M n, lia Ita , an rm Ge e th es sid be , de lu inc would n ze do a ly ate im ox pr ap o als , es ag gu lan n nia ba Al Turkish, Greek and t no er th ge to ld he be d ul wo is th l Al ts. lec dia sic ba d Slav languages an d an er th ge to ia str Au ld he rto the hi ve ha ich wh s nt by the eleme d an m vis Sia of ty ali qu t ac str ab e th by t bu t, en pm lo ve ensured its de e th to on m m co te ra y an at is ich wh e, ag gu lan v Sla d the so-calle pt ce ex ist ex m vis Sia is th es do e er wh t Bu s. nt ta bi ha in e th of y majorit pt ce ex e" ag gu lan lav "S e th is e er wh ts, gis olo ide in the minds of a few me so to d, an ., d Co an j Ga , ky lac Pa en rr He of n in the imaginatio y an v Sla no ich wh , ch ur ch an ssi Ru e th of y an lit v Sla extent, in the old st mo e th at e ar les op pe e es th all ty, ali re In s? nd ta longer unders ly gh hi y irl fa e th m fro ing ng ra n, io at ilis civ of s ge diverse sta of re ltu cu d an y str du in rn de mo s) an rm Ge e th to ks an (th developed d an ts oa Cr e th of ism ar rb ba ic ad m no t os e alm th to wn do ia Bohem st mo ve ha ns tio na e es th all e, or ef er th , ty Bu lgarians; in reali or n te e es th of e ag gu lan v Sla e th , ty ali re In . sts re antagonistic inte y stl mo ts, lec dia of er mb nu l ua eq an of s ist ns co twelve nations nt re ffe di to d ce du re be n ca ich wh r, he ot an e on to e ibl ns he incompre to ing ow , ich wh d an n) ria lga Bu , ian rb Se , ian yr III main stems (Czech, e th of re ltu cu of k lac e th d an re tu ra lite all of the total neglect few th wi d an is, to pa r ee sh a me co be ve ha , les op pe e es majority of th '
234
Articles from the Neue Rheinische Zeitung
exception.s have always had above them an alien, non-Slav langua as the WrItten language. Thus, pan-Slav unity is either pure fa ge ntasy or the Russian knout. An d what nations are su pposed to head this great Slav state? Precisely those nations which for a thousand years have been scattered and split up , those nations whose elements capable of life and developm en t were forc ibly imposed on them by other, non-Slav peoples, those nations which were saved from downfall in Turkish barbarism by the victorious arms of non-Slav peoples, small, powerless nationalities, everywhere separated from on e another an d deprived of their national strength, numbering from a few thousand up to less than two million people! They have become so weak that, for example, the race which in the M id dl e Ages was the strongest and most terrible, the Bu lgarians, are now in Turkey known only for their mildness and soft-heartedness an d set great store on being called dobre chrisztian, good Ch ristians ! Is there a single one of these races, not excluding the Czechs an d Serbs, that possesses a national historical tradition wh ich is kept alive among the people an d stands above th e pettiest local struggles? Pan-Slavism was at its height in the eighth and ni nt h centuries, when the South<;rn Slavs still held the wh ole of H ungary and Au stria an� were threatening Byzantiu m . If at that time they were un able to resist the German and Magyar invasion, if they were unable to achieve independence an d form a stable state even when both their enemies, the Magyars and Germans, were tearing each other to pieces, how will they be able to achieve it today, after a thousand years of subjection an d loss of their national character? There is no country in Europe which does not have in some corner or other one or several ruined fragments of peoples, the re mnant of a former population that was suppressed and held in bondage by the nation which later became the main vehicle of historical development. These relics of a nation mercilessly trampled under foot in the course of history, as Hegel says: these residua l fragments of peoples always become fanatical ard-bearers of counter-revolution and remain so until their comstaplnd loss of their national character, just as their whetoleeexextiristpaentiocen or general is itself a protest against a great historical revolution. in Such, in Scotlan d, are the Gaels, the supporters of the Stuarts from 1 640 to 1 745 . Such, in France, are th e Bretons, the supporters of the Bo urbons from 1 792 to 1 800. -
a
See G.
W. F. Hegel.
Vorlesungen fiber-die Philosophic JeT Ge.�chichte. Einleitung.-Ed.
235
The Magyar Struggle
uch , in Spain ' are the Basques, the supporters of Don Carlos. wh 0 are Such in Austria are the pan-Slavist Southern SIav.�, . nothing but the residual fragment of peoples, resu Itmg . fron: an extremely confused thousand years of development. That thiS resld� al f rag , ment , which is likewise extremely confused, sees Its salvatIOn . h " h of the whole European movement, w in iC reversal Its ' m view only a ought to go not from west to east, but from east tq wes� , and that for it the instrument of liberation and th � bond of umty the Russtan the world. k out that is the most natural thmg Already before 1 848, therefore, the Southern Slavs had � lcarly shown their reactionary character. The year 1 848 brought It fully into the light of day. . the February storm broke, who made the Austnan When rev olution? Vienna or Prague? Budapest or Agram? The Germans and Magyars, or the Slavs? I t is true that among the more educated Southe�n Slavs there wa � a small democratic party which, although n�t wantmg t? renounce ItS nationality, nevertheless desired to put It at the dlsp?sal of �he struggle for freedom. This iIllision, which succeeded III arousmg svmpathy also among West-European democrats, sympath r that �as fully justified as long as the Slav d�mocr�ts took part the struggle against the common enemy-thIs IllUSIOn was shattered by the bombardment of Prague. After that event all the South-Slav races, following the example of the Croats, put themselves at the disposal of Austrian reaction. Those leaders of t�e South�Slav movement who continue to talk drivel about the equah�y of nations, about democratic Austria, and so on, are either stupId dream�rs, such as, for example, many journalists, or they are scou.nd:e!s hke Jellachich. Their democratic assurances ha:� no mon; slgmfiCance than the democratic assurances of offICial Austnan counter revolution. It suffiC;es to say that in practice the restoration of the South-Slav nationality begins with the most sav� ge ou,rbursts of fury against the Austrian and Magyar revolution, With a first great good turn rendered to the Russian Tsar. . . Apart from the higher nobility, the bureaucracy and the �I�I tary, the Austrian camarilla . found s\,pport only among the Sl�\ s. The Slavs played the deciSive part the fall of Italy, th.e Slavs stormed Vienna, and it is the Slavs who are now attackmg the Magyars from all sides. At their head as spokesmen are the Czechs under Palacky, as leaders of armed forces the Croats under Jellachich. That is the gratitude shown for the fact that the C,el man democratic press in June everywhere sympathised with the Czech S
n
"
-
m
IS
m
m
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236
Articles from the Neue Rheinische Zeitung
democrats when they were shot down by Windischgratz, the same Windischgratz who is now their hero. To sum up: In Austria, apart from Poland and Italy, it is the Germans and Magyars in 1 848, as during the past thousand years already, who have assumed the historical initiative. They represent the revolution. The Southern Slavs, who for a thousand years have been taken in tow by the Germans and the Magyars, only rose up in 1 848 to achieve their national independence in order thereby at the same time to suppress the German-Magyar revolution. They represent the counter-revolution. They were joined hy two nations, which had likewise long ago degenerated and were devoid of all historical power of action: the Saxons and the Rumanians of Transylvania. The Habsburg dynasty, whose power was based on the union of Germans and Magyars in the struggle against the Southern Slavs, is now proloil'ging the last moments of its existence through the union of the Southern Slavs in the struggle against the Germans and Magyars. That is the political aspect of the question . Now for the military aspect. The region inhabited exclusively by Magyars does not form even one-third of the whole of Hungary and Transylvania . In the area from Pressburg, northwards from the Danube and Theiss up to the rear oj the Carpathians there live several million Slovaks and a few Ruthenians. In the south, between the Sava, Danube and Drava, there live Croats and Slovenes; farther to the east, along the Danube is a Serb colony of more than half a million people. These two Slav stretches are linked by the Wallachians and the Saxons of Transylvania. On three sides, therefore, the Magyars are surrounded by natural enemies. If the Slovaks, occupying the mountain passes, were of a less lukewarm disposition, they would be dangerous opponents, in view of their region being excellently adapted for guerilla warfare. As things are, however, the Magyars have only to withstand from the north attacks of invading armies from Galicia and Moravia. In the east, on the other hand, the Rumanians and Saxons rose up in a mass and joined the Austrian army corps there. Their situation is an excellent one, partly because of the mountainous nature of the country and partly because they occupy most of the towns and fortresses. Finally, in the south are the Banat Serbs, supported by the German colonists, the Wallachians and also an Austrian corps, protected by the vast Alibunar morass and almost impregnable.
The Magyar Struggle
237
e d , sin an be nu Da he d an a av Dr � e th � by d te ec . all Its The Croats artheeiprr otdisposal a strong Austnan army :-Vilh at ve ha v he t u;iliary resources, they advanced into th e � agyar . regIOn. al:eady e of hn r eI g th m ld ho m lty icu ff di tle lit ve ha w no d �efore Octnobthere an . va ra D er w o L . o ce . n defe of ns m lu co ed rn se he a, tn us A om fr � e, sid th ur fo Finally, from the re rs ya ag M he T g. m nc va ad � w no e ar h ic ch lla Je W ' dischgratz and r no pe su y stl va of y em en an by d le rc ci en d an es sid , ene-led on all cnI� th t :vi b 3, 79 1 in ce an Fr t ns � ai ag at th of t en isc . in m re is g po��:. fightin ed hs Vl cl lfh ly o d an d te la pu po � ly se � ar sp e th at th the difference Magyars is far fr?m havmg at Its dIsposal the country of the d. h en th c bh pu Re ch � en Fr e th ch hi w s ce ur so re d un bo e ar r ga un f.' I� � re tu ac uf an m s y on iti un The weapons and m y; in particular, It IS ImpossIble fO r the . to be of very poor qua lit r fa IS ry nt ou he . T ly � pi ra d ea ah � go to ry le manufacture of artil d every inch of tt:rntory los� IS there!ore a smaJler than France an at is left to th e M agyars is theIr revolutionary , n much greater Ioss. All thage and the energetic, speedy orgam. sauo enthusiasm, their cour give th em . that Kossuth was able toia ha s not yet won. But for all that, Austr �
t e Leitha, we shall beat them on the on ' op tro l ria pe im the "If we fail to beat t at Pest, then on t e no if st; Pe at m the at be all sh we Rabnitz,' if not on the Rabnitz , ". . h ern t at be all sh Theiss, but in any case we
d. or w s hi ep ke to t os m ut s hi g in do is he d an th So said Kossu t ea gr e th ve ha il� st rs ya ag M e th , st pe da Even with the f�ll of Bu terrain as it were speCIally create� for Lower H ungarian steppean, da offering numerous al�ost unassaIla�le cavalry guerilla warfare where the Magyars can dIg themsel�fs � . points between the swampsare almost all hor�emen ' possess a t e And the Magyars, who ch a war. If the Im p�na. l a!my da ��s to ualities needed to wagewsu nS IS1 OV pr l ItS al am ? bt to ve ha ill w it re ? absolutely nothmg �nter this desert region , foher it will find nothm from Galicia or Austria, le to see how it will beg, a?l� to h old ou.t . It on the spot, it is impossib closed formation; and If It spht. s �p mt? will achieve nothing in ais lost. Its clumsiness would delIver It flying detachments it td en hm ta de lry va ca r ya ag M � ift sw e th of s nd ha e . irretrievably into th an , US lO OT ct VI be ld ou sh it if en ev t ui rs pu of ty ili . ib without any poss I ta or m a d fm ld ou w y m ar l ria pe im e th every isolated soldier of ent on November 9, 184 8 am rli pa ian ar ng Hu e th in eech a From Kossuth's sp . (KiillOny, November 1 1 , I R48).-Ed
238
Articles from th e Neue Rheinische Zeitung
239
�nemy in. every p�asant, in every herdsman. War in these st lIke war In ,\lgena, and the clumsy Austrian army w :�pe� . ld qUire years to end It. And the M agyars will be saved if they ou h 0ld Out for only a few months. The Magyar cause is not in such a bad way as m . e black-and-yellow ' enthusiasm would have us believe. The .:r�enary are not yet defeated. B ut if they fall, they will fall gloriO I gyars �ast her?es of the · 1 84 8 revolution, and only for a short ��� ��he or a . time the Slav counter-revolution will sweep dow � en A� stnan mona�ch� with all its barbarity, an d the camar n n th� ; at �.ort of allI�s It ha� . B ut at the first victorious u pr illa will e g of :� u:.e�c prol�tanat, which Louis N apoleon is striving wisin aU hi: Ig t to conjure u p , the Austrian Germans an d Magyars ith s re blo�dy revenge o n the Slav barbarians. Thewillgebe �:: . ,��1c� WI�ttten reak out Will. smash this Slav Sonderbundnean�d� wipe out all these petty hidebound nations, dow n to thel' r very names. The next world war will result in the disappearance from of t.h e earth. not only of reactionary classes an d dynastie the fa entire reactIOnary peoples . A nd that, t00, IS' a step fors, but also �� ward.
IS
HERR MULLER.RADETZKY'S CHICANERY TOWARDS TESSIN. THE FEDERAL COUNCIL.-LOHBAUER "
.
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Written by Engels about Janu ary 8. 1 849 First publi ..hed in the Neu e Rheinische Ze>tung No. 1 94 , January 13 , 1849
Berne,
Printed accord ing to th e new spaper
, .
I
, ,
•
T he colours of th e Austrian flag.-Ed.
January 8. The Neapolitan Government, which is getting more and more worried about the non-arrival of Swiss recruits, has now sent one of its Swiss staff officers, Herr Tobias Miiller, here to confer with the Federal Council about the change of the route of the recruits, as the stipulated port of embarcation, C,enoa, is closed to them. This Herr Miiller is eminently suitable for such a mission. Not only has he fought in Italy against freedom for many years; he had already in 1 83 1 taken up arms in his home town (Freiburg) against the revolution. Radetzky, who knows his men, received him with distinction, embraced him in front of his General Staff, and praised him and the Swiss in 1\ aples in general in glowing terms for their "loyalty to their King" ( ! ) and their bravery in the service of their "King". However, Herr Muller will very likely come up against difficulties: even the liberalism which prevails in the Federal Council is no friend to the enlistment agreements,229 any more than are the liberal governments of Berne and Lucerne. While Radetzky fraternises with the Swiss in Naples, his chicaneries against Tessin are beginning all over again. He has informed the Government there that Mazzini is still hiding in the canton and has even revealed to it his hiding-place. He further complains that weapons are continuing to be smuggled into Lombardy. The Government has decided to investigate the first point and, if Mazzini is really again in the canton, to expel him; as to the second point, the Government let it lie on the table, since it was not its business to serve the Austrians as frontier guard. Radetzky has incidentally threatened to enforce the closing of the frontier again if smuggling of arms does not cease.
Articles from the Neue Rheinische Zeitung
240
The Federal Council is busy with the draft laws to be put before the next Federal Assembly. Among these are the Customs Law, organisation of postal services, proposals for military organisation, and so on. It must be admitted that while the highly esteemed Frankfurt Assembly in its extravagant helplessness and helpless extravagance has not up to now produced anything but its own misere, the Swiss federal authorities are quietly carrying through one bourgeois centralisation step after another. A number of centralising laws will be put before the Councils in March, will be debated and adopted in May and June, and will come into force in June. For such small, detailed reforms the present ruling liberal generation of Swiss politicians (one cannot say statesmen) have an incontestable talent. In a few years the centralisation of Switzerland will be completed as far as the Constitution allows, and then the Con �titution itself will become a fetter on the further development of the country, and the one and indivisible republic will become a necessity. All this on the-impossible-supposition that the European storm which is building up will leave Switzerland as neutral as did the year 1848. But really, what kind of a nation is this, which in a time of revolution like the present is striving for no more than the abolition of cantonal customs, cantonal posts and other cantonal institutions which for many many years past have been heavily oppressive! Which in the midst of the birth pangs of a new historical epoch sees as its highest goal an improved edition of the historically outdated Federal Republic al}d the first beginnings, already necessitated by the Sonderbund war,230 of bourgeois centralisation! What small beer in the ferment of the glorious European movement! The Federal Council has moreover taken an extremely strange step. It has again appointed the well-known Herr Lohbauer of Berlin as Professor of Military Science. Herr Lohbauer, refugee of 1 830, radical, later renegade, was, as is well known, summoned through the Eichhorn clique in the forties Berlin, where he worked on the Staats-Zeitung: on the Janus and on other ultra-reactionary and pietist organs of the press. Herr Lohbauer is, if we are not much mistaken, the author of that lackey's kick in the shape of an article in the Staats-Zeitung with which Herwegh was thrown out of the royal states after his letter to His Majesty. Herr Lohbauer was never a soldier, and yet he is to lecture here on military science.2" Only Herr Ochsenbein, who appointed him, can know the meaning of that. •
to
a Allgemeine Preuss-ische Staats-Zpitung.-Ed.
241
anery towards Tessin ic h C s )" zk et ad R r. " 11e Herr Mu
t, en em re ag in w no e ar ls ci n u o C at re In m. ost' ogf tagh ealc. �astntothnes thete tiGest local interests. T he Zun.ch Great and hcI�lh�tmas electe our f:leP nd D r AIcibiades Escher as B urgomaster Coun f of the Executlve) . T h � Berne Great Council will meet on (id est chie the 15th. 9 o n January 8, 1 84 Written by Engels
.
pubrISh ed in the nuary 1 3 , 1849 Ja , 4 19 . o N ng tu ei l
flrst
Neue Rheinische
Printed accord in g
w
the newspaper
for th e first published in English tune
242
243
THE L A ST V O L lJ N T E E R I N S U R G E N TS
Berne, January 8. The second instance of th e
C OU rt of Appeal h ere has sentenced Herr J . Ph . B . ecker an d Herr H . H attem ' er m B Ie l, th e f·Irst to on e year, the second t . . , . 0 SIX months exIle fr om th e canton, for . . fou n dm ' g the mIlItary associatio 232 ' n "Hili D 1 tT The other accused . were acquitted . T hI's b . nngs to an en d th e fam ous story of th e . much-talked-of third vo lu te gents ' cam aign, and the p Central Autho rity can now o c . evote ItS entIre valuable tim e to th e question of the G r an a �ch and the German fleet. God bless their Sou r efforts fo e we - em g o f th e "who le fatherla n d ". "
� :���;';{ : : �f�
Written by Engels on Januar y 8, 18 49
published in the Neue Rh . nnu . che Z..'tung No. 1 95, January 14, 1849 First
Printed according to the newspaper Published in English fo r the first rime
,
BUDGET
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Berne,
January 9. The Cantonal Budget has now been so far discussed in the Government Council that it can be presented to the Great Council which is to assemble shortly. I t conforms with other European budgets in also having a deficit, of 43,000 francs out of a total of about 5 million francs. Of these 5 million, about 800,000 francs are covered by revenue from state property, 1 ,800,000 by indirect taxes, the rest by tolls. Thus the population pays per head almost exactly 4 Swiss francs ( 1 taler 1 8 sgr . ) in direct taxes, and about 3 ' /2 francs in indirect taxes. I f all the reductions proposed by Finance Director Stampfli (leader of the local radicals) had gone through, the result would have been a surplus of 80,000 francs instead of a deficit. But this did not suit the liberal majority o f the Government Council, who calmly leave it to the aristocrats to make the eternal complaint of the "disastrous financial situation" in order to lay the blame for this on the radical Stampfli. I n reality, the canton's finances were brought into complete disorder and squan dered by the notorious Neuhaus Government, and if order has been restored now, we have only H err Stampfli to thank for this. Written by Engels on January 9, 1849
First published in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. I %, January 1 4, 1849
Printed according to the newspaper Published in English [or the first
time
Priests'
n w o s it t o g s a h ts n o P es L f o e ia il t IS r y o e th n v E . � n o : n a the c atI�On. ThiS� orgamsauon o� d. e�ocracy through the people itasenlfd associ the best means 0f thwartlng the plots of ail the bedouins" will be priests.
244
PRIESTS' REBELLION
Written
by
, 18 49 Engels un January 9
Neue Rheinische published in the y 1 4 . 1 849 Zeilung Nu. 1 95 . Januar
First
January We now have a priests' rebellion here. The who had led a splendid life among the pious regiment of God's grace every pastor was the Eichhorn of his parish-have suffered a hard blow through the Republic. That is, the reverend gentlemen must be elected in future by the parishes themselves, and only for a limited period. Imagine the alarm! God's word no longer granted by one of God's ordained authorities, but hired out by the hour for ready cash just like a donkey or a day-labourer! The decision is taken, not by God-given will of the Royal Government, but by profane free competition, the pastor sinks to the position of an ordinary hire-d worker, the flock becomes a profane "employer" and can dismiss its worker if he does not carry out his task to its satisfaction. The indignation of the venerable company exceeds all bounds. They immediately issued a proclama tion in which, in the most pitiful and lamentable way, they bleated against the desecration of the most holy. Naturally this only aroused universal derision. B in secret, these gentlemen, the old friends of the Jesuits and the Sonderbund, are intriguing against the Republic and conspiring to restore Frederick William, by the grace of God. The Government is magnanimous enough to allow these impotent machinations to go on for the time bei ng. The patriotic associations will be adequate to counterbalance the ambitions of the priests. These patriotic associations are now forming everywhere. Starting from the mountains, from La Chaux-de-Fonds, Lode and the Traverstal, the home of our revolution,233 they are spreading all over
245
Rebellion
newspaper e th to g in rd co ac d te n ri P
published ume
in En g lish
for the
first
9. NeucMtel, venerable compagnie des pasteurs,"
lit
a
The venerable
c.ompany
of pasturs.-Ed.
I
to idates for election d n ca t lis ya ro f o e a The local nicknam e, p. 7).- Ed. Council (see this volum
the
Swiss National
246
The Swiss Press
•
T H Y,
SWISS PRESS
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January I 1 . Year by year . . th e p r o ' Itl ca I p re ss ' In Switzerl. and becomes increasingly active . BeSI'des some twentv! lI tera ry magazInes, th ere are now 98 political . new.spape rs In the 2 2 cantons. B u t one should not imagine that among th ern there are a n y I arge-slz newspapers h.ke the Germ ' e a n o r e v e n . t h e French . E xc·ept for a few newspapers In the Waad t �:nto� , they are a ll only half a printed sheet and in q uarto a n d � y � dozen of them are published daily; a small numb�r a p p e a/�I tImes, most o f th em three times and some only once a . . week h few exceptIons they wretchedly managed and are all writ;e � d , of course, on the restri basis of cantonal conditio cted . ns in �is t � n d In the extremely pett,:, polemic� which is th : e o n ly pos��� 7In her e , h o w can a n y �onslderable Journalistic talent deve l and what really talented Journalist would consent to and to the space o f a uart be ;�stJ:'cte?S to these meagre conditions o she at �pJ:'ears three times a w The best quality of the S eek! wis: p �s; IS Its brazenness such things to one anoth . People say . er pu Ic y In the newspapers, make unblushingly such insole nt personal attacks, that .b a R h Prosecutor for w h o m A r t' ems Public ICIe 3 7 0 ' 0f th e Code Pen ' a PM IS ' sacrosanct would not ?e able to stand . it for three days 1' such a country. � ;' . ut that IS a ll . I f o n e leaves out o f account thIS recklessness which mCldentally' is quite w,' tho u t WIt . ' . o r h u m o u r, a I m o st n o but the most servile bow' th m g IS left . m? and s�ra�Ing to the repellent narrow mindedness of a small nat,on . , w h . 1C h m a d d if Io n to Its smallness is sp I'It and Immeasurably pu ffed up--a natI.On o f antediluvian Alpine
"
Berne,
� � �
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a
See this volume, p . 3 1 7. -Ed.
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247
herdsmen, hidebound peasants and disgusting philistines. That in large countries a newspaper takes the lead from its party and never undertakes anything against the interests of the party is quite understandable, and does little harm to freedom of discussion, because every trend, even the most progressive, has its press organs. But in the parochial conditions of Switzerland, the parties themselves are parochial, and the press is just as parochial as the parties. Hence the narrow-minded viewpoints from which everything is looked at; hence the absence of any press organs for trends which are indeed progressive, but which even in Germany have long been current. Hence the fear of even the most radical newspapers to diverge one iota from the narrow-minded programme of their party calculated only on the most immediate future, their fear to attack even the most extreme features of Swiss national narrow-mindedness. Anyone who violated sacred national feeling would immediately be punished by patriarchal lynch justice. What else does the honest Swiss need his fists for? Such is the average level of the Swiss press. Above this level are the best newspapers of Romance Switzerland and Berne; below this level is the great mass of newspapers of East. Switzerland. Let us begin with the press of the Swiss capital. In Berne a certain centralisation of the Swiss press is already taking place. The press of the canton is already concentrated there and is beginning to a certain extent to gain the influence befitting a capital city. The chief organ of the reactionary, or as it is called here the aristocratic, party is the Schweizerischer Beobachter, which the Berner Zeitung rightly calls the Moniteur of Swiss officers in the service of foreign states. This prim little newspaper (issued three times a week) praises the heroic deeds of the Swiss Croats in Italy, attacks the radicals with the dirtiest weapons, defends the enlistment agree ments,m fulsomely praises the aristocrats, extols Radetzky and Windischgratz, defends the murder of Robert Blum, slanders the revolution in all countries and denounces refugees to the Govern ment. This noble sheet has really no editor; it is compiled from all kinds of dispatches and items from idle sons of patricians, and from place-seekers of the Municipal Council. A worthy companion to it is the Intelligenzblatt, an organ which has on the front page only announcements, while the back page is filled with articles praising the pietism and profit-making of the patrician landowners. Die Biene is intended to act as the Charivari of this party. But since nowadays the patrician gentlemen on the whole have more to weep over than to laugh at, the humour of this B iene is of a terribly dull and lame vanety. •
The Swiss Press
248
Articles from the
Neue Rheinische Zeitung
The moderate or liberal party, the party of Ochsenbein , has the. Berner Verfassungs-Freund as its main organ . Th'IS newspaper the . 0 d f h' h �r' formerly Professor, Karl Herzog, is It w �c rega�ded ' :s �:e seml-of?ICla organ of Ochsenbein. Edited b a fairl .n nc d ha ?, bu withopt a trace of talent, the news;aper Iimiis . of the Government and Federal ���� t:. �. efen�mg t�e actIOns Councd, msofar as these actions emanate from the 0chsenbem ' In regard t0 the .eastern cantons, especially the Ur-canton .Itparty .IS of" cours e fearfully liberal, and even in matters of foreign po1i:� it . . resou ding trumpet-call in order; m lmes Issues a behind the � �arg I e tone, to smuggle m the most non-committal neutralit A Bundeszeitung, steers app[�xiobscure newspaper, the ess :�;:I � ��e same course, as does also the French news . )' e d n �a rench by the Piedmontese Bassi. wh����t �� ����:ly 1rn�e� wit� t�e Government as the Verfassungs-Freund It. IS. ' eat no I�ss zealous in flattering the ruling liberal majority and with gr persistence but little success. it attacks the revoludonary press of French Sw'tI zerI�nd, m ' partIcuIar the Nouvelliste Vaudois. It behaves re �ently regard to the Italian question in which n its editor d ;a� a �Ir� ct part.-These three newspapers appear daily ;�� radIcal party has the largest number of news a ers. 'At their which the editor-in-chie� i;the barrister d I r-Z�ttung, ern the of ���ge:�r, :Ice-;resIde�t of the Great Council and member of th C��ncd of States. ThiS newspaper is the organ of the markedl; r� lCal party of the. Germ.an part of the canton, represented in the Government C?uncIl by Fmance Pi rector Stampfli. 1m lementation f demo�racy the legislation and administration of the canton �rom which . much ancient rubbish has still to be removed th ' greatest posslbl� centralisation throughout Switzerland, abandon� ent the first opportunity-these are of the po o.f neutral!ty at h . . % e mam pnncI,P?es m the edItmg of tnis newspaper. ;0 mo� emm��t representatives of Berne radicalism participate ��Ise wor , �nd It IS therefore not surprising that the Berner-Zeitun is th. e best edIt� newspaper not only in the canton, but in the whol! of .Ge ;man Switzerland. If the editors and contributors could write u r e h e e l: d u s c e il n tt a th n o a st ? � n: � � ;: �7 . � J:�iSi��:I��tet�. :� !ep��i� 0 me m t0 prommence With a ,'ery red coIoration at that; but that cannot be done just n�w ' the Appearing a:ty yet tolerate it. alongside the B:rnerwould not �eltung from January 1 , and also daily, is L 'Helvetie federale the successor of the newspaper Helvetie, formerly published in prudtruta 286
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el on ol , C er ad le r ei th d an ls ca di ra ra Ju e th of n in the Jura, orga r of the Government Council. T he old Helvetie Stockmar, a membe e new one is equally so, indeed in an even more was definitely red; th marked degree. a e is ew lik is r) ze ei hw Sc ie re F er D y sl ou vi re The Schweizer Zeitung (pm, but exclusively of the bourgeois variety, lis representative o f radictca s rm fo re ic om on ec ng di an m de to lly ho w lf and therefore restri susitseto the ruling, propertied class. For th e rest, which are advantageoaper too goes beyond the usual Swiss �antonal however, this newsp (neutrality, sovereignty of the cantons etc.). narrow-mindedness ilies, the B er ne radicals have also a hu morous Besides these th ree da the only good one in Switzerland-the newspaper, and in fahectGukkasten (a weekly) restricts itself purely to Gukkasten of Je nn i. T is th r fo y el is ec pr t bu s, st re te in on nt ca Swiss and, particularly,dBinerne it at th so , nd la e th in er w po a g in m reason it has succeede rt inbethco d an t en nm er ov G s u ha eu N e th f o ll fa e played an important pathat the Ochsenbein party does not remain at re is now trying to ensuThe e th p ri st to s ek se i nn Je ch hi w by it w ss le ci the helm too long. ommerevery one of the governing personalities, halo of popularity frn himself, has brought h im innumerable court including Ochsenbei under the Neuhaus Government, and subse cases an d vexations letters and savage attacks. But all in vain, and quently threatening tlemen of Berne still await the appearance o f the highly placed gen le ab er id ns co h it w en st ka uk G e th of issue each fresh Saturday m n oo rt ca y kl ee w 's en st ka uk G , e th ot sh B lu was trepidation . Whenution of s as m a by ed nd ou rr su e, ax d er's block an depicted an exec h th e th en h W " y. ed m re ly n o e h "T : ption broken crowns, wit Bernee ca ed w llo fo as w it , is th r ve o t an n ig d in axed sedate bourgeois of next iswsu n ow cr a h it w t os -p p m la a g in w o sh by a cartoon in the d with thee captio n : .. Suaviter in modo, fortiter in dangling from it, an essenhause rl " re"-in memory of Mear, the Seeliinder Anzeiger, published by J. A . Until the New Y f the National Council an d th e Great Council , Weingart, a memberseontative of socialism. The Seeliinder Anzeiger was the sole repre mixture of tearfully sentimental and philan preaches a curious h red revolution . It keeps the former for the thropic socialism wspiteaks of the latter as soon as it deals with foreign Berne canton, but ds literary form, this weekly is one of the worst countries. A s regarof the canton. For the rest, in spite of th e C h ristian edited periodicaltps ourings of his soul, Herr Weingart in politics soft-hearted ou outspoken radicalism. Since the New Year, the supports the most d. E e. nc ta bs su in l ca di a Mild in manner, ra
250
Articles from the
Ne'U£ Rheinische Zeitung
� ��r 1- nzeiger has had a rival in the shape of an o th er h a ich t l 's ' �t ; :Z��f:f:�; ofthe IBetrue has set itself rather than. k��::��k�ern ,;�' ;: l n e canton a n d SwItzerlan d m genera! i� f d start1' 11g p o in ts to fo r p ro p ag an . d a o . f th e fu n d an.d to propose m easurcs for gettin rid of at tmentals of sOClahsm evds. A t any rate, this little news a �r I' s the o east t� e most blatant Switzerla. nd which has adopted tPhePfI.ght Cou nly one the whole of It" s I deas this country and if it.s chances f Surse to gain. suppOrt for to the . fu. ry it has al:eady aroused among ccess are m proportion au thontles, then its prospects are bY no mea the high an d hIg' hest Of th e newspapers published outside th 'tyns bad . one: th e Evolution, as Becker, the leader ott� , I shall m�nuon only has now renamed his Revolution Th ' mo , e volunteer msu rgents, newspapers published in Switzerl�nd ai;n e s�1 o� tspoken of all the revolution, for which it tries t 'n su pport ca s o r a new E u ropean By way of thanks the eacef� t� ghers ?ers among its entourage. readers, apart fro� th!German I��ugees etest. it, a n d it finds few SWItzerland, Besanc;on and Alsace. In a forthcoming article I shall am . ' e more detail the newspapers publish ed outside Bern e. :;;:- m
25 1
S eliin
a
PROTECTIONIST AGITATION. RECRUITING INTO THE NEAPOLITAN ARMY
111
111
III
0
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Berne,
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Written
Engels on January I I . 18 49 First published in the Neue Rhet.nt.sche Zet.tung No. 19 7, Jan uary 1 7 , 1 849 hy
Printed according to the new
spaper
Published in English for th e time
•
first
I
January 12. The protective tariff agitation in Switzerland is growing more and more lively, and so, in the same proportion, is the movement in the interest of preserving the free trade system which has existed up to now. The arguments of both sides are equally excellent and it is very hard to see how Switzerland will extricate itself from the dilemma. The protectionist party points to the yearly increasing pressure of foreign competition on home industry and the proportionately vanishing prospects for providing work for the growing unemployed population. As against this the free traders stress the price increases of industrial products, affecting the agricultural majority of the people, and the impossibility for a nation of two million people to protect a border as extended, and as suitable for smuggling, as the Swiss border, without ruinous expense. Both parties are perfectly right; without protective tariffs one branch of Swiss industry after another is ruined; with protective tariffs the federal finances are ruined. To unite both, the Berner Verfassungs Freund proposes a jUlte-milieu tariff which would ruin both together. In March the Federal Councils will have to break their teeth on the impossible solution of this problem. In Geneva for some time past, Neapolitan recruiting officers were seen going around tIT-ing to raise recruits for the service of His Bombarding Majesty.2 9 Ferdinand must need the sturdy Swiss very badly if he even allows recruiting in cantons with which he has no enlistment agreement. But the Geneva Government soon put an end to these activities. It declared all engagements already entered into as null and void, forbade all recruiting, and threatened the recruiting officers with harsh punishment. The mercenaries of the Neapolitan hyena thereupon withdrew in all haste from the Geneva area. Written by Engels on January
a
See this volume, p.
205.-Ed.
First published Zeitung No. 1 97,
in the January
12, 1 849
Neue Rheinische 17, 1849
Printed according to the newspaper time
Published in English for the
first
252
rg Miiller.- The Freibu
n Govern ment.- Ochsenbei
253
. �ls ca s, es n ed d in . -m w ro ar n . s is Sw to l ea ap OUS maliCI a , r ein la u p o p b . ry ve e m o ec b e av h rs e · essm H err "foreign poI'ICY" . Bouft ththeePT d an , rs ie ld so e n er B e th f o Berne as .a reasus ltgot to remr�f�rtp�pular in Berne; and finally, this is , se ochsenbem h u ca : y n a t u o h it w � l ci n u o I C e d F , ss � e n si u b e th f o m o er tt h rt : fu ll a the bo r : fo le ib � o sp re ain n s e 0 n to n ca � th ade � n t ei u j b s n se ch has O rr � e H er ev en h w t y a h it W � n o tl a e c li th p , k ic com tr . ty ir d al ic ct ra p a l ci � u o C � ;� . : J e : e th s te ra d n t e a p s u o pe r m m a n g a m in it e th o cl ry Verjassungs-Freund m U,st' m th �O 'rule the stupid peasants in this ey t ow h s t a h T . e g a u g n noble la country. Oh, democracy! m
�f D LLER -THF. FREIBURG GOVE R N M E NT . . OCHSENB E I N
m
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Written by
January 13. The great Herr Tobias MiilIer has at last arrived in the canton of Uri and is demanding from the Government that the depot of Neapolitan recruits, which was previously in Genoa, now be moved to Altorf, from whence he will send them by one route or another to Naple It is not known whether the Government will agree to his demands; even if it does, it is still questionable whether the other governments bound by the enlistment agreement will be satisfied with the proposed move.-A troop of Lucerne recruits are it is said, to be forwarded via Trieste to Naples, to the scandal of the whole civilised world. The Freiburg Government, which in general is guilty of strangely arbitrary actions, has again, despite the new Federal Constitution, had a Schwyz canton citizen deported. Already earlier it had just as unceremoniously thrown out Herr Si eber of Zurich, editor of the Wachter of Murten, and present co-editor of the Berner-Zeitung. Both cases will come before the Federal Assembly. and it is hoped it will see that the Constitution is respected . A wonder has come to pass: the press organ of the neutral Herr Ochsenbein, the Verfassungs-Freund, recognises repentantly that the Tessiners were not so much in the wrong in their quarrels with Radetzky and the East-Swiss troops.' He stammers his pater, peccavi' and tries to cover the matter up with an Iliacos intra peccatur muTOS et extra.' And yet the Tessin governm ent councillors are the most confirmed anti-neutralists among the supporters of what Ochsen,
, See this volume, p. 136.-Ed. b Father, I have sinned.-Ed. C Sins are committed inside and outside the
walls
of Ilion.-Ed
on January 1 3 . 1849
Neue Rheinische e th in ed ish bl pu t Firs y 1 7 . 1 849 Zeitung No. 1 97 . Januar
Berne,
s.
Engels
I
e new'paper Printed accord ing to th
for the first Publi,hed in English
time •
Monte.sq uicu
254
255
LVI
Iwwever, comparison has shown uS that the same stuff plays the siJll u ltaneo us role of advertisement and leaflet. J n order to atone for the injustice we have done to the anonymous \lont esquieu LVI we have imposed upon ourselves the harsh penance of reading all his advertisements in the Kolnische Zeitung property available to the German and making his intellectual private , , t y er on .243 prop comm as pu bl' " Here is wisdom! Montesquieu LVI is chiefly concerned with the social question. He has found the "easiest and simplest way" to solve it, and he extols his Morison piIF44 with the most unctuous, naively shameless pathos of a qu ack.
MONTESQ U IE U LV I240
Ie
[Neue Rheinische Zeitung /1;0.
20 1,
January
2 1 , 1 849]
Jan �ary 20. �he "honourable" Joseph Dumont allows n anonymous wn�er, who not paid by him bu t a s hi m an the feature section seeks to in fluence the prim:ryYelectors d h 0 �m the Neue Rheinische Zeitung in the following way ": ' t0 a�dress Cologne,
IS
the Organ of Democr�cy, has been plea se ' d to take notice of the articles published in this pa er u and to state that they were taken from he d he tl�Jehe,To �he PV4tpary . eUSSISC , Zeltung. "In face 0f th15 ' , . W� sjmply decla e that these articles as � paid advertisemenu' and th t,, w,th the ex ception of the flrst one, taken from the ParlamenLi-Korrespondenz they we c wn'tte ' �ologne .a nd their author h as upto m now not even seen let alone ' read th: Neue pnrcu s.usche Zellung."
r i l\�u: �
"The Neue Rheinische Zeitung
:
•
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•
We un de rstand ho w im portant it is for M s .e I authenticate h �s property. We also understand ��� �l Herr Dumont IS the statement that he is "paid" even forPt�rt;� f�� and dV tl"s�ments whlch he s�t� up, prints an d distribuhteesIea fIets in the inter:st �� h s c lass, th e bourgeOlS!e. As for the an�nymous writer, he is aware of the French ."L�! beaux esprIts se rencontren t." b It is not his fault that h'saYing .. mte eC�ual p�oducts and those of the Neue Preussische Zeit S wn of the , Prusslan associations " 242 are as aI'ke as two peas. u�g �nd W e have never read hi S advertis. ements in the Kol . h Z:'tung , b ut the leafl �ts produced by Dumont's printing_hou�lS�ned from various quarters, we deemed worthy of a casual gla:n t to us ce. ..N. ow, Here foHows the statement bv th e )0 It\�h Z ' editors p�Jblished in their 1 84 paper on January 17 . 9 (issue owmg the adrlress , To the Primary b Gr a minds think alike.-Ed. I
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"The easiest and simplest way, however, to achieve this" (that is the solution of the social question) "is to accept the Constitution imposed on Dec.ember 5 1ast year. revise it, then make everyone swear aJIegiance to it, and thus Lo establish it. This i� our only way to .i'Ulvation. Consequentl)', any man who has a sympathetic heart for the misery of his poor brot he s, who wallts to feed the hungry and dothe the naked ... anyone, in short, who wants to solve the .�orial questiona ... should not vote for anyone who is opposed to the r
Consti-tution" (M ontesquieu LVI) .
Vote for Brandenburg-Manteuffel-Ladenberg, and the social question will be solved in the "simplest" and "easiest way"! Vote for Dumont, Camphausen, Wittgenstein or else for dii minorum gentiumb slIch as Com pes and Mevissen-and the social question will be solved! The "social question" for a vote! He who "wants to feed the hungry and clothe the naked" should vote for Hansemann and Stupp! One social question less for each vote! Acceptance of the imposed Constitution-voila la solution du probleme social!' We do not for a moment doubt that neither Montesquieu LVI nor his patrons in the citizens' associations will wait for the imposed Constitution to be accepted, revised, sworn, and promulgated before "feeding the hungry and clothing the naked" Measures have already been taken to this end. During the last few weeks circulars have been distributed here in which capitalists inform craftsmen, shopkeepers etc. that, in view of rhe present state of affairs and the revival of credit, the rate of interest, for philanthropical reasons, has been raised from 4 to 5 per cent. First solution of the social question! The Municipal Council here has in the same spirit drawn lip a " lVorker's Card" for the unfortunate people who must either starve 240
a In the Kolnische Zeitnng: "social qucstiolls".-Ed. 11 The gods of millor nations.-·Hd. There is tht' solution of the sm:ial p roblem!-Fd. C
256
Articles from th e Neue Rhein ische 7,eitung
or sell their hands to the city (d. No. 1 87 o f the Neu e Rheinisc� Zeitunl!'). It will be re m em be re d th at u nd this Charter im p osed 011 the workers, the worker who has lost his er b is bound by contract place himself under police surveillance. Sejo cond solution of the social question ! Shortly after the March events, the M unicipal Counc an eating-house in Cologne at cost prices, beautifully il established fine rooms that could be heated etc. After the gfurnished, Constitution other. premises were substituted for r.mting o f the . managed by the poor-law administration, where therethis, premises .· no crockery, where food may not be consumed o is no h eating, where a quart of indescribable gruel costs eight n the spot and pfennigs. Third solution of the social question ! While they ruled Vienna the workers guarded houses and the wealth of the bourgeois who had the B an k, the bourgeois, on their return, denounced these wfled. These same dischgratz as "robbers " who ought to be hanged orkers to Win who applied to the M unicipal Council were put in The unem ployed H ungary. Fourth solution of the social question to the army to fight ! In Breslau the wretched people who were obliged the poor-house were calmly exposed to cholera to seek refuge in Council and the Govern ment, which deprived b y the Mu nicipal essential physical necessaries o f li fe, and took noti them o f the most their cruel charity only when they themselves werce o f the victims o f e attacked by the disease. Fifth solution of the social question! In the Berlin Association "with God for King and supporter of the im posed Constitution dec Fatherland" a distressing that in order to further one's intere lared that it was had to pay compliments to the "proletariat ". sts and plans one still That is th e solution o f th e "solution o f th e soci "The Prussian spies are so dangerous because th al question " ! but are always hoping to be paid," says our frie ey are never paid Prussian hourgeois are so dangerous because nd Heine. A n d the they never pay but always promise to pay. During an election the English and French bourg lot of money. Their corrupt practices are well k n o eois spend quite bourgeois "are the most sh rewd "! They are mu w n . The Prussian upright to d ip into their pocket ; they pay withch too virtuous and th e "solution of th e social question ". A n d that co st s ontesquieu L V I, however, as Dumont officially assures u s,nopthayins gat. Mleas t for the advertisements
to
with
,
a
a Se e this volume, pp . 2 1 8- 2 1 .Ed.
246
Montesquieu LVI
257
.and adds-gratis-the solution of the "social · . I a c T h e p ractI a P rt of our Montesquieu's petites lEuvres thus bOIls . ,) t f . V or Brandenburg-Manteuf.felf e ll h owmg. t e o to down Lad enberg! Elect Cam hausen-Hansemann! Send us to Berr Just Jet our people estahI'IS� th ern selves there. That is the solution of the so cial q�estion! mann has solved these questions. Firs t, the I H . t e o aw�,: � � r��:� �e; � e �v; ����: �;� �8��� ���� 2;:: t the "so CIa qu es Ion dea r Silesian weavers ugrt" to be h �I d" , 247 Vote therefor� for t�e :�e�d� of �: im'posed Constitution ! ut MontesqUleu Lv I. ac p s he imposed Constituti" on only to be " ' to It'" " able aft.erwards to revlse an d "swear alI egIance , a ve accepted the ConstitutIon u h O nce Mv' dear Montesquieu! . . . only on ItS ownYObaSlS, that is insofar as it suits. the u an revl e it Y,Kmg � c and t� e Second. Chamber consisting of country s�U1res, financial magnates, hlgh-ran.kin '. officials and clerics" ThIS only I indicated already in the dlf. S n possible revision has bee Ju 1C1�U . d Constitution itse. lf I t conslst s YI'n abandoning the constitu Impose tiona! system and restormg' th e former Christian-Germamc system OJ,{ estates. Osed Constitution this is the only After the acceptance of �h e ' I . I ?P which cannot have escaped the possible and only I;>ermltte reVISIOn, shrewd MontesqUJeu. Thus the petites lEuvres f MontesqUl'eu LVI in their practical part, amount to th'iS.· Vote for Hansemann-Ca'mphausen'. Vote for ?umont-Stupp!. v?te for B ra d burg-Manteuffel! Accept th e g who accept the impos�d Imposed Constitution,, Elect d�I/�tes Constitution-and all this under the pretext f sol ' ng "the SOCIal qu ����;�e hell does. the pretext matter to us, when it is a question of the imposed ConstI[l�tIon ' Rut our MontesqUJeu f course prefaces his practical instructions I t' " the quintessence of his f th e soI u t'IOn of "the socIa ques , . a theoretICa.. I pal . Let us examine t.h' S monumental work, WIth I th eoretical part. . ' fIrst h at the "social questions "" are. The profound thmker expIams . h e Zet'tung I I1e Kiilntsc " q!1l!stions . .
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258
Montesquieu LVI
::I1e�lce man himself must procure ever'ything to satisfy. these need s. TIlls he does by labour.
::�abour,
the:efo:e, is the first condition of our life; without labo'uT we cannot r mong We.
pnmltlVe peoples everyborlv built his own hu t' lna' de h'l�
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Here is wisdom! He that hath ears to hear let him h hat, then, in effect is the situation w ith ihe physiolo F v y co r or ea l belllg � p re su pp os s a certai
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n weight, de nsi y etc. � Ev �r v organK b dy cons ists of va ri OU s co m po ne nt ? pa rt s, each of c ic wh P I er fo rm s Its ow n sp eC Ia l fu nc tio n, an d re ci procal in t tera a
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259
Mon tesquieu LVI cannot be denied an original talent for sim plifying science. He ought to be granted a patent (without ent guarantee). g()\'er nm The p roducts of labour cannot be produced without labour. One can not reap without sowing, one cannot have yarn without weaving
etc.
Europe will bend in admiration before the great genius who here, ill Cologne , without any aid from the Neue Preu.ssische Zeitung h himself brought these truths to light. In their work men enter into certain relations with one another. There place a division of labour which may be more or less diversified. One person bakes, another orge iron, one person a
as
takes f s gi tates [wOOlt], another wails [hrult],248 Montesquieu LVI writes and
Du mont prints. Adam Smith, acknowledge thy master! These discoveries, that labour and the division of labour are essential LVI to conditions of life o f every human society, enable draw the conclusion that the existence of the "various so cial estates" is quite natural, that the distinction between "bourgeoisie and proletariat" is a "big lie", that even if a "revolution" were completely LO destroy the existing "social relations" today, "relations exactly the same as the present ones will arise again", and finally that for anyone poor brothers" heart for the misery of who has "a and who wishes to gain the respect of Montesquieu LVI, it is absolutely necessary to elect delegates in keeping with the ideas of Manteuffel and the imposed Constitution.
Montesquieu
his
sympathetic
" This has been so for thousand.1 of years among all the nations on earth" !!! In Egypt there was labour and division of labour-and castes; in Greece and Rome labour and d ivision of labour-and free men and slaves; in the . Middle Ages labour and division of labour-and feudal lords and serfs, guilds, social estates etc. In our day there is labour and division of labour-and classes, one of which owns
means production
and all means of subsistence, while the other all of Ii ves only so long as it sells its labour, 249 and it sells its labour only so long as the employing class itself by purchasing this labour. I s it not obvious, therefore, that " for thousands of years it has been the same among all the nations on earth" as it is in Prussia today, since labour and division of labour have always in one form or another? Or is on the contrary, evident that the social relations, the property relations, were always overthrown by the constantly changing method of labour and division labour? In aristocrat the bou rgeois did not tell should remain an aristocrat, a serf a serf and a guildsman a guildsman-because there is no society without labour and division
enriches
existed
it,
1 789
of
feudal society that an
Anicles from the Neue Rheinische Ze itung
260
Montesquieu LVI
of labour. . There is no life without breathing of air. Hen MontesqUieu LVI, breathe th e stuffy air and d0 not ce , argues open any window. . One rust .p',lssess the naively clumsy insolence of a Germ n Impena ph distme grown grey in crass ignorance to co nt ri bu � e oracular pr on ou nc em en ts up on pr ob lenls on "h ' h our century . . teeth, afte brea king Its r having rammed the first elements of portI ' I� ���nomY-labour . an d ?i�ision of labour-in a superf icial ��� Istorted manner mto his mert head "There is no society without labou� and division of labour. "
IC
Therefo re
"Elect frien�s of the im posed Prussian Constitution an . d only fnen� s o� the 1m posed Constitution, as delegates ' " T�ls epIta�? some day will he inscribed in large I�tters on th e w al ls f l c r 7ee� :b7:;!� t� :�; r;; �I�mausole.um which a grateful posterity will c , on te squ�eu L V I (not to be confused with H enry CCL XX X IV of Reu�s-Sch le lz -G re iz -Lobenstein_Eberswalde") , wh soIved the SOCial question. n �sq�ieu I,-VI does not conceal from us "where th � e difficulty lie;: an w at he mtends to do as soon as h e is proc la im ed a la w gi ve r. " The state, he teaches . . . " mus t see to it that erybody rece'LV €S Su ff �clent education to be able to learn something useful in lhil world." Monte. .squieu LVI h as never heard that under eXls. tm . g condit. .io ns the diVISIOn f iabour replaces com plex labour h . · labour o f adults by tbat o f children, the labou ; ��n I l bO th e: �y ;:;�t � �omen, the. labour of the independent workers by au:!: m proportion as modern industry deVelops, tomatons' th� wo.rkers becomes u nnecessary and im possible. W e the educati�n i qu�e �of C�logne neither to Saint-Simon nor to Fourefer the M:� �� an uar o. Thi.S worthy should first acquaint rier but to a t �u dl'men �s of present-day conditions before trying himself with th to im prove the� and mak mg oracular utterances. "The community must klke care of pe.ople wh h ave been reduced tu po verty as a result 'of illness old age." . , And if th e co m m u ni I ty ' It se f IS re du . vertv' . which WI'11 be t�e mevlt. able result o f the 1 00-millioncetadx toimpo WIth the new Constitution and the epidem icalplyosreed SII�UItaneously currmg states of siege-what then, Montesquieu? ,
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261
.' tVhrn new inventions or commercial crises destroy entire industrie.'! the state must come
their
assistance and find remeqies."
to
Little versed as he may be in the things of this world, it can hardly have escaped the Montesquieu of Cologne that "new inventions" and commercial crises are features just as permanent as the Prussian m inisterial decrees and legal basis. New inventions, especially in Germany, are only introduced when competition with other nations makcs it vital to introduce them; and should the newly arising branches of industry be expected to ruin themselves in order to render assistance to the declining ones? The new industries that come into being as a result of inventions come into being precisely hecause they can produce more cheaply than the declining industries. What the deuce would be the advantage if they had to feed the declining industries? But it is well known that the state, the Government, only seems to give. It has to be given something first in order to give. But who should give to it, Montesquieu LVI? The declining industry, so that it declines even faster? Or the rising industry, so that it withers even as it rises? Or those industries that have not been affected by the new inventions, so lhat they go bankrupt because of the invention of a new tax? Think it over carefully, Montesquieu LVI! And what about the commercial crises, my dear man? Whcn a European commercial crisis occurs the Prussian state is above all anxious to extract the last drops, by. means of distraint etc., from the usual sources of revenue. Poor Prussian state! In order to neutralise the effect of commercial crises, the Prussian state would have to possess, in addition to national labour, a third source of income in Cloud-Cuckoo-Land. If royal New-Year greetings,' Wrangel's army orders or Manteuffel's ministerial decrees could indeed conjure up money, then the " refusal to pay taxes" would not have caused such panic among the Prussian "well-beloved loyal subjects", and the social question, too, would have been solved without an imposed Constitution. It will be remembered that the Neue Preussische Zeitung called our Hansemann a communist because he intended to do away with exe mption from taxation. In Cologne our Montesquieu, who has never read the Neue Preussische Zeitung, has all by himself conceived the idea of calling everyone a "communist" and "red republican" who endangers the imposed Constitution. Therefore, vote tfor Manteuffel, or you are not only personal enemies of labour and he division of labour, but also communists and red republicans . a
See this volume, pp. 222-26.-Ed.
262
Articles from the Neue Rheinisc he Zettung
Acknowledlre
B riiggem an n's latest
Code civil.25!5 Figaro, tu n 'aurais pas trouve fa!" M ore
"legal basis"
Montesquieu LVI
or renounce the ·
about Montesqu ie u L V I tomorrow.
2ologne, January 2 1 :
[Nelte Rheini,che Zeitung
No. 20 2,
January 22, 1849]
With the
sly petty cunning of an ex erienced seeks to sell th e "g ift �T f�:e� ���;�:�utlOn , to the primary electors. He is h!r'se" th the Mon tes � u ie� lo s A n yo n e not w an ti n g th e im posed Constitution . w an ts a r ep ub lIc , . st a re p u bl ic , bu t �nd not .lu a red re p ub lic I Unfortuna m our elections is least of all a repu bl" or a' red rep te. ly:, �he Issue ublIc; It IS si m p ly this: DO yo u w an t th e o ld abso lutism together with a refurbishe d system 1 . L estates o r do vo u w n t a b? U rgeOIs system of repr � . . esenta tion? D o y·ou wan t a polItIcal (ConstItutIOn m ke ing w it h the " eXIS . t" mg socIa . I relations" of past centuries. , or do yo. u epan . . � t a polItIcal co n st it u ti o n in . . . keeping. with th e ..eX . ls tm g SO CI al relatIOns" of y o u r century , b In th l case, th erefo re � , it is least o f al l a q u estio . n o f fi g h ti n � g a m st o u rg �OIs property r lati . o n s si m il ar � to th e st ru g g le th at � ta km g . place m France an d IS . b emg p re p ar ed In E n g la n d ; rather it is a question of a 8truggIe agaIns . t a polItICal . ution which enda. ngers bourgeozs property relatIOns" by surrconstit of state to th e representati ves o f JeudaI propertyenderin. g the h eIm re la tI O n s" , to th e K in g by the grace o f G' o d , th e ar th e b u reau cracy, th e co u n tr sqUIr. es and a fe w fm ano.aI magnatmesy an y d p h il is ti n es w h o are al lied with th�m. B eyond d h h . d the social question in\e��i�� ����[;:��w�:�s���::ongenhatlsemsolve en . What. IS ' th e sO CI . a I qu es ti on" as u n derstood b the gave . ment alfl.clal? It is the maintenance of hi s sala "! ry and hIS' Ypresent pOSItIOn, whICh ho e-dealer, M nte quzi!u L VI � � .
!C,
SOCia
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su perior to the p eo p le . . Wh a t IS th e "soci l question" as u n d erstood � · n o bi lit y an d bIg I an d . al ntenance 0 th e hIther to existing feudal . of Ian d 0 ":, of . ' th e an d . I d d n obI'I'n y, an d IS
by the I 't S Owners' It IS th e m . ' f rights th e n er s, se Iz u re th e m o st ative posts in arm y uvIl servICe by the fami lies of th e lua cr ne .
Figaro , you would not have found that ou t.I A n a " USI�Il to " .4h, Figaro, pends-tui; tu n 'a.� pas devine celui-la". " (li J'garo, han g vourse I f'. yOU d1dn t I"Ul that one!) from Reaumarchaili' comedy I.Q JfOlle . Jo ' u�ee, ou Ie mana e de Fi , garo, Act V , Scene 8.- Ed. g a
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alms from the public pu rse . A part from these palpable fin ally direct "Innterial and therefore "most sacred" interests of the gentlemen "with God for King and Fatherland'" it is for them, of course, also a question of preserving those social privileges which distinguish their ra<:e from the inferior race of the bourgeois, peasants and plebeians. The old National Assembly was d ispersed precisely because it dared lay hands on these "most sacred interests". As we have already indicated, these gentlemen, by " revision" of the imposed Constitu lion, understand simply the introduction of a system of social esta tes, lhat is to say, a form of political constitution representing the "social" interests of the feudal aristocracy, the bureaucracy and the monarchy by the grace of God. We repeat, there is not the slightest doubt that the imposed Constitution solves the "social question" in keeping with the views of the aristocracy and the bureaucracy, in other words, it presents these gentlemen with a form o f government which ensu res the exploita r.ion of the people by these demigods. B ut has the imposed Constitution solved the "social question" from the standpoint of the bourgeoisie? In other words, does the bourgeoisie receive a political system enabling i f freely to administer the affairs of its class as a whole, i.e. the interests of commerce, industry and agriculture, to make the most productive use of public funds, to manage the state budget as cheaply as possible, to protect national labour effectively from without, and within the country to open u p all sources of national wealth silted by feudal mud? Does history provide a single example showing that under a king imposed by the grace of God, the bourgeoisie ever succeeded in achieving a political system in keeping with its material interests? In order to establish a constitutional monarchy it was twice LOmpelled to get rid of the Stuarts in Britain, and the hereditary Bourbons in France, and to expel William of Orange from Belgiu m.251 to
What is the reason for this? A heredItary king by the grace of God is not a particular individual but the physical representative of the old society the new in o f a king by the grace of God society. power i n the hands of the old society existing now as a is power i n the hands of the feudal social whose interests profoundly antagonistic to those o f the bourgeoisie.
State power the hands
state are
.. A quotation from Frederick organising the army reserve.-Ed.
within is stare merely ruin; it estates,
William Ill's decree of March 17, 1 8 1 3 ,
on
264
Articles from the Neue Rheini5che Zeitung
But i.t is precisely the " King fry the grace of God" who forms th e basis of the Im posed Constitution. Just as the feud�l str� �a of society regard the monarchy by grace of God as their politIcal apex, so does the monarchy by the the of God regard the feudal estates as its social foundationgrace well-known "monarchical wall" .252 ' the Therefore, whenever the interests of the feudal lords an d of army and b\,r.eaucracy controlled by them clash with the inte the sts of the bourgeOIsie, the m on�:chy by th e grace of God will in varire Impelle.d to a coup d etat and a revolutionary or ably be counter revolutIOnary crisis will arise. W hy was the National Asse�,:bly di�persed? Only because it up the Inter�sts of the bourgeOISIe agaInst the interests of fe held bec�use It wanted to abolish the feudal relations hamudalism; �gnculture, to subordinate the army and bu reaucracy to tradpee rianngd lIl?ustry, . to stop the squandering of public funds and abolish anstocratlC an d bureaucratic titles. All these. '." ere questions chiefly and directly affecting the inter ests of the bourgeolSM. Thus, coups d'etat and counter-revolutionary crises are vital cond for the monarchy by the grace of God, which the March an itions events compelled to hu m iliate itself and reluctantly to acd similar cept the semblance of a bourgeois monarchy. C�n credIt e�er revive again under a political system .mev Itably culmInates in coups d 'etat, counter-revolutionary which crises and states of siege? What a delusion! Bou:geois indu stry must burst the fetters of absolutism feudahs� . . A revolution against both only demonstra and bourgeo�s m du stry has reached a level when it must eith tes that er win an appropnate pohtlCal system or perish. Th� sy�tem of bureaucrati� tutelage gl aranteed by th Const.ltutlOn �p�lls �eath for m dustry. It IS! sufficient to e imposed Prusslan. admllllstrauon of mines, the factory regulationslook at the an English m a� ufacturer compares his costs of prod etc. When t�lOse of a Pru.sslan m an uf�cturer, he will always first ofuction with time losses which the PrussIan m an ufacturer incurs becausall note the e he has to observe bureaucratic rules. What sugar-refiner does not remember th e Prussi agreement with the Netherlands in I R3 9?253 What Pr an trade owner does nm blush at the memory of 1 1l46, when ussian factory Government deference to the Austrian Governmthe Prussian t banned exports to Galzcza for whole province, and when one en bankruptcy 1',1
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Montesquieu LVI
265
, fter another occurred in Breslau the Prussian Government �eclared with astonishment that it had had no idea that there were such important exports to Galicia etc. ! Men of the same race are placed at the helm of state by the im posed Constitution, an ? th.is " &"ift" itself comes from the same men. Consequently, examme It tWICe. The Galicia adventure draws our attention to another point. At that time the counter-revolutionary Prussian Government in league with A�stria and Russia sa�rificed Silesian industry and Silesian trade.254 ThiS manoeuvre wIll be constantly repeated. The hanker of the Prussian-Austrian-Russian counter-revolution, from which the monarchy by the grace of God with its monarchical walls wiII always have to seek outside su pport, is England. The same England is German industry'S most dangerous opponent. These two facts, we believe, speak for themselves. . fettered by bureaucracy and an agnculture At home, an industry fettered by feudal privileges; abroad, a trade s� l� by t.he counter revolution to England-such is the fate of Prussia s national wealth under the aegis of the imposed Constitution. . The report of the "Financial Commission" of the dispersed :-Jational Assembly has thrown sufficient light on the management of national wealth by the grace of God. The report however mentions only by way .of example �he sums taken from the treasury to support the tottenng monarchICal walls and gild foreign pretenders to the absolute monarchy (Don Carlos). But these monies, purloined from the pockets of the rest of the citizens to enable the aristocracy to live in appropriate style and to keep the "buttresses" of the feudal monarchy in good condition, are only of secondary importance compared With the .sta�e budget imposed simultaneously with Manteuffel's C,onstltUUon, The main features of the imposed state budget are, fIrst of all, a strong army to enable the minority to rule the majority; as large an aro;y as . so possible of officials that as many of them as pOSSible, �y virtue of their private interests, are aliena,ted fr�m �he common mterest; unproductive employment of pubhc momes m order that wea�th, as the Neue Preussische Zeitung says, should not make t.he subJ�cts overbold; immobilisation wherever possible of pubhc mom,es instead of employing them in industry in order that at easIly predictable moments of crisis the Government by the g!ace . of God should independently confront the people. The baSIC pnn ciple of the imposed Prussian Constitution is to , use the taxes for maintaining the state power as an oppreSSive, mdepende,:t and sacred force contraposed to industry, commerce and agn-
266
Muntesquieu L V I
Articles from the Neue Rheini.'iC� Zeitung
culture, instead of degrading it into a profane tool of bourgeois socIety. The gift is worthy of the donor. The Constitution is of a piece with the present Prussian Govern ment that presented it. To characterise this Government's hostility towards the bourgeoisie it is su fficient to point to its proposed trade regulations. On the pretext of advancing towards association the Government attempts to return to the guild system. Competition compels the manufacturer to produce more and more cheaply and therefore on a constantly increasing scale, i.e. with 1TU)re capital, with a continuously expanding division of labour and constantly increasing use of machinery. Every new division of labour depreciates the traditional skill of the craftsmen, every new machine ousts hundreds of workers, production on a larger scale, that is with more capital, ruins small trade and petty-bourgeois enterprise. The Government promises to protect the handicrafts against the factories, acquired skills against division of labour, and small capital against big capital, by means of feudal guild institutions. Thus, the German nation, particularly the Prussian, which only with the utmost difficulty and effort resists complete defeat by English com petition, is to become its defenceless prey, forced to accept a form of trade organisation that is incompatible with modern means of production and is already burst wide open by modern industry. We are certainly the last people to desire the rule of the bourgeoisie. We were the first in Germany to raise our voice against the bourgeoisie when today's "men of action" were spending their time complacently in petty squabbles. But we say to the workers and the petty bourgeois: it is better to suffer in modern bourgeois society, which by its industry creates the material means for the foundation of a new society that will liberate you all, than to revert to a bygone form of society, which, on the pretext of saving your classes, thrusts the entire nation back into medieval barbarism. But medieval social estates and conditions are, as we have seen, the social foundation of the Government by the grace of God. This Government is unsuitable for modern bourgeois society. It necessari ly tries to create a society in its own image. It is entirely consistent when it attempts to replace free compctition by the guild system, mechanical spinning by the spinning-wheel and the steam plough by the hoe. Wh y is it then that, under these circumstances, the Prussian bourgeoisie, in complete contrast to its French, English and Belgian predecessors, proclaims as its shibboleth the imposed Constitution
267
d an y ac cr au re bu e th , d o G of e ac gr e th by y ch ar n o m e th it h 't I w (an o rs)? . w ro th e si oi ge ur bo e th t h e j unke of ns io ct se al ri nd I'n d u st . The com m. erCIthaIeaar 0f th e r ea f r fo n Io ut ol ev -r er nt u co e th f o s m nto s v se e c I h rnlutIon. � As though counter-revolution were not the overture to rev o revolution: moreover a section of the bourgeoisie that,. quit. e There n ow s It e u rs u p � , le o h w a as s as cl s it of sts . dl' ff. erent. to the in tehre s. as cl s It lIl of e os th to al ic im in be en ev a rn h ' t r a p �:��� a�� ���:��i:1 �agna�es, big creditor� of the stat� bankers��, er �v e p t tO y cl at n Io rt p ro p s se ea � cr in h . d rcntiers, whose fiwneaalltl m en whose busl1less depends o n t e o Y . at of the people, an d n ta le ro p en p m lu y ar . er lit is h d n a Dumont . .g e , . re u ct ru st l ca Ii ti 0 o h w s, n so er p . '1 ar p s r an b' tl d an rs ye w la ofessors �he �t � : � ��t�i�rresp o raya f be ere l : w� state a b i s post le � lucrative busl1less. can 0 y o, p . t ests to th eecta a t en m rn ve o G er lt I1 s le r ei the peop th of t ou II e w o d o h w rs m an u facture These are individualGove a ble er 'd sl n co se o h w rs to ac tr n co t en m rn tr an sa. ctions with ththee genera l expI·'Ol· tatl· On 0f the peop/e ,' philistines profIts depen.d o n portance . poII' tlC' aI II'fe on a larg. e scale; loca. l , w ho Iose t h elr 1m r eI th e g n ra ar s n o ti u it st in ld o e th f cou nClllors who unsdaterthcoeveexrpoense f the p ublic' oil .merchants who IJfivate shady affair I ' h ve become ExceIIenCles a nd Knights e r ay ilw ra in rs to la w pe d an � ts n �r ��; ���.I;h!; �eanb��ec:o�m�e��royah l�bearcnkhadIr. ectors� etc., etc. sh�re� who e th If " . n ti u it st n o C � d se o p im e . e the friends of th th se ;�o arsympa I ts thetic heart for � p�� t:�:��:�: bou:���ts7:has a t � l o � � .' u le U sq f n te . to be worthy of the respwitecht theMimopo : utwn. tt st on C d se delegates in keeping � .1
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aper
newsp Printed accord ing to the
184 9
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FirSl published in the NetU! Rheinisch ,
�os. 20 1 and 202, January 2 1 an 22, 18�
Zeit1tng
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. e who'\e coal of us ho I ya ro n la SS PTIl e th of rs pporte "- Probably an allusion to the su anus featured an eagIe.-Ed. mann.-Ed. se an H d an n se au ph am C to b An allusion ,
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268 269
[ANSWER F R O M COLONEL ENGELSf55
THE PRUSSIAN WARRANT FOR THE ARREST OF KOSSUTH
W e h a v e received from Colonel E ngels the foll .answer to o u r q u e . owing stIOn of two days ago. ::To the insertion in No. 203 of the Neu . e Rh er. nM . ch e Z e1. lung the answer is J\TO Only private persons hav • e permitt d th�m��lv�s to ex . press the opinion, unlawfu m n;y vie,'\!, that not enough l by a Ion; ch a as ee n do ne soldIer",_ these houses by the Cologne.
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"Cologne. January 24. 1849
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Engels. Culonel,
" To tIIe esteemed edit ors of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung. "
2nd Commandant
We will very likely have ne questI. Ons to next few days, and particula;ly abou t th e ePIU[ t.o Herr Engels in the ectlOns.
Written by Engels o n Janu ary 25 , 1 849 First pub�s� ed in the su pplement to the Neue RhemL�che Zeitung No, . 20 5, J'an uary 26, 184 9
Printed according to the ne wspaper Published in English [or 'he first time
January 2 1 . We have just received the following edifying document published in the Oppelner Kreisblatt: Cologne,
" \¥arrant of Arrest. According to a statement of the royal imperial Austrian
governmental commission in Cracow. measures have been raken in Hungary to enable Kossuth under a false name to reach Hamburg via Breslau. It is supposed that he will take the route through Myslowitz. Gleiwitz and Kosel. "On the basis of instnlctions from the Herr Oberpriisident of the provint:e of Silesia, I order all police authorities, local courts and gendarmerie to keep a sharp look-out for Kossuth, whose description is given below, and in the event of his appearance on their territory to arrest him and to deliver him to me safely for further steps."
(Here follows, as already stated, Kossuth's description .) This edifying document is signed: "Oppeln, January 17, 1849 Royal Landrat Hoffmann"
What have our readers to say to that? The Manteuffels of Upper Silesia by the grace of God would be quite pleased to arrest the great agitator Kossuth if he were defeated and succeeded in crossing the frontier, and to deliver him to his executioners for the speediest pardon with gunpowder and shot. If Kossuth is in actual fact handed over, this will be the most foul betrayal, the most infamous violation of international law that history has ever known. Under the old legislation qf the German Confederation,256 of course, Prussia was obliged to hand over [0 German Austria, on the demand of the latter, political refugees charged with actions carried out on the territory of the German Confederation. The revolution overthrew the old legislation of the German Confederation, and even under the Pfuel Government refugees from Vienna were safe in Berlin.
271 Articles from the Neue Rheinische Zeitung
270
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But Prussia has no such obligations in relation to Hungary. H I� n is an independent state and if Prussia hands over H refugees who can be charged only with actions carried Hungarian territory, it commits the same disgraceful and deed as if it handed over Russian or Polish refugees to Russia. Even under the Bodelschwingh regime the authorities did dare to hand over to Austria the refugees from Galicia and who had crossed the border into Prussia.257 But, on the other of course, at that time we were under an absolute monarchy, today we are a constitutional state! Moreover, if Kossuth crosses into Prussian territory he will not be a political refugee but a belligerent party that has crossed into net< territory. German Austria, an indepenrlent union of states, is waging war .< against Hungary, an independent state; the reason for it is n o < concern of Prussia's. Even in 1831 the authorities did not dare to hand over to Russia the Poles who had crossed the border into Prussia258; but at that time, too, we were under an absolute monarchy, and today we are a constitutional state! We draw the attention of public opinion to the benevolent intentions of the Prussian Government in regard to Kossuth . We a re convinced that this will suffice to arouse such a storm of sympathy for the greatest man of the year 1 848, and such a storm of indignation against the Government, that even a Manteu ffel will not dare to oppose it. But, of course, for the time being Kossuth still rules in Debreczin, with the enthusiastic support of the entire Mag ar people; his valiant � h ussars still gallop over the Hungarian plains, 59 Windischgratz still stands in perplexity facing the swamps of the Tlleiss, and your warrants of arrest are ridiculous rather than frightening! <
Written by Engels on January 2 1 , 1 84Y
First published in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung 207, January 28, 1 849
No<
Printed according to the newspaper
Published in English for the first time
NA TIONA L-ZEITUNG
T H E B E R L IN ELEC TORS ARY PRIM TO T H E
49] 205 , J
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a p p e n from ti m e to h s e o d it Although Cologne, January 25. ost of th e good old p n g si a pleasu �e ��e has one that h th e double ic h w t tim e si o p e d l a v e a ll u out nsmg es tim e h in d . b ft le s a pre-M arch h n o ti u nter-revolu c �nd utIon forests d n a p u d delug e of revol e , ll fi n e eys have be II va d fte shl been ".f o u ntains have ' st still stands in its old place , SIgn po . ' e h t ut b , ound 0 gr e h t On : to tI p n sc lcvelle d in ld o e th d s« 1 II bearing an urs, colo old painted i n the , , 260 ! . u s from No. rds towa arm Schilda n hes Its woode stretc ost signp the primary " To Just such a tion: ' inscrip ng WIth the tu et Z I'TUl lw a N n li 2 1 of th e Ber . ' y . " pnmar ! a to the . itung electors. To Sch Ild al-Ze he Nation t f 0 adVICe The well-meant of all: elector s states first
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se for the second . exerci to about is eo Ie s the gran�ed P when e suffrage, � co� P� �� versal "The hour has uni c so alled f he e ( g ra l ff s� sa er same suffrage as Iv n U the n o -w were rd , ha s ir village e tim . each atI ". terp l nt tin�e have :o differe cond � � ret se e from above, with its .m forth who 26 1 ) "from whICh are to co e he men parate SOCIal o se f o I t S I ri ) n II A (I f
ntence se is th f o le y st ' d lY c 1u m s tu the of speak W e shall not qp to the next . word one fro . -wlll dedlY g n lo d n a I y I w o s s of sepa rat e . not whlCh ad vance will . the S u o u ld reveaI to sh s y sa It , e g ra ff ' U n iversal su le people. o h w e th f t b u sse� social estates a n d c1a : nsist of? o c " le p o e p I e o es t h e w " Fine! B u t what do . s e ss I a d c n a s te t s I e a . so Of " se p a rate onsist of? c �� " le p . o e p le o h w e th f o l Il w e th rate SOCIal "sepa A n d w h a t does ' the f s 11 " icto�y .. wl d a tr n o c te ra a p ationalse N ' e th O f th e h ic h w 11 I eI y of t h e W ls C re p e c n e h , " s e ss estates a n d cla
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Artic1es from lhe
Neue Rheinische Zeitung
Primary Electors e th to n tu ei g -Z al The BerlIn nahan •
describes as the direct opposite of the people" . What a great logician the National-Zeitung is! For the National-Zeitung, however, there exists a single will of whole people, which is not the sum of contradictory wills, but united, definite will. How can that be? It is-the will of the majority. And what is the will of the majority? It is the will which derives from the interests, the situation in life, .. and the living conditions of the majority. Consequently, in order to have one and the same will, the members of the majority must have the same interests, the same situation in life, and the same living conditions, or for the time being they must be linked with one another by their interests, their situation in life, and their living conditions. In plain language: the will of the people, the will of the majority, is the will not of separate social estates and classes, but of a single class and of those other classes and sections of classes which are subordinated to this one ruling class socially, i.e. industrially and commercially. "But what are we to say to that?" That the will of the whole people is the will of a ruling class? Of course, and it is precisely universal suffrage that acts as the compass needle which, even if only after various fluctuations, nevertheless finally points to this class which is called upon to rule. And this good National-Zeitung still continues, as in 1847, to chatter about an imaginary "will of the whole people"! Let us proceed. After this elevating exordium the National-Zeitung astounds us with the following significant remark: Zeitung
Ul�
"In January
1849 the state of a ffairs is different from the May days of 1848 so rich
in hope and elation" (why not also in piety?), All '...·as then adorned with blossom, And the sun's rays shone with laughter, And the birds sang so full of hope. And the people hoped and thought a They were deep in thought.
there had been funher construction in the spirit of that time and in accord
be carried oul completely and without delay."
a Heinrich Heine, Deut�chland. Ein Wintermiirchen, Caput VII I.-Ed. •
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. d n ra ! G " y t i. im n a n u te le p . m co e b to d e m e e S there time t "At tha ety of �he Na(�naI-Zeitungl At that time, when the delightful naivh lllg theIr teeth fu ry , wer'e retreating from Berl. in , a I' r e B . m o fr e st a Gn ard s, gnas. h in e e fl to d a h a prussl o nce f and P n the wp hsen n:s j. acket, when �h: ���. er ranks of the nobility o tilio . had to sup re s h nger at the ignominy which thed P . h e alace-yard when the pe.ople for�e e bourg eommade t? � ff� th� dead bodies of those killed dunng King was r: � e at � hIS ve te le remo p m o c to e b to him d e m e se re e th e 1m t" t " a h t t a s y a d rch th e M aity"! unanim knowS, .It IS' aIread overdoing it to have imaginedg in v a h to it m Heaven d a to d a h Y s a h e n o r f t a �ow. But sort. � the e th of m o fr y it il ib anvthing ll u g d te a e h c s e on aIm l proc to cheated, n be�n omme. b op tr h r a p t es ' y, I tru house-tops- did there seem to be complete unanimity"? If And on what great reforms, wh 'ch h uld have been undertaken .. . ' On "that the ther constructi�on s. . .Owould now have to be carried been fur d a h e er th ' . y it im n a n u tc le p out". m o -c e b seemed to e r e h t -n?, wase e ther g a u g ! n la y On that th r o w in d e ss e r p x e ent, Th e great March achIeveeremth . ? se e w " s " m r f o e And what r ?f the H fOu ndatl. ons Ial'd ' 1 80 7 -1 4 in the spln' t f Development acco�d W.I h the higher level of culture and � , that time and sm . . ed chlev a ce e It U lg q lI e m ti e . m understand' sa e th t a d n a 4 1 7 0 8 i f ' t ln sp e th y sa That is to different spirit.that t . ne .. CO sl. t d uite simply in the extremely u renc� O� �ha[ time on the prussian junker The "spirit of F le b . a r u o v fa n u e material pressure o f th e is w e k li e th In s a Il e w s a , c m I f t a to h t r e f d r o n I . . e m monarchy ti t a th t a m o d g I ' k n la ss ru p e th f o it c fi financial de ois and the peasantIlcapable of paying taxes, in ordetsr e c j"e b su n ia ss u make th e bourgleast r P l a ro e th ng am rance appe in the on at � I ? ce ed lavish to introdu L d h h c n e r .. e h t h Ic h . w s rm o f to some of the re f Gcrmany- lI. l sh ort . in order in some degreewas conquered parts O ed lO rch of the Hohenzollerns th at patch u p the decseayam. �J r r;:,e ake of that a few niggardly so-called splitting at every redem pt�� or� ord r army institutions etc. weree r urban by-laws, only dlS. tlllct.IOn � r'hese reforms was that they weed introduced . The beh ' d the French revoIu tI'on of 1 789 ' and inde to whole century nglish revol �tI. n of 1640 And that is supposed even behind th�OEns for PrUSSIa. t� at. has be�n revolutionised? b e th e fo u n d a tI III
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should have been undertaken in Prussia already long ago if on the foundations laid i n with the higher level of culture and understanding since achieved. would now have
•
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"At that time there seemed [0 be complete unanimity that the great reform s. which
1807- 1 4
AT
a
III
-Ed. a That is too simple-mindedl
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274
Articles from the N eue Rheinische Zeitung
B u t old-Prussian conceit always history, whereas in reality wo sees Prussia in th e centre o f "state o f reason '" after it , thrld history h a s always dragged conceit h a s, o f course, to ignor rough th e m ir e . This old-Pru not kicked by the French , it c e the fact that a s long as Prussia fou ndations o f 1 80 7- 14 a n d nealmly remained on th e fact that these foundations wver stirred a t a ll . It has to ignore glorious bu reaucratic-j u n k e r ere lo n g ago forgotten when last year received a new a n d so royal Prussian m o n a rc h y in Fe,br'uGIr,i most gloriously toppled over powerful p u sh from th e French that has to ignore th e fact that for from its "foundations o f 1 80 7- 14 " . It no way a question o f these fouth e royal Prussian monarchy it was in . off the further consequences ndations, b u t merely one o f walrd Prussian conceit ignores a ll thof the push received from F rance. But p u s h , it cries o u t, like a child at, and when it suddenly receives th e crying for its nurse, for the foundations o f 1 80 7- 1 4 . decayed As if th e Prussia o f 1 84 8 , a means o f c o m m u n ication, cu s regards territory, industry, trade, totally different country fro lture a n d class relations, were not a m th e Prussia of th e "found 1 80 7 -1 4 " ! ations of As if since that time two proletariat and the class o f fr quite n e w classes th e in d u strial h istory; as if th e Prussian ee peasants - h ad not intervened in its different from th e timid, doc bou rgeoisie of 1 848 were not q u it e time o f th e "foundation s" ! ile a n d grateful petty bourgeoisie o f th e B u t a ll that is o f no avail. A lo but his "foundations o f 1 80 yal Prussian m u s t not know anything which further construction w7-1 4 " . Those are th e foundations on ill take place - an d that is th th e matter. e end of The begin ning o f o n e of th e shrunken into nothing more most colossal historical revolutions is pseudo-reform swindles - th than the e n d in g o f one o f th e pettiest a t is how revolution is unde old Prussia! rstood in And in this self-complacen country's history "there see t narrow-minded fantasy from the course, only in Berlin, thankmed to be complete unanimity"-of God! Let u s p r o c e e d . _
"Those social es tates and classes w h ic h h a d to re rights . . . which w n o u n ce privileges ere destined in th a n d special e future to stand only on a n equal fooling with all a Marx
ses ironically the expression Staat u tier Intelligenzby which Heg the Prussian stat e (see G. W. F. H el designates egel, VQrlesungen VOTTede, gespriicht fi be r d ie Geschichte der P m zu Heidelberg den hilosophie. 29-sten Oktober 18 16 (Note).-Ed. •
275
The Berlin National-Zeitung to the Primary Electors J ·ir fellow citizens " , seemed � I ep re d f r that renunciation - inspired ! Ie
,
ion that the old state of thmgs �ad " ' nderstood interesL.... -u 11 ,,,'
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heeom O c untenable, that it was in thelT own the
. . Look at. thIS meek and mIld , sincere!Y humble bourgeols-. I lOW th e revoI u tI'on'. The nobility, the pnests, once agam h e conJ' ures away . . the bureaucrats, the offICers, "5e� m ed repared" to renounce t h elr privileges, not because the arm � pe )e forced ' them to do so, not hecause in the first moments 0 . ter.r��.at the European revolution, Irresistibly spreading in their the demorarIsat'IOn and disorgamsatIOn . own ranks made them I�Ca pable of resistance - no! The peace fu I , henevoIent agreements (to use Herr Camphausen's language) of a Wh I' h b h 'ere advantageous to ot 51 es, ' d 24 and February rch M 1 8 � ' . . . � " that' this "was in their own "lnspued" them . With the " con,�IctIon well-understood mterest" 1'. That the March. revolutIon, and above all February 24, was in the well-understood �nterest , . of the OOtHerren cabbage-J'unkers , members of church counCIls, Regurungsra e, and Guards lieutenants-th at IS' indeed a truly monumental .Idea.I But, unfortunately! '
.
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. "Today it is no longer hke that. T he beneficiaries and adherents of the old s�te d . t (I) 10 see that the old rubbIsh ffaI ' rs far from themselves helpmg: as IS t e'lT a
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Y 'p'rop u p the old ruins beneath y to cleared away and the new house b Ilt want onI'U , u "1 d to embellish them with some forms In which the ground shook so dangerous an.. ,
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3ppearance appropriate to the new perIod.
IS
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. . . . "Today It IS no longer It'ke t h at "-as. it appeared to be in May,. l.e. lt is no longer what it was not May, or It IS, Precisely the same as It was in May. , ' h the Berlin National-Zeitung is That is the sort of language IIl '�h lC ' d of it . written and, wh at IS· mo re , its wnters at.e prou In a word : M a y 1 84 8 .a n d J a n u a r 1 849 differ from one anoth er only in appearance. PreVIOusly t c�unter _revolutionaries seemed to understand their duty- rod:: �e actually and openly do not, and the peaceful bourgeOIs moa . abo:t it. After all, it is the duty of the . of their interests for the sake counter-revoIutlon aries to renounce . . ' I t IS their duty themselves to cu t mteres their own well-understood t. . - Y et ' they d 0 not d0 so- thus moans the their vital artenes exponent of wdl-uIlderstoo� .mterest , And why do your enenlles not ci0 now what, as you say, is nevertheless their duty? 1Il
�
a On February 24, 1848, Louis .PhJl.lppe
" 1 818-the begmmng
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wa.�
. rthrown i n France; March 1 8 . O\i� d
the" revolutIon In Prussla.-
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276
Articles from th e Neue Rheinische Zeitung
B ecause in the spring you yourse . I ves did not do your becau se at that time, wh en you . were t s rong, you behaved cowards a n d quaked before th e r . great and powerful ' beea�se yo� evoIutlOn that was to m ake yourselves let th e old remain and complac�n tly a mne . yours elves in the mirror weal;] the aureole o f a half success.I An d n has become strong overni h t and ow' ':''hen th e under your feet the groun� shak s�ts Its foot on your neck, wh, that the counter-revolution sho�fd angerously-now you clear away the rubbish that O we become your servant, away, that it, grown mightr' � ouf� too ��ak .and cowardly to de sacn Ice Itself for you who are weak? hat childish fools you are' B u t a . . .mW e up and with a single migh�y p � ] I�ttle and the people will WI\.r t row. you to the ground �ogether with the counter-revoluti�� agaIn st whICh you are now So Impotently yapping! [Neue Rheinische Zeitu ng No . 207 , January 2 8 , 1 849, second edit ionI
January 2 7 . In Our first article ' not take into we dId aCCOunt one circumstance which cou to ex�use . th e Na tional-Zeitung; the ldN: �t an r rate ap�arently, serve what It wntes-it is under martiaI I 1 t�na -Zettung I� not free in aw. n under martIal of course, to sing: law it has, Cologne,
Bid me not speak . b'd 1 m e be silent To keep m y secret is for m e a duty' .. I would for you my mmosl: ' , . sou1 lay b TIs only fate that will nor let me do
:�'l Even under martial law' howeverh order to say the opposite o f h a� : newsJ;Iapers are not published in has nothing to do with the fir� h l eh .t�n k ; moreover, martial law , w IC we conSIdered previou sly, of the �rticle in question. MartIal law is not to blame for the . ed, nebulous style of the Inflat National-Zeitung. Martial law is not to blame for h t e fact that after National-Zei f March tung the create . d o r . It se If a ll so rt s o f naIve '11USlOn M artlal law does not at all compeI . s. th e National-Zeitung to make 1 848 revol ution _ the train bea le r 0f th c reforms of 1 the 8 0 7 -1 4 . d
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I
Goethe, "Mignon". From the novel Wilhelm .Yeisters Lehrjohr Chapter 16.-Ed. . e, Book V, a
The Berlin National�Zeit'Ung to the Primary Electors
27 7
short, martial law in no way compels the National-Zeitung to such absurd notions about the course of development en tertainrevolution counter-revolution in 1848 as we proved it of the two daysand ago. Martial law affects not the past but the to hold p resent. Therefore, in our criticism of the first half of the article in question, we did not take martial law into account, and precisely for this reason we shall take it into account today. After ending its historical introduction, the National-Zeitung addresses the primary electors in the following way: In
is a matter of safeguarding the progress initiated, of consoHdating the achiev ements ... "It
What "progress"? What "achievements"? The "progress" ex pressed in the fact that "today it is no longer like that", as it "appeared" to be in May? The "achievement" that "the beneficiaries of the old state of affairs are far from themselves helping, as is their duty, to see that the old rubbish is cleared away"? Or the granted "achievements" which "prop up the old ruins and embellish them with some forms in appearance appropriate to the new period"? Martial law, gentlemen of the National-Ztitung, is no excuse for absence of thought and confusion. The "progress" which just now has been most successfully "initiated" is regression to the old system, and we are daily advancing farther along this path of progress. The sole "achievement" left to us-and it is not a specifically Prussian, not a "March" achievement, but the result of the 1 848 European revolution- is the most general, most determined, most blood-thirsty and most violent counter-revolution, which is itself only a phase of the European revolution, and hence only the generator of new, universal and victorious revolutionary counterblow. But perhaps the National-Zeitung knows that just as well as we do, and only dare not say it because of martial law? Listen to this: a
"We do not want a continuance of the revolution; we are enemies of all anarchy, all acts of ...,iolence and arbitrariness; we want law, tranquillity and order."
Martial law, gentlemen, compels you at most to be silen� never to speak. Therefore we put on record the sentence just quoted: if it is you who are speaking through its words, so much the better; if it is martial law that is speaking, there is no need for you to make yourselves its organ. Either you are revolutionary, or you are not. If you are not, then we are opponents from the outset; if you are, you should have been silent
278
Articles
from the Neue Rheinische Ze itung
B u t you speak with such conviction, you have that we can safely assume that martial law h such an honest as ahsolutely nothing do with this asseveration. "We do not want a continuance of th we want the continuance of the couneterer-vreolution ." That me historical fact that either one does not volution. For it counter-revolution at all, or one does so onput an end to "We do not want a continuance o f the revolylu through revolution. recognise that the revolution is ended, that tion " , that means: we ' A n d the goal which the revolution had reach it has reached its when the above-mentioned article was ed on January 2 1, written, this goal precisely---£ounter-revolution. "We are enemies of all anarchy, all acts of violence a n d ' arbitrariness. " That means enemies also of the "anarch every revolution until the new conditions y" which occurs after enemies o f th e "acts of violence" of Feb h ave been consolidated, enemies o f the "arbitrariness" which ruth ruary 24 and Marc h 18, system and its decrepit legal su pports! lessly sh atters a decayed "We want law, tranquillity and order"! Indeed, the time has been well chosen to b tranquillity and order", to protest against ow down before "law, concur in the cheap outcry against anarc the revolution, and to arbitrariness! It h a s been well chosen, at hy, acts of violence a n d u n d e r the protection of bayonets and ca th e very moment when officially branded as a crime, when "anarcnnons the revolution is arbitrariness" are openly p u t into pract hy, acts o f violence and countersigned by the King, when the " ice through ordinances the camarilla, is always used against us law", imposed on u s by " tranquillity and order" consist in leavina n d never for us, when in "peace", so that it can re-establish it g the counter-revolution s old-Prussian "order" o f things. N o , gentlemen, it is not martial law that sp most unadulterated Odilon Barrol, transla eaks through you - it is with all his narrow-mindedness, all h is ted into Berlin language, impotence, all his pious wishes . There is no revolutionary who is so ta cowardly, as to deny the revolution at ctless, so childish, so counter-revolution is celebrating its most the very moment when cannot speak, h e acts, and if h e cannot glittering triumphs. If h e act, h e prefers to remain perfectly silent . B u t is it not possible, perhaps, that th e g e n tl e m e Na tional-Zeililng are p u rs u f the ing a cunning policy? Are theyn peorh aps •
27 9
The Berlin National-Zeitung to the Primary Electors
· order on the eve of the elections to win over to g so. tameIy III t e oppOSltIOn yet another section of the so-called. moderates. From the ve;y fIrst day that the counter-revolutIOn swooped d 0\\'n that rom f now on there are only two parties: us,, We said . " ; only two sIoga:ls.' , d "counter-revolutionaries "revolutIOnan�s" an . repubhc " or "the absolute monarchy".' Everythmg "the democratIc . in between IS no longer a party but on Iy a faction . The counterrevolu tio� has don e everyt·,l I'�TI t ake our statement come true. The electIOns are t?e mo b ia�trr:o: nfi rmation of that . And at such a hme, w�en. the parties confront one another so sharp.ly, when the st gI b ' conducted with the greatest ferOCIty, when on Iy �� �v������ing superiority of organised soldiery prevents, the ftru!�If from being fought out armS hand-at such a hme aI co l ation policy ceases . One needs to be Odilon Barrot himself to pIay the TOIe of Odilon Barrot at such a time. But our BerrI� Barrots have their reservations, their condi.tions, by no means simp y l their interpretations. They are wal, 'leTS. but ' . "that is to say", wailers wailers; they are wail�r.s WIth a reservatIOn. fro m the quiet 0pposJUon: , . the awakened free of ed such I however, want ws . spea' k'm h
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SpIrit by as are requlf a . . . . , -u,'nel'llJ democratic-conshtutwna I ' Ie 0 f equality ', we want a g... the People and the prmClp ' absurd'�ty)'" "we want traoqm'11I' ty which rests on moTe than order" (i.e. a gen�me bayonets and martial laws. ,",:h l�h IS a politicall and morally (!) based p3Clhcauon 0 mind arising from the �on �ICuon, guaral� ee by deeds and institutions, that every class of the people has Its nghts etc., etc. ,
"We
new
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of completing thIS sentence, We can spare o�rsel�es the labour . written in conformIty WIth m�rtlaI law It suffices to say that tllese gentlemen "wan.t" not �evolutIOn: but �nl a small nosegay from the results o f rcvolu tlo n ; a h ttle d ��ocra bu� also a little constitutional ism; a few new laws, ab0lItIOn 0�Yieudal institu tions, bourgeois equality etc., etc. and those In other words, the gentIemen 0f the National-Zeitung ' want to obtain from the from the B erI· ex-Lefts.' whose organ I't IS, . counter-revolution preCIsely that for wh'ICh the counter-revolutIon dispcrsed them. Nothing learnt and nothing forgotten: These gentlemen "want" the very th Ings they wiI1 never obtain except by a new �evolutio�' B� th d not want a new revolution. A new revolutIOn woul b �g ;6e� also quite other things than contained in the above-quoted modest bourgeois demands . And .
III
,262
arc
a
See this volume, p. 178.-Ed.
n
280
Artic1es from the
28 1
Neue Rheinische 7.eitung
for that reason the se ge ntl em en are qu ite rig ht i n not wa nti ng revolutio n .
Fortu na tel y, however, his tor ica l de vel op me nt is litt le concern ed about what the Ba rro ts "w an t" or "d o not wa nt" . Th e Parisian prototype Ba rrot also "w an ted " on February 24 on ly to achieve mo de st ref orm s, i n pa rti cu lar a mi nis ter ial po rtf oli o for him sel f; an d h e ha d ha rd ly lai d h a nd s on bo th of the se wh en the waves br ok e over him an d h e dis ap pe are d with all his vir tuo us petty-bou rgeois retinue ' in the revolutionary de lug e. No w, too, wh en at las t h e ha s on ce more obtained a mi nis ter ial po st, he ag ain "w an ts" various thi ng s; bu t no thi ng of wh at h e wa nts is co mi ng ab ou t. Su ch ha s ev er be en the fate of the Barrots. An d the sam e th ing wi ll ha pp en to the Be rli n Barn>ts as we ll. Un de r ma rtial law or wit ho ut it, the y wi ll co nti nu e to bore the pu bli c wi th the ir pio us wi sh es . At most the y wi ll secure the ad op tio n on pa pe r of a few of the se wi sh es, an d fin all y the y will be pu t on the sh elf eit he r by the Crown or by t h e pe op le. I n an y ca se the y wi ll be p u t on the sh el f.
Written by Marx between January 25 anti 27. 1 849
First published in the Aleue Rheinische Zeitung No. 205 and No . 207 (,econel eelition). January 26 anel 28. 1 849
Printed aCLorcling to the newspaper Published in English for the first tIm e
T H E SITUATION I N PARIS
� \
la r up ri sin g ha s be en pu po a of er an d he T Paris, Ja nu ary . th e Ch am be r agal1Mt of te vo e th g !1l e tim � removed .for th e gency, i.� . ur of r te at a m as s ub cl e t f 0 . de al. in g WIth th e. p ro hlblUon w da nger IS ne a t Bu . ra ne ge !1l s ub cl ' on 0 f th e agaInst proh I'bm . d ta!. emerg11lg: th e danger of a coup e fear 0 f a co up er th he w y sa d an l a zon f a N " e Re ad today 's iss ue of th . cJ' et at is no t vi sib le in every lme. . n lio ' gTe Messrs. Od . now ch aIIen we d an et, bin Ca e r th I f ow hI a fat a "Today's vote IS . 0to h 0Id their portfolios any longer .... nt, qua I. !ut d an r he Barrot, Fauc r. B u t rISte n to th e en d ee ch od go of be to s em se l 'M So fa r th e Natio of the sentence: IIe spirit and letter of th e t st ain ag lt vo re en op to in " . . .without ellterl'nc..,, r Constitut io n! '" qu. anti v au ch er a nd tutti r t ro ar B n lo di O ' "-\n d w ha t wou. l d M es sr s. .on st it ut io n? S11lce C e th .t s ' a11l ag I t vo re en care about enterIng in to op ia st ic a bou t the us th en en be h er uc Fa d w he n ha ve B arrot an Constitution of 1 84 8! s th em th at ow sh it ; rs te is in M e tI t Th e Na tional no lo n ger threapens ·d1 " th di sm iss th e m . . mu st he at t en sl re e th ey m us t .re slg n, 1' t s'h ow s th ars th e rest' gnaye ty ir th st la e th r fo e h er A nd that III a �o� nt ry w ter of at m a en be s ha te ' vo a 1 r su cI tion of th e lYhmsters afte course 1 si de nt of t e re P e th ' at th I ' N I t is to be ho pe d, sa ys t C ab in et ar e m e th d an e R ep ub lic w ill re al is e that
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1 263
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�� :�r:r�;y
Louis Bonapane.-Ed.
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28 2
Articles from the
1Veue Rheinische Zeitung
complete disagreement, that by dismissing strengthen the ties between h im and the maj the Cabinet, h e only one obstacle to a good understanding ority, and that there ill between h im and the majority: the Cabinet. Yes, the National is trying to ensure the M inistr retreat: it would like the charge against the M inis y an honou rable The vote is punishment en ough . This extrem ters to be dropped. avoided until the M inisters have really violatede measure could be the Constitution by an accom plished act. Yes, the newspaper finally exclaims, everything the Cabinet to resign ; its own words are bind makes it the duty of extent that we hesitate to believe it will dar ing upon it to such Monsieur B a rrot stated this evening that if e to remain in power. rejected, the Assembly j(.<;elf will bear the respthe u rgency motion is Very well, when responsibility ceases, power onsibility for events. Cabinet does not want to be responsible for too must cease. If the d irect them. B y rejecting responsibility, evMents, then it must not onsieur Barrot has tendered his resignation. In short, the National does not believe in the of the M inistry any more than in its dismissa voluntary retirement B u t if the Ministry wants to defy the vote ol by the President. there is nothing left for it except - a coup f the Assembly, then Dissolution of the N ational Assembly andd'etat restoration of the monarchy by military fo preparation for the behind the fear of the National of the M in istrrce, that is what lurks Therefore the National and the red newspy continuing in office. only to remain calm and to give n o pretext for apers ask the people revolt can only su pport the C abinet which is in tervention, since any service to the royalist counter-revolution. faIling, can only be of That a coup d'etat is becoming ever more im the incidents in volving Changarnier and th m inent, is proved by guard!64 The bouchers de Cavaignac' have n oe officers of the mobile be used for a royalist coup; that is w h y they adesire to let themselves murmur and Changarnier threatens to have re to be dissolved; they them cut to pieces, and he puts their officers under arrest. The situation seems to become more however, it is becoming very simple, as simp complicated; in fact, le as it always is on the eve of a revolution. The conflict between the Assembly and th with h is M in isters has reached breaking point. e President together exist in the state of impotence w h ich has reig France can n o longer ned in it for the last ten an
;]
Cavaignac's bu tc hers.-·Ed.
283
The Situation in Paris
. . de ressed state of industry and co�merce, rnonths; the d;flot, the . th e p ressu�e 0 taxa t;�n w �ich ruins agriculture, become dally more � renchan t measures become more a n.d m�re ea e-s le, larg rab intole ' urgent, and each new Government is more impotent ,and. mact. lve t han the one before; unt.1'1 r all Odilon Barrot has carned mactlvIty to the extreme and for Sl� w eek� has done absolutely nothing at all. has �reatly simplified the situation. After In that way, however, of the decent republic. The I h im, there can no longer �e a�� M'nistry ,, ed governments (the provlSlonaI Government and the Executive nllx f the Government Comlnission 265), the G.overnment of the National, . . one worn out, use Il all b through e old Lefts-that d en It IS has a g the . � d Thi rs is the undisguised N the turn ers, an ow it is 0 T h f l up, restoration of the monar\hy. Restoration of the monarc y o� - a red republic this is now the only . . . , 'flternatlve m France The cnsls may st' ll b. e del�yed2 for a few weeks, but it is bound to b re ak ou t . Changarmer- M on k 66 with hiS three hundred thousand, Wh 0 are en(rely at his disposal for 24 hours, seems reluctant t� wait tn� 10��;: Hence the. am':let� .o t e i naL It recognises its inability to hat an forcible change of governt master .the Situation, It knows Y . . . I ment Will bnng ' tS Strongest enemies mto power , that it is equally lost with a monarchy and a red r��u bl" Hence its sighing for a peacefuI deal, its politeness to the We shall very soon see w�����:� is necessary for the final vict?ry of the red republic that France sh ould go through the monarchical . phase for a �hlle: I t IS' �O�SI'bIe' but not probable. But one thmg IS c�rtaln. th e decent republic is falling to pieces, and after it -even If there are fIrst o.f all some small intermez zi the only possibility is the red republzc. ,
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First publi§hed in the NtlU! Rheinische Zeitung No, 209, January 3 1 , 1849
Printed accorrling to the newspaper Puhlished in English for the first time
284
285
aris The Situation in P
[THE SITUATION IN PARIS]
s hi th er wi th ge to t en id es Pr e th d an bl y em ss A e th n ee tw be . ct fli . n a n of the monarchy tio ra sto c Re t . ... m po g km ea hr d he re�c , . finistersdhas e Th . ... ce an Fr in e iv at rn te al l on e th Y w no IS iS th , tc bl re repu 1\r . are re the if en ev o it r he a d an es ec pI to ng f . lli a I . IS ' " IC , h . . d ' ent repu h red ' e IS t y lit bi ssi po ly on e th ZI eZ rm te m l me smal f st f aII so ::publiC." a ecIal edlu . on we announced the crisis for th.e 29 th . In th e sp r ou ow sh ll wI w ' lo be ed ' nt pn s P an om fr th . . T h e reports 0 f t h e 29 es s tn ec rr co g km n st e th d an re 'e s rt r repo . .accurate ou read ers h n Io , at tu SI ch en Fr e th of ay d to n o tl p n sc e of our d -
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849 Writtw on January 30, 1
January 30 . When yesterday morning we announced in , special edition the imminent outbreak of a storm in Paris, among the primary electors to the First Chamber wrote under OUI fly-sheet: It's a lie! It's no use intimidating us! and other s'olch strong expresslOns. These miserable people regarded our special edition as a electoral manoeuvre, as if the First Chamber an d the Second Chamber too, and the entire Prussian movement into the bargain, could induce us to falsify the history of the European revolution! ' Stupp is an elector to th � First Chamber! Th e re nt ier vo n' Wittgenstein is an elector to the First Ch am be r! Ch ancellor von Groote is an elector to the First Ch am be r! An d yet the rev olu monster in Paris is capable of roaring afresh ! QueUe horreur!tionary In our issue today, we said, inter aLia, On the Paris situatio n: "The danger of a popular uprising has been removed for the time being by the vote of the Chamber against dealing with the prohibition of the clubs as a matter of urgency, i.e . against prohibition of the clubs in genera l. Bu t a new danger is emerging: the danger of a coup d'etat.... If the Ministry wants to de fy th e vote of the As sem bly n there is nothing left for it except - a coup d'etat. Dissolution of, the the National Assembly and preparation for the restoration of th monarchy by military force, that is what lurks behind the fear of thee National of th e Mi nis try continuing in office .. . . That a co d'etat is becoming ever more imminent, is proved by the incidentup s inv olving Changarnier an d the officers of the mobile guard ... . The situa seems to become more complicated; in fact, however, it is becomitiongn very simple, as simple as it always is on the eve of a revolution . The Cologne,
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...·spaper Printed according to the n�
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e first Published in English for 'h time
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THE KOLNISCHE ZEITUNG ON ••
THE ELECTIONS269
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s" se as "m e th em th r fo t a th s st li a n o ti u it st n o c e th f o n io ss fe n o c e Naiv ! " d e c u d se g in e b to le b ti p e d sc n . A g "su n tu ei Z e ch is ln o K e th are not r fo s in a m e r , r e v e w o h , n o ti la so One con solation ? I t is that the Coblenz correspondent o f the te a n tu r fo n u is th in t a ,,'hat is this con th , e n tu r fo is m in e d a r m o c a is g n in tu g ei in r u g f fi o y th r o w , Deutsche Z s rd o w te ia r p ro p p a d e r e tt u e h s ir a ff state o f acolu m n s o f the Kiilnische Zeitung: th e first es a small as everywhere . becom this point also, in n io st que al t ic i ol "N o te that the p it becomes entirely at th , n o ti es u q l ia soc mpared with the one co
as
. Cologne, January 30. The Kiilnisehe z.ettung has at last also reports on the elections and they are Indeed reports which to extent pour oil on its ;ounds. . . . d f'�OC� atIc reports on the eI ect.Ions, exclauns th e worthy . "The . ' . . d Y it " O w d te e h ca th Xl ' emocratlc reports th J lU . n e e ectJons" (i.e. the Neue lIl J Z.e1'Iung)
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have gTos.dy exaggerated. Protests are now reaching us from. all side ' s."
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" From all sidesl. TlIe K"lmsehe Zeztung inte n d s to crush us with . . ht f Its ' "protests" ' w'n welg I two pages of compressed election · bulletins, each one a ..gross exaggerat'IOn " of. th � Neue Rheinische.' . Zeltung, each one proving a victory of the constItutIOnalists' produce a deep-red blush of sh arne On our cheeksl. . the contrary. On " Protests are now reaching us from all sides." " The worthy B ruggemann does not "exaggerate " . He actually got summa summarum four whole !r;�t :s�s: from the west (Trier), north �.Hamm), south (Siegburg) not st (Arnsberg)! Are those . protests from all .sl'des" against the "gross exaggeration of the democratic reports on the elect'IOns . For tIle time beIng, ' Iet us leave to 'the K "lmsehe . Z itung the pleasure . . of belIeving that the constl'tut'IOnaIISts wer � vlCtonous ' . in these four' · " Iocalities. At any rate thO p Ieasur.e Is sour�d by pain because deOSlve all . the same in man laces ��.e constJ�IItlonahsts were defeated OWing to the "masses!s�.sce pt' Ity to bemg seduced". 0
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9 Q''oted from the article "Die Wahlen" ' Kolnische Zeilung No. 25, January 30 , 4 1 8 . , Ed.
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ear h to t n a w t o n id d e th o g a s y a d r e w th fe o e th a l ti to g Cn in g n lo e b t c je b su is th n O . n io st e u q l ia c ith a about the so r had occasion to speak, or at most it did tusongwto world it ivneovliety (insofar it is possible for the Kolnische Zei king abte certain fr adopted a n atheistic. disbelieving, free-thin ience frivolous), It s it. Then suddenly it underwent the same exper the e r fo e b s, a t s u J ti tu d e toward . ts h ig N e nd On a d n sa u o h T A in n ed a m '" the fisher genie arose gigantically out of the bottle h e had fishch lisherman, the a-bed and unsealed, so before the trembling Kiilniscinge a n e m e th n r u u p from the se n o ti c le e e th f o t u o s e is r a ly n y e d th d r u o s w e e th , d ie if r Zeitung ther r e T . " n o ti s e u q l ia c so " e th f gigantic spectrine kos to his knees; h is last hope vanishes, the specetrheaadt Rriiggemann s h is entire " political question " , which for years h ories. gulp swallows ed, together with its legal basis and access tenderly cherishof the Kolnische Zeitung, It tries to put a good face on Clever policy t by means of its social defeat. its political defea that it has been defeated not only in the politicasl This discovery cial field as well, is the greatest experience it ha field , but in the soprimary elections! gained from the s the Kiilnische Zeitung enthusiastic even earlier over Or was perhap n " ? the " social questioct, Montesquieu LVI had stated in the Kolnischet In point of fa social question was infinitely important and tha l ia c so e th f o n Zeitung that the o ti lu so e th s a w n o ti u it st n o C d se o p im recognition of the e r p is t a th n question! o ti u it st n o C d se o p im e th f o n io But recognit e Kolnische Zeitung calls the " political questio nm" .e eminently what th ctions, therefore, the social question beca al c ti li o p e th s n o Prior to the ele ti c le e e th after , n o ti s e u q l a c ti li o p e m erged in th merged in the social question . That, therefore, is question becomes Kiiln isehe Zeitung
a
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the Elections n o g n tu ei Z e ch is ln o The K
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288
Articles
The
from [he Neue Rheinische Zeitung
the difference, that is the experience from the primary namely, that what is correct after the elections is exactly the of what was gospel truth prior to the elections. . "The political question becomes merged in the social question . Let us leave out of account that already before the elections . explained as clearly as possible that there could be no talk of a question" as such, that each class has its own social question, and this social question of a definite class involves at the same time · definite political question for this class.' Let us leave out of all these light-hearted marginal notes when confronting the serio] solid Kolnerin, and let us analyse as far as possible the line of and mode of speech of this strong-charactered and nu)fn newspaper. By the social question, the Kolnische Zeitung understands question: how are the petty bourgeoisie, the peasants and proletariat to be helped? And now, since at the primary elections the petty bou peasants and proletarians emancipated themselves from bourgeoisie, the upper nobility and the higher bureaucracy, now Kolnische Zeitung exclaims: "The political question becomes in the social question"! A fine consolation for the Kolnische Zeitung! Therefore the that the workers, peasants and petty bourgeoisie routed by striking majorities the big bourgeois and other highly respected al candidates of the Kolnische Zeitung is no defeat of the "con' · stitutionalists", but merely a victory of the "social question"! The fact that the constitutionalists were defeated does not prove that democrats were victorious, but that politics has no part to play in the . face of material questions. Profound thoroughness on the part of our neighbouring journalistb! These petty bourgeois, hovering on the brink of ruin, are they enthusiastic about the imposed Constitution? These peasants, oppressed by mortgages and usurers, and crushed under feudal burdens, are they enthusiastic about the finance and feudal barons who are their exploiters, and for whose direct benefit the imposed Constitution was invented? And, finally, these proletarians, who suffer simultaneously from the administrative passion of our bureaucrats and from the lust for profit of our bourgeoisie, have they any reason to rejoice that the imposed Constitution provides a new tie linking these two classes that suck the blood of the people? 0
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Kolnische Zeitung
289
on the Elections
. n io lit o e ab th in l al ve o ab ed st re te s se a I C e e r th se e th ll a t o t n ec ir d r ei re th A t � u b , em th t o n ts en es r p e r ' C h w , r I e b m a h C st ir F e th f apponents and o p ptreh essKorsoln? ische Zeitung is right: the SOCI.al q��stlc:>n . al n so e th f o In pomt of fact, . . st re te in e th n I . n io st e u q l a c u h o e h t t up n e S P m e v o m l ca ti li o p e sw alloW th d e in o ' J ly w . e n e v la t a h I t s e ss la c e th . " on . d se . o p Im e s th questt r ' fo d n a ts re te I , a c poI'm n w o ir e th st in a g a te o v w il l . . ConstItution., y bourgeois and Peasants, and , th e more so , th.e .caI form for represen.ting their Can th. e pett d a bet.ter poIm ' f' se anans, e h t . ly se CI rolet re p t o n re A . Ie l' b Pinterests th an th e d emocratic repu 'I. Is le o h w a s a ty ie c so f o c ti ra c o m e d t e mo t radical, That c1ass?classes the .most � � � red y ificall e s the is at t t a eta pro the n . he tei tung, the social questIon oolmsc � i t not precisely K e h t ims . excla , matter . does not the poli tical questIon , I socia the swallows up ' ' of . victory the g' n u I el Z . e h c s lm o K e th to . n g o ti u it st n o Acc.ord.in C d f se o p im e th h e victory t e m ti e m sa e h t t a question IS " CIa. l quest,Ion" f the Kolnische Zeitung has also a verye B u. t the SO ead the report f the Kolnische Zeitung on th speCl,aI feature. RFir. st C h amber'''o and their " fortunate outcome , an electIons to thein the fact that Herr os h Dumont has become the which consists J ;!a1 for on questi social e th . I s . I e v so te a r y n a " t a t 1a a C h s� T te r. a m electo d r o b su e th ll a it h it w d re a m Kiilnische Zeltung, a n d co P s nop u p in connection with elections p h a r e p ld u o c h ic h w s" n io st e qu . . r a e p p a is d r e b m a h C d n t a . h ' IC h , w " n to a plebeIan Seco io st e u q l a " c ti ' ll o p lC r . to Is ' h Id r o w e th f k . a rm e o r st e b h ly ss e Il C May t . ' menaCIil gIy n. sm r e m t o n s ' i r a P g ' the present tIm�. ls . Zel'1un!,> on" ! ' "' s que a sti "soc ial te deli c , sche to piecei th e K o lm III
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290 The Struggle in Hungary
291
attack from north and west very difficult. In the south the Koros and its tributaries o ffer a line of defence which is likewise covered by unin terrupted swamps and moreover by the advanced fortress of Temesvar. So, defended on three sides by swamps and rivers, the Debreczin Heath stretches away to the Transylvanian hills and offers t he M agyars an excellent point for concentrating their armies, all the better since Bern has freed their rear by the conquest of Transyl-
T H E S T R U G GL E I N H U N G A R y 27 1
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So long as the Magyars hold their ground on the Drava and in the Banat, Debreczin, the centre of their operations, can only be attacked from the north (Schlick) and west (Windischgratz), and both the above movements are said to be preludes to this attack. Miskolcz and Tokaj, the two towns to which the imperial troops are now marching, are barely six miles' from each other. Tokaj is one of the most advantageous crossing points over the Theiss; Miskolcz lies close enough to enable the troops sent there, depending on circumstances, to join Schlick' s corps at Tokaj or to cross the Theiss by themselves a little lower down and. if successful to advance on Debreczin. This plan of the imperial army, which the 1 7th Bulletin trumpets around the world with such pomp, is, however, not so easy to carry out. From Pest to M iskolcz is more than 30 miles, across desolate heath land, inhabited either by hardly anybody or else by enemies. From Eperies to Tokaj it is also 30 miles, also through decidedly hostile and poor country . The provisioning alone of the two advancing corps would greatly delay their march ; the bad roads, which with the present thaw are becoming completely impassable, make it quite impossible for them to reach their destination in less than a fortnight. And once arrived they will find themselves facing the M agyar army, at the crossings of the Theiss, entrenched between . swamps, in positions with covered flanks, where the imperial troops cannot deploy their su perior strength, where, on the contrary, a few regiments can hold u p a whole army. Nay, even were they to succeed in forcing the crossings over the Theiss, the Austrian artillery and heavy cavalry would be utterly lost between the swamps, in marshy ground, in which they will constantly be bogged. What grandiose successes these two columns have had so far can already be seen from the fact that the 1 8th Army Bulletin, which we reported yesterday,b is completely silent about them. Where they are, One German mile is equal to 4.7 English miles.-Ed. b Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 2 1 1 , February 2, 1 849 (a report from Vienna with a reprint of the 1 8th Anny Bulletin from the Wiener Zeitung No. 24, published on January 28. 1 849).-Ed. OJ.
The Struggle in Hungary
Articles from [he Neue Rheinische Zeitung
292
how far they have advanced, what successes . they have had - o f Welden tells us not one syllable, and for good reasons. But, says Welden,
"according to the news received from H ungary, our troop. enjoy brilliant everywhere"
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- nd the Kolnische Zeitung believes Herr W eId e�. . et us look a little more closeIy at these "bnlllant successes" . Four "successes" are reported ' O f these th ree are in areas where there is no decisive fighting b t Wsh e the Magyars are merely . triving to keep the imperia t o p 0 sy at pOints of secondary � Importance and thus to divide th m. n y the fourth "success" has been won on the Theis un ry 's fate is being decided. h re t e n th ag nd the. Gran, in the I n the north-west south-west, between t e Drava and he anu e, and m the south, in the Banat, three Hungarian corp.s re o far keepmg a considerable part of the imperial forces buSY' � er� y preventmg Windischgratz from pushing forward to the Th eISS wIth any conSI' dera ble numbers. . . Agamst these three corps the Impenal " forces , s0 th ey say, have had "b n.11lant successes " . Voyons! ' . ,, 272 , Ftrst succe�s. In the north-east, wher "SIovakIa IS now placed . Baron Csonch has beaten GeneraI orgey at Schemnitz and h . , taken Schemnitz . When 0 ne consl' ders that GOrgeY 's corps IS simply a . Iost outpost which has to stand I'ts roun d In th� rear of the imperial army as long as possible' and w e o consIders that GOrgey is o�erating n�t on Magyar ut on u r 1y ovak ground, one sees that f. thIS success IS not very "brilliant . . Moreover, Csorich was to be su orted 'by G " tz and Sos say's .? . column � . Bu t Sossay was urgentl cal d to N eutra there to assIst in . . the pacIfIcation of the part of t e �lre y �ccupied" (a purely
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ff � � . . Slav comitatb), and Gotz had his h a�����h . maintaining hIS position . at Mossocz and protecting the T�roc � �omltat from the insurgents "
whom Lieutenant-Field Marshal "The
sonc
at-last-to-be-hoped-fo," (hence still and the occupation of Neuhau.el ... should IS begzn� tng(!) to d evelop everywhere in th restoratIOn of law and order."
had
.. . beaten and scattered(")"
. off) " capture of Leopold.tad! way ffIce tOh�trengt�en the good spirit which rentsc In comltat and to contribule to the
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What brilliant successes! The at-Ia -to-be-hoped-for capture of a I1ot-yet-captured fortress offers the ope th at the much-hoped-for . --"
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sed-Ed. . A comitat is a H u nganan county.-Ed. •
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293
e s, always p o h e n o t, o n l il w n io e occupied reg c n si g n lo a f o it ir may at least good sp r e d r o d n a w la t a nd the h o p e th a , h is w s u io p a remain lisation! a e r h c a o r p p a y ll partia vertheless e n h ic h w v m r a , a beaten ss e tr r fo d e r heck, a tu c p a in s p r o c y An u n c m r a l a r e and keeps sev t a it m o c e r ti n e n it th e re , ir sp d threatens a a b l a e r o to ly it h e r e , a n on ir sp d o o g r o -f d e ot Magyar n , much-hop k a v lo S n o is th here, and a ll w ry e v e d e n te a re risings th iant success " ! ll ri b " t rs fi e th is t th e M agyars f territory - tha o st o tp u o d e m o o A second d . " s es cc su t n ia ll ri b " d Secon a, u n d e r the v ra D e th d n a e b u tween the Dan e b , st e -w th u so e ess consists in is in th c c su t n a li il r b e th ja n ic h . H e r e m a D r e d a le n a is part aposvar so as to K f o n o ti a p u c c o e g ordered th in v a h t n e g u N t n u Co in that is not is re e th ss e cc su t n ia nk . What brill a fl 's y m e n e e th h reac ps is , it is true, o o tr l a ri e p im y b k pation o f Esze u c c o e h T . r a le c yet oes not yet know d n ti e ll u B th 8 1 e l p a p e r s, but th ra e v se y b d e rt o p re pect it . x e n e v e t o n s e o d ptured ca s of it a n d a h h ic v ro o d o General T . " s es cc .m t n ia ll ri "b e M agyars Third th " g in su r u p y ll a c d is "energeti n a t a n a B e th in tz Wersche
th e position to Moravicza. d n a es il m e re th ly o ravicza i s exact M to tz e h c rs e W tains is fa r From n u o m e th d n a p m e Alibunar swa th n e e tw e b za ic v at Mora Werschetz. t a t a th n a th le b m th e centre more favoura o fr r fa SO is t a n a B known that the ll e w is it te ra y e been so n a v a h At s r a y g a M e th acks against tt a e th t a th d n a s ials would r e p im of operation e th f o s e ss brilliant succe st o m e th n e v e t a sporadic th w h atsoever. e c n ta r o p im o n m perial i e th here be of n e se e v a h Hitherto we . " s es cc su t n ia ll ri "b t at least u Fourth b , in ra r te e v si ci e g on not very d n ti ra e p o , e u tr is ow at last N . troops, it ss e c c su f o e c n la with some semb g n ti a r e p o m e th we saw sts in a defeat si n o c ss ce c su e th ain, and here rr te e iv is c e d a to e we com ps. of th e im p erial troo th e Theiss, to s a r fa s a st e P m o ad advanced fr h r e g in tt O l ra e n there is a e k G o ln zo S to st e P good ; from ly ir fa s a w d a ro e h e im p erial h T Szolnok. T s. il ra e th w o ll eded was to fo e n s a . The w t a th ll a d n k o ln zo railway, a S t a e g upied the brid c oc y d a e lr a d a h ght wing of advanced guard ri e th r fo d re u c se appeared to b e s is e h T e th f o g in cross erating from p o , k c li h c S r e d n u The left wing s. p o o tr l a ri e p er fr o m e g im in th tt O r e d n u g in o lc z, the right w k is M m o fr e tr n e c centrically n Tokaj, the o c h rc a m d n a s g T h e is s crossin e th e rc fo to re e w , ed without n Szolnok o k c re d a h n e m p erial gentle im e th t u B . in cz re on Deb ve Ottinger ro d r, e v ri n ze o fr crossed th e rs a y g a M e h T . st o ir h the e p u r su it th p u e v a g ly n o d n ay to Czeglt'cl . a w e th ll a s e il m r u fo hack d and taken le g ze C r a e n ts n e m ived reinforce ce re d a h r e g in tt n e O h w
294
Articles from the Neue Rheinische Zeitung
295
up a strong position. According to the Bulletin, it is true, theMa are supposed to have gone back across the Theiss, but at all they now control the crossing and Herr Ottinger, having so hastily . retreated, will hardly force it so soon . These are the "brilliant successes" of the imperial troops against · the disbanded, demoralised, scattered army of Kossuth's rebels. A glance at the map shows that the Magyars have lost nothing since , they decided to retreat behind the Theiss. As the latest Austrian unofficial reports announce, they are at Miskolcz and await the attacks of Schlick and Windischgratz. They will not accept battle there either, but will withdraw behind the Theiss. The decisive battle will be fought at the crossings of this river, or, if these are forced, in the Debreczin Heath. And even if the Magyars are routed here, guerilla warfare will begin in the heaths arid swamps of Lower Hungary and in the Transylvanian mountains in the same way as it · has already begun in the "parts of the country already occupied" , to the great regret of the 1 8th Bulletin. What such warfare can achieve in a sparsely populated country and on a suitable terrain has been pre ved by the Carlist bands in Spain, and is now being proved again by Cabrera.m But Kossuth has not come to that yet . Although the Kiilnische Zeitung in its childlike naivety had him taken prisoner yesterday, he is still free and has a considerable army at hiS disposal. For him it is no longer a question of standing his ground for months on end; he only needs to offer resistance for three or four more weeks. In three to four weeks at most the tables will be turned in Paris: either the Restoration wins there for the moment, and then Hungary may fall, too, so that the counter-revolution may be altogether triumphant; or the revolution will win, and then the Austrian gentlemen will march in haste to the Rhine and to Italy, to be chased back to Hungary by the Red Pantaloons .. In conclusion, let us note the most brilliant of all the imperial troops' successes: Herr Welden's bulletins have at last found a believer who swears by them - and this One is the Kiilnische Zeitung.
CAMPHAUSEN
.'
Written by Engels on February 2, 1 849
Printed according to the newspaper
First
Published in English for the
published in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 2 1 2, February 3, 1849
,
The French army .-Ed.
tJme •
first
urce that so e bl lia re y el tir en an om fr arn 3 W e le Fb op en , s er b � ha C e th re fo be gn si re ll wi h�o;�:de:b:;�i�istry hambers at C e th to d te n se re b ill w n �p �nd that H er r Cam phause
. . th e new Prime Mmlster. as ng ' em op dleiT eing prepared b as w d in k e th f 0 m g h' et m WC were sure that so ad a re sp e er d h s n ie fr 's an m es at st o the shrewd . . . �'h en a few days ag , y: lt tlV ac l ca hu po f o d re ti as w e h m mour that ,
.
ary: Ob! the bustle makes me we. . m, What usc aU the joy and pa Sweet peace come, and . I' . IgIl rc ur yo n gi In my heart be
estic life m o d l fu ce ea t p 0 I� w ra ·thd I W . and for that reason wanted to ecu lau' on I"n sp f o d el fi g tm ita ag ss le e th and restrict his reflections to dairy p roduce . sen au ph am C T eI H : on :s pe t n ge lli It should be clear to every inte and n ro C <: h ve sa to m a ag ce on felt th e need to get himself invited role' ; m u n � s a a� pl to , y" it � ir.n ' W�ll_k:own "touched by his own magn� , h IS ne Wit ro th l na tIO tu U ns co e th of e if w id of "m .
�
aplomb. this at e ic jo re l il w er b am h C e . 1 ,th . .on 11 The bourgeois oppo:�lu ly si ea d n a l fu et g or f e ar s an m er The G r e tary "v ictory p;a;::; am c : �; H d sc po o ar ye st la o � l(����:. � h OSc same Lef�s w h n to 0 ICe as IO SS ce ac w ne s hi e m co el w will gratefully concession on the part of the Crown. a
htlied" .-Ed.. Goethe, .. Wand....ers Nac
296
Articles from the
New Rheinische Zeitung
But in ord er that the people should not allow itself to be deceived . se� on d time , we shal l briefly recall the most outstanding deeds of thi . thmkmg statesm an. Her r Cam pha use n resurrected the United Diet that was buried on M � rc 1 8 and reached agreement with it on som e of the bas ic pnnclples of the future Constitution!74 rr . H � . Cam pha use n thereby reached agreement on the legal basis, 1 . e. md lrect den ial of the rev olu tion . Her r Camphausen furthermore con ferred on us the blessing of . "75
:· .
?
indirect elections.
He rr Ca � pha use n once again d nie d the revolution as regards � . �)[]e of Its chIe f. res ults , by transformmg the Prince of Prussia's flight mto a STUdy tnp and recalling him from London."7" He rr Cam pha � sen organised the civic militia in such a way that from tl� c outset It �as transformed from bei ng the arm ing of the people mto the arm mg of a class, so that the peo ple and the mil itia confronted each oth er as ene mie s. At the sam e tim e He rr Cam pha use n allowed the old -Prussian bu reaucracy and a rmy to be reconstituted and to become daily mo re . capable of pre pan ng counter-revolutionary cou ps d'etat. Herr Cam pha u �en was responsible for the me morable shrapnel slaughter of practICally unarmed Polish peasants.'77 He rr Cam pha use n began the war against De nm ark to provide an outlet for superahundant patriotism and to restore the popularity of the Prusslan Guards. Havin achieved this aim, he made every &" effort to he p sec e th e adoption m Frankfurt of the disgraceful .. . ,�f . MalI?o arm Istice, WhIch was essential for Wrangel's march on Berl In. . He rr Ca mp hal! sen confined hi� self to abolishing a few reac tIOnary old-Prusslan laws III the Rh me Province, but left the wh ole pol ice-state civil-code legislation in existence in all the old provinces . He r� Cam pha us�n was the firs� to intrigue against the uni ty-at . that time �ttll deflmt � ly revolutlOnary-of Ge rm any , first of all by �onvenmg alongsld� the Frankfurt . National Ass em bly his Berlm agreement parlIa�e nt and subsequently hy acting in . . every way agamst the decIsIOns and influence of the Frankfurt Assembly. Her r Cam ph � us� n demanded of his Assembly that it should . constItutIOnal mandate restrIct Its mer ely to "rcaching agreeme nt". Her r Cam pha usen further dem and ed of it that it should issue an address to thc Crown in which it acknowledged this - as if it were a constitutional chamber whic h could be adjourned or dissolved at . will .
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297
Cam phausen
.
Her r Cam phausen further dem and ed o.f it that it sh.ould de?y the n of confidence m the rev olution and even made this a questio Cabine t. . . Her r Cam phause n laid bef�He his Assembly a drafl COn �tIt�tIOn, \,hich is on muc h the same lInes as the Imposed .Con StItutIOn and e. . roused a universal storm of ind ignation at the tIm i g been th � Min ister of a Her r Cam pha use n boasted of hav ? . between tIOn dIa me but g hm not was tion dia mediation, but this me ple . the Cro wn and the bou rgeoisie for join t betrayal of the ·peo Her r Camphausen at last resigned whe n this bet :ayal had . bee n ly mature to be put mto practICe by fully negotiated and was. sufficient . '79 bl es. sta con an Its d tIon Ac of ent nm ver Go the He rr Can lph aus en became the ambassador to the so-c �ll: d Central Authority and continued to e so und e : all . the Mmlst �Ies . . He remained ambassador at the tIme wh en III VIenna the Croatian, Ruthenian and Wallachian troops violated German territory, fired ,'ore on Germany's leading city and set it ablaze and ,J:eated It n He remamed ou trageously than any Tilly treated Magdeburg. ambassador and did not lift a finger. Hcrr Cam pha use n remained ambassador und er Bra n enburg, thereby taking his share in the Prussian counter-revolutIOn, a.nd te whIch subscribed his na me to the recent Prussian Circula,r No old openly and without disguise demanded the restoratIon of the Federal Die t.2B1 He rr Ca mp hau sen now at last takes ,:ver �he Min istry in ord er to rd the covcr the retreat of the cou nter-revolutIonanes and to safegu� e to November and December achievements for us for a lon g tim come . e These are some of the great deeds of He rr Ca mp hau sen . If h t, now becomes Min iste r he wil l hasten to add to the list . For ou r par we sha ll keep the mo st precise possible account of the m.
�
�
Written by Marx on February First
published
Zeitung
a
No.
2 1 3,
3.
1849
in the Ne1U Rheinischt' February 4, I B49
Printed according to the newspaper published in English for the fin! [tme
preussischen Staat", Ma y 20, "Entwurf eines Verfassungs-Ge�tzes fiir den
1 848.-Ed.
298
299
From the Banat
FROM THE BANAT
e th ds ." e fin on , er rd bo n ia tr us A e th on ht n'g " a , de nburg coml't,at e Ite Ie ; qU op pe y tr un co e (h th g on am th su os K r fo h at mp Y ants peas the on, livehest �y serm ow> .yeIl and '11 , k blac a , after m a VI age y l "cnt ' me re< " d th d'I tat r 2.2 wh ere upo n a detach me nt 0f troops ca ' and e ac pl e th c heere in s on rs pe e d t c pe s e r t os m ted t�e �eve: of e 3 rre s m co be s ha t ha w s ow kn dv bo no ur ho O , ' ff ; to th IS rn �r ch ed th em 0 •
th e m .
. . gels on February 3, 1 849 Written by. Fn e second supplement F", ".[ published in Ih No. 2 1 3 , ng du Je z " e ch nis hei R eue N [tJ 1 I le 49 February 4, 18
From the B{fnal. Hardly have the Serbs, Austrians, Banat Germans,
Croats, Gipsies and Turkish Serbs succeeded in pushing the Magyars back a little when the bitterest quallels are breaking out in the newly-manufactured Banat-Serbian nation. Stratimirovich stood on his own initiative as candidate for the dignity of voivode and thereby incurred such enmity from Patriarch Rajachich that the latter issued an order to arrest and deliver the most popular Serbian leader wherever he might be found. Up to now the Turkish Serbs have supplied 20,000 auxiliary troops to the Banat Serbs. How many Russians are among them it is 700 Serbs and 400 difficult to say. As recently as on January armed Gipsies crossed the Danube at Boljevcze and Pancsova to help the Banatians. That is how the Austrian united monarchy [Gesamt monarchie] is keeping alive! The power of the Hungarian insurrection is by no means destroyed, but at present is still very considerable, for numerous volunteers flock to the Magyar detachments from all parts of the country. The Magyars still have four strong army corps in the field: in Upper Hungary under GOrgey, on the Theiss under Kossuth, in the Banat against the Serbs" and in Trdnsylvania under Bern; these can still fight for several months if they carefully avoid any major blow. The fighting has already lasted six whole weeks, and yet the number of Hungarian fighters has increased rather than decreased. If they succeed, as is their intention, in prolonging hostilities until war breaks out in Upper Italy, the cause is by no means lost. Even in
19,
- --
, Colours of the Austrian
flag.-Ed.
er P rinted accorrling tu the newspap st published in English for th e fi r rIme
300 TIle 1 9th Army Bulletin an d
Commentaries
OIl
It
30 1
We
hardly need mention that the Bulletin does not say a word Leopoldstadt, a lie which has been eith er about the storming of ,prea d six times by the martial-law newspapers, and six times believed by Mama Dumon!.a We must assume therefore that the re is still "hope" that this fortress will be captured. All this, then, is not said in the Bullet in. What does it actually say? It has knowledge of the situation in three places: on the Slavonian bonier, at Szolnok, and on the Upper Theiss. Of course, from these three places it once more reports "brilliant successes". First:
THE 1 9th
ARMY B ULLETIN A N D COMMENTARIES ON IT
"Master of the Ordnance Count Nugent. who set out on January 25 from Kanizsa to march tu Funfkirchen in order to disperse the rebels who had banded together there, transferred his headquarters to Fiinfkirchen on J an u ary 29. The rebels, numbering 4,000 men with 1 0 (annon, left that town on January 26 and ma y have t;lkcn the direction of Esseg to assemble t here sheltered by the fortress wh i ch is occupied by the rebels. They will nut, however, succeed in doing this as that fortress is encircled by the brigade of Colonel van der Niill of the Gradiskan border regiment, dnd Ma.uer of the Ordnance Count Nugent also will follow them in tha t direction. The appearance of the royal imperial army in the Baranya and Tolna comitats has completely annihilated the elements hostile to the Government . " ,
. g .IvThe J 9th Armv. .Bulletin has been pu bll'sh ed .a Eve. n assu mm ?" e c�ed ence to thIs document, th e recent advantages gained by Im p; nal troops are ha rd ly worthy of mention. . g of th \\ e are told no th m e army corps in the Slovak (Il(ml�-",{es . �,Ol.m�;r.S. ObVIOusly, therefore, this corps still has its hands full wi th paC! yI ng the parts of th e country alreadv occu pi ed W e are also told ?othing of th e troops se'nt from Pe ". who were to e�tabhsh contact between Windischg st to M iskolez and who, as will n ? douht be remembered, we prriitz and Schlick' ha ve r�ther a lo ng Jo ur ne y.b O f these troops, whose ophesied would �ccord ng to. supposed letters from Schlick's ca m p,advanced osts already� at Mlskolez, we also he ar nothing. Proof th are said �o b� at they have not ' got very far. . We likewise he ar no th in g of th e Ba na t Gipsy band A nd , lastly, we are told nothing whatsoever of th e s. agam �t Be rn . In general, for some tim e now not ontroops sent ou t · ly th e of fic ial lIe tlJl s hu t als o th e ot.herwise so boastful un official fabrications �� . ve mamtamed a total silence with respect to Benl Su ffIC ' .lent proof . tr ' at t h th ' � lm p;; na I ,? op s ha ve no t won an y laurels fightin . b g against Inl el t er. IUS, WIth no news whatsoever of Be to be at al l su :prised if very soon he su dd en ly aprn we au ht no t rear, or on IllS fla nk s, an d m anages to upset th p�ars at S�hl ic k' s e whole im pe ria l plan . .
:1 �1 9. �.Tmeel-Bulletin'" Wiener Zeitung No. 27, F �e t ume, p. 2 9 1 .- Ed. .
IS
\/0
Let us first note that according to this the Esseg fortress on the Drava has not been taken, as the rumours circulating since the establishment of martial law maintained, but has so far only been "encircled", an encirclement which is all the more likely to be broken by the "4,000 men with 10 cannon" as it is absolutely impossible to maintain an encirclement on the left bank of the Drava because of the extensive swamps. The further success is that Nugent has advanced as far as FLinfkirchen. As, according to the 1 8th Bulletin, Kaposvar had been occupied by the imperial troops, all that has been gained is that the army has advanced its position by some ten miles parallel to the Drav a. The result of this is nothing but more difficulty in provisioning, which will grow worse in the same measure as the army approaches the heart of Hungary. Incidentally the Magyars appear to be pu rsuing the saIlle tactics here as Gorgey did in the Slovak regio n: they hold the towns as long as possible and then begin to figh t a guerilla war in the countryside. What is said about the pacification of the Baranya and Tolna comitats reminds one entirely of the way Slovakia was pacified. We shall soon be hearing that the annv has been unable to advance here either because it has first to restore peace and order in tbe comitats thar have already been conquered •
ebru ary I , 1 849.-Ed.
.
a
i. e. the Kolnische Zei.tung.-Ed.
The 1 9th Anny Bulletin and Commentaries on It
302
Articles
from the Neue
Rheinische Zeitung
Second:
"As was already reported in the 18th Bulletin, the Ottinger cavalry reinforced bv three battalions of infantry and two batteries of fuot-artillery. has up position at Czegled. On receiving the news that the rebels intended to attack p m.i tion , Field Marshal Prince Windischgditz felt decided to march against them
all available troups, hoping that the rebels would accept battle. However. they did dare to risk a decisive engagement this time either, and seeing the reilnf,or<:err"," approaching, they hastily withdrew across the Theiss, with the Grammont brigade PUTsUlt. " ,
Well then! The fact that Windischgratz himself went to "with all available troops" proves that Herr Ottinger must ffered a severe set-back there , Even the "three battalions and batteries" received as reinforcements were of no avail! All the gai amount to is that the Austrians are at Szolnok, that is once more the Theiss , It is odd that Windischgratz should be annoyed that the ret have yet again refused to accept battle, As though it had not been plan from the very outset where possible for the time being to all decisive battles, to lure the imperial troops as far into Hungary possible and to organise peasant war and guerillas in their rearl , When the time is ripe they will "risk a decisive engagement", Sll
Third:
"Having already successfully cleaned up the Zips, lieutenant-Field Marshal Count ' Schlick has by now achieved the same with respect to the rebels in the Zemplin comitat, and has then set out for Tokaj where Kossuth's supporters have gathered from various points. On - January 1 9 the advanced guard of Lieutenant-Field Marshal Schlick, under the command of Major Piattoli, encountered the enemy at Szanto and ' drove him back towards Tukaj . On January 2 ] reconnaissance showed that the enemy had relreated and taken up a rather favourable position at Tokaj Tarczal and KeresztuT. On January 22 Lieutenant-Field Marshai Count Schlick opened the general assault on that position. Major Hcrczmanovsky led his gallant Stephan battalion along with a squadron of imperial light cavalry and four cannon in the attack on Keresztur, while Lieutenant-Field Marshal Count Sch1ick advanced on Tarc7.a1 via Tallya and Mad with the main column. The battle ended in victory for the imperial troops. The enemy suffered considerable losses, particularly in dead among the Polish IeglOn. a" .
.
This advantage comes as a complete surprise, Schlick drove the Hungarians' advanced posts baek a few miles and met them in battle at Tallya and Keresztur , "The battle ended in victory for the royal imperial troops," says the laconic report of success, Not a word about whether Tallya and Keresztur have been taken, or whether the Magyars have withdrawn across the Theiss, The same will probably
This legion was nearly 5�, OOO men ,o;trong from December 1848.-Ed. a
and
fought against the imperial troops
303
so d y an or ct vi t ea gr a ch su as w ch hi w , ' le tt ba ' h th'IS " , ry to t vI ' I as r h a p Pen WIt s ge m tt O C h It W ed en pp ha as Success, , aUIa,rIy Iacking 'm rn t ' d e Ir qU ' re IS k'il o N . at fe de a be to t ou ed tu d n e e , h t , m h te 'h Ge rma ns, " b Y y I am m ed lt ab h m is s ip Z e , ' th ee 'n " S ' Ip Z 283 wh 0 for t h e lI' m e " ,le a n u p t,h e . . s an m ' he ut R by d te l b' a h ' m IS , at tt m co n h p ,r h e Z e m stI'II frt'endly towards th e imperial troops, and here, too, It . beI ng are , p u , g m n " ea d f o lk ta r ea h to d d s o e th at th so u n d IS n ti le ul B , e th om fr n aw dr , IUSl' On t0 be e n co am m e h T t ea gr a at S IS he T e th on , ns tio si , po o tw ,Im penal troops are occupyl'n g h c ea It h W t ac nt co no ve ha s rp co o tw , oth er. '[he . \' 'nnee from e a ch e h : w o bl e lv tS d ee e th pt m te at on so e it qu her' Kossuth W I'IIlphroisbfoabrclyes into separate attacks o n th e two c�r�s, O�'11 �i ther ththrorouwgalh between them, march o n Pest, and attac e � � break a h O a st I AU n� :� �[e %i� s��: �f affairs persists, while the imperial t:oop s, n Io at A It eS h e em tr ex h it w ly n o 'e e n va , or strength , ad despite th,eir su penth t ou ith w lly ua id d' ' m g m at er op s n m lu co and cautIOn, aII ntreatirm d an st , rs ya ag M e th le hi w es , rc fo ' thelr t htI ' lktI' lg of con.ce 'de ogf th s rt o p re ss re p aw -l al ti ar m e th ss ei h eT , SI rmed on the oth er ee ' , An d rleta a G t l y tr S r ea n I er n so ri p ken �hat Kossuth has bs renpta . at th t n ri er ap sp ew n an m er G 5111,:> L
s
SI
'
'
1
0
,
"
( \5
,
,
IV
,
y Written by Engels on Fehmar First puhlished Leitung No, 2 1 4 ,
5,
1 849
in the Neue Rheinische February 6, 1 849
per Printed according to the newspa first Published in English for the ti me
3mti
304
OF
THE FIRST TRIAL
THE NEUE RHEINISCHE ZEITUNC 284
[SPEECH BY
KARL MARX]
Gentlemen of the jury! The proceedings today have a cert importance because Articles 222 and 367 of the Code penaI 28A' invoked in the indictment against the Neue Rheinische Zeitung are the ,' only ones from Rhenish legislation available to the state authorities, ' unless there is direct incitement to revolt. You are all aware of the very special predilection of the ,' prosecuting magistrates for taking legal action against the Neue ' Rheinische Zeitung. In spite of all their diligence, however, up to now ',' they have not succeeded in accusing us of any other offences than , those envisaged in Articles 222 and 367. In the interests of the press, therefore, I consider it necessary to make a closer examination of these articles. But before I enter into a legal analysis, allow me to make a personal observation. The Public Prosecutor has described as a vilification the passage in the incriminated article which states: "Is Herr Zweiffel perhaps combining the executive with the legislative power? Are the laurels of Chief Public Prosecutor supposed to cover the weak points of the people's representative?" Gentlemen, it is quite possible for someone to be a very good Chief Public Prosecutor and at the same time a bad people's representative. He is perhaps a good Chief Public Prosecutor only because he is a had people 's representative. The prosecution seems to be little versed in parliamentary history. What underlies the question of incompatibili ty, which takes up so much space in the proceedings of the constitutional Chambers? The distrust of executive officials, the a
a
See present edition, Vol. 7, p. 1 79.-Ed.
mer�(1nbtlt
!i)el'
IlOT
ben
ffebruar,'l1ffifen
in
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I.
n e u e � l' t b i e s o T " ii e r ) \) erfte . . g n u lt e S n e d) if in e J, � II.
�roAei bte �rtii � m:dfcfJuift9 btl' l'l}tinifd)t1l :Demofl'4ten.
!Ilerlag 'otf
tiln , 1 849. . nt tu ti ,3 tn ifdi in �t i tutI\ !R ber n iti.o t'o r� c.i
Marx's and Eng ng ni ai n co als � ri T al ic lit Po wo T - e pamphlet T"It1e-page of th at the Cologne tnals
els' speeches .
The First Trial of the
Neue Rheinische Zeitung
307
�
suspicion that a? executive offici�l �ill �eadily sacrifice t e interests of ,ouety to the Irtterests of the eXIstmg Government and IS therefore
fitted to be anything rather than a people's representative. And now
consider in particular the situation of a Public Prosecutor. In what co un try would it not be considered incompatible with the high post of people's representative? I remind you of the attacks on Hebert, Plou goulm and Bavay in the French and Belgian press, and in the Fren ch and Belgian Chambers, attacks aimed precisely against the contradictory combination of the qualities of a Prosecutor-General and a parliamentary deputy in the same person. These attacks never resulted in the institution of court proceedings, not even under Guizot, and the France of Louis Philippe and the Belgium of Leopold ranked as model constitutional states. In England, it is true, Illatters are different with the Attorney-General and Solicitor Genera l . • But their position is also essentially different from that of a prowreur du roi. They are indeed more or less judicial officials. We, gentlemen, are not constitutionalists, but we take u p the standpoint of the gentlemen who are accusing us in order to beat them on their own ground with their own weapons. Hence we appeal to constitutional usage. The Public Prosecutor would like to wipe out a large period of parliamentary history-by means of a moral platitude. I decisively rej ec t his charge of vilification, and I explain it as due to his . Ignorance. I pass now to a discussion of the juridical question. My defence counselb has already proved to you that without the Prussian law of July the indictment on the charge of in sulting Chief Public Prosecutor Zweiffel would have been invalid of the Code phwl speaks only of "outrages from the outset. A rticle par paroles", of oral insults, not of written or printed ones. The •
5, 1 8 1 9, 286 222
Prussian law of however, was intended to supplement Article not to abolish it. The Prussian law can extend to written insults only where the Code would the punish ment prescribed in Article impose it if the insults were in oral form. Written insults must occur under the same circumstances and conditions as envisaged by Article for oral insults. It is therefore necessary to define exactly the meaning of Article
1 8 1 9,
222,
222
222 III
222.*
l'ordre administratif ou judiciaire aUTont �u dans l'eurcice de leurs fondions ou a I 'occasion de cd exercice quelque outrage par paroles tendant a incuiper Jeur honneUT ou Article
222
reads textually as follows: "Lorsqu'un on pIusieurs magistraLs de
b Sc h neider II.-Ed.
a
These tides arc in English in the German original.-Ed.
einische Zeitung 'fhe First Trial of the Ne11£ Rh
308
Anicles from the Neue Rheinische Zeitung
!. n the �otive� given for Article 222 (Expose par M . Ie cons,
d etat Berher. seance de fevrier 1 8 1 0 ') it is stated: ':11
'" ne ,sera done ici �ues�ion que des seuls outrages qui compromettent la , fI es co? tre les fonctionnaires ou agents publics cad. ce� x . , , cJCe ou a o caslOll e exe�CIce de leurs fOIll:tions; dans ce cas ce n'est plus " ; . . . sera dans ce cat,' " ' .porItlque ' pa Ttlcuher. c ,esl l ordre pubhc qUi est blesse La hierare hle . , pnse en consideration : ccluJ qui se permet des outragf-s ou vwlences envers un1 off ' . ffilnlsteneI est c�upable sans doute, mais il com met un moindre scandale que orsqu 1
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outrage un maglstrat."
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That is to say, in translation:
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"It will thercfore be a question here only of insults which violate public order' . . ace. th�t IS to sar . therefor�, l!Ui� ltS directed against officials or public a ents Gu nll . . e It IS 110 , t e exercISe of or III connectIon WIth the c:xercise of their functions·' in th . , nger a prJ�ate person, it is public order which is harmed, . . . In t h is case t n u I s or acts o� , lerarchy wIlI be taken Hlto consideration: one who indulges · . . t ' u he causes a VIOl ence directed against a ministerial official is undoubtedly
lesser scandal than when he insults a judge. "
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From th ese I?otives, gentlemen, you see what the Iegislator .l tended by .ArtIcle 2 � 2. Article 222 is "only" applicable to insults � . dIrected agamst offICials which violate ' put at risk , pubI"Ie ord er, . public peace. When IS pu bl"IC order, la paix publique, violated? Only wh en a revolt .for the purp.ose of overthrowing the laws is attempted or when .the ImplementatIOn of the existing laws is prevented i e �hen resIstance IS exercised against the official who is executin� th� aw, when the perfor:mance of his office by a functioning official is .I� terrupted o� Imp�Ired. The resistance can be confined to mere g u �bh� g, to ms.u tu:g language; it can go as far as acts of violence f�rCI�� msubo�dmatIOn: Outrage, insult, is merely the lowest degre� o vw �ce, of m �ubordI? ation, of violent resistance. Hence in the . "outrages ou violences" ' ""n motIVatIOn there mentIon of IS I suIt s or acts . . Ien e " . Th e concept IS the same in both; violence act of of. VIO � · IOn VIOIence, IS only an aggravaf 0 f outrage, of msult against the . . . . functIOnmg off,CIal. · · I was is . e In these motives, therefore, it presumed th 1 ) that 0ffICia · . of his office; 2) that he was present in insulted dunng · th e exerCIse "
puni d'un emprisonncment d 'un . ore 0ffleI·af s of. t he ad mtn istr�tive or j udicial system or on ��aSJ.on of such exerczse have been subjected �nou � or delicacy, the person who has � [ IS.h e y Impnsonment from one month to two
Tlcatesse, c�lui qui les aura ainsi Ieu� d e
exerc�
years. "]-Note by Marx.
outrages sera
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, deux ans ' ("If mms a of thei nt during 'he to insult by words tending insulted them in this way wiJ
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309
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Expositions by Counsellor of State Berlier, ,'\itting of February Un O .-Ed.
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ce an rb al stu re a di es do se ca r he ot nO In d. lte su in s wa he . perso n wh en place. o f public order take n io e ct ol se e wh th in d un fo be to is n io pt um es pr e m The sa 'autorite et de l de s re ai sit po de les rs ve en es concerning "outrages et violeltsncan e o os wh t th ns ai ag ce en ol vi of ts ac d su "in . i.e /a force publique" , us rio he va T ". ity or th au ic bl pu d an r we po ic bl pu al e en trusted with of ts ac of ns io at ad gr g in w llo fo e th t en es pr n io ct articles of this se e ; th ce en ol vi of ts ac s, at re th , ds or w , ns sio es pr ex al resistance: faci . ity av r gr ei th to g in rd co ac ed ad gr e ar rn tu r ei th last-named in re ve se e or m r fo e ad m is on isi ov pr les Finally, in all these artic n io at in rd bo su in of s rm fo s ou ri va e es th re punishment in cases whe d an ed us ca is " al nd ca "s st te ea gr e th e er H . occur in a court of la w d s an w la e th of n io ut ec ex e th to e nc ra nd hi t an there is the most blat violation of th e paix publique . nst ai ag lts su in en itt wr to le ab ic pl ap is e, or ef er th Article 22 2, e th of on rs pe in ce en es pr e th in ) I r cu oc ey th n officials only w he l, se un e co nc fe de y M e. fic of s hi of ce an m officia l, 2) during the perfor ld ou w lf se m hi e H u. yo r fo e pl am ex gentlemen, has cited such an es siz as e th ng ri du w no e, pl am ex r fo , if 2 have come under A rticle 22 n tte ri w a in e dg ju g in id es pr e th d lte su proceedings he had in no r de un , nd ha r he ot e th n O . rt so at th proposal or something of a to d ie pl ap be l na pe e od C e th of le tic ar circumstances can this ng ni tio nc fu e th of e nc se ab e th in " ts ul ns "i newspaper article which . ty du l ia fic of s hi of ce an m or rf pe e th r official and long afte r fo n io at an pl ex e th u yo s ve gi 2 22 le ic rt A of This in terpretation penal. W hy e od C e th of , cy en ist ns co in , an ct fe de what appears to be a to ed itt rm pe t no I am as re he w g, in K am I permitted to insult the e ib cr es pr t e no od C e th es do hy W ? or ut ec insult the C hief Public Pros ? es do 2s7 w La n sia us Pr as ti es aj e-m les r fo t en any punishm an of ns tio nc fu e th s m or rf pe r ve ne lf se m Because the K in g hi , se el ne eo m so by ed m or rf pe be to em th es us official, but always ca s ay w al t bu , ay w al on rs pe a in e m ds ar w to ts ac r ve bec ause the King ne al pen e od C e th of ism ot sp de he T . es tiv only through his representa om fr t en er ff di ly se en m im is n tio lu vo Re deriving from the French The . aw L an si us Pr of m is ot sp de y rl te as lm the patriarchal-schoo ct ru st ob ly al tu ac I as on so as n w do e m s ke ri Napoleonic despotism st e th ng ri du , ho w l ia fic of an ng lti su state power, even if it is only by in s state power in relation to me. On performance of hi s office, exerciseormance of his office, the official the other ha nd , outside the perf civil society, without privileges, becomes an ordinary member of , d an h r he ot e th on , m is ot sp de n ia without special protection. Pruss official with a superior, sacrosanct confronts m e in the shape o fisanas integral part of his personality as being. His official character
310
Articles from the
Neue
Rheinische ZtiWng
The FiTSt Trial of the
. r: ��' estft�r P�usslan lay�en, i.e. consecration is of a Cathor a priest. �ho are not officials, the p s n o �cIal a ways remains " Insult such a priest , even one w. h0 IS not fun�tlonlng, who .is 'fe ' remains 'a profanatton nvate I I p present, and who is back in . . . . reIIglon, a desecration. The hi her the offlCIaI .the more serious profanation of religion. The h f�hest degree ?f Insult to a state IS therefore an insult offe.re t? �he . King, tese-majesti, to the ,Code pinal IS a cnmInal Impossibility. according . . ' B ut It wIll be saId that if Article 222 of th e Code penal speaks only . "" leurs foncti0Wi 0f outrages against officials "dans ['exercut . . . agamst 0ffiIClals during the exercise 0f the�'r functIons, then would be no need to rove that t� e Presence m person of the official . !slator and IS the necessary condIUon presumed by the le,,,or. ' .msu It coming ut to the word "dans l'exercue under Articl 222 B e s . . . leurs J{.onclunL'i" , Article 222 add s a I'occaswn de cet exercice" . . . The public prosecutton translates this.' " WIth relation to ge�e:e.n, th �t this transla�ion office". I shall prove t° incorrect and is directly c::t�ry t e ll,.tentlon of the legIslator. Take a look at Article 228 of th. e same section. ' It stat es: A nyone who . L an official "dans l'�czce de se.� fonehOWi ou ti l 'occasion de at stn""s . exercice" will be punished Y I �pnso �men� for two to five years. Can this be translated'. "with reIatton to h IS offIce";> ' Can one deal relativ, . blows? Is the presumption of the pre�ence In person of the official . abandoned here? Can I thra�h one w 0 IS. not yresent? It is obvious . that this must be translated ' 'A ��ne ;?? stnkes an official on the . occasion of the performan�� �F IS 0 �Iclal duty". The phrase in Article 228 is word for word h .same as In Article 222.. The words ti . l'occasion de eet exercice" h ave 0bvlOusly the sam e meanmg In both. Far . from excluding the condition of the presence m person of the official . therefore, this addition 0n th.e contrary presupp0ses It. of French Ie�slaflon 0ff�rs you .a further striking Th e h IStOry ' proof. You will recall that n Fra�ce In the fIrst period of the ' Restoration, the partles Y opposed to one were mexorabl . ' the courts of Justice" another-in. parliament' m , In South ern France . they were hterally at daggers d The ass�ze C?urts at that t�me were nothing but martial-law tri.�:�i s of th e vlctonous party against . the defeated party The �'1'��;�:0� �ress lashed out merci!essly at 2 was no weapon agaInst this the verdicts of the' j uries hateful polemic because this: rt'IcI.e coul� only be applied to insults alfdinst jurymen while they ere I� s:ss�.n and present in person . Hence in 1819 a new law was co�coc e w Ich punishes any attack on the chose jugee' on a verdict wh ICh has been. pron. ounced. . Th e Code ' y" _ ,, 1 k nows nothing of this inviolabirI ty of a JU dIClal verdICt. Would it """ -
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Rheinische Zeitung
31 1
s lt su in h it t w al e d 2 2 2 le ic rt A if w new la a y b d te n e m le p p su en e h ? e ic h ave ff o n a f o e c n a rm fo r e p e eet e d n io as cc " w ith relation to" th l'o ti " : se ra h p e th of g in n ea m e th is en th l ia at ic h ff W n o a d ar u g fe sa n a th re o m do n o to d e d n te in is It ? " . If e ee ic ci ff o is h f o exer ce n a rm o rf e p e th r before or afte ly rt o sh s ck a tt a n a st n ai g a " ce n from le io v f o s ct a d n a s lt su n "i f o ly n o e k o sp 2 2 2 , I le e ic ff o is h f A rtic o ce n a m r o rf e p e th f o n o ti ra u d l a u ct a e th g n ri u d al is h f n o o i ti cu e offic x e e th r e ft a rs ai st e th n w o d f if il a b rt u co a w ro th d se a ce d a h ld e h l cou ti n u im h d e lt su in t o n d a h I t a th in ta in a m d n a t ck n a a tt a ld u o c I f. w a rr if il a b rt u co a f o ty ci a p ca l ia ic ff o e th in e m t n e o m fr o h y m to [0 con y a w e th n o s a w e h while ce a e p e th f o e ic st ju a sh e ra th th id o av ld and u co d n a n io ct n fu e lic o p l ia ic d ju is h t u o y rr I had t a th g to ca in in ta in a m y b 8 2 2 le ic rt A in d e g a is v n e t n e m h is n his pu f o ce an rm o rf e p is h to r o ri p t u b maltreated him not during e th office . f o on si ca oc e th on , " ce cel exerei de n io as cc l'o ti " se ra h p ty e fe sa Th e th re su n e to re fo re e th d e d n te in , is e ic ff o n a f o ce n a r rm o s lt su perfo in s rn ce n co It . n io ct n fu l ia ic ff o is h g in rm o rf e p l ia ic e ff o th g n ri of an u d ly ct e ir d t o n , e u tr is it , ce la p e k ta h ic h w ce n le io v f r it, o te f a acts r o re fo be ly rt o sh t u b , ty u d l ia ic ff o n a f o ce n a e th rm o h rf it e w p d te ec n n o c y ll a it v e ar gces n a st m and-what is the essentiael, athnin u rc ci ll a r e d n u re fo re e th performance of the offic persodn o f the maltreated official. prcsu ppose the presence ineded that Article 2 2 2 is not applicable to Is any further proof ne if by it we insulted Herr Zweiffel? When our newspaper article, eveenrr Zweiffel was absent; at that time he was that article was written, H in Berlin . W h e n that article was written, living not in Cologne, but ioning as Chief Public Prosecutor, but as Herr Zweiffel was not funct not be insulted or abused as functioning an agreer. H ence h e could Ch ief Public Prosecutor. ve said so far, there is another way in which A part from all that I ha 2 2 is not applicable to the incriminated it can be shown that Article 2 e. cl l draws Neue Rheinische Zeitung arti ina p e od C e th h ic h w n io ct n ti is d e th m o fr s w o ll ly se fo ci is h re p T n io ct n ti is d is th d n fi l il w u o Y y. n m lu ca d n a lt : u e r ins n e e h e tw s e b te a st it , " y n m lu a c " f o g in k a e sp r e ft A . 5 7 3 le ic rt A defined in a
eraient m er nf re ne i qu es nt ea ag tr expressions ou x au ou s re ju in x aud: "des faits, nt lle ua ca is "Q is th ny m lu ca on 7 36 (in Article I'imputation d'aucun fait precis" "if they were real facts") , "mai, celie d'"n vice ' which amations or ef "D ._ qui ,'ils existaient", fact " cs an fr nt ce nq ci de seize a determ ine, ... Ia peine sera une amende ta ou k or w to n po u ed l cal . nal Assembly io at N n ia ss ru p e th f o ty u a i. e . a dep Crown.-Ed. e th h it w t en em re ag y b Constitution
312
Articles from the
The
Neue Rheinische Zeitung
i�sul�illg expressions which do not contain the im puta . , tIon of a Uefl"nIte fact certam)" the nn . . putarion of a . , d e f" , Ill ite VICe ' will ... be pumsh eu ' � " e hundred fr h fIv y a fme of sixteen ancs." .
Article 3 7 6 states fu rther: :All other defamations or insulting ex pressions .,' entail a o,'mp le poI PUntSh m en t " ice ' W h a t, therefore do es caIun m y I' nv ol ve ? D , efamations h' h ' h t} d ef a ed with a d fini e fact A n d w ; ��� � ha t does 7ns lt . � � n I � h p , u tatIOn of a definIte vi , ce an d in su lti n g ex pres . ' I n generaI terms I f I slona ..' s ay ' , yo u h av e ' stolen a silver sp oo n, that .. , . . cal u m ny against you II is •. I the se n se o f th e Code penal I f' on th e o ther Jla nd , I sa y' YOU are a th a, ie f, you h ave t h le . " vlsh de si re s, then I insulting yo�. . a� • '
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B;I t th e article in th e Neu e Rheinische Zeitung by n o m rep oaches H e rr Zwel. eans , ffel by sa Yi n g : H e rr Zw eiffel is a tral'tor to p e o p le , H e r r Zwe . iffel h a s m'a d� In f-amous statements. O n . contrary , th e artICI e the states explicitly " H . ' ' e r r Z wei ffeI , moreover, . sa Id to have declar IS ed that h e 7°U Id w it " hin a week p u t a n e n d to M a r c h 1 9 , th e c lu b s freedom °t th e � ress an d o th er outrages o f th e evil year 1 84 8 a t C ,0'1ogne on tne R h m e . "a . H e r r Zwelffel, the . re fore is c h a rged . W . t h aV h ln I g made a q u ite definite statement. . H e n c e if 'o n e o f th e tw o � rtJcles an d 36 7 were a p p licable in this ca se 't u Id o be A rticle w h ic h d ea ls with insults, b u t o n ly A rti:l� 3� . � , �h�IC IS concerned w it h calu m n y. Why has th e pu b l'IC prosecution a p p ! ' e I d A rtIC e to u s Instead of Article 3 6 7 ? B ecause A rticle . . . is m u c h more In d ef ln Ite an d makes it m u ch easier to smuggle ' . " ' tIOn ' I n a ConvIC ' IS once It Intend � d that there shall be a conviction . V "d iolation of e Tleatesse et honneur , , of d el icacy an d h o n o u r a d m it s o f n e: It d epen dS ' I. d u a l w pureIy on th e I n d ,v it h whom I a . d e lin ? g, on hIS degH�e o f edu cation , on . a� h;3 p eju dices on his' Im gl1l tl O n . T h e re is n o o th e r measuring rod : for it than th e ' noli of the preten tiou s vanity re of an official e /�nK ;:f . who imagines him 0 be Incomparable. ' B u t Article 3 6 7 , too w h ic . h Concern s caI u m n y, " ' IS m ap p th e article in th e "rv hc able to . eu e R h n ' . n lSche zeltung. . A r tIc.le 3 6 7 d e m a n d s a "fa it p ,ns" , a d . . efmlte fact, "u n fait qui re exister", a fact which can peut be eal fact. B ut Herr Zweiffel is charged with having !' not ab 0 ISh e reedom o f th e p re ss , with h av in g '
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22 2 222,
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Neue Rheinische Zeitung
313
dosed down the clubs and destroyed the March gains in some place o r other. It is a mere statement that is laid to his charge. Article 367, howev er, calls for the imputation of definite facts,
"which, if they were real facts, would expose the ont.' to blame for them to criminal or police court proceedings or even merely to the contempt or hatred of the citizens".
The mere statement about doing something or other does not expose me to either criminal or po lice court proceedings. I t cannot even be said that it necessarily exposes me to the hatred or contempt of the citizens. A statement can, it is true, be the ex pression of a very base, hateful and contemptible frame of mind. Neverthe less, is it not possible that i n my excitement I may utter a statement which threatens actions that I am incapable of carrying out? Only an
Ankles from the N eue
31 4
Rheinische Zeitung
The First Trial of the
o f the ju ry , to come between the dead b h ests of the law a livi� g demands of societ I nd . . y. t is u p to you th n . t0 antlc p te untIl It knows how to . � � com p Iy WIt ' h sOCIal needs. ThIs IS the attribute o f the as " sIze court. In the prese t c se, gentle men, this s facilit � at �d for you by the ! letter of the w Itself . You have on Interpret It in the ly sense 0 f o u r tI. me, o ur political rights, social n e e d s. and Article . concludes with the f0IIowmg word s: .,
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as,ertion that the greater the police force, the freer the state. This rv!i nist ry imagined that the aristocracy had been defeated and that onl y 'one task remained for it to accomplish : to rob the people of th eir revolutionary achievements in the interests of a particular class,
the bourgeoisie. Thus it paved the way for the feudal counter
�pp
in t rIc�bl� aux faits dont la loi autorise u lo n e ta!t, par la nature de �. �� ses dEvoirs, oblig us fonctions 011 e de miier au de r " ' T h e p re se nt prov�sion is not ap f�cts �hjch the law pe p rmits to be a ub li C, or to those . hlJ offICe or his duty, the � whICh owing 10 P author of the Im putatIon was bound to reveal or prev ent. La presente dis position n'cst l pub icite, oi � ceux q u e I'auteur de l
et;'":I;: e;
There is no doubt g tIemen that the legislato r was not of the free press w h ' , k e sp o o f the duty of d e n u ' neither did h e th in k nciation. . that t a wo ld ev r be appli ed to th e free ' press. I t is well kno wn that n a p o eon t ere was n the press Hence o freedom of i f ou the la to a stage a n d sociai developm of political � nt c as not Intended, th fully, expound it in the en apply it s in t of o u r tI. me, let the press have benefit also o f this the conclu m ' g se n tence o f Article . Article , tak en m th e narr ow sense o f th e p u bli� prosecution, excludes proof o f truth and only per . . m It s d e n u n a atIOn when it is supported by publi c d u ment or alread y available judicial : Why should the verdicts. pre posl Jestum: a fter a j'u dg m e n t pronounced, still m h as b een . . a k e its de nunCIatI On? It I by profe public watchdog th ssion the S e tireless denoun . . cer o f those In po . omllIpresent eye, ' th wer the e omnIpresent mou . thpiece 0f the e o p that jealously guar e 's spirit . p ds its freedom I f y ou I��erpret ArtIc sense, a n d that is h le in this ow ou must i�terp et �t If you do not w away the freedom . ant to take o the re In t e Interests o f g power, the Code ove rn m e n tal S . offers you t t e s �e tIme a �eans of dealin encroachments o f g with the press Accor In to ArtIcle d e n unciation , the ?" in a case o f ' . proceedings and declslon regarding the calu mny should be . offence of ' suspended du n n g th e investIgat'Ion 0f th f Accordm ' g to Article e acts , a denuna'ation which proves to calumny is punish be able. Gentlemen, you ne ed o n l to la[)ce " . a t h e ' I�l C n mInated article to convl?ce yourselve . . s that th RhnnlSc e Zettung far fro any Intention o f in m having su lt or aI y , m e ely fulfil\ d it s d e n u n ciation whe duty o f � n it attac e I?ca prosecutm and police. The g magistrates hearing 0 the WItnesses has pro that in regard to ved to you the pol'Ice we h ave reported only the real facts.
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367
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revolution. What we denounced in the incriminated article was nothing more and nothing less than the obvious phenomenon, from the evidence of our most immediate surroundings, of systematic counter-revolutionary activity on the part of the Hansemann Ministry and the German governments in general. It is impossible to regard the arrests in Cologne as an isolated occurrence. To be convinced of the contrary, one has only to cast a fleeting glance at the history of the period. Shortly before there was the prosecution of the press in Berlin, based on the provisions of the old Prussian Law. A few days later, on July J. Wulff, President of the Dusseldorf People's Club, was arrested, and house searches were carried out among many committee members of this club. Wulff was subsequently acquitted by the jury, as indeed at that time no political trial received the sanction of the jury. On the same date, July in "vlunich, officers, officials and supernumerary officials were forbid den to take part in public meetings. On July 9, Falkenheim, President
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Schnaase delivered a speech containing a formal indictment of the People's Club, the President of which had been arrested on July by his order. There you have an exam pIe of the lofty impartiality of the prosecuting magistrates, an example of how the Chief Public Prosecutor acts at the same time as adherent of a party, and the party 'adherent as Chief Public Prosecutor. Undeterred by the legal proceedings taken against us because of our attack on Zweiffel, we then denounced Schnaase. He took care not to reply to us. On the same day that Chief Public Prosecutor Schnaase delivered his philippic against the Dusseldorf People's Club, the Democratic District Association in Stuttgart was closed down by a royal ordinance. On July 1 9, the Democratic Students' Association in H eidelberg was dissolved, as also on July all democratic associations in Baden and shortly afterwards all those in Wurttem-
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of the "Germania" Association in Breslau, was arrested. On July 1 5, in the Citizens' Association 288 in Dusseldorf, Chief Public Prosecutor
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The point of the whole article, however, lies in the prophecy of the .u bsequently carried out counter-revolution ; it is an attack on the 1a n semann Ministry, which marked its entry by the peculiar
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berg and Bavaria. And ought we to have remained silent about" obvious conspiracy of treason against the people on the part of aU German governments? The Prussian Government at that time not dare to do what the governments of Baden, Wilrttemberg Bavaria did. It did not dare because the Prussian National ", had just begun to get an inkling of the counter-re,vol conspiracy and to show fight against the Hansemann Miin gentlemen of the jury, I tell you frankly, with the utmost if the Prussian counter-revolution is not smashed soon by a people's revolution, freedom of association and freedom of the will be completely destroyed in Prussia as well. They have been partially done away with by the states of siege. In and in some Silesian regions the authorities have even dared re-introduce censorship. However, it is not merely the general state of affairs in Germa: but the general Prussian state of affairs that obliged us to view extreme distrust every action of the Government and to denounce the people the slightest symptoms of its system. The prol5ecuti magistrates here in Cologne have given us quite special grounds exposing them before public opinion as a counter-revolutionary In July alone, we had to denounce three illegal arrests. On the two occasions Public Prosecutor Hecker remained silent, on the occasion he tried to justify himself, but after our reply he ke�t sile for the simple reason that there was nothing he could say. 89 And under these circumstances the public prosecution dares assert that it is not a question of a denunciation, but of a pettY malicious calumny? This view is based on a peculiar m ing. As far as I am concerned, I assure you, gentlemen, that I nroef to follow the great events of the world, to analyse the course history, than to occupy myself with local bosses, with the police and prosecuting magistrates. However great these gentlemen may : imagine themselves in their own fancy, they are nothing, absolutely ! nothing, in the gigantic battles of the present time. I consider we are , making a real sacrifice when we decide to break a lance with these ", opponents. But, firstly, it is the duty of the press to come forward on behalf of the oppressed in its immediate neighbourhood. And , furthermore, gentlemen, the edifice of servitude has its most specific ' support in the subordinate political and social powers which directly . confront the private life of an individual, of a living person. It is not sufficient to fight against general relationships and the highest authorities. The press must decide to enter the lists against a specific police officer, a specific Public Prosecutor, a specific Landrat. What caused the defeat of the March revolution? It reformed only the .h"V
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It m m su is th f o . k . r o w d n u o r g e th ll a f e t I It mIt, sum of al s politic board icr old hest the ' army h'!ltact-the oId bureaucracy' ' th.e o' Id' , d create been had ch whi . . I JUd ary Id the trates, st magIs Ir f' e h . T . sm ti lu so b a rosecutmg f o e ic v r se e th m ey gr wn gro and ped . e aU the foundations of the existing had develo press now IS. to undermm of the 1 'a/iialrs. .) ll a h d u ty:tcal. e th in se u la p p (A ' state J poht •
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d e n r e c n o c n e e b s a . h r e k a e sp s u io v e r e h t , y r Ju e th f o Gentlementhe charge of mS . t g h Chief Public prosecutorti, oHnerorf mainly withPermIt. me n�w to �r�� )'�:r attention to the accusa legal ZweiffeL the pohce. It is prim. arily a m a tter of the ing h the indictment IS based . caI Imniat . . PrOVIS.Ions on owfhth' e Penal Code states: . A rUc e blic r o s ce la p c li b u p in o h 'alumny w l
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fC uffence °d e th f o nted wnhng ty ri il p u n g u r is o d n te o in rs pr . a "A pe in . r o t and publIC ocumen ' h, 1 ' enbe h t facts �h IC al an ch su In f o or e n gs, o � y an meetin . ed, .�old or distributed, accuses , lt U CO ce li o p exhIbIt r o al in been im cr 'hich has blarne fo r them to . . to e n o e th se o p ex true, WOllId e cttutnS. th of ed t hey were lr ha r o pt m t n e tu the co merely even or dings procee I
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IS proved n o ti sa u c . ac e th f o ct je b the o . . c the law of ss Only pruof whic� . . t. n c m h is n u l "If through proce p al at1� hi��� l� �� accus e � t of d as legal proof. e author d ar g re is t en m cu to be true, the do c fi or some ot er a. uthen verdz. c l l judicia a . arises from
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n o tI ta e r p r te in s it u . o y n e iv g s a h n o ti ecu pros c publI the Gentle men,visions of the law a�d °n that basis has asked youthtoe to n w a r d n e e b of these pro y d a e lr a s a h n o tI n e tt a r u o Y y. t 'I s gUl a w us ss e e r p e ounc th n pron e h w e m ti a t a e d I gat ' u pr were laws ent . differ fact that these ' nd poh�Hn quite were h'ps s n O tl a I e r l a c tt I a Ip h se n s u r o c so n e e c c n r fe e e d d n y u m , from what th ey are nO. W. ' a nd o n th ese groldunndoslonger conSI. der th ese u o sh u o y t a th n lO u p e � upon yOU , The public prosecution has.a ssed th bmdmg � has exprelaws made It 370. obsolete WIt' hasth IS' Vl�W, Article . ds regar . as least at It e JU�Ion concurred to the follo;-vmg eIfect ' " For you gentlemen of thquest ' statement ly a �uesuon of th ti t �th of the facts in mission. in , �nd I th:I�: the; ;� s;cution for this ad lcle will b e mapro. I� ast Artmly has beeneven Ifvedyou should n ot be' of �he opinion that at WIll . certa you But IUIIlt , te obsole 1 . tl . . f f tr u o o ' r p e th f rom atIon f Ion retat interp . 370 in its ent differ ' ave h must CIted s article think that the 1
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h�t .which the public prosecution tries to give them. It is preciisl prIv��ge o� t� e. jury to interp et the laws, tr:adItJonal Judlc�al practice, as their common sense an . d dictate. We are. IndICted under Article 367 for haV .n g accused poII· ce ffI'Ce rs In qu estion of action s wh ich , if they were true �xp ose them to th e contempt and hatred . of th e ci ' ti ze I ns ' f mterp re � these words "h atred an d contem p t" in the sen se th . at prosec � tlOn would lik e to give th em , th en, so long as the . of A rt cl e 37 0 remain in force all freedom of the p res s ceas . . ' es ' eXIs. t. I n th. at case, ??w can t�e press fulfil its p imary du ty , the . of prote�tmg th e cItIzens agamst ex ce ss es c ommitted by officials? . . soon as It denounces such to public opinion 't '11 brought before th e assize cour t and-if things turn ��t . prosecut on .,,:ou.ld like-will be sentenced to impriso nment ':: an d lo�s of cI�d nghts; un le ss it is able to adduce a ju dicial verd ic ' t unless It pubhshes Its denu nciation only when it n o long er serves purpose! �ow little appropriate to p res e n t d a y conditions are th e pas . of t e la�s that have been CIte d , at le as t in the in terpretation that prosecutIOn would li ke to give . th em is proved by a comparIs ' on Article 36 9 . This states t
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"With regard to calu mnies . which have been gI.ven currency by means of toni Pa.Per�, IegaI Toceedings can be take n against those who sent the articles to ,papcrs ' " or w ho helped to w ar d, the import . circulation of these new"pape WIthm the country." r
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' c or d in g to th is ar ticle, gentlemen, it would be th . P e d u t of ubhc prosecut!on daily an d h ou to institute proceed in g/ the royal Pruss an postal officials.rlyFor is there even a single one th e t ? ree h u n d re d �n d sixty-fi ve days o f th e year o n which Pr u �slan postal service by the conveyance an d del iv e ry of some f?relrn. ne�spaper or ?th�r do es not help towards "the import and �Ircu �tJ of calummes In th e sen se o f th e prosecution ? Neverthee:s , lt Joes n t occur to th ? e public prosecutors to in st P ' itute oceed mgs agaInst the postal se rvice. Furtherm?re, bear i� mind, gentlem en , that these ar ti c l es o f th e Iaw we �e wntt at a tIme w h en th e ce n so rs h ip m ad �� �alum�late �ff�C1,als th ugh the press. According toetith eimlepogissslibatleorto te t �n , t �refore , those articles could only serve ��otectIng pnvate persons, but not officials, from calu th e pu rpose of mny, and in that . g. But owing . y �nly ht�e th ey any m ea nm to th e fact that since the �m n:7g O reedom o f th e pres actions of officials also can be p ace before the fo m of pusblthice op inion, the pomt of view is l
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i rec l here, where there are such a r . � di n between old gi ati n and new political and social is precisely here that the jury has to intervene and by a ew on ditions �ew itself has recognised that, But, r g ntl m n it is mainly a question of te \\'hether the truth has been proved. The prosecution has there fore att empted to invalid ate the proof of truth as we placed it before you hy the evidence of witnesses . Let us therefore look at the newspaper article in question to test whether the accusations have in fact been p ro ved and whether, at the same tim e , th ey really constitute a calumny. At the beginning of the article, it is stated: "Six to seven policemen entered Anneke's residence between 6 and 7 in the morning, immediately maltreated the maid in the hall" a Gentlemen, you have heard Anneke's evidence on this point. You will recall that I wanted to qu estion the witness Anneke again about t he maltreatment of the servant girl and that the presiding judge declared this interrogation superfl ou s since the matter had been sufficiently established. 1 ask you now: have we calumniated the police in this matter? Further: "Once they found themselves in the anteroom, the urging turned into assault during which one of the policemen mashed a glass door. Anneke was pushed down the stairs." Gentlemen, you heard the evidence of the witness Anneke; you will recall that the witness Esser told how the poli cemen came out of the house with Anneke "at full speed" and bundled him into the van. I ask you again, gentlemen, have we committed any calumny here? Finally, there is a passage in the article the correctness of which has not been proved with literal exactitude. I t is as follows: "One of these four pillars of j ustice was al e ad y at this early hour somewhat unsteady, being filled with 'spirit', the true fluid of life: fi re water. .
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admit, gentlemen, that all that has been established here by what Anneke expressly stated is as follows: "Judging by their behaviour, the policemen could very well have been drunk", that it has only been established that the policemen behaved a if they were drunk. But, gentlemen, compare what we said two days later in reply to the rejoinder of Public Prosecutor Hecker: " e insult could only refer he was unsteady t an of e p li e en to early hour for more or less s tua or spirituous reasons. If the for one moment, should vestiga on, however, as we do not I
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prove . the correctness of the evidence, namely the bru committed by the agents .of the. public authority, then we believe we shall have only acte? m the. mterests of the gentlemen us by carefully emphas,sm�, with the complete impartiality the press, the only extenuatmg ctTcumstance. And this affable stoLte l . of the only extenuating circumstance is transformed into an the Public Prosecutor. '" . Yo� se� from this, gentlemen, �hat we ourselves called for · �mest�gat�on 0.£ the facts m questIon . It is not our fault that mvestIgatlOn �hd not take place. Moreover, as far as the reproach .· dnlllkenness .IS concerned, I ask you of what importance can it be . a royal Pruss Ian policeman if it is said that he has drunk a glass . . muc�? As. t� whether that can be regarded as a calumny, I appeal · pubhc oplllIon throughout the Rhine Province. A.nd how can the prosecution speak of calumny when the all . VICtIms . of calumn� are n �t. named, not even precisely There IS the mentIOn of , SIX to seven policemen" . Who are Wh.ere are they? Have you heard, gentlemen, of any p.o.hceman who has been exposed to "the hatred and contempt of CItIzens" as � resu�t o� �his article? The law expressly demands t�e calummated . llld.Ivldual . must be precisely indicated . In .. passage of the a�tIcle m 9uestIon no particular policeman but at . the royal Pruss Ian polIce as a whole can find that it has . . defa,!,ed . It can feel msulted by newspapers making public the .at 1�legal �nd brutal acts are cor:n �itted by members of this corps ·· Ith �mpum.ty. . But, gentlemen, It IS no crime to accuse the ro a1 . Prusslan pohce m general of brutal behaviour. I challenge the pu6Iic . . h prosecutIon to me the passage in the whl ' show c rna es It law k . . pumsh. abl e to I�s� lt, defame or calumniate the royal Prussian corps · of pohcemen, If mdeed. there can be any talk of calumny here. In .general, the pubhc prosecution has regarded the article in questIOn as merely .proof of an unbridled passion for calumniation. Gentlen;en, the. ar.tIde � as been read to you . Did you find in it that we .consIdered III IsolatIOn the more or less unimportant illegalities whICh occurred at .the time in Cologne, that we exploited them and exaggera�e? then: m order to satisfy our alleg�d rancour against the lower offIc�als? DId we not, on the contrary, put these facts in their pla�� as a bnk I? the great chain .of attempts on the part of reaction wlllc� were takmg place at t�e tIme throughout Germany? Did we confme ourselves to the pohce and the prosecuting magistrates in
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s it e ac tr d n a ly h g u ro o th re o m r te at th e m . , . to in o g e w id d r o e ,.., n " ' ;>. 290 B ut, o f , 0 I Im r B e m te S ta Co f 0 y tr ls m M et te .c,;u ses as far back as the sescr S ta f 0 ry st " Im M et ec at re g e th ck � ta � t? at ou er g a� d ss le , is it e, rs d as an en g cou lo o C m e Ic ff o s r to cu se ro P ublic P le tt h e th an th n li er B in . ay d to u yo . re o ef b e er h d an st e w . is th f o f o o s of n o a pr ti ac e th e ar se o h "T : es . at st It ' e cl ti Look at the en d o f th e ar e Gove n m en t o f the Left Centr.e, the th , n io � ct . A f o t en m rn ve o G d an IC at cr the au re u b ld o , iC at cr to ts ar ld . o an to n o ti si an tr f o t en m rn ve d o le G il lf fu as h n an m se an H r er H as on . so s A t en m rn ve o G n ia ss ru P old ." d se is m is d e b l il w e h , . August of last n io ct n fu his transitory m ed en p p a h at h w , en em tl en g , er b em e rs You will rem u co f o s, u o u fl er p su as " d se is m is e th 'ca r: how Hansemann was "d w o h d an , n io at n g si re ry ta n lu o v f deccnt form o ld "o �nder th e more -K an lly ra te li y, tr is in M rg be Pfuel_Eichmann isker-Laden, old Prussian Ministry", immediately aristocratic, old bureaucratic e succeeded h im . is al re st � m , er ev w o h t ef L n li er : The article says further: "T h e B y ta n am h ar p l � al sm � s It ep ke it to le t m that the old regime is willingnal e im g re !� o e th as g n lo s a s n ig victories and large constitutioall thdeesreally .Important poSJt1ons. It can the meantime is able to seize volution of March 1 9 inside. ��Ie .7d o f It. . confidently recognise th e retion can be dIs outs e. ed m ar lu vo re f o Chamber provided the ew Vi S t �lI t ec rr co o w h g n vi ro p in s rd . proportlOIl as th e I certainly need waste n o wo s know that m ve e th e situation was . You yourselam th f o er w o p e th , d se ea cr in power o f the Left in th e C hambberer was destr?yed . Do I need . to people's party outside th e C hn is h ed b ru tal actIons of th e PrUSSlan enu merate for you th e u n p u the increasin im p os�t�on o f states o f soldiery in in n u merable citiesis, arming the CI!?VIC mil. itIa, a n d finally siege, th e m a n y cases o f dagainst Berli. n , m order to show how th e Wrangel's h eroic expedition med an d how in actual fact th e old revolution was actually disartions. ' e day power seized all decisive posiremarkable prophecy: ,, Some fm A n d th en at the e n d is th e liamentary victory coincides with its real the Left may find that its par . at t ef defeat." e th h IC h w � n o ay d y er he v al re H o w literally th is came to pase s!CT r ei th f o y a d th s w er b m ha � � at th last achieved a majority in th t ef L e th f o es n o ct vl ry ta en defeat. It was precisely theofparNlioam al a.nd )V m re e th to , 9 � er b em v . ally to Its dissolution le d to the coup d'etat al Assembly, and fm adjournment of th e N ation ,
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an d the im �osing of � C.onstitution. The parliamentary vict " the Left dIrectly coinCIded wi.th its complete defeat ory " parliamenL This political forecast which has so literally come true, .IS th erefore the result, the summing up , the conclusion that we dr-e fro m the acts of violence which had taken place th GerI?any, includin� Cologne. And yet there has been talk of a blind. ,: paSSIOn for calu mmatlon . In actual fact, does it not look as if we been brought before you today, gentlemen, in order to answerha ; the cnme that we correctly reported correct facts an d drew f� "� t.... y� correct conclusIOns from them? -"'I:, .�. To su m up :. You, gentlemen of the jury, have at the pres ! moment to �eClde about freedom of the press in the Rhine Prov e..t'' :;r If t�e. p.ress IS to be fo.rbidden to repon wh�t occ�rs before its ince. very ; eyes, If In every com�hc�te? case It. ?as to walt un trl a Ju . dicial verd ha.s ?een passed on It; I� It must fIrst ask every official, from ict 'i.�, Mlnlst�r do� n to the pohceman, whether he would feel his honothe ::i., ?r dehc�cy Im pugned by the facts of the case being mentionedur, )i' Irrespec�Jve of whether these facts are true or not; if the p faced with t?e alternative of either falsifying events or remaienis is completel� sllent:-then, gentlemen, freedom of the press is at ng , en d, and If that IS what you want, then pronounce us "guilty" ! 291
THE TRIAL OF THE RHEKISH DISTRICT COMMITTEE OF DEMOCRATS292
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Delivered on February
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First published in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 2 2 1 , Feb ruary 14, 1 849, and aI �o in the pamphlet Zwei politische Prozesse, Koln, 1849, Verlag der Expedition der Neum Rheinischen Zeitung
Printed according to the newspaper
Published i n English for the first time
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[Neue Rheinische Zeitung No.
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25, 1 849]
Gentlemen of the jury, if this action had been brought before December 5, I could have understood the charge made by the Public ProsecutoL Now, after December 5, I do not understand how he dares to invoke against us laws which the Crown itself has trampled under foot. On what does the public prosecution base its criticism of the the refusal to National Assembly and of the decision on pay taxes? On the laws of April 6 and 8, 1 848.293 And what did the Government do on December 5, when it on its own authority granted a Constitution and imposed a new electoral law on the country? I.t tore up the laws of April 6 and 8, 1 848. These laws are no longer vahd for the supporters of the Government, so why should they still be valid for the opponents of the Government? On December 5 the Government took its stand on a revolutionary basis, namely, on a counter-revolutionary basis. In relation to it there are now only revolutionaries or accomplices. Even the mass of citizens who act on the basis of the existing laws, who uphold the existing law in face of , infringements of that law, have been turn�d. into rebels . by this Government itself. Before December S opInion concernIng the removal of the National Assembly, its dispersal and the introduction of a state of siege in Berlin could have been divided. After De ember 5 it is a well-established fact that these measures were intended to usher in the counter-revolution and that therefore every means was .permissible against a group that itself no longer recognised the conditions under which it was a government and consequently could no longer be acknowledged by the country as a governmenL Gentlemen, the Crown could have preserved at least the semblance of legality, but it has not deigned to do so. It could have dispersed the National Assembly and then let the MlIlIstry come forward and tell the countrv: "We have dared to carry out a coup c
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d'etat-<:ircumstances have forced to do it. Formally, we exceeded the bounds of the law, but there are moments of when the very existence of the state is at stake. At such one inviolable law -the existence of the state . Th ere there is only . . no C,<;>nst.ItutIon when w� d!spersed the Assembly. Therefore ConstItutIOn could be mfrmged. But there exist two laws-those of April 6 and 8, 1848. Actually there is only one law, the �lectoral law. We call on the country to carry through electIOns m accordance with this law. We, the responsible Ministry' th�n appear .before t.he Assembly that has emerged from Ules, pnmarr electIOns. T�ls Ass.embly, we trust, will recognise that coup d etat was a s�vzng actwn necessitated by circumstances. It �ub�equently sanctIon the coup d'etat. It will declare that �nfnnged a legal formula in order to save the country. Let it .. Judgment on us." If the Ministry had acted in this wav, it could have had semblance of right to arraign us. The Cr'own would have saved th� . semblance of legality, but it could not, it would not do it. The March revolution, as seen by the Crown, was a savage fact.' One �avage fact c�n be erased only by another savage fact. By re! e�tmg new �Iectrons On th� basis of the law of April 1848, the � mlstry dented Its own responslblhtus and rejected the very court to which It w as responsIble. At the very outset it turned the appeal from the . al Assem.bly to . the people into a mere pretence, a fiction, a Natlon . dece'p�IO� . By mve�tJng a First Chamber based on the property q �al.lflcatJon as an mtegral part of the Legislative Assembly, the MI�I�try tore up the organic laws, departed from the legal basis, falSIfied the pe�ple's elections and prevented the people from passmg any verdIct on the "saving action" of the Crown . An � so, gentlemen, the fact cannot be denied, and no future . hlstonan wJ11 deny it: the Crown has made a revolution it has ' ·' ove�thrown the existing legal system, it cannot appeal to th� laws it " has Itse! f so scandalously annulled. After successfully carrying out a revolutIOn one can hang one's opponents, but one cannot convict them. They ca�l. be put out .of .the way as defeated enemies, but they cannot . be an algned as cnmmals. After a revolution or counter revolutIOn has been consummated the annulled laws cannot be used agamst the defe1!ders ? f these laws. That would be a cowardly pretence of legahty whICh you , gentlemen, will llot sanction by your verdIct. I . � ave already told you, gentlemen, that the Government has falsifIed th� verdict which the people passed on the "saving action of the Crown . The people nevertheless has already decided against the us
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nd co Se e th to ns tio ec el he T y. bl em ss A l na io at N e th d for d se e ba er w e on C �O% beanr ar al ey th e us ca be ns tio ec el l fu e the only law r fo e er w ho s w tie pu de e l th al ly al tic ac Pr 8. il 8, 1 84 �n �herefulaswaloftoApr r, be m ha nd C co Se e th to ed ct 1e -e re e er w s xe pay ta I1 ' � v of them even two or three times .. Schntheiedequr esIItio. nmofy s, hu . T ne og ol C r fo ty pu de a f se ! m hi is , �:��feniodanalntAssembly s n. ght to vote for the refusal to pay taxes has th e N at . . fact been decided already by the peopleem ee l gr al ill w u t, yo en nc � ou on pr st he ig h is th of . . B ut irrespective y ar dm e or th m m c o n se ca t en es pr � e ? at in th e with me, geentwleormdenha, ths be th f t en em ng fn m no at � th d. te it m m sense of th ithin your. juenrico ,, ry dl or r de � U . � ed rr cu oc ! s ha n tio ic sd law falling w existing laws are enforced by the public authontles; conditions the om fr es iti or th ic au bl pu e th ts en ev pr r o whoever breaks theseimlainwsal. In t�e present ca�e one public �u thority enforcing them is a cranother public authonty, It makes no dIfference has broken the law,it . The strug l� between two p�litical powers lies which, has upheld h ere o f CI�VIl law, nor Wl' th m the sphere of neither within the sp tion of who was in th e right, the Cr?wn or the . cr im in al la w . T he qu es e th l al , es n Ju e th ll A . ry to is h r fo r National Assembly. is tha ermatcatenn n ca er w po e on ly n O . it de ci de ot courts of Prussia toge story. I do not understand, �herefore, how, supply the answer - hi e penal, we could be placed m the dock. on the basis o f the Cod le between two powelCs, and only power can That this was a struggers that, gentlem en , has been declar�d by decide between two pow d th-e counter-revolutIOnary pres�. ThIS was both the revolutionary an gan of the Gover�ment a short ume before or proclaimed even b y aned f n ga or e th g. un ea � Z he sc st eus P e . eu � � the struggle was decid . Tyhe S SI C e th e fo be ys ? da w fe . A IS � th ed the present M in istry. clearl llorewa!mlsg: It IS n o longer a questIon of nght it said approximately the fom'onarchy by the g�ace of �od will show but of power. and the older. The Neue PreussLSc�e Zettung corre�t1y that it still has this pow Power against power. VICtory would deCide understood the situationn. ter-revolution carried the day but we have between th em . The cou ed st la d n la g n E in le g g ru st e h T a. m seen only the first act of thIecadmrae out o n top several tu. nes and ended over twenty years. Charloes, gentle m en , can guarantee to you that t�e up on the scaffold . Wh offI Ials who acted and conu. �lUe to act as �ts . h treason by thIS. Chamber or Its present M inistry and thiceted oCf hIg tools will not be conv . . n successors? o ti sa cu ac IS h se ba to d ie tr s ha rosecutor Gentlemen. the Publlic6 Pan to re he d le el p co n ? ee ve ha � I 8. on the laws of Apri it is dthes e ak m I t u B s. u It qU ac h Ic h w s w la e demonstrate to vou that n
t
ill
,
326
The Trial of the Rhenish District Committee of Democrats
Articles from the Neue Rheinische Zeitung
no secr�t of th e fact that I have never recogn never will . Th.ey never had an y validity for th ised these laws the people, sull less could th ey prescribe th e e deputies elected co ur se of th e revolution. ' How did the laws of A pr il 6 and 8 come into bet wee? the C?ov�rnment and th e United Die being? B y agreement mamtal.n contl�UIty wIth th e old legal system t. It was an attempt revolutIon whIch had done away with th an d to play down Camph �usen thought .it im portant to preserveat system. Men . con �mUIty. And how dI d the preserve this se a se m blance of mblance? B y a series of . obvIOus an d .absurd �ontrad�lctJo n s. Let u s for a m om en t adopt the . old legal POInt of vIew. Was not th e very C am ph au se n, a r�sf!0nsible Minister, a M in ist existence of Minister ' th e ladder of of�lClald?n: , unlawful? T he poer w ho had not climbed ' the resP?nslble Pnme Mlntster, was unlawful. sition of C am phausen, '. This official, w ho has no . legal eXIstence, convenes th e United D t to have it pass laws it was n ?t legally �ompetent to pass. This inieco dIctory playmg with formalities was callednsistent and self-contra legal progress, mainte nance of th e legal basis! ut let �s eave aside the formal aspect, gen � tlemen. What was th e , U ilI ted DIet . It r pres ented ol d, decayed social relations. It w . � as agaInst th e�e relatIOns that th e revoluti repre�entatJves o f . th e vanquished soci on was d irected . A n d th e orgaill� laws deSIgned to recognise, ety are asked to endorse revolutlOn against this old society! Wha guide and organise the t an absurd contradiction! . was o erth The DIe rown togeth er with the old monarchy. � � On th.l s occasIOn we are d irectly confro nted by the so-called legal bas� . It IS the more necessary for m e to deal with this point since we are Jus�ly regarded as opponents of th e legal basis, and since th e laws of A prJl 6 an d 8 owe th ei r existence m erely to the formal recognition of th e legal basis. The Diet re � resented p rimarily �ig land property was mde�d th e foundatIOn of ed property . B ig landed medieval, feudal society. Mo�er'n bourgeoiS socuty, our own so y, on th e other ha n d , is based on Indu stry an.d co m m erce. Landecidetpr fo rmer condit. IOns of existence, it haoperty itself ha s lost all its commerce an d industry . Agriculture, sthbecome dependent on nowadays on industrial lines, an d th e old fe erefore, is carried on ud al lo rds have now su nk o th e le vel of producers of �attle, '."001, corn, beet � roots, spirits etc., . I m I.e. people who trade II dustnal products just as an y other merchant: Howeve; much th e m ay cling to their old prejUdices, y they al e m f�ct beIllg turned In bourgeois, who m an ufacture as much as pOSSIble and as cheaply astopo ssible, w ho buy where they can .
'
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et
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goods at the lowest pric: and sell wh �re they. can obtain the ghlgI est price. The mode of hvmg, productIon and mcome of these . . tleIIlen therefore gives the lie to th en trad'ltIonaI pompous �:ions . Landed property, as the . prcdominant social f�c.tor, presu pposes a medieval mode of productwn and co�merce. The U mted Diet represented this medieval mod� of productIOn and comm� rce w hich had long since ceased to eXIst, and whose repre.sentatlves, though they clung to the old privileges, likewise enJoyed an? ploited the advantages of the new sOCIety. The new bourgeOIs ��ciety, grounded on an entirely diffe :ent found�t�on, on a chan�ed mode of production, was bound to seIze also pohtIcal power, whICh had to be wrenched from the hands of those who represented the '. terests of a declining society, a political power, whose whole �ructurc has arisen out of entirely different material conditions of �ociety. Hence the revolution. The revolution was consequ�ntly directed as much against the absolute monarchy. the supr�me pohtIcal ex pression of the old society, as against the representatwn by estates, which represented a social system that had been long ago �estroyed by modern industry or, at mos.t. th� still presumpt�ous rums of �he dissolved estates which bourgeOIs socIety was overtakmg and pushmg in to the background more and more every day. How �hen was the idca conceived to allow the United Diet, the representatIve of the old society, to dictate laws to the new society which asserted its rights through the revolution? Allegedly in order to maintain the legal basis. �ut, gentleT?en, what do vou understand by maintaining the legal baSIS? The mamtenance of laws belonging to a bygone social era and framed by represen.ta lives of vanished or vanishing social interests, who consequently gIve the force of law only to those interests which run counte.r to the public needs. But society is not founded upon the law; that IS � leg�1 fiction . On the contrary, the law must be founded . upon SOCl�t� , It must express the common interests and n.eeds �f sOCIety- as dlStn�ct from the caprice of the individuals-whICh anse fro� the matenal mode of production prevailing at the gIven time. ThIS Code Napo lion which I am holding in my hand, has not created modern bour geo is society. On the contrary, bourgeois society, .which eJ?erged III the eighteenth century and developed further m the mneteenth, merely finds its legal expression in this Code. As soon as It ceases to fit the social relations, it becomes simply a bundle of paper. You cannot make the old laws the foundation of the new s?C1al dev�lop ment any more than these old laws created the old SOCIal conditions. Th �y were engcndered by the old conditions of society and m.ust perish with them . They are bound to change with the changmg 1
328
Articles from the
District C.ommittee of Democrats The Trial of the Rhenish
Neue Rheinische Zeitung
conditions of life. To maintain the old Ia ws in face of the new and demands of .social development is essentially the same hypocritically upholding out-of-date particular interests in face the up-to-date general interests. This maintenance of the legal bas aims at asserting such particular interests as if they were predominant interests when they are no longer dominant; it aims imposing on society laws which have been condemned by the ' conditions of life in this society, by the way the members of this ' society earn their living, by their commerce and their production; it aims at retaining in function legislators who are ., concerned only with particular interests; it seeks to misuse political power in order forcibly to place the interests of a minority above interests of the majority. The maintenance of the legal basis is, therefore in constant conflict with the existing needs, it hampers commerce and industry, it prepares the way for social crises, which . erupt in political revolutions. That is what adherence to the legal basis and the maintenance of the legal basis really mean. Relying on these phrases about the legal basis, which arise either from conscious deceit or unconscious self-deception, the United Diet was convoked, and this Diet was made to frame organic laws for the National Assembly the need for which was created by the revolution and which owed its existence to the revolution. And on the strength of these laws the National Assembly is to be judged r The National Assembly represented modern bourgeois society as against the feudal society represented in the United Diet. It was elected by the people for the purpose of independently enacting a Constitution appropriate to the conditions of life which had come into conflict with the old political organisation and laws. It was therefore from the very beginning a sovereign, constituent assembly. The fact that it all the same stooped to entertain the point of view of the agreement was mere formal courtesy towards theCrown, mere ceremony. I need not here go into the question whether the Assembly-in opposition to the people-had the right to adopt the standpoint of agreement. It considered that a collision with the Crown should be averted by a display of goodwill on both sides. One thing is certain, however: the laws of April 6 and il, which were agreed with the United Diet, were formally invalid. The only material significance they have is that they state and lay down the conditions under which the National Assembly could really express the sovereign will of the people. The laws passed by the Un ited Diet were merely a formula by which the Crown was saved the humiliation of having to proclaim: I have been defeated!
[Neue Rheinische Zeitung
32 9
No. 23 2, February 27 . 1 849]
e or e m in am ex to d 'ee 0 pr II a h s e N )w gentlemen of th .' or ut ec os Pr ic bl Pu e th of ch ee sp ' the dose'I},said . : He t a r grants the 8. 1 84 8. of . IU ry , I
c
its ha nd s. Even III in ly ol wh en be d ha ich wh I' we d part o f h e "Th e Crown cede does not go beyond what is . gS ion iat nc nu re of e d e urse of th ln . o rdinary co neither April . law the t Bu n. . tIO Ia nC words 0f renu clearJ Y �tated III the es that B er)'III m ust lat pu sti r no s, xe ta te vo to fuse l Assembl}' th e n. ght t0 re na Io at N he ." t y bl em ss A l na io seat of the Nat e".arlly be the .
..
e th d an n, w ro C e th of s nd ha e th Gentle�J�d PO::� Iarn order to save the fragments. You will P r Cro wn C e , th ne ro th e th to n io ss ce ac is h r te af ly te remc�b er th t im media d an g er sb ig on K at ur no ho of d or w is h K1I1� formaI� pled ged r be em m re ill w ou Y t. en m rn ve go al Rerl1l1 not to coY �cedethecoUnsnititetudtiDoniet in 1 84 7 the King solemnly swor� th at wh en open1l1g ' hIS d h ee et cO to paper ; 1I1�� � : ; �: th at he would not allow a scrap of osed he , l f 0 ts en ev peopI�.294. After thineg pMroarclchaimed himself a constitutional monarch . K , C onstItutIo? , .thestract pape r of scrap that ery, flum m ndish ' outla He put t�IS ab to e ar d r to cu se ro P lic b u P e th ill W . Ie is peo. p between himself and olhun iS h ay w a t es if ' an m s ' cd t te d a tr � co IY n assert that the King �ons, tathat . t e eyes of ;�e �hole o f E.ur,ope he own solemn declaratId the glaring inconSi. stency of permlttll1g . the "O I tarily co m m itte s n o I ss ce n co e th e d m g in K e h T � itution ! :gr��ment or the. Coconmstpf s. I es r o n re o m er th ei N e ak m to ' ' . which the revolution y wIIhedichh1m e d a as h r to cu se ro P � hc ub P e th ular analog h I hm yt e a c un no !l" re I if at th ue tr � is It . thing f un1o. r�u �arely proves nhoav t , gl a ou e a d m I If y ed nc ou en I s es ; ex renounce only what I pudeentPI. 0� :he basis of the deed of gift, you it .would in deed be Im dertake fu rther obligations. But after the tned to compel me to un n w ro C e th d an t if g e th e l d a m t la t ple e March events it was thbevipoeo b st u m t if g e th f re u at n e th , which received it . Oa ce usIt.lyh the 1l. 1tentH.��� �� th iver and not interpreted in ac�ord � . .w accordance WI e i:t;ntions of the those of the receIVer, I.e the Crown. people and not those ofof the Crown was brok en. The people had Th e" abSolute powero sides concluded a truce and the peo�1e was won the day. The tw Prosecutor hIm to s m a p n e k t a as h If se ' ch eated The Publice len gth that the people was decel' ved . To demons�rate at som broken in
"
nce
111
•
0
a
111
a
Bolling.-Ed.
b Frederick \I\'illiam
" . IV .-Ed
330
The Trial of the Rhenish District Committee of Democrats
Art.ides from the Ne-ue Rheinische Zeitung
challeng� the right of the N ati�nal Assembly to refuse to vote taxes ••. the PublIc Prosecutor has explamed to you in detail that I'f there was ' the law of April 6, 1 848, it was certainly no · ' 0f th'IS k'I?d m someth mg l�nger to be found m the .law of April 8, 1 848. The interval of two •• d.ays was �hus used to deprIve the representatives of the people of the •. rIgh�s whICh had been conceded to them two days earlier. Could the • PublIc Prosecutor have more stri�ingly compromised the honesty of ... the Crown, could he have more Irrefutably proved the intention to . decewe the people? The Public Prosecutor says further: •
"Th� right
[0
transfer and prorogue the National Assembly is a consequenee of the
executive power and
IS
recognised in an constitutional countries."
�s t� the right of the executive to transfer the meeting place of the leg.Islauve Chambers, I �hallenge the Public Prosecutor to cite even � smgle law or e.xample m support of his assertion . In England for mstance, acc�rdmg to an old historical prerogative, the King c�uld convene Parl�ament wherever he pleased. There is no law statin �hat London IS the lega.l seat of Parliament. As you know, gentlemen In E �gland the most Important political freedoms are in general �anctloned not by Statute Law but by Common Law ' such ' f In �t�nce, is th� c�se ,,:ith freedom of the press . But should an En li�� M �mstry take �t mto Its head to transfer Parliament from Lond n to WII�dsor or .Rlchmond, it is sufficient to put the idea into words to realise how Impossible it is. True, in cou�tries that have a constitutional government, the Crown has the rIght to prorogue the Chambers. But it must not be forgotten that on the other hand all constitutions specify for how long the Chambers . can be . prorogued and when they have to be summoned agaIn . r:USSI� h �d no Constitution, it was only going to be .created; no legal time-hmlt for summoning a prorogued Chamber eXIsted, . consequently no prorogation right of the Crown existed OtherWise the Crown could have prorogued the Chamber for te� days, for ten years, or for ever . How could one be sure that the Chambers . would ever be summoned or allowed to meet for an length of tIme? The existence of the Chambers alongside the Crow� was left to the discr�tio� of the Crown, the legislative power-if one c�:m.ld speak of legIslative power in this context-had become a . f !Ctlon G�?tle:;en, this example shows where any attempt to compare the �on ICt et:"een the Prussian Crown and the Prussian National s�embly With the conditions obtaining in constitutional countries Iea s to . It leads to the maintenance of absolute monarchy. On the one
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d re er nf e co ar er w po e iv ut ec ex l na io ut tit ns co h' n el , th e rights of a . no on iti ad tr no , w la np is e er th r, he ot e th on th e Crown, on a to er op pr ns io ct r� st e re th it on se po im to le n a� le �rganicutiniostnaitul tio op pe e th of es tiv ta en es pr re . he T executive power on stit g in nt ro nf r co be am Ch l na io ut tit ns co a of �re expectteed otonaplrcayhyth! e role lu m n io at er an id ns co r de un , absoer se ca e th in at th n ai pl Is th e an y need to ex n io ut tit ns co e th at th , er w po e tiv la gis le a ed nt wer confro JlO executive po National an si us Pr e th to d ie pl ap be ot nn ca al division' of powers n tio lu vo re e th d ar eg sr di us et L n? w ro C an si A ssembly an d th e Prus to g in rd co n ac ve E t. en em re ag of ry eo th al ci fi of and consider only th e . That is r he ot ch ea ed nt ro nf co s er w po n ig re this th eory two sove e th k ea br to d un bo as w s er w po o tw e beyond an y doubt. One of th es nnot function simultaneousl y, side ca s er w po n ig re ve so o w T r. he ot e th of ng ri ua sq e th e lik y. it rd su ab an by side, in one state. This is o tw e th n ee tw be e su is e th de ci de to circle. Material force ha d on ti es qu e th to in go to re he sk ta r ou t no sovereign powers . B u t it is at th nt ie ic ff su is It . le ib ss po im or le ib ss po of whether agreement was to r de or in r he ot ch ea h it w s on ti la re to tw o powers entered in e re ag at th d te it m ad lf se m hi en us ha p . am C conclude an agreement e th to t u o d te in po e h m ru st ro e th ment might not be achieved. Fr om t no d di t en em re ag e th if y tr un co e agreers th e danger that faced th y in th e in it ia l relationship of th.e come in to being. T he danger lawn, and after the event an attempt IS Agreement Assembly to the Cro bly responsible for this d an ger by made to hold the National Assem a to in bl e� ss A e th g in 'y rn tu . by ip sh on de ny in g th is initial relati by ty ul IC ff di a e m co er ov to pt m te at an is consti tutional Chamber! It , ght leaving it out of account. rI o n d ha n w ro C e th u that Gentlemen, I th in k I have shownthyo . s er re ag of y bl em ss A e ue either to transfer or to prorog g in in am ex to lf se m hi e in nf co t o n id B u t the Public Prosecutor d y; bl em ss A l na io at N e th er sf an tr to t gh whether the Crown had the ri it n o t ld u o "W t. en di pe ex as w er sf an tr is th h e has tried to prove th at d ha y bl em ss A l na io at N e th f "i have been expedient." he exclaimBs.randenburg?" Accordin g to the obeyed th e Crown an d moved to y of such an act was d�e to t� e Public Prosecutor, the exped.ienche Chamber was n o t free III Berlm , position o f th e Chamber itself T and so forth. g in e d or in ed u rs : u p n w ro C e th se B u t is it not obvious what purpo wn itself divested all offICially ro th is transfer? H ad not the Cer It ? ty ci ra ve of ce an bl m se y an of sf advanced reasons for the tran o f deliberation, b u t of whether th e was not a question of freedom and a Constitution imposed. or A ssembly should b e se n t ho m e
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332
Articles from th e Neue Rh einische Zeitung
whether a spurious Assembly should be created by summoning . docile representatives. When, unexpectedly, a sufficient numbe . deputies arrived in Brandenburg to form a quorum, the r '. was abandoned and the N ational Assembly was declared to dissolved. Incidentally, it goes without saying that the Crown had no righ declare the N ational Assembly either free or u n free. N o one bu t Assembly itself could decide whether it had the necessary freedo t deliberation or not. Nothing would be more convenient fo m Crown than, whenever the National Assembly passed resolutionr Crown disliked, to declare that it was not free, that s it irresponsible, and to ban it ! The Public Prosecutor has also spoken about the Go.velrr duty to protect the dignity of the National Assembly agai nst terrorism of the Berlin population. This argument sounds like a satire o n the Govern ment. I w . speak here o f its treatment of individuals, of men who, after ill not . the elected representatives o f the people. It sought to h u m ili all, were in every possible way, they were persecuted in the most inate them . way an d a sort of wild chase295 was organised against them. famous .. leave aside individuals. How was the dignity of the B u t let . Assembly and o f its work maintained? Its archives were giv National '. the soldiery who used the documents of the various d epartmen over to royal messages, draft laws an d preliminary studies, as spill ents, the pipes with, burned them in stoves, and trampled on thems to light Not even the formalities o f a legal warrant were obse . archives were seized without even an inventory being d rved ; the It was part of the plan to destroy all this work which hraadwn u p . people so much, in order to make it easier to vilify th cost the Assembly and to quash the planned reforms which were e National to the Government and the aristocracy. Is it not simply ridabhorrent assert after all this that the Government transferred th iculous to Assembly from Berlin to B randenburg out of tender con e National cern for its dignity? Now I come to the statement of the Public Prosecutor re the formal validity of the decision to refuse payment o f garding The Public Prosecutor savs that in order to make th e dtaecxes. the refusal to pay taxes formally valid, the Assembly sh ision on ould have submitted it to the Crown for sanctioning. But, gentlemen, the C rown in its own person did no Assembly, it was represented by the B randenburg t face the Consequently, according to the absurd claim of Ministry. the Public Prosecutor, the Assembly should have reached an agreem ent with us
,
· I of the Rhenish District Committee of Democrats Th e T rIa -
333
,
. d M e Ministry guilty of high . Ir/ to!roc1aim that n m g tbe B ran bur �\ n and to preven fro collecting taxes. What meaning can tre. 3Soema . nd have other th an thoat the 'National Assembly should thiS d unc brolt ond"JUonaII)' to every request of the B randenburg Ministry? Another re�son w-hy the tax refusal decision was formally invalid, become that a motion law only can . . . the Pubhc Prosecutor, was �avS . d rea ng. � ond sec the �lfler with the National Assembly On the one han , when dealin� . ' red which ought. to have been . 1 for m s 0f proced ure are Igno essentta . I'mg and , on the ot h er, t h e N ational Assembly IS expected to observe even the most uness�nt'laI f rmalities As simple as that.' A B'III objectionable to l.he C.rown IS pas�e� in the first reading, after which and the force of arms, y b Bill readmg IS prevente the second . remains mvaII'd becau�e there was no se 'ond reading The Public prosecutor does n.ot ta e into consideration the exceptional. state �f affairs that obtamed :vhen, th r �tened with bayonets m thelr meeting hall, the peopI e s repre���atives adopted this decision. The Government commits o?e . ar ; rary act after another. It has Corpus Act, and f1agr�n�IYM,,:;?:·at��:��6 1;���Ft:!ri�;��tatheblisHabeas hes an unlimited military the CIVIC la ' . despotism �nder the gUls� tf the state of siege. It sends the peopl e s representatives to the . devi , a d while on the one hand impudently infrin?!ng all laws,. It, on �e h hand demands the most punctlhous observation of ev�n t�! ;�les of p�ocedure. Gentlemen, I do not know ,:,-h ether' it is deliberate misrepresent�tion-I am far from assummg th IS �n the part of the Pubhc Prosecutor-or ignorance when he says. sll
_
blJlc
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c
I I
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"The National Assembly . ns" . negoliatIO
did
lIot want any
. .
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negohatwns an d 1'r_ "did not seek any
I f the peo�le blame the .B�rh. n N ;t��. �aI A�l�� bly for anvthing, it is for its deSire for n e�oua�l�n\� me rs of the Assembly themselves regret anythmg, It I� .t ir desire for an agreement. It was this desire for an agreement � 1Ch ad�lallv alienated the Assembly from the people, caused I� to ose aIrt positions and finally, when it it t� the ;ttacks of the Crown. was not backed by the nation, expos:; . When at last !'� wanted to ass�:� I will it found itself alone and powerless, preClse!y because l �O will and had not been able to assert it at the n.ght time. � first manifested this desire for an agreement when It renoun�e� the revolution and sanctioned the theory �f agreemerd, when It de raded itself by turnin g from revolutionary NatIOnal Assembl . 7nto a dubious society of agreers. It y
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a
334
Articles from the Neue Rheinische Zeitung
carried the weakness for negotiation to extrem Pfnd's pseudo-recognition of Stein's army es when it publication of this army order was itself a farc order as valid. regarded as a comical echo of Wrangel's army e, since it could instead of going beyond it, the Assembly snat order.297 Nev,ert in terpretation of the Pfuel M in istry, whicched at the meaningless. To avoid any serious conflict h made the Assembly accepted the feeble semblance of with the Crown, the old reactionary army as a real demonsta demonstration pretended seriously to regard what wasration. I t pseudo-solution of the conflict as the real so no longer even . little as the Assembly wanted to fight, lution of the conflict. negotiations and the Public Prosecutor de so eager was it scribes it as and quarrelsome. Need I mention another symptom showing th o f this Chamber? You will remember, gen e conciliatory between the National Assembly a n d Pfuel tlemen, the commutations." I f the Assembly was unableabout the law the army, then it was above all necessary to destroy the enemy peasantry. But it refrained from attemptin to win a friend in to avoid a conflict with the Crown, to avoidg even this. To negotiate;. : the Assembly's chief concern, which it pla it at any cost-that walt self-preservation. And this Assembly is b ced above even its own negotiate, not attempting to negotiate! lamed for not wanting to . . It still tried to negotiate when the conflict h You know, gentlemen, the pamphlet by Un ad already broken out. .' You will have seen from it that every atte ruh, b a man of the Centre. clash; that deputations were sent to the mpt was made to avoid away; that some deputies tried to argue w Crown and were turned superciliously and arrogantly rebuffed; thaitth the Ministers and were make concessions and that these were derithe Assembly offered to when it could only be a matter of preparin ded. Even at the time still wan ted to make peace. And the Publicg for war, the Assembly Assembly of not wanting to negotiate a Prosecutor accuses this nd not attempting to negotiate! The Berlin National Assembly was obviously very great illusion and did not understand abandoning itself to a own conditions of existence, when before the its Own pOSition and its the conflict it believed that an am icable arranconflict and even during with the Crown was still possible and work gement and negotiation ed towards it. nVI
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. The Crown dId . not want an d could not want any negotiation. . Gentlemen of the JUry , let us not deceive ourselves concernmg th ' I'n March and was later waged u re 0f th e st �ggle wh'ICh began naT between the N ational Asse�bl.y and the Crown. It was not an or dinary conflict between a MInIstry and a arIiamentary opposition, it was not a conf ict b ho and Ministers \vere men me e l � � who wanted �o b�come �. TI��ersCi� :a s not a struggle between two political partIes In � legls atIve hamber. I t is quite possible that or minority the belonging bl to the y nIembers 0f .the NatIonal 'A ssem majority �h.eved that th . s The decisive factor, however, . not the opllllon of the ag�e:r� ��� the real historical position of �he National Assembly as I� emerge'd bOth fro�, the European revolution and the March revol��lOn eng��d e d by the latter. What took place here was not a poht�cal �o:r �c� �etween two parties within t�e on1Iict between two societies, a social fram�work ,of one SOCIety, confhct, which had assu �ed a olitical form; it was the struggle of the bourgeois society, a struggle old Jfeudal bureaucrattc socuty w fth modern . ' the sOCiety 0f free compehtwn and the sofie"" 01 the guild system, between between the soc�ety o� a do r h' and the industrial sOCiety, � :h': society of knowledge. The between the sO�lety 0 �al�th :� , to the old society was the Crown poli tical expressl�n correspon�Ing by the grace of God, the. bullYlllg bureaucracy and the independent a�my. The social foundatI�m corr�s10nd I'��to this old political power consisted of privileged anstocratlC d0 ership with its enthralled or partially i or �� small guild archal patr ts, peasan enthralled . . . el· estates, the sharp contradic industnes, the stnc' tly separated sOCIa . tion bet,,:een town and country and , above all , the dominatIOn 0f t he by Crown countryside over the town . The. old political ,power-the . the inde.pendent b ureaucracy, the grace of G0d , �he bullYing . I material basis would dIsappear essentla itS that army-realised . feet, as soon as any encroach'ment was made on the from under ItS . . . . h e t p, nershi landow ratic aristoc d p sOCiety, old the of nvI�ege basis . . . f town, the over countryside the 0 anstocracy ItseIf, the. domInatIOn . the dependent posItIon 0f the" rural population and the Iaws correspon d·mg to these cond" Itlons 0 f Il'fe , such as the .local I · the cnmillaI I,aw and so forth. The Natlona government reguIatlons, . Assembly m�de ��ch a n att�m:��On the other hand, that old society ld be wrenched from its hands, as realised that pohtlcal powe soon as th e C,rown, the bureaucracy and the army lost their. feudal ' 1eges pnvi i these w sh A aboli to a d m e N n T t n bl . ss v a a h e il ti l s e e r o g e , P Y . . a a n a cy u b d u c m th r re y e at t h ar e t h It is not surpnsIng, therefore ' . . the nobility joined force� �n u�gmg th� Crownk to effect a coup de main, and it is not surpnsIng t at the rown , nowing that its own e
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Articles from the Neue Rheinische Zeitung
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interests were closely linked with those of the old feudal society, allowed itself to be impelled to a coup d'etat. For the r>. . . represented feudal aristocratic society, just as the National represented modern bourgeois society. The conditions of existence modern bourgeois society require that the bureaucracy and the should be reduced fro� being rulers of commerce and industry . their to�ls, · and turned mto mere organs of bourgeois " This society cann?t tolerate that restrictions are placed on agricul-i. . tur� y feudal privIleges and on industry by bureaucratic tutelage. ·. This IS contrary to free competition, the vital principle of this society. . . . It cannot tolerate that foreign trade relations should be determined . by �onsiderations C? f the Court's international policies instead of by .•·. . the Interests of natIOnal productIon. It must subordinate fiscal poliCy to the needs of productIon, whereas the old state has to subordinate prod � ction to the needs of the Crown by the grace of God and the patchmg up of the monarchical walls, the social pillars of this Crown. Just as modern industry is indeed a leveller, so modern society must break down a1l lelfal and political barriers between town and country. . Modern society stIll has classes, but no longer social estates. Its develop ment lies in the struggle between these classes, but the latter stand united against the estates and their monarchy by the grace of God. The . monarchy by the . grace of God, the supreme political expreSSIOn, the supreme political representative of the old feudal bureau� ratic society, is consequently unable to make any sincere concessIOns to modern bourgeois society. Its own instinct of self-preservation, and the society which backs it and on which it leans will constantly impel it to retract the concessions it has made to maintain its feudal character and to risk a counter-revolut on. Counter-revolution is a constantly recurrent condition of existence for the Crown after a revolution. On the other hand, modern society, too, cannot rest until it has shattered and abolished the political power, the traditional official power, by which the old society still forcibly maintains itself. For the rule of the Crown by the grace of God is the rule of antiquated social strata. Hence no peace is possible between these two societies. Their material interests and needs bring them into mortal combat. One side ':l ust win, the other must lose. That is the only possible negotiation between them . Hence, too, there can be no peace between the su preme political representatives of these two societies, b: t�een the Crown and the representatives of the people. Thus, the � a�lOnal Assemhly had only the choice of either yielding to the old . society or confrontIng the Crown as an independent power.
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ts District Committee of Democra
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to al re e th d be cr es d as h � r to cu se ro . Gentlem en , the Public P . he y et n so f ns IO at nd u fo e t es � ak sh h ic ay taxes as a measure "wh sOCIety. s f n IO at d n u fo e th C? h it W o d to g efusal to pay taxes h as n o th in tlI?-g or the an gr t e s, xe ta do hy w , en m le Generally speaking, gent e h istory o f th In le ro t an rt p im an ch su � refu sal o f taxes, play rfs p u rc h as.ed se as t IS JI le p m . Si ry ve is on as constitutio n al is m ? T h e re , so do entIre ey n o m y ad re h it w s rd lo al d u privil eges from th e fe archs on M s. ch ar on m al ud fe om fr . privileges . . I ns purchase nat'o IIY for a Cl pe es d an s n io at n n ig re fo h wars w it need ed money for their and ce er m m co re o m e h T s. rd lo al feud their struggle against the u t th e . ey n o m r fo d ee n r ei th w re g ater industry developed th e gre is posed d d an t n te ex e m sa th to w re g ses, � , third estate, th e m id d le clas e th e re } eg d e m sa e th m rces ; an d f increasing financial resou . To make es x ta of s n ea m by s ch ar n o m e o p u rch ased lib erties from th tervaIs to m " e it f' m d e at t h g ri e th ed in ta e f these liberties they re s� to fu re to r o te vo to t h g ri e th i. e . e th e monetary obli gations, Ially eC p es t en m p o el ev d is th f o ls detai vote taxes. You can trace th e well in English history. ween et b d n o b ly n o e th e er w es x ta , In medieval society, therefore b.o n d a , at st al d u fe g n � li ru e th d y an the emerging b o u rgeois societ SOClet� , is eO rg u o b to s n io ss ce n co e ak m which co m p el le d th e state to states �hls n er d o m In s. d ee n s it t ee m to to allow its develo p m en t an d eOIs sO�lety rg u o b y b ed rn tu n ee b as h es right to grant and refuse tax ittee m m co e th t, n e m rn ve o G g the into a m ea n s of controllin rests. . ' tegral part of administering its general inte m an IS l sa fu re x la al ti You w il l find th erefore that par erates p o l sa fu re x ta f o e p ty is h T m. . voted only for a ever constitutional m ec h an is IS et g d u b t he curren T . ed ct je re is et g bud a er ev e wh am ers h th ed u g ro ro � p g n ei b r te definite period ; moreover, af pOSSIble Im IS it e en H . al rv te in � rt o sh ry . tI n of a b ud g�t m u st be reconvened after a ve ReJec � t. en d en . ep d in lf se it e ak m for the Crown to ty � n rI J m a m w t n
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constitutional states. In England in 1 832 the refusal to pay taxes to the downfall of Wellington's Ministry. And bear in gentlemen, that in England it was not Parliament which decided · . refuse taxes, but the people which proclaimed and carried out decision on its own authority.298 England, however, is the land of constitutionalism. Far be it from me to deny that the revolution, which brought Charles I to the scaffold, began refusal to pay taxes. The North A merican revolution, which with the Declaration of Independence of N orth A merica from land, started with refusal to pay taxes. The refusal to pay taxes can the harbinger of very unpleasant events in Prussia too. It was John Hampden, however, who brought Charles I to the scaffold, only the latter's own obstinacy, his dependence on the feudal estates, . and his presumptuous attempt to use force to suppress the urgen� , demands of the emerging society. The refusal to pay taxes is merely : a sign of the split between the Crown and the people, merely evidence that the conflict between the Government and the people h as already reached a menacing degree of tensity. It is not the cause of the split or the conflict, it is merely an expression of this fact. At the worst, it leads to the overthrow of the existing Government, the existing political system. The foundations of society are not affected by this. In the present case, moreover, the refusal to pay taxes was a means of society'S self-defence against the Covernment, which threatened its foundations. Finally, the Public Prosecutor accuses us of having gone further in the incriminated appeal than the National Assembly itself. He says: "For one thing, the National Assembly did not publish its decision."
Gentlemen, am I to give a serious reply to the accusation that the decision not to pay taxes was not even published in the Statute Book? Furthermore, he says that, unlike us, the National Assembly did not incite to the use of force and in general did not take a revolutionary stand, but wanted to remain on a legal basis. The Public Prosecutor previously described the National Assembly as unlawful, now he considers it lawful-in each case to present us as criminals. But if the collection of taxes is declared unlawful, am I not obliged to resist by force the forcible practice of this illegality? Even from this standpoint, therefore, we were entitled to repel force by force. Incidentally, it is quite correCt that the National Assembly wanted to keep to a purely legal basis, that of passive resistance. Two roads were open to it, the revolutionary road-it did not take it, those gentlemen did not want to risk their necks or the refusal to
TIle Trial of the
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e th k o to It . ce n a st si re e iv ss a p d n ' 0 be o t dId h h w xes p�ople the taxes �y ta :�� !o 1 pay to refusal � the fect e P n d road . ut to g .t nary stan d . T h e conduct o f the National o ec �ad to take a revolu IO . on for the people. The National. . n t e n c a s n a e m o n y b ""as . .r h t . th e people h as merely entrusted It \SSembly A. ssembly , as such, has no I!)e':'ri hts. If the Assembly does not act the te a d n a m is th n e th , d with the defence. of th e iv e c e r s a ate if h d � : � e WIth n nce w o s it orda n o s ct a d n a lf se in acc it e g a st e th s e k ta n e h t le p o e p t e 0 a If h se T It ' II se to re e w lapse s. ly h m e ss a l a . k them out, I e , a nation p exam for If, ty. kIC to e v a au thon h ld u o w Ie o e e h nment, gover a s e � a rous m n w ache o r C e th tre If . m b ly e ss A e t6 an nment a Gove h it W � ly p e r both the to t h ig r e th s a h Ie o e p the , lutIOn . P the sanction of a national assembly to counter-revo reqUl not does It . Government is attempting to . lution revo '; sslan r the that fact bly The Assem al d o this . Nation : t the by ated s . een as h act onable treas com mit a r to u c se o r P c li b u itsel f. P .Jury, to e th , iefly r b u e th f se o e th r e ft a , 8 4 Gentlemen 8 1 , 8 d n a ril 6 f � o :; I: the under s us e lv se m e th y b s cannot charge w la se e h T lf e S I C r· ow n ·r e h t y b p u n r to n .Itran' Iy ' concocted b y the United laws have be.e, b ar were they s a , e lv saI to lS u C f e d e r . t e o th g in d are n r a g e r ly b IA at the of 1 ion �h f���lIy and materially. We ,,:ent � Diet. The decis : w a e 0 c fo e TIght th � d a our h s e was x ta This pav l. ' appea r III o u bl y m e ss A l a n O tI a N e th n fu�ther th a r. e v o is a m a r d e and our duty. th f o t c a st r fi I y th e. n o t a h t t a e p e r I e , th n o d si n lu a l a v In conc ' ie d e m e th s, e ti Ie C SO O tw e . th n e � tw s e a n o so s A s. m r The struggIe b fo l a c ti li po in d wage e b ag l m wIl ty, a 11 arise again . Th e Neue bou rgeois socie ' WI Icts fl con e sam the t s, y e d e m a e lr a t, n e th e Assembly . m n r e v o G le tI 0f n a g r o e th , he g n t tu et s Z n a e m t a th Preussische in a g a d te c le e e v a h I e p o e p e " me. m sa e th Prophesiesti d n o c se a d se r e p is d e b to e e h v t e, choos may Assembly W I' 11 h a bly Assem nal Natio w e n e th th a p olutlOn er-rev count Whatever n e w . the f o ompIe te 'ctory C r e h It e e b l the il w of rv victo inevitable result the that . l t m a y v�e n tw lu o v re s u ' o been ri to has n o tl o r a new vic I u o v e -r r te n u co e th r e ' ft a ly . n o l e b I SS O p is revolution completed. .
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llelivered on February . Neue Rheinische h the d ' m e 15 bl' First pu arv 25 an d ru eb F 2 3 2 d n a 1 3 ' nO S. 2 Zettung �h'Jet Z'Wet. p p a m 7 the in also 1849 " ' . and V erIag der 9 4 8 .. 1 . ln . o K , se , ng pulitische Prozes 8, 18 1 9
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sal Trial The Tax·Refu
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le c ti r a is th r e d n u n o ti ic v n o c of g in ir a p s e d , s ie it n r o io ll th e u b a e r r fo te a ll st a c e e th t: n th tme ic d in r e d Ie " il m a d te c le e s e v a h , e 0 9 e t seq .) . d 2 o le C ic n e (A r h e t w o p te of ta s f o ts n e g a e e h t th r e to th e e h c w : n n ta o is ti s s e e r u q l a c liti o p e and th n o ly n o d e rn n o tu ly b e m e s s l A a n o ti a N e Hence t h e cas th f o n io is c e d e th y b d e is r te o ta s th e u th a e to r e e c n w ta is d s e e s r u r o f y a w acc is th in Il a c to s e x to ta d y n a a , p te Lo ta s l e a s th f u f o e t a r th t s e in a g a th e c r fo d e m r a n a e is n power, to orga t authorities removed and appointed at their have g o v e r n m e n in n o ti s e u q is th n. d tio e re r e w s an riisc y r ju e th , n o ti a lt u s n o c f After a very brie e b o ls a n e. o v o s ti l a il w m r o ir d ff ta a n a e C th assalle a n d L ly e k li t s o f m o d t, r a o b e n g lo o C e After this verdic th t a th t c e p x e to n o s a e r o n set free. There is tes wiIl be o f a different opinion from that of the inriicting magistra Marx, Schneider a n d Schapper. e th to f o r la e s u a c c ti r e a p th in in rn j u ry tu e r ll a h s e w w o r r o I ncidentally, tom 9 There seems to b e a benevolent intention to 9 to s .2 u e ll th a s s a d L n a f ) o h c r n a o ti M s e n u q s (i e iz s s a t x e n e th d n . o y n e o b ti a e x in s a m c a e is h r e t d u n o u n g o a r ti d n te e d f o s th n o m e r o m e e impose on h im thr owever, that th e verdict o f th e Cologne juryowmilel s e iv ed, h g ll a h s e w w o It is to b e h o p r r o m o T . s n la p ic p o r f r th o n ld a e il s h s p u D h c u in s d te te a a e tr frustr g in e b is e ll a s s a L w o pleasant details as to h prison.a a
THE TAX-REFUSAL TRIAL
. Cologne, February 9. I f the v erdlct ' of the JUry the day before yesterday in the case against 0ur n:w�paper was of great imponance for the press, the acquittal e� er ty of Marx, Schneider and Schapper is decisive for all tax-� usa . cas�s brought for trial in th e Rhenis h couns . The fact itself w:s qUIte sImple and admitted of no doubt. The incriminated document states: " " The Rh emsh ' Dlstnct Committee f ?emocrats calls upon all 0 . associations in the Rh'me Provmce to have the following democratIC . measures decided upon and carned out·' " I . S·mce the Prussian �at" aI ;sembly itself has ruled that taxes are not to be paid , their forc��fe c0 eetlon must be resisted everywhere
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eV�iwhere.... d . everywhere to state publicly e . The authorities are to be. ask ' . . whether they recognise the of the N atlonal eCISlons d Assembly and .mten d to carry them out . I n case 0f refusal . commzttees of public safe . are to be set up.... Munici al la d e v c ls is to se ti o g th 0 e L J.> P t � vote."a Asse� bly should be electedPafr��� Y a unzversal . ' TIllS document \ n teil'Igl'ble enou gh . QU1te apan from th e is . whether the deCISlOn . . ' on the refusal t0 pay taxes IS . legally questIOn valid or not the document obVIOUS ' ' Iy presente d an example 0f i nCI'tement to revolt and tO CIV\ " 1 war . Th e accused also did not conceal th at the word "enemy" (se P%7g�ap7 2) should be understood as the internal enemy, the a;m:d g t 0 the Government N everth e-
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lhe ne,.,.-spaper tu g in rd o c c a d Printe
r th e fi rst fo sh li g n E in Publishc-d lime
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Political Trial
months of six to s" ge ud ' .oJ d e II ca so I a s ite cr po h y a 300 bloo d-thirsty I eg I . an d. th en , ns iso . pr n ia an lv sy nn Pe in n o au In a ex �J1 . d et . ention under ' truction . ) I raJlway an d road cons II h em t e us I II W for f U rther re fo rm .
POLITICAl TRIAL
writte n ahout
February 9, 18 49
hI" hed in . st FIr p , 10 , 18 49 UN 0. 2 1 8 , Februarv l1ing lc't
the Neue Rheinische
IS
From Weimar Region, February 3. Under this date-line the Frankfurter Journal writes:
"Now at last the days are approaching when our first assize court ¥I'ilI deliver its verdict here on the results of the i m pending political examinations. After the commencement of the proceedings had been continuaIly postponed from one week to the next, now at last, according to what is being said, it is definitely fixed for the 15th of this month. The court sittings wil1 open with the trial of the leaders of the democratic party who were arrested here and in Jena in October last year, Dr. Lafaurie, candidate Rothe, the student Amelung, Dr. Ouo and the writer Jade. These are almost the only ones of the mass of people arrested during those days against whom the Public Prosecutor could find material at all for an indictment. The examination conducted agai n st the wri ter Deinhard, resident here, who wa� also arrested at that time, yielded so little result that after Deinhard had spent two months in the unhealthy prison cells of our criminal court, the Public Prosecutor was unable even to frame an indictment against him. Candidate Lange from Jena, who was also arrested at that time, suffered four auacks of haemorrhage in Weitnar prison, and was only then taken in a half-dead state to his parents in Jena, where he died soon afterwards, on January 7 of this year, after again being interrogated for three consecutive days by the criminal court. Our jurymen, however, will be very surprised when, instead of the alleged plans for high treason , rumour.� of which have been so much spread and disl:ussed, they will be presented with the simple, trifling facts on which the indictment against the above-mentioned persons is based. "
(It is to be hoped that at its next victory the people will not, as in March, be so simple-minded or forgetful as to allow all their executioners to remain in their lucrative posts. On the contrary, it is fairly safe to assume that it will hasten to subject the whole gang of reactionary officials, and among them first and foremost the
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Lassalle
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y b im h d te p u rr te in e ll , a ss a L d e rr u c c o d a h t a h w r fo sk a r ta e ff o to y r him to a m o st u c s a w it le p o e p d te a c u d e g n o m a t a th g in remark when entering anyone's room, and that he conissiodn (yreeting self entitled to demand this politeness from the pr �red him, !-(overnor too much for the prison governor. I n a fury he advancendg ti la u ic st e , g d This was n a w o d in w e th st in a g a k c a b im h d e sh u p , e ll on Lassa outed at the top of h is voice: furiously, sh
LASSALLE
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e to comply with av h u yo : re o m g in th o dn re my p ri so n er an a u yo e er dark cell, and h , a u to yo in n n w ro th "Liste u yo like it, I shall have 't n o d u yo if d an s, the pri son rule u l" uld h ap pen to y o
r o n r e v o g n so ri p e th ld to d n a r e p m te is h st lo o ls a e ll a n o ss a is r p e th f o At this, L s si a b e th n o im h h is n u p to t h ig r o n d a h r e tt that the la e was in detention under investigation; that loudg rules since h o use and proved nothing; and although the buildinn shouting was n this was nevertheless hi.� roo m , a n d if the prisoto was a pri soonin, ting his finger at h im) came here to him, he had gov ernor (p gFeet h im , ernor completely lost his head, H e rushed at Lassalle, Now the gov sts at h im and shouted: hrandished h is fi with m y own
worse co something even
' February 10 , We promIse d yeste d r to the to ay return , of Lassalle, Already for eI even weeks Lassalle has been ques,tlon , ' confmed in Dusseldorf pn' son, and only now h as th e mvestlgation of , ' come to an en d, only now is the sImpIe facts which no 0ne demes C,ounnl' Chamber reaching a d eCl"slon , Th � case has been successfully p, rolon, ged to a poin t w h e re th e C,ouncd Ch amber and board of ' ' ' to th maxImum dIctmg magistrates , by m ereIv keepmg legal term' can d rag out the case beyond the e forthcommg Dusse " Idorf assIzes ' and ' so favour the pnsoner with a f unh er three months of detention under investigation! ' A �d what a detention under investigation that IS! It IS, well known that recentIy a depu tatlOn ' democratic ' 0f vanous assoCIations of Cologne ha7 d �d P;���cut?:-General, Nicolovius an address , signed by severa hou CitiZens whIch requested: , J ) speedIer examination of th g m�t the � usseldorf political � priso�ers: 2) decent treatment ����:� unng theIr detention under , � nvestJgatlOn , Herr Nicolovius p�om Ised to take these just demands mto consideration as far aS POSSIh le, From the following exam Ief h o�ever, It' can be seen how much concern is shown in Du ss Id or pnso n for the Prosecutor-General ' , , the laws and the most' or�mary requIrements of decency, On January 5 a pn son ward er , went so far as to mdulge in bru tal ' treatment of r .assalle, an d to cap It all he wen t t? th e p n' son governor ' ed that Lassalle had assau Ited hIm ' an d complam AI? h OU \Iater the prison governor acco pamed ' by t,he examining � magIstrate entered LassalJe's cell and , "ahout greetmg him, took a this. Cologne,
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r a e b to te a tr is g a m g in in m a x e e th d e st e u q e r ly te ia d e Lassalle imm andalous treatment and placed himself under his witness to this sc examining magistrate tried to calm the prisoens protection, Thesucceeded only after the latter had several tim governor, but reat to strike Lassalle, repeated his th ifying scene LassaJle addressed a proposal to thbee After this ed r, von A m m o n , that proceedings should Public Prosecuto the prison governor, Herr Morret. Indeed, the instituted againostf the governor constitute not only maltreatment and violent actions u t also an act exceeding his official powers, serious insult, bmon replied that an investigation into prison officiaulst Herr von Am official powers could not be instituted witho exceeding their sion from the administrative authorities, and toaldn previous permlyis to the Government. I n so doing h e referred to Lassalle to app 301 4 4 8 1 , f o s: te old Cabinet Order a st n o ti u it st n o C d e ll a Article 95 of the granted so-c qu "
,
stituting c u for in ir e r is es om th e au th oriti fr n o si exceeding is m y b eT w p la s e u o th i ev g r p n ti u la "N vio lit ary officials for i m r o l vi ci c li b u p proceedings against " th ei r official p o w er s.
34 6
347
Articles from the Neue Rheinische Zeitung
Article 10 8 of the same Charter expressly abrogates all laws contradict this Charter. Bu t it was in vain that Lassalle Public Prosecutor to A rticle 95 . Herr VOn Am m on in referred conflicting view regarding competence and dismissed sisted on ssalle the pleasant remark: "You seem to forget that you arLa e a nri., under investigatio n! " Were we not right in saying that the so-called Co been granted only against us , and not against the of nstitution fic ia Thus, threats of slaps in the face, the dark cell an ls? d corporal punishment- for that is the "something worse" ich Herr Morret was keeping in reserve-that was the "decent treawh tm en t" of political prisoners that the deputation was promised! . Incidentally, let us point out that, accordin g to the law, in vestigation should be quite separate from penal pr prisons for . prisoners in the former should be un de r a totally di isons and that . from that of prisoners serving a sentence. In Dussel fferent regime " dorf, however, there is no special prison for preliminary in ve sti tion, and prisoners under investigation, after being illegally confinga ed in a penal prison, must in addition obey the rules for sentenced prisoners , can be pu t in a dark cell and can be subjected to corporal pu ni sh m en achieve this praiseworthy aim in regard to Lassal t! In order to Morret summoned a disciplinary commission whicle, the aforesaid h is to see that Herr Lassalle gets a share of the above- m en tione An d the Herren examining magistrates and pud pleasant things. apparently accept all this quite calmly or else blic prosecutors they hide behind conflicting views on competence! Lassalle addressed hi m se lf to the Prosecutor-Gener . al We, for our part, are giving publicity to the whole case in opinion will support the prisoner's complaint. order that public We he ar , incidentally , that Lassalle ha s at last been released from solitary confinement and is at least sharing th e same prison as Cantador. Written by Marx on Februa ry
10 , 1849
First published in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung No . 2 1 9, February i i , 184 9
Printed according to the newspa per Published in English tIme •
for the first
WAR .- D I
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T EN M N ER V O G E H T N EE W T BE D R O D T H E SO U T H ER N SLAVS
. . tz r hg s di in W t � or pp su to n ow � kn is h c hl w , The Kiilnische Zedung . th e reports of Magyar vlctones against the, Magyars, t?day descnbes r Zeitung, which is hostt' 1e t th e ? ue . a. pp earing m th e reactIOnary Bresla ed nt pn ve ha e W . ns tIo ra ge ag ex s I ou U IC ' n 'd M aul d have � on ed ma rc h y alr ea d ha s hli ck s, "reliable" Austnan .report e th d se os cr en ev t no s ha e h as re he w , Debreczin a dozen times Theiss! . , ck be an hw Sc , ce ur so e bl lia re t a h f n o tIo 7 lfI Meanwhile, for th e ed l ya ro e th om fr n ke ta s m ite s ew o h S ew a t en we should like to pres b ly re su n ca e on y lit bi lia re se ho � n , e � ap s b w im perial A ugsburg ne en b ve ha e w w � no e tim e m so r fo at � t e er em m depe nd , It will .be re an tn us A e th of p ou gr tic ra oc m de e d II drawin g attentIon to the so�.a to � un bo e er w s tic na fa e es th ch hi t � Slavs,' an d also to. the .con l ed h n sc de e W t. en nm er ov G z . iit Im � h t h become involved m Wit . , . Ch as the second representatIve e first an? Strat.lm lrovl Jellachich as th the is e ec pi th ou m se ho ,02 w r u la p r a ru S th � I That ;g���� g ground in Croatia ttself of this trend. Siidslavische Zeitung at A gr am , IS als " a
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b A.l lgemeine Zeitung.-l';d.
C
O , 1849 .- Ed. (first supplement), Febmar) J '
348
Articles from the Neue
Rheinische Ztitung
is borne out by the following article taken from the
Allgemeine Zeilung":
"As I have alreadv reported, the machinations of the Serbian Stratimirovich are gaining in importance as he has many followers among the and seems to exert a particular influence on the Tchaikists.303 We do nut doubt general claim that his attempts [0 stir up opposition to Patriarch Rajachich do nOt . from any kind of agreement with the Magyars but simply from his own aims; only how sad it is to see the Slav element, which Austria should and must in the storm, being itself abandoned to the storms of egoistical Stratimirovich is offended as h e felt he had been thwarted in his hopes of to the position of voivode on the death of General Suplikac. and he now broods vengeance. \-"'hether this is at the expense of the union which is so amongst the people and at the ex pense of the well-being of his own country, worry him. Stratimirovich was fortunate enough to distingui�h himself at the beginning of the stIuggle against the Magyars with a smalJ troop of vi'cte,ric,w Serbs304; h e was also fortunate enough to make himself indispensable, as it were, in particular to achieve more at St. Thomas and the Roman ramparts305 than •
many other generals one could name with regular troops . He quickly rose from th.. rank of Oberleutnant to that of general. Assigned to the deputation which his country sent to Olmiitz, he succeeded in helping to fulfil t.he Serbs' most cherished wishes far as their nationality and independence w�re concerned, and when this was shortly afterwards by 'he sudden dea,h of Suplikac, who had only just recently been appointed voivode, the wish of the troops and of the country designated him as the' . probable Successor. That is how things stand from this puint of view. But in Croatia, . taa, things do not .�eem as bright as they tend to appear in the usual superficial reports. ,. Reliable persons cuming froOi that country assert that peuple are not happy about the , Ban'sb absence being prolonged and that his popularity is endangered , since the I Cruats see in him their Ban and not simply the Austrian Lieutenant�Field AfarshaL Nor, apparently, is the appointment of Baron Kulmer as Minister meeting with the kind of,. approval in the cuuntry that had heen initially expected, as he is generally considered ' to be a tool in the hands of the Court. The news of his appointment is said even ro have > given rise to a hostile demonstration during which part of the forest-lanel he owns in ; Croatia was set on lire. From all this. and also from the daily increasing irritation _ revealed in the language of the Agram newspapers, it becomes clear that one will not :' be able to deal with the Slavs so easily."
On the other hand, the same newspaper confirms Dembinski's arrival at Debreczin. I t reports from Pest:
"General Dembinski really is in Debreczin. Members of the H ungarian House of Representatives are there also in large numbers, and by contrast the insurgents can only count 1 1 magnates among their number. Furtune appears to have turned its back on the rebel leader Bern in Transylvania; at least, despite his boastful reports, refugees seeking help keep arriving at the rump parliament. A decree issued by Kozliiny of Debreczin, the Magyar J\loniteur, states that Meszaros, the Minister of War, has resigned because of illness, and has been replaced by General Vetter."
Hert' and elsewhert' reports from Pest of Februarv 1 and from VienIla of February 2 and 3, 1 849, are quoted. They were published in the Allgeme!m! J:eirung 1\0. 38, February 7, 1819.-Ed. b The Governor or Regent, i. e. Jellach ich.- Ed. ;J
e Southern Slavs th d an t en nm er ov G etween the \VaT.- Discord b
349
. s th e following o n Dembinski himself: It con tam s of that famous Polish
�
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-t the talent ag natic x fa V�: � ��ced i n sup�eme command ?f all " Vien na, February 3 . T�e . � e av a IS said to . o h w i, sk in b emhiiiski came to Vienn D Dem , 1 I 9 7 1 . a In . rn o B er cn . 18 09 th e m g. reat success. . an d , g n n In b ly et to cr s, se p o n o w to tr e th T m ,a fI ed fro g ng Aca e e ngine the E n rr ? to attend ;he Fifth Polish Mounted Rifle Regiment. the an � o " ,n he a ge of eighteen , lom�d d himsel f in the 1 8 1 2 campal�n at . � h i e s gu at t SSIans an so ISt In U R e ver� battleh�ld . th e st th in a n g o a in t ta h ca to u o on p om��d ·h im Jpon lived in qUIet seclUSIOn H� attt of Smolensk that N apole ; there he s e servIC� of the lUS�l th ' 1830 gave him the opportumty to enter to d f 0.0 p rou rev? U tl° s h o P � e th l ti n . H e managed to 7 � en m 0 0 0 4, f o e ad JIlany years, u r bri e col a a �:� � nde� Marshal Diebitsch for a whole day i�� ti n guish himself � �� �� e ole RUSSian fa h w e th 306.. ' \' Ja e d . v o : battle of Grokh dm mg the to th e newspaper g in rd co ac d te n ri P ry 1 0 , 18 4 9 a ru b e F n o ls e g Wn tten by En for the fi rst sh li !'; n E in d e sh publi n ische ei h R e eu N e th Hrne } lfSt publ'IShed in . 9 184 , 1 1 ry a Febru 7ntu7I g )l o. 2 1 9 ,
M"jgJOi �t :
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350
[THE WAR I N HUNGARY]
. At last official Austrian re �orts h.ave agam arrived from ' Bem s rapId advance to the vania. They confIrm . Hermannstadt wh'Ie'h was senously threatened by him, and tlf{H of a battle whIeh occurred on January 21 sOllle wherebetwc�e ' H �rmannstadt and Mediasch (Medgyes) ' In WIlIC h th e Magyars . to have been pursued as saId to have been beate Th a�: s?ld as Stolzenburg, some �i th:� . vmg already taken the road ' Torda (Toren burg) in the dIrectIon of Klaus F b ' CallI . en urg. Ive . and fOur ammunition wagons are saId to have fallen into the h2Ln( of the Austrians under puchner' The resIS' tance put up by Magyars is described as having be�n ver� stu�born . We shall a fu nher reports to ascerta'I? whe� er thIS "vIctory" was really "brilliant". The Austria gIve thell' own losses as 60-70 dead and 98 wounded . . Just how credible the Austrian reP orts �re can be seen from the " Transylvanian documents publ' 'h ed on thiS occasion in the Wiener Zeitung.' In an address to the Hermannstadt C�.VIC. mlTltla. on Ja n uary 1 9 Bern's army is described as "the. �nganan troops who have been repulsed by the victorious arm.Y Ill . ungary, and have had to flee to Transy lvania". Puchner t In hIS order of the day, boasts about . h uge vlctones in Hungary Wh'ICh f course. for us were Iong ago ' re d uced to their true value by th e news whICh came later . ' ij
ns
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uner Ze>tung No. 32. February 7, 1849.-Ed.
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e th f o n e m 0 0 ,0 5 2 d e h rc a m e v a h to id sa re a s n ia n a m u R d u7 n a s, r le k e e z S th , d n a h r 'fh e e th o e th n O t. d a st n n a m r e H to in r, e n h c rm u ; P sw n d o d e li re e b n ly d r a a h n a c L ia n a lv sy n ra T in s n a ri a e g n th t a e th re g a u rs H e p a p n ia n e a h v y ! n ra t T e th d � n a , y a d e th f o y a w r d e a e y h n a e rd k o a o . n a c t h is m sp � � · � w o ll e -y d n -a k c la b l a n e p im [oval st them at all, and that they are JOlI11ng the movement amornegver B e rn shows himself. whe ngary itself the peasant risings in the rear of the im pryeri1a5l a u n a J n O r. In H u te c ra a h c s u o ri se a e m u ss a to g in n in g e b , e re b a u n a D e s p th O n o n ra G trO d te a g ju b su d n a d ie p u c c o s p o o tr l a ri e p the im est, but on January 26 they left the town again. Themy above P wards Ofenb because Windischgratz needed the marched to r the battle at Szolnok. Im mediately the royal imperial urgently afte eagles were torn down, M adarasz's posters'08 calling standards and e p u t u p , and people were heard to shout " Eljen' for revolt Twhere peasants from the left bank of the Danube w h o had e ic st ju f ie h Kossuth " . c n o d re fi , n w to e th to in e m a c s rm a ir e th d re e d n e tion ic sd ri ju e not surr th d e sh li o b a 09 ,' n r o m o K to ff o o ir B r ro ju k t. o n to e d si e r p s Koller, a z ic v o lk a P ry ta o n f ie h c d te in o p p a d n a , ts a it e m b o c to e g d ri of th e b n o to n o p e th r fo rs e rd o t n se s p o o tr l a ri in e p t in im o p is The th t a e b u n a D e th ss ro c to d e d n te in h ic n u im S ; , p e u c t in h S g . st e brou P to ly te ia d e m im h rc a m to r e rd o 's a n rb W t u o y e c rr a n c fe e to D r l a n orde o ti a N e th m o fr d e iv rr a r e tt le a e m ti e m sa e th t a r, e v e rm was to w u ho st d n a L e th t a th r e rd o e th h it w n zi c re b e D t a O 3l s e a te w it it m , d m e y Co o r st e d r o ff o t u c s e li p p su 's y m e n e e th d n a . rs d e rd o e th t a be organise th d n a p u t h g u ro b e b t o n ld u o sh e g d ri b e th t a to d e v o m decided th t a it m o c e h T t. u o d ie rr a c e b ld u o w n zi c s re p b o e o tr re o [wm D rm e th r u F . n r o m o K m o fr d te c te ro p is it re e h n w , e k sz e ta is s w Batork e n is h T . n a r G to n e f O m o fr t n se n e e b e v a h to are said ng. tu ei Z er n ie W l s ia w ic e ff n o e sh e th m fr fro o n e v a h s n ia r st u A e th t a th t c fa ry e v e th , a st m r fi n o c . For th e r e s e id v o r p t n te x e in ta r e c a to s is e h T e th e m v o a fr h r y e th t a ' whatsoeve th ts r o p e r s r a y g a M e th f o n o si is m o f e o th y f a o w t n by e d tion n o sp e r r o c r ya g a M e th , d n a h r e th o e th n O ly s. h u ig io h r d n a been victo g in st e r te in f o r e b m u n a ts r o p e r in a g a is g n y tu m ei r a Z a er l ia r e Bresl u p im l a y o r e th f o li o c c u c te n o M l e n lo o C . probable facts risoner by the M agyars at Gyongyos. Kovesd (five reported. taken pMiskolcz) a n d Keresztur (north of Tokaj) are said to miles this side of f the M agyars. The im perial troops sallying forth be in the hands o said to have been almost completely annihilated from Temesvar are _
imperial flag.-Ed. an ri st u A e th f o Colours ame is Buda.-l<:d. n n ia ar g n u H e h T - l .ong live. -r:d. (
a
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Articles from the Neue Rheinische Zeitung
by the H ungarians h urriedly approaching from Szegedin . newspaper then adds:
" Very bad blood has been caused in Ofen by the fact that the lovable pOet Catholic. priest Czuczar has been led away in heavy irons to six years' confinement fortress because of an inspiring war-song he had composed. In general one
that the military ru1e is becoming much stricter here since the most recent
suffered by the Austrian troops. Arrests for the most innocuous remarks are th,e o,,, of the day. Any strangers coming here from Debreczin and the surrounding arE,a immediately taken off to police h eadquarters, subjected to strict interrogation, ' · then released with the prohibition to say a word about events. Curiosity. ho'wev. knows no restraint and people here are fairly well informed. I t is believed that Hungarian Theiss army will renew its attack on the imperial troops at Szolnok in ' next few days.- The news has come from Debreczin that the Hungarian
Mor Perczel has been appointed commander in Transylvania. Bern will head I n anat arm y in H ungar),. "The H ungarian regular forces are given at 1 60,000, and if one considers these forces are being led by two world-famous generals, Dembinski and Hem, that in addition to the natural defences afforded by Transylvania and the great area, the Hungarians also have the majority of the fortresses and the most ' of them unrler their control, then it seems more than ridiculous that warrants should be made out for Kossuth in Vienna. They must think the public is totally to be fooled by manoeuvres of try at kind,"
Meanwhile new quarrels are breaking out daily among the nations which have been liberated from what is described oppression of the Magyars - they arc quarrelling either themselves or with the Austrian Government. The �t'io1!eIJ!e; Blatt aus Biihmen says: "A deputation of Rumauian!> was dtlc to arrive at Olmutz to lodge a cOITIplail about the encroachments of the Serbs from the Banat.- In Istria, where language clIstoms are pre-eminently Italian, people arc most strenuously resisting the plan
incorporate this province in Croatia, and protests against it have been made published."
In the Voivodina the Karlowitz Government has voiced suppo for Stratimirovich and annulJed the warrant for his arrest i ssued hv Patriarch Rajachich: The Patriarch will not have anything to do a voivode; before the Voivodina is constituted, he says, the districts of Kikinda and Becse, of Bacs and Baranya must be united with it. He says this should be aimed at and, on the other hand, the machinations and intrigues of ambitious people should be restrained. "so that the im perial army does not treat the Serbs as it did the Magyar rebels" !' The Siid.slavische Zeitunf is already beginning to make serious complaints, but these dreamers wiJJ. of course, only
a A quotation from Rajachich's proclamation pubJished in the Siidslavische Zeitung and cited by the Constiintionelles Blatt aus Biihmen No. 3 1 , February 6, 1 819.- Ed.
35 3
y The War in Hungar
le h a s been ru . ' ry a it il m . d n a te It IS too la n e h w eyes eir , e th at th ese se n a . c e n o y . n a y ll ta ell th n e lr provtllc Incid th to the Magyar cause. � . III l helpfu most can O lY be n p lllO t of O ge war, a s w es rb e S nc se e th re h ic h c d"'ffe l ' th e way 'In w f 0 ample � just estnz'k an V s, r e p a sp w e n H ere v by two Sou. th-Sla rmed conft t wan.ted to a is n a B e th it n d n e h k' e an anu y 2 7 Weiss Ir d J date to t111� e nd h ic v o dak. r o d o T re l a r e . Nap ion to Gen ta u P a sent lr sk o f Wels der an le p o e p n e th rre t a th " heard e�rrl already had asked th e e h d n a o r o vich n w d to ir e o d all the Scrb kille h e Germ a n s T ?" b r S is L'h en es ' e egat . . "I'III ot "Wh 0 among you , h lc v o r o d o T id sa " G o th e n ," ers l sho ed thel� � � Thereupon the Serbian army st�rm shrugged WIt yo " tiate til th e d nego n u fo e to r e w g s b r e goin I two S 0 d captur d an l out . Travellers .say put eyes eir ad a them of h bo and all fIfty out . t � sough tow n , and ts main culpri fIfty had then h n shot . so r e p h ft fi y that Todo rovlC r e v ' e d ha . III a IIlle an d rest the . stood He · hanged way. . III shot ere w 400 that che Zettung is ln ii K e th Re ports have It m o h . nt heroes Wit . h w vaha the Thos e are I svmpath·Ises .
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it , y d ea s st ay w t al o n is e rs u co s it if d n a s, u p m ly O f o s ak e p t almost all I ig hes ases to b e rh y th m ic a l a n d , in fact, it accou n ts for r v �; Zeitung abou n d s, I einvceoluntary hexameters in which the Kiilnisischepre e m sa is ly th se ci y a e d to ss h o acr t e m o c e w m o h w e n o t rs fi 7 " ,' y r a u r b , e e F n Th e g lo o C " to a e d d cle, ti r a n a In , k c e b n a w h c S e th d n a sm ti lu so b a f o s in a p s tLb li m e re ft a e th t u o b a s u s n te h g li h e en , n o ti lu o v e r f o s e in th a n -p o th a r w is h f o ls after ia v e th ll a t ou rs u o p k c e b n a w h c S t a re e g th in d te o v r o The ll a t a te o v t o n id d er h it e it se u a c e b le p o e p n prussia "T on g way , struction of ing touch to the con
[THE DIV}SION OF LABOUR IN THE KOLNISCHE ZElTUNGj
t the finish u p ld ou sh ly b em ss me in this Assembly so at th "This N ational A ts b u o d l il st state, and yet, w h o al ic ch ar n archists, and o n o -m m al n er g io n ut lo o n e it ar ey const n work because th io ct ru st n co is th stitutionalists, and n co e m o ec b t ye \",ill undermine t o en absolutists and hav ill st e ar ey th se u onal monarchy? From ti u it st n co a f o th ers beca o s er are just not support ey th se au istant, perhaps ec d b a st em n ai th ag f ht o g fi l th il w bo ill blow, a dead past w s rm o st s le o p te ill not be lost as a w t n se re p e th th e two opposi er h d w h o knows whet an , re tu fu le ab never attain re.suIt'. " a
' in the world we February 1 0 , With th, e best will .' unahle last, week to p ay attentIOn even t0 Our best fnends nearest neIghbours Oth e� tters - everyone knows which -': us busy,S l I Let us h �sten o':�a �ake,up �or the omission and , our gaze first of all to our n el� h OUrI �g Journalists , The division of labour l's c�rrIed out In the Kolnische Zeitung rare team work , We .shal l d Isregard the m ore remote part of ' newspaper, pages 3 and 4 h�r he noble Wolfers praises a n d does h is best to e n s u�:t a.: ,enry V regains the throne forefathers and grants a C,onstltutlon "on the Belgian model" ' " ' shaJl keep only to the newspaper s frontlsplece, its first page' our friend Schiicking h as h'IS own little nook In ' th e basement h e d'ISPIays for his votaries the I a,test products of his doctrinair " ' fantasy and fantastic doctnnalnsm In prose an d verse, Who does , ' know th e Interesting "P�rIlIca ' I ConversatIOns", in which the 'allerLted author endeavoured as h e hImself says -to extricate a ' kI' n of a German professor but ' M eph Istopheles from the pIgs ' basement succeeded only in produCIng Ab h t IS ove ' a Wagner;>"· n 00k on the first floor H err D umont ' has opened h'IS spacious ' ParItICaI saI ons, in wh ' h h e ff a t e B riiggem a n n a n d Schwanbec k (not to be c��fu s�d �it ,�elss�ro� t) do the honours of the, house , B riiggemann is resPo�slble for the , thinking part, for sa vu,;g principle in all catast ro ph fS' ,for preservmg the legal basis despIte all earthquakes far the ,�tglac genre, for swan-songs and requiems, Schwanbeck is re � for the declarnatory part, for the S , exalte,d lyricism, for moral ���?��atIOn, for dithyrambs and storms IntOXICated with enthusiasm , Sc wanbeck 's ph raseology reaches th� Cologne,
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ic ss la c se e th m o fr g in lt su e r le y st e th f o th g n re st ty h ig s m a h e d th r o w y r Note e v e , ty ti n e d sse re p m o c , d e g g u r a is se ra h s p a ly ib g n ta s a d lines, Every in m r u o y in re tu ic P , n o ti a n ig d in l a r o t, m n f ta is d " e th d the stamp o n a " st a p d ea d " e th n e e tw e b le g g u r s st e o e d o h w e n o y possible th n a e b t o Il n a c e , r e h T " e r tu fu le b a in a tt l a il w r e v " re tu fu p e r h a p s ne le b a in a tt a r e v ne s p a h r e p " e th w o h e se o tw to e th s e ri fu not seem e k li w o h , " st a p d a e d " e th y b d e in a tt a e e th b ss f le o se u a c e neverthe b ly e is c re p , w o h d n a s, w lo b to t e n m se o e c r p e th , r of them e th o e th f o te a st d a e d e th d n a e n o e th f o te si o p p o e th u nattainability m o fr w lo b s m r sto e il b w st lo ly g n si a e r c in g in is b e e c n u o n o r p poles! to d e w o ll a e r a e w if r o , F le if tr a s a is th d e r a th n n a m e g g D o n o t reg ii r B in if : y sa u st m e w , n e m t a re g h c su t u o e b th a n o , k c e an o p in io n b n a w h Sc in , le y st e th h it w y a w a s n u r y ll a su thought u t. h g u o th e th h it w y a w a s other h a n d , the style r u nld n o t in virtuous indignation lose sight of A n d , in fact, w h o wou that an Assembly to whom n o t only the the style w h e n one fi n d s th e Kiilnische Zeitung itself h as given tbe K in g of Prussia but also fi n is h in g touch to th e construction of a mission of putting the al state, that such an Assembly consists of constituti,mal-mon arctohicth e Left or too far to th e Rigbt to achieve th e people either too far im ? Especially when "storms blow from the aforesaid henevolent a the prese!,t will be lost" for the Kolnische opposite poles" and " Zeitung!
�o. a Kolnische Zeitung
�� :) . Feb ruary
8 , 1849.-Ed.
our in the The Division of Lab
Articles from the Neue Rheinische Zettung
356
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other words, the signs of feaction and the signs of a new or, rathe r, c revolu.tion h ave not failed to a p p ar "In
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"What then has changed'" ' Austna) ' . "lInrestn'cted bureaucracy has, (na meIy, 1Il " :, hee n repIaced by unrestricted dem � racY' a � d th en by unrestricted military ' � and in the end every thing has remalned as It was!
Sad result of the revolutions melanch Iy c<;msequen�e of peoples never having been willing to' heed the \OlCe of mIsunderstood , . ' "In . Cassandrasl h the end everyt rem d True as mg has ame It was!" ' ' . Mettermch's trad"ItIonaI government differs in many �espects from the present counter-revolutionary mlTItary rule; and, m particular, the good-natured Austrian peopIe. of Metternich's time is quite different from the �;�s�nt .revol u tIOnary people which grinds its teeth in furv ' moreo hIstory the counter -revoIutI'.on has always . Ied merely to a more thoroughgo'mg, b.loodler revolutIon. But what does that matter) "In t he end . cverythmg has remained as it was" ' and despotism r�mal ns despotlsm. . . . . . The phlhstine pot-house porItIClans "the great who constItute centre f' the German nation" ' to use one of Schwanbeck's expressions, these worlhies who at e ,�ry temporary counterblow exclaim: "What was the use f rebe�lIon, we are again precisely "
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You asked fo r it, George Dandin! (Moliere, GeorfTe A . I DandlTL, ' .'-let o
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C After notable discove d this a look assa� �a-Schwanbeck takes ry Austria. Schwanbeck's look a� Au stna IS always watchful. Austria . his second fatherland ,' h ere earl IeI' he waxed d'Ignant at tyranny of Viennese dema��gy, her.e h. e now devou rs the Magyal's: . here the author o f lofty dit ) �mb IS fmally moved also by a fee ling, a s rIght pang of consCIence vel lhose on whom martial law, .' beslowed the mercy of gu"npowder and shotl. He nee th e ' casts on Auslria in gIance which the prophet full f forebodmg of his leading articles. ' '
357
n ca o h y w or st hi n o s rt pe ex d n u fo ro p e es th ", re fo be e er w e w e er wh see more than two paces in front of them - lhey will b e e m sa e th ly se ci re p as h ck be an w h Sc at re g e th at th d n fi to d te h g li de . e v a h y e th s a w ie v f o s rn tu re o p o in t ce m n o ra d n sa as C a, ri st u A le glance at ts After this inevitab en em el e h . T re tu fu e th to in ce n la g a st ca to es ar p re p d an a i ss ru P st n ai ag ed h g ei w ly u d e to ar n o ti lu vo re f o ts en em el e th d n a n o ti ac re h it (w w la al of ti ar m , el g n ra W , ts an rv se s it d n a n w ro C e h T . er th o e ar m s" n ch io ea at ci so as n ia ss ru "P e th d an r its abolition), to n o es o piouS wishes fo g e h en h T y. n ti ru sc h g u ro o to a th each in turn subjected
It is. bad enough for the KOlni,ehe Zeitun� when the pe.ople . d�puues who do not want what they "should " want accord�ng to . Kolmsehe Zeitung; but it is even worse for the people when It scoffs the Cassandra voice of a Schwanbeck an �: �nstead of a man of constitutional-monarchical pattern , from t e great centre of nation " , it elects people wh have elther ceased to 11e monarch"Ists . ' have not yet become constitutionalists . Tu I 'as von. I.u, George Schwanbeck WI'11 excIaIm ' sadly wh en th,e tern'bIe conflict between . ' never attamable future swallows up dead past and the perhaps present! .
Kiilni.�che Zeitung
at th e number of ou r th it m ad ss e l e h t er ev n t l th at we mus "However, in spite of al rorse is the fact that the . ", es rc fo of e nc la ba e th in a very heavy item hat it is still quit e t m reactionaries is not tis lu so ab to ed om st ha s become so accu great centre of the nation You, w ho were absent . ss ne zi la r ee sh of t ou t. nd self-governmen unable to understa e the t rue su pporters of r a u yo ... rs be m nu e in such larg e whole world t han a from those elections th in on en om en ph g ustin There is no more disg absolutis m ! political life,'· ee fr r fo zy In o to is ch hi w n natio
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r u o y f o y h rt o w n u e ar u yo , " n o ti "Great centre o f the German na " fe li l Schwanbec k ! ca ti li o p ee fr r fo zy la o to s "i h hic This "centre of theonuat,tionno" woth urgeo isie. A p a in fu l bo e th n a th er is , as it later turnsmade less bitter b y the self-satisfaction of moral admission, hardly this disgraceful "indolence" of the great centre of indignation about the nation! O ur nation is n. tio lu vo re e th of s in pa e
se with the af t r "But matters are still wor fantastic character in d an tic an m ro a of s ine in person void of any de richer than one would imag s se as s m s e l t h g ou t h a naive admission!) "and in ( s e u g o g a em er d time what a mass ev t cl rs fi e th r fo us ow sh to n. The year 1848 had trace of political educatio , sensible people, ho w a ng vi Io eic st iu , lm ca is th led in ient mean s (at en nv co e of anarchical element.� was concea th w ho d an , it of n lution took possessio of dithyrambs in ll fu vague yearning for revo es cl ti al g in d a e l t" than profound en ni ve on "c e or m r fa te y ra an rded ... as a pan ac ea ga e r be to e m ca n volutio , the Kolnische Zeitung) "of re ,
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e th , " ob "m e th y, er h ip er p e is too lazy, th he "clever demagogues" Whereas the "cenlrare"e to T s. u o ri st u d in o " es ss a m s es tl e th "though to t as tr n co in ", ts en em el al linked with the "mass of"anofarthche icbourgeoisie, are bound, of course, "laziness" and "indorelebnocedings in the soul of a Schwanbeck! to evoke gloomy fo to the counterblo w ." e is s ve gi ow bl e th se of things: "Such is the natural cour to d n u o b is h ic h w t, h g u o th f t o n e m e at achiev ra d n With this further gre a ss a C s, n o ti ia ar v t en u q o e el serve later o n as thedthderamwe sfothr esofomllo : n o si u cl n co g in w n comes to a n end a n the great he w ly on e bl la ai av life will be ."
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tTIlly free political
iently united ic ff su e m co be s ha e, si intelligent bourgeoi d an g on , str e th. n r tio na e th e t of cen a
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Articles from the Neue
. Th e DIVISlo n ·
Rheinische Zeitung
Righ t - and the future helongs to it alone!' We fear this rejoicing is still prematl proof of this is desired 'the elections in Prussia will provide it',"
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Such is the great song of lamentation expressing the indignation of the newest Cassandra at the wrongness of this world. which is unwilling to advance along the lines advocated by Kiilnische Zeitung. Such is the result of Schwan beck's researches ' the "dead past" , the "distant, perhaps never attainable future" , the doubtful "present": The real, decisive struggle is being not between the feudal bureaucratic monarchy and the nor between the bourgeoisie and the people, it is being between the monarchy and the people, between the absolutists an, the republicans; and the bourgeoisie, the constitutionalists are drawing from the field of battle. We shall not indulge here in any further comments on whether bourgeoisie has really withdrawn from the struggle, whether it done this from laziness or from weakness, and IVhat the elections ill Prus�ia prove. It is sufficient, the Kiilnische Zeitung admits, that in tpe' : present struggle the bourgeoisie is no longer in the forefront, that it · ,: is no longer its interests which are at stake, and that the struggle is ' being waged for an absolute monarchy or a republic. And now compare that with the Neue Rheinische Zeitung since , November of last year, and say whether we did not give an analysis in ' every issue and at every opportunity- on the occasion of the " ., counter-revolution in Vienna, the counter-revolution in BerliQ, and , ; the imposed Constitution-and whether in the long article "The ': Bourgeoisie and the Counter-Revolution"', and in several articles before the primary elections, we did not explain in detail how the ' weakness and cowardice of the German bourgeoisie made counter revolution possible, and how the counter-revolution, for its part, pushed the bourgeoisie aside and made inevitable a direct struggle between the relics of feudal society and the extreme pole of modern society, between the monarchy and the republic! What we, three months ago, described as historically inevitable due to the whole course of the German revolution, the Kiilnische Zeitung presents in the form of a weak and confused conjecture, as the result of charlatan attempts to guess the contents of the ballot-box in the forthcoming elections on March 5 . And this weak and confused . .
See this volume. pp. 1 54-78 .-Ed.
the 0f I ahour in
Kolnische Zeitung
359
rd a rw t fo u p ce n t o a is it t a th . . ry e v co . ture IS held t be such a dis , ld rg u a f o e p a sh e th � in y . ( on lec jo n e to . c li ub p t n e I g d u .0 In the for zn! hot er n ol K e iv ping a N . . A n i g si e th P n Pous leading artIcle pre faced WI't h por
and powerful to make these deviations to the Left and the Right an impossibility. have before us a North-German newspaper in which ... the foHowingis written : ' ... hourgeoisie has already gained the upper hand over both extremes - the Left and
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From th e Theatre of \Var
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e th e d si t u in g o in d ol h ill st ile h nw . n ls mea so . rn a ' , g r a y ag M e h T ps. d h an lc ov lr m n ra St n troo ee tw be n io in 0f op s e ' ' c n e r ff e t d e h T . ss e tr for Rajachich still persist. '
FROM THE THEATRE OF WAR
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Neue Rheintschr e th in rl e h ' IS bl u FJr5t p y 1 3 , 1849 ar ru eb F . 0 2 2 . o N g un i.l 7.c
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We print below the fifth report of the Galician army corps,' which confirms in part the Magyars' reports of victory. It is clear that Schlick suffered defeat at Tarczal and Tokaj before the Theiss. otherwise he would not have retreated as far as Boldogk6varalya, five miles from the battlefield. The description of the battle is also significantly uncertain. What is certain, however, is that Schlick retreated from the Theiss after being involved in heavy fighting there. The report that he later drove the Hungarians back across the Theiss is no more than a martial-law rumour. News coming in from Transylvania is quite different from what Puchner's latest reports of victory would lead one to expect. Instead of fleeing to Thorenburg after the battle at Hermannstadt, Bern threatened that town once more on January 26. Although he had received reinforcements, Puchner was forced to withdraw all his troops and concentrate them before the town of Hermannstadt. This makes it appear as if the battle of Hermannstadt and all the later encounters were no more than a prelude and as if the really decisive battle was still to be fought. In the Bukovina also there is already fear of another invasion by Bern, who, even according to Austrian reports, has 40,000 men with him. In the South, according to letters from Agram which have appeared i n the Constitutionellfs Blatt aus Rahmen. which is hos tile to the M agyars, the town of Esseg has been stormed by the imperial See " Fiinfter Anneeuericht cies F. Februarv Fl, 1 849.-Ed. a
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363
Democratic Pan-Slavism
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DEMOCRA TIC PAN-SLA VISM3I4
ean op ur "E e th at th ce en ri pe ex er tt bi by d ne . I e h �ve lear s an d peap se ra ph e er m by ed ev hi ac be ot nn ca s" le op pe of umon . . l a ern s, Ie g ru t s d Y 00 bl � . }les, but on ly by profou nd revolutIons an d fra t . OIIS W IS 0f a fraternaI um on of at l h t t no is p n tio es qu e I earned that th e av h , 0f an ut b , ag fl n I' Ic b pu re le � e ng si a r de (hall },tu r0pean peoples untio r te un co e th st I al ag s le op pe ry na � . g not on lu vo re e th of ce n m be allia to m es m co ch hi w e nc lia al an s le . op pe V . . ' revolutlOnar but o n ly on the battle/leid. ese bitter but necessary expen. e th . op ur E rn te es W ut ho Ou r, pape h . [ r ng n ge on -m se r ph > e tin ar am L d � te di . re sc di ely et pl m � co e ha ces ly ib ns te n os , nS IO e ct se ll su e ar e er th nd ha r he . ed 0f ec homg the ot ' , w hi ch are ot tir I n the east, on ns io � ct se y ar on ti lu vo re , ic at cr o e th dhem . of el sp go e th g m ch ea pr d an s ea tal id en im nt se d an es as hr s e p . e t 0f peopIes . n o m u l . norant G. ermanna er at fr n ea E� e Ig m t so un co ac of t .tzc ou e av le e w ns io ct se ���.se. . mocra de e th e ar c. et e ug R . A r er H h a. s s peakmg dreamers su.c s. le p eo p av . Sl s ou n va e th . of , st. vi la -S an e ' th m us re fo P be s he m ls av Sl npa tic ra oc ' h e P rogr m m e of d em en ch is ss ru m ne a ei on . V . en av Sl e di an f ru uf ape 0 f a pamp h let . A sh1 m es ss re ng co en av Sl s de d ie gl it M , in un Patrioten, M ichael Bak . . . , Prag. K o et he n . 1 84 8. " ' h IS g m ls tlC cn om fr us r te de t no B�kunin is ou r friend. That will to pa s re he ad l ea pp A s hi of g in nn gi be th e very �� �w Bakunin at ch . the illusions of last Mar. and April: of hate agaInst the old ,
[Neue Rheini,ehe Zeitung :-10. 222, February 15, 1849]
February 14. We have often enough pointed out that the romantic dreams which came into being after the revolutions of February and March, such as ardent fantasies about the universal fraternal union of peoples, a European federative republic, and eternal world peace, were basically nothing but screens hiding the immeasurable perplexity and inactivity of the leading spokesmen of that time. People did not see, or did not want to see, what had to be done to safeguard the revolution; they were unable or unwilling to carry out any really revolutionary measures; the narrow-mindedness of some and the counter-revolutionary intrigues of others resulted in the people getting only sentimental phrases instead of revolutionary deeds. The scoundrel Lamartine with his high-flown declarations was the classical hero of this epoch of betrayal of the people disguised by poetic floridity and rhetorical tinsel. The peoples who have been through the revolution know how dearly they have had to pay because in their simplicity at the time . they believed the loud talk and bombastic assurances. Instead of safeguards for the revolution everywhere reactionary Chambers which undermined the revolution; instead of fulfilment of the promises given at the barricades counter-revolution in Naples, Paris, Vienna, Berlin, the fall of Milan, and the war against H ungary; instead of the fraternal union of peoples-renewal of the Holy Alliance on the broadest basis under the patronage of England and Russia. And the very same persons who in April and May responded jubilantly to the high-flown phrases of the epoch, now only blush with shame at the thought of how at that time they allowed themselves to be deceived by idiots and rogues. Cologne,
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' n was a crv volutlo . . s The peopIes " . . nalit very first sign of hfe of the re ie . all oppressed natIo ' r fo 1 e ov d an � h at :p sy b of io oppress n, a cry o m an ki nd , and they ed en . rd bu d ha I ma d' I Id p felt � t last the disgrat.:e w�th which the � . ne r be ensured as lon g as there is a WI �s uo na e realIsed that the well-heIng of th " n. .. Awav, w ith the . sIO es pr . . op r de un g m sl1lg1e nation anY"'" h ere In EUTOpe hv e Poles 'the Italians th cd s es pr op e h t to 'I ' l ha all oppre ssors! was the unanimous cry; r f u h l out to wa st la on u st and all the others! No more wars of cc:-nque , . i n of all peop esl Dow n a m e t r fo n IO the end the good ftght of the revolut ts fd by conr s d te re Y ibI rc fo en be ve � ha ich al with th artificial barriers wh 0 �t r m ercIa o m c , h lea a og ge al, J p i n accordance with so-called hi�toric.: ounda�ies drawn natural b e os th an th s ier nt TO f er . necessities! There ShOllld h e no oth reIgn will of th e ve . so h e t b y ' . ed Ish bl ta es d an . In alcorda nce WIth JustI 'ce and democracY . t'lCS. SUch I', tile c all i ssued . . TlS te ac ar h e al on ' tl na f elT people s themselves on th e baSlS 0 th "The
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P�. 6. 7.
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. the Slav ber of I IIem , ' In un k a B '1 aI h I 'k M ot tn pa a Appeal to the Sla'L's. By a Russian Congress in Prague. Koethen, 184 8.- .Ed. t the 1 ik " - " agains , l't po gs n u k Ii e " ru d er nt t: e alt I n Bakunin's pamphlet: " gcgen dI e old policy of oppression .-Ed. 8 1 4- 15 .-Ed. 1 s of res a . " .- Ed g n o C n en Vi e th e .: to em A refer " . ns tio na e th i g on m "a "en on t I\a n phlet: "zwiSchen de d In Bakunin's pa m "
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Neu£ Rhelnische Zeitung
In this passage �e already find reproduced all the enthusiasm of the first months after the revolution. There �ord �bout the actually existing obstacles to such a liberation, or about the very diverse degrees of civilisation and " consequent equally diverse political needs of the individual peru The word "freedom" replaces all that. There is not a word abo actua� state of things, or, insofar as it does receive attention � escnbed as absolutely reprehensible, arbitrarily established ' congresses of despots" and "diplomats". To this bad �ounterposed . the alleged will of the people with its Imp;ratlve, with the absolute demand simply for "freedom". VIi e have seen wh ? proved to be the stronger. The alleged �he people wa� so dIsgracefully deceived precisely because it such fantastic abstraction from the conditions actuallv s plenipot�ntiary power the revolution declared the despotic states d.·isso "�Y � " III
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Prusslan state ... Austria . the Turkish Empire and final! th dlSSO ve h o:e ..o� thed espots Russian Empire ... and as the final go�i of ali-th/' e fe eI anon 0f the European republics . " P. 8.
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As a matter of fact, here in the west it must strike us as that after all of .these beautiful plans have come to grief �t the attel!' pt. to fulfIl them they can still be regarded as �entonous and great. Certainly, the unfortunate thing was t at although the revolution "by its own plenipotentiarY decl�red th� despotic states dissolved", at the same time "bY I'ts plempoten �Iary power" it did not lift a finger to carry out its de(:re( At that tIme the Slav Congress was convened. The Slav Cc'n�:r< adopted completely the standpoint of these illusions . Listen to
"'With a lively sense of the common tie,' of history . (?) . and hi 00d . we swore Il4ot , allow our fates to separate us again from 0�e �not IleT. Pronouncmg a curse on of which we have so 1 b our r�ht an d complete ll We recognised the independence of Bohemia an < d M oravla ... we out . fraternal hand to the German pc0p Ie, to democratIc Germanv. In the name of 1I ·',(,sel . ' H ungary, we offered the Magyats , the funous enemies of our race . us W h O rlve III fraternal alJiance J\Tor did we furget 10 our aIrlance for liberation those of our bn,thel who groan IJnde� the Tu ki h de:��e? th e �reacherous r: � : �� � � �� . w hic h three times cu t Pol:n� t P C a l�ed, and together the democrats of all peoples (?) we demanded f d om, < l Ity and the bnJlherh
policy independence peoples.
es asserted e l � n :� �� : � � � f :tC �� i l : � � �� :'� vo th e s h C �ommon to a e held .
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Democratic pan-Slavism today still puts forward these dem
"�t that time ",:e felt confident of our cause justice and humanit , were 011 r <sl '�,el ' an d n<:thmg but illegality and harbarity on the side of our en�mies. The .
r I we, de\oted ourselves were i policy, th e pol cy of and l h e sole t o \\i lI<.:
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Democratic Pan-Slavism
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no empty '/.�::ts: f ,dream, they werc t.he Ideas uti:n�
"in ", ity rn te ra , "f y" lit ua eq " , n" ol ed re "f ", ity an um "h " Justice" , ist av Sl npa e th in g in th no nd fo ve ha we r fa � so e" . dependestoncbu d very un so ch h w s, rIe go te ca l ca hI et ss le or e or m I e es th t manife true, but prove absolutely nothing in historical and political fin e, it is is th d an m ay de m c. et " om ed re "f ", ity an um "h , e" tic us "J questions. ousand times over; but if the thing is impossible it does or tha t a th t en m fig y pt m "e an s ain m re ng hi yt er ev of ite sp in not take pla".ceTanhed pa ar e cle m co be ve ha to t gh ou ns io us ill ts' vis Sla nof a dream e th r te af s av Sl e th of s as m e th by ed ay pl le ro to them from the s ou pi l al at th od to rs de un ve ha to t gh ou y he T Prague Congresstif. ul dreams are of no avail against iron reality, and wishes and beau any time was no more the " policy of revolution" that their policy ofat the French Republic. Nevertheless, today, in than was that e th in s, se ra ph d ol e m sa e th th wi us to e m co ill st ey th Ja nu ary 1 84 9, e th by d ne sio lu sil di en be s ha pe ro Eu rn content of which Weslutetion! bloogiest counter-revo versal fraternal union of peoples" and the l. ust word about "u ni blished by the sovereign will of the drawing of "boundaries eestabasis of their national characteristics" . peoples themselves on th h ic wh of th bo , in ics bl pu re o tw e ar ico ex M d an The United Statesreign. th e people is sove n ee tw be t ou e ok br ar w a '16 as ex T er ov at th How did it happen theory, ought to al or m e th to g in rd co ac h, ic wh these two republics, to g in ow , at th d an ", ed at er ed "f d an d" ite un y all have heen "fratern er ov "s e th , s" tie ssi ce ne l ica eg at str d an l cia er m m "geographical, co e th of y er av br e th by d te or pp su le, op pe n ica er m A e eign will" of th e m so re tu na by n aw dr s rie da un bo e th ed ift Am erican volunteers, sh e th se cu ac n ni ku Ba ll wi nd A h? ut so r he rt hundreds of miles fu re ve se a s al de it gh ou th al , ch hi w ", st ue nq co of Ame ricans of a "w ar ss le he rt ve ne s wa ", ity an m hu d an e tic us "j on d se blow to his theory ba s ap rh pe is it r O n? io at lis vi ci of st re te in e th in ly le so waged wholly and e th om fr ay aw n ke ta en be s ha a ni or lif Ca id nd le sp unfonunate that the energetic laz y Mexicans , wh o could no t do an yt hi ng with it? T ha t ll wi es in m ld go n ia orn lif Ca e th of n tio ta Yankees hy rapid exploi e at tr en nc co ll wi s ar ye w fe a in n, io lat cu cir Inc rease the means of on es ac pl e bl ita su t os m e th at e ad tr e iv ns te ex d n de se population an e cities, open up th e coast of th e Pacific Ocean , create larg rk Yo ew N om fr ay ilw ra a t uc tr ns co , ip sh com m un ications by steam Pacific Ocean to San Francisco, for the first tim e re all y open th e rld trade to civilisation, and for the third time in histoferyw giSpveanwo or lif Ca ish a of e" nc de en a new di rection? T he "ind ep . e" tic us ·'j s ce pb in it, of e us ca be er ff m a ns an d T ex an s m ay su at ed ; b u t w ha t do cs ol vi be ay m es pl ci d in an other moral pr a
a
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that matter compared to such facts of world-historic cance? We would point out, incidentally, that this theory of fra.ternal un ion of peoples, which calls indiscriminately for tr,,' uIllon regardless of the historical situation and the stage of develop me nt of the individual peoples, was combated by the of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung already long before the rp,.,� and in fact in op position to their best friends, the English an d .., dem?crats. Proof of this is to be found in th e En gli sh , FrenFr ch Belgian de mocratic newspapers of that period.3 17 As far as pan-Slavism in particular is concerned in the Rhein ische Zeitung No . 1 94 " we showed that , ap�rt from . ns well�meam. ng self.-deceptIO of the democratic pan-Slavists, it realIty no other aim than to give th e Austrian Slavs, wh o are and historically, literarily, . politically, co mm ercially an d dependent on th e Germans an d Magyars, a basis of RU SSia on th e one hand, and on th e other ha nd in th e Au united monarchy, :which is dominated by th e Slav majorityster dependent on RUSSia. We have sh ow n ho w such little nations for centuries � ave been taken in tow by history against th� m u�t. nec�ssanly be counter-revolutionary, an d that their ir POSltIo,?- lfl th e �evolution of 1 84 8 was actually rev?lu tIonary. In vlew of th e de mpcratic pan-Slavist m, . whICh demands th e m de pe ndence of all Slavs without di'sti : 'lKtioII, must return to this matter. Let us note first of all that there is mu ch excuse for th e romanticism an d sentimentality of th e democrats at Congress. With th e exception of th e Poles-the Poles are pa� -Slavists �or veIJ:' obvious reasons-they all belong whICh are elthe:, lIke th e Southern Slavs, necessarilyto ne'o . nary revolutIO owm� to th e whole of th eir historical position, or, the RUSSians, are stili a long way from revolution an d leas� for th e tim� being , are still counter-revolutionary. . sectIO.ns , de�ocratlc owmg to th eir education acquired abroad, to �rmg their democratic views into harmony with th eir na feelmg, whIch IS. known to be very pronounced among the Slavs smce the real world, th e actual state of things in their COlur; . , or affords no baSIS only a fictitious basis for such recolnciili: there remains for them nothing but the other-worldly "airy . of dreams ",b the realm of pious wishes, the policy of fantas y. " See this volum e. pp. 233-36.- Ed.
b
Heinrich He ine .
Deutschland. Ein vt'intermaTfhen, Ca put VII .- Ed.
Democrali<.: Pan-Slavism
367
did it would be if the Croats, Pandours"" and Cossacks formed spe �anguard of European demcx:racy, if �he . amba.ssador ? f a Ih of Siberia were to present hiS credentials m Pans! Certamly, repU I) lie prospects would be very delightfu l; but, after aII , even th e most h tIC se th liesiastic pan-Slavist will not demand that Europea n democracy . . n - Iy th ose -and at present It IS preCIse wait for their realisation sh011 ld . ' dependence ' . III d d eman s speCIally mamfcsto the whom for ns natH) . cracy ies demo of enem al speci the e ar at th . . We repeat: a part from the Poles, the RUSSians, and at most the Turkish Slavs, no Slav people .has a fu_ture; for the simple reason. that all the other Slavs lack the pnmary hlstoncal, geog�ap.�lCal, polItICal and industrial conditions for independence and ViabilIty. Peoples which have ne�er had a h !story of their own, which from the time when they achIeved the fust, most elementary stage of civilisation already came under foreign sway, or which wer� forced to attain the first stage of civilisation only by means ?f a forelg� yoke, are not viable and wiII never be able to achieve any kIIld of independence. And that has been the fate of the Austrian Slavs. The Czechs, among whom we would include the Moravi�ns and Slovaks, although they differ in respect of language and hlst?ry, have never h �d a history of their own. Bohemia has been chaIIled to_ Germany �IIIce the time of Charles the Great. The Czech natIon freed Itself momentarily and formed the Great-Moravian state, only immediate ly to c ome under subjection again and for five hundred years to be a ball thrown from one to another by Germany , Hungary and Poland. Following that, Bohemia and Moravia passed definitely. to �erI?'any and the Slovak regions remained with Hungary. An � thiS hl�toncally absolutely non-existent "nation" puts forward claims to mdepen dence? The same thing holds for the Southern Slavs pr?per. Where is the history of the IIIyrian Slovenes, the Dalmatians, Croats and Shokazians ""? Since the eleventh century they have lost the last semblance of political independence and have been partly under German, partly under Venetian, and partly under Magyar rule _ ,,\nd lt is desired to put together a vigorous, independent, viable natIon OUt of these tattered remnants? More tha"n that. If the Austrian Slavs were a compact mass like the Poles, the Magyars and the Italians, if they were in a position to cOme . . claIms together to form a state of 1 2-20 million people, then their Would surely be more serious_ But the position is just the opposite. The Germans and Magyars have pushed themselves i n between . o s of the the m like a broad wedge to the farthest extremitIe IC
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Carpathians, almost to the Black Sea, and have separated the Czeel Moravians and Slovaks from the Southern Slavs by a broad 60-80 miles' wide. To the north of this band are 5 '/2 million Slavs, the somh 5 1/2 million Slavs, separated by a compact mass of 1 0- 1 million Germans and Magyars, made allies by history and neces .uy. But why should not the 5 1/2 million Czechs, Moravians and form one state, and the 5 1/2 million Southern Slavs together with Turkish Slavs form another state? Take a look at any good linguistic map at the distribution of Czechs and their neighbours akin to them in language. They h"vl thrust themselves into Germany like a wedge but on both sides have been eaten into and pressed back by the German ele'm(�r One-third of Bohemia speaks German; for every 34 Czechs Bohemia there are 1 7 Germans. Yet it is precisely the Czechs who supposed to form the core of the intended Slav state; for Moravians, too, are considerably interspersed with Germans, and Slovaks with Germans and Magyars and furthermore demoralised in a national respect. And what a Slav state that WoOl be, in which in the final analysis the German urban bourgeoisie hold sway ! The same thing applies to the Somhern Slavs. The Slovenes an Croats cut off Germany and Hungary from the Adriatic Sea; but, Germany and Hungary cannot allow themselves to be cut off fro the Adriatic Sea on account of "geographical and necessities", which, it is true, are no obstacle to Bakunin's fantasy, but , which nevertheless do exist and are just as much vital questions for; Germany and Hungary as, for example, the Baltic Sea coast fn>I Danzig to Riga is for Polan d. And where it is a question of existence, of the free development of all the resources of big nations, i such sentimental considerations as concern for a few Germans or Slavs will not decide anything! This apart from the that these Somhern Slavs are likewise everywhere mingled German, Magyar, and Italian elements, that here too a mere glance at a linguistic map shows the plann ed South-Slav state torn inte disconnected tatters, and that at best the whole state would be, delivered into the hands of the Italian bourgeois of Trieste, Fiume , and Zara, and the German bourgeois of Agram , Laibach, Karlstadt, ' ' Semlin, Pancsova and Weisskirch en! But could not the Austrian Southern Slavs unite with the Serbs, Bosnians, Morlaks'"o and Bulgarians? Certainly they cc,uld if, besides the difficulties mentioned above, there did not exist also the age-old a German mile equals 4.7 English miles.-Ed.
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d Of the Austrian frontier dwellers for the Turkish Slavs on the . side of the Sava and Unna ; but these people.. who fO.r eentun�s bandIts, despIte all theIr hav e considered one another as. ra�c�lselyand racial kinship hate one another InfInIt more than do the Slavs and Magyars. . . In point of fact, the pOSItIOn of .the Germ ans an � Magyars wou �d Ile ex tremely pleasant if the AustrIan Slavs. were aSSis' ted to get their state wouId called riuhts! An independent Boh. emian-Moravian S ' wouId, be h e wedged between Silesia and Aust na; Aust na an d tyna t off by the "South-Slav republic" from their natural debou ��i" -the Adriatic Sea and the Mediterranean; and the eastern part been of Germ any would be torn to pieces like a loaf of bread that has gnawed by rats! And all that by way ?� ��anks for the Ge��ans havin g given themselves the trouble of CIVlhsIng the stubborn Czechs and Slovenes, and introducing among t7. em trade, mdustry, a tolerable degree of agncultu:e, and culture Hut it is precisely this yoke Imposed on the Slavs under the p retext of civilisation that is said to constitute one of the greatest cnmes of the Germans and Magyars! Just listen to this: hatre oth er
so
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damnable "Rightly do you rage, rightiy 0 0 yo� breathe veng�ance �gainst thar . yuu for German policy, which has thought of nothll1g but your rUin, whIch has enslaved . centunes.... " P. 5. fi!'ll'IOns, " ... The Mag'yars, the bitter enemies of our race, who nU m.her h aTdly four . n Slavs .... " P 9 lllliho �ight on yoke their se impo to seek d hayc pre sume to . they have " I know a11 that the Magyars have do n e to our Sla.... brothers, what CrImes �
( nrnmit ted against Ollr nationality, and how they have trampled underfoot our language and independence. " P. 30.
the What then are the 'great, dreadful crimes committed by not Germans and Magyars �f?ainst the Sla;;; 1 nat�onality? W.e arehere, speaking here of the partItion of Poland, which IS not at Issue we are speaking of the "centuries of injustice" supposed to have be'en inflicted on the Slavs. In the north the Germans have recov nquered from the Slavs the formerly Germ�n and subsequently Sla region fr�m the Elb.e to the Warthe; a conquest which was determmed by t�e. geographICal a?d strategical necessities" resulting from the partitIOn of the Car.olm gian kingdom. These Slav areas have been fully Germamse d: ,the thing ha's been done and cannot be. undon,e, u � less the pan-Sla:��ts tI�n Were to resurrect the lost Sorblan, "" endlsh and . O.bodn ? languages322 and impose them on the inhabitants of LeipZIg,thatBerh thiS and Stet tin. But up to now it has never been dIsp uted COlllju est was to lhe advantage of civilisation. "
( )utlet.-F.d.
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Articles from the Neue Rheinische Zeitung
In the south, the Germans found the Slav races. already spIIt' Th�t had b�en se�n to by the non-Slav ·Avars,323 who occupied' ', regIOn later mhablted by the Magyars. The Germans exacted from th�se Slavs and waged many wars against them. They also. agamst the Avars and Magyars, from whom they took the terntory. fr?m the Ems to the Leitha. Whereas they carried Ger?lat;lsatlon here by force, the Germanisation of the terntones pro�eeded much more on a peaceful basis, by immi and by the mfluence of the more developed nation on undeveloped. German industry, German trade and German ture by themselves served to introduce the German language the country. As far as "oppression" is concerned, the Slavs were more oppressed by the Germans than the mass of the population itself. As regar?s the Magyars, there are certainly also a large number ermans m f!u.nga;,y , but the Magyars, although �har complain to ne ly four mllhons , have er occasion had he . ? � � ��':' . darr.m.able Ge��an poltcy ! And If during eight centuries eIght mllhon. �Iavs have had to suffer the yoke imposed on the by the four. m!lhon M�gyars, that alone sufficiently proves which the more VIable and vIgorous, the many Slavs or the few of course, the greatest "crime" of the Germans and .IS But, that they prevented these twelve million Slavs from Turkish! What would have become of these scattered nationalities, which have played such a pitiful role in history, if Mal?yars and �ermans had not kept them together and led agamst the armIes of Mohammed and Suleiman, and if their oppressors had not decided the outcome of the battles which fought for the defence of these weak nationalities! The fate of "twelve million Slavs, Wallachians and Greeks" who have ' ".trampled underfoot by seven hundred thousand Osmans" (p, ' nght uP, to the presen�. d�y, ���s, not that speak eloquently enough And fmally, ,what a cn �e It IS, wh�t a damnable policy" that a t�me ,when, Europe general, bIg monarchies had become "hlstoncal necessit(', the �rmans and Magyars united all small, stunted and Impotent lIttle nations into a single hig state " the:eby enabled them to take part in a historical development from · whICh, left to themselves, they would have remained completelY ' al?of! Of course, matters. of this kind cannot be accomplished �vlth ,:ut many a �end�r nat�onal blossom being forcihly broken, But " m hJStory nothm� IS achIeved without violence and implacable · ruthlessness, and If Alexander, Caesar and Napoleon had been capahle of being moved by the same sort of appeal as that which un;
m
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Democratic Pan-SlavisJll
Slavism now makes on behalf of its ruined clients, what would are the Persians, Celts and Christian history! And pa�:· of become � h a' of less value than th e C zech s, O, guI'lans and Serezh ans , Germ anshowever, as a result of the powerful progress of industry, NoW, , de and communications, political centralisation has become a ' th e f'fl teent'h and ICh more urgent need than It was th en, m :7.�teenth centuries, What stil� h�s to be centralised is being alised, And now the pan-Slavlsts come forward and demand cen trwe should "set free" these half-Germanised Slavs, and that we d abolish a centralisation which is being forced on these Slavs by shoul a ll their material interests! In short, it turns out these "crimes" of the Germans and Magyars against the said Slavs are among the best and mO,st pr�ise�orthy, deeds which our and the Magyar people can boast of theIr hIstory Moreover, as far as the Magyars are concerned, it should be out pointed that, particularly since the revolution, they here specially . have acted much too submissively and weakly against the puffed-up It is notorious that Kossuth made all possible concessions to them, excepting only that their deputies were not allowed to speak the Croatian in the Diet. And this submissiveness to a nation that is counter-revolutionary by nature is the only thing with which the Magyars can be reproached, 324�
[rJ
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that
III
Croats,
[Neue Rheinische bitting No ,
22 3, Fehruary 16 , 1 849]
at th f oo pr e th th wi ay rd ste ye d de lu nc co e W Cologne, February m fro at th n, ow eir th of ry sto hi a d ha r ve ne ve the Austrian Slavs ha political, commercial and industrial points of historical, literary,ent on the Germans and Magyars, that they are view they are depend d, Magyarised and Italianised, that if they already partly Germanpeisendent states, not they, but the German and re to establish inde r towns would rule these states, and finally, we Italian bourgeoisie of thei d an t en m ch ta de e th e at ler to n ca y an rm Ge r no that neither H ungary of such unviable, small intercalated state,s . independent constitution d still not be decisive, If at any epoch whIle Al! that, however, woule Slavs had begun a new revolutionary history, they were oppressed th oved their viability , f'rom that moment that by itself would have pr d an interest in their liberation, and the the revolution would have ha s and Magyars would have given way special interest of the Germthan n, , to the greater in terest of e Eur rohapeppanenreedvo. TluhetioSla l all ag e nc -o vs ve ne ver, Precisely that, howe re we les Po e th de clu ex s ay alw we re he at th s remind our reader th e
We
1 5,
37 2
Articles from the Neue Rheini'iche Zeitung
Democratic Pan-Slavism
always the main instrumenL� of the counter-revolutionaries. Oppressed , horne, outside their country, wherever Slav influence extended they were the oppre!;sors of all revolutionary nations. Let no one object that we speak here on behalf of German prejudices. In German, French, Belgian and English periodicals, proofs are to be found that it was precisely the editors of the N", Rheinische Zeitung who already long befo re the revolution decisively opr,osed all ma nifestations of German national narr()v mindedness.' -' Unlike many other people, they did not castigate Germans at rando� or on the basis of mere hearsay; on the con they proved from hIstory and mercilessly exposed the despicable that Germany has certainly played in history, thanks to its nobles burghers and tha�ks to its crippled industrial development; have always recogmsed the superiority of the great historical of the west, the English and the French, compared with backward Germans. But precisely for that reason we should permitted not to share the fantastic illusions of the Slavs and allov.'o to judge other peoples as severely as we have judged our own nation. Up to now it has always been said that the Germans have been Lanzknechte" of des pot ism throughout Europe. We are far denying �he shameful part played by the Germans in the , wars agamst the French revolution from 1 792 to 1 8 1 5, and in the '' oppression. of Italy since 1 8 1 5 and of Poland since 1 772 ,' but stood behmd the Germans, who used the m as their mercenaries or their van?,uard? England a?d Russia. Aftf'r all, up to the present day the RUSSIans. b
__
n",
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,
il
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SDear-bearers.� Ed. Germans.�Ed.
373
Ger IIlans were blamed? Once again, they consisted of Slavs. Go to Italy and ask who suppressed the Milan revolution; people will no longer say: the Tedeschi-since the Tedeschi made a revolution in Vienna they are no longer hated-but: the Croati. That is the word which the Italians now apply to the whole Austrian army, i.e. to all that is most deeply hated by them: i Croati! Nevertheless, these reproaches would be su perfluous and unjus tifi ed if the Slavs had anywhere seriously participated in the move ment of 1 848, if they had hastened to join the ranks of the revolutionary peoples. A single courageous attempt at a democratic revolution, even if it were crushed, extinguishes in the memory of the peoples whole centuries of infamy and cowardice, and at once rehabilitates a nation, however deeply it had been despised. That was the experience of the Germans last year. But whereas the French, Germans, Italians, Poles and Magyars raised high the banner of the revolution, the Slavs one and all put themselves under the banner of the counler-revolution. In the forefront were the Southern Slavs, who had already for many years upheld their counter-revolutionary separatist aims against the Magyars; then came the Czechs, and behind them-,the Russians, armed for battle and ready to appear on the battlefield at the decisive moment. It is well known that in Italy the Magyar hussars went over to the Italians en masse, that in Hungary whole Italian battalions put themselves at the disposal of the Magyar revolutionary Government and are still fighting under the Magyar flag; it is well known that in Vienna the German regiments sided with the people and even in Galicia were by no means reliable; it is well known that masses of Austrian and u'on-Austrian Poles fought against the Austrian armies in Italy, in Vienna and in Hungary, and are still fighting in the Carpathians; but where has anyone ever heard of Czech or South-Slav troops revolting against the black-and-yellow flag"? On the contrary, up to now it is known only that Austria, which was shaken to its foundations, has been kept alive and for the time being is once again in safety owing to the enthusiasm of the Slavs for the black-and-yellow flag; that it was precisely the Croats, Slovenes, Dalm atians, Czechs, Moravians and Ruthenians who put their contingents at the disposal of Windischgratz and Jellachich for sUpp ressing the revolution in Vienna, Cracow, Lemberg and Hungary; and what furthermore we have now learned from Baku nin is that the Prague Slav Congress dispersed not by Germans, but bvGalician , Czech and Slovak Slavs, and " nothing buI Slavs" ! P. 33. ,
a The colours of the Austrian flag.-Ed.
was
374
Articles from the Neue Rheinische L:eitung
Democrat ic Pan-Slavism
The revolution of 1 84 8 com pelled all Eu ropean peoples to de themselves for or against it. In the course of a month all the ,d on ripe for revolution had made their revolution, an d all thosepewh were no t ripe had allied themselves against the revolution . At time it was a matter of disentangling the confused tangle of pe,0[)1 of Eastern Europe. The question was which nation would sei ze revolutionary initiative he re , an d which nation would develop greatest revolutionary energy an d thereby safeguard its future. Slavs remained silent, th e Germans and Magyars, faithful to previous historical position, took th e lead. As a result, the Slavs th rown completely into the arms of the counter-revolut ion . w�'" Bu t what about th e Slav Congress in Prague? W e repeat : th e so-called de mocrats am on g the Austrian Sla either scoundrels or fantasts, an d th e latter, wh o do not fin vs fertile soil among their people for th e ideas im po rted from d have been continually led by th e nose by th e scoundrels. At Prague Slav Congress th e fantasts ha d th e up pe r hand . W he fantasy seemed dangerous to the aristocratic pan-Slavists, n th4�3 Th un , Palacky & Co. , they betrayed th e fantasts to Wi'!"ld an d th e black-and-yellow counter-revolution. What bitter,iilChgriitl irony is contained in the fact that this Congress of defended by the dreamy Prague youth, was dispersed by soldi ers oL their own nation, and that, as it were, a mi litary Slav Congress wa up in opposition to the day-dreaming Slav Congress! The Au strs set, army which captured Prague, Vienna, Lemberg, Cracow, M ila ian ' n and' ' Budapest - that is the real, active Slav Congress! How un founded an d vague was th e fantasy at th e Slav Congres proved by its results . Th e bombardment of a town like Prague wo s uld : have filled an y other nation with inextinguishable hatre oppressors . Bu t what di d th e Czechs do? They kissed the rod of its " ha d bloodily chastised th em , they eagerly swore obedience to d wh ich " flag ' un de r which their brothers had been slaughtered an d th eirth ewiv es , ravished. Th e street-fighting in Prague was the turning-point for the Austrian democratic pan-Slavists. ·26 In return for th e prospe f ' obtaining their pitiful "national independence", they bartere ct o , democracy and the revolution to th e Austrian un ited monarcd away , to , the "centre", "th e systematic en forcement of despotism in th e hy of Europe ", as Ba ku nin him se lf says on p. 29 . An d for this cowaheart base betrayal of the revolution we shall at some time take a blordly, ody revenge against the Slavs. It has at last become clear to these traitors that they have nevertheless been cheated by the counter-revolution an d that for the Austrian Slavs there can be no thought of either a "Slav Austria" or a ,
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375
" federative state of nations with equal. right� ", and least of all of d -mocratic institutions . Jellachich, who IS no bigger a scoundrel than bitterly most 0f the other de�ocrats among the . Austrian Slavs, . . , the way in tratlmlrovlC S d t , he has which been explOited, an h, regre s . , as in order not to allow himself �o be exp.lolt�d any Ionge: , h' ' roclaimed an open revolt agamst Austna. rhe Slovanska-Llpa P . t'Ion S.27 on" e more everywhere oppose the Government and assoua . . every day gain fresh painful expenence of the trap mto wll1'�h th ey let themselves be enticed. But it is now �oo late;. powerless m thel[ own homeland against the Austrian soldIery, whICh they themselves re-organised, rejected by the Germans and Magyars .whom they have be t rdy ed , rejected by revolutionary Europe, they wIll. have to suffer the same military despotism which they helped to lmpos� on the Viennese and Magyars. "Submit to the Empe:or so that th�/mpenal troops do not treat you as if you were rebelhous Magyars - the�e words of the Patriarch Rajachich express what they have to expect m the immediate future. . How very differently have the Poles behaved! For the last eIghty vears oppressed, enslaved, plundered, they have always. be�n <;>n the �ide of the revolution and proclaimed that the revolutlOllisatIon ? f Poland is inseparable from the independence of Pola�d . In �ans, . Vienna, Berlin, Italy, Hungary, the Poles. shared the fIghtmg m all the revolutions and revolutionary wars, regardle� s whether they were fighting against Germans, against Slavs, agam.st Magy�rs, or even against Poles. The Poles are the only Slav natIOn that IS free from all pan-Slavist aspirations. They have, however, very . good reasons for that: they have been oppressed mamly by . thelT OW1I s�-called Slav brothers, and among the Poles hatred <;>f R.u.ssla�s takes precedence over hatred of Germans, and with full JustIfIcatIon . .sut because the liberation of Poland is inseparable from the revolution, because Pole and revolutionary have become synony�ous, . for Poles the sympathy of all Europe and the restoration of theIr natIon are as certain as are for the Czechs, Croats and RUSSIans the hatre.d of all Europeans and a most bloody revolutionary war of the entIre west against them. . ' The Austrian pan-Slavlsts ough � to understand th at aII . th ell' desires, insofar as they can be fulfIlled, have be?,n realIsed m �he restoration of the "Austrian united monarchy under R � sslan Protection . If Austria collapses, what is in store for them IS the . . revolu tionary terronsrn 0f t h e Germans and Magvars but by no means, as they imagine, the liberation of all the natIons enslaved lInder the sceptre of Austria. They must thereforc ":lsh that AUS�:I� Contmues to hold together, and indeed that GalICIa remams " It t
'
.
�
J
• • ,
376
Articles from
Democratic Pan-Slavism
the Neue Rheinische Zeitung
Austria, so that the Slavs retain a majority in the state. therefore, pan-Slavist interests are already directly opposed to restoration of Poland, for a Poland without Galicia, a Poland does not extend from the Baltic to the Carpathians, is no Poland. Bn';: equally for that reason a "Slav Austria" is still a mere dream; without the supremacy of the Germans and Magyars, without the " two centres of Vienna and Budapest, Austria will once again fall · apart, as its whole history up to recent months has proved, ; Accordingly, the realisation of pan-Slavism would have to be. restricted to Russian patronage over Austria. The openly pan-Slavists were therefore quite right in holding fast to preservation of the united monarchy; it was the only means of anything. The so-called democratic pan-Slavists, however, were in acute dilemma: either renunciation of the revolution and at least a '· partial salvation of nationality through the united monarchy, or . abandonment of nationality and salvation of the revolution by the •. collapse of the united monarchy. At that time the fate of the revolution in Eastern Europe depended on the position of the Czechs and Southern Slavs; we shall not forget that at the decisive moment they betrayed the revolution to Petersburg and Olmiitz for the sake of their petty national hopes. What would be said if the democratic party in Germany commenced its programme with the demand for the return of Alsace, Lorraine, and Belgium, which in every respect belongs to . France, on the pretext that the majority there is Germanic? How · ' ridiculous the German democrats would make themselves if they wanted to found a pan-Germanic German-Danish-Swedish-English Dutch alliance for the "liberation" of all German-speaking coun tries! German democracy, fortunately, is above such fantasies. German students in 1 8 1 7 and 1 830 were peddling that kind of reactionary fantasies and today throughout Germany are being given their deserts. The German revolution only came into being, and the German nation only began to become some thing, when people had freed themselves completely from these futilities. But pan-Slavism, too, is just as childish and reactionary as pan-Germanism. When one reads the history of the pan-Slavist movement of last spring in Prague, one could imagine oneself back in the period of thirty years ago: tricolour sashes, ancient costumes, ancient Slav Masses, complete restoration of the time and customs of the primeval forests; the Svornost-a complete replica of the German Burschenschaft, the Slav Congress -a new edition of the Wartburg Festival,'28 the same phrases, the same fantasies, the same
377
lamentation: "We had built a stately hous� ",' etc. subsequent like to read t� IS famous song translated IIlto Slav ;\nvone who would ;.�se has only to read Bakum n s pamphlet. . P J us as in the long run the most pronounced counter-revolutIOnary fr�m e of mind, the mos� ferocio� s hatred of Frenchmen, and tHe mDst narrow-mi,nded natIOnal feelmg, were to be found among the members of the German Burschenschaften, and Just as later they all hecame traitors to the cause for whICh they had pretended to be enthusiastic -in exactly ,he samlO way, only .more speedily, because 1 848 was a year of revolution, t�e democratIC semblance among the democratic pan-Slavists turned mto fanatical h:llTed of Germans and .\1agyars, into. indirect .opposition to the restoratIOn of Po!and (Lubomirski), and mto direct adherence to the counter-revolutIOn. And if sume sincere Slav democrats nOW call on the Austnan Slavs join the revulution, . tu regard the Austrian united monarc.hy as their chief enemy, and mdeed to be on the Side of the Magyars m �he interests of the revolution, they remind one of a hen whICh despairingly circles the edge of a pond where the young duc�lings which she has hatched out now suddenly escape from her mto a totally foreign element into which she cannot follow them. . But let us not harbour any illusions. Amung all the pan-Slavists, nationality, i. e. imaginary common Slav nationality, takes pre�edence the revolution. The pan-Slavists want to join the revolutlun un condition that they will be allowed to constitute all Slavs without exception, regardlcss of material necessities, into independent Sl�v states. If we Germans had wanted to lay down the same fantastIC conditions, we would have got a long way in March! But the revolution does not allow of any conditiuns being imposed on It. Either une is a revolutionary and accepts the cunsequences of the revolution, whatever they are, or one is driven into the arms ? f the counter-revolution and one day finds oneself, perhaps Without knowing ur desiring it, arm in arm with :-.ficholas and �indischgratz: We and the Magyars should guarantee the Austrian Slavs their independence-that is what Bakunin demands, and people <,> f the calibre of Ruge are capable of having actually made such pro�lses to him in secret. The demand is put to us and the other revolutiOnary nations of Europe that the hotbeds of counter-revolutiun at our very door should be �uaranteed an unhindered existence and the �ree . It IS light to conspire and take up arms against the rev.olutlon; demanded that we should establish counter-revolutionary Czech t
<
L
to
over
a
a A song by August Hinzer wriuen in 1 8 1 9 on the dissulution of a student
association in Jcna.-Ed.
,
378
379
Articles from the Neue Rheinische Zeitung
state in the very heart of Germany, and break the strength of German, Polish and Magyar revolutions by interposing them Russian outposts at the Elbe, the Carpathians and the Danube.l . We have no intention of doing that. To the sentimental . about brotherhood which we are being offered here on of most counter-revolutionary nations of Europe, we reply that of Russians was and still is the primary revolutionary passion Germans; that since the revolution hatred of Czechs and Croats been added, and that only by the most determined use of terr( against these Slav peoples can we, jointly with the Poles and safeguard the revolution. We know where the enemies revolution are concentrated, viz. in Russia and the Slav Austria, and no fine phrases, no allusions to an demo�ratic futur� for these countries can deter us from treating enemIes as enemIes. And if Bakunin finally exclaims:
PRUSS IAN FINANCIAL ADMINISTRATION UNDER BODELSC HWINGH AND CO.
"Truly. the Slav should not 10" anything. he should win� Truly, he should Iivel. l� nd we shall �ive. A.'i long as the smallest part of OUT rights is contested, as long as a stngle member " cut off from our whole body. so long will we fight to the end, inexorably . wage a ltfe-and-death struggle, until the Slavs have their place in the world, great and ." free and independent,
,
if revolutionary pan-Slavism means this passage to be taken . seriously, and in its concern for the imaginary Slav nationality leaves . . the revolution entirely out of account, then we too know what we . have to do. Then there will be a struggle, an "inexorable life-and-death struggle", against those Slavs who betray the revolution; an annihilating fight and ruthless terror-not in the interests of Germany, but in the interests of the revolution!
.
Written by Engels on February 14-15, 1 849
First published in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung Nos. 222 and 223, February 1 5 and 16, 1849
Printed according to the newspaper
Cologne,
February 16. Herr von Bodelschwingh, the M inister who was "dismissed" in March, is in a hurry to step back into the light from the concealment where he has meantime been: von Bod elschwingh has been elected deputy to the Second Chamber. A worthy choice by the Teltow Peasants' Association. I f the democratic press has hitherto concerned itself little with the ex-Ministers and other ex-individuals, it is now time to illuminate the former doings of this species of persons. We now refresh the memories of our readers and of the Public Prosecutor as to Herr von Bodelschwingh's conduct in office as Finance Minister. Herr von Bodelschwingh became Finance M inister in the spring of lR42 and occupied this post until May 3, 1 844. He used to enjoy talking of his conduct in office, He had a predilection for "revelations". For instance he revealed to the com missions of the estates '"9 on October 24, 1 842, that "the finances in Prussia are subject to a limited publicity, namely, that resulting from the triennial publication of the state budget estimates in the Collected Statutes". He went on to explain the manner in which a Prussian state budget is drawn up. It is based "principally on aver ages calculated from the final accounts of the administration in the three years preceding the drawing up of the budget estimates". O n October 26 the same Herr von Bodelschwingh revealed further that revenue in the last seven years had risen by more than 51;2 million talers and that a further increase was to be expected (Sta ats-Zeitung Nos. 306 and 307'). At that time one had no choice but -_.-:----
Here and further quotations are from the report on the sittings of ·the united estates committees, on October 25 and 26 presided by Bodelschwingh puhlished in the AUgemei ne Prewsische Zeitung Nos. 306 and 307, November 4 and 5, 1 842.- Ft!. a
380
Articles from the Neue Rheinuche Zeitung
Prussian Financial Administration under Bodelschwingh and Co.
to believe the Finance Minister because the "limited publi . CIty . . , . ' with an Impenetrable obscurity. Now surroun d e d PrussIa s f Inances however, one must at least doubt the truth of the assuranc es th ' Finance Minister then gave, because a number o f things h e a e recently become public about the way the finances were for mer y administered. ..
�
The financial estimates published in the Collected Statutes ar su pposed to be based on the calculation of the average special bud e estImate s of the individu al departm ents o f the administ ration, wh are p roduced on the basis of the actual revenue o f the previo us 3 years. I f thIs IS correct, each budget estimat e in the Collected Stat ut� . must contain th e approxi mate average of actual revenue and expend Iture over the p revlOus years. I f this is not the case, th . e budget estimat e, according to Herr von Bodelsc hwingh 's own . statemen t, IS fraud ulent, a fraudulent public document. I n I 44 a budget estima� e was publis hed in the Collected Statut� . (p. 96) whICh was counte rsIgned by Herr von Bodels chwing h. In this estimat e, the sum of 57,677 , 1 94 talers conclud es both the income and expend iture colum ns. That then must have been the amoun t of the average revenu e and expend iture of the previo us years. I n fact, howev er, both revenu e and expend iture i n the years before were far hlg her. h e Gover nment later i n formed the membe rs of the First . Umted D � et of the final accounts of the Exche quer for 1 840-46.3:1<) According to these the amou nts are
fc�
�
�
for revenue
for expenditure
1843
73,822,589 talers
1842
73 876,338 . 7 1 987,880 .
1841
.. ..
2 I 9,686,807 talers
79,102. 787 talers 75,269,43 1
..
74, I 85,443
..
228,557 66 I talers .
So the correct average total revenue was 73,228,935 talers, and expenditure 76, 1 85,887 talers. Herr von Bodelschwingh therefore understated both revenue and expenditure, to be specific, he failed to mention 1 5,55 1 ,74 1 talers of revenue and 1 8,508,693 talers of ex penditure for each year. These sums, it is true, might have to be adJust �d to some extent when precisely accounted for, insofar as th e tnenmal averages o f the special budget estimates for the individ u al departments of administration are not drawn u p entirely anew wh en . each budget IS drawn u p and may stretch back beyond 1 84 1 , inde ed a Cesetz-Sammlung fur die Koniglichen Preussischen Swaten
1844, Berlin.-
Ed
.
381
r back as 1 838. A significant reduction in the sums not a s fa . for will however not be p roduced as a result; for in 1 840, acc ounted again amounted to 7 1 ,059,475 talers and expendi an n ual revenue as much as 77, 1 65,022 talers. We have no official figures for ture to with the same financial th e years 1 839 and 1 838. However, since peacetim e does not alter suddenl y but leg islatio n the state income in only gradua lly, one can safely assume that the state revenue in 1 838 an d 1 839 totalled at least 70 millio n talers . Herr von Bodelsc hwingh 's budget estimat e is, therefo re, fraudulent like many, probably, of those of his predecessors and of his two successors u p to 1 848. Herr von Bodelsc hwingh must have known that he was publishi ng somethi ng incorrec t. The real conditio n of the state finance s was not unkno wn to him. The divergences from the truth were so conspic uous that Bergius, a Regierungsrat in Breslau , and follow ing him even Biilow -Cumm erow, withou t being acquainted with the accou nts, publicly pointed out these inaccu
racies i n advanc e. Of course , if Herr von Bodels chwing h had come out with the truth, his revelations and speeches before the commissions of the Provincial Diets would have met with a different recep tion. With the "limited publicit y" given to Prussia n finance s, h e was able to cut a fine figure, whereas with full publicity only disgrace and censure would have awaited him. He spoke with satisfaction of the increase of 5 1/2 million talers in revenue , but failed to mention that from 1 840 to 1 843 expenditure had exceeded reven ue by 14,976, 40 I talers. Althou gh the country had had to provide 290,74 6,282 talers i n those 4 years, these large sums still could not cover the inordin ate expend iture o f 305,722 ,683 talers. Such an expe nditure without war, without adequa te represe ntation of mdustr ial and comme rcial interes ts abroad, withou t a navy, withou t significant financi al assistan ce for agricul ture and trades at home! Magn ificent buildi ngs for the King, favouritism in the civil service, presents to junkers and bureaucrats, and the army with its parades and reviews had cost the country enorm ous sums. Well, of course , Herr von Bodel schwin gh was not the man to confes s that. So he drew u p a fraud ulent budge t to persu ade the peopl e that less was being taken in revenue and less spent. The drawin g-up of fraudu lent budgets is and will always be a dUbious undert aking. The laws of Prussia p rescribe severe penalti es fo r such miscon duct by officia ls. The budget estima tes publis hed in the Collected Statut es are after all public docum ents. No one will que stion that. It is true Prussi an Law has laid down no special penal ties for civil servants drawi ng u p fraud ulent public docum ents. How ever, a decree of June 3, 1 83 1 (von Kamp tz's Jahrbiicher, Vol . 37.
382
Articles from the
prussian Financial Admin istration under Bodelschwingh and Co:
Nem Rheinische Zeitung
p. 407') stipulates that in the case of such acts the penalties for fra d or misconduct by officials are applicable. And the findings of t Prussian courts have since then been in accordance with th O e Concerning misconduct by officials, Prussian Law, Part II, Secti:II' 20, § 333 b, lays down the following:
�
"Whoever wilfully contravenes the regulations of his office shall be imnudiold, dismissed and furthermore sentenced, according to the nature of the misconduct aod the injury caused, to an appropriate fine or imprisonment or confinement in a fortress and declared ineligible for all public offices."
Dismissal and a declaration of ineligibility for all public offices along with fine or imprisonment are then what according to the /q awaits persons who draw up fraudulent budgets. Should Herr von Bodelschwingh not be able to clear himself of the strongest suspicion of having published a fraudulent budget, it is the duty of the judge to pass these sentences on him. We demand that he and the Public Prosecutor should elucidate the affair. The fine, imprisonment or confinement in a fortress are to be decided according to the nature of the injury caused. The injury' which Herr von Bodelschwingh in company with his predecesson and his successors in office has inflicted on the country is so great, is of such magnitude, as can only be inflicted on a whole people by Ministers and other persons in the highest positions. It is our intention here to establish the amount involved; at the same time we observe that we immediately encounter in this connection a further ministerial abuse of office. The Cabinet Order of January 17, 1 820 fixes the necessary' expenditure for the Prussian state budget at 50,863, 1 50 talers. It then goes on to say verbatim: .
"The aforementioned sum, which We have accepted as the requirement for current administration, may in no circumstances be increased. The heads of the individ ual administrative departments are personally responsible in this [0 Us, and the wh Ministry of State the more so, particularly as the total sum approved by US I' sufficient for the pu rposes indicated in the budget instructions- to date."
�
What is meant by the "requirement of current administration emerges quite unambiguously from the further context, in which the administration of the government debt is contrasted with "curren t administration". Expenditure for current administration means a ll
used for not the paying are which y treasur the from ments pay thOse .In terest on or paying off the national debt. These, as we .have seen, t Order of January 17, 1 820, whIch has not according to the Cabine 50 1 , of 3 sum 50,86 the d excee never must this day, to inded resc b en is published in the Collected Statutes of Order t Cabine � The ta hed orders publis such that doubt any been never has there and ��· 8 I f ;e the declaration of constitutional monarchy had legal force In e re sum therefo bed prescri legally the over excess � Any sia. U r ters. Minis the by office of is abuse and law the venes tra cO n for 1 840-46 �he accou nts for the state financial administratio hich were conveyed to the First United Diet and the digests of the tion for 1 847' which were ;. al accou nts of the financial administra bly, provide proof �bmitted to the now dissolved National Assem each year .to com ply :hat every Minister from 1 840 to 1 847 failed with his obligations. Each year they spent more, sub�tanttally more, on current admi nistration than they were legally entitled to. To put matters in a more balanced perspective, we shall now stop referring to Herr von Bodelschwingh alone, and refer instead to all the Ministers of Finance from 1 840 to 1 847. To be specific, they were: Count Alvensleben from 1 835 to 1 842, von Bodelschwingh from 1842 to 1 844, Flottwell from May 3, 1 844, to August 1 6, 1 846, and · von Duesberg from that time until the overthrow of the Ministry by the March revolution. All these Ministers are equally involved. A simple presentation of the facts will make it c!ear how the nasc�nt prosperity of a country is ruined by a successIOn of corru pt semor officials. Current expenditure, that is expenditure for the year, after deduction of the part used for the national debt, could not, as we have seen, legally amount to more than .. 50,863, 1 50 talers.
�
.
Rechtsverwaltung, Bd. 37, Berlin, 1 83 1 .- Ed. b Allgemeines Landruht fur die Preussischtn Staaten, § 333.- Ed.
2. Theil,
",.,J
20.sten Tilel.
77,1 65,022 talers.
In 1 840 however expenditure was From this subtract:
8,579,345
for the paying off of debts . . . .
..
allegedly transferred to the treasury reserves .
"
, K. A. Kamptz, Jahrbiicher fiir die Preussische GtSd'gebung, Rechtswissenschaft
383
....... Total
.
6 1 3 ,457
.
,
9,192,802 talers
What is left is therefore the expendi. 67,972,220 talers ture on current admi nistration
.
-
"Uebersicht von der Resultaten den Finanzverwaltung 1m Jahre 1 847" in Vorlagen an die National- Versammlung, [Berlin] 1 848.- Ed. a
384
Articles from the Neue
Rheinische Ztilung
Prussian Financial Administration under Bodelschwingh and Co.
Accordingly in that year were illegally
.........
disbursed .
. . .
.
•
I n 184 1 expenditure was . . . . . . .
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
. .
74,1 85,443 talers
1 7, 109,0 70
tale"
Of which the national debt and the treasury reserves Look . . . . . . .
14,41 9,563
Therefore for current administration . Thus i n excess of the legal . . . . . . .
.
I n 1842 expenditure was . . . . . . .
Of this, nothing was transferred to the
.
. . .
.
. . .
...
. . .
Current expenditure therefore re. mains . . . . .
.
.
Thus in excess of the legal sum . . . In 1 843 expenditure was . . . . . .
.
. .
.
. .
......
. . .
t administra Expenditure for curren . . . . tion remained . Therefore in excess of the legal . .
. ..
59,765,880 talers ..
.
. .
78,562,335 talers
7,423,831
7 1 , 1 38,504 talers 50,863 , 1 50
.......
. . .
.
75,269,43 1 talers
8,684,865
In 1847 expenditure amounted to . . .
..
80,392,730 talers
From this deduct . . . . . . . . . . expended on social relief and . .
6,207,650
..
7,209, 192
..
for the national debt, a total of .
13,4 1 6,842
..
There remains therefore expenditure
66,584,566 talers 1 5,72 1 ,4 1 6 talers
79,102,787 talers
. .
on current administration . . . . . Thus in excess of the legal . .
66,975,888 talers 50,863 , 1 50
.. Total
Expenditure on current administra Above the legal . . . . was spent . .
...
.
. . . . . . . .
. . .
.
. . .
...
I n 1844 expenditure amounted to . . . Of this, deduct for the treasury re serves and for paying the interest on and paying off the debts .
...
.
So that current expenditure remained I n other words, in excess of the . . . .
I n 1845 expenditure amounted to . . . NOlhing is transferred to the treasury reserves, and the national debt took Current expenditure was therefore . . Thal is, in excess of the legal . . . . . .
.. 16,1 12,738 talers
8,26 1 , 981
tion according to this amounted to .
.. 20,275,354 talers
The treasury reserves and the national debt took .
..
8,90 2,73 0 talers
treasury reserves, and the national debt took .
Noth ing ,s passed to the treasury reserves, and the national debt took . . .
..
50,863 , 1 50
In 184 6 e.xpenditure was . . . . . .
385
70,840,806 talers 50,863, 150 . . . .
.
. .
..
.
.
.
. . .
19,977,656 talen
78,243,308 talers
9,252,605
..
68,990,703 talers 50,863 , 1 50
.. 1 8, 12 7, 55 3 tale...
77,903,361 talers 7,267,082
..
70,636,279 talers 50,863 , 1 50
.. 1 9,773 , 129 ,e le'"
135,999,646 talers
Almost one hundred and thirty-six million talers have been illegally squandered in the last 8 years under the administration of Ministers Alvensleben, Bodelschwingh, Flottwell and Duesberg out of the state coffers, that is out of the people's purse, the earnings of the poor! And these people are walking about with their stars and their medals, and, as in the case of Flottwell, still hold high offices of state! The daily press recently aired the case of an official in the judiciary -thought to be a democrat-who was imprisoned because he was accused of having parted improperly with 50 talers. 50 talers and 1 36 million! It may be that the sum fixed in 1 820 no longer corresponded to the needs of the state in more recent times. But then the Government ought to have come forward openly and legally announce new budget estimates. But it did not wish, it did not dare to do so. It ·did not wish to because of its absolutist hankerings, it did not dare to because it was afraid to lay bare the administration of finances. Reviews with Queen Victoria, christenings, weddings, ch urches, the Bishopric of Jerusalem, the old, half-forgotten pa·pers o f Frederick II, '" knights' castles, helmets, Guards lieutenants, Junkers, priests and bureaucrats etc., etc., what role these plagues of
386
Articles from the Neue Rheinische Zeitung
Prussian Financial Administration under Bodelschwingh and Co.
the people have played and still play in the finances of Prussia is n for the people to know. So the Prussian management was continue� in secret, and Ministers became criminals even in the eyes of the law in force. They have not, of course, found a judge yet. The manner in which the management of the Prussian finances under Frederick William IV is exhausting the state coffers emerges from the following analysis.
Carried over from previous years . 1 844. Revenue for current year . . . . .
•
Revenue for CUfTent year . . . . . .
From this deduct expenditure for current year . . . . . . . .
.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
. . . . .
Balance in hand . . . . . . . . . .
1 84 ! . Carried over from previous years Revenue for current year . . . . .
.
•
.
.
•
.
•
•
•
•
Total 88,008,632 talers
.
77, 165,022
.
•
•
•
..
10,843,610 talen 71 ,987,880 ..
•
Total 82,831 ,490 talen From this deduct expenditure for current year at . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
.
. .
.
74,1 85,443
Balance in hand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
..
8,646,047 talen
(The budget drawn up by Alvensleben in the Collected Statutes is balanced with 55,867,000 talers for revenue and expenditurel)
Expenditure for current year . . . . Balance in hand .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
.
•
1843. Carried over from previous years
•
8,646,047 talers " 73,876,338
.
.
•
. . . . . . •
•
•
Revenue for current year . . . . . . .
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
s Total 82 ,5 22 ,3 85 taler
-
• •
. . . .
. 75,269,431
"
7,252,954 talers
7, 252 ,954 talers 73,822,589 "
rs Total 8 1 ,075,543 tale
-
Expenditure for current year . .
.
.
.
.
Balance in hand . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
.
..
.
•
. . . .
. . . . . . .
79,102,787
"
s 1 ,972,756 taler
•
•
.
•
Expenditure for current year . Deficit .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
•
.
.
•
•
.
.
. .
•
•
•
•
1 ,972, 756 talers 75,976,6 1 3 ..
•
. .
.
.
Thus deficit .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
•
.
. . . . . . Leaving . Expenditure for current year . . . . . . •
•
.. .
.
1845. Revenue for current year . . . . . Deduct from this deficit from 1844
. . .
•
.
.
.
.
•
.
Thus deficit . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
•
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
•
.
.
.
.
.
' J
.
.
.
.
.
. . . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. . .
.
..
293,939 talers 77,025,034 talers 293,939 .. 76,731 ,095 talers .. 77,903,361 1 , 1 72,266 talers
•
.
78,243,308
•
75,721 ,698 talers 1 , 1 72,266 ..
Leaves 74,549,432 talers
.
.
.
.
.
.
Deduct from this deficit from 1845 . . . . .
Expenditure for current year .
.
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
. .
.
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. . .
.
78,562,335
..
4,012,903 talers
(The First United Diet is convened by the Royal Decree of February 3. It does not however vote any credits.)
1847. Revenue for current year . . . . . Deduct from this deficit from 1 846 .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Expenditure for current year amounts to .
1842. Carried over from previous years . . . . . . . . . . . . Revenue for current year . . . . . . . .... . .
·
Total 77,949,369 talers
1846. Revenue for current year
1 0,843,610 talen
•
•
. . .
•
•
.
•
16,949, 157 talers 7 1 ,059,475 ..
•
•
.
.
1 840. Carried over from previous years
•
387
•
.
.
.
.
.
.
. . .
.
79, 5 1 8,543 talers .. 4,012,903
Leaves 75,505,640 talers .
.
Thus deficit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80,392,730
..
4,887,090 talers
In order to meet the most necessary expenditure, 4,000,000 talers are drawn from the treasury reserves, by which means revenue is raised to 83,5 1 8,543 talers. So the old administration began the year 1848 with a defiCit in the treasury, and with the depletion of the treasury reseroes. The balance in the current account was reduced over the 8 years 1840-47 from 1 6,949,157 talers to a deficit of 4,887,090, that is by 21 ,836,247 talers. Revenue in the 8 years amounted to . . Expenditure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A deficit therefore of exactly the sum just calculated . . . . . .
.
•
•
•
598,988, 1 70 talers .. 620,824,4 1 7
2 1,836,247 talers
:\88
Articles from the Neue Rheinische Zeitul1g
No denials can undo this reduction in the reserves, even though the Government seeks to conceal it by carrying over balances of revenue and expenditure from one year to another, in fact in such a way that an apparent credit balance is still shown in the aCCOU nts when there is already a deficit. Thus in "peacetime", when "cal m" and "order" prevailed, the Prussian finances were ruined by the Prussian Government. When the movements of 1 848 came and the money-market suffered, the state was not able to suppOrt the private sector but at this time of depression was forced to demand new sacrifices to ensure its survival. The Herren bourgeois have the Prussian ex-Ministers and their aiders and abettors to thank for that. H the latter had not violated the law when in office, there would have been 136 million talers ready cash available instead of the deficit, and credit could then have been maintained. That is the injury caused, to which § 333 of the Prussian criminal law refers. Deficit in the treasury-and just look at the revenue! Every year we have noted a revenue from over 7 1 to approximately 80 million. But that is only the net revenue, that is the surplus from the various administrative departments after deduction of administrative costs. In taxation, customs, the post-office, forestry etc., all the salaries, office expenses etc. concerning these departments of the administration have been subtracted in advance, and only the remaining balance is entered as revenue. And yet the country has had to pay for the salaries and office expenses for tax, forestry, postal officials etc., as well as the gratuities and presents to the Oberpriisidenten a�d commanding generals. These administrative expenses deducted III advance are estimated at 20,887,54 1 talers in the budget estimates for 1 847. If we add this, annual revenue amounted to between 90 and 100 million and annual expenditure was actually over 1 00 million talers. The people produced sums of this order-and an empty treasury is the result! The Cabinet Order of January 1 7, 1 820, contained, as we hav.e seen, ,!n instruction concerning how Ministers should conduct their official business. Herr von Bodelschwingh has acted, we cann� assume otherwise, knowingly and wilfully in defiance of thIS instruction. He therefore again incurs the penalty of the above mentioned § 333, Section 20, Part I I of Prussian Law. The law passes sentence upon him of dismissal, a fine or confinement in a fortress and ineligibility for all public offices. Since the injury he has inflicted u P<>� the country is of the greatest magnitude, the severest sentenCe 0 imprisonment permitted by the law must be applied to him. The ex-Ministers von Alvensleben, Flottwell and von Duesberg find themselves in exactly the same situation.
389
Prussian Financial Administration under Bodelschwingh and Co.
The civil laws themselves stipulate that these ex-mi ni�t�rial ensa.te the cmmtry for the I':1J�ry entle men are obliged to comp n 36 rsed 1 mIllIo dIsbu lly Illega the s word other in it on ted fl' g . n 20 , Part I I , d ecrees: . Law, § 34 1 , Secuo 'case Prusslan in Ie talerS . In this
l make good the injury do�e to �he state or to any third "Wh enever an officia1 canno dereliction of duty ' he shall. �fter stnlmg hu sentence, b< deta,,�d fOT rson by deliberate . as the injury has by one means or another time such unol hon institu public �bottr in a good." been made
And one more trifle! As adm inistrative surp luses the followmg su ms were tran sferred to the treasury reserves : ..
the ..
.
..
From
.
. .
..
administration .. .. .
.
of ..
..
..
1 840 . . 1 84 1 . . 1843 . 1844 . .
. . •
•
Together
6 1 3,457 talers .. 2,837,000 . 1 ,000,000 . 2,000,002 .
.
6,450,459
talers
According to accounts relating to the treasury reserves, however, since July I , 1 840, only 6,423,332 talers' from administrative savings were transferred to the treasury. I n the Government's current account, therefore, 27, 1 27 talersb more were entered as transferred to the treasury than the latter received. Herr von Alvensleben, Herr von Bodelschwingh, Herr Flottwell and Herr von Duesberg, what has become of the 27, 1 27 talers? They were surely not embezzled, by any chance, were they? Will a Public Prosecutor and a bench of judges be found for these ex-ministerial gentlemen? Meanwhile Herr von B odelschwingh is a member of the Second Chamber! Written by Marx on February
16, 1849
First published in the Neue Rheinische l
Printed according to the newspaper Published in English for the first
time
a " Denkschrift uber die Verwaltung des StaaLSschatzes fUr die Zeit von 1840 bis 1 84 " in .. Der Erste Vereinigte Landtag in Berlin 1847, I . Theil.- Ed. � . Further In the Neue Rheinische Ztitung: " 1 7, 1 27 talers"; In the article
-
C
390
Stein
STEIN
391
As for Herr Stein himself, we recall the time when he attacked the in the publicans on fanatically constitutional grounds, when hlesische Zeitung he rou ndly denounced the representatives of the a schoolteacher whose.id�as workin g class and had them de�unced bymem on " CIati ASSO the of ber a now IS who and own his to akin e wer for Law and O rd er ". . Just as pitiful as the Agreement Assembly Itself was the so-<:alled e thes that seen fore be ld cou It ly. emb Ass this of up gro c rati moc de in order to be re-elected, would now re�ogmse the , men e entl � sed Constitution. It is characteristic of the standpomt of these mpo entlemen that after the elections they are disavowing in the democratic clubs what before the electIOns they assented to at meetings of the electors. Th is petty, crafty liberal slyness was never the diplomacy of revolutionaries.
r;;
�
Cologne, February 1 6 . The Breslau "Association for Law and Order" (an association "with God for King and Fatherland"ss2) has addressed an open letter .to Dr. Julius Stein which states, inter alia, that the Neue Rheinische Zeitung let itself be deceived just as much as
the worthy philistines of Breslau by the conservative speeches of Herr Stein and "considered him lost for the cause of democracy". We like definite positions. We have never flirted with a parliamentary party. The party we represent, the party of the people, exists in Germany as yet only in an elementary form. But where it is a matter of a struggle against the existing Government, we ally ourselves even with our enemies. We accept as a fact the official Prussian opposition as it has arisen out of the hitherto pitiful conditions of German culture, and therefore, during the electoral struggle, we put our own views into the background.' Now, after the elections, we are again asserting our old ruthless point of view in relation not only to the Government, but also to the official opposition. The "Association for Law and Order" is mistaken. We do not consider Herren Stein, Waldeck and Co. as "lost for the cause of democracy". We have always congratulated democracy on not being represented by people like Stein, Waldeck and Co. In one of our first issues we stated that the extreme Left of the Berlin Agreement Assembly, with the exception of three or fou r persons, would form the extreme Right in a Convention.b We never included Stein and Waldeck among these three or four persons. , See this volume. p. 5 1 4.- Ed. "Die Sitzung cler Nationalversammlung vom 7. und 8. August", published in th e Neue Rheinische Zeilung No. 74. August 1 3 . 1 848.-Ed.
b
Written on February 16. 1849
Printed according to the newspaper
First published
Published in English for the first time
in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 225. February 1 8. 1849
392
Three Stars Versus Triangle
393
But let the melancholy /). dying of too much thinking in the night, argue with the merry three stars. 9a ne nom regarde pas!' ,
THREE STARS VERSUS TRIANGLE
Written by Marx on February 16, 1849
Printed according to the newspaper
First
Published in English for the first
published in the Neue Rheinische Ztitung No. 225, February 1 8, 1849
time
February 1 6. A few davs ago we offered condolences to the leading article of the Kiilnische Zeitung signed '" which saw in the elections to the Second Chamber (see No. 33 of the Kiilnische Zeitung) the defeat of the "great Centre" of the German nation and discerned two Chambers, one of which would not yet be constitutional, the other not yet monarchical.' Cologne,
"Storms will blow from opposite poles, a dead past will fight against a distant,
perhaps never attainable future."
And what will become of the " Centre of the German nation"? Thus wailed Schwanbeck. Briiggemann, of the three stars, is storming from the "opposite pole" against his friend in today's issue of the same Kiilnische Zeitung b No Centre,
says the man of the "legal basis", the merry gentleman who, with solemn pedantry, invariably raises the statm quo to an immortal principle; no Centre, that is the joke of it. No Centre, that is no cowardice, no indecision, no hollow ambition! No Centre, that is the doctrine of it! The Centre will in future dissolve into a "true" Left and a "true" Right! That is the true meaning of it. Thus Briiggemann, the "true" man of "true" decision. In other words: Briiggemann shifts from the Centre to the Right: the "parliamentary correspondence" has brought him to parleying. We tremble for the Right. , See this volume, pp. 354-59.- Ed. b Reference is to the leading article "Kein Zentrum" signed Zeitung No. 40, February 1 6, 1849.- Ed.
*.*
in the Kiilnische
•
That does not concern us.-Ed.
•
394
The Vienna Correspondent of the Kolnische Zeitung
Goethe said
THE VIENNA CORRESPONDENT OF THE KOLNISCHE ZEITUNG
of Pustkuchen:
" I f even whales have lice, then I must have mine LOa." a
Koss uth
can say the same of Schwanbeck.
••
written by Engels on February
f'
17, 1 849
j;;;
published in the Neue Rheinische ung No. 225, February 1 8, 1 849 t
February 1 7 . One riddle less in world history! Herr Schwanbeck, editor of the Kiilnische Zeitung who writes under the sign 6 , and at the same time writes reports for that paper from Vienna under the sign � 1' , has, as is well known, continued as long as possible under both trade marks to slander the Magyars, accusing them of cowardice and villainy, and has not merely defeated but repeatedly annihilated them, and acclaimed in dithyrambs the entry of the combined army with its COUrtS martial into the various towns and comitats of Hungary. Herr Schwanbeck himself now solves the riddle; like Achilles, only our Schwanbeck himself can heal the wounds he has caused. And what is the solution of the riddle?-It is fear of Welden. Hence the vilification of the Viennese and Magyars, the miserable lies about the military successes of the Austrians, the crawling and ogling in relation to the Croats and Pandours.m For, says the famous Schwanbeck, for, he says: Cologne,
"Up to now, in fact, anyone who dared to doubt the victorious advance of the imperial army at all points of the monarchy was formally belied by Governor Baron Welden and awarded the honorary title of malicious scoundreC' (Kolnische Ztitung No.
40).'
Out of respect for Welden, readers of the Kiilnische Zeitung have for two months had to be lied to and deceived by the Vienna reportS about the war in Hungary under the sign of � 1 . , Published on February 16, 1 849.-Ed.
395
-
a
Goethe. "Zahme Xenien" V.- Ed.
Printed accordin g to the newspaper Published in English for the first tim e
396
Saedt
397
M. Saedt, substitut du procureur du roi, s'adressant a ]'accuse: . . . . . "Libre a vous de refuter tout ce que Je vIens de dIre, malS II ne s appartient pas de critiquer Ie requisitoire d'un substitut du pro ���eur du roi." (Avis' a la Reforme, a la Republique et a la Revolution.) In English: The Queen's Counsel, Mr. Saedt, . to the def.endant: "You may refute all I say, but you have no. rI&"ht to CrItICIse my speech" (N. B. Our English contemporarIes, prmclpally the Northern Star, are requested to publish the abov�). . In Italian: Sig. Saedt, accusatore pubhco, rephco: "Dite quanto volete in rifutazione di questo che ho detto, rna vi e difeso di criticare il mio requisitorio." (Avviso ' all' Alba, al Contemporaneo ed alia Concordia.) Tn SPanish: EI fiscal, Sennor Saedt, dijo, habla n.do al acusado: "Sennor Vmd puede refutar todo que ho dlcho; pero el que vengo de d ecir por requisitorio, es defendid� de tocar�o." ( �rega mos los jornales radicales de MadrId de pubhca: esas hneas. ) In Danish : "De kunne gjensige alt hvad Jeg slger, men De have intet Ret at kritisere mit Requisitoire (Angreb)." (De danske demokratiske Tidender ville vaere meget glaedt at m�ddele d�t danske Publikum den foregaaende Bewiis af de preusslske Magl straters Sandhed.') Let Herr Saedt decide for himself in which .Ianguage his utterance sounds most amusing. In French: ,
SAEDT
,
February 1 7 . Every little market town has its esprit fort'; the Cologne prosecuting magistrates have theirs too. The esprit fort of the Cologne prosecuting magistrates is a certain Sued/, homo novus atque ignotus b (which bein g translated means profound thin ker) . There are two kind s of audacity: the audacity of superiority and the audacity of intellectual poverty which derives its strength from its official position , from being conscious of fighting with privileged weapons etc. Which of the two kind s the esprit fort of the Cologne prosecuting magistrates showed yesterday afternoon in expounding his case against Kinkel," · the public themselves will decide when the min utes of the court proceed ings are available to them . At the same time they will take into consideration that Her r Saedt is still young. However, it would not be in accordance with our jou rnalistic function if we were any longer to withhold from the European public one utterance of our esprit fort. We know that the Demosthenes of th e Cologne prosecuting magistrates tried by means of a subsequent interpretation to make amends for the passage we shall cite. But we have too much respect for the original insp iration of the ebullient genius to allow us to dep reciate it by the enfeebling commentary arising from subsequent reflection. Herr Saedt, deputy Public Prosecutor, said: In German: "Sie diirfen alles , was ich sage, widerlegen, aber Sie diirfen meinen Vortrag nicht kritisieren ." Cologne,
b A man new and unknown.-Ed. , Wit .-Ed.
Written by Engels on February 1 7, 1849 First
published
Zeitung No.
225,
in
the
NeW! Rheinische
February 1 8 , 1 849
Printed according to the newspaper Published in English for the first time
For con ideration.-Ed. We request the radical newspapers in Madrid to reprint these lines.---:Ed. , C The Danish democratic newspapers will gladly inform the Damsh pUb lC � �f .the . above statement which testifies to the truthfulness of the Prusslan JudiCiary officials.-Ed. a
b
398
The Kolnische Zeitung on the Magyar Struggle
T H E K OLNISCHE ZEITUNG O N T H E M A G Y A R STRUGGLE
Cologne,
February
17.
have now th e basis found Wherein my anchor holds for ev er" "I
-sinll"s the brave Sc� wanbeck from the The md�!l'na� t ch am pIOn of virtue, desp Protestant hy m n-book. the "Austrian Note" and the feel� ng of deepest indignation ", ' ite support of WI nd l. schgratz on the front page finally comes forward in of the Kiilnische Zeitung.b . Listen to th is :
�
"The so
We .do not quite remember whether we have eady drawn the �t nuon of the public to one peculiar charactealr ristic of the brave c. wan.beck, namely, that he is accustom sIOns wJt? out an y premises. The passage ed to give on ly concl u a concluslO� , the premise of w hi ch has ne qu oted above is just such seen the Ii ht of day. But even If th e Magyars were an "aristocverartic arrogan� o�press�rs of th e people ", what does caste" o rth e "mositt make Wmdlschgratz, th e m urderer of Robert Bl that prove? Doesbit um , the slightest
�
,
��
.
u ted from the leading article "Die iisterreichische Note yom 4. Februar" ' ) . ub IS e In l t h e K P b . 0 mscht Ztllung No. 37 , February 13 , I 849.-Ed. . In the leading article "D er ungarische Krieg" published in the K5Ll1ischt Zet�ung N0. 4 1 , February 1 7, 1 849.- Ed. Poor tax-paying plebeians.- Ed.
399
the knights of the "united monarchy", the special Do er? tt e b Germany and friends of Schwanbeck- Windischgratz, nernies of Schlick and their like - want perhaps to suppress the eeI lachich , I, ristocratic caste" and introduce freedom of peasant landowner s �ip? Are the Croats and Czechs perhapsJighting for Rhenish parceI1ation of the land and the Code Napoleon? In 1 830, when the Poles rose against Russia, was it then a question wh ether merely an "aristocratic caste" was at their head?335 At that time it was in the first place a question of driving out the foreigners. The whole of Europe sympathised with the "aristocratic caste", which certainly started the movement; for the Polish republic of the nobility was at any rate a huge advance compared with Russian despotism. And was not the French suffrage of 1 830, which was the monopoly of 250,000 voters, in point of fact just as great a politicar enslavement of the misera contribuens plebs as the rule of the Polish nobility? Let us suppose that the March revolution in Hungary was purely a revolution of the nobility, Does that give the Austrian "united" monarchy the right to oppress the Hungarian nobility, and thereby also the Hungarian peasants, in the way it oppressed the Galician nobility and, through the latter, the Galician peasants as well (d. the Proceedings of the Lemberg Provincial Diet of 1 8 1 8) ? But the great Schwanbeck, of course, is not obliged to know that the greater part of the Hungarian nobility, just like the greater part of the Polish nobility, consists of mere proletarians, whose aristocratic privileges are confined to the fact that they cannot be subjected to corporal punishment. The great Schwanbeck, of course, is even less obliged to know that Hungary is the only country in which since the March revolution feudal burdens on the peasants have legally and in fact totally ceased to exist. The great Schwanbeck declares the Magyars to be an "aristocratic caste", "most arrogant oppressors of the people", "aristocrats"-and this same great Schwanbeck does not know, or does not want to know, that the Magyar magnates, the Esterhazys etc., deserted at the very beginning of the war and came to Olmiitz to pay homage, and that it is precisely the "aristocratic" officers of the Magyar army who from the beginning of the struggle u ntil now have every day carried out a fresh betrayal of their national cause I Otherwise, how is it that today the majority of the Chamber of Deputies is still with Kossuth in Debreczin, whereas only eleven magnates are to be found there?336 This is the Schwanbeck of the front page, the Schwanbeck of the . dithyrambs in the leading article. But the Schwanbeck of the third
400
The Kiilnische Zeitung on the Magyar Struggle
Articles from the Nem Rheinische Zeitung
page, the man who stormed Leopoldstadt' six times, captured Eslek four tI· � es, an d several tImes crossed the Theiss, Schw anbeck the ' strategIst had after all to have his revenge. •
"But then the war took a lamentable, truly pitiable course. Continually, aJ Inost . Wlthout a struggle, the Magyars abandoned all their positions; without any resist ce they evacuated even their fortified royal city, and faced with Jellachich 's C ata retreated beyond the Theiss."
:::
"A I �ost without a struggle"-i. e. after they had held baclt the Austnans for two whole months between the Leitha and the Theiss _ they retreated "almo st witho ut a struggle". Galla nt Schwa beck, who judges the greatness of a general not by the mate results he achieves but by how many men he has allowed to be killed I "Without any resistance, they evacuated their fortified royal city'" �ut one should know that Ofen is indeed fortified on the western SIde, �ut not on the eastern side. The Danube was ice-bound, so the Austn ans could march across it with cavalry and carts, occupy Pest and from there bombard defenceless Ofen. If Deutz had not been fortified and the Rhine had been frozen ov�r at;d if, in vi.ew of that, a French army had marched across the RhIne In the neIghbourhood of WesseJing and Worringen and at Deutz had trained 1 00 canno n on Cologne, then gallant Sch�anbeck would surely have advised Colonel Engels to defend Cologne to the last man . . Brave Schwanbeckl The Magyars, "faced with Jellachich's Croats retreated beyond the Theiss ". And will the great Schwanbeck deny that these "Croats" to��lIed 250,�00-30 0,000 men, inclu ding the corps of Windisch gratz, JellachlCh, Gotz, Csorich, Simu nich, Nugent, Todorovich , Puchner etc., etc., and the irregular troops at the River Drava and in the Bana t? And all those are "Jellachich's Croats"? I ncidentally, that a Schwan beck, himse lf a kinsm an of the Croats and not much in his eleme nt in history and geography, should be enthusiastic abou t the Croats is easy to understand. But of course: " ... we, too, are far from regarding the official reports from the Austrian army headquarters as gospel truth." On the contrary, Schwanbeck at times finds in reports for exam ple ' Schlick's,
':;;;
.
ts
a gap � �ich the reader has to fill in with all kinds of suPPOJitions and in the end it not surprismg (II) that these suppositions turn out to be mOTe doubtful than they ought to I,
a
A district in Vienna.-Ed.
40 1
tins ! n ect that Puch ner, . lOO. is accustomed . to dr�w up his bulle susp We ).
, ��
" the defeated costs not to lose hearl, and (hen we suddenly learn that all at ns ' la . I.ch ' dle 0f Saxony, and th e poor Germans mid the In dt nsta man Her of t in fron is B ' naIlY can thin k of no better resort than to look to the Russians for protectio n. ) radiction contr�diction here between the official reports and the e�en� a cont t sligh a is htT former can be blamed. which only the maccuracy (II) of the
�� � �
, and ins llet bu ian str Au the t tha ses fes con eck nb wa Sch en Citiz t the ou ab sly les me sha st mo lied g, tun Zei e sch lni Kii the m the ing ow . . IS no longer foll It on r lleged progress .of the Au str ian s; when lateSch wanbeck calls it "a th-loving a ossible to de ny tha t it was a lie, tru �ight contradiction between the official reports an d the events"l
for
n army reports as oracles, that still "Bu t if we by no means regard the Austria etins have gained the least bit in our eyes" does not mean the Magyar victory bull ht contradiction"). "They are the products "slig ve abo the with busy n bee have ch (whi mg If only they were not so dreadfully of fantasy, and would be quite pleasant read ludicrous,"
These "bulletins" are so "dreadfully ludicrous" that up to now they have asserted nothing but what the great . Schwat;�eck 'himself has to admit is in accordance with the facts. Or IS TokaJ In the hands of Schlick? Has a single Austrian crossed the Theiss at Szolnok? Have the imperial troops advanced a single step in the last 1 4 days? The 22nd Austrian Bulletin, which we have just received (see belowb) saves Citizen Schwanbeck the trouble of replying. I t makes it clear to us that the Austrians are not yet even as far as was asserted in the 20th and 2 1st bulletins. "After all there is no change: the war in Hungary is approaching its end by giant strides,"
That is clear. Schwanbeck already said so 1 4 days ago: "The war in Hungary is coming to an end. Parturiunt montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. " e That was on the very day when Schwanbeck announced for the first time that the Austrians had victoriously entered Debreczin. Since then 1 4 days have elapsed and in spite of the Magyars having "terribly exaggerated", the Austrians have still not crossed the Theiss, much less entered Debreczin. The Kiilnische Zeitung has "rebel generals" .-Ed. b See this volume, pp. 404-08.- Ed. •
be born ( Horace, De The mountains are in labour and a ridiculous mouse will ATIe POe/ica, 1 39).- Ed. C
402
Articles from the Nem Rheinische Zeilung
"It cannot surprise anyone that Bern 's crowd which is being joined from aU sid� by fleeing bands of Hungarians. has swollen into an army for which the numerically , � imperial forces in Transylvania are no match."
It certainly does notl But what can surprise us is how it is possible to speak about "being joined from all sides by fleeing bands of Hungarians" so long as the Hungarians occupy the line of the Theiss and Maros and Citizen Schwan beck. despite his most ardent prayers. is unable to smuggle a single imperial soldier across it; further, it surprises us that the "fleeing bands" suddenly form an army, without the armies which are pursuing them being at once at hand to drive them from each of their new positions. But, of course, the great Schwanbeck believes that the Hungarians, having been beaten in his nebulous fantasy, would immediately flee from the Danube as far as the Aluta, without looking back to see whether they were being pursued or not. Citizen Schwanbeck has made himself the Carnot of the nineteenth century by discovering the new manoeuvre by which fleeing bands coming from all sides can suddenly form a victorious army.
This new victorious army could, of course, cause serious complications. However, says Schwanbeck: "We shall see in what wa, Russia here will pronounce its veto."
The brave Schwanbeck, who here calls on Russia for help against the Magyars, is the same Schwanbeck who on March 22 of last year published an article full of moral indignation against the Russian Tsar' and declared that if Russia interfered in our affairs (and after all the Magyar affair is certainly our affair), then he, Schwan beck, would issue a call that would make the Tsar's throne tremble. This is the same Schwanbeck who from the beginning has had the duty in the Kiilnische Zeitung of salvaging the liberal reputation of the newspape r in the safe countries of Eastern Europe by timely manifestations of hatred against the Russians and obligatory shrewd expression of free-thinking. But the East-European complications seem to annoy him and in order to be able to devote himself wholly to his " feeling of deepest indignation" at the Austrian Note,'51 he calls on the Russians to come to Transylvania to end the struggle. The best reply to the whole of this moralising and Windisch gratz-like blustering article is the 22nd Austrian Army Bulleun , , Nicholas I.-Ed.
gyar Struggle The Kiilnische Zeilung on the Ma
403
-' an hw Sc to n ai pl ex t.o r de or In w. lo be d fin l wi s er l ad ,,,h 'eh rt pa als l the re ve le re tic ar S hi of ce en nt se t las e th to up ht k who rig y rtl pa d e an y, eg at str d an y ph ra og ge of e nc ra no ig U s b \,o ndles the Neue Rheinische Zeitung, where he stands Wi.th on Iy . . vm de.penudIIenetce It. on ts en m m co n ow r ou g gl ' sly ou ne ta ul sim m, we are thiS B els o n February 1 7 . 18 49 ng E by en writt Rheinische " t published in the Nem F ry 1 8 . 18 49 ung No. 22 5. Februa
;;:
Printed according to the newspaper Published in English for the first
time
404
Bulletin
BULLETIN No.
22
No. 22 , the "Victory Bulletin" of the im perial army has be en ' publIshed! It is the funniest that has yet appeared. "Owing to the gr�ater distance of the theatre of war, which, with the retreat of the rebels across the Theiss has been pushed back as far as Transylvania, we have not until
n«:>w been able to suppl � news of the successes gained by the armY of His . H ighness Field Marshal Pnnce zu Windischgratz."
Fr om the Theiss to Transylvania is after all a distance of forty . mlle� and more. As yet not a single Austrian has crossed TheIss. Ye� wh e? Schlick is on the Hernath and Windischg the �zolno�, WIt� neIther of them able to advance one step furtherra,tzthiats IS descnbed In the swaggering language of royal im perial repo as rts foll«;>ws : the theatre of war has been pushed back as far as Tran syl vama. An d what is the nature of the "successes gained by the army of Hi s H ighness Prince Windischgratz "? First I4success":
�
"A fter l e retreat from Pest one sec tion of the rebels headed in the direction of Grosswardcm and Debrcczin. the oth � r un der Gargey ma de their way to Schemnitz . and , after plundermg the mo un tam towns, at first set off via Neusohl for Rosenberg . There, however, finding tha t the St . Manon and Turany passes had . . already been occupied by Ma or-General von Gotz 's troops, they headed for the Zip' , ! w�ere they mel with a ballaJlon of Nugen ' t s infantry Jed by Major von Keiseweuer, Wlt. wh om battl LOok place at Kirchdorf and Hertnek on February 3 and 4. � . 1n the �e� ntJme rem forcements sent fro m Epenes by Lieutenant-Field Marsh al . , Count Sch hck Im media tely strengthened the occupation of the Braniszka Pass , and as
�
3 In t he Wiener Zeitung No . 38, February 14, 184 9, and in other Austri an newspapers._ Ed.
o.
22
405
� �
column of Deym's brigade advanced from Kaschau via Margitfalva, and the Other il ays active Major-General von Gotl with Prince Jablonowsky'"s brigade, which had a "' Telgarth via Brisen on the 8th inst.. was also immediately detached against ached utsC hau , it looks as if the rebels. threatened on all sides in the Zips, are even more e Jed than ever, all the roads along the Galician border from Neumarkt, Krosci encirc piwniczna, TyJiCl as far as Dukla having at the same time been occupied in e ko. eater numbers under the command of Lieutenant-Field Marshal Vogel operating and the Landsturm having been mustered aIJ . the way along thal rom Tarnow, . . sectIOn.
� f
.
The "direction of Grosswardein and Debreczin" is no more than an exaggerated euphemism used by Herr Welden to describe the fact that the Hungarians have reached the Theiss. He might just as well have claimed that they had withdrawn "in the direction" of the Black Sea. Welden then goes on to tell us that Gorgey "made for Schemnitz after the retreat from Pest". We have known this for a long time and what Herr Welden should have informed us of outright is how Gorgey was driven out of the town. Earlier there had been a great deal of boasting that Gorgey had been thrown back towards the Theiss, and almost annihilated in fact. Now the victory report sud denly admits that he has occupied the Zips, which has already been "cleaned up" by Schlick several times, and is now operating in Schlick's rear. The extent to which Gorgey is threatening the imperial troops in this position can be seen from the way in which reinforce ments are hurriedly sent against him. Gotis corps was never suc cessful against him (Csorich's corps has disappeared from the battlefield, and one concludes that the "ridiculous exaggerations" of the Magyars must have been right after all when they reported that Windischgratz recalled it post-haste to Pest); Schlick had sent a column to the Br-aniszka Pass against Gorgey "from Eperies" (i. e. four weeks ago); in addition, a second column was detached against him "from Kaschau", in other words also from Schlick's corps; and yet in spite of all these reinforcements, Gorgey, in his position in the Carpathian Mountains, represents such a threat to the Austrians that Vogel in Galicia, operating from Tarnow, has rein forced all the positions on a sector of some twenty miles and has mustered the Landsturm.
In other words: instead of "being threatened on all sides in t�e Zips" Gorgey is in fact himself threatening not only Schliclts posi tIon on the Hernath but also Galicia. And that is the worst thing that could happen to the imperial forces. An invasion of this purely Polish part of Galicia could have very unpleasant consequences for �he Austrians at a time when the peasants have been disappointed In the royal imperial promises.
406
Bulletin No .
Articles from the Nem Rheinische Ztitung
Second "success ":
� � rl
"Up to now heavy drifting ice on the Theiss has made the crossing of the r'O et difficult both at Tokaj and Szolnok for that column of the First Army Corps which (as advanced as far as the right bank . This has given the enemy time to turn more wards Transylvania, after an unsuccessful attempt on Arad, in order to link up Wi
the column Jed by Bern, the rebel chief, who, as we have already reported earlie on being pushed back from the Bukovina, marched via Bistritz and Maros-Vasarhe to Hermannstadt, where he was so powerfully repulsed by the general-in-comman Baron Puchner.
•
"The column of rebels which left Grosswardein for Klausenburg headed towards Karlsburg where they attempted to take Muhlenbach on the 5th . In this area, between Deva, Hatzeg and Szaszvaros, there is a formation of 3,000 Rumanians under the command of Captain Czernovich,_ which is guarding this section against
the rebels -there is also a good garrison at the fortified castle at Deva. " Meanwhile the general in command in the Banat, Lieutenant-Field Marshal Baron Rukavina, has formed a division under Lieutenant-Field Marshal von Glaser and Major-General Baron Mengen out of units of the Todorovich corps, and it
is to operate in the Maros valley against Transylvania and simultaneously to threaten Grosswardein."
So the Austrians have still net crossed the Theiss; their successes consist in having for three weeks been unable, here in the decisive sector of the war, to advance one single step. "Drifting ice" has apparently allowed the Magyars to turn "more" towards Transylvania. What a d�lightful use of the word "more"! If the Magyars were able to detach a column from Debreczin in the direction of Arad and Klausenburg that is proof that they have more troops than are required to defend the Theiss line. Or would Welden have us believe that the Magyars would take advantage of drifting ice, which can be over within a week, to expose their most important position and send the troops so urgently needed on the Theiss off on a stroll to Transylvania, which takes at least four to five weeks there and back? The Hungarian column which fired on Arad came from the Banat according to an earlier bulletin. In addition a second column "from Grosswardein" has therefore gone to Transylvania. After these reinforcements we shall soon be hearing from Bern. And how do things look in Transylvania? The Magyar reinforce ments have advanced as far as Karlsburg and Mi.ihlenbach. But no one need fear that things are going badly for the imperial forces! For there are after all 3,000 Rumanians at Hatzeg, Deva and Szaszvaros "who are guarding this section against the rebels" . Which "section"? Well, the section from Hatzeg etc., namely a "section" which is completely off the Magyars' route, and where it would not occur to them to march! The Magyar column is marching from Karlsburg to Hermannstadt in order to link up with Bem,i. e. in
407
22
, in est h-w ut so the to are ns nia ma Ru 0 00 3 the n' tio ec dir . an easterly mo y sta bl y a b o st pr '11 mo WI d an , ma va syl an Tr of er rn co st er he furth m s fro ro e Ma th up s ve mo n lum co ar gy Ma d on sec e th here until . ISI. On led by Arad and disperses th em . e newly formed Banat dIV . In addition, however, th st aIn y ag lle va s ro Ma e th in ng ati er op be "to d sai is . ". . " er GIas em d ar ssw Transylvania an d simultaneously th reatenmg Gro "Simultaneously "I! assum ing it nisio div s thi in" de ar sw os Gr ten rea th "to r de or I an th er rth fu o t fac in is it s ea er wh s, ro Ma e � th d he ac ha: already re e nerth th to les mI 20 of ce tan dis r a ve co to ve ha uld wo . the Ternese th d an k ac e Bl th , te hI W e th s, ro Ma e th g sin os cr e) lin (in a straight e to � a b be to er rd . In ps am sw f es lin e ? re th d . an s .
:
.
Third success:
unt Pallfy, wh ich were part Co and h tric Die al ner -Ge jor Ma of es "T he two brigad ug� nt, have both advanced, the one unt Co nce dna Or the of r ste Ma of of the corps eg. ot er VI� Slklos-Ba�anyavar towards Ess the s, hac Mo to ly Bo via left g din hea Ial troops rIght up to the foot of the per Im al roy by ed nd rou sur is ss tre where the for proposal s." glacis. and has already ma de surrender
�
�
o tw lf se him nt ge Nu to ed dit cre dy ea alr ess cc su An im portant . r fo t, ye d' ve hIe ac en be ve ha to t no t ou s rn tu w no ich weeks ago, wh the "two brigades" have still not reached Esseg! Fourth success:
at Mohacs. and in the defile be nu Da the d sse cro y ge me Ne by "The rebels led a s of the Serbs who were In that are nd ha the o int l fel or mb Zo and n zda between Se Roman rampart, an d on the m fro be nu Da the of nk ba t lef having advanced along the s massacred and dispersed by the wa y arm el reb the of rt pa r ate gre this occasion the . Serbs. .
a an th re mo no en be ve ha uld co it ct, rre co be to is Assuming th . ans tru mpeted th e stn small-scale guerilla sk irm ish . Long ago the Au ava new s that the M agyars wh o had been driven back fro m thfaer Dr as th e were su pposed to have retreated as far as Szegedin, i. e. as Theiss! Fifth and final "success ":
der Lieutenant-Field Marshal un n isio div the dt sta old op Le of r de "After the surren Marshala to ad� ance along the VOn Sim un ich received orders from the Herr Field . S advance thi g nn Du ss.fortre s thi of de cka blo the n hte tig to rn Waag towards Komo •
Windischgriitz.-Ed.
408
Anides from the
409
Neue Rheinuche Ztitung
:
fjghting broke out on the 8th insl. not far from Neuhausel between the divis' on an a d detachment of rebels which had set out from Komorn and crossed the Ne U ra a t Naszvad to plunder the area, and above all to take salt into the Conress Wh ere .t . ' r II scarce a � d wh ere d·Iseases are aI ready very much on the increase.-In this baltl ur ' companies of the Archduke Wilhelm s infan.ry and a squadron of Banderial h s rs attacked an enemy UOit of 1 ,200 men so courageously that the comma der Ont a officer and 90 Honveds were taken prisoner and a considerable number of ea an d wounded were left behind on the battlefield."
�
�
�� d
Here the "success" amounts to Simunich managing, over a penod of m <;>re than two weeks, to push forward exactly seven miles in �n area whl�h had already been three or four times "pacified", cleaned up and " purged " , where a "good spirit" has begun to germmate once more -and that c�mes to half a mile a day; add to that the con�tant battles and you will understand why Simunich the hero has still not covered the ten miles from Leopoldstadt to Komorn . sses of �is Highness Prince � t en are the 'succ Thes Win : � � . , dlschgratz .. pompous reiteration of earher bulletins, boastful state ments about what is to happen, and the result of it all is that in reality nothmg has happened. The case with the bulletins is exactly the same as that of .the .great Schwan beck with the Prussian Chamber: "the present IS bemg lost" for. them through a "dea<;l past" and a "distant, perhaps never attamable future" b Written by Engels about February 1 7, 1849
Printed according to the newspaper
First published in the supplement to the Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 225, February 18, 1849
in English for
�lIblished
time
CROATS AND SLOVAKS I N H U NGARY
the first
February 18. Whilst for some days now the Austrian papers have been spinning yarns about Ottinger having been victorious over Dembinski-at Debreczin ! !-the storm clouds are gathering with increasing density in the Slav provinces of Hungary, threatening the royal imperial united monarchy. For some time now- since the storming of! Vienna, in fact a-we have been drawing people's attention to the inevitability of a split between the Austrian Government and the Slavs.b That split is now an open one. Let us begin with the Serbs. The Grazer Zeitung received from Temesvar the following report supporting the Austrian view: Cologne,
and , if the signs are not "Serbian encroachments are beginning in the Banal, since some of the deceptive, this will eventually require armed intervention, especiall � in their attempts Serbs are being more presumptuous than even the MagY3risers g 8 Rum ania ns and totally to suppress the othe r nationalities in the voivode ship , and the een the the Germans there are therefore arm ing for open resistance. The spli t betw one, and I can senior military authorities and the voivodeship is already almost an open any event we assure you that we mus t prepare ourselves for a struggle with the Serbs. At Austrian have now come to see that the sympathy that was sup posed to exist for the e to a cau se is not of the same purity as that of the Croats. Matters will shortly com
head."
:
. It is well known that Karlowitz, the seat of the Banat Government, I. e. of the Serbian chief committee, the vice-president of which is the "rebel" Stratimirovich,m has been declared in a state of siege.
Soldiers of the :\'fagyar Defence Com millee.-Ed.
Engels refen. l O the leading article in the Kiilnuche Zeitung No. 33, February 8, 1849, quoted by Marx in his article "The Division of Labour in the KoLnischc Zeitung' (see thIS volume, pp. 354-59).- Ed.
-
a After November J , J 848.-Ed.
b See this volume, pp. 347-49.- Ed.
410
Croats and Slovaks in Hungary
Articles from the Neue Rheinische Zeitung
But just what is one to make of the "purity" of the CroatS' "sympathy"? This is what we hear:
h
�
UPrag'Ut, February 1 3 . The events i n Croatia are causing a great stir in Cz
circles. Now, they say, the question of whether Jellachich will stick by his COUntry o the dynasty WIll have to be resolved. The oJJicers are alTeady saying quite openly that, wit... wt have ftnuhed WIth Hungary, it Will be a case of marching to Croatia. "
This is what the Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitunga says, and the Slav Constitutionelles Blatt aus Biihmen is just as clear: It has received information dated February 1 1 from Kremsier to the effect that written reports of dissatisfaction among the Slovaks and Croats were becoming daily more numerous. There were none but Magyars among the newly appointed commissioners of the Austrian Government in the Slovak comitats, their decrees were issued in Magyar, and they "threatened people with death" if they refused to accept their official communications. It is further reported that Jellachich was highly dissatisfied that his troops were to be split up and some of them employed on garrison-duty, whilst other troops were to be placed under his command. The ruse is a good one. Jellachich, who has been under suspicion for six to eight weeks anyway, and has been kept under surveillance by Windisch gratz's agents, is being thus rendered harmless. And at this point the Constitutionelles Blatt aus Biihmen adds: "What is Jellachkh likely to say about the state of siege at KaTlowit,} Might his reaction not be to thmk: It could be your turn next - ? For now there is only Agram. the Croats, who have not had the principle of equality amongst the various nationalities applied to them - for the Germans, the Hungarians. the Poles, the Italians and the Czechs in partkular have already become familiar with that equality of
ir the for y get the ard rew the is t tha d An th! ssu Ko der un ere th�Y efforts to save the un ited m �na.rchy! falth the d uld rea sho er eth tog fits S thi all w ho ow kn to ng nti wa e . on An ' wh·IC h Pnnce . Ie m Y lc art an is re the r pe pa t . tha n I sse. Pre Vlen�aschgratz is openly reproached for having allo. wed . him sel f VIm dI tocracy. an artS an ung H e h t ·th WI ed olv inv y sel clo too e com be . g a great nu mber 0f Magyar magnates, some ��a. dy toused of allowm . ch anged th elr !-Ie IS acc ' . ce, II eglan a mg hav ers oth , ed tur cap en be d ha f hom red fer con ve ha to d sai n eve is he ; ase ple y the as st Pe ut abo �o :alk . n o d so an em th n o s n io ct . chgra. tz knows full well �at . dls distin � It is obvious that the aristocrat Wmaining �e power of th e n blb ty int ma ? of al go his ve hie ac ly on .m power. ,!,� at IS wh y . he can Magyar noblhtY . the ing ain int ma by ry ga un H in m the lng glV d an n tio tec pro s ate g l1"\a ar gy Ma the ng � . . he is granti . y ma S thi ng fen suf y an to nt ere lff md IS He t. en atm tre l referentia of ess sin bu the d ish fin g vin ha ks: va Slo the � d an ts oa Cr the �use to he re, cy the cra sto an th � e o rul the ing tor res d an ry � ga un H subduing ss rle we po d an ay arr dis m are o wh vs, Sla the th wi al de to ge na ma will SoI l e! gu Pra of nk thi without Austrian leadersh ip- just hgriitis And the great Schw�nbeck seeks the nobility not in Windisc camp but in Kossuth s! Voila ce que c'est que d'itre un savant serieux !'
:01
.
'
Written by Engels on February 18, 184 9
published in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 226, February 19, 184 9
First
Printed according to the newspaper Published in English for the first time
status that a stale of siege creates."
Furthermore. it is already known that Windischgratz has ap pointed a new Hungarian government commission in Pest, which, to the great consternation of the Croats, is laying claim to all the rights which the old H ungarian Government possessed, thus reducing to naught the intended kingdom of the Southern Slavs. The Croats were already dreaming of being independent of H ungary and suddenly a decree arrives from Pest addressed to the Croatian authorities demanding submission-and on top of it all the decree is written in Magyar, without a Croat translation! ! The Slavenski jug immediately fublishes it in the original and cannot contain its indignation." The Croats are foaming; they are being treated just as -
, Deutsche AUg"";ne Zeitung No. 48, February 1 7,
I 849.-Ed.
41 1
a
That is wha t it mea ns to be a serious savant.-Ed. '
.
.
412
Articles from the Neue Rheinische Zeitung
"
M ILITARY ART OF THE ROYAL I MPERIAL ARMY
413
h atz isc gr ind W eat gr the of s ion sit po dis the all ty ali on ati irr boondless , e to no th m g. er, and oth an er caJ11 aft er nd blu e on de ma ars gy Ma the se au . b . ' ' jost ec , Ity d pi st stu am ag vam in ht fig es elv ms the ds go the en . becao.se ev ' the on red de un fo ns tio ina mb co ed rn lea st mo s z rat WindISC hg y! eg at str of e nc ra no ig ' rs ya ag M Did ever a fellow have luck as bad As Burgomaster Tschech has had _ a
ies em en his at be t no uld co o wh z, rat hg isc ind W al rsh Ma ' IeId an d F ' 1. ;> . 1m h or f pid stu too re we ey th e us ca be simply
Written by Engels on February 18, 1849
published in the Neue Rheinische z,iJung No. 226, February 19, 1 849 First
Printed accordin g to the newspaper
Published in English for the first time
February 1 8. Windischgratz is exceptionally unlucky. He could have become one of the greatest generals of the century if he did not always have the most unpredictable accidents. Schwanbeclt has already proved that he would have done incomparable heroic deeds if the Hungarians had only stood their ground against him. But the worst thing that has happened to the great Windischgratz is now revealed by the royal imperial semi-official correspondence in the Augsburg Allgemeine Zeitung. For in its supplement of Februa'1 1 5 of this year, that newspaper says word for word the following: Cologne,
"Concerning the operations of Prince Wind ischgratz in the month of January, ] must recall that eight army columns were intended to march into the interior of H ungary in the middle of December and at that time were ten to twelve days from Buda-Pest. This disposition of the Field Marshal had been made in anticipatUnt -t a rational [onn of warfart. The Magyars thwarted this anticipation by putting up a fabulously superior force everywhere except where it could have produced the mOIl favourable outcome, jf such were at all possible. Of the columns to which Wind isch.. gratz had given dates at the Hungarian capitals. only those of the Ban,a of Lieute nant.. Field Marshal Wrbna and the reserve corps led by the Field Marshal were able to
carry out their orders; the superiority of the Magyar forces prevented the othel' formations from doing so."
Windischgratz had counted on the Magyars pursuing a "raliofJDl form of warfare" . If they had conducted this rational warfa �' Windischgratz would have signally defeated them. But what they dl� was to put up a "fabulously superior force everywhere except where" !t could have been at all effective. And in consequence of thiS •
JeJlachich.-Ed.
-
chech's attempt on Frederick Ts r ste ma rgo Bu ut abo g son lar pu m a po a Fro Wil liam IV on July 26, 1 844: Haue j e ein Mann so'n Pech Wie der Biirgermeister Tschech etc.-Ed.
414
415
.. WIN D ISCHGRATZ.-JEWS AND SOUTHERN SLAVS
PROCLAMATION OF A REPUBLIC I N ROME 34.
�e
Italian Constituent Assembly is quite un like the Frankfun Na�l�nal Assembly . T� e � t�lians know that the unity of a country spht I�to feudal pn.nclPahtles can only be established by abolishing dynastIc rule. Th e Itah. ans led the dance in 1 848 and they are leading again in 1 849 . Bu� what progress! Italy no ionger has Pius IX, no� France her Lamartme. �he fantilstic period of the Eu ropean revol� tl.on, the pen.od of enthusIasm, goodwill and flowery speeches, was flttmgly .concluded with fire-balls, massacres on a grand scale and deportatIOns. Austn.an Notes, Prussian Notes and Russian Notes were the most appropriate replies to Lamartine's proclamations. Fro m their .Pythian t�pod of thoroughness and perseverance the Germans �r� m the habit of looking down with haughty disdain on the superflClahty of the Italians. A com parison between the Italian 1848 an� the �erman 1 848 would provide the most striking answer. In drawmg thIs companson one would above all have to take into account that revolutiona :r Italy was kept in check by Germany and France, whereas revolutIOnary Germany was not restricted in her movements. The republic in Rome is the beginning of the revolutionary drama of 1 849. Written about February
2 1 , 1849
First published in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung o. 228, February 22, 1849
Printed according to the newspaper
Published in English for the fir1l time
Jews are known to be cheated cheats everywhere, but especially in Austria. They exploited the revolution and are now being punished for it by Windischgratz. Incidentally. anybody who knows how powerful the Jews are in Austria will appreciate what an enemy Windischgratz has taken on by issuing the following proclamation: February 1 3 (official Wiener Zeitung, evening supplement). "Proclamation. In my proclamations of November 1 3 and December 1 3 of last year and of January 7 of this year l acquainted all inhabitants of Hungary with the task I have to solve,nameIy, the restoration of peace, order and legality. I have also had the satisfaction of seeing the effect, evident everywhere, of these proclamations. Only individual localities, duped by infamous agitators, are still attempting to disturb the so necessary calm and order by spreading Kossuth's appeals, orders and decisions. Inhabitants of Hungary! You have seen what leniency I have exercised, on the assumption that the majority are misled and seduced rather than truly rebellious people; but whoever stilJ tries to make com mon cause with the Debreczin parry of rebeJlion, to accept or spread its orders, or to maintain any kind of connection with it and to stir up the communities, can no longer count on any leniency, he must receive the punishment fOT high treason. " I am sending out in various directions tTOopS, whose commanders will be authorised to use the jus gladUiI; anyone found carrying on him a proclamation by KOssu th, or any writing, letter, newspaper etc., issued by his party, will inexorably be treated under martial law, in the same way as anyone concealing arms or inciting people to disobedience.- Any postmaster or postal employee who accepts such writings, letters or proclamations from the area of Debreczin, or worse, forwards them ; will be hanged.-Finally, I would like to warn the Jews of Ofen and Pest, but particularly those of Old Ofen, to refrain from entering into any understandin � under any .name whatever with the traitor Kossuth, the so-called honvidmi bizotmany, nd t�e rebel Assembly, for it has come to my knowledge that it is in fact mainly sraehtes who allow themselves to be used as spies and suppliers of the rebels, and that they also make it their business to spread false and bad news about the aJleged victories P"4
�
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•
b
The nght of the sword.- Ed. Defence Committee.- Ed. •
417
Articles from the NI!1U Rheinische Zeitung
Windischgratz.- Jews and Southern Slavs
of the rebels so as thereby to arouse fear and mistrust; hence, for every Israelite wh o' sentenced under military or martial law for the above-mentioned offences, the ew 34 J community to which he belongs will pay a fine of 20,000 guldens C . M . Ofon Headquarters, February I I , 1 849. Alfred Prince zu Windischgriitz m. p.," Royal I mperial Field Mars ha]"
h is in Szolnok. The following is a reliable fact: He chic Jella ree. deg g ' rbin u ISt fllost d on and dismemberment of his corps. He had to do rati sepa the inst aga ted s prote popularity in the Slav world. I n Croatia s r not lO J'eopardise his exceptional ha. e d or . ' h th IS ' ia Dlet. " W It ' th e ' thIS '" . vinc Pro the of tion voca con the for sure .. 34 5 IS energetic pres . -"er U' e . d an en to e '11 In the sum mer W I com h I'p with whi ch Jellachich was vested tOrs ta dic
416
isb
It is clear from this proclamation that thin�s are going very badly for "citizen and communist" Windischgratz. And, incidentally, to come back to the Jews: Windischgratz's attempt to filch money from them has already "begun to be put into effect" as the Code Napolion says. For the Constitutivnelles Blatt au, Bohmen reports the following:
. I
Written by Engels on February 2 1 , 1 849
first published in the Neue Rheinische z,itung No. 228, February 22, 1 849
"The Jews are to pay a lump sum of 1 ,200,000 norins in redemption of the abolished toleration tax, and that in five years, but they have not paid the quotas due
either last year or this. The amount in arrears has now been called in.- The printer
Eisen/els was arrested yesterday."
It seems to us priceless that the Jews must still pay for their emancipation. In Prussian this is called "redemption of feudal dues". Otherwise there is nothing to report from Hungary except that in Pest the forwarding agent Franz Forster was shot under manial law on February 8 for taking part in a revolt by attempting to confiscate the steamboat Hermine in Gran. The Leipziger Zeitung reports as follows on the increasingly comical complications among the Slavs (the Neue Rheinische Zeitung has, of course, known this for a long time): " Vienna, February 14. From several provinces of the monarchy we hear of
stubborn refusals to supply the demanded recruits. In the Praschin district of Bohemia the peasants refuse under the pretext that the I m perial Diet has not
sanctioned the latest recruiting ordered on such a lavish scale. Quite a noticeable ferment is observed in the countryside even more than in the capital, Prague. ]f, as we are assured, the Government shortly proposes compensation for the abolished Urbar 3 4 duties, 4 a new and more serious shock will be added to the innumerable and
�
seemingly endless shocks of our public life. Confusion is growing in the South·Slav areas; but evidently a most dangerous storm is brewing. the aim and end of whi cannot yet be discerned. General Todorovich has had a state of siege declared l� Karlowitz, the seat of the Serbian National Comm ittee.c The chaos in Serbian affairs " further increased by the specifically Austrian efforts of Consul Mayerhofer. With
taken lately by the Government in Hungary are directed towards restoring ultra-Mag1ariStft. insofar aJ it is disguised in old aristocratic garb. ]n Agram, the agitation has reached a
barely concealed fury the S!'uthern Slavs cry: Betrayall They claim that all the measurl.l
Sign-manual.- Ed. . S h Engels draws a parallel here with the "citizen and communist" Drigalski (see t i volume, pp. 75-80).- Ed. a
b
, Chief Otbor.- Ed.
.
"
Sabor.-Ed.
Printed according to the newspaper Published in English for the first ume
418
.
Further Contribution. on the Old-Prussian Financial Administration I.
419
that the balance in hand must always .be in cash, in coin of the
that no payments of any kind may be made from the treasury the purpose of armaments. for pt xce e As far as tbe first principle is concerned, it is correct that, if there is t be a treasury at all, it has a rational meaning only if it consists of c:h or precious metal. A government which is unable to rely on the stren gth of the people may, of course, need a reserve for so-called difficult times. If its credit, too, is impaired on the Stock Exchange, it m ust have some means in reserve to help it escape from this embarrassment, but that can only be done by means of cash or precious metal. Gold and silver are at all times the means to open the hearts of the bourgeois. But depreciated paper of little worth is the most certain way to lose also the "respect" of the Stock Exchange. When the credit of the state has fallen so low that the aid of the trea�ury is essential, there is nothing more humiliating on the Stock Exchange than to have to offer state bonds for sale and look for buyers. Anyone who has ever observed the activity of one of the larger stock exchanges will know what contempt is to be · seen in the features and gestures of the money speculators when at such times they are offered government securities. For the rest, the speculator may be a Commerce Counsellor and very "well-inten tioned" . The purchase of state bonds, therefore, was the most incompetent operation that the Prussian Government could undertake. Herr von Thile states in the above-mentioned memo that he was compelled to accept state bonds to the value of 1 ,972,875 Reichstalers instead of 2,000,002 Reichstalers in cash. We do not attach any importance to this excuse of being "compelled" . But if the accounts are correct, the purchase of the government securities was carried out by the exchequer. Otherwise the whole amount would have had to be supplied to the state treasury in cash. Hence Herr Flottwell seems to have been closely connected with the successful financial operation. How petty-bourgeois parsimony, which is eager to save a small Su m in interest but is not capable of dealing with the greater financial �nterprises of a state, ends most ignominiously by doubling the loss, IS evident from the figures given below. realm;
FURTHE R CON TRIB UTI ON ON THE OLD -PRU SSIA N FINA CIAL ADM INIST RAT ION
February 2 1 . We must supplement our article in No. 224 of the newspaper on von Bodelschwingh and Co. and the Prussian financial adm inistration: At the end of that article we pointed out that the books of the treasury show 27, 1 27 Reichstalers ( 1 7, 1 27 is a misprint) less than were transferred to it accordin g to the accounts of the exchequer. Since then we have found in the accounts published by the Government 346 a note whic h solves the riddle as to die whereabouts of this money. The fact is that the so-called savings on the cost of adm inistration in 1 844, amounting to ·2,000,002 Reichstalers·, were not paid in cash to the treasu ry but were used to buy Prussian state bonds to this amo unt. Because of the market rate at the time , a loss of 27, 127 Reichstalers was incu rred on their purchase. The Prussian Mini sten are, or were, brilliant financiers! The present case makes this obvious again. So we no longer need to ask the Herren ex-M inisters what has become of these 27, 1 27 Reichstalers, we can tell them that, owing to their cleverness in this one business deal , not merely 27,0 00 but more � han 409 ,000 Reichstalers have been lost. This reproach is incu rred In the fIrst place by Herr Flottwell , for he was Finance Minister at the time . It may be that he is an honest man . But it makes no difference to the country whether its Ministers harm it owing to incapacity or to ill will. An investigation of this matter can be of interest at most to the Min ister's family. In his memo on the treasury dated April 6, 1 847, the then Finance Minister von Thile says quite frankly that in regard to the treasury the following two principles hold good: Cologne,
•
See this volume, pp.
379·89.- Ed.
2.
To the loss on purchase compared with the nominal valu e 27, 1 27 Rt. m Ust be added the far greater loss on sale. From March to the beginning of July 1 848 the market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
420
Articles from the Nem Rheinische Zeitung
rate of the state bonds fluctuated between 66% G. (ApriI4) and 831/2 % Br.' (March 2 1 ). Since the mar ket rate falls at once when a large amount of scrip is put on sale, one must assume that the Government did not receive more than 70% in getting rid of its state bonds. The loss incurred on the sale, therefo re, was probably not less than 30% of the nominal value of 1 ,972,875 Rt., i.e. ....................................... a total of From this loss must be subtracted the interest for 3 years at 69,048 Rt Hence the net loss probably amounts to .................. .
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .
.
421
A DENUNCIATION 59 1 ,840 R.t 61 8,967 R.t: 207,144 R.t 4 1 1 ,823 R.t. •
Almost a quarter of the total amount has been lost and furthermore the state's credit has become still weaker owing to the depreciated market rate of the state bonds. We cite this small sample of the wisdom of Prussian Ministers of Finance and Exchequers Ii la Flottwell-Thile only because it forms a necessary supplement to our article mentioned above. Otherwise we would not concern ourselves with minor matters when great ones provide us with such rich material. Written by Marx on February First
published
Zeitung No.
229,
in
the
2 1 , 1849
Neue Rheinische
February
23, 1 849
Printed according to the newspaper Published in English for the first time
February 22. In the o berpostamts-Zeitung, the former h was a paid agent of Guizot (d. Taschereau's Revue editor' of whic ritrospective'<' ) and an unpaid agent of Metter� ich, as is notor�o� sly also the entire Thu rn und Taxis postal servIce-that crab-sldlmg system of national carriers; whic h is a burden . to Germ.an indu stry and is in conflict with the railways; whose contmued eXIstence after the March revolution is almost incomprehen sible and whose immediate abolition will be one of the first acts of the German Constituent Assembly shortly to be opened (the assembly in St. Paul's Churchb was notoriously never a Constituent Assembly) for since Joseph I I it has never been anything but a refuge for Austrian spies-in this imperial organ for denu nciation belonging to the ex-Pri nce of Thu rn und Taxis, the responsible editor H . Malten (already recognisably described by the old Rheinische Zeitung) states the following, asserting that it is a reprint of a Paris report from a newspaper which we do not read ': Cologne,
"To the sham e of the Germ an name , we have to admi t that there are Germans who engage in agitation among us on the most extensi�e, not to say most sha� eless seale. . . There exists here a special Bureau of Reds, by which all mflam matory anlcle� that m any way incite against order in huma n society are dispat ?�d to the �rovmces as c . speedily as possible. It is not enough that Germans participate m thiS unsee mlr . bUSiness on behalf of France; we owe it to them also that a nefarious propaganda IS con tinu ally spreading its network throughout Germany. From the witches ' cauldr� n . of this same revolutionary kitchen the German part of the Rhine valley throughout Its entire length is inundated with revolutionary literature about which the Neue -
a C.
( Geld- money)- market rale at which the scrip is in demand; (Britf- leller) - market rate at which the scrip is offered for sale.- Ed.
•
Br.
P. Bedy.-Ed. The Frankfurt National Assembly.-Ed. , Below is cited the reprint in the Frankfurter Oberpostamts-Zeitung No. 44, February 20, 1 849, of the Paris correspondence published in Die Deutsche Reform.-Ed. b
K.
422
423
Articles from the Neue Rheinische Zeitung
t'n ::�;
Rheinische Ztitung could have a lot to say, jf it did not find it fitting to main t .
careful silence on this subject. In Uppe r Bade n. for several mont hs already the a strata of the people have been subjected lo agilalion from Paris. That lher connections between the democrats here and the refugees in Switzerland is also a fact."
BULLETIN No. 23. FROM THE THEATRE OF WAR
In reply to this foul denunciation we declare: 1 ) that we have nev concealed our connections with the French. English. Italian. SWi:: Belgian. Polish , Americ�n and other democrats, and 2) that w� o� rselve.s produce here m Cologne the "revolutionary literature" WIth �hlch we a�tually do "inundate the German part of the Rhine valley (and not It alone!). For that we need no assistance from Paris' for �e�eral years we have been accustomed to our Parisian friend� recelvmg more from us than we get from them. Written on February 22. 1849
Printed accordin g to the newspaper
First published in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 229. February 23. 1849
Publi.b.d time
in
Army Bulletin No. 23' has appeared. It says:
English foi' the first
"Simultaneously with the already announced successes achieved against the insurgents by our gallant army under Colonel Urban in Northern Transylvania despite the cold and the heavy snowfall, we were gratified to hear of a similar and no less brilliant success at Arad achieved by the troops of Lieutenant-Field Marshal Glaser, who according to his orders is instructed to operat� in the Maras valley against Transylvania with his division composed of units from the Todorovich corps. "The insurgents attempted to cross at Szadorlak in a strong column, and thus threatened our left flank. Thereupon Lieutenant-Field Marshal Glaser ordered two battalions of Peterwardein border guards�48 to capture the first houses of Old Arad and brought up one battalion of Leiningen and then one battalion of IIIynan Banaters for the assault. "After a drawn-out, bloody engagement the enemy was thrown back, all the batteries set up by the insurgents on the right bank of the Maros facing the fortress were destroyed, and all the cannon mounted in them, 23 in number, were captured; of these, 1 1 heavy guns were removed to the fortress, 3 were sunk in the Maros, 3 were spiked, 2 were placed at the disposal of the royal imperial Austro-Serbian army corps and 4 dismantled by the valiant Temesvar artillery; 3 enemy ammunition wagons were captured, and in addition enemy ammunition dumps were blown up in several places. "Because of the hostility displayed by its inhabitants Old Arad was subjected lO a grenade attack from the fortress and in many places fires were started which con tinued to burn all night.- Forty prisoners were also taken in the fighting. "Ac-cording to a dispatch of February 1 3 just received from Master of the Ordnan ce Count Nugent in Esseg, the fortress of Esseg surrendered on the same day without waiting to be attacked. "Three of the gales were immediately occupied by the besieging troops, and on the morning of the 14th the garrison laid down its arms on the glads. -
•
Published in the newspapers._Ed.
Wiener
Zeitung No. 42. February 18. 1 849. and In other
42 4
B u lletin No. 23.- From the Theatre of W ar
Articles from the Neue Rheinische Zeitung
"On the 13th news came from Berthod.falv? a few hours from EpeTies, about th e column of General Cotz. who-as we have already related -had joined u p with the brigade of General Prince Jablonowsky at Tyrnau and pursued the fleeing rebel corps under Gorgey towards Leutschau. . "This news said that the enemy column, which is indeed a strong one and is accompanied by a strong train of artillery and wagons, after forcing the Zips where it destroyed all bridges and roads, had taken the road from Epefies to Kaschau in orde r to seek contact with the other rebel hordes in the area of the Theiss. ." Lieutenant-Field Marshal Count Schlick with his three brigades has taken up a position at Torna on the flank of this laboriously moving and all-devastating enemy column, so as to be best able to attack it as soon as he has lin ked u p with the column under General Gotz, which has indeed now been done via Margitfalva. Einsiedl and Schmi:illnitz. "General Gotz engaged in a skirmish with a rebel raiding-party at Margilfalva, in which several hussars were captured, who supplied delailed informalion about the position and intentions of the enemy. "As a large unit under Lieutenant-Field Marshal Schulzig has taken up positions at Miskolcz, we shall shortly be able to give a detailed report of events in these areas. "Vienna, February 1 7, 1 849."
From this victory report it emerges, then, that Esseg really has capitulated and that Arad has been relieved by the imperial forces; whether their success on the Maros is of the importance that the bulletin would attribute to it, remains to be seen. On the other hand, the situation of the imperial forces on the Upper Theiss is very poor. According to the last bulletin, Schlick was at Tokaj firing across the Theiss at the Hungarians drawn up on the other side, and today we find him beating a hasty retreat in a north-westerly direction, to avoid the danger of being attacked in the rear by Gorgey and being caught between two fires. Gorgey's manoeuvre is really brilliant. By forcing the Zips into the Saros comitat, occupying Eperies and continuing from there down the River Hernath, following exactly the same path that Schlick had taken, he fell on him full in the rear and forced him to withdraw from Tokaj more than twelve miles deep into the Torna comitat, and so to take up a position between Gotz (in the Zips) and Schulzig (at Miskolcz). Thus Gorgey is now able to advance directly to the Theiss and reinforce the main Magyar army with his entire column which is "indeed a strong one", and, as the bulletin itself says, is well equippe d with artillery. Perhaps he still has a few words to say to Schlick in passIng. Further unofficial news about Hungary circulating in Vienna is as follows: Vienna, February 18. According to the latest reports of the 1 8th from Pest, we may shortly expect decisive news from the Theiss area. After the arrival of the news that Szegedin has surrendered and senr
425
set tia' has Croa of Ban the s, Serb ncing adva the meet to tion Puta e d . prepanng . for a a IS yone his headquarters at Szolnok, and ever jor battle. The inhabitants of Szegedin, who had offered to deliver cattle and supplies to the imperial arm y, have had a l �vy of The people of SzegedIn are half a million guldens imposed on them . est uth. of s Koss orter supp keen the been rto hithe have to wn nO . po rts u k In b They supplied his army with everything. From De reCZ r� , p ;zaro� I� to the 1 2th have been reaching Pest through refu &ees, Me still in charge of the Ministry of War, and Koss� th .IS mo �e anatIca than ever. The former has written to PrInce WIndlschgratz that he an d his forces will defend themselves to the last man , and would rather perish than surrender. In view of the very gloomy news from Transylvania, where Bern appears t.o be the master, thiS sort of language is quite explicable. AccordIng to the war reports of the Kossuth faction in Debreczin, Kronstadt has been captured by the Szeklers349 after a street-battle etc. Other rum our s, however, would have it that the Russians have come to the rescue and saved the situation . . an border The Breslauer Zeitung has a dispatch from the Hungan which is on the whole favourable to the AUS (rIans, but is nevertheless forced to adm it that the Austrian war bulletins only give a highly incomplete picture of the battles in Transylvania and beY.ond t�e Theiss because they always stress only the gains of the royal �m pe�lal troop s, and make no men tion whatsoever of the thorny way In whICh they have been achieved , for all reports direct from the the� tre of war agree that the Magyars have been defending the � selves WIth, the utmost desperation for the last few weeks, an � have InflIcted severe damage on the royal imperial arm y. The �egl.�ents und er SchlIck, Ottinger and Gotz have already suffered slgmfIcant losses" and the Croats, who are already longing to be back hom e and. still . feel a deep-seated respect for the Hungarian cavalry , �r� shOWIng SIgns of a mood that is giving thei r Ban cause for mlsgl.vmgs. It is even said that odd unit s of the Croat battalIons have gone over to the Magyars, which I cannot vouch for howeve: . Wha t is causing Prince Windischgratz most trouble is the condltI?n of the roads, which is quite app allin g in the present thaw , espeClall� between the Danube and the The iss, rendering the transportatIon of heavy artille ry downright impossible; only �it� the ? reatest effort and on wagons with whee�rims a foot across IS It possIble to move the 3.- and 6-pou nd can non . Twelve-pound batteries, in which the supe rIorIty
:
,
Jellachich.-Ed.
426
Articles from the Ntut Rheinische Zeitung
427
of Austrian artillery really lies, are totally untransportable, creating an equalisation of the armaments of the two sides that th us mUSt necessarily prolong the fighting. Even if its outcome is not in doubt ma ny a day ma y well elapse before Windischgratz can repor (I) t t� Olmiitz: "The country is quiet! " In the end the Magyar forces, whic still have a strength of 60, 000 -70 ,00 0 me n, could conc�ntrate h Transylvania, where Bem reigns supreme, and the nature of in the terrain is particularly favourable to a stubborn defence. The Vienna Lloyd' also says that .Pest is arming strongly:
LATEST NEWS OF THE MAGYARS. V ICTORY ON THE THEISS. BRUTALITY OF THE AUSTRIANS.-STATE OF THE WAR IN GENERAL
"Since yesterday (the 14th ) reinforcements for the Theiss arm y have been leaving continuously. A decisive battle is expected to take place there in the next few days. These new forces being sent to the Theiss could num ber at leas t 1 1 ,000 men ." ••
The Osterreichischer Correspondent mentions a victory of the Ser bs over a greatly superior force of Magyars at Szento. Un fortunately, the otherwise so om niscient bulletin knows nothing about this. This much is certain : for the present "the war in Hungary" is not yet "coming to an end ". Written by Engels on February 23, 1849
Printed accordin g to the newspaper
First published in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 230, February 24, 1849
Published in English for the fint tIme
The Allgemeine Oder-Zeitung cites the following, among other things, from the reports of a Hungarian who left Pest on the 17th: When the Magyar army withdrew from Pest to the other side of the Theiss, the dismay of the inhabitants of the two citiesa was extreme, especially on �he part of �he Magyars, who saw their last hope of freedom dashed and lamented that In aband�nIng the capit.1 the army was disgracing itself before all Europe . Nevertheless, the pohcy of . tng as It did that tn thetr the Hungarian Government was a shrewd one, fully Te�l� eagerness to save their property the inhabitants of the two Clues would have helped the . out tha t the AustrIan Government �as not course, when it turned on, of Later enemy. . sparing any of those involved, these. people realised that � ey were � p agatnst an implacable enemy. The atrocities committed by the Austrian troops III the area of Buda-Pest exceeded all bounds. In this, the Croats outdid all the others. What they could not use they destroyed. Two days after the ret �eat of the � ungarians acr�ss t �e Theiss an army corps of 20,000 men under Othnger occupied Szolnok, with IlS . rearguard in Abony. In this position the Austrians were attacked by a Hungarian corps about 12,000 strong under Perczel, and would h �ve been completely annihilated had not an advancing Hungarian army unit under B rlga� ler K a n n ky been delayed. In any � . case, the Austrians saw themselves forced to flee, which they did under cover of mght. and were unable to rally their forces until they reached Cuglid. It was remarkable to . watch the terror that seized them - that is the cavalry and the offICers - and how they were forever shouting, "Onward I Onward ! The butchering dogs" (as they call the Hungarian hussars) "are hard on our heels'" On the 2 1 st the Hungarians arrived at Abony, and this time they were 22,000 strong. Ceneral Dembinski was with them. though not in command at that stage. The day after the baule at Szolnok a division of Austrian cuirassiers 350 advanced as far as Sl. Marton, where the Hungarian outposts were positioned, and �hat occurred there Was incredible: they were attacked by six Hungarian hussars who killed twenty of them and took some of them prisoner. -
, Lloyd No. 84, February 18,
I 849.-Ed.
a
Buda (Ofen) and Pest, which were then two independent cities.-Ed.
428
At dawn on the 23rd the H t ngari�ns reache� Czegled. where the Austria ns had . 1: taken up a very favourable posItIon. The Hungarians 3u3cked, beat the Austrians and pursued them through the town right out into the vineyards of Alberty. There th oy heard that an A ustrian corps of considerab e size was marc ing via Alau tow ard . , Debreczin, and this news compelled them to give u p the pursUit. General Dembi nsk i however, expressed his dissatisfaction with the entire execution of this attack, which i his opinion should have led LO the complctc annihilation of the Austrian corps . The news of the defeat of Otlinger' s corps reached Pest straightaway, and th e townspeople once again sought out their red feathers, but their hopes were S Oon disappointed. The Hungarians crossed the Theiss and burned the bridge at S�oln ok, This was used by the Austrians as a pretext to boast of victories, and fear of thei r brutality safeguarded them against contradiction. It was a sorry state of affairs for the local populace, who had hoped that they had already been freed from the Austri.., yoke. The Austrians came in greater numbers and with demands even harsher than before.
�
�
�
Some houses were forced to billet 30 to 40 soldiers, and the officers were callo us enough to throw old men out of their beds and lie down in them themselves, saying, "You Hungarians can sleep on the grou nd. That's good enough for you dogs."
These reports will be continued.' The Schlesische Zeitung, a reactionary paper every bit as good as the Breslauer Zeitung, gives for its part the following account of the state of affairs in Hungary:
Pest, February 1 2 . The war is dragging on longer than one would have expected,
which is primarily due to the fact that the Magyars have found a staunch ally in the mild winter . The overflowing of the rivers as well as the almost completely impassable roads are confronting the Austrian army with well-nigh insuperable obstacles. The Theiss is now the demarcation line between the opposing armies. There is fighting now at one point, now at another, from TOkaj to Szegedin, a distance of more than 40 miles. The halfway point on this line is Szolnok, There has already been fierce fighting at this point, but it still remains under the control of the Magyars. I t is of importance
because it is situated in the centre of fighting. On the Upper Theiss, i.e. in the area of Tokaj, the Magyars are rising up in largt numbers, the population having been driven to desperation by the cruelties of the war. The population in and around Miskolcz is extremely agitated, as in the whole of Borsod comital. The gains made here by the Austrians are always quickly snatched away from them again. Downstream from Szolnok, and indeed a long way upstream too, the land on both sides of the Theiss is so badly flooded that it is unlitr water for a
mile on either silit in many places, which usually lasts well on into April. Only the local
inhabitants are familiar with this terrain. Any foreign military force entering it can easily be driven by them into the swamps and floods. Further downstream around Csongrad and Szanto the roads are at present quite impassable for an army corps, for the artillery would sink in the marshy roads. This is the road to Szegedin and A rad. The Austrian army, particularly the Croats, attem pted to push forward here but became convinced that it was impu!lsible. Rumour has it that for this reason Prince Windischgratz has fallen out with Jellachich. The laner got as far as the sleppes of Keczkemet, bur was pushed back again. This region is inhabited by the Cumans and the jazyges,!5 1 an extremely powerful race of men who are
•
See this volume, pp. 443-44.-Ed.
429
ctory on the Theiss Latest News of the Magyars.- Vi
Articles from the Neue Rheinische Ztitung
reme the imperial palatine as their sup ly on e nis og rec d an e on y men ever "obte . M agyars. ty. They are im passioned ort towns are conSI'd erable the ia van syl an Tr a ulh of r rde bo eiss an d the Between lh e Th . . Th us , for ex am ple , the s. lou pu po lly ua us un e ar t bu e tru es apart' lt ls distllnc d Gozula nearly 1 8,000. Al l are an Q, ,00 24 of ion lat pu po h as f c soba rket-town a agy�rs. the husiastiC M rtainly pressing forward, but ce are s rb Se e th at an B e t h own 111 Further d country. rlhe1ess ' su·11 h Id a good deal of ve ne , ns ia ar . Hung ms to have of setting out see w no he ich wh l an e l In s d e p If General Be rn su�ce va through the De d an os ar lv as Sz e th f ) O y , b a, H er m an nstadt (111 Transylv � � . W om fr re their cau se will take a the . ars gy Ma e t g n l Jom d an . . ' asses to Hu ngary t1lo unta l P path . F° r hiS m s cle sta ob at gre ly lar cu rli pa no are re the d turn A favoura b e . re already de f�ated we s ian ch lla Wa the d an i ed, uer . putely C01lq s hlnl ith Transyl vam up d ne joi have W Saxons. Ma ny of these are said to n n u e r o only beca doubtless Kronstadt, f r ve h d r n e l rl bu rg (be Only the fortress of Ka the Hu ngarians already. of s nd ha the in be 0 t s e, offered som � res , an fighting is most ly the ns, Carp athia the in as be' a On the ngh t an 0f Styria to the Danu be of rs rde bo h t f ro h etc str e ng t � con fined to skirmishes. Al l alo l my un de r General ugen ar an st h e h m patrol-corps hav been f their hea d. T e at ns ung aria te e s v t on the move . . everal guerillas. Even t IS se the t tec ro to e v ser rn mo Ko occasional sorties made from uld . olher month for it wo an ted las P ler wm e th ha len fal � virginal fortress wou.ld have e ide flow twO on On s. er riv zen t s ros oach lt then have been poSSIble to ap p T he fortress itself rises ra ut Ne a g aa h f: t er, . . arms of the Danube; on the o.t -ball uite i accessible. Ca nn on s e th m ro t hu . ms pla � scarcely 50 feet ab?ve the nd , able to inflict ha r he ot e t d ge Sie be can hardly reach Il, whereas the shal Duroc to KonlOrn ar M t t se e ap len W " � great damage on the besiegers. : re the Treatz of fo be ng lo t S wI h lO reconn� tfe du rin g th wa r i verdict: " Sire! imprtnablt. · I th w ur re ha ars the � Pressburg, there a�y is er ith ne d an t, or pp su ve ha yars still . In the Carpathians, t� , tie . ag var . . J au Ab d an th on H , in :h ( . .c!' t ren T f . S tal ml 0 co lack of patrol-corps. particularly In the
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n e a a t g in be om fr ar llf sti is r wa e th at th t en id ev � ; From all th is it is , . I f � . f b 0 e s ce or r ng ti gh fI . g Wt. th ev da that posses, an d th at Austria Will sui have to ,r
. the Neue Rheinische · publIsh ed In 18 49 Zeitung No . 23 1 , February 25,
•
Ed. Yo ur Majesty, im pregnablel-
wspaper Printed according to the ne
r the first Published in English fo time
430
More News of the Magyars
[MORE NEWS OF THE MAGYARS]
Thus the Constitutionelles Blatt aus Bahmen is informed from Agram, Feb ruary 1 5 : "Bitterness against the Ministry is growing here from da� to d�y. News cOffo1es in . In earnest WIth Its aI most hourly showing all too clearly that the Government IS nut . It to the Croats, indeed indicating on the contrary that IS eager to ',eIfeel the e s d p Ie res[( ation of the old system of Magyar oppression, The agitation caused by the r
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No fresh news direct from the theatre of war. The A Oder-Zeitung continues the " Reports of a Hun ga ri an ; owi ng to of space we mu st hold it over unt il our next issu e. How Gargey p oceedin g in Kaschau and wha t fear h e inspires in the Aust rians proved by a letter from Pest dated February 1 0 : "
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"The news is now spreading that General Gorgey has occupied the town of His first measure was to depose the entire Town Council, all the imper ial officials and salt-<>ffice officials, and an enormous levy was imposed on the Early this morning a fully equipped brigade left the town, consisting of one of fusiliers, two divisions of light cavalry, four battalions of in fantry and two batteries, with all the necessary wagons of a m mu nition , powder and .eldl-n:quisite. marching in the direction of vVaitzen."
Further we hea r again from Transylvania from various sou rces the Russians' entry, while the official reports still remain silent it. Thus reports of the 9th have arrived from Bucharest giving an , account of the entry of the Rus sian s at the request of the citizens '. Her man nstadt and Kronstadt, adding that the advancing Russians had i m m ediately encountered a uni t of Szeklers and given them a . : sound beating. Yet the newly arrived courier sent by Lieutenant Field Marshal Pm:hner from Hermannstadt on the 8th, who rcr.nrt the dest ruction of Be rn s army at Salzburg, says not hing about the , entry of the Rus sian s, and even Puchner's official report is silent on '
this poin t. In Pressburg, J. Csenkly of H et ye in Hungary has been sentenced .': to fou r years prison for illegal possession of arm s. In Croatia the conflict between the nationalist Southern Slavs an d the royal imperial authoriti is bec mi n g increasingly more violent. es
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43 1
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In consequence of this, the Ban's Counc�l . in Agram b h�s now issued an official edict prohibiting all authorIues from car�ymg out orders originating from "Magyar insolence" and instructmg the� instead to send such unlawful communications to the Ban's �oun�!l, who will see to it that these are used as proof of the usurpation of I�S authority. At the same time this edict announces that not only IS there no Magyar administration in the three united kingdoms ' but that no interference from it in official business would ever be tolerated. At the same time, refusal to be conscripted is on the increase in Bohemia. Today we hear:
The majority of the communities in the Prachin district of Bohemia arc refusin� to . enforce conscription, since they have been inform �d t � at th e decree In question , originated from the Ministry and not from the ImperIal DIet. It IS to be feared that the peasant disturbances in this region may shortly spread to the whole country.
In short, despite all efforts, old Austria is disintegrating more an? more every day. A revolutionary push from Italy or France, and It will belong to the past.
Written by Engels about February 24, 1849
First published in the second supplement to the Neue Rheinische Ztitung No. 23 1 ,
February 25.
1 849
Printed according to the newspaper Published in English for the first tIme
b i. e. the government of Croatia during the 1848-49 revolunon.- Ed. t;: i.e. Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia.-Ed. •
See this volume, p.
410.- Ed,
.
43 2
The Russians in Transylvania
THE RUSSIANS IN TRANSYLVANIA 353
Cologne, February 26. T�n thousand Russians are in Transylvania. It can no longer be demed, all concealment and obfuscation has ', ecome impossible, the facts are there, the official Wiener Zeitunga ' ltself ha s ad mitted it. S� these w�re the tremendous victories of the im perial hir ed ' . soldle ;y , th�� IS the result of all the pompous bulletins of Welde n, . . Wm lschgr�tz, Schhck and Puchner: the great-power Austria had to call m RUSSian help to get the better of four and a hal f mil lion ' " Magyars. At this new turning-point in Hu ngarian affairs let us survey once more the course of the war as the most recent news reflects it Th e territory which at this mo me nt is occupied by the Ma g ars under �ossu�h forms a I�rge rectangle, 70-90 miles long and 0-40 mIles wIde, bounded III the north and the west by the Theiss, III the eas by the Car pat hia ns and in the south by the Maros. It , � embraces III an area o 2,50 0 square miles the central Hu ngarian . plam and the mountamous regIOn s of Transylvania. In addition Komorn on the Up per Danube is also in the hands of the Hu ngarians. In the south, where the Magyars were always weakest, the . Aust�ans, Slovenes and Austrian Serbs succeeded with the hel p of TurkIsh Serbs and disgu sed Russians b to push the M agyars beyond . the �aros. There fIgh tlIIg took place near Arad, in which the Austnans advanced to the northern (right) bank of the Maros. '
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A n apparent reference to the report publish ed in the Wiener Zeitung No . 44• Feb uary ? l . 1 849. and given on pp. 435 -36 of this voJum e.- Ed. "r A mIstake by Eng els: Russians did not take par t in the battle at Arad.- Ed. ,
433
According to their own assertion they gained a victory and captured fifteen pieces of siege artillery trained on Arad, but, equally according to their own statement, withdrew again across the Maros. As far as we know, up to now they have not yet succeeded in breaking through the line of the M aras and as long as that does not happen there can be no question of the great expedition which Rukavina is supposed to undertake against Grosswardein and Transylvania. In the west and the north-west the Theiss with its extensive floods and boundless marshes ' provides the Magyars with an almost impregnable line of cover. As long as the Russians did not take part in the fighting this was the decisive centre of the theatre of war. Once Windischgratz was in Debreczin the war would have dissolved into mere guerilla fighting. The Magyars knew this and therefore their main army did not offer serious resistance anywhere up to the Theiss. They were only concerned to hold out until the end of the , cold weather which enabled the imperial forces to pass all rivers and marshes like firm ground, and which delivered Pest and Ofen into their hands with hardly a chance of resistance. While the main army thus withdrew slowly, the two wings remained in advanced positions, in the north in the Slovak comitats and in the south between the Drava and the Danube, held out as long as they could, forced the enemy army to divide and in the end withdrew, the one through the Carpathians towards the Theiss, the other across the Danube back to the Banat army. Only the inane ignorance of German hack journalists who had sold themselves to Austria and had never had a map in their hands or followed a strategic operation, could see in this masterly plan, based on detailed knowledge and survey of the terrain, nothing else than cowardice, sheer cowardice, on the part of the Magyars. People of any sense and knowledge would at least have lied and boasted less absurdly than the mass of the German common liars. who had gone grey under censorship, corruption and gross ignorance. Success has demonstrated the operational skill of the Magyars. It took six weeks for the first imperial soldier of the main army to see the Theiss, and while the river was then still frozen over, the battles of Szolnok, Czegled, Tarczal and Tokaj showed the Austrians how H ungarians fight when offering serious resistance. Ottinger thrown back beyond Czegled, Schlick to Boldogkovaralya and a general lament over the Magyars' sudden and u nexpected resistance from a ll the martial-law papers, hitherto delirious with victory those were the first results of the "victorious" advance of the Aust rians to the Theiss. Then followed the thaw. the Magyars withdrew over the Theiss and the ice-drift prevented the imperial •
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434
435
The Russians in Transylvania
Articles from the Neue Rheinische Zeitung
� roops �rom following them. The ice-drift ceased, but not the . mundatlons and swamping of both banks to a breadth of miles. The imperial troops stood helpless facing the torrential river and no one dared to cross although sent reinforcement after reinforcement from Pest. But ih.e dared to cross, because a short time ago we suddenly heard MiskoIcz, four miles this side of the Theiss, was again in their and, as we shall see later, the official royal imperial reports done more than confirm this. While Windischgratz, Jellachich and Schlick were thus glad to he . able to � ang on t.o their positions, Nugent in the south gave battle tQ .. DamJamch, and m the north Gatz, Simunich and Csorich to Gargey.' . I n the south, where the Hungarian Banat army had already been. pushed back, the Aust�ians succeeded in breaking up Damjanich's . cut-off corps mto guenlla forces, which still keep in check a sizable body of troops in the area between the Drava, the Danube and the' " forest of Bakony. In the north on the other hand, Gargey, one of the swiftest and most daring insurgent leaders, managed to defend the Slovak comitats for two whole months against three entire army corps by bold large-scale guerilla warfare and a series of brilliant individual actions. Although the royal imperial bulletins annihilated him countless times, he always reappeared on the field of battle, repulsed one Austrian general after another, and prevented their unification through rapid marches and constantly repeated attacks. Only the fall of Leopoldstadt decided his retreat before a three- �r fourfold superiority. He retreated into the Upper CarpathIans and by that gave the imperial troops such a fright that the whole of G �licia was . armed, then thrust forward into the Zips and from there mto Epenes and Kaschau. There he stood in the rear of Schlic�. The latter, cut off from Windischgratz by the Magyar corps WhICh had advanc�d to MiskoIcz, and now in danger of being s�rro � nde� on t�1Tee SIdes, retreated hastily in a north-westerly dIrectIon, mtendmg to unite with Gatz and his associates in Leutschau. Then suddenly "powerful hostile forces" thrust at Polgar and Tiszafiired across the Theiss, unite with the column from Miskolcz and advance towards Rimaszombat, i.e. between Windisch gratz and Schlick. This forces Schlick to change his entire plan, leave Gotz in the Carpathians to his fate and get ahead of the main column of the Magyars through a hasty south-westerly march in the direction of Rimaszombat. By this masterly devised manoeuvre of the M agyars Schlick is thrown back into Slovakia, Gotz is isolated in the Upper Carpathians, the unification of Gorgey with the main Magyar army is assured and '
rated from the imperial libe ry nga Hu st -Ea rth No of ole wh th e . ' tro op s . 1 4, are y and 10 uar ebr F en we bet ed urr occ ich , wh nts eve se the All tung. Am ong the �est of the Zei r ene Wi l icia off the in n eve d itte adm , a CU �IOUs lowenng ?f the too ss pre an rm Ge and ian str Au ng wli ho mentIon the. mou.rnmg of to t No . ved ser ob ly be ent rec ld cou e ton llgemetne Zettung IS forced A urg gsb Au the rs, ou ghb nei t res nea our today to admit:
ed. Th e country is too big and the "The struggle may be yet a little prolong in5turgents have good leaders in the Poles." ,I
And now even the Constitutionelles Blatt aus Biihmen: "The reports from Hungary which have arrived here to date vary widely in character. Those from the south are clearly favourable to our forces, those from the lIorth dea.rly unfat,ourable. "
And in another article: .
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ry in the variou s joum�ls of nga Hu m fro s fact est new r the ove nce gla "If we a slight up-and�down movement III the be to ms see re the ur colo e ativ serv con dly decide . . successes of the imperial army. In the ief bel a to Ive dUC -con not is too t rge Go hy u cha Kas of tion upa " The occ and dispersal and the ending of the n ctio tru des its y, arm rian nga Hu the of tion dissolu inning of the year. " . . ",,,car, which was regarded as imminent at the beg ns and atlo bm com op tro ed well-order It is Hstill difficult to explain how, with the we have a right to expect f �om suc�. an ch whi es uvr noe ma t rec y cor call phi gra geo with ies of Magyar troqps are II? a �oSltlon exceliently organised and led army, isolated bod . ons, o� behmd It, or to ratI ope of line the in es forc nt fica gni insi not with ut abo ve mo them to have been dislodged" for the converge again in places from which we believed whole duration of the campaig n". ,
to
That is how thi ng s are in the north-�est. It is no IO.nger � c�se of t� e defending the lin e of the Theiss agamst the Au stn�ns; It IS Ia Austrians wh o must not let themselves be thrown back mto Slovak the and behind the Danube. For the last week the Hungarians, not Austrians, have been ih.e attackers. ins An d finally in the souih.-easl, in Transylvania? Here the bullet here reported Bern as be ing defeated again an d again by Puchner, the the "rebels" seemed to be completely defeated . Th en suddenly ion : Wiener Zeilungh brings the following official lamen tat
ng general, Baron von Puchner, ndi ma com the ich wh y tor vic ody blo the "Since stronger enemy at Hermannsladt, u:e secured on January 2 1 against the three times ortunately not prevent their unf id (Qu n tow the of e enc def the for ed troops retain g severed by the e1U'my, who ? ad settled bein rg l.sbu Kar and at Ban the h wit n atio communic d and ammals ready in the surrounding area like vandals, confiscating all stores of foo , Allgemeine Zeitunl': No. 54, February
10
No. 44. February 2 1 , I 849.-Ed.
23, I 849.-Ed.
436
The Russians in Transylvania
Articles from th e Neue Rheinische Zeitung
for slaughter an d h avin g them carried away together with other pillaged pTO perty the depot at Klausenbu rg "Wit the shortag�s w ich in consequence h ad arisen on OUT side the com 1a . and petitions of the fl ou rIsh in g chief cities of the loyal Saxon region Kronsta t Hermannstadt, became ever ';mder and more urgent. Even earlier, when th ese were threatened by t e maraudmg l1:nd perfidious Sukler hordes, they appealed in
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to the Russian commandmg general in Wal1achia. von Liiders. for � sslst�nce. When , through the severing of the lines of communication with the . .mperial army operating in Hungary. all prospects of an early arrival of vaOl�hed, when the, el� e"".l� attracted dail)' new rebel groups and succeeded d�celtful pre�ence5 10 tncdtng all the Szekters anew to disloyalty and armed insurrectio
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Lleuten�nt-Fleld :Ma rshal von Puchner was stormed on all sides with requests to ns, for Russian support so t hat the most prosperous parr of the loyal Saxon region sh ()I,lI,f
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mobs uho were c�nvergtng to hts a.\ststance from several sides made him overuJhelmingl stn,. but at the s�me ttme unable with his small forces to face the enem)' resolutely and pro ect th•• ' . Saxon regIon from the devastatIOn of the Szeklers, Lieutenant-Field Marshal vorl Puchner fel t im pel1e to list�n to the voice of humanity and to take into consideration the requests for RUS�lan aSSIstance made join tly by the Rumanian and Saxon nations,
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although he had receIved �o authority for this from the Imperial Governmen t To this end l�e assembled a Cou�czl of War on February 1 in Hermannstadt. Just at the closure
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s asse�bly a couner brought the official news from Kronstadt that the armed strong, had crossed the frontiers of their region and that as a ze r hordes, . e u t, :Vlth th rIch trading centre of Kronstadt now threatened with inevitable eslrm;:tlUn by t se bands, delay created the greatest d an ge r
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A lot could be s�id about this royal imperial Miserere, but it is not ne� essary. Every Ime breathes consciousness of defeat, shame at bemg: unable to tell any more lies and at having to abjure all past boastmgs. So that was at the bottom of all the official bulletins and of the Magyar ' :exaggerations"! The Magyars attacking and advancing on �he �helss, the Austrians halted on the Maros, Transylvania Irretneva?l� lost to the imperial cause unless the Russians intervene! .There IS III Germany a literary lumpenproletariat, cowardly and Ipng sta� -at-h ?mes, who dare to revile as cowards these Magyars, . thIS herOIC �atlon of a. few millions which so ran to earth the �hole great �ustna, the en �Ire proud "united monarchy", that Austria is lost without the RUSSIans. "This fact, " the official report continues ashamedly,
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the C nu nCl"I 0f W aT. fact conc1usively influenced the whICh even tuaIIy calied I-''n the help of the R'US.'Jians for the protection of Hermannstadt {l1l d K COnsequen t on the request made by Lieutenant-Field Marsh al von Puch ner, 6 . . R'US.'Jtan : 0 tmpenal troops entered Kronstadt on Februan 1 and 4 000 e11 teTi'd -
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Hermannstadt on February 4 for the period of the threatening danger. "
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To know how many Russians are taking part in the fighting against
the Magyars we shall have to await the next "Magyar exaggerations".
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ant, ific ign ver ins we ho er, chn Pu of ses ces suc ed ort rep r the fur 1'h e xiliary troops, au n ssia the Ru ut ho wit t ou ab e com ve ha ver ne d woul t has happened hitherto. to judge from all tha Let it be kn ow n and not forgotten that Bulletin No. 24 , ' which tages secured appea red on the previous evening, ascribes the advan ng abilities of the imper hti fig the to ely sol 7 to 4 ary bru Fe m fro entry of the Rusthe ut abo nt y sile tel ple com is and s op tro ial sians. chner re Pu the m Fro . urg nb lze Sto ore bef od sto rn Be , ow kn we As e s hav to im cla he ere (wh ach enb ihl Mi to 4th the on him drove the 7th to on d an os, ar szv Sza to 6th the on n the ), ns gu 6 1 captured Deva. There Be rn still is. succeeded in Supposing this is true, Puchner would never have d ha o wh rn, Be e lik r de an mm co a ys da 4 in les mi pushing hack 1 2 e on m fro es tim l era sev d ee sp t tes ea gr the th wi nia va syl crossed Tran r to rio pe su far f sel him ed ov pr s ay alw d ha o wh d an r he ot end to the most the e to du en t be no it d ha , ian str Au ted fea de tly the constan y troops . iar xil au an ssi Ru the to e du s, er mb nu in y rit rio pe su crushing diers tha n sol r tte be e cas y an in are o wh rs ice off ff sta an ssi Ru and these old-fashioned Austrians. He ha s If Bern stands indeed near Deva his plan is obvious. ve lea to es os op pr d an os ar M e th to ch ba len iih M ..vithdrawn from s full nd ha eir th ve ha o wh s, ian str Au e th to e tim a r fo Transylvania aros e M th wn do ve mo to d an s, nd ba illa er gu ler with the Szek vance ad to d an t na Ba e th o int ck ba s rb Se e th sh pu , to towards Arad is out of the m hi e rsu pu ld ou sh r ne ch Pu at Th . ng wi t lef 's th on Kossu Rukavina at d an ad Ar at er as Gl t Bu t. en es pr e r th fo n questio has passed ek we a re fo be d an rn Be of ar he t to ge on so ll r wi Temesva st ain ag s ate er op le Po ble iga fat de in e th w ho ar we shall probably he it is st lea At tz. ra hg isc ind W of ng wi ht rig e th st ain Szegedin and ag ich wh in on cti re di e th m fro ns sio lu nc co r he ot y an aw impossible to dr he is moving. hilated an d ni an en be ve ha d ul wo r ne ch pu s an ssi Ru e th t Withou e th d an s ler ek Sz e Th . ys da few a in d ate Transylvania subjug ns xo Sa e th ep ke to gh ou en s lve se em th re we ry ito Magyars of the terr e victor th as d we llo fo ve ha d ul co rn Be k. ec ch in s an hi and th e Wallac joined up ' ve ha d ul co at, tre re s hi in s ke ta w no he ich th e route wh ed the with Kossuth and Dembinski and by that means have decidmbined eir co outcome of the campaign. Victory was assured for th n d - o n March 15 a ys da few a in en tak en be ve ha uld forces . Pest wo Dembinski was of course in Vienna. a Wiener Zeitung No. 45. February 22. 1849.-Ed.
438
Articles from the NetU
Rheinische
Z.eitung
439
The Russians in Transylvania
Then the Russians join the fray and throw the weightofthe �s,ar'l Empire into the scales on Austria's side. And that, of course, decisive. Such indeed are the heroic deeds of these brave knights of martial ' law, Windischgratzes, Jellachiches, Nugents and Schlicks. To set , upon a small nation of four and a half million from eight sides with all Austria's might, to call for help from Turkish Croats, Bosnians . and Serbs and in the end, as soon as the small nation has gathered its ' strength and driven out the traitors from its midst, to be soundly and , roundly beaten! , These were indeed glorious laurels which the invincible Win dischgratz gained with the help of Russian reinforcements! Wonderful victories won by the alliance of the united European barbarians against the most advanceed outpost of European civiIisa- ', tion. No one could have guessed, however, that the most subtle point in the grandiose campaign plan of Windischgriitz, the last strategic " trump of the great general,was to be the appeal to the Russians. And, ' yet, one might have known it: Has Austria ever been victorious by other means? The Magyars, the last indomitable fighters of the revolutIon of 1 848, may well succumb like the heroes of June in Paris or the fighters of October in Vienna, overwhelmed by the superior forces " which again surround them on all sides. It will depend on the degree of the Russian participation whether the war against them will come to an end speedily or otherwise. If we West Europeans in the meantime persist in our silent apathy, if we offer only passive , resistance and sighs of impotence to the infamous and traitorous ' attack of the Russians on our Magyar brothers, then the Magyars are lost - and it will be our turn next. Indeed, the invasion of Transylvania by the Russians is the most infamous betrayal, the most villainous breach of intemational law in history. What is the open coalition of the despots in 1 792, what is the silent connivance of the German powers at Russia in the Polish war, what is the partition of Poland itself'54 in comparison with this cowardly, treacherous strangling of a small heroic nation, carried out underhand and with" typical Russian perfidy. What are all the infamies of past British, Russian and Austrian policies compared ' with this unmentionable villainy. Austria wages a war of oppression against the Magyars, Russia attacks them from behind, and Prussia stands at the border, warrant in hand, to arrest the refugees and hand them over to their executioners. One'year after the European revolution, on February ,
the Holy Alliance'55 stands befor� us resurrected in all its . front of the . gs In martial-law banditry and police blackguard lsm .thin Thus far have we come. They dare to do such m,uve a finge:. The whole of Europe and all Europe does. n?t dare to wls he� that It too official French Republic quietly reJ?lces andanarch lsts the � ore bordered on Russia so as to extermmate the . G rm we y dl� an d In an ra nce in n tio � olu rev the e. er aft y Wh . ily eas . ratIon an? kmd . , nslde . to raI. se I S head show so much generosity, magnanimity �.1agyar fellow fighters. And then, despIte the RUSSIans, strike off the shackles of Hungary and Poland!
2 l , 1 849 ,
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Written by Engels on February 26, First published in the Neue Zeitung No , 232 , February 27,
1 849
Rheinische 1 849
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Printed according to the newspaper published in English for the first time
440
Russian Invasion.-Serbs.- Prospects for the Austrian ...
RUSSIA."I INVASION.-SERBS._ PROSPECTS FOR THE AUSTRIANS. FROM THE THEATRE OF WAR
There is absolutely no fresh news from th e war thea tre. Bu t from all quarters reports are arri in which confirm our report of . � � . yesterday about the bad slt uau,:n In wh ic h the imperial troops fin d ·; t emSelves everywhere, except In Transylvani a freed Wilh the he lp ° the Russians.a A s proof w e are reproduc ing below a dispatch from th e Pre ssburg correspondent of the Br eslauer Zeitung an d the . concludmg paragraphs of the "Reports of a Hungarian" from the A llgememe Oder-Zntung. The Austrians have without any doubt only reluctan tly decided to appeal to th e Russians It is crystal-clear that the Ru ssian invasion is : bound to gI.ve a new Im petus to the pan-Slavist movements of the . Czech s and the Southern Sl avs. These nationa lities who have for a . lo�g tIm e. been used to look to the Tsar as their natura l patron an d ult,tmate hberator, are no w receiving striking pr oof that Austria has neIther the power ?or t�e will to ensure their na tional development. A nd now for the fIrst tIme the Russian Tsar 1' enters upon th e stage acts for t�em at the decisive moment and co nfirms with deeds th� tHJpes wh !ch they pl ac e in him. Thus th e Tsar now appears before the Austna� Ser�s, Croats, Czechs etc. as th e su preme protector of the Slav natIOnalIty as he di d previously before th e Turkish Serbs. . . An d �hat }he Slav national splrations can be as menacing for the Austnan umted monarchy ,�as the armed resis tance of th e Magyars we h ave seen repeatedly. . With the Russian invasion of Transy lvania the Tsar has taken a new step towards th e realisation of pan-Slavism . H e has proclaimed
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See this volume, pp. 432 and 453 -55 .� Ed. Nicholas I.�Ed.
44 1
the alliance of the Russians and the Austrian Slavs and made himself the de facto sovereign of the Austrian Slavs. The others are of course already under his sway. The Poles are his servants, the Turkish Slavs h is vassals, and now he poses as the protector of the Austrian Slavs too. Only one more step and Austria falls completely under his suzerainty just like Turkey. At this price the "united monarchy" saves itself for a few months from destruction at the hands of the revolution! At a people's assembly at Mitrowitz in the Banat the Serbs proclaimed the Patriarch" supreme ruler of their nation and Stratimirovich a rebel, declaring martial law against all enemies of the Emperor. The Patriarch who in Temesvar directs the affairs of the Voivodina, together with Todorovich and the Serbian deputies, is said to confirm these resolutions. At the battle of Arad the very popular Serbian Major Jovanovich fell into the hands of the Magyars. The following shows that the Magyars were in any case not defeated as decisively in this battle as the bulletins alleged. The Patriarch offered to the Magyar General Damjanich (who thus, as we incidentally learn, was fortunate enough to reach the Banat army across the Danube and the Theiss) to exchange Jovanovich against 200 Magyars. Damjanich replied that as far as he knew the Serbs did not have 200 Magyar prisoners in their hands! The Serbs, by the way, are arming on some scale in Serbia as within the Banal. In the Serbian principality a national conventionb has been summoned and is discussing the mobilisation of 1 ,000 auxiliary troops in each of the country's 1 8 districts. So that one should see what a small and nationally mixed country the new Serbian Voivodina is and how absurd the pretensions of the pan-Slavist� are to create small Slav states in all corners of Hungary, we give the following statistical notes from the Belgrade Serbske Noviny : "The Voivodina comprises territorially the following: 1 . the Sirmische comitat c, 2. 3 6 the Peterwardein regiment, 3. the comitat of Bacs, 4. the battalion of the Tchaikists, 5 5. the comitat of TOTontal, 6. the former German Banat regiment (now named Pam;sova regiment), 7. the former Illyrian Banat regiment (now called v\reisskirchen regiment) and the comitat of Temcsvar. The area totals 7 1 9 square miles, with 75 towns and mar�et centres, 706 villages, 2 2 1 , 1 82 houses and 1 ,605,808 inhabitants. The inhabitants can be divided according to their national origin into 9 1 7,916 Serbs, 26.200 Slovaks, 13.000 Bulgarians. 283,000 Wallachians. 278 .400 Cermans, 6, 1 60 French and 8 1 . 1 32 Magyars . 01 the inhabitants 877,620 are Creek Orthodox, 627,994
a Rajachich.-Ed. b Skupstina.- Ed.
This comitat. like the Peterwardein regimental district, was part of the Military Border Area.-Ed. C
Articles from the
442
s Russian Invasion.- Serbs.- Prospects for the Austrian
Neue Rheinische Ztitung
Roman },;atholics, 1 2,494 United Catholi�s, 46, 3 1 1 Lutherans, 30,64 2 Calvinists, 17 , Anans and 10,73 0 Jews. The Cathohc Southern Slavs are mcluded among th�· . 9 1 7 , 9 1 6 Serbs. The for er border re lme t of the Wall�chian Bana t remains Outside , ? � .� . . ' the territory of the Vonodma, and will be Incorporated Into Transylva nian Rumanl.a , (Wallachia)."
This sma ll so-called n ational Serbian country thus cOntains " , 700,000 Germans, Wallachlans , Magyars etc. compared with 900 , 000 ' Serbs, And �he 900,000 Serbs are not even all Serbs but include also the "Cathohc Southern Slav s", that is the Shokazians ,.,. of Syrmien and of the comitat of Bacs, who are not Serbs at aIL And this is supposed to be a: nation with national needs and above all the need to be separate from H ungar}\! We now give the report of the Breslauer Zeitung: "Pressburg, February 18. The wet and stormy weather has made the noto rious '
roads of OUT country so bottomless that the large army corps can move forward 0 I wit untold difficulties, and the heavy artillery and other heavy vehicles are ind gettm� �tuck. Under these circumstances the numer�us Hun garian patrol-corps , are . gammg one advantage after the other and the Austnan army is being fooled in a anet of ways. The commander-in-chief of the laUefa seems inde � ed to have- become . y I,?pattent and would very much Iike to lead a major attack, for whic h purpose he has . dlspatched large forces In the duection of Szolnok As a result the rumour circulates . . that a senous encoun er has taken place there and that the Magyars have been thrown � back beyond the Thelss.- One can, however, entertain a certain suspicion concerning l these reports bec use the Hungarians are at present too well led not � to make use of the golden opp rturuty to draw t e nemy into the marshes of the Theiss and to destroy � � � hIm there WIthout any great d,ff,culty. The many patrol-corps which spring up every where In Lowe� Hun ga�y wtll not fad to harass him on all sides if he should adva nce too far, CUt off hIS supplIes a�d capture and destroy any troo ps which move away from . the mam army . In � cert n sense the war in lower Hungary -can be compared with � . . Napoleon ,s campa'Kf! m Rwsta, and If the Austrian army should advance too far it could : : m�et �lth fate Similar to that of the French at the time.- Under these circumstances Wmdischgriitz will be in a difficult position. To act quickly and secur e with one decisive blow a change of fortune for his cause is virtually impossible, but if he hesitates the strength of the Magyars will continue to grow. Capitulation is said to have been offered but the Magyars h ve declined with ?isdain.- If we cast a glance at the map � we shall see that the Austnan army • .desplte Its advances and its repo rted victories. u
��
�
�
surrounded by large and small forma IO"-' of the Magyar army . the borders of Styna VIa
as
if by a nel From the
Plattensee to Esseg in Croatia the country appears to have been conquered but everywhere there are patrol-carps which Seriously moles t the . Austnans. "On the other side, that is from the Danube to the Carpathians. things are no . better. One becomes convinced of this when one read s the repo rts of the Austrians being drive� hither and thither thr ugh constant engagements. Here the Hungarian <.> . patrol�corps have a partIcularly SUItable terrain and most of the inhabitants even ' th. majo 'Y of the Slovaks, �ecretly side with them, Only this explains how the M gyars . can contmue to make thelT sallies far IOto Galicia almost with impu nity. In the east the
,,!
:
Windischgratz.-Ed. Lake Balaton.- Ed.
;
"
443
. Magyars, and wherever. the Austrians . s the great bamer which protects the The'. ' been thrown back WIth losses. ttempted to push across they have always if the Austrians should lose it, as they h·�, it should come to a major battle, and erous one, For they could well t, then their retreat would be a very dang migh y . , 'bl : , nOsSl chIef r-Indoes not ande people would, nse up everywhere.. fhe comm the that ,..fear conceal the precanousness 0f h"IS SItuation. seem tQ
�t
"
The following is the end of the "Reports of a Hu nga rian " f�om serve as proof how httle · Ugemeine Oder-Zeitung,' This could also . t I1e /' "exaggerated" the Magyar reports are.
youth of Pest has gone off to "Thanks t6 Kossuth's clever measures all the wledge of events on the other side of the Theiss kno iled deta with ple Pe'; . czin Debrc is 1 20,000-150,000 strong,' commanded by three capable y arm rian nga Hu . the t b h say t a In d t at h an '11 ery rtl f 0 a ent ting ted by a considerable con polish generals and suppor . Landsturm. The nan unga H ong O-str OO,OO 1 the by d ente case of need it could be augm forest of Bakony. well-known Rosa with his troops occupies the . ISS, one near Szolnok, one �ear The the ss acro ges brid e "The Austrians put thre used to cross the fiver Tiszafured and the third near Zibok. which the Hungarians
and to defeat the enemy on the l Ith inst. . an army, espeeJally gan Hun "Order and the strictest discipline rule throughout the comitats on the ?th er . !l.ince the Polish generals have assumed supreme command. The onty the maJ and man to the last side of the Theiss are resolved to defend themselves trians into Pest have of the young men who fled to Debreczin on the entry of the Aus 60 years of joined the Hungarian army, ,\,hose soldiers range from 1 7 to 40, and even age, all inspired with love for their country, , , a speech. such ln recz Deb e 10 mad ntly "Kossuth. I hear from reliable sources, rece '
as has never been heard before . the gallery with ladies;. he "The hall was filled with deputies and other persons, the struggle agamst made the deputies and all present swear to stand by him in wed this taking of the oat , Austria. All hands rose to take the oath. A long silence follo fatherland 18 then he pronounced in a strong voice just these words: 'Now the
saved.�
�
and Buda were "The majority of royal imperial troops who were �tationed in Pest only about 4,000 men withdrawn in the direction of Erlau and Czegled and h gratz being moved remained. There was talk of the headquarters of Prince Windisc but to Erlau. In spite of the great victories which the Austrians claimed to have won on of the fortress which in fact the Hungarians won, they did not fail to train the cann to of Buda on' the town of Pest. An order was given to the inhabitants of the fortress do so lay in provisions for themselves for three months. Those who were unable to Were to leave their homes. to the a�surd ne�s "Why all these fearful preparations, in absolute contradiction m, now �n according to which the Austrian army operates now near Debrecz iers complam Transylvanial Even the soldiers are demoralised. Officers and sold loudly that they have been forced to take up arms against the Hungarians, who have not done them any harm _ Th. most stupid and at th. same lime th. mosl cruel are the
Bohemians.
interrogated fourteen "The former Prime Minister, Count Louis Batthyany, was shall times and refused fourteen rimes to answer, saying: 'I was a Minister and I •
See this volume, pp. 427-28.-Ed.
b Henryk Dembinski, J6zef Bern and J6zef Wysocki.- Ed.
Articles from the Neue Rheinische Zeitung
444
445
only answer when summoned before a tribunal of Hu ngarian magnates.' Moga and Hrabovsky, two old men whose life was without blemish were to twenty years confinement in a fortress; Count Lasar, son-in�law of M <.>g-a and colonel of the Honved,359 Wa.Il to be executed but the rna Prmce in ischgratz �ommuted his sentence to 1 0 yea imp rs risonment in ch.i. . loss of hiS title of nobIlIty and rlh;missal i n disgrace from the army!!"
VY ?
Written by Engels on February 27, 1849 First published in the Neue Rheini.sch, Zeitung No. 233, February 28, 1 849
SPEECH FROM THE THRONE
•
Printed according to the newsli>' Published in English for the ti m e
[Neue Rheini.sche Zeitung
No. 234, March I, 1849]
Cologne, February 28. The speech from the throne which to the great indignation and annoyance of the Kiilnische Zeitung was reported prematurely yesterday evening to the readers of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung, proved to be authentic. Only a single passage, the one relating to the state of siege in Berlin, was altered overnight. In so
doing the Brandenburg Ministry destroyed the whole point of its sp eech.
This passage, as reported by us yesterday evening in its original form, reads:
"To restore the rule of law, a state of siege had to be proclaimed in the capital and its immediate environs. This cannot be lifted until such time as public safety, which is still threatened and for which this measure was essential, is durably safeguarded by firm laws. The drafts of .these laws will be presented to you without delay."
360
This passage, even though it was hushed up, gives away the whole secret of the speech from the throne. I n plain language it means: the exceptional states of siege will be lifted as soon as the general state of siege has been imposed on the entire kingdom by laws and has become part of our constitutional customs. The series of these "firm" laws will begin with September legislation 36 1 on associations and the press. a [Neue Rheinc
No.
235,
March 2, 1849]
Cologne, March 1 . Let us first of all note that the speech from the throne has the full approval of the Koinische Zeitung. The paper The Neue Rheini�che Zeitung then gave the text thronc._Ed. - --
:I
of the
s
peech from the
446
An ides from the Neue Rheinische Zeitung
Speech from the Throne
raises. a fe.w objections about the actions of the mentlO�ed the speech from the throne, but none at all about speech Itself. III
"The King's speech from the throne is tru1y a const.ituticmai speech from the thT<m
thus the sa�acious newspaper begi�s its reprint of the speech frn the throne In a paraphrasmg leadmg-article form .' "A constitutional speech from th e �h ro ne "! Of cour who had expected . � "speech directly from the Ki ngse's ' hetoart ' Importu. nate morahsmg outpouring of the heart sue} as ' used occur th e l!nite? �" iet, or a Brandenburg-Wrangel typ rodomontade with chnklng of sp urs and twirling of moustaches,e document m� st seem extremely "constitutional" . One thmg IS certain : Manteuffel coped with his task far better Camphausen by completely leaving out the "talented of 1 84 7: The bourg.eois Minister presented a document " bo.urgeOls-hke dullness, lImpi. ng and boring in lan guage and COI�t W!th the great�st bonh0m,le, �he Minister from the nobility submits usmg the bOring constitutIOnal form in order by its means flu�nt, easy language to scoff at the Ch ambers an d all cOlnstitl naltsm. A s for the serious content of th e speech from the throne' thIS' " " reduced to practically nothing owing to the hushing u of passage about .the retention of th e state of siege, which we P�nl�io;nel yesterday . Thls was the only passage in which the Ministry spoke to . "" th e Chambers. honestly and fra nk ly . One wo,:, ld have to be the Kolnisehe Zeitung or the Na!wno l-Zeltung to take th e rest of th e sp eech from the th:r( senously . One who only with respectful aw e n ventures to observe such constitutional supremeanstadtesofulem tions as w�r� performed the day before yesterday in Berlin,will, of nc se, . hIS mnoc�nce n�ver �e able to. understand how somethingcour " so ho " ly an be mI su sed In frIvolous WIt. Bu t anyone wh o attaches as little � Import�nce to the whole constitutional comedy as Herr Manteu " do�s wIll not be so lacking in taste as to take au serieux the dC'CUlm, whIch the M i.nister c�used to be delivered th e day before yesterda to t�e reverentIal pu blic of the White Hall 363 through the Iip s of �he King by the grace of God. We believe we shall be doing Herr Ma nteuffel a service if we point Out the correct meaning of his speech from the throne to the I
m
362.
a
Kiilnische Zeitung No. 5 1 , March
I, IR49.-lid.
."�
447
German public, which unfortunately is not accustomed to witty sallies. You expect Manteu ffel to boast of his successfully accomplished rs with loaded rifles, counter-revolution, to threaten the Chambe a razor-sharp swords etc., in the manner of a clumsy sergeant-major La WrangeL Nothing of the kind I Manteu ffel passes over all this with only a few lightly uttered phrases, as if it were something quite self-evident. "The events that are fresh in the memory of all of you, gentlemen deputies of the First and Second Chambers, compelled me in December of last year to dissolve the A�sembly which had been convened to reach agreement on the Constitution. At the finally restoring a firmly same time - being convinced of the absolute necessity of based state of public law - I gave the country a Constitution � the content of which faithfully fulfils the promises I made in March of last year." 64
Herr Manteuffel speaks as if it were a question of some most insignificant trifle- the replacement of an old frock-coat by a new one, the appointment of a supernumerary official or the arrest of an agitator. Forcible transference, adjournment and dissolution of a sovereign assembly, state of siege, a sabre-rule - in short, the whole coup d'etat- is reduced to "events that are fresh in the memory of all of you" . In exactly the same way as the knightly Ban Jellachich would relate with the most elegant insouciance how his red-coats had burned alive the inhabitants of some village or other. And now you have the "faithfuL fu.lfilment of the promises I made in March of last year" in the form of the imposed so-called Constitution. And do you consider " cunning Manteuffel to be so limited in intelligence as to have said that in all seriousness? Allons done!a Such a beginning is striking, But one must be able to make use of this initial astonishment in order to pass on to still more astonishing things, Herr Manteuffel can do that: "Since then the tension under which a great part of the country was living a few months ago has given way to a calmer mood; confidence, which previously had been su deeply shaken, is gradually being restored, trade and industry are beginning to recover from the stagnation to which they threatened to succumb."
What glances the worthy deputies have exchanged when they heard those words! Trade and industry are recovering! And why not? Why should not this same Manteuffel who can impose a Constitution be able to impose also an upswing in "trade and industry"? The aplomb with which Manteuffel utters this colossal a
Oh. nonsense!-Ed.
449
Speech from the Throne
448
Articles from the Neue Rheinidche Zeit11,ng
assertion is truly remarkable.
surprise":
And do you think that with that your work will have been acc omplished? O n the contrary, the most Important thing only com es now:
Mais nou.1 marchons de surprise
•
"V OU . know, gentlemen, that I have reserved for you the- right to revise . . C�mstltutJ.on. It lS for you now to come to an agreement on this among yourselves
"In addition you will have to undertake a discussion of various laws. which are in part essential for implementing the Constitution and the drafts of which will gradually be put before you. I particularly recommend for your most careful consideration the drafts fur the new local government system and for the new district, regional and
WIth my Government."
Of co� rse, gen�lem en, "come to an agre eme nt"! But the hlImo . of the sItuation bes precisely in the fact that two such Chamb ers .. . M an teu ffel Imp ' osed on M y people" can never "come to agreemen� among themselves" ! Otherwise why was the Chamber Invented? And if, gentlem en, you were even to com e to a reement among yourselves, which is by no means to be expected, ? wou ld then hav� to come to an agreement with "My Govern and that you WIll never arrive at, Manteuffel can guarantee! And so, gentlem n deputies of the First and Second Cha m � . you are already suffICIently busy revising the C onstitution. Since " I ' '. have lea�nt fro� experience that an agreement between two agents already l possIble, considered it expedient on this occasion . � try to achIeve n agreement between three factors which admit of � agr�ement. And If you do not go on trying to come to an untIl doomsday without getting one inch farther forward fel will pledge him self to become a contributor to th . Zettung. .
on education, the law on church administration . the law on provincial systems, the law int:ome tax, the law on land taxation, the law on redemption from cOJ'Vee obligations, and on the abolition without compensation of some of them. and also on the establishment o f annuity offices."
With these different oc{;upations, gentlemen, whkh altogether amount to about three dozen organic laws containing several thousand paragraphs, you will have. God willing, so much to do that the revision of the Constitution as well as the approval of the preliminary laws, and the discussion of drafts laid before you will be at most half fulfilled. I f you manage to do even that much you will have accomplished a superhuman labour. In the meantime the state of siege will continue everywhere and will also be introduced where it does not yet exist (who is to prevent us from putting the whole of Prussia in a state o f siege "district by district"?); in the meantime the imposed so-called Constitution with the imposed additional laws will continue in force. Consequently there will remain the hitherto existing botched local government system, the existing district, regional and provincial system of representation, the existing absence of freedom o f education, the exemption of the higher nobility from land taxation, and the corvee obligations of the
"I"
�
Therefore, gentlemen, "come to an agreeme nt" ! 1 If, ho� ever, : contrary to all hum an expectation, you after .' . succeed In solvIng what for decency's sake can only be called our . . stIll task, ou wIll not be a single step farther forward'. To meet s ch ' . x case My Govern ment" has issued a dozen laws "fo r the Cons tution ", which strip this Con stitution of the last . of hberalIsm mo� g other things, they include two decrees on trade, . . ; c<,>rporatIons . whICh are worthy of the year 1 500 , and which can' gIve such an advantageously combined representative inst itution as' " you are work that will mak e your head ache for ten years.
�
J
�
"All these decrees wil l
be presented to you without delay for your approval. ,
.. · · · ' '
Therefore, gentlemen, "approve" them! .' But then " M y ?overnment" will without delay put before you proposals concernmg the state of siege-Septembe� laws gagging laws,S66 laws for suppression of clubs etc. And until y u "have approved" them-and it is to be hoped that this will never happ en-the state of siege will, of course, continue.
�
"
.
But we go from surprise to surprise.�Ed,
•
peasants. order, however, that you will not be able to complain, there will be laid before you, in addition to all these unfulfillable tasks, two budgets- for 1 849 and for 1 850. Will you rise from your seats in indignation at so much work? So much the better, gentlemen deputies of the First and Second Chambers. I n that case, on the basis of the imposed so-called Constitution " My Government" will continue to levy the hitherto existing taxes for all eternity. In million voted by the addition, there is still some money left of the United Diet, and if " My Government" should need more, it will know what it has to do. But should you wish to follow in the footsteps of the dissolved will remind you that the National Assembly, then, gentlemen, "organisation, fighting capacity and loyalty" of the Prussian army "have withstood the severest tests" especially in the great drive against the agreers in November of last year.
In
25
I
450
45 1
Artic1es from the Neue Rheinische Zeitung
And now, gentlemen deputies of the First and Second Chambers after s�e'ps have been taken to ensure that, because of th; compOSitIOn of the two Chambers, you will not be able to reach agreement among yourselves, and because of the composition of " M Government" you will not be able to reach agreement with Government, after such a disorderly mass of materials has been laid before you that, apart from anything else, you will never be able to complete . even the tiniest pa:t of it, and after in this way the preservatIOn of the bureaucratic-feudal-military despotism has beeJ;l. guaranteed-now take note of what the fatherland expects of you:
th�
"Gentlemen deputies of the First and Second Chambers I Tlie fatherland now confldently expects from the co-operation of its representatives with My Government the consolidation of the fe-established legal order so as to be able to en'JOjI · peaceful development. The protection of these . l l·b · and thelT �ngt�.tuuona 1 ertles lIbertIes and of l�gal order-the�e t�o fundamental conditions of public welfare-will always be the ? Ject �f My conSCIentIous care. In this work 1 COunt on your assistance. May your actlv�ty, WIth God's help, serve to exalt the honour and glory of Prussia, whose peopIe. In close uni<;n with �heir princes, have already successfully overcome . many hard tImes, and may It prepare for the fatherland in both the narrower and the broader sense a peaceful and blessed future! "
�
That is the speech from the throne of Citizen Manteuffel. And ther� are people w�? are �o greatly lacking in taste that they call such' a skIlful comedy a conshtutwnal speech from the throne" ! Truly, i � anything could prompt Herr Manteuffel to surrender his portfoho, It would be such a misinterpretation of his best intentions! Written on February 28-March I, 1849
Printed according to the newspaper
First published in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung: Nos. 234 and 235, March 1 and 2 ' 1 849
Published in English for the time
firsi
FROM THE THEATRE OF WAR IN TRANSYLVANIA AND HUNGARY
There is still no up-to-date news from the theatre of war. What we learn consists almost entirely of further details about events which are already known. On the upper reaches of the Theiss the Magyars occupy both sides of the river. Through GOrgey's daring manoeuvre-"carried out with a degree of dexterity not expected of him" (Constitutionelles Blatt am Biihmen)-the entire country to the east of the Theiss and Hernath has been cleared of the enemy. Through the simultaneous advance of Dembinski across the Theiss the imperial troops have been thrown back along their whole left wing and centre and only helow S7.0lnok they are still at the Theiss. So when the Austrian newspapers report that Schlick "has joined the main army" or that he "has reached the head of the main army" that means no more than that the remains of the 4 brigades he commands halle been th Town back onto Windischgratz's troops in.stead of securing the left . wmg. Profiting by this opportunity, as the Magyar correspondent of the Breslauer Zeitung reports, of the Polish regiment of Rothkin"h has gone over to the H u n garians and entered Debreczin in triumph. Among the prisoners there are also two generals. The comitats of Zips, Saros, AbaujVflr, ZempJirl , Unghvar and Heves moe tlws. "the major part
du.e to the complete defeat and expulsiun of the imperial troops, again I lml garian: /' .
under the control of tilt'
The Constitutionelles Blatt aus Rohmen confirms in two reports of the 20th from Pest that G6rgey has joined up with the main Magyar army and that this army "has again taken up a threatening position " and "seems to be decided to give battle".
452
Articles from the NetU!
From the Theatre of War in Transylvania and H ungary
Rheinische Zeitung
The above-mentioned Magyar correspondent goes on to report: "From Kaschau many refugees have arrived in Pest. Count Szirmay, one o f the richest Hungarian magnates, has been killed by the enraged pe ople in the most .grueso me manne� . H e had caused himself to be hated because it was due to his
betrayal that Schlick entered Kaschau. He had also attempted to raise a volunteer
battalion for the imperial army. He was a major in the imperial army."
How precarious the situation on the left wing is for the Austrians is demonstrated by the regular dispatches of reinforcements there. Nearly every day Ban Jellachich inspects in Pest new troops leaving for there. The Magyar correspondent i n a report on the 22nd says: "On the 20th a brigade with a large quantity of a rtille ry left Pest in the direction of Hatvan. l t conststed mostly of C�oats. Ban Lieutenant-Field Marshal Jellach ich , , held a revIew o f th e bngade and delIvered an address to it. The public which attended looked on unmoved. Then a general came rushing up and shouted, 'Off with your hats when the Emperor is acclaimed!' The public turned about as one man and left . From that too you can judge of the mood, which is getting more bittcr evcry day."
The rei�forcemen ts which Gorgey brought to the main Magyar . army consIst accordIng to the ConstitutioneUes Blatt aus Biihmen of ?,OOO men, including 1 battalion of grenadiers, 1 battalion of Este Infantry, 2 battalions of �asa, 8 divisions ( 1 6 squadrons) of hussars, 30 cannon and 1 2 hOWItzers. That these figures underestimate rath� r than overestimate the truth may be concluded from the sentIments of the paper from which they were taken. At Windischgrat� 's cen�re and right wing little has changed. . . Szolnok on the TheISS IS sull III the hands of the Austrians while the Magyars hold the opp osite ban k. While the former build entrench ments at Szo lno k, both sides shoot at each other with cannon across the Danube. Szegedin, lo�er down on the Theiss, which has been reported three or four tImes as captured by the Austrians, has according to t�day's reports been takeI? yet ag�� . This time however by troops dIspatched fro� Pest, WhICh had JOIned up near Szegedin with the Serbs approachIng from the south to seize this important point dom matmg the confluence of the Maros with the Theiss. Se non e
vero, e ben trovato.'
On the other han d the Austrian correspondent reports from a private letter that "�hurtly after its capture A rad \\las wrested from the imperial
troops, some of the
latter having dispersed too quickly into the houses of the town to look for food, and
.1
It's \vell devised even if it is not r.Tue.- Ed.
453
insurgents availed t hem selv es of this circumstance to assemble rapidly and drive back ou r troops. The commanders are said not to have been to blame, as they could not Rrevent the totally exhausted troops, allegedly Serbs and men from Peterwar d cin, 3 7 from seeking food". the
6
The heroic deeds of the Serbian army stationed here consist mainly in destroying and burning, looting, torturing with fire, killing and �aping. The places around Szegedin, as well as Maria Theresienstadt, Zombor and other places have been treated most disgustingly by these Turkish barbarians and have been almost destroyed. One need only hear what the pro-Czech Constitutionelles Blatt aus Biihmen says: are advan cing victoriously, but robbery and ars-on mark their passage and many H un garian and German localities h;lVe had to pay a te rrible price for daring to show sympathy for the cause of the Hungarians. Zo�bor an important trading city, has been partly consumed hy flam es as the Serbs set fIre to all houses whose owners had earlier taken part in enforcing the martial law applied ag ai n st the Serbs by the Hungarians. . "Yesterday and today there is general talk h ere that the Serbs have fmally su<.:ceeded in takin g S zegedin and in lhat case we can unly commiserate with the many H u n gar ian s who live there, for the Serhs will hardly trear them with lenien ce . "In the Banat the Serbs
,
,
,
"
Further back, on the Drava and Danube, the army of Nugent is concentrated around Peterwardein, the surrender of which is "to be hoped for", to use the language of an earlier bulleti.n: His army too �s distinguishing itself by the most shameful barbantIes. The mhabl tants of Siklosz are said to Qave shot at the Imperials after they had previously welcomed them with open arms. What does Nugent do? He immediately surrounds the town, trains cannon loaded with shrapnel on all the gates and sets the place on fire. Whoever escaped from the flames fell victim to the shrapnel. The Kiilnische Zeitung finds this "strange" . To sum up all these operations we must agree with the following judgment borrowed from the Leipziger Zeitung: "Military experts assure us that in the operations in Hungary signifi<.:ant mistakes have been committed and that Prince Windischgratz failed to reveal him�elf u.s an
outstanding army commander."
A conclusion to which we had already been led almost every day for a long time. Finally we have nOW from Transylvania the reports of the local papers on the entry of the Russians. In Kranstadt this event wa.s preceded by a declaration of martial law. From this town the Satelltt of February 2 reports: alld today strong contingents of Cossacks, Russian rifle men grenadiers and a whole " 111 order to prevent the threatened attack on Kronstadt by the Szeklers, yesterd a y ,
454
From the Theatre of War in Transylvania and Hungary
Articles frum the Neue Rheinische Zeitung
Russian uhl ans arrived here yesterday Kronstad� February 10. The expected Russian General von Engelhardt taught a l eria imp the m who , s . kler S1e e Th . n . afternoo 1 veg crossed th e R·lver. Alt near H·d m · aga s eles erth nev e , hav t ins 4th the on (') . le sson terday agam moIested tIle ye y the re the m Fro g. bur � rien Ma d ere ent have and requisitioned a qua ntlty of bread, hay and oats and orf ldsd He of .ty munI com
artillery park wtth the necessary personnel under the command of the imperial Russian General von Engelhardt have entered Kronstadt and been quartered on the population. Tomorrow a further battalion of Russian infantry is expected. The cannon have been installed between the Promenade and the Schlossberg and adequately supplied for immediate action. Day and night the)' are guarded by a strong contingent of Cossacks and grenadiers, while Russian riflemen guard the fortifica� . rlons.
(SiebenbUrger Wochenblatt) .
"
Written by Engels on March 1, 1849
Further, dated February 6, a report on the fighting between Engelhardt and the Szeklers: "February 4 was a hot day for our district. Early i n the morning the Russian Major-General Engelhardt went on reconnaissance towards Honigberg with a battalion of Russian infantry, 1 70 Cossacks, two pieces of field artillery and three companies from the 1st Rumanian Border Regiment. Halfway there he noticed numerous Szekler groups moving through the mist towards Petersberg, probably in order to attack Kronstadt from rhere. The Russians advanced against them and the " Szeklers opened cannon-fire. As the enemy was num erically superior the Russian general sent immediately into the town for his remaining troops. They arrived with . 84 Austrian dragoons and 45 hussars after more than two hours during which .' , En gelhardt engaged the Szeklers with attacks by the Cossacks. skirmishes and cannon-fire. Then General Engelhardt attacked the four times (!) stronger (I) enemy in earnest, drove him from the heights between Petersberg and Honigberg and after five and a half hours of fi�hting forced him to retreat. On the Russian side 1 officer and 2 privates were killed, on the Austrian side I officer and 3 privates (2,400 Russians and about 300 Austrians were involved in the fighting). The enemy suffered 150 casualties in killed and wounded and fled leaving cannon, weapons, munitions etc. behind." _
•
,
Kronstadt (Siebenbiirger Wochenblatt).a The following proclamation to the citizens of Kronstadt was made by the Russian general. "To the citizens of Kronstadt. Some evil-minded Kronstadt citizens have spread the: false rumour that 1 had quarrelled with the royal imperial Austrian General von Schurter and that I had intended to leave the town with my troops! I have on the contrary found a good comrade i n HefT General von Schuner and shaH continue to esteem and honour him as such. If I have sent back my baggage--carts to Wallachia that has been done simply and solely i n the i nterest of the local inhabitants as it would have been difficult for them to find forage for the 700 uhlans who are arriving today as well as for the teams of horses of the baggage-carts. The entire contents of the baggage-carts. consisting of biscuits, remain in the town and only the empty carts were dispatched. This false rumour is therefore an infamous and stupid lie; even if I myself were not in accord with General von Schurter I would nevertheless remain here for the protection of this city, for that is the All-highest will of my Emperor and Lord. b
"Kronstadt. January
29 (February 10). 1849
Major-Gener;:)1
110n
Engelhardt"
The reports from this new'"paper clterl here anrl below were also puhlisherl in rhe (;razer Zeitung No. 56. February 25, 1 8·19.-Ed. b Nicholas 1.- Ed. BJ
155
First published in the Neut Rheinische Zeitung No. 235, March 2, 1849
Printed according to the newspaper Published in English for the first time
456
457
Eu ropean War Inevitable
[EUROPEAN WAR INEVITABLE]
Favourable news beyond all expectation has reached us from Hungary. According to imperial as well as Magyar reports the Magyars have reached Hatvan, three stages from Pest. This victorious advance is the first result of Gorgey 's collaboration with the main Magyar army. The Austrians are sending all their troops post-haste towards H atvan. In a few days a decisive battle will be fought there."2 This is the condensed content of the news which arrived this evening. War in Denmark, war in Italy, a'.'d more' war t�an ever in . Hungary-involvements every one of whICh would suffIce 1Il these t imes, calamitous for all the existing powers, to engender a European war. That war will come, it must come. It will divide Europe into two armed camps, not according to nations or national sympathies, but according to the level of civ l sation. On the one side the revolution, on the other the coalItIon of all outmoded estate-classes and interests; on the one side civilisation, on the other barbarism . The victory may be tardy but it cannot be in doubt.
��
Cologne, March 2. The second sitting of the Second Chamber has produced two not uninteresting results: firstly, that the Right has so far been 2 1 votes stronger than the Left, not ten as we were informed yesterday; and secondly, the official announcement of the termination of the annistice of MalmO. 368 The latter event naturally leads to a thou sand-and-one diplomatic speculations. Thus, the Russian Cabinet is said to have concluded conditionally a mutual defensive and offensive alliance with Denmark; a Russian courier is said to have brought to Berlin the order to resist all possible demands of the Chamber absolutely etc. We shall report tomorrow what is substan tiated of these rumours. We learn from Italy: in Turin Gioberti is definitely dismissed and Chiodo definitely Prime Minister. The Chamber has sanctioned the change of ministry and in agreement with the M inisters has decided on the immediate resumption of the war against Austria.369 The , Austrian expedition to Ferrara gives ample cause for this. In Tuscan?, it seems that Laugier's attempt at reaction is failing completely.3 0 The Grand Duke," despairing of his luck, is said to have set sail to his Holy Fatherb in Gaeta. Apart from the alleged retreat of the Austria� s from Ferrara (already reported yesterday by the Wiener Zeitung) there is nothing new from the Roman Repuhlic. According to the Moniteur du soir, Sicily has proclaimed a republic.37!
a Leopold Il.-Ed,
h
Pius
IX.-Ed.
Written by Engels
0'1 March
2, 1849
First published in the special supplement to the Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 235, March 2, I H49
Printed according to the newspaper Published in English for the firST Ume
458
459
From the Theatre of "Var
FROM THE THEATRE OF WAR
How th i�&,s stand with the imperial cause emerges from the silence of t�e of�JC�al reports better than from any other circumstance. Tomght, It IS true, we have not received ou r Vienna letters and newspapers, but .the Berlin evening papers, which customarily bring the n �ws from. Vlen�a at the same time as the Wiener Zeitung, do not contaIn anythIng either. Profound silence from the otherwise · so talk�tive Vienna com �andant's office on the operations on the Theiss, the Maros and In Transylvania. Unoff�cial reports make up for this. The pro-Austrian reports from VIenna and the Magyar report in the Breslauer Zeitung from Hu ng�ry .agree on one fact: the Magyar army stands at H�tvan, SIX mIles from Pest, where a decisive · ba ttl e is in pr eparatlon. S�m e say: t�e insurg�nts have been driven back into this area by Schhck, Schulzlg and Gotz; others maintain: the victorious Magyars have advanced into this area. Who is right? A glance at the map decides the question. According to the latest news, GOrgey marched from Kaschau down along the Hernath as to join up with Dembinski. Dembinski on his part crossed the Theiss b�low. the Hernath :stuary and advanced in a north-westerly dlrectI?n thro�gh MISkolcz. As a result the left wing (Schlick, Schulzlg and Gotz, w.ho has been driven into the Upper Carpathians) was threa�ened at Its communications with the main army and attacked slmultaneousl� bY, Dembins�i on the right and by Gorgey on the left flank. The Schhck-Schulzlg corps therefore withdrew at ?nce �rom �,:rna to Rimaszombat. According to the latest (royal ImperIal offiCial) news, the two armies confronted each other at Rimaszom bat. so
Now we suddenly find the whole position completely changed. '[he Magyars have gone from Rimaszombat, over twenty miles from Pest, to Hatvan, six miles from Pest, and a decisive battle is expected there. If Schlick had beaten the Magyars their line of retreat would not have been·to the Danube, where they would have encountered the centre of the enemy army, but to the Theiss and Hernath, where the entire region is in Magyar hands. But if the Magyars retained the upper hand they could not advance from their positions on the Upper Theiss and Hernath in order to reach Pest in any other direction than that of Eatvan. For the way from Kaschau to Pest leads in a straight line through Rimaszombat and Hatvan! The roads from \1iskolcz to Pest and from Polgar and Tiszafiired (the two crossing points of the main Magyar army over the Theiss) to Pest also lead through Hatvan! I f then, as the Vienna reports say, "the insurgents under Gargey and Dembinski, pursued by Generals Schlick. Schulzig and Cotz. have been driven into the area of Hatvan",
th ey have been pressed to the very point to which they would anyway ha;e had to get victors, the point on which all the various Magyar corps marching upon Pest would converge. . Hence: either the Austrian generals are such dolts that thelT victories lead the enemy to exactly the same result as their defeats, that they render a better service to their enemies when they defeat them . than when they let themselves be defeated by them, or the imperial reports have once again lied brazenly. That the latter is the case-although we do not wish thereby in the least to diminish the clumsiness of the royal imperial generals-that yet another attempt has been made to cover up a shameful defeat by pompous assertions of victory, is proved by the concluding sentence: as
is to be expected, therefore, th at in the next few days struck against them [the insurgents]." a "It
a
major blow will be •
There is at Hatvan either only one Magyar corps or a whole army. T n the first case one cannot speak of a "major blow"; in the second case it will hardly be credited that the three corps of the royal imperial left wing, which could· not even cope with Gorgey alone. have defeated and "pursued" an entire army of which Gorgcy's troops form only a small part. And even if the main Hungarian army had been "driven" to Here and above we arc quoting from Bulletin �o. 24 of the Austrian published in the WWmr Zeitung No. 45, February 22. 1849.-Ed. OJ
army
460
From the Theatre of War
Articles from the Neue Rheinische Zeitung
Hatvan, would it wait there until the entire army of W·inr had come to the aid of the "pressing" Austrian corps so as to strike "maj or b!ow", or would it march back as fast as possible to the Thel�s, hmdered by n�body since its rear is completely free? It IS as clear as daylight: since Gargey joined the main army the Austrians have been driven back at all points of their wing and centre. Where Schlick and his associates are nobody tells us. The present position of the Magyars, north-east of Pest, however, more c learly than all reports. For the Magyars to be able . march from Rlmaszombat to H atvan, Schlick had first to rendered harmless, that is chased ten miles further back to Slovak mountain towns, where, separated from the main army by Danube bend, he stands quite isolated and powerless. Then, vanguard of the main roral imperial arJ?Y, even the main army Itse had to be thrown back five to seven miles further; for it is not long . since Windischgratz occupied all the country as far as Erlau, in town he actually wanted to set up his headquarters! And both these · e,:en.ts lIl ust ?ave taken place, otherwise how did a Magyar army get wIthm SIX miles of Pest? Until . more accu rate reports come i n we shall hardly have any ·. . alternative �ut to give credence to the Magyar "exaggeratio n" of the Breslauer Zeltung, evidently written in Pest, the more so because this . "exaggeration" bears all the internal and external marks of the · greatest truthfulness. !t reports that the Magyars standing at Hatvan . be! ong to the Hu �ganan northern army. (Gargey, who, moreover, has : eVIdently been remforced by a corps of the Theiss army.) It says: ..
?
'
HAs on January 27, w cn the Hungari�n Theiss army t�ce beat the imperial a rmy : at Szolnok and at Czegled , so also now In Pest everythmg is being evacuated and : p rep a�ed f?r a retreat" following the repeated victories of the rwrthern army over the : Impenal LIeutenant-FIeld Marshal Count Sch lick. All military offices, regimental ·. stores e�c . have been forward �d to Raab since the day before yesterday. The victorious : Hunga;wn northern a�'J. whIch can shake hands with the Hungarian Theiss army, ' accordIng to the una�lI�OUS statemez:tts of travel1ers, yesterday set up it.� outposts three ' stages from Pest, that �s In Hatvan. I t IS commanded by the Polish General Klapka and the excellent Hunganan General GiJrgey, both of whom are, however, under the ' .mpreme command of Dembinski. As on January 27, a proclamation was also issued ; . yester ay, SIgned by Commander Count Wrbna, informing the inhabitants of both towns that the rebels were threate ing t advance on Pest, and so part of the garrison � � had gone to meet the cnemy. The mhabltants were therefore particularly warned to . kec? calm, smce at any attempt at an insurrectiun the Ofen fortress would at once beg!n a bo� bardmer:t. �n Pest � great battle is expected in the next few days. l Postscnpt. A couner Just arrived from Pest has brou gh t news that much artillery has left Olen under grenad i er escort, and tluJt between tuday and tomorrow one mlL�t be prepared for
�
a Buda and Pest.-Ed.
,
461
battle in the neighbourhood of Pest . The Komorn garrison has driven out the imperial forces from Old Szon y . (l
"
Moreover, Kossuth has recently given very palpable proof that he is in no mind to tolerate the Austrians behaving like veritable barbarians in that part of the country which for strategic reasons he must abandon. He has used the only means which helps in such cases: to retaliate measure for measure. The Magyar correspondent ( Breslauer Zeitung) writes: "In Debreczin, the imperial Colonel Fligely is said likewise to have been shot in reprisal
(or the shooting in
Ofen., contrary to all international law, of the Hungarian Major Spoll.-FTOm an Austrian officer we learnt at the same time that Windischgriitz
has received a letter of the Hungarian Government, according to which Ttprisals will immediately follow any repetition of the execution of Hungarian prisoners . The 73 imFiaI ,wtt officm who are held prisoners in Debreczin have also sent a letter 10 Windischgralz in which they implore him to re frain from further action against Hungarian prisoners of war so as to spare their own lives. On this occasion we were given the names of five imperial generals who are Pri.'iOneTS in Debreczin. These two letters have had more effect on 'Vind ischgditz than all the German addresses and interpellations in connection
with the execution of Blum, and since then no executions at all have taken place in Ofen; h owever, it m ust be noted that the sentences have also been postponed, probably to a more favourable time. Yesterday a number of ladies of h igh rank were arrested in Pest. The Hungarian women yield nothing to the Polish women in patriotic enthusiasm and sacrifice. "
From the other sectors of the theatre of war we have only very scanty Austrian news. In the south-west the royal imperial General Dietrich entered Sexard (Tolna comitat) on the 14th, drove out Kossuth's hussars and arrived i n Pest on the 1 9th. So, here too, on the right bank of the Danube, there are still Kossuth's . hussars and they are even holding towns! A correspondent of the Allgemeine Oder-Zeitung reports from Transylvania that Bern, whom the imperial bulletins have already reported to be either dead ,or a prisoner, has repulsed Herr Puchner in the Banat, whither the latter had pursued him, has marched to Klausenburg, where he won over a large number of Hungarian and Szekler groups, and has again taken the offensive against the united A ustrians and Russians in the Saxon region.373 We shall leave open for the time being the question of how much truth there is i n this repo rt. In part it is, however, confirmed by the report of the Grazer 7eitung from Temesvar that the insurgent troops, pressed into Tran sylvania, have again tried to enter the Banat at Facset-Lugos and that the imperial troops were thereby forced to leave Arad in great haste so as not to be cut ofL" " Grazer Zeitung No. 54, Fehruary 23, 1 849.-Ed.
•
462
Articles from the Neue Rheinische Zeitung
463
,:�ese
reports _prove how correctly we have understood posItIon of the warring parties. A decisive victory over the a�my b�fore Pest, the outbreak of war in Italy, and Au stria will . pIeces III spIte of all Russian interventio ns! Written by Engels on March 2, 1849
Printed according to the ne'wsl,apoer
First published in the Neue Rheinische Zeit1mg No. 236, March 3, 1849
Published in English for the time
LASSALLE
Cologne, M arch 3 . People still remember the notorious case where an unfortunate girl was brought before the assize court on a charge of infanticide. The jury acquitted her. Later on, she was brought before a police court for concealment of pregnancy. Amid the general laughter of
the public, the Court's decision to prosecute was quashed. The Dusseldorf Court is following in the footsteps of its illustrious predecessor. By a decision of the Dusseldorf Court dated February 22, Lassalle, Cantador and Weyers were committed to the assize court, charged with making inflammatory speeches. We have no objection to that. But by a decision of the same Court, Lassalle is a second time being brought before a polue cottrt on the grounds that in a speech at Neuss347 he is alleged to have called for " violent resistance to official�' (a crime under Articles 209, 2 1 7).$15 Let us, first of all, establish the facts. Among the circumstances adduced as motives for Lassalle's committal to the assize court is this same speech at Neuss. The Court alleges that in this speech he " called for arming against the state power" (a crime under Articles 87. 9 1 , 1 02). On the basis of one and the same speech, therefore, Lassalle is brought on one occasion before the assize court, and on a second occasion before the police court. If the jury acquits him, he will be convicted by the police court. And if the police court does not convict him, in any case he will remain in custody on remand until the police court acquits him. Whatever the verdict of the jury, Lassalle will continue to be deprived of his freedom, and the Prussian state is saved .
464
Anides from the
Lassalle
Ne:ue Rheinische Zeitung
We :epeat: it is on the basis of one and the same speech that Lassalle is commItted by the Dusseldorf Court first to the assize court and secondly to the police court. It is the same fact in each case. Furthermore, apart from that. H in a speech I "call for arming against the state power", is it not self-evident that I am calling for "violent resistance to officials"? The existence of the state power is embodied precisely in its officials, the army, the administration and the courts. Apart from this, its physical embodiment, it is but a shadow, an idea, a name. The overthrow of the Government is impossible without violent resistance to its officials. If in a speech I call for revolution, it is superfluous to add: "offer violent resistance to the officials". According to the procedure of the Dusseldorf Court, everyone without exception who is committed to the assizes under Articles 87 and 1 02 on a charge of incitement to overthrow the Government can subsequently be brought before the police court under Articles 209 and 2 1 7. And is there not in the Code d'instruction criminelle376 an article which states: "Toute personne acquittee legalement ne pourra plus etre reprise ni ace usee raison du meme delit"?
'
' . , •
' '
"
.
above all important because the issue is whether the exclusive competence of the assize court for political offences will or will not suffer the same fate as all the so-called March gains, whether the salaried lawyers will be able at their discretion to degrade the assize court with its unpaid jury to the mere semblance of a court of justice, in the event of some fact not being recognised by the jury as a political crime or offence, by immediately referring the same fact to the judgment of a police court as an ordinary offence. Why in general have these crimes and offences been withdrawn from the compe tence of ordinary courts and referred to the assize court? Obviously it has been presumed that, in spite of the honour and sensitivity of the salaried judges, in political trials they represent anything but the interests of the accused. We shall take up this subject again.' Written by :.1:arx
OIl
March 3,
1 849
First published in the Neue Rheini.�che Zeitung No. 237, March 4, 1849
a
In translation: "No one who is legally acquitted can again be taken in charge or accused on the basis of the same offence."
But it makes no difference to the actual state of affairs whether after I have b�en acquitted by the jury I am subsequently brought before the police court for the same offence, or whether the verdict of the jury is annulled in advance by my being first of ali I ) committed for trial before the assize court and 2) brought before the police court for the same offence. We ask the Dusseldorf Court whether its patriotic zeal has not clouded its legal acumen. We ask Examining Magistrate Ebermeier whether he is entirely free from personal enmity towards Lassalle. We ask, finally, a certain official of the Dusseldorf Public Prosecutor's office whether he did not declare: "The acquittal of Cantador and Weyers is of no great concern to us, but we must in any case hold Lassalle." We doubt whether Lassalle has the same desire to be listed for an incredibly long period in the inventory of "subjects of the state" par excellence. T�e Lassalle case is important for us not only because it concerns the liberty and rights of a fellow-citizen, one o f our party friends. It is
465
a See thi.s volume, pp. 474-76.-EcL
Printed according to the newspaper
Published ill English for 'he first time
467
The \-Var in Hungary
466
(0
THE WAR IN HUNGARY
•
March 3. Today's news from the Hungarian theatre of war is limited to a confirmation and partial elaboration of yesterday's. It is said, indeed, to be Dembinski himself who stands at Hatvan, while two French generals stand a few miles further back at Gyongyos with a Magyar corps. The magnitude of the danger is shown by the continuing dispatches of troops from Pest to the Theiss. According to other, also imperial, reports of the 25th from Pest, Windischgriitz has set up his headquarters in G5dollo, almost halfway between Pest and Hatvan, and his vanguard under General Zeisberg is already back in Gyongyijs. Cologne,
"The rebels,"' it is said, "are retreating as before at Szolnok, but this time they will hardly escape without bloodshed., since General Gob. is operating from the mountain towns, and Lieutenant-Field Marshal Schlick has again taken the offensive, so there i.
joint action from all sides."
through Lasoncz in the direction of I polysag, and now he is trying push forward again over the mountains. Finally, it is said that the Magyars are again retreating and that Gyongyos has again been taken from them . How far this news is correct we leave open . But even if it is correct, the question still arises whether only the Magyar advance guard has gone back to the main army, whether the movement backwards is a movement of concentration, or whether it is a retreat. In the first case it would merely be the precursor of a decisive battle. In the other case, if the Magyars should again cross the Theiss without accepting a decisive battle, neither would that prove anything at all in favour of the imperial army. One could only conclude in that case thatthe Magyars had thought it necessary to make their demonstration at the gates of Pest so as to encourage their followers, to train their young soldiers who are not yet much used to open battle, and perhaps also to make some recruits in the districts Jazyg and Kuman, while at the same time being not sufficiently advanced in their military organisation to venture a decisive blow with safety. We hear from all sides that the Magyars do not confine themselves to defending their p i ti on with the forces they have already g-athered, but that, on th .. contrary, they are using their unassailable position behind the Theiss for preparation on the grandest scale. The Austrian reports themselves admit:
Here we learn various new things. First, the great military commander Gotz, whom we had lost-sight of on the Galician border after his defeat by Gorgey high up in the Carpathian Mountains, reappears. He reappears -in the mountain towns, fifteen to twenty miles south-west of his last position. So, during the week he was lost, Gorgey's alleged "pursuer" has effected quite a considerable retreat. We also hear that �hlick has again taken the offensive. So he had given it up for a time. Instead of "driving back" the Magyars to Hatvan, as we were told yesterday, he was the one to be "driven back". Today, then, it is indirectly admitted that Schlick has suffered a setback. Where, we are not told. Neither are we told where he is now . Presumably, Gorgey has driven him back from Rimaszombat
os
lmpressme. .
"The Hungarian forces have gained time to organise and have '
"
And the Magyar correspondent of the from Debreczin:
now
Breslauer Zeitung
become
reports •
"The Magyar troops have of late had frequent military exercises. in particular great battle manoeuvres underfire. at which Frau KO.sJuth always appeared in a carriage-and-six and sought to encourage the soldiers by friendliness and praise. Kossuth's spouse is certainly a remarkable woman, full of ambition and patriotism, who willingly shares all dangers with her husband, and one of the clumsiest slanders which the Austrian party sought to spread from the beginning so as to discourage the Hungarian patriots and make them distrustful, was its announcement that Kossuth had already sent his wife and family to Hamburg to hasten to North America ahead of him."
That the Royal Imperial Government is becoming less and less confident in a rapid and happy outcome of the Hungarian war is proved by the negotiations with Debreczin, which are constantly resumed in spite of the hostilities. They founder, however, on two Austrian demands: compensation to Austria for the costs of war, and the handing over of all the principal leaders. While the main Magyar army occupied Hatvan, the Magyar left wing attacked Szolnok, where the Austrians had dug entrenchments
468
The
Articles from the Neue Rheinische Zeitung
T
and, according to �me report, had even put up a bridge across the . TheIss. he Honveds crossed, attacked the Austrians, and are said to have drIven them out of Szolnok. In .the south the capture of Szegedin by the Austrians is still que.stIonable. Today the Constitutionelles Blatt aus Bijhmen declares agam that Szegedin is still in the hands of the Magyars, who have b�aten off two assaults by the Serbs. Knicanin, on the other hand, is saId to have destroyed part of the garrison during a sortie. �rom a report by Rukavina taken f :om the Grazer Zeitung it is . . the fortress of A rad was certamly not relieved by the entry that dear of the Serbs and A � stri�ns, but th�t, on the contrary, the Austrians hav� retreated agam wIthout havmg achieved anything and have agam ab �ndoned Old and New Arad to the Magyars (Bulletin No. 23 IS accordmgly t<,> be corr�cted): This report says, after describing the . . course of the fIghtmg SImilarly to the BuJletin b: it was neither !imely nor int�nded to occupy Old Arad for further operations, our bra\ie troops, havmg ful1y carned out their in ten ti on s (!), withd rew again the very sam� d ay to New A rad a�� on the 9th, under quite minor vanguard skirmishes. to thM.: prevwusly determmed POSztlOru. Enemy 10sses are considerable. OUf losses were beSIdes 80 me n, th�ee officers killed and five wounded. Temesvar, February 10, ] 849: . Baron Rukavma, LIeutenant-Field Marshal . "Sinc�
�
.
"
The MagYar correspondent of the Breslauer Zeitung reports from , that not 10 ,000 but 20,000 Russians are in Transyl Tra�:lSylvama vama and unashamedly take part in the fighting against the Magyars · and Szeklers. Nevertheless, the Szeklers are said to have resumed the offensIVe. crossed th � Aluta at Marienburg and occupied Heldsdorf near K ron �tadt . InCIdentally, the Transylvanian mail has again failed . . m VIenna for several days. Concerning the Russian �o arrIve. mterventIOn the Breslauer Zeitung writes "from H ungary " .
"Th � entry of the .Russians into Transylvania has immensely embittered not only , Hun�anans but Austnans �s well SInce for several weeks it has been no secret that the �usslans ?ad offered thelT aid on condition th at Austria gave its coruent to the mcorporatt on of the D an.ubi an principalities into RtL��ia, which has for long been the , . RUSSians, IOtentzon. ThIS consent has been fully granted." ,
�ubsequently we have learnt from the
�
.
B �hmen
Constitu!ionelles Blatt aus indeed advanced through the
�hat part of Gorgey's. cmps as Car� athlans to Sandec tn Gahna. Umt after unit was sent there from ZymIec, and the Magyars eventually retreated again probably motivated by Gorgey's changed plan. '
a See this volume, pp. 423-24.- Ed.
b
Grazer
Zeitung No.
54,
February
2 3 , 1849.- Ed.
War in
t en es pr e in th at th d se ali re t las at s ha t en nm The Au strian Gover e es th ed nc it co ss le un st lo rly te ut is it ry ga un state of the wa r in H put ot nn it ca at th en r se he rt fu s It ha s. av Sl rn he de m an ds of th e Sout , once it ha s ry ga un H ud ro -p m do ee fr d an nt ta ili m a better curb on pa�ated fr om se s te sta av Sl l al sm of s rie se a an th , been subjugated al l SIdes. It ha s on t en em el r ya ag M e th n ai str re ll wi H ungary , w hi ch ise" H un �a ry . an rg eo "r to tz di. hg sc di in W on up led ai therefore prev nsylvama wIll be ra T d an a in od iv Vo n ia rb Se e th , ia on Croatia, Slav t en nd pe de i e He t to in ed ut tit s � l cO , ry :. separated from H un g� , chamed t<,> �he tIa na l Da d an a ah � t WI ng Io : d, an �� provinces � mISSIOn m co CIl un Co s n Ba he . T ns IO m m do "G erman heredltarv in Pest has ry llo ce an Ch l ya � Ro n ria ga un H e th t sent from Agram ncellory to ha l C ya Ro e th r fo r de or e th tz ra hg sc di in obtained from W iste�ed . T he in m ad to er th hi s ha it ich w s ce an fin t . p ay out the Croa ted I.n future uc str m en he ve h n f O m es iti or � th au l ra � H ungarian cent not as a m va yl ns ra T d an a dm vo OI V e th , ia . to regard Croatia, Slavon a; e s ak o Sl e th g m be e tIm � e th r Fo . re belonging to their sphe ImperIal l ya e ro th to r de or an i h w f of ed � . apparently to be fobb Slovak e th m ce en nd po es rr co r eI th t uc nd co m m issioners to co driven in be to ed iI cl t in no , a ly al nt de ci in s, ? ak :� . language. T he Slov al l th e royal of Ite sp m , m Is tIC na fa l na tio na to ee the slightest degr un gary have H of s le op pe av Sl e th l al of e on al y he imperial efforts. T . decided Magyar sympathies. Ian tr us A e th r fo ts oa Cr e th of s ie th Nevertheless, the sympa rule ps oo tr al ri pe im l ya ro he T n ai rt . ce o Government are not yet to b � th e t s av Sl e th ed ar cl de � ho w , am gr A the country ; a priest at vIllagt; S hI ed nd la y, ch ar on m e tir en e th d an r saviours of th e Em pero "traitor to of le tit e th lf se m hi on w d an ge sie of in a temporary state e th ut ab s nt ai pl m co nt ta � ns co e ar e the E mperor". I n Agram ther om m Ittee of C e th lt su re a as d an , rty pa r ya ag M e " machinations" of th ious rumours ic al m of s or at in em ss di l al ed en at re Public Safety has th with court martial. w ill e� d e w ch hi w ith w , ir fa af al ic m co a en be In Agram there has d �he VICe se po de lik au H op sh Bi : ry ga un H today's report on tnots " , on pa t oa Cr d te ec sp re t os "m e th of e on Archpriest StooS, Moreover, he s. s ie pr of y ac ! lib ce e th t ns ai ag t le ph m account of a pa use ca be ac ik pl Su e od iv Vo r fo s as m m ie refused to celebrate a requ e H ol y th at th ve lie be t no d di d an tic re he a lhe latter w as allegedly . T he m an er th Fa e th om fr d an n So e th om fr lly Ghost proceeds equa e storm of ol wh e th ow . N tin La in s ng iti wr s hi l moreover issues al
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469
Hungary
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a
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to the Au�lrian Em pe ro r te' ina rd bo su ry ga un H uf dy bo l a The su pr em e financia na .- Ed. and the staLe treasury in Vi en
470
Articles from the
471
Nt1li! Rheinische Zeitung
Croat �an-Slavist patriotism is rising against Bishop Haulik, and the poor bIshop must feel that his Croats believe even more in Ban Jellachich than in the Holy Ghost.
Written by Engels on March 3,
1849
published in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 237, March 4, 1849 First
[FROM THE H UNGARIAN THEATRE OF WAR]
Printed according to the newspaper Published in English for the first time
Direct news from the theatre of war is today again very scanty. From Pest we hear that the Magyars, after giving the Austrians a wholesome fright by their sudden advance, are again withdrawing to the Theiss. According to the Lloytf the imperial troops are said to be occupying the line from Waitzen to Consencz (?) and from Hatvan to Szolnok. Windischgratz has really departed from Pest into the area of Gyongyos. On the other hand, it is confirmed today that Bern in Transylvania has once again decisively beaten the hero Puchner. Bern had assembled his troops at Deva, in that narrow defile where the martial-law papers were already hoping that Puchner and Rukavina would block him and force him to capitulate. For according to an earlier bulletin, 3,000 Rumanians were standing there, barring every exit. To the great astonishment of all believers in the bulletins, instead of 3,000 Rumanians, there are suddenly no fewer than 4,000 Magyars with 8 cannon standing there, with whom Bern has joined. On February 9 he attacks the pursuing Austrians, defeats them after fourteen hours' fighting, wipes out several whole regiments and drives the fleeing royal imperial army back to Hermannstadt, where it re-formed only on the 1 2th. The Austrian right wing tried to make a stand at Alvinz on the Maros, but was thrown back to Karls burg. So Bem is again master of the western half of Transylvania. In the eastern half the Szeklers stand behind the Aluta, two hours from •
Lloyd No. 99. February
27, 1 849, evening edition.- Ed.
472
Articles from the
From the Hungarian Theatre of War
Neue Rheinische Zeitung
Kronstadt. The following is the official report on the fighting at the latter place: '.'The hostile advance into Bunenland of the Szeklers, who have repeatedly perJured themselves (!), induced the Russian General Engelhardt to make a reconnaissance in strength in the direction of Petersberg at 7 a. ffi. on the 4th of thig mont� with one Russian battalion, 150 Cossacks and two cannon, supported by one battalIon of the 1st Regiment of Rumanians. " Barely an hour f�om Kronstadt the reconnaissance already encountered the . enemy who was movmg In strong columns from Honigberg in the direction of Peter�berg and,who, noticing the weakness of our troops. attacked them with tenfold . sup�nor strength, WIthout. however, making them yield. . During the engageme �Jt the Kronstadt gar:isOIl was alerted, the entire military force followed the reconnaIssance and two RUSSIan battalions with six cannon, then a squadron of Savoy dragoons entered the line of battle in two columns. "Although under heavy, weB-maintained fire from covered positions, the Russian . artIllery forced the enemy's centre to yield, while a second detachment of Russian tTOOpS took the ? eights ncar Petcrsberg, well occupied by the enemy, and thereby . m�de the �nemy s retreat general.- J:Ie withdrew through Honigberg across the Alt , bndge, whIch he destroyed behmd hIm, and took up positions on the other side but here also was fo�ced by well-aimed artillery fire to retreat further, and with tha� the engagement, whIch had begun at 8 a. m., ended at 2 p. m. "The �nemy's retreat across the Alt was so rapid that only three prisoners could be taken" HIS strength was 8,000 to 9,000 infantrymen, 500 cavalrymen, all well armed, and SIX cannon. �n enemy column approximately 1,200 men strong, which was . movmg from Manenburg (0 Szunyogszcg, returned to Heldsdorf at the beginning of the bombardment." a
According to this, the Szeklers are masters of the eastern half of the country, and in spite of the 20,000 Russian soldiers, who have marched to the chief Saxon cities, all Transylvania, with the exception of K �onstadt a�d Her�annstadt, is in the hands of the Magyars.-What kin, do to credIt the brutIsh Flemmgs of Transylvania, our kith and . us Germans, emerges from the following fact: " Krorutadt, �:bruary 5 . . The local Town Council has sent a message of thanks to
·
"Two hours from" a town which one occupies, one no longer " reconnoitres" . So Bistritz is still Magyar, and M alkowsky has retreated to Watra Dorna, in Bukovina territory. In conclusion we add the following correspondence of the Constitutionelles Blatt aus Biihmen of February 23 from Pest: "In the near future there is likely to be a decisive blow struck in the theatre of war in our neighbourhood . Two days ago there was already that brisk activity at headquarters which usually precedes important actions. Today, as I learnt from a fairly reliable source, the Prince himseUa is to start and move his hc-.ddquarters further forward to Godollo, Grassalkovich's one-time country-seat, four hours' journey from here. According to the statements of some officers, the Hungarian fighting force is surrounded (I) so that it must expect complete defeat unless (!) it again finds a little back door open (!!). The day before yesterday a convoy of more than 300 prisoners was brought in, and all from the above areas. "The convoy consisted of Honvoos of various battalions, deserted troops of the line, hussars and two carts of civilian prisoners. The greatest sensation was caused by a lady who rode at the front in a cart and was wrapped up to her nose in a cloak and ,hawl. The gullible crowd took her for the wife of General GOrgey; later they made her a mistress of the latter. She had been arrested because her short. curly haIr and her strong. somewhat unfeminine features aroused the suspicion that she was a man disguised as a woman. On examination her right to wear petticoats was i� de�d established, but important letters of highly treasonable content and 2,000 flonns In Hungarian banknotes were found in her bustle." Written by Engels on March 4, 1 849
Printed according to the newspaper
First published in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung No, 237 (second edition), March 4,
Published in English for the first time
1849
. command of the Russian troops in the Danubian G �ne�al �?n �uders. who IS tn pnnClpahtles...
On .the Bukovina border the imperial gentlemen are not . advancmg eIther. They claim to have got as far as Bistritz but the matter is still in doubt , Listen to the Constitutionelles Blatt aus Biihmen:
"Colonel Urban has already advanced from the Bukovina side as far as Bistritz in T�ansylvanja an � L�eutenant-.Field Marshal von Malkowsky was already by then two �des from Bl�tntz III Marosz �ny, where he reconnoitred, and on the second day WIthdrew to hIS hc-ddquarters III Dorna to obtain reinforcements and thereupon to advance at once." • .
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Gra.., Zeitung No. 59, February 28, 1849,-Ed. Die Presse No. 50, Fehruary 28, I R49.-Ed.
473
vVindischgratz.-Ed.
474
The Proceedings against lassalle
THE PROCEEDINGS AGAINST LASSALLE
C:ologne, March 3 . Our readers will remember the depu tation . . which at the be�ml lln � of this year appeared before Prosecutor General Herr NlcolovlUs to intercede for Lassal le Cantador d Weyers, who were arrested in Dusseldorf in Novemb e .377 At the ti e the Prosecutor-��neral romised that those arre l? sted should be g�anted every f� cdity conSistent with the purpose of de tention before tnal; he promised to have th e inquiry conducted as speedily as . p�sslble and gave the solemn assurance that it was not remotely �hmkabl� that the inquiry would be as long drawn out as was the case m t�e tnal of Gottschalk and comrades: Smc� then two m onths have gone by , our reade rs have in the . meantlII�e had 0ccaslOn to obtain evidence of the "facilities" which . �a�s.alle I.n part�cular has enjoyed during this period b ; they know the Civility. with whICh Herr Morret, the prison govern or, behaved, how the pnsoner on �em an d was threatened with peniten tiary discipline, ho� an extraord�nary court was set up for hi m whos e sentence is still awaited, and whICh �ay possibly be confinement in a cell. . T e second promise, of the speediest possible conduct of the mqUlry wa� to be kept as brilliantly as the first. : The mqUlry has now been in progress for almos t three and a ha lf mo nt hs ; La� salle wa s, as we know, arrested on No vember 22 . This lengthy �nod has not suff!ced to bring the accused before the quar terly ass�zes due to stan m Dusseldorf on the 5th inst. Without . extr�ordmary assizes three more months of de tention will be reqUIred before the case can be brought before a ju ry, although the
;
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191-92,- Ed. See this volume, pp. 344-46,-Ed
':::
475
examining magistrate had already declared the inquiry closed more th an three weeks ago. After the obvious, undeniable procrastination of which the Rhenish prosecution was guilty in the Gottschalk trial, after the general disapproval which the proceedings evoked at the time, after the specific warning not to fall into the same error again, the Prosecutor-General stated today to a deputation consisting of Herren K, Schapper, K. Marx, F. Engels, M. Rittinghausen, p, Hatzfeldt and H. Burgers, that the work necessary to prepare the proceedings could not be completed in time for the next quarter session! Herr N icolovius maintained, it is true, that this was purely due to the course of the inquiry itself, which had assumed an unexpectedly wide scope, and he could not admit that the trial's postponement, which had now become necessary, had been caused by the way the . inquiry was conducted, We will not reproach the Prosecutor-General for shielding his officials; this is entirely in keeping with the hierarchical order; but we are not obliged to be so considerate. We have remarked above that the examining magistrate had already declared the inquiry closed more than three weeks ago. Two days after the accused had gone through the final hearing, Lassalle was suddenly called before the examining magistrate again. A letter was placed before him in Which, during the November days, he had called for armed reinforcement for Dusseldorf. He did not deny having written the letter, and following this statement the inquiry was again resumed. The accused are now said to owe it to this additional inquiry that their trial will not come before the next assizes. For that is the revelation which Herr Nicolovius made to the deputation today. It is clear. If the fatal letter, which entailed new hearings of witnesses, in consequence of which the examining judges' findings are too late for the preparations necessary for the public hearing to be completed within the next three weeks, if this document had only been received by the public prosecution in office during the i;::1uiry, when the inquiry was nearing completion, or if Public Prosecutor von Ammon I had at once passed it on to the examining tnagistrate for use during the inquiry, then nobody could be taken to task and the accused could only blame their cruel fate for putting new material in the way of an already voluminous investigation at such a late hour. But this is not the case. That letter which is said to have caused the whole delay has been in the hands of Herr von Ammon for almost three weeks without his
Articles from the
476
477
Neue Rheinische Zeitung
bothering to pass it on to the examining magistrate. So exactly the . f time which would have sufficed entirely to prepare the proceedingS for the next assizes, exactly that time was allowed by the Public ' Prosecutor to elapse, so as to instigate a new investigation afterwards, : when the inquiry was closed. The Public Prosecutor will not deny the ; accuracy of this fact; he has himself already admitted that the letter .. had been quietly lying in his cabinet for that length of time. We therefore ask: was it not obviously the intention of Herr Ammon to protract the trial in this way? Is he not guilty deliberately causing an evident intentional delay? We at least find any motive which could entitle the representative of the public ' prosecution to withhold from the inquiry for weeks on end a document on which he himself places the greatest value. We hear, it .' is true, that the Public Prosecutor has used the three weeks to make provisional inquiries. But to us it appears irresponsible to wish to make inquiries only when the investigation in progress is alone called . upon to provide the necessary information on the facts of the case. : . To us it appears that the true motive for this procedure is but fear of the public proceedings of a trial which has already been decided in favour of the accused by the recent trials in Cologne, and .•. . secret hopes of an early amnesty, which would, of course, be preferable to acquittal by jury.
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Written
by
Marx
on
March
1 849
Printed according to the newspaper ':
published in the Neue Rheinische 7Pitung No. 238, March 6, 1 849
Published in English for the first .
First
3.
tlme
MAGYAR VICTORY
ary, u � in r w e th o rts po re ar gy Ma e Th �� . 5 h � � Cologne, Marc ies and taS fan t bu g thm no e ar , ng itu Ze e sch lni Ko e th according to to now u at th e abl ark rem re mo is the � It , s" ion rat ge ag ex "ridiculous twn. Bu t era gg exa of e cas gle sin a ved pro yet t no s ha rin l'M Ko the brave gyar news Ma e th of on ati irm nf co w no to Up d? ee ind it, how could has invariably arrived three days later! . dld. From the ng itu Ze e sch lni Ko the as d ee oc pr t no did We . Bu t we have ars gy e Ma t of e sid the k too ly ed cid de we g nin begin t of the Magyar en gm Jud r ou e nc lue inf to s bia r ou ed ow all r ve ne be either exaggera to ts or rep se the red cla de t no ve ha e W ts. or rep ws and n e th of t res e th th wi em th � d are mp co ve ha we tion or gospel; mdeed, d, un fo we us th d An y. all tic cri ss ne thi or stw tru ir established the days later few � at th , ws ne ct rr co d ine nta co y the in ma � that in the . ctly, by the lre md or ly ect dlT , ed irm nf co ly ab ari inv re y the we . Austrian bulletins. . ay with tod for rt po re ian ar ng Hu r ou en op we le, mb After this prea (Breslauer e nc de on sp rre co ar gy Ma e th to ing rd co ac the news that r and on Febnl:� ne ch Pu er ov y tor vic t ian ill br a n wo m ) Zeitung Be is taken from the .0fflc� 1 15 took Hermannstadt by storm. This news thlS zm ec br De In . 1 2 ry ua br Fe of ) ny ozLO (K Hungarian Moniteur d Te Deum. an te lu sa n gu a th wi th 20 e th on ted ra victory was celeb as a result , nd ha le e th s in ot sh o tw d rl ive ce re rn Be e, . D ring the battl no longer 15 ere T . ed tat pu am rs ge fin e re th ve ha to d ha he of which fled ve ha to d saJ is r ne ch ." Pu nia va syl an Tr in any trace of the Russians to Temesvar.
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478
Anicles from the Neue
Magyar Victory
Rheinische Zeitung
We see that this news bears the stamp of complete Yesterday, the news from Transylvania about Be rn covered up to the l�t h, on which day Puchner tried to reasse mble his that had been driven back in wild flight from De va to SZ:l.szv from Szaszv:lros to Miihlenbach, from Miihlenb ach to H stadt, in position before He rmannstadt. In Herm annstadt itself, we know, he found only 4,000 Russians for his reinforcement, however, were evidently insufficient, with the rest of his army, hold the ground against Bern's arm y. It is therefore credible that Bem-"unfortunately a good soldie r", as the AUlg A llgemeine Zeitung says- de livered there the last decisive blow to admittedly incapable Puchner an d stormed the town itself. With this victory Bern is again master of all Tra nsylvania. K ronstadt, situated ·in the extreme south-eas tern corner, and environs of Bistritz in the extreme north-ea st are still in im n·,�r hands. Malkowsky has made an incursion into the Bistritz area fro Bu kovina . We know that this noble hero eva cuates the whole Bu kovina and ret reats close to the Russian bo rder whenever merely shows u p in the distance. Now, when Bern is 30 to 40 away, the brave Malkowsky has again taken the offensive and been operating for three weeks in the Carpathi ans. The result of daring enterprise is that Malkowsky has occ upied Bistritz, a town, and thereby has in three weeks occupied pre cisely five miles Transylvanian territory. The 25th A nny B ulleti n jus t arrived (see; below), reports that his troops have "once aga in fought a very luc battle ", so lucky that after the battle "they return ed to their in Bistritz", that is, they did not even reta in the battlefield. Very indeed! In the south the Hu ngarian s, accord ing to the same M report, have also won at A rad a sign ificant victory, at which 300 of the Leiningen regiment went over to the m. From th e Theiss the news is as follows. Ac cording to the Bulletin, · . . Windischg riitz transferred his headquarters to Hatvan on the 24th, . and to Gyongyos on the 25t h, which does not me an, however, that he ... . was in Gyongyos on the 25t h . On this the Ma gyar correspondent, . again a day in advance of the Austrian news, reports: ,
"From Pest we learn from a reliable source that Windischgratz. was beaten at Zibahhaza 071 the 26th. and that. therefore. in Ofen everything is held in readiness foT retreat. The pontoon equipment has already left for Raab. The artillery park, however, was taken from the General Meadow at Ofen into the fortress itself. Two thousand men are said to have gone over to the Hungarians from the Croats. A great sensation has been caused i n Pest -by the arrest of Mr. A . Wodjaner, the son of the richest banker in Hungary."
479
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On
this arrest, which has caused t e greatest scandal in Pest and . bourgeOISIe Hungarian what it h � s t� expect from the which shows the imperial army, another report says the followmg.
on shares, without himself being a factory , 'Kossuth had founded a cloth . , , ' h a , reholder. Wodjaner was appOInted Its dIrector. Th� facto ry wa� endowed WIt sha . ' cap,·tal of 60 ,000 florins. When Pest was occupIed by ,mpenal troops, 20.000 workmg . . s f this were requisitioned without regard to the representatIons that the f1()n ?e was one of private industry. In spite of this objection. and although the entClpns
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on February 2 5 the demand was rnade that now ' florins had already been paId, . 2 ,. enure 60 •000 florins should be paid over. When the partner. Albert WodJaner. the . arrested on February 26, WhIC he was pubbcly ' ' h created much opp osed th's demand • . , stIr. Th ereupon the 60 ,000 florin> were paid, and o n the next day he was re1eased "
, 0 000
The division of Hungary in the interest of the Southern Slavs is confirmed. The Pesther Courier reports the following :
" Pest. February 2 2 . Yesterday a manifesto of His Majesty the Emperor was . . 378 0f h · h to 1(" W accordmg l "te h K r 9u 1 In amera comitat. fmure e t Pest the in blished 11 p . . the Serbian Voivodina, of the Bacs, Torontal , Ternes and Csanad comltats
CT�atl�'378 �:lonu ing � be
Transylvania are to be administered separately from the other estates to the Hungarian Crown. Accord ing to the same manifesto, pass�orts m�st ungarian customs offICes whICh issued in German and the work of the in fut re ,a formerly existed at the frontiers, will have to cease.
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To complete the above news we now give, first, the remaining reports of the Magyar correspondence, from which one can see how little Debreczin dreams of defeat: "_From a reliable source I can report to you that Count Erbach, the seco�d aide of " tz • has heen taken prisoner and brought to Debreczm. In the .. . W'1IldI'sc hgra PIUlce . . Ernst KISS IS named as F'IeId M . arsbaI Dehreczin J\fonitEUr (Kihliiny), of February . d leSt'd en t I·n Debreczin The Wiener Zedung made out long ago that thiS Hun
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:: d:. t:�er;�r
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Furthermore, we give a report �f the Constitutionell�s Blatt aus . Bahmen the conduct of the war m the south, which '� the more trustworthy as it appears in a paper written in the Slav mterest:
on
��
"A
impus
on this poor town a contribution of 500,000 florins C . M . ; but It IS
ording to authentic reports, Szegedin is in the hands of Serbs, who 1;ta".e
" Reprinted in Die Pres" No. 5 1 . March 1 . 1 849.-Ed. b State Asscmbly.-Ed.
480
Articles from r_he Neue Rheinische Zeitung
to be feared that the payment of this sum, a considerable one for Szegedin, wi11 not be the only blow to strike the inhabitants. The Serbs have much to avenge, and we have no rcason to believe that they wi1l be generou!I in revenge. Many refugees have already
arrived here from the Banal area and their accounts amply confirm these sad conjectures. The streets are everywhere crowded with their poor comrades in misfortune, who, not knowing where to turn, roam about hungry, desperate and without shelter; for their huts, where they slept calm and carefree only yesterday, have now become heaps of rubble! I spoke to one of these refugees, who vividly described.
the sufferings he had undergone during the flight; while he barely escaped death in one place, in another he nearly lost his hand, since some Serbs, who assaulted him in rapacious fury, wanted to hack off his hand because they could not pun the �ignet ring from his finger quickly enough. But I will not trouble you further with accounts of similar cruelties and atrocities."
Finally, the official Bulletin No. 25 itself, which tells us further · only that Gatz and Jablonowsky have again occupied the towns of Eperies and Kaschau abandoned by General Gargey as he moved on:
"His Excellency Field Marshal Prince Windischgratz started out on tbe 24th inst. from Olen and on that day transferred his headquarters to Hatvan and, on the 25tb,to Gyongyos. Thereby communications with the corps of Lieutenant-Field Marshal Count &hlick were restored. According to reports received from Transylvania, the
most active and careful Colonel Urban has again survived a very happy skirmish with the insurgents in Baiersdorf. in the neighbourhood of Bistritz. To obtain precise information on the position of the insurgents, Colonel Urban started from lad on the 1 8th inst marched through Bistritz via Heidendorf to the junction of the roads to Baiersclorf and Szeretfalva, where he sent off an outflanking column under Major , ' Wieser against SzeretfaIva. With the main force he advanced against Baiersdorf, there encountered the Polish Legion and stormed the place with bayonets. After this heated and victorious battle the enemy was driven back towards Magyaros. In this hattle the seriously wounded insurgent Colonel Riczko, two officers and 200 men were taken .•
prisoner; three guns, a cart, an imperial and an insurgent standard, ammunition and baggage were captured. Unfortunately, we on our �ide lost Senior Lieutenant Count Baudissin of the Savoy dragoons, who there met a hero's death for Emperor and
fatherland. After the purpose of this enterprise had heen achieved, Colonel Urban returned to his position in Bistritz. Colonel Urban speaks with high praise of the courage and endurance of all his troops, of the Rumanian auxiliaries as well as of the
Galician cordon battalion, the regiments of the Karl Ferdinand infantry and t.he Savoy rlragoons. In Upper Hungary, the division of Baron Ramberg, consisting of " GOtz's and Jablonowsky's brigades, occupied Eperies and Kaschau on the 2 1st inst.
Written by Engels on March 5, 1849
Printed according to the newspaper
First
Published in English for the first lime
published
in
the
Neue Rheinische
Zeitung No. 238, March 6, 1849
FROM T H E PREPARATORY MATERIALS
483
Karl M arx
[PROHIBITION OF A TORCHLIGHT PROCESSION FOR GOTTSCHALK]
At 10 o'clock on Friday (December 23) a deputation from the Workers' Association went to see Geiger, the Police Superintendent, to get permission to hold a torchlight procession for Gottschalk. Geiger stated that he could not permit this as "it was not allowed" . A second deputation then went to see Commandant Engels. He asked for the names of those who wished to see him. Beckhaus en and another man came in and explained that they had come from police headquarters and that permission to hold the torchlight procession had been refused there . They now wished to request him. Engels was already prepared. No names had yet been mentioned, nothing had yet been said about for whom and for what purpose the torchlight procession was to be held; he interrupted:
" The authorities had the men aTTested and so on; it is true that thev have been acqu itted by the jury; but because they once had them arrested the authorities cannot now allow the torchlight procession to take place. " ,
He also refused "under any circumstances" to allow a song with accompamment. •
Written by Marx in December
1 848
First published in the book: W. Kuhn, Der junge Hermann Becker, Bd. 1, Dortmund, 1 934
•
1 7 ' 3780
Printed script
according to the manu
Publisbed in English for the first
tJrne
484
485
Karl Marx
Karl Marx
FRAGMENT OF THE DRAFT OF "THE BOURGEOISIE AND THE COUNTER-REVOLUTION"'.o
DRAFT
OF A SPEECH AT THE TRIAL
OF THE NEUE RHEINISCHE ZEITUNC381 II. JURIDICAL
5) . . . in a word low .. thus e�en these unseemly things already . . . made him Into � type charactenstIc of the class which he represented, and thus lent him a charm of his own for the impartial observer of Prussian bourgeois natural history. Let us pass on from the programme to its execution, and let us not forget that the Hansemann Ministry characterises the epoch in which the upstart German philistine is at pains to play the role of the English or French bourgeois. Hansemann, characteristic of his Ministry .... .
Written by Mal'X at the end o f December 1 848 First published in: Marx/Engels, aU.lgab,. Abt. 1 , Bd. 7. 1935
Printed scnpt •
Gesamt
accord in g to the manu-
Published in English for the first
tIme
A d Article 222. Lorsqu 'u n ou plusieuTs magistrats de l'ordre administrati f Oll judiciaire aUTont re�u dam l'exercice de leurs jonctwns 01£ a l'occasion de at exercice quelque outrage par paroles tendant: i nculper leur honneuT Oll leur delicatesse, celui qui les aura ainsi "
ou trage s, sera puni d u n emprisonnemen t d'un mois a deux alJs.-Si I'outrage a eu
lieu a l'audi ence d'une COUf ou d'un tribunal, l'emprisonnement sera de deux a dnq '
ans.
"
•
What is honneur? What is delicatesse? The distinction between "insult" and "calumny" is contained in A rticle 3 75, which reads as follows:
"Quant aux injures au aux expressions outrageantes qui ne renfermeraient I'imputation d'aucun fait precis, mais cell� d'!",� vice determi?e, si �lles ?n� ete proferee� . dans des lieux ou reunions publics all mserees dans des ecnts Impnmes ou non, qUI auraient ete repandu s et distribues. la peine sera une amende de seize francs a cinq . . . cents francs." § 376. "Toutes autres injures ou expressIons outrageantes qUI n auront pas eu ce double caracu�re de g ravite et de publicire, fie donneront lieu qu'a des peines de simple police."b ,
a "If one or more officials of the adm inist �tiv e or judiciary system during the performance of their official junctions or on the occasion of this performance have been subjected to insu lt by words tending to impug n their honour or delicacy the person '\Tho has insulted them in this way will be pu nished by imprisonm ent from one month to two years.- If the insult took place at the sitting of a court or tribunal, the imprisonment will be from t wo to five yea rs Ed. ,
."-
or insulting ex pressions which do not contain the i �pu tation . of any precise act, but that of a definite vice, if they have been put fOTv.:ard In pubilc places or meetings or inserted in writing s, w hether printed or not, Whl�h have h�en disseminated and distributed, the punishment WIll be a fine of from SIxteen to fIve hundred francs." § 376. "All other insults or insu ltin g expressions which do not have this double c haracter of seriousness and publ i city will entail only a sim ple police punishment." Ed. b "As regards insults
.
-
486
Karl Marx
Calumny, therefore, is present only where I impute to someone a fait precis, a definite act, which he himself is supposed to have committed. If I call someone a thief, then only Article 375 is applicable. The term "thief" is not a "fait precis", it is not at all the imputation of an "act", but only an " expression outrageante" , the imputation of a "definite vice". Yesterday at such and such a place you stole a couple of silver spoons, is on the other hand calumny. Instead of the fine under § 375 it incurs the much heavier punishment of imprisonment and loss of civil rights. The reason is: in the latter case the thing is more probable, greater damage to honour, and so on. Just as Article 375 concerns a private person, Article 222 concerns an official when the delit' is committed against him in the performance of his duties. In accordance with the hierarchical spirit of the Code, an insult to a functioning official is punished more severely than an insult to an ordinary person. In content and concept, Article 222 is entirely identical with Article 375. Article 222 is simply an intensification of the punishment, as of the crime. Article 375 is applied in respect of officials engaged in performing their function. Article 222 does not take the place of Article 367, where the crime of calumny against functioning officials is committed, but of Article 375. Otherwise crimes against private persons would be more severely punished than crimes against functioning officials, which is contrary to the spirit of the Code. Therefore 1 ) Article 222 is identical with Article 375. 2) Article 222 differs from Article 367, just as 367 does from 375. As regards Zweiffel, the only incriminating statement can be: " Furthermore, Herr Chief Public Prosecutor Zweiffel is said to have stated that within eight days etc. he would put an end to it." b Hence Article 222 (375) is not applicable, for which it would have to · be said: "Zweiffel is said to have made base and dishonourable statements" ...' and the particular statement is a "fait precis", a definite and precisely adduced utterance. But Article 222 is not applicable for other reasons, too: 2) Zweiffel was not functiuning at all. a Offence.-Ed.
The reference is to the following passage in the incriminated article "Arrests" printed in the Neue Rheinische Ze;tung: "Chief Public Prosecutor ZweiffeI, moreover, is said to have declared that he would within a week put an end to March 19, the clubs, freedom of the press and other outrages of the evil year 1 848 at Cologne on the Rhine" (see present edition, Vol. 7, p. 179).-Ed. h
c.:
The manuscript is indecipherable here.- Ed.
A page from Marx's draft of a speech at the trial of the Neue Rheinische Zei,turrg
Draft of a Speech at the Trial of the Neue Rheinische ZeituIIg
489
The words in Article 222 "dans l'exercice de leurs fonetions au a l'occasion de cet exercice" and the words " outrage par paroles" express the same thought, and demonstrate in an equally convincing way that in this article the legislator had in view only insults which occur immediately on the occasion of an official function, hence must be made orally, and that Article 222 does not cover . insults which are made in written form long after the completion of the official
function.
If the insult must have taken place "par paroles", orally, then that already implies that it is made during the performance of the official function. If we prove that in Article 222 the legislator had in view only insults uttered in the presence in person of the official, it is thereby shown that no insult comes under Article 222 which is made long afterwards and in the absence of the official in written form. (A writ ten insult in itself presupposes the absence of the person insulted, the presence of the person insulted presupposes an oral insult.) In the motives given for Article 222 (expose par M. Ie conseilJer d'etat BeriIer, seance du 6 fevrier 1 8 10), it is stated : "II ne sera done ici question que des seuls outrages qui compromettent la paix publique c. ad. de ceux diriges (ontre les fonctionnaires ou agents publics dans
J'cxercice ou a l'occasion de l'exercice de leurs fonctions; dans ce cas ce n'est plus seulement un particulier, c'est l'ordre public qui est blesse... La hierarchic politique sera dans ce cas prise en consideration: celui qui se permet des outrages ou violences envers un officier ministeriel est coupable. sans doute, mais il commet un moindre a scandale que lorsqu'il outrage un magistrat."
•
It follows from this: The legislator regards the insult against which he invokes Article 222 as the lowest degree of resistance to a functioning official, as a revolt and resistance against the functioning official which is confined to grumbling without going as far as acts of violence. How otherwise could such an "outrage" violate u/a paix publique"? La paix putlique is violated only when a revolt for overthrowing the laws is undertaken in one way or another, or when any official performing the duties of his office testifies to resistance to the law, whether by deed or only by insulting-utterances. If today I insult the Chief Public "It 'Will therefore be a question here only of insults which violate public peace, that is to say. insults directed against officials or public agents during the performance or on the occasion of the performance of their functions; in this case it is no longer a private person, it is public order which is harmed . ... In this case the political hierarchy will be taken into consideration: one who indulges in insults or acts of violence directed against a government agent is undoubtedly guilty, but he causes a lesser scandal than when he insults a judge."-Ed. a
490
Karl Marx
Draft of a Speech at the Trial of the
Prosecutor in a newspaper, I do not thereby disturb la paix publique, and it is expressly stated in the motives quoted above: "II fie sera done ici question que des publique."
seuls outrages
qui
compromettent la
paix
In the same passage it is stated : "
Ainsi qui se permet des outrages
au
viplences eovers un officier. " a
Outrage and violence are here regarded as identical in concept and
are treated as crimes differing only in the degree of their gravity. But just as violence c.an only be committed in the presence in person of the functioning official, so outrage, the lowest degree of the same offence, requires the personal presence of the official. Otherwise the insult does not cause any disturbance to the performance of an official function, and therefore also no disturbance of la paix publique. If, however, this presence in person of the official (the insulted person) is necessary, the insult can only be committed orally, pat parole, and cannot be extended to include insults in writing, or at any rate only in those cases where written insults are possible during the performance of an official Junction. (For example, the examining magistrate.) Hence, too, there is no provision for lese-majesti in the Code. If the Code understands insults to officials only in such a way that the official is insulted during the performance of his office and in fact in his own presence in person, crimes of lese majeste in this sense would be impossible, because the King does not perform any func tion personally, but only causes it to be performed by others. and consequently can never be. insulted in the sense of Article 222, during appearance in person and immediate functioning. By the addition of " a l'occasion de cet exerc ice" it seems that the matter assumes a different character and that the requirement of presence in person ceases to exist. This interpretation is best refuted by § 228, which states: -
,
"
a) Proof of the truth. b) Because they are not named. The word "policeman" does not denote a particular individual, but is a collective concept. There is no calumny in respect of Zweiffel: a) Zweiffel not accused of any " faits, qui s'ils existaienfO C etc., but merely of " mots".d This distinction justified. An "utterance'" not only does not make one punishable by law, but equally does not make "the citizen hated and despised". b) Zweiffel "is said". An assertion which is to be believed must not cast doubt on itself. . ..' Article 367 concludes with the words:
"La presente disposition n'est point applicable allX faits dont la loi autorise la pu bl1cite, ni a ceux que I'auteur de l'imputation etait, par la nature de ses fonctions ou de ses devoirs, oblige de reveler ou de reprimer." g
a B1ows.-Ed.
b Wuunds.-Ed. C
I audience d'une cour au d'un tribunal. Ie coupabJe sera puni du carcan :' b '
HThus anyone who indulges in insults or vjolence against an official."-Ed. "Any person who, even unarmed and without any wounds resulting, strikes an official during the performance of his functions,' or on the occasion of this �rformance. will be punished by imprisonment from two to five ye-.us.-If such an act has taken place during the sitting of a COlln or tribunal. the guil ty person will he punish ed by the pillury." -Ed.
b
491
Presence in person, therefore, continues to be essential through the words a l'occasion", for I cannot strike anyone in his absence. Moreover, "Ii l'occasion" does not mean "in relation to ", but "on the occasion of". I cannot deal any " relative" blows. The legislator has added here the words " a l'occa.lion" only so that the case envisaged by Articles 222 and 228 is not restricted merely to the duration of the official action, so that the insult can take place also immediately before or immediately afterwards, but always immediately linked with the official function, and must take place in the presence in person of the official. As I can strike an official only in his presence, so, too, the case envisaged by Article 222, since it contains the ' same phrase " a I 'occasion de cet exercice" as is required also by Article 228 concerning coupsa and blessures,b can take place only in the presence of the official and therefore by means of words. There is no calumny in respect of the police:
"Tout individu qui. meme sans armes, et sans qu'il en soit resulte de blessures, aura frappe un magistrat dans l'exercice de ses fonction� au a l 'occasion de eet exerdce. sera pum d'un emprisonnement de deux it cinq ans:-Si cetle voie de fait a eu lieu a
a
Neue Rheinische Zeitung
d e
"
Facts which if they were real facts . "-Ed. ,
'A' ords.- Ed.
This, evidently, re fers to Zweiffel's utterance cited in tht> incriminated article
.. Arrests·' (see p. 486).- Ed. f Here the m an uscript is illeg ible . - Ed.
his
g
"The present provision is not applicable to facts which the law permits to be
made
nor to those which the author of the imputation, owing to the nature fu nction s or duties, was bound to reveal or re press."- Ed.
pubHc,
of
492
Karl Marx
There is, in addition:
§ 372. "Lorsque les faits imputes seront punissables suivant la loi, et que I'auteur de l'imputation les aura denances, il sera, durant I'instruction sur ces faits, sursis a la poursuite et au jugement du delit de calomnie." a
§ 309.
Written by Marx on February
7, 1849
Printed according to the manu script
First published - in Russian in: Marx and Engels. CoUect.d Works. Vol. 43, 1976
a
Published in Engli'h for the first tIme
"When the acts imputed are punishable in accordance with the law and they have
been denounced by the author of the imputation, he shall be remanded for proceedings and· decision in regard to the offence of calumny during the investigation of these acts. "-Ed. •
APPENDICES
495
SUMMONS FOR KARL MARX·82
Cologne, November Rheinische Zeitung has
1 3. The " redacteur en
of the Neue just received a fresh summons, for November 1 4, from the examining magistrate's court here.
First published in the Zeitung 1\0. 142,
}\leUl! Rheinische
November 14. 1848
ef
ch
"
Printed according to the newspaper Published in English for the first time
497
496
FREDERICK ENGELS' PETITION FOR PERMISSION TO RESIDE I N BERNE383
KARL MARX
•
DRAFT
Cologne, November 1 4. Upon the news that Karl Marx, the redacteur en chef of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung, had received a
summons to appear this morning before the examining magistrate's court, a considerable crowd of people gathered at the Court of Appeal to demonstrate their sympathy and await the outcome. When Karl Marx reappeared he was greeted with loud applause and accompanied to the Eiser Hall, where he said a few words of thanks for the people's sympathy and stated that he had merely been questioned in the final hearing of the Hecker case, for Herr H ecker, former Public Prosecutor, now Chief Public Prosecutor, believed he had been denounced as a republican by Karl Marx through the publication in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung of a document signed
" Heckel"
.a
First published in the
Zeitung
No.
Neue Rheinische 143, November 15, 1848
Printed according to the newspaper Published in English for the first tIme
To the Directorate of Justice and Police of the Canton of Berne, in Berne. On the instruction of the passport office, I take the liberty of submitting a petition for permission to reside in Berne. I was living in Cologne (Rhenish Prussia) as a writer, when I became involved in the court investigation instituted following the unrest which broke out in that city on September 25 and 26 of this year and was threatened with arrest. I evaded this arrest by flight, and a few days later a warrant was issued against me (Kolnische Zeitung of October I , 2 and 3),b through which my status as politic�l refugee is established. I offer if necessary to produce a copy of thIS warrant for the Directorate. On arrival in Switzerland I preferred to claim the hospitality of the canton and city of Berne rather than that of any other place I . because Berne is sufficiently far from the German border to deprive the German authorities of any p�etext for importun ng the Swiss Government with claims and assertIOns that I am abusmg the right of asylum by subversive activities etc.'; . . 2. because just now Berne afford, me the opportumty to study the work of the Swiss Federal Assembly the practical effect of a Constitution from which Germany in any case can learn much, a
!
a The followihg phrase: "instituted against me on a
a See the article "Public Prosecutor 'Hecker' and the Neue Rheinische Zeitung" (present edition. Vol. 7, pp. 485-89).- Ed.
etc.. etc.", is crossed out in the manuscript.- Ed. b See present editiun, Vol . 7, p. 593.- Ed. £:
ch arge
111
of instigating to revolt
The foJlowing phrase: "calling for an uprising against the German Government
etc. ", is crossed out in the manuscripL- Ed.
498
499
Appendices
particularly at a time w h en the German people may be in a position to give itself a Constitution similar to this in one or another respect. I presume that my exile will not be of too long a duration, for apart from the slight prospect of stability of the present order of things in Prussia, I have every reason to expect a verdict of acquittal from the Cologne jury, and by my flight I mainly intended only to escape a lengthy detention on remand. I believe, therefore, that by next spring I shall be able to return to my country. A s far as my means of subsistence are concerned, they are perfectly secured, as I can prove if necessary. Also on the instruction of the passport office, I enclose the passport which the French Provisional Government issued on request when in the month of April of this year I returned from ' Paris to my homeland, and which was forwarded to me from ' Cologne. I take this opportunity to assure the Directorate of my highest esteem.
DECISION OF THE LOCAL COURT CHAMBER
.
Berne, Postgasse No. 43 B, c/o Herr Haeberli, November 1 5, 1 848 First published in Russian in: Marx and
Engels, Works (first edition), Vol. XXV, 1934, and in German in: Marx/Engels, Gesamtausgabe, Abt. 1 , Bd,
7, 1935
senpt
Cologne, November 2 1 . The Chamber of the provincial court of
justice
in Cologne this morning committed Dr. jur. Becker to the Court of Assizes. On the other hand, it decided with respect to the co-defendants Wachter, Burgers, Engels and associates that the records should be laid aside until these persons had given themselves up in custody.
Frederick Engels . '
•
-f -
First published in the Neue Rheinische
Printed according to the manu4
Published in English for the 'time
"�
Zeilung No.
,
,
first: · ' ,
,
149,
November
22, 1848
Printed according to the newspaper Published in English for the first , tIme
500
501
[DECISION OF THE COURT CHAMBER CONCERNING ENGELS AND OTHER CO-DEFENDANTS]
A DEPUTATION TO C H IEF PUBLIC PROSECUTOR ZWEIFFEL
Cologne, November 22. On November 2 1 the Chamber of the provincial court of justice in Cologne committed Dr. jur. Becker to
the Court of Assizes. On the other hand, it the co-defendants Wachter, Burgers, Engels records should be laid aside until these themselves up in custody. Herr Burgers followed this hint, stepped acquitted . First
published
Zeitung
in
the
.Neue
Kolnische
No. 58, November 23, 1848
decided with respect to and associates that the gentlemen had given
•
Cologne, November 22. Yesterday Herren Karl Marx, Karl
up to the bar and was
Printed according to the newspaper Published in English
for
the
first
time
I
Schapper and Schneider II were to appear before the examining magistrate on account of the appeal in the name of the Rhenish District Committee of Democrats (No. 1 47 of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung): It was generally said that there was to be an immediate arrest of those summonsed. However unlikely this appeared to many well versed in the law, the People's CommitteeS84 nevertheless took the occasion to obtain assurance on this point by sending a deputation to Chief Public Prosecutor Zweiffel. The latter stated as expected that no warrant for the arrest of the summonsed had been applied for and that such a warrant could only possibly be issued if the appeal were to lead to rebellion; because in that case the offence of the summonsed under Articles 209 and 2 1 7 385 (which at present could only be tried in a police court) would become a .
cnme.
I
Incidentally, contrary to the view of the Chief Public Prosecutor that according to the point of law mentioned the summons should have been issued, the deputation expressed the view that at this time, when the National Assembly exists in Berlin as the only legitimate authority in Prussia, steps must immediately be taken above all against those officials and authorities who violently oppose the a
See this volume, p.
4 L- Ed.
502
503
Appendices
decisions of the National Assembly or invite such opposition as happened recendy in the case of Oberpriisident Eichman n' . In Coblenz: Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. ISO. November 23, 1848
First
published
in
the
[COMMUNICATION ON THE HEARING OF MARX, SCHAPPER AND SCHNEIDER II BY THE EXAMINING MAGISTRATEJ
Printed according to the newspaper Published in English for the
time
first ·
Cologne, November 25. In the questioning of Marx, Schapper and
•
Schneider II before the examining magistrate's court on account of the second appeal issued in the name of the Rhenish District Committee of Democrats,' the statement of the accused, to the effect that they had drawn up and signed that appeal, was retorded, and thereupon the questioning was closed. None of the accused persons was arrested. This in reply to various letters received by the District Committee.
in the Neue Rheinische edition), 153 Zeitung No. (second l'\ovember 26, 1848 published
First
a
See
this volume, p. 37,- Ed.
,
See this volume, p. 46.- Fd.
Printed according to the newspaper
Published in English for the first time
504
505
TRIALS OF THE NE UE RHEINISCHE ZEITUNG
[MANDATE OF THE LAUSANNE WORKERS' ASSOCIATION FOR FREDERICK ENGELS]
Cologne, December 5 . A few days ago the redacteur en ch ef of the . Neue Rheinische Zeitung Karl Marx, was once more sum mo ned to the'· .' . examining magistrate's court. Four articles induced the Central; Authority to sue for libel: L Schnapphahnski; 2 . an article from ' Breslau on Lichnowski; 3. an article in which there is talk about a "fa lsifying" report by a certain "comical Stedtman n " ; 4 . the' publication of the "declaration of treason against the peo ple". adopted in the Eiser Hal l, against the Frankfurt majorit y on the Schleswig-Holstein question .386 The Neue Rheinische Zeitung is now most eagerly awaiting further libel charges from Ber lin, Petersburg, Vienna, B russels and N aples. The first case of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung ver sus the prosecuting magistrates and the police will be heard on Dec ember 8 20.3 7 We have so far not heard that any Rhenish prosecuting mag istrate has found any article of the Code penal app licable to the crude, obvious violations of the law by all the Rhenish author ities. " Distinguendum estf' " II faut distinguer" a is the motto of the brave Rhenish prosecuting magistrates. ,
First
in the Neue Rheinische 1 6 1 , December 6. 1 848
published
Zeitung No.
,
One must distinguish.-Ed.
?
1 ) The purpose of the united associations must be:
. . a. Foundation of a central assoCIatIon and a central treasury. b. Social and political education of the workers. . , c. To establish contact with the German Worker� CommIttee in Leipzig,'89 in order chiefly to strengthen the lmks between the workers. 2) The duty of the elected central association �ust be: . . a. To establish contact with the Workers Committee m Leipzig. . . b. To facilitate correspondence, mamly to dlstnbute the paper ( Verbriiderung) issued by the Central Committe� . c. To administer the central treasury and to render Its accounts every six months. d. Immediately to inform the fraternal associations of all important events. 3) Duties of the fraternal associations to each other and to the central association: a. Every member pays a contribution of at most 1 hatz a per month, while the exchange of letters is always conducted not pre-paid by either side . '
Printed according to the newspaper Published in English for the first time
•
;1
Brother, Because of the i mpossibility of sending a delegate we have elected . '88 . you to represent us at the Workers ' Co� gress III B rne , as an old . � fighter for the proletariat you will certamly not fail m y�>ur task here . either, although you will have to deal in this case not With bo�rge01s and other sordid souls, for it is only proletarians whom you will ave to act with and for; accordingly, we tell you briefly our Wishes regarding a central association.
a A
Swiss coin, equal to 30-32 pfenni gs.� Ed.
506
Appendices
b. Every branch association must issue cards to its members. c. Every member holding a card has free entry into every association, but the card must be signed by the president of the last association of which he was a member. Concerning our choice: As before we think that the Berne Association is the most suitable one.I n case our last circular should be discussed: it was purely the consequence of the fact that already this summer we had nominated the Berne Association to be the Central Association, but since we had no information at all on the state of affairs, we called a meeting here which decided on the above . circular. We have rejected the contribution of 1/2 batz per week because it would lead to a reduction in the number of members and thus the income would not be much higher. In the name of the forty-one members of the Association
Lausanne, 8. 12. 1 848 First publisbed in: Marx/Engels, Gesamt
ausgabe, Abt. 1 , Bd. 7, 1 935
Greetings and handshake G. Schneeberger . Bangert . Chr. Hoof Printed according to the manu script
Published in English for the first time
,
_
;/ ,' sC4-;;> ..
�
A page of the minutes �f the Congress of German Worken' A ssoc iations i n
Switzerland, at which Engels was the secretary
509
[COMMUNICATION CONCERNING ORDERS FOR THE NEUE RHEINISCHE ZEITUNG FOR THE FI RST QUARTER OF 1 849]
Orders for the Neue Rheinische Zeitung for the next quarter, January to March 1849, should be placed as soon as possible, namely in Cologne at the Dispatch Department of the paper (at 1 7 Hutmacher); outside Cologne, at any post-office in Germany. For France, subscriptions will be accepted by M. C. A. A.ltxandrl, 28 Brandgasse, Strassburg, and at 23 rue Notre Dame de Nazareth, Paris, and by the Royal Chief Post·Office in Aachen ; for England by Messrs. ]. .J. Ewer & Co., 72 Newgate Street, London; for Belgium and Holland by .the respective r oyal post-offices and the post-office in Liige.a
By the abolition of the stamp duty the price of the subscription is reduced and from now on this is for Cologne only 1 taler 7 silver groschen 6 pfennigs; at all Prussian post-offices, postage included, only 1 taler 17 silver groschen per quarter; for subscribers in other parts of Germany a proportional amount for postage is added. The editorial board remains unchanged. The previous months' issues of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung are its programme. Through its personal connections with the heads of the democratic party in England, France, Italy, Belgium and North America the editorial board is able to reflect the political and social movement abroad more correctly and clearly for its readers than any other paper. In this respect the Neue Rheiniscbe Zeitung is the organ not only of German, but of European democracy. 1n issues Nos. 1 76-95 of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung this passage reads as foll ows: "For France, SUbscriptions will be accepted by the Royal Chief Post-Office in Aachen; for Holland by the royal post-offices and for Great Britain by the Belgian royal post-office in Ostend "- Ed. a
.
510
A ppen dices
51 l
Advmis.mmts:
A brevier line of column width (4 columns per page) or the . equivalent space: 1 silver groschen 6 pfennigs. Advertisements of all kinds obtain very wide circulation through the many connections of our paper. .
The Responsible Publishers of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung Rheinische Zeitung Nos. 1 72-95, December 19, 1848Ja nuary 14, 1849 Published
in
the
Neue
Printed according to the newspaper
- ,-.
PRESS LAW PROCEEDlNGS AGAINST THE NEUE RHEINISCHE ZEITUNG ADJOURNED
Published in English for the first
time
20.
Cologne, December The proceedings instituted against the Neue Rheinische Zeitl.lng came before the assizes today, Dr. Man:, the redacteur en chef, Herr Korff, the responsible publisher of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung, and Herr Engels were the defendants, The latter was absent, The charge was that of insulting Chief Public Prosecutor Zweiffel and libelling the police. The proceedings were adjourned on grounds of nullity.s90
First pubJ ished in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 174, December 2 1 , J 848
Printed according to the newspaper Published in English
time
for the first
512
513
DRIGALSKI'S LAWSUIT AGAINST THE NEUE RHEINISCHE ZEITUNG
FROM THE MINUTES OF THE COMMITTEE MEETING OF THE COLOGNE WORKERS' ASSOCIATION JANUARY IS, 1849
Cologne, Decemb�r 2 1 . Tod y Dr. Mar.r. was again summoned " � . befo :e the examInIng magIstrate for alleged libel . . a ainSt . CIt he I� en and co mm un i�t ' : Herr Drigalski." How ma ny � pr eed g � � agaInst the Neue Rhtnmsche Zeitung this new on e makes' it is . dIffIcult to say , �here be ing so ma ny of the m. We regret, mCIde tally, that Herr Drigalski misju dges us so badly. � He ha s only our artIcles about hi m to th an k if he gets a little bit E? r pea� fa�e. W� at black ingratitude, Herr "citizen and commu- .. � mst DngalskiJ! A SIgI t a t the times ar e becomi ? � ng more an d more . . corrupt when appreClatIon for services rendered ' ha s dis ap peared . even from a royal Prussla n communist he ar t.
A fter the minutes of the previous meeting have been read and adopted, Roser, the Chairman, asks whether Citizen Prinz, the editor, is present and, on being told that he has already left, says that as an official of the Association Prinz should be taken to task for his recent conduct and for the changes he has made in the paper" without notifying the Association . . . . Citizens Marx and Schapper, seconded by many others, move that in addition to Citizen Prinz as editor of the official organ of the Association an editorial commission should be appointed which should see that this organ truly represents the interests of the Association and is directed in the spirit of our party.391 The motion is adopted and Citizens Schapper, Roser and Reiff are appointed to this editorial commission. Citizen Westermann reads out the "statement" issued from Brussels by Dr. Gottschalk and cannot declare himself in agreement with his course.392 However, Citizen Marx, seconded by Schapper, moves that the matter should be left aside for the time being, since the statement issued was too doubtful and vague for any definite conclusions to be drawn from it; but that, to clear up the matter, a commission be appointed which should sum up the parts that appear vague, and send a letter to Dr. Gottschalk asking him for clarification and explanation. This motion meets with general approval, and Citizens Dr. C'.farx, Ann eke, Schapper, Roser and Esser are nominated and appointed to the commission . . . .
!
•
. .
First
published
in the
Neue Rheinische
Zeitung No. 1 75, December 22. 1848
Printed according to the newspaper . Published in English for the fint time
" See
this
volume, pp.
75.80.- Ed.
a
Freiheit, Rriiderlichkeit, Arbeit.-Rd.
5 14
515
Appt;ndices
Citizen Anneke proposes that the forthcoming e1ections'9' b e discussed at future meetings. Citizen Schapper thinks that, if this had been done about fou r " weeks ago, we could perhaps have achieved something good as a party of our own, but it is now too late, since we are not, at all organised yet; it would not be possible for the Workers ' Association to get its own candidates elected. Citizen Marx is also of the opinion that the Workers' Association as such would not be able to get candidates elected now; nor is it for the ' moment a question of doing anything with regard to principle, but of opposing the Government, absolutis m, and the rule of feudalism, and for that, simp le democrats, so-called liberals, who are also far from satisfied with the present Government, are sufficient. Things have to be taken as they are. Since it is now important to offer the strongest possible opposition to the absolutist system, plain common sense demands that if we realise that we cannot get our own view of principle accepted in the elections, we should unite with another' party, also in opposition, so as not to allow our common enem y, the· '. ' absolute monarchy, to win. It is hereupon resolved to take part in the general electoral , committees which are to be set up i n this town after its division into; electoral districts, and to represent the general democratic principle there. Citizens Schapper and Roser are appointed to effect a doser liaison between workers and democrats; they are to take part in the committee meetings of the Democratic Association 394 and report here on them. First published in the Freiheit, January 2 1 . 1849
Arbeit No. :1 ,
Printed according to the newspaper
Published time
RECORD OF ENGELS' RESIDENCE PERMIT FOR THE CANTON OF BERNE AND H IS DEPARTURE FOR GERMANY
Alien 's surname and Christian name Place of birth or home Profession Wife and children )1 ature of deposit
Engels, Friedrich Barmen (Prussia) Writer -
Place of residence for which permit is issued: Community District Residence permit: Date Valid until Fee Remarks
in English for the first
First published in Russian in the zine Vt>prosy Istorii No. I I . , 1 970
;J
The last
two
Passport issued by the Government of France dated March 30, 1 848, for one year39' Berne Berne December 23, 1 848 December 3 1 , 1 849 40 guldens . Regu the n of Based on the decisio rungsrat of December 9, 1 84 � . This permit was issued more,?ver With the proviso that the apphcant would conduct him self in a peaceable and absolutely irreproachable manner. Left for Germany. Documents ex tracted January 1 8 , 1 849: maga
Printed according to the manu
scripl
Pub lished in English for the first lime
sentences are in a different hand\'vTiting.-lid.
517
516
JURY ACQUITS
[ENGELS BEFORE THE EXA M I N I NG MAGISTRA TEl
2�.
Yesterday one of the September refugees, Cololfne, January Fredenck Engels, edItor ?f the N.eue Rheinische Zeitung, again .
appeared before the exammmg magIstrate. A fter a brief hearing it was stated that there was no case against him. This announcement serves to correct a brief notice in the Diisseldorfer Zeitung. published in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 207 (second edition), January First
28, 1 849
•
MARX, ENGELS AND KORFF
Cologne, February 7, 2 p. m. Marx, Engels and the responsible
the Neue Rheinische Zeitllng, who had been accused of . libelling the police and offending the delicacy of Herr ZwezJJel and Herr Hecker, have just been acquitted by the jury.
pllbli.�her of
in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 216, February 8, 1849
First Printed according to the newspaper
published
Printed according to the newspaper Published in
time
Published in English for the first
time
U'
English for the first
Appendices
518
ACQUITTAL OF THE NEUE RHEINISCHE ZEITUNG
Today Marx again stands before the jury along with Schneider, the deputy for Cologne, and Schapper, for an appeal to refuse to pay taxes, which they issued as members of the District Committee of Democrats: First published in the Neue Rheinisc"" Zeitung No. 2 1 7. February 9. 1 8·�9
Cologne, February 8. As we have already reported in some copies of yesterday's issue, at the assizes session yesterday the case was heard against the redacteur en chef, Marx, the editor, Engels, and the responsible publisher of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung, concerning the article dated Cologne, July 4 (in the issue of July 5, 1 84 8 » . The article concerned the arrest of Herr Anneke and led to a charge of libelling the police who made the arrest (Art, 367 of the Code penal) and of insult to Chief Public Prosecutor Zweiffel (Art. 222 of the Code pinal). The defendants were acquitted by the jury after brief deliberations. This trial, the first of the many proceedings instituted against the Neue Rheinische Zeitung, is important because this time the above cited Articles 222 and 367 (in connection with Art. 370) were interpreted and applied in the decisions of the jury quite differently from the way done earlier by the Rhenish police courts. Except for those relating to direct instigation to civil war and rebellion, these articles are the only ones which the acumen of the Rhenish prosecution has so far succeeded in applying to the press. The jury's verdict of acquittal is therefore a new guarantee of the freedom of the press in Rhenish Prussia. We shall report the proceedings as soon as possible in excerpt. b
Arrests" (present edition, Vol 7, pp. 1 77-79).- Ed. b See the Neue Rheinische 7.eitllng 1\'0. 22 1 , Februar}' 1 4 , 1 849. For the speechf's by Marx and E ngel s at this trial see this volume, pp. 304-22.- i':d. a See the
article
,.
519
.
a
See this volume. p. 4 1 .- Ed.
Printed according to th e newspaper Published in English for the first time
520
521
UURY ACQUITS MARX, SCHNEIDER II AND SCHAPPER]
February 8, 1 p. m . Marx, just been acquitted by tbe jury ..
Cologne,
First
published
Zeitung No.
in
the
Neue Rheinische
217, February 9, 1849
Schneider II and Schapper have Printed according to the newspaper Published in English for the first time
OF THE
TWO TRIALS
NEUE RHEINISCHE ZEITUNG
February 8. Yesterday and today two press cases were again heard in the assizes against Marx, editor-in-chief of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung, Engels and Schapper, members of the paper's staff, and today against Marx, Schapper and the lawyer Schneider II, who are charged with having incited the people against the Government in connection with refusal to pay taxes. The crowd of people was extraordinary. In botb cases the accused undertook their own defence and sought to prove that the charges were groundless, in which they succeeded insofar as the jury in both cases pronounced a verdict of not guilty. In political trials the Government nowadays really has no luck at all with the juries. A few officers of the local garrison a who took part in the popular movements in September of last year may fare worse; they fled over the border to Belgium when things went awry, but have now presented themselves again and are awaiting the decision in the proceedings which have already been instituted against them.'96
Cologne,
First published in the Deutsche Londoner Zeitung No. 203. February 16, 1849
it
Fur Marx's speech at the trial sec this volume, pp. 304- 17.- Ed.
a
Adamski and Niethake.-Ed.
Printed according to the newspaper Published in English [or the first tIme
523
522
DEMOCRA TIC BANQUET397
REPORT ON TH E GE NE RA L ME ET lNG OF TH E WO RK ER S' ASSOCIA TIO N FEB RU AR Y 1 849
Millheim
on the Rhine, February I I (received late). Today a democratic banquet took place here, arranged by the Workers' Association. Members of the Cologne Workers' and Democratic Associations were invited. Instrumental music and songs alternated with toasts supported hy lengthy speeches. Bengel, President of the local Workers' Association, developed the connection of the present with the past in a long report. Lucas gave a toast to the guests, especially the men who, like the redacteur en che/of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung Karl Marx, who was present, had in words and deeds upheld the rights of the working class long before the February revolution. Schapper toasted the "democra tic republic" . Karl Marx spoke of the participation of the German workers in the struggles in France, Englan d, Belgium and Switzerland. He raised a toast to Gladbach, one of the few agreers a who truly represented the interests of the people. Frederick Engels toasted the H ungarians and Kossuth . Ott of Worringen spoke about constitutional liberalism, aristocracy and democracy, Fischbach about the misery of the people and means of redress. Gladbach cast a retrospective glance at the dissolved �ational Assembly and in a lively report criticised its weakness, its indecision, and its lack of revolutionary understanding. Krahe, finally, spoke on the slogan of the February revolution : "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity." The first democratic banquet in the Rhine Province was so successful that it will surely be imitated. First published in the Neue Rheini:,che 7eitung No. 225, February 18, 1 849
Deputies of the Prussian
"J\'ational
Printed according to the newspaper Published in English for the first time
Assemhly.- Ed.
f Roser, the President, opened the meeting and , after a brie ting, introduction concerning the reason for calling a general mee of the called upo n Citizen Schapper to spea� on the effectiveness Association since the last general me etm g. the Citizen Schapper gave a detailed account of the wor k done at brarlCh com mittee meetings which have taken place so far and b y the . . associations and outlined the mai n issues whi ch had been dealt. wIth . n, H e then expounded the plan for reorganising the A SSOCIatio which consists i n the followi ng: . . unt il To increase the present total of three branch assoCIations of the there are eight or nin e of them in the mos t convenient part� . n of city ; to mak e enr olm ent in one of these branches a. c0 l! dltlo tlon of one mem ber ship of the Association; to fi� a mon thly c�)Il tn bran�h silver grosche n , nine pfennigs of whICh to be retamed � n the to be paId associations to provide for a library, and three pfenmgs to hol d a into the general treasury of the Workers' Association; and me mb�rs general meeting every fortnight in the � iser Hal l, � hich all speCIal of the branch associations may attend wIthout havmg to pay. a lrcable to contribution, a condition which is not, however, app Her r non -me mb ers. I n add ition he ann oun ced that Her r Marx and lectures, Engels had also offered to del iver fort,;,ightly social to be free alternating with the President of the ASSOCIatIOn, these also of charge to members. . to ascertam Citizen Schapper proposed that a vot.e be taken also tha� a whether the Association approved of thls pla n, and ASSOCIation com mis sio n be app oin ted to draw u p the Sta tut e for the in wh ich the plan should he set forth exactly. ,
,
.
�m
524
Appendices
525
A vote �as taken. !he proposed plan was approved and passed on . to a comm �sslon, wh �ch had already been nominated for this purpose at a committee meetmg, to draw up the Statute of the Association in accordance with the plan and present it for approval at the next general meeting.'9" Citizen Bedorf repo rted on the income and expenditure of the Association and on the state of the treasury. The meeting confirmed the decisions taken by the committee to resu �e publication of the former newspaper Freiheit, Briiderlichkeit, Arbett, and to appoint Chr. Jos. Esser to the post of editor.
M INUTES OF T H E COMMITTEE MEETING O F T H E COLOGNE WORKERS' ASSOC IA nON FEBRUARY 1 5 , 1 849
It was decided to hold a general meeting on the Sunday after Shrove Tuesday, and on that occasion to lay down the Statute of the Association. The meeting was then closed.
Freiheit. Briiderlich keit. Arb'it No. 3 . Fehruary 1 5, 1 849
First published
in the
COMMITTEE MEETING. FEBRUARY 1 5. 1849
Printed according to the newspa per Published in English time
for
the first
The minutes of the previous meeting are read and adopted. Citizen Carstens a then proposes that the red flag, previously
confiscated, should be recovered from the police authorities along with the 250 copies of FreiIigrath poems which are rightful property of the Workers' Association. The proposal is adopted. At the same time Citizen Schapper proposes that the money transmitted by the Workers' Association to Citizen Esser, which at his arrest was unlawfully extorted from him to pay transport costs, should be recovered from the person concerned. This proposal too was
adopted. Thereupon Citizen Schapper spoke on the current political issues and said, among other things, the following: Although the elections are now over it is quite impossible to give an exact overall assessment of the strength of the various parties. I t is true that the Second Chamber has hardly come up to our expectations but nevertheless it has still turned out faidy well in view of the bribery and threats of the waiJers' party.S99 As for the First Chamber, the whole verminous band of ultra-reactionaries and wailers is represented there, and it is therefore only of use to u s inso far as, should it one day come to a clash, we then shall have the most splendid opportunity of removing the most active of the wailers. The Chamber elected in Saxony has turned out to be very democratic. Already divided, Germany will be split up even further by the intended secession of Schleswig from Holstein"oo and that through Germany's impotent narrow-minded Central Authority, which has suffered further disgrace and humiliation over the
3
Friedrich LcssIler.� Ed.
526
Appendices
527
Austrian question owing to the fathers of the Confederation at Frankfurt, intimidated by Austria's threats, having declared the' separation of Austria from Germany, against which the Austrian Cabinet has now protested. In Hungary the M agyars have so far done well and would continue to do so were the French Government, quite inconsistently with its own principle, not to look calmly on as the Russians entered Transylvania to suppress Hungarian freedom. The same applies to Italy where, despite counter-revolutionary activity, the revolution is once more in the ascendant, and where Tuscany, regardless of its pietist Grand Duke: will unite with Rome to form a doser-knit republic!O I Citizen &happer then spoke in detail about Hungary, Italy and also France where Bugeaud, the general of the army in the Alps, has stated that they are called upon to purge France of all its socialist elements, and so on. Then h e spoke about Odilon-Barrot and the Chamber, and then about California, the land of gold, where despite the great quantities of gold there is nevertheless a shortage of all essential provisions. After that h e spoke about the notorious petition initiated by a group of pietists from the Wupper valley, who demand that an ardent prayer be addressed to heaven each time a session of the Chambers is opened! After that, on a motion by Engels, the Association decided to appoint a commission which is to contact one of the democratic associations to make the necessary arrangements for a banquet to be held here to celebrate the anniversary of the February revolution in France,b and that the commission be composed of Citizens Schapper, Roser and Reiff. The meeting was then closed. First published in the
Freiheit, Briiderlich
keit. Arbeit No. 6. February 24. 1 849
" Leopold [I.-Ed. b See this volume, pp. 529-30.- Ed.
Printed according to the newspaper Published in English for the time
first
LETI'ER O F THE COLOGNE COMMANDANT COLONEL ENGELS . TO THE OBERPRASIDENT OF THE RHINE PROVINCE .
To Your Excellency the Oberpriisident of the Rhine Province Herr Eichmann The editor of the Rheinische Zeitung, Herr M arx (!), is becoming increasingly more audacious . now that h e has been acquitted by the jury, and it seems to me high time that this man was deported, as one certainly does not have to put up with an alien who is no more than tolerated in our midst, befouling everything with his poisonous tongue, especially as our own home-grown vermin are doing that quite adequately. This morning I again demanded his deportation from Police Superintendent Geiger. He asked me to submit my request in writing, which I did, and it ran as follows: "About nine months ago (!) the Commandant's Department was obliged to refuse Marx, the editor of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung, permission to be accepted as a citizen of Cologne and to become a naturalised Prussian 402 on weighty and adequate grounds. This man's behaviour has since then been such that it seems to me highly dangerous. to continue to tolerate him here any longer. He takes the liberty to insult in any way he thinks fit our Constitution, our King' and the h ighest government officials in his increasingly popular paper, constantly seeking to promote even greater feelings of discontent and indirectly calling upon the people to revolt. The Commandant's Department therefore demands, in the interest of the security of the fortress of Cologne, that the Police Department order the deportation of Marx, whose presence has been tolerated hitherto. " a F< ederick
William
IV .-Ed.
528
529
Appendices
! have the h�mour �f in�orming Your Excellency immediately of
thIS matter, as m the fmal mstance an appeal might be addressed to you regarding this case. The deportation of this man would . strengthen the position of the police and restore to them greater respect, and I request Your Excellency's support in this matter and beg you to confer with the General Headquarters should you deem it necessary.
BANQUET OF FEBRUARY
24
I remain, with the deepest respect, Cologne, February First
published
in
Geschichtswissenschaft
the No. 5,
Your Excellency's most obedient servant Engels, Colonel
1 7, 1 849
Zeitschrift fUr 1 969
Printed according to the journal Publisbed in English for tbe first
time
Cologne,
27.
February The day before yesterday a banquet was given in the Eiser Hall to celebrate the anniversary of the French February revolution. The great hall, which holds between 2,000 and 3,000 people, was filled to capacity. Karl Marx, elected President by acclamation, had to decline since he was otherwise engaged. At general request, Karl Schapper took the chair and opened the meeting with a toast to the memory of the victims fallen in February and June in Paris and in all other revolutionary struggles o f Schneider, the lawyer and Cologne deputy, then took leave of his electors. Deputy Gladbach soon afterwards also said a few words on the causes of success of the recent counter-revolution and invited the people of Cologne to rise for the protection of their representatives in the event of new acts of violence against. the Chamber. (This in '0 reply to the denunciation in today's Kolnische Zeitung. 3) The following toasts were also proposed : Dr. Rittinghausen to the democratic social republic. F. Engels, editor of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung: to the fighting Italians, above all the Rome republic. C. Cramer: to the memory of Robert Blum. Deputy Wohler of the Frankfurt National Assembly : to German democracy. Guffanti, merchant: to Ledru-RoIIin and the French democrats. Ex bombardier Funk: damnation to tyrants. Dr. Weyll: to the women
1 848.
•
.
I ,
present. Dr. Becker: to the democrats of all nations. Kurth, carpenter: to Kossuth and the Magyars. Schapper: to the political prisoners and refugees, in particular the Germans in Besan!;on!04 Carstens: worker: to the future social revolution. Ferd. Wolff, editor a
Friedrich Lessner.- Ed.
530
Appendices
of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung: to the right to work. Hausmann, worker: to unity. C. Cramer: to Mieroslawski and the Polish fighters of 1 848. Kamp, publican of Bonn: to the fraternity of all nations. Blum, student: to the Wuppertal democrats. Miiller, worker: to Mellinet, Tedesco and the other 1 5 Risquons-Tout defendants in Antwerp.405 Roser, worker: to the memory of Robespierre, Saint Marat and the other heroes of 1 793. The celebration, which was from time to time enlivened by music, the singing of the Marseillaise, the song of the Girondists a etc. and performances of the Workers' Choral Society under the direction of Herr Herx, concluded with a cheer for the "general democratic
Just,
N OTES AND
social republic" . A collection for the German refugees in Besan(,;on was taken during the meeting and yielded a not inconsiderable sum. During the whole evening troops were in the district and strong patrols passed through the streets; this was, however, occasioned rather by the repeated scuffles of the soldiers among themselves than by the banquet. First
published
in
che
N"",
Rheinische
Zeitung No. 233, February 28, 1 849
INDEXES
Printed according to th e newspaper
Published in English for the first
tIme
, • "
The patriotic song Les Girondins po pu lar in 1848, which was known more by its refrain "Mourir pour la patrie" ("To die for the fatherland").�Ed. a
533
NOTES
1
Marx's article "The Crisis in Berlin" and his series of articles "Counter-Revolution in Berlin" were written in response to the first moves in the counter-revolutionary coup d'etat in Prussia. On November I , 1848, Frederick William IV dismissed the moderate liberal pfuel Ministry, and an openly counter-revolutionary Ministry headed by Brandenburg and Manteuffel was formed . On November 9 a royal decree transferred the Prussian National Assembly from Berlin to Brandenburg, a small provincial town. This was the beginning of the coup d'etat which ended with the dissolution of the Assembly on December 5 , 1848. The Neue Rheinische Zeitung, under Marx's editorship, started a campaign to mobilise the people against the counter-revolution. In English this article was first published in the collection : Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Articles from the "Neue Rheinische Zeitung". 1848-49, Progress
Publishers, Moscow, 1972. The Neue Rheinische Zeitung was founded by Marx as a militant organ intended to reach and (0 influence the masses and, by their ideological and political
education and consolidation, to prepare the ground for a mass party of the German proletariat. At the same time, it served to direct the activities of the Communist League which Marx and Engels founded in 1847 and regarded as the embryo of the future proletarian party . At the peak of the 1848 revolution, the League itself was too weak and numerically small to immediately rally the workers. There was no point in secret activity during the revolution, and Marx and Engels instructed League members throughout Germany to use the legal opportunities afforded by joining the workers' associations and democratic societies which were being formed. In the situation that had arisen only a proletarian revolutionary newspaper could direct and co-ordinate the activities of Communist League members and mobilise the masses to carry through the tasks of the bourgeois democratic revolution. It was decided to publish the newspaper in Cologne, the capital of the Rhine Province, one of the most economically and politically advanced regions in Germany (here there were considerable cadres of the proletariat, and the Code Napolion which was in force provided for greater freedom of the press than Prussian Law). The newspaper was given the name of Neue Rheinische Zeitung to emphasise that it was to continue the revolutionary-democratic traditions of the Rheinische Zeitungedited by Marx in 1842 and 1843. Taking account of the specific circumstances, with no independent mass workers' party in Germany, Marx,
534
Notes
Notes
Engels �nd t�eiT followers entered the political scene as the Left, actuaHy proletarta� . WIng o� the democratic movement. This determined the stand of the , Neue Rh�tmsche Zc!ttmg, which began to appear under the subtitle Organ der Demokralze (Organ of Democracy). The first issue of the newspaper appeared in the evening of May 3 1 1848 and ' was d� ted j �me 1 . The editorial board <.:unsisted of Karl Marx (editor-in-c hief), . . HemrIch B � rgers, Ernst Dronke, Georg Weerth. Ferdinand and Wilhelm Wolff and Fred� flck Engels, joined i n October 1 848 by the poet Ferdinand Freiligrath. All the edIto�s were �e� bers of the Communist League. The editorial board was . know� for It� unanlIT�lty of Views, smooth working and precise division of functIOns. Besides reading �nd answ�ring letters and helping the editor-in-chief, . each member had to deal With a definite range of questions. The editorial board . had Its correspon�ents in different parts of Germany and abroad . It established regular Contacts WIth a number of democratic periodicals in other countries. As a rule, Marx and Engels wrote the editorials formulating the newspaper's �.t:n �. o� th : � o�� i� portan� questi(;)fls . of th� revolution. These were marked * Koln . SometImes edltonal artIcles marked with one asterisk were .Koln . or pnnted In other sections under the heading of News from Italy, France, Hungary , SWltzerla �d an� othe� countries. In addition to editorials, Engels wrote articles o� other subjects, lI�dudmg th� course of the revolutionary liberation movement i n It�ly, the revolutionary war I n H �.mgary, the political life of Switzerland, and so on. Wilhelm WoHf contnbuted articles on the agrarian question, on the condition of the t:>easants and the peasant movement, particularly in Silesia . He was also responSible for the current events section. Georg ""�eerth wrote feuilletons and . Er�st Dronke co�t�buted various reports (including reports from Paris). The only . article �hlch Hemnch Burgers wrote for the Neue Rheinische Zeitungwas practical ly rewrl �ten by Marx. H� was more successful as r.he newspaper's representative at . . workers meetmgs. Fredlgrath published his revolutionary poems in the news paper . The Neue Rheinische Zeitungwas a daily (from September 1848 it appeared every day except Mo?day). O n so�e days a second edition was put out in order to supply the readers w� th prompt mformation on all the most important revolutionary developments In Germany and Europe; supplements were printed when there was . lal for the four pages of the issue, and special supplements and oUch too .,ate � � . In the form of leaflets carried the latest and most Important specIal edltlons ' news. Even in the first months of the ne� spaper's existence the bourgeois . of the consistent revolutionary line of the Neue sha �e�olders .started to �?mpl�m , tung, l. mllltant mternationalism and political denunciations of the Rhetntsche Ze1.. � Government. Its edItors were persecuted by the Government and attacked in the . . feudal monarchIst and liberal bourgeois press . Shareholders were especlaIIy s ' Ies 'III defence of the June 1848 uprising of the Paris proletariat. . cared 0f£ by artlc Province more difficult, the Cologne autho . �ro mak� Marx' � stay in the R h.ine n �les . on ��structlor�s from Berhn, refused to reinstate him in his rights as a .. ' PIussldn CitIzen (Which Marx had renounced l' n 1 845), an d on severaI occasIOns . . m �tTtuted legal proceedings against him and other editors of the Neue Rheinische Zettung. On Septcmber 20, I R48, when a state of siege was dedarerl in Colog-ne . several democranc newspapers including the Neue RI.fwtntSCflC . L_ Zeltung, . were ' · arrest, Engels, sus pe nd ed. T0 .avold Bronke and Ferdinand Wolff had to leave e ��ny for a tIme. Wilhelm \\�olff staye� . in Cologne but for several months lived Idtng. When the stare of siege was hlted the paper resumed publication on October 1 2, thanks ro t�e great efforts uf Marx who conlrihuted all his ready � money to the paper. "Lntd January 1 849, the main burden of the work. including '
��
-
'
535
editorial articles, lay on Marx's shoulders since Engels had to stay out of Germany (in France and Switzerland). Persecution of the Neue Rheini�che Zeitung editors by the legal authorities and the police was 'particularly intensified after the counter-revolutionary coup in Prussia in November-December 1 848. On February 7, 1849, Marx, Engels and Hermann Korff; the responsible publisher, were summoned to appear before a jury in Cologne, and the next day Marx, together with Schapper and lawyer Schneider, was brought to trial as the leader of the Rhenish District Committee of Democrats. But in both cases Marx and his associates were acquitted thanks to skilful defence. The failure of these prosecutions compelled the authorities to resort to other means for the prohibition of the revolutionary periodical. In May 1849, when the counter-revolution went into the offensive all over Germany. the Prussian Government issued an order for Marx's expulsion from Prussia on the grounds that he had not been granted Prussian citizenship. Marx's expulsion and new repressions against other editors of the Neue R.heinische Ztitung put an end to the publication of the newspaper. Its last issue (No. 30 1), printed in red ink, came out on May 19, 1 849. In their farewell address to the workers, the editors of the New Rheinische Zeitung said, "Their last word everywhere and always will be: p. 3 emancipation of the working classf' ssian liberal bourgeoisie Pru the e) eori gsth run nba erei V ( ' enf eem agr of ry theo " 2 By the olution. The "agreement sought to justify its policy of compromise in the rev vened in :May 184 8 was to theory" meant that the Prussian National Assembly con , not on the basis of its em syst nal utio stit con a ce odu intr and on tuti nsti Co a draft ent with the Crown ". By eem agr "by but . hts rig e utiv stit con and ign sovere Campnausen-Hansemann accepting this formula, which was advanced by the ndoned the principle of t aba fac in ity jor ma ral libe 's bly em Ass the , ent nm Gover the counter-revolutionaries popular sovereignty and gave freedom of action to King. Beginning with the early who wanted to restore the absolute power of the y criticised the "theory rpl sha s gel En and rx Ma g run Zei che inis Rhe e Neu issues of the Berlin Assembly-the the and rs" ree "ag ters por sup its ing call " ent eem agr of would only serve the King "Agreeme nt Assembly". They warned that this theory p d'etat and the forcible as a screen for preparing a counter-revolutionary cou p. 3 . bly em Ass the of on uti dissol . was written by Engels ow bel s ort rep er oth of er mb nu a as ll we as , 3 This article 26, 1 848, a state of siege was during his forced Stay in Switzerland. On September of some of the editors est arr the for ed issu s wa er ord an and ne log Co declared in s emigrated from Prussia to gel En s. gel En ing lud inc g; tun Zei e isch ein Rh ue Ne of the ice and on October 4 deported Belgium, where he was arrested by the Brussels pol t to Switzerland (see hIS foo on nt s we gel En is Par in y sta rt sho a er Aft , to France present edition, pp. 507-29). the of l. 7 in Vo " rne Be to is Par om "Fr es not vel tra sanne and re Lau and a nev Ge via ne Ber in d ive arr els Eng 9 About November n he regularly sent to the atio igr em in ile Wh . 849 1 y uar Jan til un re the d maine p. 7 n. atio orm inf of s item s iou var and s icle art g ttLn Nem Rheinische Zei an names for rm Ge e (th dis /Len Va g and bur uen Ne of ity pal nci 4 In 170 7-1 80 6 the pri Prussia. In 1806, of e rul the r de un te sta arf a dw s wa ) gin lan Va and Neuch.atel France. In 1 8 1 5 , by decisi
536
12
Prussia constantly laid rule and a republic was proclaimed. However, up to claim to Neuchatel and was forced to renounce it officially only under pressure
1857
from France.
5
p.
7
An allusion to General Pfuel's participation in the suppression of the national liberation uprising in Posen, a duchy under Prussia's rule, which took place in the On his orders the insurgents who had been taken prisoner had spring of ]
7
IS
7
The Holy Hermandad (Holy Broth erhood) - a league of Spanish towns set up at . the end of the fifteenth century with the approbation of the King to fight against the powerful feudal lords. From the middle of the sixteenth century the armed rletachments of the Holy Hermandad performed police duties. Thus. the police in p. 7 general was often ironically labelled the "Holy Hermandad" .
12, 1848,
8
9
7
1972.
Dtmi-cantons-out of
the
p.
14
9
Swiss cantons three - Appenzell.
until the latter was reorganised and transformed from a union of states "into a The Diet consisted of representatives of the separate federal state in
10
1843
progressive bourgeois reforms and defend the privileges of the Church and the Jesuits. The decree of the Swiss Diet of July on the dissolution of the Sonderbund served as a pretext for the latter to start hostilities against the other cantons early in November. On November the Sonderbund army was p. defeated by the federal forces.
1847
23, 1 847.
9
in Spain, the liberal party split into a D � ring �he bourgeois revolution of p. Right wmg, the Moderado� and a Left wing, the Exoltado.<
1820-23
.
10
1815
the
Vienna Congress acknowledged Switzerland's permanent neutrality and approved which limited the powers of the the Federal Act adopted by the Swiss Diet in central Government still more. Though particularism was restored. on the whole
1814,
9
.
11
previous decentralised state system of the Swiss Confederation. In
cantons. In it adopted a new Constitution and yielded place to the Federal Assembly conSlstmg of two Chambers (the National Council and the Council of p. States).
1847
1798,
1803
1848.
The Ur-cantons ( Urkantiinli) are the mountain cantons of Uri, Schwyz and Unterwalden which in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries formed the nucleus of the Swiss Confederation. During the civil war of these cantons. as members of the Sonderbund. opposed the progressive forces of Switzerland. Separatists- members of the Soriderbund, a separatist union formed by the to resist seven economically backward Catholic cantons of Switzerland in
In the spring 0f after the troops of the French Directory entered Switzerland, the one and indivisible Helvetian Republic was proclaimed there and For the a Constitution adopted on the pattern of the French Constitution of first time in the history of the country a central government was created, the equality of the cantons declared, the privileges of the estates and feudal
dependence of the peasants abolished, the medieval guilds liquidated etc. Swiss participation in France's wars against the forces of the anti-French coalition was accompanied by a struggle between the progressive and reactionary forces within the country for preserving or abolishing the Helvetian Republic. The latter was abolished in by Napoleon, who restored, with certain modifications, the
Basle and Baselland, and Unterwalden into Obwalden and Nidwalden. Diet ( Tagsatzung) - supreme organ' of the Swiss Confederation which existed
18�R.
26.
1795.
Basle and Unterwalden - were for various reasons (geographical. religious etc.) divided into demi-cantons: Appenzell into Innerrhoden and Ausserrhoden. Basle into
22
6-7, 1848,
12
In English this article was first published in the collection: Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Articles frCYm tlu "Neue Rluinisclu ZeittLng". 1848-49, Progress Publishers, Moscow,
130-64.
29
Great Cuuncils (Gross Rii!e) - Iegislatures of urban cantons set up under the p.
124-28
23-26, 1848,
energetic enough in their march to the aid of the insurgents and were halted by .Iellachich on October while the counter-revolutionary army of Windisch gratz had already been fighting in the city itself from October On November 1 the resistance of the insurgents was broken. The restoration of the Habsburgs lO power was accompanied by savage counter.revolutionary terror. p.
canton. The two Councils constituted the Federal Assembly (BuntUsversammlung), the supreme legislative body in Switzerland.
1803.
see present edition, For the proletarian uprising in Paris on June Vol. 7, pp. and flared up in response to The popular uprising in Vienna on October the Austrian Government's order to dissolve the Hungarian Sejm and to dispatch Austrian troops to aid the Croatian Ban Jellachich who, supported by the
were sabotaged by the Vienna bourgeoisie. The Hungarian troops were nO(
the eXistence of the Council of States (standerai) made up of two deputies from each
Swiss Constitution of
1846 in which a decisive role was played by p. 12 .
Emperor's court. had started a counter-revolutionary campaign against Hungary and been defeated by the Hungarian revolutionary forces on September 29. Headed by the petty-bourgeois democrats, the masses prevented the Vienna garrison from marching to Hungary and seized control of the city after a fierce struggle. However, the insurgents did not receive the necessary support from other revolutionary forces in Austria and Germany and revolutionary measures
In accordance with the Constitution of the Swiss Confederation adopted on the National Council (Nationalrai) consisted of deputies September elec�e every three years by universal suffrage. The Constitution also provided for
�
21, 1847,
result of a popular uprising in October the workers of Saint-Gervais.
their heads shaved and their hands and ears branded with lunar caustic (in German Hiill£rutein, i.e. stone of hell); hence his nickname "von HoHenstein", p.
the canton of Geneva adopted a new bourgeois-democratic On May Constitution. Among other things, it legalised freedom of faith and the election of the State Council (the cantonal Government) directly by the people, granted suffrage to persons living on allowances, introduced free primary instruction
etc. The c.anton's previous Constitution was abolished by its Great Council as a
848.
6
537
Notes
Notes
the anti-feudal measures of the Helvetian Republic remained in force. ,;'
"
p.
12
1 5 The riot which took place on October in Freiburg (Fribourg) was organised by the Catholic priests led by Bishop Marilley, and aimed at overthrowing the democratic Government of the canton. It was quickly p. suppressed.
24, 1848,
12
16 In English this article was first published in full in the collection : Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Articles from llu "Neue Rluinisclu Zeilung". 1848-49, Progress
Prior to this, an excerpt from the article published in Publishers, Moscow, the New! Rluinisclu Zeilung on November appeared under the title "We Refuse to Pay Taxes" in the book: Karl Marx, On Revolution. ed. by S. K. Padover, p. New York, ("The Karl Marx Library" series) .
1972.
1971
12, 1848,
14
538
Notes
Notes
17
Speaking of the Brandenburg Ministry, Frederick William IV said: "Either Brandenburg in the Assembly or the Assembly in Brandenburg." In its issue of November 9, 1 848, the Neue Prtus.�ischi! Ztitung changed this to: "Brandenburg in the Assembly and the Assembly in Brandenburg." p. 14
18
The Emperor Charles V is said to have ordered his own funeral to be performed and to have taken part in the burial service shortly before his death. p. 14
revolutionary movement in 1 848. It was dissolved after the suppression of the October uprising in Vienna. The civic militia (Biirgenvehf") - the Vienna national guard formed after the March event.�; it was in its social composition a motley organisation: besides arti sans and small shopkeepers. it included representatives of the bourgeoisie. Its bourgeois units took part in firing on the workers' demonstration already in August 1848. During the October uprising in Vienna the bourgeois elements of the national guard were pushed into the background and the artisans and small shopkeepers had the upper hand. p. 1 7
'9 The criminal code of Chari.. V (Con.
21
22
27
During the uprising of August 10, 1 792, which overthrew the French monarchy, Louis XVI (of the Bourbon dynasty originating from the Capet dynasty) sought protection in the National Assembly. The next day he was arrested. The Convention which tried him found him guilty of conspiring against the freedom of the nation and the state security and sentenced him to death. On January 2 1 , 1 793. Louis XVI was guillotined. In its issues Nos. 19. 2 1 . 22. 26 and 98 for June 19, 2 1 . 22. 26 and September 9, 1848, the Neue Rheinische Zeitung published a series of articles under the title "Die Verhandlungen des NationalMKonvents tiber Louis Capet, Ex-Konig von Frankreich " describing the trial of Louis XVI. p. 14
29 According to the French Constitution adopted on November 4, 1848, the presidential elections had to take place in December 1 848. The President, as head of the executive, was given wide powers by the Constitution, which reflected the growing counter-revolutionary trend among the ruling bourgeoisie, which had been frightened by the June uprising of the workers in Paris. As a result of the December 10 elections Louis Bonaparte became President of the Republic. Three p. 18 yeaTS later he carried out a coup d'etat.
30 Marx draws an analogy between the events in Versailles on June 20. 1789 (when
When on November 9, 1848, the Prussian National Assembly was informed of the royal decree transferring it from Herlin to Brandenburg the majority of the Right-wing deputies obediently left the building. p. 15
23 On June 28, 1848, the Frankfurt National Assembly decided to set up a provisional Central Authority (Zentralgewalt) consisting of the Imperial Regent (Archduke John of Austria) and an Imperial Ministry. This provisional Central Authority had neither a budget nor an army of its own, possessed no real power, and was an instrument of the counter-revolutionary policy of the German princes. p. 16
In the preface to his book Kahldorf fiber den Adel in Bnefen an den Grafen M. von ./\foltke, which Heine published in March 183 1 , he says with reference to the French revolution of 1830: "The Gallic cock has now crowed a second time, and in Germany, too, day is breaking." p. 1 7
25
contemptuous nickname for declassed proletarians, primarily in the Kingdom of Naples. They were repeatedly used by the Government in the p. 1 7 struggle against liberal and democratic movements.
26
Lazzaroni- a
The Academic Legion- a student militarised organisation founded in Vienna in March 1848. Each faculry of the University formed a detachment divided into companies. The Legion consisted mostly of radical democrats. It also included University lecturers and professors as well as writers, poets, journalists and physicians. The Academic Legion played a significant role in the Austrian
This refers to the speech made by Brandenburg in the Prussian National Assembly on November 9, 1848. In this and other articles that follow, when speaking of events and debates in the Prussian National Assembly, use has been made as a rule of the shorthand reports subsequently published as a separate book: Verhandlungen der constituirenden Versammlung fur Preussen, Berlin, 1 84B. p. 18
28 In its issue of November 3, 1 848, the Kiilnische Zeitung carried an article about an imaginary African tribe, the Hyghlans, an intermediate form between man and ape. "Many of them," it said, "learn Arabic." On November 5, the Neue Rheinische Zeitung ridiculed the report, adding: "This discovery is at any rate of the greatest importance for the party of the wailers for whom the Hyghlans will provide a fitting reinforcement." For the wailers see Note 127. p. 18
�arx is speaking here about the Austrian Imperial Diet which was in session in Vienna from July 1848. The majority of its Slav deputies were associated with the bourgeoisie or the landowners and sought to set up a Slav federal constitutional monarchic state under the supremacy of Austria and its Emperor. During the Vienna uprising of October 6-7, 1848, the deputies belonging to the Czech national-liberal party urgently left Vienna for Prague. where they continued to provide. assistance to the fugitive Emperor in Olmiitz (Olomouc) in his struggle against the Vienna insurgents. p. 15
24
539
31
.. . ..
32
"
'
'
.
,. ,
,1j,3
the delegates of the States General, which on June 1 7 declared themselves to be the National Assembly, took an oath in the tennis-court not to disperse until a Constitution had been drawn up), and the events in Berlin on November ] 1 , 1848. On November 9, 1848. a royal decree was read to the delegates transferring the sittings of the Prussian National Assembly from Berlin to Brandenburg but the majority decided to continue their deliberations in Berlin. The next day they were expelled from the building (the playhouse) where their sittings had been held hitherto; from November 1 1 to 13 the delegates met in the Berlin shooting gallery, which was occupied by soldiers in the evening of November 1 3 . p. 18 This decision was adopted by the Prussian National Assembly on November I I , 1848, at a sitting in the Berlin shooting-gallery (see Verhandlungen dec p. 19 constituirenden VPr.lammlung fur Preussen. 1848, Bd. 9, Suppl.-Bd.).
The Neue Rheini..fiche Zeitung No. 142 (second edition) and No. 143, for November 14 and 15, 1848, carried an article by Georg Weerth under the heading "Die Steuerverweigerung in England bei Gelegcnheir der Reform-Bill im Jahre ]832" p. 1 9
This article is a rcport from Berlin worked up by the Neue Rheinische Zeitung editorial board. The most important information was as in this volume printed in larger type and worded by the editors accordingly. The entire conclusion was
540
Notes
Notes
written by Marx. The rest of the text (published here in small type) contains emphasis br the editors.
ments of special constables used to break up the Chanist demonstration of April 10, 1848. p. 23
This was the first time that the Neue Rheinische Zeitungcalled on the population to refuse to pay taxes in reply to the coup d'etat beKUn by the Prussian p.
counter-revolutionary forces. 34
35
39
20
The Kollnische Rathaw (Cologne Town Hall) was situated in the centre of Berlin
which i n the middle of the nineteenth century was still called Kiilln or Altkiilln (Old Cologne). p. 20
of Cologne-the Democratic Society, the Workers' Association and the Associa tion for Workers and Employers-was set up at the end of June 1 848 by decision
of the First Democratic Congress in Frankfurt am Main; Marx was a member of the Commission. Uoti1 the convocation of the Rhenish Congress of Democrats.
- this Commission functioned temporarily as the District Committee. The First Rhenish Congress of Democrats, which was held in Cologne on August 13 and 14, 1848, with the participation of Marx and Engels, confirmed the composition of the Central Commission of these three Cologne democratic associations as Rhenish District Committee of Democrats. Besides the President. lawyer s<:hneider II, it included Marx, Schapper and Moll. The activities of the Committee covered not only the Rhine Province but also Westphalia. The Congress adopted a decision on
Many members of the National Council, however, regarded this as a violation of the universal suffrage introduced by the 1848 Constitution and managed to have
the elections in the Freiburg canton annulled (for details see this volume, pp . 42-43). Subsequently this decision was reviewed and the annulment of the
36
p.
22
V nder pressure from Raderzky. commander-in-chief of the Austrian army in
North Italy, the -Vorort Berne sent its representatives and a military detachment to Tessin, a canton bordering on Italy, where Italian refugees who supported the
the necessity to carry on work among factory workers and peasants. On November 14, 1848, at the beginning of th� counter-revolutionary coup d'etat in Prussia, th� Rhenish District Committee of Democrats called on the population to refuse to pay taxes, even before the Prussian National Assembly had adopted a decision to this effect. Until the Assembly recognised this slogan and the campaign for the refusal to pay taxes developed in other provinces, Marx judged
insurgent movement against Austria had found asylum. The representatives demanded that all the Italian refugees should be deported from Tessin into the interior of the country. The Tessin Government refused to fuJfil this demand and
agreed to depon only those Italians who had taken a direct part in the insurgents' movement. The conflict was discussed in the columns of the Neue Rheinische
it necessary to temporarily restrain the people from forcible resistance to the collectiOn of taXes. Howe:ver, he put the slogan of armed resistance on the agenda
Zeitung for several months. Engels gave details of the debate on it in the new Swiss Federal Assembly in his article "The National Council" (see this volume,
PI'- 1 3R-53).
when, on November 15, the Assembly at last adopted a decision on the refusal to pay taxes as of November 17. From November 19 to December 1 7 the Neue Rheinische Zeitung carried the slogan "No More Taxes l l ! " on its front page.
The VUTart (the main canton) - the name given to a Swiss canton in whose capital the Diet, and later the Federal Assembly, held its sittings hefore Berne was proclaimed the Swiss capital . In 1 R03-09, there were six main cantons- Freiburg,
There was a wide response to the appeal in the Rhine Province (see this volume,
. pp. 39-40). In English the text of the appeal was first published in the collection: Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Articles from the "Neue Rheinische kilung ". 1848-49, Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1972. p. 24
Berne, Solothurn, Basle, Zurich and Lucerne; in 1 8 1 5 their number was reduced to three: Zurich, Berne and Lucerne, and the seat of the Diet changed every two
years. Until the Constitution of 1848, the Vorort authorities to a certain extent fulfilled the functions of the country's Government and its representative was President p. 22 of the Diet. 37
38
Marx wrote "Cavaignac and the June Revolution" as an edit orial introduction to a series of articles published under the title "Herr Cavaignac" in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 142 (second edition), No. 145 (special suppleme nt), No. 146, No. 147 (second edition), No. 157 (supplement) and No. 158, Novembe r 14, 17, 1 8 and 19, December 1 and 2, 1848. These anicles were reprinted (with certain changes) from the newspaper La Presse where they were published from }\Tovember 7 to 1 1 , 1 848, under the general title: "M. Cavaignac devant 1a Commission d'Enquete sur I'insurrection du 23. juin ", their author being Emi le Girardin . editor of the newspaper, repUblican and later follower of Bonaparte. p. 23
23
40 The Central Commission of representatives of the three democratic organisations
elections to the Federal Assembly. In Freiburg this measure was directed against clergymen who tried to get their deputi.es elected to the National Council.
57-58).
An allusion to General Cavaignac's pan in the conquest of Algeria and his hehaviour as Governor there in 1 848 when he brutally suppressed the Arab national liberation movement. It was these "exploits" of Cavaignac that gave him the reputation of a reliable "limb of the law" in the eyes of the French bourgeoisie. p.
In the Freiburg (Fribourg) and other Swiss cantons the Government made recognition of the cantonal Constitution one of the conditions for voting at the
Freiburg elections reversed (see this volume, pp.
541
41
-
�
e At its sitting on November 13, 1848, held in the Berlin shooting-galler�, Prussian National Assembly approved the report of a speCial commiSSIOn describing the Brandenburg Ministry'S actions as acts of high treason . The Assembly decided to publish the report and convey it to the Public Prosecutor for
him to take action (see VerhandlUftgtn- deY" constituirenden Versammlung fur Prewsen. . 1848, Bd. 9, Suppl.-Bd.). This article was published in English for the first time in the collection : Karl . Marx, On Revolution, ed. by S. K. Padover, New York, 1 97 1 , and then m the collection: Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Articles from the "Neue Rhemtsche p. 25 Zeilung". 1848-49, Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1972.
.'.
42
" Li.ttle cotl.'itab�" (kleiner Konstabler) an ironical paraphrdse of "little corporal ", a nickname glven to Napoleon I by the French soldiers in allusion to the fact that, while in emigration in England, Louis Bonaparte joined the detach-: -
�,
The reference is to the law safeguarding personal f�edom passed by the Prussian National Assemhly on August 28, 1 848, and signed by the King on September 24. It was called the Habeas Corpus Act by analogy with the English Writ of Habeas Corpus. The law was puhlished in the Prrussischer Staats-Anteiger No. 148, September 29. 1 848.
542
Notes
A Writ of Habeas COTfms is the name given in English judicial procedure to a document enjoining the relevant authorities to present an arrested person before a court on the demand of persons interested to check the legitimacy of the arrest.
Having considered the reasons for the arrest, the court either frees the person arrested, sends him back to prison or releases him on bail or guarantee. The procedure, laid down by an Act of Parliament of 1679, does not apply to person. accused of high treason and can be suspended by decision of Parliament. p. 25
43 This refers to the editors' introduction to the "Appeal of the Rhenish Distria
Committee of Democrats" published
in
the
Kolnische Zeitung No. 308 on
November 16, 1848.
p. 29
44 An allusion to the similarity between the measures proposed by Hansemann, the
Prussian Minister of Finance (i.e. a compulsory loan as a means to stimulate money circulation), and the views of Pinto, the eighteenth-century Dutch stockjobber,
who regarded stockjobbing as a factor speeding u p money circulation. Cf. the article "The Bill on the Compulsory Loan and Its Motivation" (present <:dition� Vol. 7, pp. 278-86).
45
p. 30
The Auerswald-Hansemann Government (the so-called Government of Action) was in power from June 25 to September 2 1 , 1848 (see Note 153). Besides the ordinary police, a body of armed civilians was set up in Berlin in the summer of 1848 for use 3g-dinst street gatherings and mass demonstrations and for spying. These policemen were called constables by analogy with the special constables in England who played an important part in breaking up the Chartist demonstration of April 1 0 , 1 848.
p. 30
6 � 4 .,an!a Crua (the Sacred House) - headquarters of the Inquisition in Madrid. Pru.sJian
works of the Roman poet Virgil. They regarded his poems as divinely inspired and p. S 1 treated him as an oracle. 48
the Prussian reaction with an excuse for replacing the Pfuel Government by the openly counter-revolutionary Brandenburg Government. p. 36
53 The majority of the National Assembly adhered to the tactics of passive resistance in their struggle against the counter-revolutionary actions of the Brandenburg Government when it began the coup d'etat. These tactics amounted to not obeying the Government's orders, including the one on the transfer of the Assembly from Berlin to Brandenburg. The Assembly refrained from more effective forms of resistance to the counter-revolutionary forces, and only after much procrastina tion did it adopt the decision on the refusal to pay taxes, interpreting it, moreover, in the spirit of passive disobedience to the authorities. Even the Left-wing deputies did not dare cali on the people to arm and deal an open blow against reaction, which the Netu Rheinische Zeitung saw as the real means of struggle against the coup d'etat. As a result of the tactics of passive resistance the Government-which on November 1 0 brought the troops of General Wrangel into Berlin and declared a state of siege there�managed, by force, arrests and intimidation, to make the Assembly cease its work in Berlin. Then, on December 5, after the resumption of its sittings in Brandenburg in early December 1 848, the Government issued orders dissolving it altogether and introducing a Constitution imposed by the King. p. 38 54 The NI!'Ue Rheinische Zeitung published the messages of support for the National
S5
Publishers, Moscow, 1972.
56
p. 34
51 The Privy CountiUors' quarter (Gtheimratsviertel) - a district in the south-west of p. 36 Berlin inhabited mainly by Prussian officials.
52
On October 3 1 , 1 848, a mass demonstration was held in Berlin in protest against the cruelty with which the Austrian counter-revolution cru.shed the Vienna uprising. The demonstration ended when unarmed engineering workers were attacked by the 8th Battalion of the bourgeois civic militia. This incident provid ed
p. 4 1
This report did not appear in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung. I n accordance with the new Constitution of the Swiss Confederation adopted on September 12, 1 848, members of the Federal Court were elected at a joint sitting of the two Chambers of the Federal Assembly: the National Council and the
Council of States. The eight members elected earlier were: Johann Kern (canton of Thurgau), Kasimir Pfyffer (Lucerne), Migy (Berne), Ruttimann (Zurich), Brosi (Graubunden), Zenrufinen (Wallis), Favre (Neuenburg) and Blumer (Glarus). The Federal Court was responsible for the !lpeedy settlement of conflicts which the Diet (see Note 9) had formerly taken years over, and for passing sentence on persons who were charged with high treason but stilI remained unpunished. p. 42
49 Potsdam- a town near Berlin, the residence of the Prussian kings where military
50 In English this article was published in the collection: Karl Marx, On Revolution, ed. by S. K. Padover, New York, 1 97 1 , and in the collection: Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, ArtiC/e.s fT"'" the "Neue RheiniJche Zeilung". 1848-49, Progress p. !l6 Publishers, Moscow, 1972.
This appeal gave the Prussian authorities- a pretext for instituting legal proceedings against Marx, Schapper and Schneider II, who were members of the Rhenish District Committee of Democrats. The 'trial took place on February 8, 1 848, and ended with the jury returning a verdict of not guilty (see this volume, p. 520). In English d,e appeal was first published in the collection: Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Articl... from the "Neue Rheinische Zeilun!(·. 1848-49, Progress
Dissentn's or dissidents- members of religious trends and sects not belonging to the established church; in this particular case adherents of various Protestant sectJI who did not recognise onhooox Lutheranism. p. S l parades and reviews of the Prussian army were held.
. p. 39
Assembly in Berlin on November 2 1 , 25 and 2fi (Nos. 148, 152 and 153).
p. 3 1
fJrumaire of 1848-an ironical comparison of the counter. revolutionary coup d'etat in Prussia with that in France on the 1 8th Brumaire (November 9), 1799, as a result of which the dictatorship of (' eneral Bonaparte was established in the country. In the Middle Ages people used to believe that there was special wisdom in the
47 ' The
543
Notes
57
See Note 35.
58 For the rebellion of the Bishop of Freiburg see Nole 15.
For the Sonderbund see Note 10.
p. 42
p. 43
59 On October 25, 1848, Bishop Marilley was arrested. On October 30, a diocesan
('onference of representatives of the Frejburg, Berne, Vaud, Neuchatel and Geneva canton governments was held in Freiburg (Fribourg). It decided to set the bishop free but to prohibit his stay and activities on the territory of these five cantons. The opening of this conference was announced in the Neue Rhelni5che
544
Notes
Notes
real power and served as a vehicle of feudal and monarchist reaction. After the March revolution in Germany the Right-whig circles tried in vain to revive the Federal Diet and use it to undermine the principle of popular sovereignty and
Possibly Engels wrote about the conference decision in the above-mentioned report, which did not appear in the newspa� (see Note p. 43 Zeitung No.
136. November 7. 1848.
1 848
56).
60 Tbe reference is to tbe Second Rhenish Congress of Democrats, which was held in It discussed questions connected with the tax-refusal campaign and also the question of drawing the peasants into the struggle against the counter-revolution . Marx took part in the deliberations of the Congress, which approved his slogans of action and the tactics of active struggle Cologne on November
23, 1848.
against the coup d'etat in Prussia. For reasons of security the newspaper did not cov�� the sessions of the Congress and gave only extremely laconic reports on its deCISions. Thus, the ,econd edition of the Neue Rheinische Zeilung No. 155, carried the following item : "The Congress of Rhenish November democrats, held on November approved the decisions adopted by the District
26, 1848,
prevent the dem()(;ratic unification of Germany.
On July 5,
threatened to resort to bayonets.
65
editors. Marx puhlished the letter in the Neue Rheinische Zeilung and called the Cologne Public Prosecutor's office a "new. promising contributor" to that newspaper (see the article "Legal Proceedings against the Neue Rheinische p. 48 Zeitung", present edition, Vol. 7, pp.
(see this volume, pp. 66
67
15
40
103
18, 1848,
1848.
A few days before the publication of this report, the Neue Rheinische Zeilung No. carried the following report marked with two of November
198
21, 1848,
16.
83-87).
1848-49.
1815. Consisting of representatives of the German states, the Federal Diet had nO
57
"The moderate party which has an overwhelming majority in both Councils also had its candidates. elected against the candidates of the radical party: Eytel, Stampfli, Luvini etc." This information, probably supplied by Engels. contained certain inaccuracies which can be explained by the fact that the Federal Council had not finally constituted itself by that time. Instead of Ochsenbein. Steiger was elected President of the National Council; and the seventh member of the Federal Council was Frey-Herose of Aargau. For the details see Engels' artide "Personalities of the Federal Council" (this volume, pp. The Federal Council was the supreme executive body of the Swiss Republic. The President of the Republic. eJected from amung the Council members. was also p. 57 President of the Federal Council.
150.
that ephemeral union of Gennan states founded by decision of the Vienna Congress in
p.
"Members: Colonel Ochsenbein, of Berne; Colonel Franscini, of Tessin; Herr Munzinger, of Solothurn; Herr Niiff, of St. Gallen; Herr Steiger, of Lucerne.
Prussia-the liberal majority helped the counter-revolutionary forces. Thus, the German National Assembly disavowed the decision of the Prussian National The decision referred to Assembly on refusal to pay taxes by votes to in this article was adopted by the Frankfurt National Assembly on November 20,
6� The Federal Diel- the representative body of the German Confederation,
55
"President: Burgomaster Furrer, of Zurich ; "Vice-President: State Councillor Druey, of Waadt;
17
In writing this and other articles on the debates in the Frankfurt National Assembly. Marx and Engels made use of the shorthand reports of its sittings which later appeared as a separate publication, StenograPhisc/oer Berichl iiber dil Verhandlungen dtr deutsc/oen constiluirendtn Nationalversammlung %u Fmnkfurl am Main, Frankfurt am Main, p. 51
p.
I hasten to inform you of the results of the elections to the executive Federal Council held at today's joint sitting of the National Council and the Council of States. The follow;ng were elected:
decisive moments of the revolution-during the September crisis connected with the signing of Prussia's armistiCe with Denmark to the detriment of Germany's national interests, during the October uprising in Vienna and the coup d?etat in
275
66-74).
36.
- .. Berne, November
judges, lawyers, professors, manufacturers and government officials, physicians and landowners. The liberal deputies, who wholesale dealers, were in the majority, turned the Assembly into a mere debating club. At the
81
See Note
asterisks:
in St. Paul's Church, in the free city of Frankfurt am Main, was convened to effect the unification of the country and to dra� up i� Constitution. Among the deputies . . elected In vaTlOUS German states late 10 Apnl and early in May there were 122
95
This romour was based on the conflict between the German Central Authority, or the so
vealed by Engels in his article "The German Central Authority and Switzerland"
186-88).
6. The German Natiooa/ Assembly which opened on May
53
23,
1 77-79).
Zweiffel and the police officers who made the arrests. Public Prosecutor Hecker sent a letter to the newspaper refuting the article "Arrest," and threatening the
p.
Imperial Government sent a Note to Berne demanding the cessation of the actions of the German repuhli�n refugees and their expulsion from the cantons contained both bordering on Germany. This and the next Note, of October demands and threats, which, however. were rejected by the Swiss Government. The conflict accompanied by frontier incidents continued. Its essence was re
1848, the Neue Rheinische Zeilung No. 35 published the article "A"ests" 7,
52
presented by a delegation from the Cologne Municipal Council and other Rhenish delegations asking to be given an audience by the King. When the delegates said that in case of refusal they would suspend payment of taXes, the Prime Minister
23,
giving details of the arrest of Gottschalk and Anneke, then leaders of the Cologne Workers' Association (see present edition, Vol. pp. This article served as a pretext for charging the editors with insulting Chief Public Prosecutor
p.
64- Marx refers to the rejection by Prime Minister Brandenburg of the petition
Committee.-Detailed instructions will be communicated by the delegates to their· associations." p. 46
61
545
68 fi9
70
See Note See See
35. Note 10. Note 36.
p. 57 p.
58
p.
58
546
71 72
73
74
75
76
Notes
Notes
According to the Constitution of the Swiss Confederation of 1848. Swiss citizens had the right to vote after three months' permanent residence. p. 59 The following report from Berne, dated November 23, 1848, appeared in the supplement to �o. 154 of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung but it elucidated other questions ("Raveaux's Resignation -Violation of the Swiss Frontier", see this volume, pp. 63-64). Engels gave detailed information about the debates in the ::-.rational Council on the Tessin conflict in his article "The National Council", published in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung on December 10, 1848 (see this volume, p. 62 pp. 138-53).
The Barataria's Reich-an ironical name which Engels gave to the future German state for which the members of the Frankfurt parliament were ing a Constitution; an allusion to the imaginary island of Barataria of Sancho Panza was made Governor in Cervantes' novel Don Quixote.
united draft which p. 64
During the coup d'etat in Prussia the Frankfurt National Assembly undertook to settle the conflict between the Prussian National Assembly and the Crown. For this purpose, first Bassermann (one of the liberal leaders) and then Simson and Hergenhahn went to Berlin as imperial commissioners. In mid-November the Frankfurt National Assembly adopted a decision calling on the Central Author ity to help. through the imperial commissioners in Berlin, to form a Min� istry which would enjoy the confidence of the country. that is a Ministry more acceptable to the Prussian bourgeoisie than the obviously counter-revolutionary Brandenhurg-Manteuffe1 Ministry. However, this decision proved ineffective because the Frankfurt Assembly'S liberal majority openly disapproved of the campaign for refusal to pay taxes as a means of strugg1e against the coup d'etat. The mediation of the imperial commissioners proved to be helpful to the counter-revolutionaries since it diverted the democratic forces in the German states from real support of the Prussian National Assembly in its struggle against p. 65 the Brandenburg-Manteuffel Ministry.
The reference is to the armistice between Denmark and Prussia concluded in the Swedish city of Malmii on August 26, 1848. Though the Prussian ruling circles waged the war against Denmark over Schleswig and Holstein in the name of the German Confederation, they sacrificed general German interests to dynastic and counter-revolutionary interests when they concluded the armistice. They were moved by the desire to release troops for the suppression of the revolution in Prussia, and also by pressure from Russia and Britain, which supported Denmark. Besides a cease fire between Prussia and Denmark. the armistice provided for the replacement of the provisional authorities in Schleswig with a new government, to be formed by the two contracting parties (representatives of the Danish monarchy were dominant in it), separation of the Schleswig and Holstein armed forces and other harsh terms for: the national liberation movement in the duchies. The revolutionary-democratic reforms which had been introduced were now virtually eliminated. The Malmo armistice and its ratification by the Frankfurt National Assembly p . 67 caused popular dissatisfaction and protests in Germany.
547
77
Maximilian Gagern's journey to Berlin and Schleswig, made on instructions from the Government of the Imperial Regent John to take part in the armistice negotiations with Denmark in the summer of 1 848, ended in a complete failure since both Pnlssia and Denmark ignored the representative of the impotent Central Authority. Engels compares this fruitless journey of Gagern's wit_h that of the heroine in Johann Hermes' novel Sophiens Reise von Memel nach Sm:hs� which was popular in . Germany at the end of the eighteenth and the begmnmg of the nmeteenth century: after spending more than ten years on her journey she failed to reach her destination. p. 67
78
In April 1848 Baden was the scene of a republican uprising led by the petty-bourgeois democrats Friedrich Hecker and Gus�av Struve. It started with . poorly republican detachments invading Baden from the SWISS border. But thIS . prepared and poorly organised uprising was crushed by the end of ApnL p. 67
79
The first Note to the Vorort (main canton) Berne (see Note 36), dated October 4, 1 848, and signed by Franz Raveaux, an imperial commissioner in Switzerland, was published in several German newspapers including the Preussischer Staats-Anzeiger No. 163 of October 14, 1848. The same day, the Neue Rheinische Zeitung (in the supplement to issue No. 1 16) carried a report from Berne dated October 8 setting forth the content of the �ote from the main canton Berne written in reply to the imperial Note. The full text of the Note, dated October 5, was reproduced in the Frankfurter Oberpostamts-Z,itungon October 10 (No. 275, second supplement) and October I I, 1848 (No. 276). A new Note of the German Central Authority, dated October 23 and also signed by Raveaux, was puhlished in the Frankfurter Oberpostamts-Zeitung No. 298 on November 6, 1848. An announcement about its delivery to the Berne authorities appeared in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 140, November I I . The main canton Berne's reply of N ovemher 4 was published in the Frankfurter Oberpostamt.'i-Zeltung No. 304 and in the first supplement to it on November 13, 1 848. The Neue Rheinische Zeitung likewise published the text of this Note in its issue No. 143, November 15, 1 848. p. 68
80
See Note 73.
81
, :..
, -' !"
p. 68
An allusion to the special troops supplied by the so-called Military Border Area-i.e., military settlements formed in the southern border reg�ons of the . . Austrian Empire between the sixteenth and nineteenth centunes. The mhabttants of these regions-Serbs, Croats, Rumanians, Szeklers, Saxons, and others-were allotted plotS of land by the state, for which they had to serve in the army, pay taxes and fulfil certain public duties. While serving in the army they wore red coats and ca,ps. In 1848 they formed part of the counter-revolutionary army of r.he Croatian Ban JeI1achich deployed against revolutionary Vienna and Hungary. The names of thes,e border regiments and battalions derived either from the names of the regions where they were formed, the names of the central towns of the cOI:responding border areas, or the nationality making up the majority of the p. 68 militarv unit. ,
The Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation was founded in 962 and lasted till 1 80o. At different times it included German, Italian, Austrian, Hungarian and Bohemian lands. Switzerland and the Netherlands, forming a motley conglomera· tion of feudal kingdoms and principalities, church 1ands and free cities with different political structures. legal standards and customs. p. 67
82 83
See Note 9.
p. 68
Afrer the defeat of the Baden republican uprising in April 1848 (s�e N � te 78), ont' of its leaders, Friedrich Hecker. emigrated to Switzerland an? lived III Mutte� , p. 12 (Basle canton) until September 1848. when he left for Amenca.
548 84
The
town of Lorrach and formed a provisional government. However, the insurgent
detachments were shortly afterwards scattered by the troops, and Struve, Blind and other leaders of the uprising were imprisoned by decision of a court martia1 (they were released during another repUblican uprising in Baden in May 1 849). p. 74
loan, following which its session was closed.
90 The of
H6
von Drigalski"
The state of siege in Dusseldorf was declared on November 22, Spiegel and Drigalski to that effect being published in the No. 314 (second edition), November 23, 1 848.
p.
(Oberpostdirehwr) Maurenbrecher on November 2 1 , 1 848, and published in the Kolnische Z,itung No. 314 (second edition) on November 23. This statement
Kolnische Zeitung p.
75
connected with the declaration of a state of siege in Cologne on Septemher
26.
87 Pfuel's speech
accused a group of officers of the Dusseldorf civic militia of "sacrilegiously" violat ing the secrecy of the postal service and correspondence because they tried to find out at the post-office whether postal orders for large sums of money hact' arrived from the
75
1 848, the order of
io the Prussian National Assembly on September 29, 1 848, was
92 For the �
9
March revolution by the decree of April
1 5, 1848.
p.
94
76
6- "Decision
on Some Principles of the Future Prussian Constitution" ("Verordnung tiber einige Grundlagen der kiinftigen Preussischen Verfassung"}-was adopted by the Second United Diet. an assembly of representa tives from the eight provincial diets of Prussia. Like the provincial diets, the United Diet was based on the estate principle. It sanctioned new taxes and loans, discussed new Bills and had the right to petition the King.
89 The law of April
of this law.
see Note
42.
77
Below Marx quotes p. 78
In addition to the proceedings instituted earlier against the editors of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung, the Cologne Public Prosecutor Hecker gave instructions, in the autumn of 1848� to bring to coun the editor-in-chief Karl Marx and the responsible publisher Hennann Korff, for publishing in their newspaper a
Prosecutor's office. using the coincidence of the names of the Public Prosecutor and the republican to call the former either "simple Hecker" ( " tout bonnemenr') (" C"est du Hecker tout pur'-"it's genuirie Hecker". as he wrote in French) or "the dichotOt)1oUS Hecker"" This was the "second crime" of the Neue Rheinische Ztitung p. 8 1 (see this volume, p. 82).
The Penal Code (Code pinal), adopted in France in 1810 and introduced into the regions of West and South-West Germany conquered by the French.
Prussian Law designed to guarantee feudal privileges. These measures, which met with great opposition in the Rhine Province, were annulled after the
9
p.
number of items which were not to the liking of the authorities, including the proclamation "To the German People" by the republican Friedrich Hecker. Although the examining magistrate declared in October 1848 that there were no serious grounds for prosecution, the Public Prosecutor insisted on his former accusations and even advanced new ones. In ·his article "Public Prosecutor 'Hecker' and the Neue RhP.inische Zeitung' (see present edition, Vol. 7, pp. 485-89), Marx sharply criticised the Cologne Public
armistice concluded in Malmo and ratified by the Frankfurt Assembly. Pfuel tried to justify this measure, but genera] indignation against the actions of the Cologne authorities and their condemnation by the Left deputies in the Assembly compelled the Government to issue an order lifting the state of siege in Cologne as ; p. 75 of November 2, 1 848.
remained in effect in the Rhine Province even after its incorporation into Prussia in 1 8 15. The Prussian Government attempted to reduce the sphere of its application and by a whole series of laws and Qrders to reintroduce in this province
Regierungspriisiden� law safeguarding personal freedom
Paragraph
The Cologne authorities had been scared by the growing revolutionary democratic movement and the campaign of protest against the Prussian-Danish
88
Rheinische Ztitung
9 1 The reference is to a statement made by the Dusseldorf Chief Postmaster
follow this example and be communists in the noble sense of this word and soon here, as everywhere else, there will be calm, peace and confidence. Citizen
1848
see the 7, pp. 256-65.) The law in effect abolished the militia as an autonomous armed organisation and subordinat ed it to the King and the Minister of the Interior. This dependence of the civic militia on the Government was utilised by the counter-revolutionary forces during the coup d'etat in Prussia. p. 77
population. The address was published in the Diiss
23, 1 848
77
Civic Militia Law was adopted on the basis of the Bill introduced in mid-July
organisation. (For the criticism of it by the Neue article "The Civic Militia Bill", present edition, Vol.
General Drigalski, commander of a division quartered in Dusseldorf. to the
live here, pay yearly the sum of thousand talers by monthly instalments to the city poor fund through the Government's central treasury.... Fellow citizens,
p.
by the Auerswald-Hansemann Ministry. It reflected the desire of the Prussian liberals to prevent the masses from joining the civic militia formed after the March revolution in Prussia, and to convert it into a purely bourgeois military
85 The words 'lcitizen and communist" were taken by Marx from the address of
"As a communist truly devoted to God and my King, I declare hereby that for the benefit of my poor brothers of the Diisseldorf commune I shall, as long as I
First United Diet
opened on April
1 1 , 1847,
but was dissolved in June because it refused to grant a new loan. The Second United Diet met on April 2 . 1848. after the revolution of March 18-19 in Prussia. I t adopted decrees, decisions and a law on the elections to the Prussian National Assembly, and sanctioned the
The reference is to the invasion of Baden from Swiss territory by detachments of German republican refugees led by Gustav Struve on September 2 1 , 1 848, following the news of the ratification by the Frankfurt National Assembly nf the armistice in Malmo and the popular uprising in Frankfurt in reply to it. Supported by the local republicans, Struve proclaimed a German Republic in the frontier
"Dusseldorf, November
549
Notes
Notes
95
The Neue Rheinische Zeitung was accused by the Cologne authorities of insulting police officers and Public Prosecutor Zweiffel in the summer of 1848, by publishing the article "Arrests" exposing the repressive measures against Gottschalk and Anneke, leaders of the Cologne Workers' Association (see present edition, Vol. 7, pp. 177-79). Later this accusation was made at the trial of Marx and p. 8 1 Engels (see this volume, pp. 304-22, 5 1 1 and 5 1 7). literally : in parts inhabited by unbelievers. The words are added to the title of Roman Catholic bishops appointed to purely nominal dioceses p. 8 1 in non-Christian countries.
In partibus infidelium
-
•
550
Notes
Notes
96 The Disch Hotel was in Cologne; the Miel€nlz Hotel-a hotel in Berlin where the
Prussian National Assembly, driven out of its former premises, held its sitting on November 15, 1848. p. 81
97 At the end of September 1848, the Imperial Minister of Justice, Kisker, demanded
that the Cologne PubHc Prosecutor should institute legal proceedings against the NeW! Rheinische Zeitung editors for publishing a series of feature articles which ridiculed Prince Lichnowski, a reactionary deputy of the Frankfurt National Assembly, under the name of the knight Schnapphahnski. Written by Georg Weerth, the feature articles "Leben und Taten des beriihmten Ritters Schnapp hahnski" were published unsigned in the Netu Rheinische Ztitung in August, September and December 1848 and in January 1 849. p. 82 Concerning the Vorort see Note 36. Cuncerning the Swiss Diet see Note 9.
p. 83
100
See Note 10.
p. 84
lOI
The reference is to the party of moderate republicans headed by Armand Marrast which formed around the newspaper Le National in the 1840s; it was supported by the industrial bourgeoisie and a section of the liberal intellectuals connected with p. M it.
98 99
102
lOS
Munzinger and Escher, the main canton Berne's representatives in Tessin at the time of the so-called T,ssin conf/ict (see Note 36), insisted that all Italian refugees in Tessin and their families should be removed into the interior of the country. Their demand was contrary to the principle of sovereignty of the cantons. p. 86
104
(the Executive Commission)-the Government of the French Republic set up by the Constituent Assembly on May 10, 1848, to replace the Provisional Guvernment which had resigned. It existed until June 24, 1848, when Cavaignac's dictatorship was established during the June proleta rian uprising. The majority in the Commission were moderate republicans, Ledru-Rollin being the only representative of the Left. p. 87
105
Commis.':ion du pouvoir exicutif
The reference is to an anonymous patriotic pamphlet, Deutschland in seifU!T tie/en Erniedrigung (�urelllberg, 1806), directed against Napoleon's rule. For The
publication of this pamphlet the bookseller Johann Philipp Palm was shot by the French authorities. p. 88
106
See Note 75.
107
The full title of this report in German is "Bericht des Ausschusses fur die osterreichischen Angelegenheiten tiber die Anrrage der Abgeordneten Venedey, Heinrich Simon, Wiesner und Bauernschmied, sowie tiber mehrere die oster reichischen Angelegenheiten betreffende Petitionen". It was published in the book: Verhandlungen tier tieutschen verfassunggebentien Reichsversam mlung IU Frank furt am Main, Bd. 2, Frankfurt am Main, 1848-49, S. 602 - 1 9. The report was read out by Deputy H. LOwe, of Posen, at the I I 9th sitting of the Frankfurt National Assembly on November 20, 1 848. Appended to it were letters of the two imperial commissioners Welcker and MosIe to the Imperial Minister Schmerling and the Austrian Prime Minister Wessenberg; these letters are repeatedly quoted in this article. Subsequently, touching on Welcker and Mosie's mission when dealing with the October uprising in Vienna in his work Revolution and Counter-Revolution in Germany, Engels wrote: "The travels of Don Quixote and Sancho Panza form matter for an Odyssey in comparison to the heroic feats and wonderful adventures of these two knights-errant of German Unity .... Their dispatches and reports are perhaps the only portion of the Frankfurt transactions that will retain a place in German literature; they are a perfect satirical romance, ready cut and dried, and an eternal monument of disgrace for the Frankfurt Assemhly and its government" (see present_ edition, Vol. 1 1). p. 88
lOB
and Beisele, here nicknames for Welcker and Mosie, are cumic characters from a pamphlet by Johann Wilhelm Christern published anonymously, Doctor
On September 6, 1 839, the canton of Zurich was the scene of a putsch organised by conservatives and clericals which led to the overthrow of the liberal Government formed on the basis of the 183] Consti.tution and brought the conservatives to power. This conservative Government was in turn replaced p. 83 when the liberals won the elections in 1845.
The draft Constitution for Tessin was approved by the people of this canton on July 4, 1830, three weeks before the July revolution in France which led to the overthrow of the Bourbons and exerted a great influence on Switzerland. December ]839 saw the revival of the liberal and radical movement in Tessin. As a result of the popular uprising on December 8 a provisional government was set up and the Great Council of Tessin was replaced by a new one with the radical Stefano Franscini at its head. The attempts of the conservative party to take the lead were finally defeated after the elections of November 15, 1840, which p. 85 brought victory to the liberals.
55 1
p. 88
Eisele
Eisele's und Barnn von Beisele's Landtagsreise im April 1847. Genrebilder aus der neuesten Zeitgeschichte, Leipzig, 1847. These names also appeared in the Munich Fliegendf.n BUiltern 1 09
in 1848.
Die Jobsiade. Ein Iwmisches H,llkngedicht� satirical
p. 89
poem by Karl Arnold Kortum published in 1784 and repeatedly reprinted in the nineteenth century. The comic p. 89 travel map attached to it was a closed labyrinth.
1 10
An allusion to the uprising in Frankfurt am Main which broke out following the ratification of the Malmo armistice by the majority of the National Assembly on September 16, 1848. Next day, there was a mass meeting of protest in the suburbs of Frankfurt attended hy the inhabitants of the city and the neighbouring towns and localities who demanded the dissulution of the Assemhly and the formation of a new representative body. The ImperiaJ Government called in Prussian and Austrian troops. When an uprising flared up on the following day, the poorly armed people were defeated after stubborn barricade fighting. There was popular unrest in many parts of Germany in response to the Frankfurt eve-nts. p. 92 III See Note 8 1 . p . 93 1 12
The Austrian troops of Windischgratz and Jellachich which suppressed the Vienna uprising were mostly recruited from the South-Slav peoples. SeTezhans�special units in border regiments (200 men per regiment) recruited in the Serbian and Croatian regions of the Military Border Area (see Note 81). In peacetime they protected the frontier and in wartime fulfilled vanguard, outpost and patrol duties.
552
Notes
Notes
Railes (Raiun, Razen, Rascier)-the name given to the Orthodox Serbs and often used for Serbs in general. It is apparently derived from the name of one of the first settlements of Serbian tribes, the ancient town Rassa. centre of the p. 94 Raschka region.
553
•
1 13
A reference to the documents relating to the activities of the German refugees in the border cantons of Switzerland published in the Frankfurter Oherposlamts Zeilung No. 301 (special supplement), November 9, 1 848. p. 98
114 See Note 74. 115
1 16
117
l iB
119
120
121
dismissed the moderate liberal Government of Capponi. On October 27 a democratic government of Tuscany was formed headed by MontagnelJi. It was he who put forward the slogan of convening an Italian Constituent Assembly (Guerazzi became a member of the Government). The victory of the people in Tuscany called forth mass demonstrations in Rome (Papal states) demanding the convocation of an Italian Constituent Assembly, resumption of the war with Austria, formation of a provisional democratic government, and social reforms. On November 16, in response to the attempts of the Papal Swiss Guard to disperse the demonstration, the people erected barricades near the Vatican and attacked it. Pius IX yielded, and a new government was set up in Rome with the participation of Left liberals and p. 104 democrats.
p. 99
By decision of the Vienna Congress (18 14-15) the lands on the left and the right banks of the Rhine were incorporated into Prussia, and among other tides bestowed on the King of Prussia was that of Archduke of the Lower Rhine. In his manifesto of April 5, 1815, issued on the occasion of the incorporation of this territory into Prussia, Frederick WiJJiam I I I promised to introduce representative institutions in the Rhine Province and throughout the country. p. 99 An English translation of this article was first published in the collection: Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Articles from the "Neue Rheinische Zeitung". 1 848-49, p. 101 Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1972.
On April 10, 1848, a Chartist demonstration in London was broken up by troops and special constables; the purpose of the demonstration was to present the third Chartist Petition to Parliament. On May 15, 1848, the bourgeois national guard suppressed the revolutionary actions of the Paris workers. On jutl(' 25, 1848, the rising of the workers of Paris was crushed. On August 6, 1848, Milan was occupied by Austrian troops, who suppressed the national liberation movement in North Italy. On November 1, 1848, the troops of Windischgratz took Vienna. p. 1 0 1 As a result of the revolutionary actions of the masses in Vienna, primarily of the workers and students, on May 1 5 and 16, the Imperial Government was forced to give up the idea of creating an elective two-Chamber parliament and to introduce changes into the electoral law, adopted shortly before that, by extending the franchise. The armed people also secured the abrogation of the order of May 1 4 dissolving the Central Committee of the national guard and the Academic Legion (see Note 26). On May 15, 1 848, a popular uprising in Naples caused by King Ferdinand's infringement of constitutional rights was brutally crushed, the lazzayoni (see Notf 25) taking an active part in its suppression. p. 102 This refers to the suppression of the popular uprising in Frankfurt am Main on p. 103 September 18, 1848 (see Note 1 1 0).
On July 25, 1848, at Custona (North Italy), the Austrian army under Radetzky defeated the Piedmont troops. This was followed by the capture of Milan on August 6 and the conclusion on August 9 of an armistice between Austria and the Kingdom of Sardinia under which the latter was to withdraw its troops from the towns and fortresses of Lombardy and Venice and to hand them over to the p. ] 03 Austrians. The uprising in Leghorn (Grand Duchy of Tuscany) began at the end of August 1848 and ended on September 2 with the rout of the government troops. Fearing that the uprising might spread all over Tuscany, the Grand Duke Leopold I I
122
" Troppo lardi, sant<> [xulre, troppo tardi!" ("Too late, Holy Father, too late!") cried the revolutionary-minded people of Rome when Pius IX, after much procrastina tion, issued an edict on March 15, 1848, introducing a watered-down Constitution . of the Papal states. p. 107
123
See Note 59.
124
Fearing the growth of the revolutionary movement in Rome (see Note 12 1), Pius IX fled from Rome on the night of November 24, 1848, and took up residence in the Neapolitan fortress of Gaeta, Meanwhile a struggle flared up in the Papal states between the revolutionary democrats who stood for the proclamation of a republic and the liberals who sought to bring back the Pope to Rome and get his sanction for certain constitutional concessions. In the course of this struggle the liberals were defeated and on February 9, 1849, a Roman Republic was founded. p. 109
125
The reference is to the treaty (drawn up by the Swiss Diet in 1 8 14 and approved by the Vienna Congress in 1 8 15) which acknowledged Switzerland's permanent neutrality. Under this treaty the Swiss Confederation was defined as a federation of 22 «.:antons. When a Constitution was introduced in 1848, this treaty became invalid. p. 1 19
126
Concerning the position of Escher and M unzinger as the representatives of the Berne canton in Tessin during the so-called Tessin conflict, see Note 36. p. 1 19
127
p. 109
In 1848-49 moderate bourgeois constitutionalists in Germany called the republican democrats 'iagitators" ( Wiihler) and these in turn called their opponents " wailers" ( Reuler). p. 120 .
12B
129
The articles "The French vVorking Class and the Presidential Elections" and "Proudhon" were written by Engels in early December 1848 during his stay in S",,>i.tzerland and were intended for the Neue Rheinische Zeitung. However, they p. 123 were not published and came down to us in manuscript form. In view of the presidential .elections in France scheduled for December 10, 1848, the party of the petty-bourgeois democrats, which had formed a bloc for a time with the petty-bourgeois socialists (Louis Blanc and others) and grouped round the newspaper La Riforme (its representatives in the Cunstituent and later in the Legislative Assembly called themselves Montagnards or the Mountain by analogy with the Montagnards in the Convention of 1 792-94), nominated its leader, Ledru-Ro11in, as a candidate for the presidency. The proletarian socialists,
554
Notes
however, preferred their own candidate, Raspail, a well-known scientist and revolutionary with communist views. Proudhon's followers, grouped round his newspaper Le Peuple, also supported Raspail. The differences between the supporters of these two candidates revealed the internal contradictions among the revolutionary democrats. To characterise these differences Engels made use of the material published in the French democratic and socialist periodicals, in particular, the artide "Encore et toujours la presidence" in La Reforme, November 14, 1 848, and the leading article in La Rivolutibn Mmocratique et sociale No. 10. November 10, 1 848. p. 123 130
131 13 2
133
By the "pure" (or tricolour) republicans are meant members of the party (see Note 101). See Note
104.
Nationcd p. 124
p. 124
For the revolutionary events in Pari. on May 15, 1 848 see Note 1 1 7. The June insurrection-the proletarian uprising in Paris on June 23-26, 1848 (see present edition, Vol. 7, pp. 124-28 and 130-64). p. 124 ,
1 36
German original) were founded by the workers' co�operative societies in various (owns of England in 1832. This movement was headed by Robert Owen, who founded such a bazaar in London. The products of labour at these bazaars were exchanged for a kind of paper "money" issued as labour "tickets", a working hour being the unit. These bazaars were an attempt by the utopians to organise exchange without money in the conditions of capitalist commodity production and soon proved to be a failure. p. 130
130
See Note 135.
139
The Vorort-see Note 36. C-:oncerning the Struve campaign see J\�ote
140 See Note 9.
p. 135 p. I �6 p. 1 40
84.
141 See Note 10,
p. 142
142 See Note 10.
p. 146
143
The reference is to the anti-constitutional coup d'etat in the Wallis (VaIais) canton in May 1 844, when the Upper Wallis opponents of bourgeois reforms, instigated by the Jesuiu and the clergy, overthrew the liberal Government and annulled the cantonal Constitution of 1 840. In a battle at Pont-de-Trient on May 2 1 , 1 ,500 men of Lower Wallis headed by Maurice Barman were defeated by the 8,OOO-strong army of General Kalbermatten. With the change of government the Wallis canton p. 148 joined the Sonderbund (see Note 10) in June 1 844.
144
In October 1 848 there was an uprising in North Lombardy (Veldin and other places) against the Austrian occupation troops of Radetzky. Giuseppe Mazzini, who had emigrated to Switzerland after Milan was occupied by the Austrians in September 1 848, issued an appeal to the insurgents and tried to help them by organising an expedition of Italian refugees who had settled In the SWISS frontler canton of Tessin. Crossing the frontier at Valle Tntelvi the members of the expedition joined the insurgents, but the uprising was soon crushed and the surviving refug�es returned to Swit7:erland. This provided Radetzky with a pretext for demandmg from the Swiss Government the deportation of a11 Italian refugees, but the Tessin authorities refused to satisfy this demand. The Neue Rheinische Zeitungpuhlished a number of reports on the course of the uprising in Lombardy (in the section p. 152 "Italy").
14 5
The second article in the series "The Bourgeoisie and the Counter-Revolution " (of December 1 1 , 1 848) was first published in English in the book: Marx and Engels, Selected Works in two volumes, Foreign Languages Publishing House, Vol. I, Moscow, 1950. The series was fint published in full in English in the collec tion: Karl Marx, On Revolution, ed . by S. K. Padover, New York, 1971, and then in the collection: Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Articles from the "Neue Rheini p. 154 sche Zeitung 1848-49, Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1972.
1 848,
see the article "Proudhon's Speech against Thien" Rheinische Zeitung (present edition, Vol. 7, pp. 321-24). p. 132
The royal order dissolving the Prussian Na60nal Assembly was issued on December 5, 1 848. In the Ministry's explanation accompanying the order the Assemhly was accused of having disregarded the royal decree of November 8 ordering it to move from Berlin to Brandenburg, a measure alleged1y designed "to protect the deputies' freedom of deliberation from the anarchistic movements in the capital and their terroristic influences". The imposed Constitution came into force on December 5, 1 848, simultaneous ly with the dissolution of the Assembly. This Constitution provided for a two-Chamber parliament. By means of age and property qualifications the First Chamber was made a privileged "Chamber of the Gentry", while under the electoral law of December 6, 1 848, a considerable part of the working people was excluded from the twu-stage eJection to the Second Chamber. According to this Constitution, in case of war or "disorders" "guarantees" of personal freedom, inviolability of the home, freedom of the press, assembly and association etc. were suspended. Wide powers were assumed by the King: he had the right to convene or dissolve the Chambers. to appoint Ministers, to declare war or conclude peace; he had the executive power entirely in his hands, while sharing the legislative power with the Chambers. All this, together with the direct proviso that the King could review the Constitution on his own initiative, played into the hands of the counter-revolutionaries. p. 1 3 4
p. 134
2.
An English translation of this article first appeared in the collection: Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Articles from the "Neue Rheinische Zeitung". 1848-49, p. 135 Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1972.
13 4 Concerning this speech of Proudhon's in the French National (Constituent)
135
See Note
1 37
Equitable Labour Exchange Baz.aar.< or Offices (the name is given in English in the
Assembly on July 3 1 , published in the Nem
555
Notes
1.6
".
Below Marx quotes "Decision on Some Principles of the Future Prussian Constitution" ("Verordnung tiber einige Grundlagen del' kiinftigen Pteussischen Vcrfassung") and the clectoral law for the convocation of the National Assembly adopted by the Second l!niterl Diet (see Note 89) on April 6 and 8, 1 848. Both documents were published in the book Verhandlungen des zum 2 .;t.prtl 1 �48 Berlm, zu.mmmenberufenen Vereinigten Landtages, zusammengestellt von E. Buuh, p. 154 1 848. .
.
147
This refers to t.he Constitution imposed by the Prussian King on December 5 , IR48, simultaneously with the publication of the order dissolving the Prussian p. 154 National Assembly (see Note 135).
556 148
149
150
151
152
153
Notes
See Note 109.
Notes
154
p. 154
Trap tard! (too late!)-apparently by analogy with Troppo lardi! Cf. Note 122. p. 151
During the March revolution of 1848 the Prince of Prussia fled to England. but on June 4, aided by the Camphausen Ministry, he returned to Berlin. At the sitting of the Prussian National Assembly on June 6 Camphausen sought to present this cowardly flight of the Prince as a journey undertaken for educational purposes. p. 157
\lI
After the March revolution of 1848 in Germany an insurrct:tion of the Poles broke Oil in the Duchy of Posen for eiT liberation from the Prussian yoke. The mass of tne Polish peasants and artisans took parr in it together with members of the lesser nobility. The Prussian Government was forced to promise that a commission would be set up to carry out the reorganisation of Posen: creation of a Polish army. appointment of Poles to administrative and other posts, recognition of Polish as the official language etc. On April 1 4. 1848, however, the King ordered the division of the Duchy of Posen into an eastern Polish part and a western "German" part, which was not to be "reorganised". During the months following die suppression of the Polish insurrection by the Prussian military, in violation of all agreements with the Poles, the demarcation line was pushed further and further east and the promised "reorganisation" was never carried out. Cnder the impact of the March revolution, the national liberation movement of the German population in the duchies of Schleswig'and Holstein, which had been incorporated into the Kingdom of Denmark by decision of the Vienna Congress (lSI5). grew in strength and became radical and democratic, forming patt of the struggle for the unification of Germany. Volunteers from all over the country rushed to the aid of the local population when it rose in arms against Danish rule. Prussia, Hanover and other states of the German Confederation sent to the duchies federal troops under the command of the Prussian General Wrangel. However, the Prussian Government which feared a popular outbreak and an intensification of the revolution sought an agreement with Denmark at the expense of the general German interests. The situation was complicated by the intervention of Britain, Sweden and Tsarist Russia in favour of the Kingdom of Denmark. The seven months' armistice concluded between Prussia and Denmark at Malmo on August 26, 1848 (see Note 75), in fact preserved Danish rule in Schleswig and Holstein. The war, resumed at the end of March 1849, ended in 1850 with the victory of the' Danes and the two duchies remained part of the p. 157 Kingdom of Denmark. On September 15. 1 848. General Wrangel. who was associated with the reactionary Court clique, was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Branden burg milit.ary district, which included Berlin. The Markgrafschaft (Marches) of Brandenburg, the original core of Prussia, consisted in the Middle Ages of' two parts, the Kurmark and the Neumark, hence the title of the general: "Commander-in-Chief of the two Marches." p. 157 Concerning Hansemann-Pinto see Note 44. T�e "Government of Acrion : which succeeded the Camphausen Government was In power from June 25 to September 2 1 , 1 848, Auerswald being formally its head. Hansemann, Finance Minister as in the Camphausen Ministry, actually p. 157 directed the Ministry'S activity. '
15 5
156
j
15 7
557
Marx refers to the revolution in the Netherlands in 1566-1609 which was a combination of the national liberation war against absolutist Spain and the anti-feudal struggle of the progressive forces. The revolution ended with the victory of the north, where Europe's first bourgeois republic-the United Provinces (the Dutch Republic)-was established. and with the defeat of the southern provinces, which remained under Spanish rule. p. 161 An allusion to Camphausen. who was formerly an oil and corn dealer. and to Hansemann, who started as a wool merchant. p. 163
?
�
Early in June 1 848, the Prussian National Assembly, under pressure from the Gov�rnment and t e rno erate constit�tionalists, rejected a resolution giving due . creda to the partlctpants In the revolutlon of March 18-19, 1848, in Prussia. After long debates (described by Engels in his article "The Berlin Debate on the Revolution'·, present edition. Vol. 7. pp. 73-86), the Assembly decided by a majori ty v�te to proceed to the next items on the agenda. The Assembly's renuncia tion of the March revolution aroused the indignation of the Berlin workers and artisans who, on June 14, took the arsenal by storm to arm themselves and defend their revolutionary gains. The uprising was put down by the army and the bour geois civic militia. p. 165 Marx refers here to the numerous promises of the kings of Prussia to introduce a Constitution and representative bodies in the country. On May 22, 1815. a decree was issued by the King in which he promised the seuing up of provincial diets of estates, the convocation of an all-Prussia representative body, and a Constitution. Under the National Debt Law of January 17, 1820, state loans could only be issued with the consent of the provincial diets. But these promises made under pressure from the bourgeois opposition movement remained a dead letter. All that happened was that a law of June 5, 1823, established provincial diets with restricted advisory functions. Financial difficulties compelled Frederick William IV on February 3, I S47, to issue an edict convening the United Diet ( Vereinigte Landtag), a body consisting of representatives of all the provincial diets of Prussia. The United Diet refused to grant a loan to the Government and was soon dissolved. The electoral law of April 8, 1848 (Marx quotes it above, on p. 154 of this volume), promulgated as a result of the March revolution, provided for the convocation of an Assembly to draft a Constitution by "agreement with the Crown". The two-stage system of voting established by this law secured the majority for the representatives of the p. 166 bourgeoisie and the Prussian officials.
158
By Prussian Law is meant the Allgemeines Landrechl fiir die Pre-ussischen Staoten approved and published in 1 794. It included the criminal, constitutional, civil. administrative and ecclesiastical law and was strongly influem;ed by feudal ideas in the sphere of jurisdiction. Code pinal-see Note 88. p. 1 7 1 Constables-see Note 45.
159
On August 2 1 , 1 848, Berlin was the scene of mass meetings and demonstrations in protest against attacks on members of the Democratic Club by reactionaries in Charlottenburg, a Berlin suburb. The demonstrators, who demanded the resignation of the Auerswald-Hansemann Ministry, threw stones at the building where Auerswald and other Ministers were staying. The Government replied to p. 172 the August events with fresh repressive measures.
558 160
Notes
Notes
The Belgian Constitution of 1 83 1 adopted after the victory of the bourgeois revolution of 1830 established a high property qualification, thus depriving a
considerable part of the population of the suffrage. I ti I
162 163 164 165
p. 173
The reference is to the Preussische Seehandlungsgesellschaft (the Prussian Maritime Trading Company)-a trade and credit society, founded in 1772 and enjoying a number of important state privileges. It granted large credits to the Government and actually played the part of its banker and broker. In 1 904 it was made the
official Prussian state bank.
p. 1 73
never agree to grant a Constitution which he described as a "written scrap
1 68
of the feudal lords, and also contained some concessions to the knights and
170 17l
172
mentioned by Marx, which in effect postponed indefinitely the abolition of
I , 1848.
p. 175
The reference is to the Congress of big landowners which met in Berlin on August
J
"Landowners' Parliament".
p. 176
1 848-49 to restore the Holy Alliance, a league of European monarchs. set up in 1 8 1 5 on the initiative of Austrian Chancellor Metternich and Russian Tsar Ale xander I. to put down the revolutionary movement. p. 1 80 See Note 84.
p. 180
The reference is to the agreements conc1uded from the fifteenth to the mid· nineteenth century between Swiss cantons and European states for the supply of Swiss mercenaries. I n many \'Vest-European countries the mercenaries were used by the <.:ounter-revolutionary monarchist forces. p. 183
25) took an active part in suppressing the popular uprising in Naples on May 1 5 , 1 848 (see Note 1 1 8). Lazzaroni and soldiers broke into the houses of the people of Naples, p. 183 including foreigners, looted them and committed violence.
the commune's property and advantages in filling lucrative government offices. One became a member of the commune either by birth or by living in a given place for a definite period of time and possessing immovable property, or by paying an
admission fee. In the course of time it became more and more diffi<.:ult to enter a commune, which led to the division of the Swiss population into citizens (Burger) iod residents (Einwohner), the latter being deprived of the above-named privileges. Within the burghers' commune there appeared a still closer corporation of
the army by the Prussian National Assembly.
On t.ugust Y, 1 848, the Assembly adopted the proposal of Deputy Stein, with amendments by Deputy Schultze, requesting the Minister of War to issue an army
repre�entatives of [he old patrician families who in fact established a monopoly of practically all the major government posts. Abolition of the privileges of the burghers' commune began during the Helvetian Republic in 1 798-99, when al1 the Swiss '...·ere made equal in rights and political power was transferred tu the
order to the effect that officers opposed to the constitutional system were bound in honour to resign from the army. Despite the Assembly's decision Schrecken stein, the Minister of War, did not issue any such order. Stein therefure tabled his motion fol' the second time at the sitting o{ the National Assembly on September 7, l R4R. As a result of the voting, the Auerswald-Hansemann Ministry had to resign. Under the Pfuel Ministry whi«..:h fullowed, the urder. though in a milder
A reference to the speech from the throne made by Frederi<.:k William IV at the opening of the United Diet on April I I , 1847. The King said he would
An allusion to the attempts made by the European counter-revolutionary forces in
Ages. They granted their members certain economic and political privileges including exemption from a number of duties and tax payments, the right to use
'wounded. The Schweidnitz events served as a pretext for a discussion of the situation in
1 67
p. 177
1 74 Burghers' communes (Bilrgergemeinden) came into being at the end of the Middle
On July 3 1 , 1 84 8, the garrison of the Silesian fortress of Schweidnitz fired at a demonstration of the civic militia and local populatiun protesting against the provocative actions of the military; 14 people were killed and 32 seriously
form, wa� at last issued on September 26, but this also remained a dead letter. Earlier, on September 1 7, General Wrangel issued an army order whkh made it dear that the military intended to launch an open offensive against the revolution. It urged the maintenance of "public order", threatened those "who were trying to entice the people to commit unlawful acts", and called upon the soldiers to rally round their officers and the King. p. 1 76
hurghers.
73 The King's guard consisting of Swiss mercenaries and lazzaroni (see Note
18, 1848. It was convoked by the leaders of the Association for the Protection of
Property and the Advancement of the Well-Being of All Classes of the Prossian People. The Congress changed the name of the Association tu: Association for the Protection of the Interests of Landowners; the Congress became known as the
Article 1 4 of the Constitutional Charter Louis XVIII granted in 1 8 1 4 read: p. 177 "The King is the head of the state."
the charter which the insurgent barons forced King John of England to sign in 1 2 15. 1 t limited the powers of the King in the interests
Nenstiel's motion was introduced as early as June 2. 1 848, and the decision
peasant labour services, was adopted on September
p. 1 77
-
officers, teachers and the clergy was submitted by Hansemann to the Prussian National Assembly on July 12, 1 848. A Bill abrogating exemption from the land tax was tabled on July 2 1 , 1 848. p. 174
down and considered for the second time on September 30. Accepted this time, the Bill was approved by the King on October 9. p. 175
of paper".
169 Magna Charta Liben atum
A Bill abrogating exemption from graduated tax payments for the nobility,
At the sitting of the Prussian National Assembly on July 2 1 , 1 848, the Bill introduced on the basis of Deputy Hanow's motion of June 3, 1848, was voted
559
17.1}
residents' commune (Einwohnergemeinde), which was declared to be the holrler of sovereignty in the name of th.e entire nation. The Federal l.onstitution adopted in 1848 enlarged still more the rights of the residents' commune while the burghers' commune only retained philanthropic functions and power over its own property. p. 182 This address was written hv Engels. as a memher of the CenLral Commission. on the instru<.:rions of the Fir�t Congress of the German 'Workers' Associations in Switzerland which took place in Berne between December 9 and 1 1 , 1848. The Congress was attended by re.prese.ntarives from democratic and w�rkf':rs : associations in a number of Swiss towns. It adopted the rules of the U ilion of (;erman Associations of SwitzerlaJld. In a<.:<.:uniance with these Tules, a Central
560
Notes
Association (the Berne Workers' Association was ejected as such) was to be at the head of the Union, and current leadership was to be exercised by a Central Commission consisting of five members. Enge1s was a member of the Commission
rives of various trades.
Zeitung des Arbeiter-Vereines zu Koln was the Association's newspaper, but on October 26 it was replaced by the Freiheit, Briiderlichkeit, Arbeit. There were a number of branches. After Gottschalk's arrest Moll was elected President on July 6 and he held this post till the state of siege was
elected on December 14. Differences arose at the sitting on December 10 when the Congress discussed the question of the attitude towards the March Association. A delegate of the Berne Association spoke against establishing contacts with this non-republican organisation. Nevertheless, the majority of delegates were in favour of an address
remained in it until the end of May 1849. The majority of the leading members (Gottschalk, Anneke. Schapper. M II. � Lessner, Jansen, Roser, Not-hjung, Bedorf) were members of the Commumst League.
views of the proletarian revolutionaries who regarded this Association only as a fellow traveller ilt the German revolution and thought that co-operation with it was possible only within strict limits. The March Association, which had branches in various towns of Germany, was founded in Frankfurt am Main at the end of November 1848 by the Left-wing
pursued �ectarian tactics of boycotting indirect el�ctions to the German an� Prussian National Assemblies and came out agamst support of democratic
By
�
177
p.
be
185
workers' class and political consciousness. . When in the spring of 1849 Marx and Engels took steps to o�gamse the advanced workers on a national scale and actually started preparmg for the creation of a proletarian party, they relied to a considerable extent on the Cologne Workers' Association. The moun ling counter-revolution and intensified police reprisals pre� ented further activities of the Cologne Workers' Association to unite and orgamse the working masseS. After the Neue Rheinische Zeitung ceased pu lication and Marx, Schapper and other leaders of the Association left Cologne. It gradually turned
The so-called Risquons-Tout tria� held in Antwerp from August 9 to 30. 1848. was a fabrication of the Government of Leopold, King of the Belgians. against the democrats. The pretext was a clash which took place on March 29. 1 848. between
edition. pp.
404-06.
p.
189
The Cologne Workers' Association ( KOlner Arbeiternerein)-a workers' organisation founded by Andreas Gottschalk on April 13, 1848. The initial membership of 300 had increased to �,OOO by early May, the majority being workers and artisans. The Association was headed by a President and a committee consisting of representa-
�
other workers' and democratic organisations. With a view to strengthening the Association Marx. Schapper and other leaders reorganised it in January and February 1 849. On Febru�rr: 25, new Rul�s were adopted according to which the main task of the ASSOCIatIOn was to ralse the
185
the Belgian republican legion bound for home from France and a detachment of soldiers near the village of Risquons-Tout not far from the French border. The bill of indictment was published in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 45. July 15. 1 848. No. 47. July 17. 1 848. No. 49 and in the supplement to this issue. July 19, 1848. Mcllinet, Ballin, Tedesco and other main accused were sentenced to death, but this was commuted to 30 years imprisonment; later they were pardoned. See Engels' article "The Anm'erp Death Sentences" in Vol. 7 of the present
179
�
acknowledged by the Germans and put into p.
!
revolutionary agitation among the workers, and rom the �utumn of 1848, also among the peasants. Members of the Association orgam�ed democral1:. c and workers' associations in the vicinity of Cologne and dissemmated revoluuonary om �u� i�t Party in . Germany". publications, including the "Demands of the . They carried on among themselves educat..o� In SCl� ntl lC communism throu�h the study of Marx's writings. The Assoclauon mamtamed close contact with
According to Article I of the Rules of the Union of German Associations in Switzerland adopted at the Berne Congress, the aim of the new organisation was "to educate members of the Union in the socio-democratic and republican spirit , and use all legal means at its disposal so that ,,>ocio-democratic and republican principles and institutions would practice" .
178
185
the Berne Association became one of the biggest and most influential German workers' associations in Switzerland. Its members heJd democratic republican views and were considerably influenced by Weitling and Stephan
1 849.
�
etc. From the very beginning, Gottschalk's sectarian tactics were resisted by the supporters of Marx and Engels. At the end of J un� under t eir influence a change took place in the activities of the Workers' ASSociatIOn, whIch became a centre of
1848,
Born. It disintegrated in the spring of
C:
candidates in elec6ons. He combined ultra-Left phrase� with very moderate methods of struggle (workers' petitions to the Government and t e City 0u?cil etc.), and supported the demands of the workers affected by artisan prejudIces
against the counter-revolutionaries, for which Marx and Engels sharply criticised
176
�
During the initial period of its existence, the Workers' :;"ssociati�n w�s . . of the tt;'e SOClallSts , influenced by Gottschalk. who shared many o th � vIews . ignored the historical tasks of the proletanat m the democratIC revolutIon,
deputies of the Frankfurt National Assembly. Frobel, Simon. Ruge. Vogt and other petty-bourgeois democratic leaders of the March associations, thus named after the March 1848 revolution in Germany, confined themselves to revolution ary phrase-mongering and showed indecision and inconsistency in the struggle p.
The
proclaimed in Cologne in September 1848, when he had to emigrate under threat of arrest. On October 16, Marx agreed to assume temporary presidency at the request of the Association members. In November ROser began to fulfil the duties of President. and on February 28. 1849. Schapper was elected to the post and
proposing to the March Association to keep up correspondence. The text of the address was approved by the Congress on December 1 1 . When Engels compiled it he had to take into account the Congress decision. However, in the text of the address written in the name of the Central Commission he managed to reflect the
them.
561
Notes
�
into an ordinary workers' educational society.
180
p.
189
The reference is to the trial of A. Brocker-Evererts. owner of the printshop which printed the Zeilung des Arbeit"-Vereine.� ttl Kiiln (published from April to October 1848 and edited first by Andreas Gottschalk and from July to September by Joseph Moll). The trial took place on October 24. 1848. Brocker-Evererts was accused of printing in issu es 1 2 and 13 of the newspaper uly 6 and 9. 1 848) th� Arrests III Cologne articles "Arresl of Dr. Gottschalk and Anneke" and insul ting Chief Public Prosecutor Zweiffel and the police. The jury sentenced him to a month's imprisonment and laid down that if the newspaper resumed
q
,
562
Notes
Notes
pay a big fine. Beginning from October 26 the Cologne Workers' Association published the newspaper Freiheit, BriideTlich�il, A Theit p. 189
publication he would have to
1B1
182
183
184
The laws promulgated by the French Government in September 1835 restricted the rights of juries and introduced severe measures agai nst the press: increased money deposits for periodicals and large fines and im prisonmen t for the authors of publicat ions directed against property and the existing political system. p. 190 The First Democratic Congress was held in Frankfurt am Main from June 14 to 17. 1848. It was attended by delegates of 89 democratic and workers' associations from different towns in Germany. The Congress decided to unite all democratic associations and to set up district committees headed by a Central Committee of German Democrats with its headquarters in Berlin. Frobel, Rau and Kriege were elected to the Central Committee aJ¥i Bai...hoffe .... Schutte and Anneke their deputies. Howeve.... due to the weakness and vacillations of the petty-bourgeois leaders, even after the Congress the democratic movement in Germany still lacked p. 190 unity and organisation.
1B6
IB7
1 RR
1B9
.
" '-,> •
190
,.,' ,
After keeping Gottschalk and Anneke in prison for almost six months, the authorities were compelled to release them when the assizes acquitted them on December 23, 1848. p. 196
in Engll sh under the title "The Prussian Counter�Revolution and the Judiciary " in the collection: Karl Marx, On p. 197 Revolution, ed. by S. K. Padove r, New York, 1 971.
An excerpt from this a...ticle was first publi ghed
191 , ,-,
'
192
The reference is to the transfer of the sitti ngs of the Prussian National Assembly from Berlin to Brandenburg. This was the beginning of a counter� revolu tionary coup d etat in Prussia which ended with the dissolution of the National Assembly and imposition of a Constitution by the King. p. 200 An allusion to a German legend according to which the souls of the dead, led by the "wild hunter", fly about shrieking fearfully at night. People who meet these ghosts are doom ed to wander with them for ever. p. 200 See
Note 89.
p.
201
193
In December 1848, the counter�revolutionary Austrian Government was not supported by the Imperial Diet on the qu estion of the compu lsory loan and asked the bank for a loan. However, it succeeded in obtaining a loan only after p. 20 I threatening the bank with confiscation of all its ready cash.
194
The reference is to the attempt by Gustav Struve and other political refu gees to organise an uprising in Baden in September 1848 (see Note 84). The " Hil! DiT' military association was founded in the autumn of 1848 by Johann Phili pp Becker, a leader of the democratic and working-class movement. With its Central Committee in Biel (canton of Berne), it united societies consisting mainly of artisans formed in various towns in Switzerland . The "Hilf Dir" m ilitary association pursued a democratic policy and aimed at u nitin g all German volunteer units i n Switzerland for the purpose of establishing a republ ic in Germany. I t was organised as a secret conspiratorial society, on the lines of those in France and Italy. The Swiss authorities, under pressure from German counter�revolutionary circles and the Imperial Government in particular, instituted proceedings against Becker and other initiators of the military association. Becker was sentenced to expUlsion from the Berne canton for twelve months. p. 204
lY5
The republican upri.,in/0 in Baden in April and September 1 848- see Notes
,
78 ane!
The uprisi ng in Val d'Intelvi (Lombardy) and the part played in it by refugees l ivi ng in Switzerland - see Engels' article "The National Council" (this volume,
84.
138-53)
144.
and Note pp. The Lucerne campaigns were organised in response to the decision adopted by an ng the reactionary Great Council of the Lucerne canton in October unlimited powers to the Order of Jes uits in matters of religion and public education. The liberal circle s of the canton made an attempt to overthrow the Government, organising on December R a campaign of volu nteer detach�
The report on the decisions of the Courts of Appeal i n Ratibor (Racioorz), Bromberg (Bydgoszcz) and Munster and the decision of the Berlin Supreme Cou rt were printed in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 174, December 2 1 . 1848. p. 197
1844, gr ti
French parliaments-j udicial institu tions which arose ,in the Middle Ages. The Paris
against Lucerne. The insurgents were dispersed by government truops. The second cam paign, organised for the same purpose from the territory of the p. 204 neighbou ...ing cantons on March 3 1 , 1 845, also proved a failure. ments
Parliament wag the supreme appeal body and at the same time performed
important executive and political functions such as the registration of royal decrees, without which they had no legal force, etc. The parliam ents enjoyed the right to remonstrate government decrees. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries their membe.-s were officials of high birth, representati ves of the so-called silk gown nobility. The parliaments, which finally became the bulwark of
The reference is to the edict of the Berlin Supreme Court of December 16, 1848, signed by Miihler and publi sbed in the Preussischer Slaals-Anzeiger No. 229 on December 19, 1848. p. 198
'
dose of its sitting on July 4, 1 848, the Prussian National Assem bly decided to grant unlimited powers to the committee investigating the Posen events (see Note 151). In violation of parliamentary rules , the Righ t attempted to have a motion voted to limit the committee's powers. The Left walked out of the Assembly in protes[ and the Right took advantage of this and carrie_d a motion prohibiting the committee from travelling to Posen and interrogating witnesses and expert' on the spot, thereby unlaw fully an nulling the Assembly's origi nal decision. This incident is d escribed in Engels' article "The Agreement Session of J u ly 4" (present edition, Vol. 7, pp. 200-07). p. 193 -
1B5
Right opposition to absolutism and impeded the implementation of even moder� ate rdorms. were abolished in 1790, during the French Revolution. p. 198
At the
Concern i ng the union of the three democratic associations in Cologne the Democratic Society, the Workers' Association and the Association for Workers and Employers - see Note 40. p. 195
563
,
1 96
In its letter of December 7 to the forthcoming First Congress of the German Workers' Associations in Berne (see Note 175), the Association in Vivis objected to a number of proposals advanced by the democratic German National A5socia�
Notes
Notes
564
uprising in Sicily in January 1848 against the rule of the Bourbons of Naples. Under the impact of the French revolution in February 1848 Pius IX was compelled to issue a decree on March 15. 1848, introducing a moderate
tion in Zurich. suggesting in particular that the new Union should be headed by the "Hilf DiT" military association in Biel (see Note 194). The letter was discussed at the Congress sitting of December 10, 1848. The Congress directed the Central Commission, formed to exercise current leadership of the Union of Workers' Associations in Switzerland (with Engels as its secretary), to answer the letter and persuade the Vivis Association to renounce its demands and join the Vn�. 197
20S
p. 207
It
204
was influenced by petty-bourgeois democrats: Frobel, Ruge and
others. In the summer of 1 848 the National Association joined the Union of Democratic German Associations founded by the First Democratic Congress in Frankfurt am Main (see Note 1 82). In August 1848 the National Association appealed to all the German associations in Switzerland to convene a congress and unite. Its representatives took an active part in the First Congress of German p. 207 Associations in Switzerland held from December 9 to 1 1, 1848. 198
205 ,
The Central Committee of German Democrats (d'Ester, Reichenbach, Hexamer) was elected at the Second Democratic Congress held in Berlin from October 26 to 30,
•
200
See Note 170.
201
An excerpt from this article was first published in English in the journal Labour Moothl,. London, 1923, Vol. 5, No. 1 . Another excerpt appeared in the collection: Karl Marx, On Revolution, ed. by S. K. Padover, New York, 197 1 . An English translation was first published in full in the book: Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Articles from the "Nev.e Rheinische Zeitung". 1848-49, Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1972. p. 2 1 3
202
.y-. ,
Turkish �roops into Wallachia with the consent of the Tsarist Government brought about the defeat of the bourgeois revolution there. There were bloody reprisals against the population in Bucharest. A proclamation of the Turkish government commissioner Fuad-Effendi declared it necessary to establish "law and order" and "eliminate all traces of the revolution" . p. 2 1 4 206
Pandou-rs-irregulat" infantry units of the Austrian! army recruited mainly in the South-Slav provinces of the Austrian Empire. Serezhans-see Note 1 12. p. 2 1 4
207
See Note 1 72.
208
The reference is to the Swiss citizens living in the Kingdom of Naples whu suffered maltreatment and material losses as a result of the suppression of the popular uprising in Naples on May 15, 1 848 (see Note 1 18), and the fierce four-day bombardment and plunder of Messina early in September 1 848, after it
p. 2 1 1
The reference is to the manifesto published on February 10, 1 848, by Pius IX, who had previously carried out a number of liberal reforms and sanctioned the formation of a secular government. In the manifesto the Pope gave the blessing of the Church to the Italian people. Although the manifesto hinted that Pius IX disapproved of the demand for a Constitution, it was interpreted as an approval of the movement for constitutional reforms which had developed after the popular
the summer of 1848, the anti-feudal movement and the struggle for complete liberation from the rule of the Turkish Sulta� gained strength in the Danube
and fled from the country. On June 28, 1848, a 12,OOO-strong Russian army corps entered Moldavia and in July Turkish troops also invaded the country. The Russian and Turkish intervention helped restore the feudal system and the subsequent entry of
1848.
general stand taken by Born, but they refrained from publicly criticising his views, bearing in mind his endeavour to unite the workers' associations. p. 208
In
principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia, which formally remained autonomous possessions of Turkey. The movement in Wallachia grew into a bourgeois revolution. In June 1848, a Constitution was proclaimed, a liberal Provisional Government was formed and George Bibesco, the ruler of Wallachia, abdicated
p. 208
was founded. Its programme was drawn up under the influence of Born and was concerned only with narrow craft-union demands, thereby diverting the workers from the revolutionary struggle. A number of its points bore the stamp of Louis Blanc's and Prondhon's utopian ideas. Marx and Engels did not approve of the
The Mountain-see Note 129. The parry of the "National "-see Note 1 0 1 . The dynastic opposition-an opposition group headed by Odilon Barrot i n the French Chamber of Deputies during the July monarchy ( 1830-48). It expressed the views of the liberal industrial and commercial bourgeoisie and favoured a moderate electoral reform, regarding it as a means of preventing revolution and preserving the Orleans dynasty. The dynastic opposition was close to the
The legitimists-supporters of the Bourbon dynasty, which was overthrown in 1830. They upheld the interests of the big hereditary landowners. p. 2 1 3
delegate because of the inactivity of the Vivis Association (which recognises only the Association in Biel as the central body). Therefore we have decided to authorise our friend Engels. l f. however, he cannot attend, our friend Frost will act
The CenlTal Commitue of GeTman Workers in Leipzig, headed by Stephan Born, was elected at the Workers' Congress held in Berlin from August 23 to September 3, 1848. At this Congress the Workers' Fraternity, a union of workers' associations,
After the popular uprising in Rome on November 16, 1 848 (see Note 1 2 1 ) , Pius IX fled on November 24 to the fortress of Gaeta in the Kingdom of Naples.
a monarchy with republican institutions and subsequently for a repubJic with monarchical institutions.
Association, G. Schneeberger, Chr. Haaf and Bangert, wrote in this connection to the Berne Workers' Association on December 8, 1848: "We cannot send a
199
p. 213
monarchist pro-Orleanist bourgeois politicians headed by Thiers, whose mouth piece was the newspaper Constitutiooml. Until February 1848 this group stood for
On December 8, 1 848, the Lausanne Workers' Association sent Engels a mandate, delegating him to the Congress (see this volume, pp. 505-06). The leaders of this
as our delegate. "
Constitution in the Papal states.
p. 2 1 3
The reference is to the German National Association in Zurich founded in April 1848, a democratic organisation of German intellectuals and workers living in Switzerland.
565
p. 2 1 6
had been captured by the royal troops sent by Ferdinand II to crush the revolutionary movement in Sicily. p. 2 1 7 209
An English translation of this article was first published in the collection : Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Articles from the "NeUl! Rheinische Zeitung" . 1848-49, Progre.s Publishers, Moscow, 1972. p. 2 I 8
566 210
Notes
"Notes
"To my dear llerliners"-an
South Germany, with military support from a number of German states including
appeal of Frederick William I V published in the
Prussia.
morning of March 19, 1848, during the people's uprising in Berlin. "To my people and the German nation "-an appeal of Frederick William 1V published on March 2 1 . 1848.
"To my anny "-a
Preu.ssischer Staats.Anuiger
No. 3, January 3. 1 849. 211
212
p. 222
On July 25, 1792, the Duke of Bmnswick. who was Commander-in-Chief of the Austro-Prussian army fighting against revolutionary France. issued a manifesto threatening the French people to raze Paris to the ground. p. 226
221
This article was first published in English in the book: Karl Marx, The 1 848, Political Writings, Vol. I , London, Penguin Books, 1973.
of
Friedrichshain-a park in Berlin where the insurgents killed on the barricades during the uprising on March 18. 1848. were buried. p. 223
222
was not fighting in Schleswig-Holstein to rob Denmark of the duchy but merely to combat "radical and republican elements in Germany". The Prussian Govern
223
ment tried every possible means to avoid official recognition of this compromising p. 223 document. See Note 75.
214
The reference is to the battle at Miloslaw on April 30, 1 848, during the national
•
Colomb to retreat. 215
p. 224
,
I
5.
•
The Ruthenians- the name given in nineteenth-century West-European ethnographical and historical works to the Ukrainian population of Galicia and Bukovina, which was separated at the time from the bulk of the Ukrainian people. p. 230 224
p. 225
2 1 'i
The reference is to the popular uprising in Naples on May 15, 1848 (see Note 1 1 8). p. 225
21R
The reference is to the suppression by Windischgratz's counter-revolutionary troops of the uprising in Prague on June 12- 1 7, 1 848. directed against the arbitrary rule of the Austrian authorities (see Engels' articles "The Prague
Vol. 7. pp. 9 1 -93 and 1 1 9-20), and also of the uprising in Vienna in October 1 848. In December 1848 Windisch gratz's army, which included the troops of the Croa tian Ban Jellachich, intervened in I lungary to suppress the national liberation
225
The Hussite wars, named after the Czech patriot and reformer Jan Huss ( 1 369- 1 4 1 5), began with a popular uprising in Prague on July 30, 1 4 1 9. The revolutionary wars of the Czech people against feudal exploitation, the Catholic Church and national enslavement continued until 1437 and ended in the defeat of p. 231 the Hussites.
226
In the battle at Poi tiers (Central France) in 732, also known as the battle of Tours, the Franks led by Charles Martel, the actual ruler of the Frankish state of the Merovingians, defeated the Arabs who had invaded France from Spain. 1 n 1 2 4 1 the German and Polish knights were defeated by the Mongolian invaders near Wahlstatt (Dohfe Pole) in Silesia. But the Mongols, having sustained heavy losses in this battle and the previous campaigns, were forced to cease their advance we�tward from conquered Moravia, Hungary and Dalmatia and return to p. 232 their East-European and Asian possessIOns.
Ouochans ( Ottocans) - soldiers
of the Austrian border regiment formed in 1 746 and stationed in Ot1O(;a(; (\-\-'estern CrmHia). p. 225
21Y
The Imperial Goverllment formed by the Frankfurt National Assembly and headed hy Archoukf' John of Austria took over from the former Federal Diet (see Note 63) its functions of suppressing the revolutionary movement, particularly in
Engels expressed this point of view more precisely in his articles written in the spring of 1853 on the prospects of the national liberation struggle of the Slavs and other peoples of the Balkan Peninsula against the oppression of the Turkish Em
pire. He supported the right of the Southern Slavs in the Balkans to form their own independent state (see Frederick Engels. "What Will Become of European p. 23 1 Turkey?" , present edition, Vol. 12).
Cprising" and "The Democratic Character of the Uprising", present edition,
movement and seized Pressburg (Bratislava) and other towns. Serezhans- see N ore J 12.
The reference is to the events in early 1840. In February an unsuccessful attempt at a national liberation uprising was made in the Polish lands. Only in the Republic of Cracow. which from the Vienna Congress of 1 81.1) had been under the joint
peasants' hatred of the Polish nobility. But when the uprising was crushed, the participants in the peasant movement in Galicia were subjected to severe represslons.
p. 224
See �ote
p. 229
Austrian authurities pruvoked dashes between Ukrainian (Ruthenian) peasants and detachments of Polish insurgents. taking advantage of the oppressed
where on May 2, 1848, a 3.000-strong Prussian detachment under General Hirschfeld attacked the insurgents commanded by Mieros]awski, who was leading them north to Kujavia intending to continue the struggle there. The insurgents beat off the Prussian attacks and continued their march northwards. But owing to
216
The reference is to Austria's participation -along with Prussia and Russia-in the first ( 1 772) and third ( 1 795) partitions of Poland. The third partition led to the
feudal obligations. The uprising was suppressed in early March 1846 and Gracow was again incorporated into the Austrian Empire. During the uprising the
The reference is apparently to the battle at Sokoluv, near Wreschen (Wrzesnia).
the enemy's superiority in manpower and armaments and disagTeement� among the commanders, the Insurgents were compelled to capitulate on May 9. 1 848.
p. 227
control of Austria. Russia and Prussia. did the insurgents seize power on February 22 and create a National Government, which issued a manifesto abrogating all
p. 224
liberation insurrection in the Duchy of Posen (see Note 1 5 1 ) . As a result, the Polish insurgents commanded hy Mieroslaws-ki forced the Prussian troops under General
Revolutions
liquidation of the Polish state. The Austrian Empire annexed a considerable part of Southern Poland and Western Ukraine (Galida) hitherto belonging to Poland.
On April 8. 1848. during his secret mission on behalf of the King of Prussia, Major Wildenbruch handed a Note to the Danish Government which stated that Prussia
213
p. 225
220
New-Year message of Frederick William IV signed by him in
Potsdam on January I , 1849, and published in the
567
227
Sec Note 10.
p. 233
568
228
Notes
Notes
the Neue Rheinische Zeitung (see this volume. pp. 2 5 1 -53). The publication of his reports from Switzerland ceased because in mid-January 1849 Engels returned to Cologne and worked as an editor of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung. p. 250
The reference is to the Slav Congress which met in Prague on June 2, 1 848. It was attended by representatives of the Slav regions of the Austrian Empire. The Right, moderately liberal wing. to which Palacky and Safa rik, the leaders of the
Congress, 'belonged, sought to solve the nadona] question through autonomy of the Slav regions within the framework of the Habsburg munarchy. The Left, radical wing (Sabina, Frie, Libelt and others) wanted joint action with the
2 39 240
subjected to severe reprisals. On dune 16, the moderately liberal delegates declared the Congress adjourned indefinitely. The Sohtrr (Diet) of the Southern Slavs opened in Agram (Zagreb) on June 5, 1848.
241
It was attended by delegates from the Croats, Serbs of the Voivodina, Slovenes
and Czechs. Representatives of the liberal landowners and the top sections of the commercial bourgeoisie in Croatia prevailing at the Sabor expressed their loyalty to the Habsburgs and restricted the national programme to the demand of
p. 239
See Note 10.
p. 240
On November 19, 1842, the democratic poet Georg Herwegh was received by
242
243
p. 240
232
See Note
233
The reference is to t.he bourgeois revolution in Neuchatel (principality of
2.34
235 236 237 238
1 94.
See
N ote 88.
See Note 14.
p. 248
The continuation of this article was never written. Engc1s wrote two more small reports on the Swiss affairs, which were puhlished in the same issue (N o. 197) of
The supplement to the Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 197 of January 1 7, 1 849, carried an item in the section "Neueste Nachrichten" to the effect that the leaflets
p. 254
The reference is to the Prussian Association for a Constitutional Monarchy founded in June 1848 and its local branches. They were composed of Prussian landowners who had adopted bourgeois methods jlnd customs and members of revolutionary poHcy of the Government and were labelled in the democratic press p. 254 "societies of denunciators " . Marx refers to the addresses to the primary electors regularly published in the Kijlni.<ehe Zeitung in January 1849 (Nos. 10-18) in connection with the primary
Quoted below is the address "To the Primary Electors", published in the Kolnische Zeitung No. I I , January 1 3 , 1 849. p. 255
244 245
p. 246
p. 248
p. 254
supplement to No. 15, January 18, 1 849, and No. 1 7, January 20, 1 849).
The Swiss Croats in Italy- an ironical allusion to the Swiss mercenaries in the service of counter-revolutionary governments in a number of Italian states. Enlistment agreements - see Note 1 72. p. 247 The Ur-cantons-see N"ote 10.
Publishers, Moscow, 1972.
This article was first published in English in the collection : Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Articles from the "Neue Rheinische Zeitung". 1848-49, Progress
February 5). Some of the addresses contained direct attacks on the communists (e. g. No. 14 of January 1 7, 1 849) and the Neue Rheinische Zeitung (first
p. 242
Neuenburg) in February 1848, which put an end to its vassal dependence on the p. 244 Prll!lOsian King and proclaimed Neuchatel a republic (see Note 4).
p. 2 5 1
elections to the Prussian Lower Chamber fixed for January 22 (the elections were in two stages: those ejected at the primary elections were to elect deputies on
Lohbauer sent a statement to its editorial board in which he rejected suggestions of his involvement in publication of the feuillctons against Herwegh on the
1849.
September 1848 (see Note 208).
the bourgeoisie. The Association and its branches supported the counter
J .'
ordered the semi-official newspapers to publish articles discrediting Herwegh. After the publication of this article of E ngels' in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung.
grounds that before his arrival in Berlin he had served in the General Staff in Wiirttemberg and had nothing to do with Herwegh's expulsion. His statement was published in the supplement to the Nelle Rheinische Zeitung No. 199, January 19,
of Naples earned the derisive nickname "King Bomba" after he had
printing-press of the Kolnische Zeitung and distributed throughout the country by the citizens' associations (see Note 245), which sponsored the Kolnische Zeitung.
Frederick WiHiam IV. Disappointed with the outcome of the audience, Herwegh
wrote a letter to the King accusing him of violating his promise to introduce freedom of the press. The letter was published in the Leipziger AI/gemein. Zeitung on December 24, 1842, and later in other German and foreign newspapers. To counteract the influence of this letter on public opinion Frederick Wi11iam IV
II
addressed to the voters had been reprinted from the Neue Prewsische Zeitungat the
autonomy for the united Slav territories within the Austrian Empire. Only a small group of democratic delegates connected the struggle for the national cause with p. 233 the revolutionary struggle against feudal monarchist regimes. See Note 1 72.
Ferdinand
ordered the savage bombardment of Messina (Sicily) by a punitive force in
democratic movement in Germany and Hungary. The radical delegates took an active part in the popular u prising in Prague (June 12-17, 1 848) and were
229 230 23 1
569
246
Marisun pills
pills invented by the English quack James Morison and widely advertised as a cure for all illnesses in the mid-1820s. Their main ingredient was the juice of certain tropical plants. p. 255 -
Citizens' associations ( HilrgenJereine). conslstmg of moderate liberal elements,
appeared in Prussia after the March revolution. Their aim was to preserve "law
and order" within the framework of a constitutional monarchy, and to combat "anarchy", i. e. the revolutiQnary-democratic movement. The last article of the Constitution imposed on December 5, 1848, and the decree on the convocation of the Chambers provided for a revision of the Constitution by the two Chambers before it was finally accepted and sworn to. The Prussian ruling circles subsequently availed themselves of this provision to revise the Constitution along the lines of extending royal prerogatives and the privileges p. 255 of the aristocracy and the junkers. The reference is to one of the Prussia" associations founded by the Right forces after the March 1848 revolution in Germany. These associations functioned as organs of the junkers' counter-revolution (see Note 242).
570
N otes
Notes
" With
God for King and Fatherland" - a phrase from the decree on the organisation of the arm y reserve.- promulgated by Frederick William ilI on March 1 7, 1 8 1 3.
247
An
allusiun
to the su pp ression of
p. 256
the Silesian
weavers
'
the
An allusion to Wuhler (agitators)
249
and Heuler (wailers)
257
uprising in June 1844.
(see Note 127).
of his theory of �urplus value, Marx and Engel s used the terms "value of labour", "price of labou r , "sale of labollr" which, as Engels noted in 1891 in the in trodu ction to Marx's pamphlet Wage Labour and Capital, "from the p oint of view of the later works were mad eq uate and even w ron g . After Marx had shown that the worker sens to th � capitalist not his labour but his labour power, Marx and Engel s used more preCise terms-"value of labour power", " pric.e of labour power" and "sale of labour power". p. 259
258
251
French Civil Code published in 1804. It was mtroduced by Napoleon in the conquered regions of West and South-West Germany and remained in force in the Rhine Province after its incorpora tion into Pru ssia in 1 8 1 5 . p. 262
Charles I )
was executed in 1649
.
259
An allusion to the words from Frederick William IV's sp eech on March 6, 1848 at the last sIttmg of the United Commissi on of the Estates formed of repre sen t atives of the �rovincial diets : .Stand like a mighty waH united by your confidenc in e Your King, Your best fnend." p. 264
256
Engels refers to the Polish national liberation insurrection of 1 830-3 1 . The majority of its participants were revolu tionary nobles and most of its leaders came
early in
October and were
interned there.
The H ungarian plains between the Danube and the Theiss.
- t.he
p . 270
The electoral law of April 8, 1 848, establis hed a procedure of elections "to t he Assembly for an agreement on a Prussian Constitution" on the basis of universal suffrage which was, however. restricted by the system of indirect (two-stage) elections. The electoral law of Decem ber 6, 1848, promulgated immediately after the imp osed Constitution. retained the two-stage elections to the Lower Chamber but gave the franchise only to i ndependent Prussians", which allowed the p. 2 7 1 Government arb itrarily to limit the electorate.
Schilda
name
of
a
"
262
263
j oi n t actions of Aus tria , Prussia and Russia against the C rac.ow Republic during the n ational liberation uprising in th e free city of Cracow, and th e agreement concluded by these powers on incorporatin g Cracow into the Austrian Empire (see Note 223).
p. 265
New Rheinische Zeitung No. 203, J anu ar y 24, 1849, Larried an item ' ' 'My Army' in Culo? ne" d ea in g with the outrages uHnmitted hy the P russi an soldiery At the end of It a question was put to Colonel Engels, the second uJrnmandant of Cologne, w hether he had really replied to the demands of rhe owners of houses destroyed by t he soldiers that "in one of those hou"es I I talers were stolen from a soldier" and that therefore he believed that not enough by a long chalk has been p. 268 done to these houses by the soldiers".
!
.
"
The German Cnn/p(wration-an association of German slates formed bv the Vienna Cong ress on J une 8, 1 8 1 5. 1t ini tiaI1 v inc1udcd 34 srates and 4 f ree citie s with a fcudal ah.o;;ol utist system of governm� nt. The Confederation consolidated '
Nothing learnt and nothing forgotten. This phrase i s commonly thought to have been coined by Talle yrand in reference to the Bourbons. Its orif.,rin, however, goes back to Admiral de Panat who, in 1796. said about the royalists: " Personne n'a su ni rien oublier ni rien prendre" ("Nobody has been able tu furget anythi ng or learn an ythin g ). p. 279 For the wailers mentioned above see Notc 1 27 . "
The reference is to the
-
p. 270
261
,
The trade a�eement which Prussia (on behalf of th e German Customs Union) con�luded WIth the N etherl and s on Jan uary 2 1 , I R39, established low import d u ties on Du tch sugar, thus causing considerable harm to the Prussian s u gar i nd ustry and the trade of German towns. p. 264
The
the Ukrainian peasant movement in Galicia in 1846
,
"
255
p. 269
town whose inhabitants, portrayed in the sixteenth century popular German satirical book Schildbiirger. typified philistine narrow mindedness and dullness. p. 271
and James Stuart
,
�54
its
260
overthrown twice, in 1 792 and in 1830. Tn Belgiu m William of Oran ge, King of the J\Tetherlands, was overthrown in 1830 and Belgium was procl ai med a kingdom independent of Hol land. p. 263
253
retarded
p . 270
In France the Bourbons were
252
u pri sing and of Notes 223 and 254).
Pru ssian and Austrian borders
-
In Britain Charles Stuart (King (King James II) fled in 1688.
and
from the aristocracy. The insurrection was suppressed by Russian troops. with the su pport of Prussia and Austria. After the troops se nt by Nichol as I captured Warsaw in September 1 83 1 . the remnants of the insurgent army crossed the
"
Code civil (Code Napolion)
fragme ntation of Germa ny
The rderence i s to the refu gt:es who fled to Plussia from the free city uf Cracow and from Galicia. which was u nd er Austrian domination, after the suppre ssion of (see
"
250
.
economIC
· the Cracow
p. 259
In their works of the 18405 and 18505, prior to Marx's elaboration
and
develo pm en t.
p. 257
218
political
571
264
Minister of the I n terior in the Government of the liberal monarchist. Odilon Barrot, submitted to the Constituent Assembly a draft Bill on the right of association. Its first clause ran as follows: "Clubs are prohibi ted . " Fauc.her demanded t.hat the Const.ituen t Asse mbly "hould im� mediately discuss his Bill, but the de pu ties refused. On January 27 Ledru-Rollin, supported ' by 230 dep uties . charged the Government with violating the Constitution and demanded its resign ation . However, due to the votes of monarchists and modt: rate republic.:ans, the draft Bill un the right of association (better known as the draft Bill on duhs) was passed by the National Asse mhly on March 2 1 , 1849. This was a serious blow to t l eedom of assem bly and as sociation and above all to workers' assoc ia tions . p. 2R 1 On January 26, 1849, Faucher,
mnhiie guard was set up by a decret: uf the Provisiunal Government on F ebru ary 25, 1848, to fight against rhe revolu tionary masses. Its u n its Lonsisted mainly �f lu mpenproletarian s and were used tu <.:Tush the June uprising of Paris workers After Louis Bonaparte was elec.ted President. (December 10, 1848), th� Government, fearing that the mobile guard might side with the republicans. decided to disband it. They curtai led its n u mbers and depriw>d it of mallY pri vi leges : some of the gu �rds were enrolled as soldiers in army u n its, and
The
.
572
Notes
Notes
many officers were deprived of their rank. This gave rise to disturbances in the 265 266
mobile guard, and soon afterwards it was disbanded.
p. 282
See Note 104.
p. 283
additional material on the Hungarian war ( Memoirs of Gorgey, commander-in chief of the Hungarian army, biographies of Hungarian generals, the Kossuth Government's official periodicals etc.) with the intention of writing a special work on the history of the revolutionary wars in Hungary and Italy, but these plans did not materialise. Engels began his reports on the Hungarian events when the situation in revolutionary Hungary was extremely grave. On December 1 6 Windischgditz's
An allusion to the similarity between the schemes for restoring the monarchy in December 1848, when the Orleanist Changarnier assumed command of the national guard and the Paris garrison, and the part played by General Monk in the restoration of the Stuarts in 1 660. p. 283
267
See Note 127.
counter-revolutionary army marched to the south, in the direction of Buda and Pest (two neighbouring towns at the time), and captured them early in January
p. 284
1849. The Hungarian revolutionary Government (National Defence Committee)
26" The reports of January 29, 1 849, from Paris printed with an introductory article
headed by Kossuth and the parliament (State Assembly) moved to Debreczin. At the same time counter-revolutionary troops advanced from Galicia (General
by Marx, described the general excitement in Paris caused by rumours that the Government was going to forcibly dissolve the National Assembly. The Neue Rhri-" nuche Zeitungcorre!pondent wrote that Paris was flooded with soldiers but that the
Schlick's corps), Silesia, the Banat and in other regions. The reactionary German periodicals exaggerated the successes of the Austrian army and foretold a speedy and final defeat of Hungary. Engels, on the other hand, pointed out that Hungary had defence reserves and the possibility to bring about a radical turn in the
mobile guard had sided with the workers. Louis Napoleon, he reported, had left the palace and joined his troops who received him with a gloomy silence or even exclamations such as "Long live the Red Republic!" Only the bourgeois 1st Legion greeted him with "Long live Bonaparte!", "Long live the Ministersl " Everybody was waiting for news from the National Assembly which was to determine the
. fortunes of war, which indeed happened soon afterwards. 27.
subsequent course of events. The day before, the Moniteur had reported that at
269
the session of the Cabinet of Ministers President Louis Bonaparte dedared that he fully supported the Government. p. 285
The reference is to the civil war in Spain in 1833 -40 which was unleashed by the clerical and feudal circles headed by Don Carlos, the pretender to the throne. The Carlist forces commanded by Zumalacarregni and Cabrera-y-Grifio operated in Catalonia and the Basque provinces using guerilla methods of warfare. After the 14-thousand-strong army of the Carlists failed to take Madrid in 1837, the Carlist movement declined and was defeated by 1840. In 1848 Cabrera tried to revive it
the moderate liberals, whose reaction to the elections was reflected in the p. 286 Kolni.<ehL Zeitung.
as opposed to " 3 somewhat revolutionary-democratic Second Chamber", the First Chamber would be "the pillar of the Crown, law and order and genuine freedom" , and called upon the electors to see to it that the "highest culture" -and "statesmanly wisdom" should be represented in it by people of really outstanding . talent. p. 289 . 271
With this article Engels began his series of reports on the Hungarian revolutionary war against the Austrian monarchy. He used army bulletins of the Austrian command published in the official Wiener Zeitungand other Austrian newspapers as his main source. In spite of the tendentious and fragmentary character of the information given in them, which Engels himself later emphasised in his letter to
Marx on April 3, 185 1 , he managed to give a fairly exact general picture of the military developments. "At the time," he wrote in this connection to Marx on July 6, 1852, "we presented the course of the Hungarian war in the Neue Rheinischl
Zeitung with amazing correctness on the basis of A ustrian reports and made hrilliant, though cautious, forecasts." Engels also wrote about his reports on the Hungarian wario his letter to H. G. Lincoln, editor of the Daily News, on March 30.
I RS4, offering his services as a war correspondent. In the early IB50s Engels took up a systematic study of military science and the art of war and began to collect
The reference is to the Slovak corps formed in 1848 by L. Stur and J. H urbann under the control of Austrian officers. The corps consisted of Slovak and to some extent Czech student.�. In 1 848-49 it took part in the war against revolutionary p. 292
In the primary election., to the Second Prussian Chamber on January 22, 1 848, the democrats in Cologne won a considerable,victory: they made up two-thirds of the electors. They also won in many other towns and rural localities in the Rhine
The reference is to the article "Elections to the First Chamber" published in the KolnischL Zeitung No. 24, January 28, 1849. The article expressed an opinion that
p. 290
Hungary. The corps did not enjoy the sympathy of the people of Slovakia.
Province. This victory. which proved the correctness of the tactics pursued by the Neue Rheinische Zeitung-that of uniting a1l democratic forces in the elec tions-aroused apprehensions not only on the part of the authorities but also of
270
573
by organising a revolt of the Carlists in Catalonia but was seriously wounded and fled to �nre. p. 2M 274
The United Diet-see Notes 89 and 157.
p. 296
275
See Note 2 6 1 .
p. 296
276
See Note 1 50.
p. 296
277
The reference is to the suppression of the Polish national liberation uprising in p. 296 Posen in April-May 1848 (see Note 1 5 1).
278
See Note 75.
p. 296
279
The Government of Action-see Note 153. Constables-see Note 45.
p. 297
280 Johan
Tilly. the army commander of the Catholic League during the Thirty Years' War ( 1 6 1 8-48), stormed Magdeburg on May 20, 1 63 1 , and allowed his !loldiers to plunder it. The town was almost completely burnt down and ruined p. 297 and about 30 thousand people were killed.
281
The Prussian Government's Circular Note of January 23. 1 849, addressed to all Prussian diplomats in the German states, formulated a plan for restoring the
574
282
Notes
Federal Diet (see Note 63)-the central body of the German Confederation es p. 297 tablished by decision of the Vienna Congress in 1 8 15.
the last article Public Prosecutor Hecker came out with a refutation (Neue Rhei
On September 22, 1848, after the Croatian Ban JeIIachich started intervention against revolutionary Hungary, the Hungarian Sejrn formed the NatiOnal
4,1848).
(No. 43, July 13, 1 848) and Joseph Wolff (No. 62, August
Committee headed by Batthyany's liberal Government.
Kossuth to exercise control over Count After JeIIachich had been defeated and Batthyany's Government had resigned, the National Defence Committee took Over the Government's functions on October 8 and Kossuth was vested with extensive
284
powers corresponding to a wartime situation.
p. 299
See Note 223.
p. 303
290
291
The trial of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung was begun on February 7, 1 849. Karl ble publisher, were tried by the Cologne jury court. They were accused of insult- ing Chief Public Prosecutor Zweiffel and calumniating the police officers whQ arrested Gottschalk and Anneke, in the article " Arrests" published in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 35, July 5, 1 848 (see present edition, Vol. 7, pp. 1 77-79). Though the legal proceedings were instituted on July 6, lhe trial was only fixed for December 20 and then pos-tponed . Marx's and Engels' defence counsel was Karl Schneider II and Korff's was Hagen. The jury acquitted the defendants. Marx's and Engels' speeches were published in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung as part of a detailed account of the whole trial, which also included the speeches of the Public Prosecutor (not word-for-word but abridged, with references to the publications in the Kolnische Zeitunw, of all the accused and defence counsels. The account was apparently edited by Marx and Engels. and the texts of their speeches can be considered as their own, as emerges in particular
286
287
See Note 88.
292
288
See Note 245.
p. 3 1 5
289
The reference is to three articles in the Neue Rheini:;che Zeitung denouncing the actions of the prosecuting magistrates against the Cologne democrats, written in connection with the arrest of Julius Wulff ("0. 40, July 10. 1848), Falkenheint
p. 322
The trial of the Rhenish District Committee of Democrats took place on February 8, 1 849. Karl Marx, Karl Schapper and the lawyer Schneider II were summoned to the Cologne jury court, accused of incitement to revolt in connection llrith the Committee's appeal of November 18, 1 848, on the refusal to pay taxes (see this volume, p. 41). They were acquitted. One of the responses to the trial in the revolutionary press
was Marx's article published in the Neue RheiniscM Zeitung on February 10 (see this volume, pp. 340-4 1). Marx's speech was included in the general account of the trial published in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung Nos. 226 and 23 1 -33 at the end of February 1 848; the �lCcount also contained the incriminated appeal of November 18. the report of the speech of Public Prosecutor Bolling. and speeches of the other defendants. In the spring of 1849 this account was published as a separate pamphlet, whkh also included the account of the trial of February 7 against the Neue Rheinische Zeitung (see Notc 284). It was not reprinted in Marx's lifetime. In 1885 il was
·
published as a pamphlet. Karl Marx von den Kolner Geschulornen Prozess gegen den Ausschuss der Rheinischen Demohraten wegen Aufrufs zum bewaffne!£n Wi
The reference is to the Prussian law on punishment for written insults which was promulgated on July 5, 1 8 19, for the Rhine and other provinces where the Code penal remained in force after 1 8 1 5 (UVerordnung wegen Bestrafung schriftJicher Beleidigungen in den Provinzen, wo das franzosische Strafgesetzbuch vorHiufig noch gesetzliche Kraft hat"). p. 307 p. 309
p. 3 2 1
On November 9, 1 848, after Prime Minister Brandenburg declared that the
carried out the coup d'etat (see also Notes 53 and 135).
p. 304
See Note 158.
An allusion to the reactionary entourage of Frederick William IV (the Gerlach brothers, Radowitz and others). This Court camarilla was frenziedly counter revolutionary and played an active part in preparing and staging the coup d'etat in
Assembly without the consent of the people's representatives. However, despite the National Assembly's decision to continue its session in Berlin, the Government. supported by General Wrangel's troops, who arrived in Berlin the next day,
from a comparison of Marx's speech with the preparatory material for it (see this volume, pp. 485-92). The emphasis in the quotations from the articles of the Code pinal is the author's. The Neue Rheinische Zeifung accounts of this trial and of another, that of the Rhenish District Committee of Democrats, which was held the next day, were published as a separate pamphlet in the spring of 1 849.
285
p. 3 1 6
Prussian National Assembly had to move to Brandenburg, the Ministers and some of the Right deputies left the sitting. The remaining majority, on the insistence of the Left deputies, decided that the King had no right to adjourn or transfer the
Marx. editor-in-chief. Frederick Engels. co--ediwT, and Hermann Korff, responsi
p. 304
1 848). In response to
Prussia in November-December 1848.
,
Marx's and Engels' speeches were not reprinted in Marx's lifetime. They were published in an abridged form shortly before Engels' death in the German Social-Democratic Party papers-the Berlin Socia1
I,
nische Zeitung No. 64, August 3, 1 848), in reply to which the newspaper published the article " H err Hecker and the Nem Rheinische Zeitung" (No. 65, August
Defence
283
575
Notes
supplement to the RU!l.Sian edition of The Paver(v of Philosophy issued in Geneva. An English translation of Marx's speech was first published in the col1ection: Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Articles from the "Neue Rheinische Zeitung". p. 323 1848-49, Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1972. 2 "' See Notes 89 and 146.
244
.
See Notf' 1 67.
p. 323
p. 329
576 295 See Note 1 9 1 .
296
297
29B
Notes
303
p. 33 2
For Haha.. Corp". see Note 42. The Civic Militia Law adopted by the National Assembly on October 1 7, 1848 made the civic militia completely dependent on the Government (see Note 90): Despite this, the counter-revolutionary government circles considered the existence of the civic militia to be dangerous and on November 12, 1848, after Wrangel's troops arrived in BeTHn, it was disarmed. p. 333 See Note 1 66.
.
Tchaikists (or tchaikashi) -Austro-Hungarian infantry who served on small sailing vessels and rowing boats (tchaikas) in the Military Border Area making pontoon bridges and transporting troops along the Danube, Theiss and Sava. They were recruited mainlv from the Serbs inhabiting the Tchaikash Area in Slavonia. ,
I
p. 334
304 The war between the Serbs and the Magyars began in May 1848 over the conflict
between the Hungarian Government and the Serbian national movement whj�h demanded autonomy for the Voivodina. The movement was not homogeneous III
its social composition and political tendencies. Liberal bourgeois (Stratimirovich and others) and more reactionary landowners prevailed in it, which made it possible for the Austrian ruling circles to use it against the Hungarian revolution.
Marx refers to the reform movement in England. As a result of this movement the British Parliament passed the Reform Act of 1832, which extended the franchise
On the other hand, the H U"!1garian re\�olutionaries, by refusing to meet the nation al demands' of the Serbs and other Slav nationalities incorporated in the H ungar ian state, 'contributed to making them side with the Habsburgs. It was only on
called for refusal to pay taxes and withdrawal of deposits from the hanks. After the House of Lords rejected the Bill for the third time in March 1832, and Grey's . WhIg Government, which had proposed the Bill, resigned, the Tories headed by Wellington (Prime Minister in 1828-30) failed to form a government. The King
305
299 Lassalle was arrested in Dusseldorf on November 22, 1848, on the charge of
incitement to arming against the Government during the campaign for refusal to pay taxes. The judiciary of the Rhine Province used all means to drag out his case:
On Lassalle's request, expressed in his letters to Marx and Engels, the Neue Rheinische Zeitung came out in his defence and that of other persecuted '
Dusseldorf democrats. It carried a number of articles exposing the abuses and illegal actions of tbe judiciary and the prison authorities against Lassalle (see this volume, pp. 344-46, 474-76). An article on Lassalle, written later on, is published in Vol . 9 of the present edition. Marx and Engels also participated in the steps · . taken by the Cologne democratic organisations to induce the judiciary to speed up the investigation of the case, In particular they were among the deputation who visited Prosecutor-General of the Rhine -Province Nicolovius on March 3. 1 849. and protested against the protraction of Lassalle's case (see this volume, p. 344). p. 341 The trial was held on May 3 and 4; Lassalle was acquitted .
S02
Pennsylvanian prisons-solitary confinement prisons. The first such prison was built in Philadelphia (State of Pennsylvania) in 1 79 1 . In the nineteenth century this system of confinement was widely used in Europe; in Germany it was applied p. 34S in 1 844 in the Moabit Prison in Berlin and in several others.
The reference is apparently to the law of Marcb 29, 1844, on judicial and adminigtrative and criminal court procedure in bringing an action against officials. p. 345
The reference is to the Government of the Austrian Empire. During the popular uprising in Vienna in October 1 848 the Emperor and his court left the capital on October 7 and moved to the provincial town of Olmiitz (Olomouc) in Moravia. Olmiitz became the centre of the counter-revolutionary forces. Soon after the fall of Vienna in November 1848 a new government was formed of representatives of the landowning aristocracy and the counter-revolutionary bourgeoisie headed by Prince Schwar1.enberg. Ferdinand II abdicated and his nephew FrailZ Joseph p. 347 acceded to the throne on December 2, 1 848.
July 28, 1 849, i.e. on the eve of its fall, that the H ungarian Republic officially proclaimed the equality of all nationalitie,; inhabiting Hungary. . Having consolidated their domination to a considerable degree WIth the help of the Croats, Serbs of the Voivodina etc. , the ruling classes of the Austrian Empire, far from fulfilling their promises and granting autonomy to the Slav and other peoples of the multinational state, pursued a still � ore ri d polic�' of centrdlisation, abulishing all remnants of self-government III the natIOnal regIons .
�
was compelled to turn to the Whigs, who by threatening to pack the House of p. 33 8 Lords with new peers succeeded in carrying through the Bill.
SOl
p. 348
From 1 764 they formed a special battalion.
and put an end to the old and corrupt constituencies ("rotten boroughs"). In protest against the opposition to toIte Reform Bill on the part of the Tories and the House of Lords, the participants in the movement organised mass meetings and advanced the slogan "No Bill, no taxes! " Political unions of the bourgeoisie also '
SOO
577
Notes
p. 348
The reference is apparently to the Limes Romanus, a syste'm of fortifications built ,along the frontiers of the Roman Empire, mainly during the rule of Emperor Hadrian ( 1 17-1 38). Remnants of the Limes Rumanus still survive. Part of it ran through Western Hungary and the South-Slav border regions of the Austrian Empire.
'06
p. 348
I n the battle at Grokhov (Grokhuv) on February 25, 183 1, the Polish insurgent troops' halted the offensive of the Tsarist army comma.qded by Diebitsch which had been sent to suppress the Polish insurrection of 1830-31 (see Note 258). p. 349
S07
Suklers an ethnic group of H ungarians. mostly free peasants. In the thirteenth century their forefathers were settled by Hungarian kings itl the mountain regions of Transylvania to protect the frontiers. The region inhabited by them -
was usually called Szekler land.
The majority of Szeklers sided with the H ungarian revolution. 308
'
Tbe reference is probably to the appeals of Jozef Madarasz, a Left-winger in the State Assembly of the Hungarian Republic in Debreczin, published in the . newspaper DebTeczenski Lapok. He called on the people to struggle not only agaJllst the Austrians but also against the agreers in the Assembly, demanded that the Assembly should be dissolved and new elections declared, and pointe� to the need . to organise an insurrectionary movement and render all pOSSible aSSIstance to the H ungarian revolutionary army.
'09
p. 351
p. 3 1) 1 .
Komorn ( Komarom), a fortified camp and fortress in North-We� tern Hunga!·y.
remained in the hands of the H ungarians in the rear of the Austnan army durmg . its offensive in late 1848 and early 1849. Subsequently the fortress held out �gamst several sieges by the Austrian forces and played an important part III the operations of the Hungarian revolutionary army. p. 3 5 1
578 310
Notes
Notes
See Note 282.
p. 3 5 1
311
An allusion to the trials of the Netle Rheinische Zeitung and of the Rhenish District Committee of Democrats which took place on February 7 and 8, 1849 (see this volume, pp. 304-39). p. 354
312
The reference is to the series "Politische Gesprache" by Levin Schiicking published in the Kolnische Zeitung Nos. 29. 30. 34 and 35 on February 3, 4, 9 and 10, 1849. Wagner, a character in these "Conversations", says to Professor Urian: "You have always played the part of Mephistopheles a bit." p. 354
313
See Note 242.
314
An English translation of this article was first published in the collection : Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, The R""ian Menace to Europe, London, 1953. p. 362
'15 316
317
See Note 228.
322
The reference is to Marx's and Engels' criticism of bourgeois cosmopolitanism and their substantiation of the internationalist position of the working class in the national question set forth in the proletarian and democratic newspapers (the Chartist newspaper Northern Star, the Briisseler-Deutsche-Zeitung, the French La Reforme), in particular their speeches "On Poland" (November 29, 1 847) and "On the Polish Question" (February 22, 1 848), Marx's "Speech on the Question of Free Trade". and Engels' articles "The Anniversary of the Polish Revolution of 1830", "Reform Movement in France.-Banquet of Dijon" and "Louis Blanc's Speech at the Dijon Banquet" (see present edition, Vol. 6, pp. 388-90, 545-52 , p. 368 450-65, 391-92, 397-40 1 , 409- 1 1). See Note 206.
Avars-a union of tribes in which nomadic Turkic tribes dominated. Coming from Asia, the Avars established themselves in the sixth century in the eastern regions of Central Europe and in the Balkans and formed their state, the Avar Khaganate. constantly waging wars with the Slavs, Germanic tribes and Byzantines. However, as a result of the risings of the subjugated Slav tribes and the blows struck by the Byzantines and Franks, the Avarian state was weakened. In the 790s the Avars were utterly defeated by Charlemagne's Frankish army and later on fully.assimilated by the peoples of the Western Black-Sea regions and the Danube area. p. 370
.�24
Ogulians-reservists from the inhabitants of Ogulin (Western Croatia) registered
p. 367
S20
Morlaks-one of the nationalities inhabiting Dalmatia. descendants of the Romanised Illyrian tribes which lived in Northern Dalmatia (Split and Zadar regions) and Southern Istria and subsequently merged with the neighbouring p. 368 Serbs; they were mostly Catholics.
321
See Note 354.
p. 369
.1
. with the Karlstadt (Karlovac) infantry regiment formed hy the Austnan author ities in the mid-eighteenth century to guard the frontiers; the headquarters of the regiment was in Ogulin. Serezhans-see Note 1 1 2. p. 3 7 1
325
See Engels' articles "The State of Germany", "German Socialism in Verse and Prose", his speech "On Poland", "Three New Constitutions" and "A Word to the Riforma" (present edition, Vol. 6, pp. 15-33, 235-73, 389-90, 540-44 and 553-55). p. 372
326
An allusion to the changed nature of the Czech national movement after the suppression of the popular uprising in Prague on June 1 2- 1 7, 1848. In its first stage-from the beginning of the March events to the Prague uprising-the Czech revolutionary democrats played a prominent part in the movement, and the Czech peasants and the urban lower strata, including the working class, actively participated in the struggle against feudalism and absolutism. This struggle was fully in the interests of the European revolutionary movement and was vigorously supported by the Neue Rheinische Zeitung directed by Marx and Engels (see tbe articles "The Prague L'"prising" and "The Democratic Character of the Uprising", present edition, Vol. 7, pp. 9 1 -93, 1 1 9-20). In the summer of 1848 the Czech liberdls, representing the bourgeoisie and the landowners, took the lead of the . national movement which they turned into an instrument against the revolutIon ary-democratic forces of Germany and Hungary, and a prop for the Habsburg monarchy and. indirectly, for Russian Tsarism. The orientation of the new leaders of other Slav peoples in Austria towards supporting the Habsburgs and the Tsar so as to secure the satisfaction of their national demands also ran counter to the interests of the revolution. For this reason the Neue Rheini.�rh€ Zeilung denoun ced the Austrian Slavs' movement in its new stage. p. 374
p. 367
Shokazians-the name of Catholic Serbs.
319
32.3
p. 363
_
318
These are the languages of the West-Slav tribes which in the Middle Ages lived between the Elbe, Saale and Oder. Wends-originally a general name given in Germany to different Laba (Elbc) Slavs, one branch of which was the Sorbs or Luzice Serbs. OOOdrites (Bodryci) - the largest tribe of Laba Slavs living in the region of the Lower Elbe and Mecklenburg Bay. They made up the core of the Wendish Power, an early feudal national Slav grouping formed in the 1040s. In the middle of the century, as a result of the German feudalists' expansion to the east . elfth tv ..accompanied by the extermination or enslavement of the local population, the Wendish Power broke u p and the Laba Slavs were subjugated and Germanised. Only the Luzice Serbs have preserved their language and national feature..... p. 369
p. 357
The reference is to the war of 1 846-48 hetween the United States of America and Mexico, as a 'result of which the USA seized almost half of Mexico's territory, including the whole of Texas, Upper California, New Mexico and other regions. In assessing - these events in the article Engels proceeded from the general conception that it was progressive for patriarchal and feudal countries to he drawn into the orbit of bourgeois relations because, he thought, this accelerated the creation of preconditions for a proletarian revolution. In subsequent years, however, he and Marx fully understood the deplorable conseqliences of colonial t.:unqucsts and the subjugation of backward countries by large states. In partic� uiar, having made a thorough study of the history of US aggression in Mexico and other countries of the American continent, Marx in his article "The Civil War in North America" (1861) described it as expansion in the interests of the then dominant slave�ownjng oligarchy in the Southern States and of the bour· geois elements in the North which supported it, as a policy aimed at seizing new territories to spread slavery. p. 365 .
579
,0
'�J780
580
Notes
Notes
327 The Slovanska Lipa-a Czech national society founded at the end oi April 1848. The leadership of the society in Prague was in the hands of moderate liberals
336
(Safaffk. Gaue), who joined the counter-revolutionary camp after the suppression of the Prague uprising in June 1 848, whereas the provincial branches were mostly led by representatives of the radical Czech bourgeoisie. p. 375
February 4, 1 849, addressed to the Frankfurt National Assembly, in which, in the name of his Government, he opposed the formation of a united German state. ,
Czech national militia formed after the revolutionary events of March 1 848 in the Austrian Empire. It was recruited mainly from among students. Its main detachment guarded the Czech Museum in Prague, where the Sl�v Congress was in session in June 1 848. During the popular uprising in Prague, thIS detachment was disarmed. The Austrian troops disarmed the national militia despite the fact that it was commanded by moderate representatives of the Czech movement who disapproved of the insurgents. BUTschenschaften-German students' associations which sprang up under the influence of the liberation war against Napoleon. They advocated German unification. However, alongside progressive ideas extremely nationalistic ideas were widespread in the Burschenschaften. The Wartburg Festival was organised by German students' associations on October 8, 1 8 1 7, to mark the 300th anniversary of the Reformation and developed into a demonstration for the unification of Germany and of protest against the reactionary policy of Metternich and the ruling circles of other states of the German Confederation. At the same time the festival revealed strong nationalistic and pan-German sentiments. p. 376
The Note wa, published in the Wi,,,,,, Zeitung No. 39, February 15. 1849. . p. 402 Magyarisers-a group of influential aristocratic landowners in Croatia, Slavonia,
the Serbian Voivodina and other ethnic regions who advocated Magyarisation of the population in these areas. The narrow selfish interests of this group had nothing in common with the Hungarian revolution. They proved to be a cause of the Hungarian Government's nationalist mistakes. p. 409
339 The reference is to the chief committee governing the Serhian Voivode.�hip or Chief OdboT-an executive body formed by the Assembly (Skup.{tina) of representatives of the Serbian communities in the South-Slav border regions of the Austrian Empire in May 1 848. The Assembly proclaimed the Voivodina an autonomous region within the Empire. The chief committee was the scene of struggle between-the liberal group headed by Stratimirovich, who was elected President, and the clerical-feudal group who professed loyalty to the Habsburgs and opposed liberal reforms. Early in 1849 the second group, headed by Patriarch Rajachich, prevailed. It directed the national movement of the Voivodina Serbs towards still closer collaboration with the Austrian counter-revolutionary Gove'rnment. The latter,' however, after using the Serbs to fight revolutionary Hungary, broke its promises and refused, in March 1 849, to grant them autonomy. p. 409
The commissions of the estates of the provincial diets, whose competence was limited to local economic and administrative problems, were instituted in Prussia in 1842. They were elected from among the members of the provincial diets on the estate principle and formed a single advisory body known as the "united commissions". With the help of this institution, which was but a make-believe representative body, Frederick William IV hoped to introduce new taxes and obtain a loan.
340
p. 379 330
The minutes of the First United Diet (see Note 89) cite the "Uebersicht von den Resultaten der Finanzverwaltung in den Jahren 1840 bis einschliesslich 1 846" presented by the Prussian Government (see Der Erste Vereinigte Landtag in Berlin 1847, 1 . Teil. Berlin, 1 847). Marx probably bases' hi, calculations on data from this survey. Some inaccuracies in the tables cited in this article are corrected on the basis of the book Preussens Erster Reickstag, 7. Th. • Berlin, 1847. p. 380
I
In 1 84 1 Frederick William IV donated 430.000 marks to establish an English German Protest-ant Bishopric in Jerusalem. p. 385 Papers of Frederick II were published in Prussia from 1 846.
332 See Note 245. See Note 206.
334
On February 16 and 17, 1849. the Cologne court tried Gottfried Kink el, the editor of the democratic Neue Bonner Zeitung. The indictment against him was that in describing in 1848 the outrages of the Prussian soldiery in Mainz in his newspaper (then called Bonner Zeitung), he had insulted the Pru'ssian garrison of the town. The court sentenced Kinkel to a month's imprisonment. p. 396
5 3 3
See Note 258.
The reference is to the decree sent to Croatia by Count Moritz Almasy, head of the ' Hungarian Provisional Finance Chamber form ed under the auspices of Windisch gratz in Pest after the Hungarian revolutionary army left the town. The Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung No. 45 of February 14, 1 849, reprinted the following note to the text of this decree from the AgTam newspaper Slat-'enski jug: "We publish rhls new act of Austrian politics without comment. The Croatians who have learned that loyalty to our Emperor and King and our Habsburg-Lotharingian Royal House is paid for with blood and money, must now also learn to understand such p. 4 1 0 decrees in Magyar."
341
The reference is to the cruel suppression by the Austrian reactionaries -headed by Windischgriitz of the popular uprising in Prague in June 1848 (see Note 2 1 8). p. 4 1 1
342 As a result of the popular uprising Pius IX was compelled to give his consent to the
p. 390
333
The reference is to the Hungarian State Assembly evacuated from Pest to Debreczin during the advance of the Austrian anny in December 1848. Some Right-wing deputies went over to Windischgriitz. p. 399
337 The reference is to Austrian Prime Minister Prince Schwarzenberg's Note of
328 Svornost- the
329
58 1
establishment of a temporal Ministry and the convocation of a Constituent Assembly on the basis of universal suffrage on November 16, 1848. The su bsequent development of the bourgcois-democ.ratic revolution led to the election of the Constituent Assembly on January 2 1 , 1 849, which on February 9 deprived Pius IX of his temporal power and proclaimed a rep � bli�. The R�man Republic existed until July 3, 1 849, when it was crushed by foreign mterventIon. In English this article was first published in the collection: Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Articles from the "Neue Rh"inisch" Zeitung". 1848-49, Ptogress p. 4 1 4 Publishers. Moscow. 1972.
I
p. 394
I
p. 399 ,
•
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'
"
.
582
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es
N ot
343
Accordi �g to t,he conv�ntion in ] 753 the 20-gulden or conventional system of m �ney CIrculation was mtroduced in Austria and Bavaria : 20 guldens were to be c. ome � Ollt of one Cologne mark of pure silver (approximately 234 grams). Since t � el1 Silver an� gold money was called conventional money {C.M.), By the begin !ling of the nll1e �ecnth century metal money ,,,l as prartically replaced b" paper money. called "VIenna currency", and th e coining of metal money almostJ ceased. � ut th e .con�enti onal system .was still p reserved. As the amount of paper money in C1rculatI�m Increased, espeCIally durmg l.he 1848-49 revolution, the ra te of the conventional money constantly rose, which prompted the population to hoard gold and silver coins. p. 416 '144 Urbar dutie� ( UrhaTi�llasten)-d uties of the feudal-bo und peasants registered in the Urban, IIIvcnt<:>nes of feudal land possessions. Beginning wilh the thirteenth century they also mduded taxe� and other incomes as provided by 13\'.... . p. 416 345 In June 1848, at the time of the conflict between the Croatian nationalists and the Aust�an Government which refused to m eet their demands, the SabOT (D iet ) . Agra meetmg 1Il � (Zagreb) (see Note 228) vested the Croatian Ban Jellachich at flTst �,1th d �ctaton al powers. However, JeIlachich, whu represented the Croatian , ty, qUickly came to ler,ms with the Austrian Court and used his dictat nobIli orship to suppress the peasant movement in Croatia. The Austrian Government which had dismissed Jellachich from the post of Ban during the conflict. rcinstat�d him at the. beginning of September 1848 and appointed him commander of the Impenal troops In Hungary. Placing Croatian formations at the service of the Au�trian reaction, Jcl�achich too� part in the counter-revolutionary campaign agaInst Hungary and In suppressIng the popular uprising in Vienna. p. 417 346 As to the source of �he data on the finances of the Prussian monarchy bet.ween 1840 and 1846 and In 1847 used in this article, see Note 330. p. 418 Issu� No, 3 of the Revue retrospective ou Archives secretes du dernier Gouvernemen� pu blished by Jules Taschereau, carried a list of the secret funds of the July monarchy s ForeIgn MInIstry for 1840 , 1842 , 1844-47 in which the annual pension of the edlt,or of the Frankfurter OberpostamtJ-Zeitung Karl Berly, a secret agent of the GUlzot s Government, was men tioned . p, 421 348 Peterwa.rdein border guards, like Serezh a s, Ottochans and other South-Slav army ? formations. guarded the Austro-Tur klsh border (the so-called Military Border Area). They were named after. their respective regimental or company districts and communities (see also Notes R I , 1 1 2 and 218). p. 423 3.9 See Note 307. p. 425 350 Cavalr� units i � t,h,e Austrian army included not only squaJrons but larger tactical . formauons-dlvl!jlOns which usually consisted of t.wo squadrons. p. 427 35 1 Cumans- �es(;endan ts of Pol ?vtsi ( K u m an s) . a Turkic nationality. They appeared on the terntory of Hu.ngary l� the ninth century together with the Magyars. but the bulk settled there In the thIrteenth century. fleeing from the Mongolian yoke after the battle on the Kalka River. Jazyges (Iazyges, J�zok)-descendants of the Sarmatian tribes. They first appeared on the terntory of Hungary about the eleventh century. Cumans a�d Jaz yges, wh ? �ad been granted land by the Hungarian kings, formed two mdependent dIstncts between the Theiss Danube and Gran ' For their special services to the Hungarian Crown a large p;rt of the population were .
,
,
583
granted nobility. Palatin, the imperial governor in Hungary, was their supreme judge amI ruler. p. 428 352 The Treaiy of Prtssburg (Bratislava) si gned on December 26, 1805, between Austria and Napoleon ic France put an end to the war of the Austrian monarchy against Napoleon within the third anti�French coalit.ion (Britain, Austria, Russia and Sweden). The signing of the trcaty was preceded by the capitulation of the Austrian army at VIm (October 17-20) and the defeat of the Austrian and Russian p. 429 forces at Austerlitz (December 2). 353 In this article Engels pays special attention to t.he condition in Transylvania at the turning-point of the revolutionary war in Hungary. In Jan uary and February 1849 the Hungarian revolutionary troops checked the Austrian offensive on almost all the fronts and, harassing the Austrians by repeat.ed attacks and continuous fighting, prepared for the decisive battle in April 1849. In Transylvania as in other national regions which were part of H u ngary at the time, the struggle was waged in the conditions of sh;p�p national contradictions. The majority of its motley population-Rumanians, Hungarians including SzekJers, and Germans, mostly from Saxony-were Rumanian peasants exploited by the H ungarian landowners and Au lr-i a n officials. Though the advanced part of the Rumanian bourgeoisie and iNclligcntsia welcomed the Hungarian revolution of 1848, the A ustrian agents using social and national antagonisms organised an upri sin g of the Rumanians against revolutionary Hungary in September 1 848. The Rumanian legions under Colonel Urban fought agai nst the H ungaria n s together with the Austrian troops of Baron Puchner. However, the Polish refugee Bern, appointed commander of the Hungarian army in Transylvania in December 1 848. prevented Puc.hner from entering Hungary via Transylvania and during January-March 1 849 managed to inflict several serious blows upon the counter revolution ary forces in Transyl vania proper. A small contingent of Russian troops sent to Puchner's aid by Luders. the commander of the Tsarist expeditionary corps in Wallachia. failed to stop Bern's advance and by the end of March the latter had practically driven the enemy out of Transylvania. Bern's success was furthered by his desire to reconcile the nat.ional contradictions between Hungarians and Rumanians notwithstanding the resistance of the representatives of the Hungarian Government, who expressed the interests of the Hungarian nobility. (Later E ngels specially emphasised this in his article "Bern" written for the New American Encyclopedia.) The Rumanian democrat Balcescu also called for joint action by the Rumanians an d Hungar ians against the Habsburgs. Janku, the leader of the insurrectionary movement of the Rumanian poor peasants. held similar v iews. However, the Hungarian revolutionaries among the bourgeoisie and the nobility realised too late that co-operation with the down trodden nationalitie� was necessary. This made it possible for the Austrian ruling circles to use the Rumanian national movement.in Transylvania, headed by the clerical-aristocratic clique, as a weapon against revolutionary Hungary, After the suppression of the Hungarian revolution in Transylvania, the Austrians established a regime of ruthless national oppression there despite all their demagogic promises. p. 432 354 After agreeing on the possi1;Jility of joint action ag-ainst republican France in July 179 1 ; Austria a·nd Prussia signed a treaty in February 1792. The Austro-Prussian alliance encouraged by Tsarist Russia became the core of the first anti-French coalition, which bv March 1 793 was joined by Britain, Russia. Sardinia, Naples. Spain, Holland a� d some of the German principalities. ]n 1795 the coalition broke up. s
-
584
Notes
Notes
begerichte) -which
The mppression by the Tsarist army of the 1 794 Polish uprising led by Kosciuszko is connected with the first anti-French coalition. The insurgents demanded that the Constitution which had been proclaimed by the Four Years' Sejm ( 1788-92) should again come into force. The adoption of the Constitution had been used as a pretext for the occupation of Poland by Prussia and Russia in 1793 and led to the second partition of Poland (the first was carried out by Prussia, Russia and Austria in 1 772). After the suppression of the Kosciuszko uprising a third partition of Poland between Austria, Prussia and Tsarist Russia took place in 179!i and the Polish state ceased to exist. p. 438 3 55
See Note 170.
p. 438
See Note 303.
p. 441
357
Ariaru-a trend in Christian religion which was widely spread among several German tribes in the fourth and fifth centuries. Arian heresy-'was condemned by the official church in 381. p. 442
358
See Note 319.
359
Honvid-literaHy: defender of the homeland; the name given to the Hungarian revolutionary army of 1848-49. which was set up by decision of the Hungarian revolutionary Government on May 7. 1 848. on the formation of ten battalions of the H=�. p. 4«
356
36
1849.
366
369
The original text of the speech from the throne made by Frederick William IV at the inaugural sitting of the Prussian Diet was published in a special supplement to the Neue RheiniscM Zeitung No. 233. February 28, 1849. In the text of the speech published after this artide in the New RheiniscM Zeitung No. 234, March I , 1 849, this passage was changed as follows: " To my greatest regret a state of siege had to be proclaimed in the capital and its immediate environs to restore the rule of law and public safety. Corresponding proposals wi11 be presented to you, gentlemen, without delay." Below in the article the speech from the throne is cited from the latter publication. p. «5
The reference is to the speech from the throne by Frederick William IV at the inaugural sitting of the Second United Diet (see Note 89) on April 2, 1848; the text of the speech was prepared by the Camphausen Ministry. p. 446 ,
The White Hall-a hall in the royal palace in Berlin where the first joint sitting of the two Chambers of the newly convened Prussian Diet was held on February 26, 1 849. p. 446 364
On March 2 1 , 1 848, Frederick William IV, frightened by the barricade fighting in Berlin, issued an appeal "To my people and the German nation" (see Note 2 1 0) in which he promised to set up a representative institution based on the estates. grant a Constitution, make Ministers re�ponsible, introduce jury courts etc. p, 447
365 The reference is to the two decree� on amending the old trade statute introducing chambers of commerce (Gewerberiite) and trade courts (Gewt!f'-
laws-the name given to the six exceptional laws passed in England i n 1 8 1 9 after the cutting down by hussars and yeomanry of participants in a mass meeting for electoral reform at St, Peter's Field, Manchester (the so-cal1ed battle of p. 448 Peterloo); the laws restricted freedom of assembly and the press. p. 453
of the forthcoming expiration of the seven months' armistice signed by Denmark and Prussia at Malmo (see Note 75) the Prussia� ruling circles refused to prolong it with a view to raising the prestige of the Prusslan monarchy by waging the war, which was very popular in Germany, and realising their aggressive plans. Military operations were resumed in March 1849 and proceeded , with varying success. Eventually. under pressur: from the Great Powers. Prus�la signed a peace treaty with Denmark in Berhn on July 2, 1850, tem �oranly renouncing its claims to SchleSWig and Holstem and tr�acherously I.eavmg t�e population of these duchies to continue the war alone , The Schleswlg-Holstelll troops were defeated and compelled to cease resistance. As a result both duchies p. 456 remained within the Kingdom of Denmark.
361 The reference is to the draft laws on clubs and meetings, posters and the press
362
were issued by the Prussian Government on February 9, p. 448
Gagging
'67 See Note 348. 368 Taking advantage
p. 442
which were being prepared by the Government (on this see Marx's article "Three New Draft Laws" published in the Nrue Rheinische Zeitung on March 1 3 , 1 849, present edition, Vol. 9). These drafts are compared with the reactionary press laws p. 445 passed in France in September 1835 (see Note 1 8 1 ) .
585
I
The moderate liberal Cioberti who headed the Piedmont Government strove to use the movement which had spread in Italian states for an all-Italy Constituent Assembly and unification of the country in a democratic.way in �)fder �o carry out the plan of establishing a federation of Halian states whICh was 10 the mterests of the Savoy dynasty. After the proclamation of a rep�bl� c in Rome on, Feb�ary 9, 1 849. and the beginning of a campaign for a repubhc m Tuscany. GlObertI made efforts to restore the power of Pius IX and Grand Duke Leopold II with military aid from Piedmont. Such a policy and his refusal to carry out progresslVe reforms in Piedmont made Gioberti extremely unpopular and led to his resignation on February 2 1 . 1849. Under mass pressure and apprehensive over the future of the Savoy dynasty in the impending crisis in Italy. the Pied�ont ruling circles w.ere compelled- to declare on March 1 2 , 1 849. the resumptJon of the war agamst Austria. However, the Piedmont army, which was poorly prepared for the war and led by monarchist generals who were afraid to impart a really popular character to the war, was soon routed by the Austrians. On March 26 the new King of Sardinia, Victor Emmanuel, was compelled to sign an armistice with p. 45 6 Austria on more onerous terms than in August 1848.
370 The reference is to the failure of the counter-revolutionary General Laugier. supported by the Piedmont ruling circles and the Austrians. to interfer� wi,th the development of revolutionary events in Tuscany and prevent the abdicatIOn of Grand Duke Leopold Il and the proclamation of a Tuscan republic. On January 30 1849' the Grand Duke fled to Siena, and later to Gaeta, the residence of Pi� s IX. On February 18. a republic was proclaimed at a I?opular meetiIl.g (of ficial introduction of the republican system was postponed till the convocation of a Constituent Assembly, which never took place due to sabotage by the moderate p. 456 wing of the movement). 371
ly The information reproduced by Engels from a French newspaper was not �ntir� correct. However, the events which marked the beginning of the. �ulrnmatmg stage of the struggle between the revolution� ry move.ment in Sicily and the Gm:ernrnent of King Ferdinand of Naples proVided a baSIS for rumours ahout the
586
Notes
Notes
380
proclamation of a Sicilian republic. On February 25, 1849, Ferdinand sent the Sicilians an ultimatum. Though promising to sanction the restoration of the 1 8 1 2
7
3 2
373 374
375 376 377
Constitution he demanded d�sarmament and consent to occupation of the major . parts of the ISland by NeapolItan troops. The refusal of the Sicilians to accept the ultimatum led to fierce fighting; although the Neapolitan forces were superior in numbers and arms, the Sicilians offered resistance until the beginning of May 1849. p. 456
381
382
A major part of the urban population in Transylvania was made up of Germans , (Saxons) who constIt uted about 1 6 per cent of the region's total population. p. 461
On Novembe� 22, 1848 Las alle delivered a speech at a popular meeting in � . : Neuss (near Dusseldorf) In which he called upon the people to offer if necessary
which, on the basis of a legal analysis of the relevant articles of the French Code penal, he refutes the accusation levelled at the newspaper's editors of insulting Chief Public Prosecutor Zweiffel and calumniating the police officers. To what extent Marx used this draft in the speech itself tan be seen by comparing it with
Marx was summoned before the examining magistrate on November 14, 1848. after the Neue Rheinische Zeitung published the second article in the series "Coun ter-Revolution in Berlin" containing a call to refuse to pay taxes as a measure against the counter-revolutionary coup d'etat in Prussia (see this volume, pp. 1 6- 18). However, fearing the people's reaction to the persecution of the editors of
a popular newspaper, the authorities confined themselves to confirming one of the charges brou ght against the Neue Rheinische Zeit1l.ng earlier, after it had published the appeal "To the Cerman People" by the republican Friedrich p. 495 'Hecker (see Note 93).
armed support to the Prussian National Assembly. Lassalle was arrested on the same day. On the legal proceedings against Lassalle see Note 299. p. 463
Here and elsewhere, the reference is to the articles of the Code pinal (see Note 88). p. %3 . " Code d"mstrnchon cn1ntnelie-th e French Criminal Code in force in the Rhine Province of Prussia. Further Article 360 of this Code is cited. p. 464
383
The New! Rheinische Zeitung No. 1 86, January 4, 1849, carried information about the deputation of sixteen Dusseldorf citizens to Prosecutor-General Nicolovius among whom were members of the Cologne Workers' Association and the D�mocratic � "iety. The depu tation handed in a petition signed by 2,800 ,? Dusseldorf CItIzens, the text of which the newspaper appended to the repor t.
Engels wrote this petition when he arrived in Berne about November 9, 1848, as a political refugee. On the reasons for his departure to Berne see Note 3. The warrant for his arrest and trial, mentioned in the petition, was issued by the Cologne judiciary, who, on the demand of the Imperial Minister of Justice, instituted proceedings against him and- a number of other persons for their
speeches at the public meeting in Cologne on September 26, 1848. Later, the judicial authorities found it expedient to annul the case, and this was officially announced at the end of January 1849, when Engels. who had returned to Germany, was summoned before the examining magistrate (see this volume, p. 497 p. 5 1 6).
p. 474
384 -,
.
,
;..; ,
J ,,
"
.
This note w�s probably wri tten as a rough draft (many words and sentences are , �rossed ou � III th.e manuscnpt) of a report for the Neue Rheinische Zeitung, but no Item on thIS subject appeared in the newspaper. The occasion for writing this note was a clash of the Workers' Association (see
N?�e 1 79) an� the democratic 'Organisations in Cologne with the police and . mIlItary authorIues who wanted to prevent the people's procession on the occasion of the release from prison on December 23 of Gottschalk Anneke and others acquitted by the julj' after six months of imprisonment. Th: acquittal was seen by the masses as a vl�tory of the democratic movement, which they wanted to celebrate by proceSSlOn. The authorities prohihited this procession and it did not take place. p. 483
The extant part of the draft of a speech at the trial of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung held on February 7, 1849 (see Note 284), refers to that part of Marx's speech in
the published text (see this volume, pp. 304-17). The manuscript of the draft has come down to us in an incomplete and rough form, indecipherable in some places. p. 485
378 'Kameratgr2ter- landed estates which passed into the ownership of the Crown after
379
This fragment is apparently part of the draft of the fourth article in the series "The Bourgeoisie and the Counter-Revolution" which dealt with Hansemann and the Government of Action (see Note 153) he in practice headed, Some of the ideas were reflected in the published version of the article (see this volume, pp. 168-70). p . 484
The thoughts expressed here show Engels' keen insight into future military developments in Hungary. Indeed, the general counterMoffensive of the Hu�ga�an Tevo)�tionary army �as launched in the mentioned region at the beginning of AprIl 1 849. On AprIl 2, the revolutionary army won a major victory at Hatva� , followed by a series of strong blows at the enemy. Thus, Engels' forecast did not come true so far as the time of the offensive was concerned , but . . was qUite correct In respect of the place of concentration of the main Hungarian forces for a decisive blow and its direction. p. 457
the death of the last descendant of a feudal family, confiscated lands etc. The Kameralgilter also gave the own�r the right to collect taxes and other privileges, and were managed by a spec131 administration directly subordinated to the Hungarian Royal Chancellory in Ofen. p . 479
587
The People's Cummittee was elected on Navember 13, 1 848. at a public meeting in Cologne held in protest against the transfer of the Prussian National Assembly hom Berlin to Brandenburg, It consisted of 25 representatives of Cologne democratic and proletarian circles, among them Marx, Beust, Nothjung, Weyll and Schneider II. The Committee became one of the organising centres of the people's struggle in the Rhine Province against the coup d'etat in Prussia. It sought to rearm the civic militia, which was disarmed in September 1848, when a state of siege was declared in Cologne. and reorganise the army reserve on a democrat ic basIs; it carried out agitation among soldiers and attempted tu create a workers' volunteer detachment. Taking part in the tax-refusal campaign, the People's Committee tried to draw into it peasants from the neighbouring localities. p. 501
3Rfi ' :1
'J: ,
of the Cob penal (see -:\fme 88) concerns resistance to the representatives of state power. and Article 2 1 7, incitement to rebellion. p. SO 1 A rtic1e
209
588 386
Notes
Notes
Marx, Korff and others were accused by the Imperial Ministry of having libelled deputies of the Frankfurt National Assembly in: 1 ) Georg Weerth's series of feuilletons Lebll1l und Taten des beriihmten Ritlers SchnafJPhahnski directed against Lichnowski, a Right-wing deputy, and published anonymously in the Neue
from the Association (at first he went to Bonn, and later to Paris and Brussels); at the same time, he endeavoured. through his associates, to cause a split in the ranks of the organisation and again impose a sectarian policy on it. In a statement written in Brussels on January 9, 1 849, and published in the Freiheit, Arbeit on January 18, Gottschalk explained hi. "voluntary exile" by the fact that, despite the acquittal, many of his fellow citizens remained convinced of his guilt. He declared that he would come back only "at the call of the hitherto supreme arbiter in the country" (an allusion to Frederick William IV) or "at the call of his fellow citizens". For an appraisal of this ambiguous statement see the decision of Branch No. 1 of the Cologne Workers' As.ociation (present edition, Vol. 9). p. 5 1 3
Rheinische Zeitung in
August, September and December 1848 and January 1 849; 2) a report'from Breslau in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 95 for September 6, 1 848, about Prince l.ichnowski�s machinations in the electoral campaign: 3) a report from Frankfurt am Main in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 102 for September 14, 1848, exposing false information in the report by Stedtmann, deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly. concerning the vote on the armistice with Denmark; 4) a resolution of a public meeting in Cologne published in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 1 10 for September 23, 1848, in which the deputies of the Frankfurt National Assembly who had voted for the armistice with Denmark were accused of having betrayed the nation (see present edition, Vol. 7, pp. 588-89). p. 504 387
The trial of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung fixed for December 20, 1 848, was postponed and was heard on February 7, 1849 (see this volume, pp. 304-22 and Note 284). p. 504
388
The First Congress of Cerman Workers' Associations and Democratic Organisa tions of Switzerland was held in Rerne on December 9-1 1 , 1 848. On the work of · the Congre.s and Engel.' participation in it see Note 175. p. 505
389
The reference is to the Central Committee of German Workers in Leipzig (see Note 199). p. 505
390
391
39,
" "
'
According to the decree of December 5, 1 848, the elections of electors were fixed for January 22, and the election of deputies to the Second Chamber of the Prussian Diet for February 5, 1 849.
p. 514
'94 The Democratic Society in Gologne was set up in April
1848; it included workers and artisans as well as small businessmen. Marx, Engels and other editors of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung who directed the Society's activity wanted to orientate it towards a resolute struggle against the counter-revolutionary policy of the Prussian ruling circles and exposure of the liberal bourgeoisie's policy of agreement. In April 1849, Marx and his followers, who had practically begun to organise an independent mass proletarian party. considered it best to dissociate themselves from the petty-bourgeois democrats and withdrew from the Demo cratic Society. Meanwhile they continued to support the revolutionary actions p. 5 14 of the German democratic forces.
Marx'. and Engels' defence counsel, lawyer &hneider II, demanded that the proceedings be adjourned in view of the fact that the accused had not been informed of the trial in due time (ten days prior). The trial took place on February 7, 1849. p. 5 1 1 When the Zeilung des Arbeiter-Vereines zu Koln (see Note 180) ceased to appear, the newspaper Freiheit, BrUderlichkeit, Arbei� which began publication on October 26, 1 848, became the organ of the Cologne Workers' Association (see Note 179). The publisher was Roser, Vice-President of the Cologne Workers' Association, and the responsible editor was W. Prinz. At the end of December 1 848, as a result of Gottschalk's interference in the paper's affairs, its publication was interrupted. From January 14, 1 849, the new.paper Freiheit, Arbeit began to appear, its publisher being the printer Brocker-EvereTts. Prinz, its responsible editor and a supporter of Gottschalk, pursued the policy of splitting the Cologne Worker.' Association. He refused to submit to the editorial commission which had been appointed at the committee meeting of the Cologne Workers' Association on January 1 5 and consisted of Schapper, Roser and Reiff; therefore the committee meeting of January 29 resolved that the FTtihLit, Arbeit �ould not be regarded as the Association's newspaper and that the Freiheit, Briiderlichkeit. Arbeit should resume publication; Christian Joseph Esser was appointed its editor. The Freiheit, B lichkeit. Arbeit reappeared on February 8 and continued pubHcation up to ' the mlddle of 1 849. The Freiheit, Arbeit continued to appear until June 1 7 , 1 849. It sharply attacked Marx and the Neue Rheinische Zeitungs editorial board and p. 5 1 3 published various malicious insinuations against them.
�
392
589
After December 23, when the members of the Cologne Workers' Association, Anneke. Esser and Gottschalk. were acquitted. the last-named tried to keep aloof
• <'. '
'95
The passport which Engels produced to obtain a residence permit for the canton of Berne was issued by the Government of the French Republic on March 30, 1 848. At that time Marx and Engels were preparing to go to Germany, intending to take a direct part in the German revolution. On April 6 they left Paris for their p. 5 1 5 native country.
396
Lieutenants Adamski and Niethake took part in the September events in Cologne and in November 1848 were elected to the People'. Committee (see Note 384). When the threat of arrest arose. they fled to Belgium, but were arrested there and deported to France. On December 14. after their voluntary return to Germany, they were court-martialled. On May 29, 1 849, the court martial deprived Adamski of his commission and -sentenced him to nine months' imprisonment in a fortress. p. 52 1
397
The banquet in Miilheim on the Rhine described here was one of the first democratic banquets arranged in the Rhine Province to mark the anniversaries of the February revolution in France and the March revolution in Germany. Considering these banquets as a form of revolutionary education of the masses, Marx and Engels took part in some of them. p. 522
'98
The new Statute of the Cologne Workers' Association was adopted on February 25, 1849. According to it, the Association's main task was to raise the workers' class and political consciousness and it was to be built not on the guild principle as be fore, but on a territorial basis; consistent democratisation was to apply in the inter nal life of the organisation, and simultaneously the authority of its elected leading body-the Committee-was to increase. Nine branches were set up as planned. AU this contributed to extend popular support for the Association and to enhance p. 524 its political influence.
590
Notes
591
'YO
See Note 127.
p . 525
400
See Note 75.
p. 525
401
After the flight of Grand Duke Leopold I I on January 3 1 , 1849, and the establishment on February 8 of the radical Government (triumvirate) consisting of Guerazzi. Montagnelli and Mazzini, the movement for a republic and unity with the Roman Repuhlit intensified in Tuscany. The radicals regarded this as the
beginning of a democratic achievement of Italian unity. On February 1 8 , 1 849, a public �meeting in Florence proclaimed the foundation of a Tuscan republic.
However, under pressure from the liberals and moderate democrats the Guerazzi Government postponed the formal proclamation of the republic until the convocation of the Tuscan Constituent Assembly. As moderate elements dominated the Assembly, the triumvirate again postponed the establishment uf a republic on March 27, 1 849. The republic had not yet been officially proclaimed
NAME INDEX
-
.
, " h , "
,'"
when a counter-revolutionary revolt on April I I , 1849, brought Leopold II back to power. Guerazzi's policy of yielding to pressure from the moderates also upset the plan for uniting Tuscany with the Roman Republic. p. 526 402
On his arrival in Cologne on April 1 1 , 1848, Marx, who was compelled to renounce his Prussian citizenship in 1845, petitioned the Cologne City Coun cil to grant him the right of citizenship and received a favourable reply But . this decision had to be confirmed by the royal provincial government, which early in August 1 848, after four months of delay, informed Marx that his petition had been turned down. Marx lodged a complaint with the Minister of the Interior, Kiihlwetter, but on Septemher 1 2, 1 848, the latter confirmed the decision of the provincial government (see present edition, Vol. 7 , p. 581) . Tho ugh the campaign of protest prevented the reactionaries from immediately carrying out all their intentions towards the editor of the Neue Rheinische Zeitttng, the threat of expulsion from Prussia as a foreigner hovered over him. - Later the Prussian Government expeUed Marx from Prussia under the pretext that he "had abused hospitality". Due to this act and repressiuns against other editors, the news paper ceased publication in May 1 849. p. 527
A
-s'f h·
-
'
Adamski-German
404
logne.- 5 2 1
Albert (Martin, Alexandre)
demo
( 1 8 1 5- 1 895)
French worker, one of the leaders of secret revolutionary sOCIetIes •
•
during the July monarchy; memher of the Provisional Government ( 1 848).- 1 25
Alcibiades (0. 450-404
Kolnische Zeitung carded
politician 148, 1 5 1
and
B . C . ) -Athenian
general.-IOS,
143,
Alexander of Macedon (Alexander the Great)
(356-323 B . C.) -general and states man of antiquity.- 370 Alm
The reference is to the group of participants in the Baden uprising of April 1 848 who emigrated to Besan�on (France); later, under the name of the Besan �on company and headed by Willich , they took part in the Baden-Palatinate uprising of 1849. p. 529
40.� See Note 1 78.
lieutenant,
crat; in November 1 848 member of the People's Committee in Co
_::'..,-:
a report on the banquet of February 24. The item said in particular: "Deputy Gladbach especially distinguished himself among the orators by his thunderous speeches against the p. 529 House of Huhenzollern, Count Brandenburg and others."
403 On February 27, 1 849, the
First
revolution. President of the restored H ungarian King's Chamber (until
p. 530
1853), of which he was Vice President prior to 1 848.-43 1 Almeras, Alexandre Filix (IR1 11 868)-Swiss radical politician; dep uty of the Geneva canton to the National Council (from 1 848).- 147 Alvenslebm, Albrecht, Count von ( 1 7941858)- Prussian statesman, Finance Minister ( 1 835-42), deputy to the
•
·. ii ,
Chamher
( 1 849).-383,
385,
386, 388, 389 Amelung. Hermann-German student, in 1848 member of the Jena District Committee of Democrats.-342 tlon-Prussian official, Public Prosecutor in Diisseldorf ( 1 848-49), deputy to the First Chamber
Ammon .
( 1 849).- 345, 346, 475-76 Annehe, Friedrich ( 1 8 1 8- 1 872)-Prussian artillery officer discharged from the army for his political views; member of the Communist League, one of the founders of the Culogne Workers' Association ( 1 848), editor of the Neue member of
Kolnisclu! Zeitung.
the
Rhenish District Committee of Democrats.- 188, 189, 1 9 1 , 192-95, 3 1 9, 5 1 3 , 5 1 4 , 5 1 8
( 1 8 1 81 884)- German writer, in 1848-49 contributed to democratic periodi cals; wife of Friedrich Anncke.- 1 9 1
Annehe,
Mathilde
Franziska
Arnd!. Ernst Moritz ( 1 769-1860)-Ger man writer, historian and philologist; took part in the struggle against Napoleon's rule; in 1 848-49 deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Right Centre).-90
A.rn im-Sw:kow. Heinrich Alexander, Ra.TOn "Von ( I 7Y8- 1 8 6 1 ) -Prussian states man, moderate liberal, Minister of Foreign Affairs (from March 2 ] to
592
Name Index
June 19, 1848), deputy to the First Chamber ( 1 849).-67 Auber. DaniRl Franfois Esprit ( 1 7821 8 7 1 )-French composer. - 1 74 Auerswald. Rudolf v<m ( 1 795-1866) Prussian statesman, liberal aristocrat. Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs (June-September 1848). Oberpriisident of West Prussia (September 1 848-50).168. 1 7 1
B Bakunin. Mikhail ( l R I 4- 1 876)-Russian
democrat, journalist. participant in the 1 848-49 revolution in Germany; one of the ideologists of anarchism in later years; opposed Marxism in the First International; was expelled from the International at the I [ague Congress of 1872 for his splitting activities.-363. 365. 368, 373. 374. 377. 378 Bangert- member of the Lausanne Workers' Association in 1 848.-506 Barbes. Armand ( 1809- 1870)-French revolutionary, one of the leaders of secret societies during the July monarchy; deputy to the Constituent Assembly ( 1 848); sentenced to life imprisonment for participating in the popular rising of May 15, 1848; was amnestied in 1854 and emigrated to Belgium.- 125 ( l R08-I R78)-Swiss politician, deputy of the Wallis (Va lais) canton to the National Council ( 1848-57).- 148
Rarman.
Mauric.
Barrot. Camille Hyacinthe Odilon ( 1 7 9 1 -
1873)-French politician. leader of the liberal dynastic oppo�ition until February 1�48; from December 1 848 to October 1849. head of the Minis try, which relied on a monarchist coalition.-214, 278-80, 281 -83. 526 Rasse.
Gottfried ( 1 778- 1 825)-Prussian
bookseller and writer; publisher of novels about knights and rob bers.-69
Bassermann.
Friedrich
Daniel
(18111855)-German politician. rep resented the Baden Government in the Federal Diet during the 1 848-49 revolution; deputy to the Frankfun National Assembly (Right Centre).1 6, 154 Bassi (Bassy). J. F.-Swiss journalist of Italian descent; editor of the liberal newspaper La Suisse ( 1 840s and 1 850s).-248 Bastide. Jules ( I 800- 1879)-French politician and journalist; one of the editors of the newspaper I.e National (1 836-46); moderate republican; Minister of Foreign Affairs (May December 1 848).-66, 133 Battaglini, Carlo ( l 8 1 2- 1 888)-Swiss politician, lawyer. deputy of the Tes sin canton to the National Council ( 1 848-5 1 . 1 862-75, 1 884-87).- 148 Batthyany. Lajos. Count von ( 1 8061849)-Hungarian politician, Prime Minister (March 17-September 15. 1848). one of the leaders of muderate liberals; shot by decision of the Aus trian cuurt martial after the victory of the counter-revolution.-443 Baudissin. Count (d. March 1 849)-Aus trian senior lieutenant. fought in the war against revolutionary Hungary in 1848-49.-480 Bavay. Charles de (1801Victur 1 875)-Belgian judiciary official. Prosecutor-General in Brussels from 1 844.-307 Beaumarchais. Pierre Augustin Caron de
( 1 732-1 799)- French 262
dramatist.-
( 18201 885)-German lawyer and journal i�t. one of the leaders of the Associa tion for Workers and Employers in Cologne; member of the Rhenish District Committee of Democrats. editor of the Westdeutsche Zeitung (May 1 849-July 1850). member of (from the Communist League 1850).-499. 500. 529
Recker.
Hermann
Heinrich
( 1 809- 1886) German revolutionary. took part in the democratic and revolurion-
Becker.
593
Name Index
Johann
,
Philipp
ary movement of the 1830� and 1840s in Germany and Switzerland; editor of the newspaper Die Evolution (Die Revolution); prominent figure in the First International in the 1 860s and delegate to all its congresses; friend and comrade-in-arms of Marx and Engels.-204. 205. 242. 250 Beckhau.wm- German worker, lithog rapher; member of the Cologne Workers' Association.-483 Bedorf- member of the Cologne Work ers' Associatiun in 1848-49.-524 Bern. J6zef ( 1 795-1 850)-Polish general
and prominent figure in the national liberation movement, participant in the Polish insurrection of 1830-31 and in the revolutionary struggle in Vienna in 1848; one of the leaders of the Hungarian revolutionary army ( 1 848-49); emigrated to Turkey after the defeat of the revolution.-29 1 , 298. 300. 360, 40 1 . 406, 425, 426. 429. 430, 435, 436. 437, 443. 46 1 . 471 , 477. 478 Bengel. Franz Wilhelm (born c. 1 8 1 9)
German democrat. President of the \Vorkers' Association in Miilheim (Rhine Province) in 1848-49.-522 Btnkendorff. Konstantin Konstantinovich. Count von ( 1 8 1 7-1858)-Russian
colonel and mat.- 2 1 I
then
general.
diplo
( 1 8 1 01872)-Swiss politician, colonel. par ticipant in the w�r against the Son derbund; deputy of the Zurich can ton to the National Council ( 1 R4R49).-61
Benz.
Rudolf.
lion
Pfungen
Berg-Swiss army officer; deputy to the.
National Council ( 1 84R).- 1 14. 1 1 5. 1 1 8. 145. 146-49 Berger. N.-209
( 1 8041871)-Phlssian official, lawyer and journalist, Regierungsrat in Breslau (Wrodaw) in 1 849.-381 Bertier. Thiophile, comte ( 1 76 1 1 844)- Frcnch politician and lawyer, deputy to the Convention, member
Bergiu.<.
Karl
.Ju1tll.,
of the State Council after the coup d'etat of the 1 8th Brumaire of 1 799.-308. 489 Berly. Karl Peter
(I 781-1 847)-German
journalist, editor of the Frankfurter Oberpostamt.<-Zeitung ( 1 829-47), secret agent of the French Government during the July monarchy.-421 BmlOld, Joseph Leonhard ( 1 809 - 1 872)
Swis� politician. colonel; deputy to the National Council ( 1 848).141
Bimer,
August
Daniel
( 1 793 - 1 868)
German poet.-377
Biro-Austro-Hungarian judiciary offi cial in the mid- 1 9th century.-3 5 1 Blanc, Jean .Joseph Louis ( 1 8 1 1 - 1 882)
French petty-bourgeois socialist, historian; in 1848 member of the Provisional Government and Presi dent of the Luxembourg Commis sion; pursued a policy of agreemen t with the bourgeoisie.-84, 123. 125. 131 ( I ROO- 1 88 1) - Swiss politician, deputy of the Waarlt (Vaud) canton to the National Coun cil ( 1 848-60).- 147
Blanchrnay.
Louis
( 1 807 - 1 866) Swiss conservative politician. rep resented Berne in the Diet in the 1 840s, head of the conservative op position in the Great Council of the . Berne canton (from 1846); III the 1850s held important government posts.-56, .0;9
Bwsch.
Eduard
Eugen
Blum-German student. panicipated in the democratic banquet of February 24. 1 849. in Cologne.-530 Blum,
Robert
( 1 807- 1848)-German democrat, journalist, leader of the Left wing in the Frankfurt Natio:,� 1 Assembly; in October 1848 partICi pated in the defence o f Vienna a.nd was shot by decision of the Austnan court martial.-51. 93. 247. 249. 398. 46 1 . 529 A ugust
( 1 785- 1 867) German philologist and historian; professor and for a number of
Biickh,
Philipp
594 years
head
of
Berlin
Oniver
sity.- 106
Chamber
(Right
wing).- 3 1 ,
270,
379. 38 1 , 382, 383, 385, 388, 389, 418
B iilling- PTIl ssian judiciary official, Pub
lic Prosecutor ( 1 849), prosecutor at the Cologne trial of May 29, 1849.-329
Boltinger
Swiss capitalist, owner of a factory near Vienna, witness of the brutalities of the Austrian counter �
revolutionary military.- 1 2 1 Bollinger-brother of the above, victim of the Austrian counter-revolu tionary military.- 1 2 1 Bonaparn-see Napoleon I Bonaparte-see Napoleon III Bornemann, Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig ( l 798-1 864)- Prussian lawyer, liher aI, Minister of Justice in the Camp hausen Government (from March to June 1848); in 1 848 deputy to the Prussian National Assembly (Right wing).-2 1 '
Bourbons
-
C
the Diet, Pre�ident of the Council of States ( 1 849 and 1853).�97. 1 19
Bodelschwingh, Ernst. Baron von ( 1 7941854)-Prussian conservative states man, Finance Minister (from 1842), Minister of the Interior ( 1845-�lardl 1848); in 1849 deputy to the Second
royal
dynasty
( 1 589- 1 792. 1 8 14-15 30).- 2 19, 234, 263
in France and 1 � 1 5-
B randenburg, Friedrich Wilhelm, Count von ( 1 792-1850)�· Prussian general and statesman, head of the counter revolutionary Ministry {November 1848-November 1850).-3, 4, 14, 162 1 , 25, 3 1 -33, 36, 38, 47, 48. 50-53, 65, 75, 158, 160, 1 77, 200, 255. 257. 295, 297, 333, 445
Brenner, Johann Karl ( I R I 4- 1 883)-Swiss lawyer and journalist. founder and editor of the Basle Schweizerische Na tional-Zeitung; member of the Federal Court from November 1848.-42 Briatte, Georges Franrois, von ( 18051877) -Swiss radic.al politician. lawyer, colonel; in the 1 840s rep resented the Waadt (Vaud) cantOIl in
Brilggemann.
Karl
Heinrich
;
( I �IO-
Peter
Calame,
politician; dcputy to the National Council ( I 848).�57 Brunnow, Filipp Ivanovich, BaTOn ( 1 797I R75) � Ru",ian diplomat; in the 1 840s and
!
Camphausen, German
ambassador to London.�2 1 1
Rhenish sian
Buckler, Johann (c. 17RO-I R03)�German
sador to Berlin.- 2 1 1
Bugeaud de la Piconnerie, Thomas Robert ( 1 784-1 849)-French marshal, Or
Pari, in 1834; in 1 848-49 command er-in-chief of the Alpine army, dep uty to the Legislative Assembly.-
,
526
Bunsen, Christian Karl josias. Baron von diplomat, to
(March-June
Dusseldorf ( 1 848); in December 1848 was arrested for call to armed resis tance to the royal power; was released in March 1 849 and emigrated to the USA.-34 1 , 346, 474 Capet-see Louis XVI Carlos, Don ( Carlos Maria Isidoro) ( 1788-
1855)-pretender to the Spanish throne, henchman of the feudal aris tocracy and clericals who unleashed civil war in Spain ( 1 833-40).-235, 265, 294
BiUow-Cummerow, Ernst Gottfried Georg von (I 775-185 1 )-German journalist and politician, expressed the interests of hig landowners.- 381
Minister
Cantador, Lorenz-German merchant, participant in the 1 848-49 revolution; commander of the civic militia in
Russia, charge d'affaires at Frankfurt from January 1848 and later amha,
leanist, commander of tro'ops which crushed the republican uprising in
banker. a leader of the liberal hourgeoisie; Prus
326, 446
Budberg. Andrei Fyodorovich� Baron von ( 1 8 1 7- 1 RR1 ) -di plomat of Tsari,t
Carnot, Lazare Nicolas ( 1 753-1823) French mathematician; political and military figure in the Frcnch
,
(234-149
B.c.)-Roman
the Elder) statesman
( 1 803-1890)-
Authority (July 1 848-April 1 849).3, 3 1, 154, 1 57, 158, 160, 163, 1 65-67, 255, 257, 267, 275, 295-97,
69
Afarcu..� Porciu.s (Cato
democrat, participant in the Lyons uprising of 1 834; Prefect of the Pari, police after the February revolution
,
robber" and defender of the poor.�
Cato.
Caussidiere, Marc ( I 808-1 8 6 1 ) -French
Ludolf
Prime
56).-57 Ca.,toldi, Jean Jacques ( 1 804- 1 87 1 ) -Swiss radical politician, lawyer; deputy of the Geneva canton to the National Council ( 1 848-5 1 ).-147
( 1 807-1 863) politician, and
Florian
1848), Prussian envov to the Central
robber. nicknamed Hans the Flayer (Schinderhannes); in a number of literary works depict_Ed as a "nohle
writer, theologian; ambassador London ( 1 842-54).- 3 1
Henri
Swiss journalist member of the Great Council of the NeucMtel canton ( 1 848-63).-8
1850s envoy and later
( l 79 1 - 1 860)-Prussian
Cabrera-y-Griiio (Ramon), Count de Aforel
Caesar, Gaius Julius (c. 100-44 B.C.) Roman general and statesman.� 370
(1 806- 1870)�Swiss
(Fribourg) canton ( 1 847-
Freiburg
la (l8 1O-1 877)�Spanish general, one of the Carli�,;t learlers,�294
1887)�German journalist, moder ate liberal, editor-in-chief of the: Kjjl nische Zeitung ( 1 846-55).� 167. 262, 2�6. 288. 354, 392
Brugisser,
595
Name Index
Name Index
Revolution, Jacobin; took part in the Thermidor coup in 1 794.-227, 402 Carolingians-Frankish royal dynasty
Burgers, Heinrich ( l R20- 1R78) -German radical journalist, contributor to the Rheinische Zeitung ( 1 842 and 1843); member of the Cologne community of the Communist League ( 1 848);
(751 -843).-369 Carstens-see Lessner, Friedrich Carteret, Antoine Desire ( 1 8 1 3 - 1 889)� Swiss statesman and politician; member of the Creat Council of the Geneva canton ( 1 848-5 1 ) and of the Council of States ( 1 847-49).-
one of the editors of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung; subsequently be came a Progressist.-475. 499. 500
politician; Castella-Swiss radical member of the Government of the
112
and writer.-2 2 1
of 1848; deputy to the Constitucnt Assembly; emigrated to England in ,Junc 1 848.- 125 ,
Cavaignac, Elionore Louis Godefroy ( 1 80 1 1845)-French writer, lawyer and politician; democrat, participant in
the 1830 revolution; a leader of the republican society of the Friends of the People during the July monar chy; brother of Cavaignac.-149
Louis
Eugene
Louis Eugene ( 1 8021857)-French general and politi cian, moderate republican; took part in the conquest of Algeria; after the
Cavaignac,
February 1848 revolution, Governor of Algeria; from May 1 848 War Minister of France; directed the sup
pression of the June uprising; head of executive power (June-December 124-26, 133, 1 848).-23, 1 02-04, 2 14. 282 Cervantes
Saavedra,
Miguel
( 1547-
de
1 6 1 6)-Spanish writer.-68 Chambord? Henri Charles Ferdinand �Yarie Dieudonni d'Arwis, duc de Bordeaux. com" de ( I 820- 1883)-reprcsenta tive of the elder line of the Bourbons, pretender to the French throne under the name of Henry V.-354 Changarnier.
Nicolas
Anne
Theodule
( l 79S- 1877)- French general and politician. monarchist; deputy to the Constituent and the Legislative As sembly; after June 1848 commanrled the Paris garrison and national guard; took part in dispersing the demonstration of June 1 3 , 1 849, in Paris.-282, 284
596
Charlemagne ( Charles the Great) (e. 7428 1 4) -King of the Franks (768-800) Roman and Emperor (ROO14).-367 Charles I ( 1 600- 1 64 9) -King of Great
Britain and Ireland ( 1 625-49), be headed during the revolution.- 1 5 , 325, 338 Charles V ( 1 500- 1558)-King of Spain ( 1 5 16-56), Holy Roman Emperor ( 1 5 1 9-56).- 1 4
Charles X ( 1 757-1836)-King of France
( 1 824-30).- 1 5 Charles Martel (c. 688 741 ) Frankish mayor of the palace. i n 7 1 5 became actual ruler of the Frankish state.-232 ChiotW, Agostino, Baron ( 1 7921 86 1 )-Italian general and states man; after the fan of the Gioberti Government in Turin in 1849 took the post of Prime Minister .-456 Christern, Johann Wilhelm-auth or of the anonymously published satirical pamphlet Doctor Eisele's und Baron vun -
Beifiele's
-
Landtagsreise
tm
April
1847.-89
Claudiw ,
Matthias
German poet, ,ong, - 8 1
( 1 740- 1 8 1 5) -
author of
several
.
Compes,
Josef
Gerhard
( 18 1 0 - 1 887)
German Jawyer, liberal politician; in 1848 and 1 849 deputy to the Frankfurt Kational Assemhlv (Left , Centre).-255 Cramer, Carl-German democrat; pub lisher and editor of the Cologne democratic newspaper Der Wiichtn am Rhein ( 1 848-49).-529, 530 Cromwell, Oliver ( 1599-1658)-one of
the leaders of t.he English revolution, Lord Protector of England, Scot land and Ireland from 1 653.- 1 5 i.- Hungarian patriot; sen tenced to imprisonment in 1 849 by the Austrian court for concealing arm,.-430
Csenkl)"
"
Csorich (Carie), Anton, Baron od Monte Creto ( l 7Y5-1864)-Austrian gener
al of Croat descent; took part in suppressing the October 1848 upris-
"9�I
Name Index
Name J ndex
ing in Vienna and in the war against revolutionary H ungary.-292, 400. 405, 434 Czartoryskis-family of Pulish princes._ 229
Czernovich-captain of a Rumanian de
tachment which took part with the , Austrian troops in the campaign against H ungarian gueriIlas on the Theiss.-406 Czuczar (mid-lYth cent.)-H ungarian Catholic priest. author of a patriotic song calling on the people to fight against Austrian rule.-352
Dibich-Zabalkanski, Ivan Ivanovich (Diebitsch-Sabalkanski, Hans Karl Anton), Friedrich Count ( 1 785-
1831)-Russian field marshal, com mander-in-chief of the Tsarist army which suppressed the Polish insurrec tion of 1830-3 1 .-349, 372 Dietrich-Austrian general, participant in the war against revolutionary Hun gary in 1 848-49.-407, 461 Donizetti, Gaetano ( 1 797 -I 848)-Italian composer.- l l 7 Drigalski, von-Prussian general, ill 1848 commanded a division in Diis seldorf.-75-79, 187, 195, 4 1 6, 5 1 2 Dronke, Ernst ( 1 822-1 89 1 ) Germ an journalist, at first a " true socialist". later a member of the Communist League and an editor of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung.-81 Dmey, Henri ( 1 799- 1 85 5) - Swiss radical statesman; took part in drafting the 1848 r.onstitution; memher of the Federal Council ( 1848-55), and Presi dent of the S",riss Confederation in 1 850.--44, 84, 85, 87, 95, 97, 98, 1 13, -
D Damjanich,
Janos ( 1 804- 1 849)Hungarian general, participant in the 1848-49 revolution in Hungary, comrade-in-arms Kossuth; of after the defeat of the revolution was executed by the Austrian authorities on October 6, 1 849, to gether with twelve other Hungarian generals.-293, 434, 44 1 Dantun, Georges Jacques ( 1 759- 1 7 94) prominent figure in the' French Rcvolution, leader of thc Right wi n g J acobins - 227 IJeinhard, Heinrich MariantLqfirst half of 1 9th cent.)-German democratic writer from Weimar.-342 Dembhiski, Henryk (I 791 1 864) Polish general and prominent figure in the national liberation movement, par ticipant in the Polish insurrection of 1 830-3 1 ; commander-in-chief of the H ungarian revolutionary army (Feb ruary-April 1 848) and the Northern Theiss army; after the defeat of the revolution emigrated first to Turkey and then to France.-348-49, 352, 409, 427-28, 437, 44.�, 45 1 , 458, 459, 460, 466 Demo..thenes (384 or 383-322 B. C.) Greek orator and politician.-396 LJeym. Count-commander of a brigade in the Austrian army which crushed [he revolution in Hung-an' ( 1 84819).-404
.
-
-
137, 1 5 1
Duchatel, Charles ,j\[arie Tanneguy, comte
( 1 803-1 867)-French statesman, Or leanist; Minister of the Interior ( 1 839 and 1 840-Fehruary 1 848).- 1 5 1 Duesberg,
Franz
von
(l7Y3-1872) Minister ( 1 846-
Prus sian Finance March 1848).-383, 385, 388, 38Y Dufour,
Guillaume
Henri
( 1 787-
1875)-Swiss general and hheral politician; in 1847 commanded the federal army in the war against the Sonderbund; deputy to the National Council in 1 848-49. 5 9, 6 1 . 140, 1 4 1 , 146, 149-51 -
�
Dumont, Joseph ( 1 8 1 1 - 1 8 6 1 ) -German journalist, moderate liberal; i� 1 3 1 became publisher of the Kolmsche Zeitung.- 19, 45, 166, 2 1 0, 254, 255. 2 5 7, 259, 289, 30 1, 354 Duroc, Geraud Christophe Michel, due de Friuli ( 1 772- 1 8 1 3)- French general
and Jipiomat. Napoleon's aide-de camp in the campaigns of 18Q.1)-06 and 1807.-429
�J
E
(Ebermeyer)-Prussian judi Ciary official in Dusseldorf; exami mng magistrate in 1849.-344,
Ebermeier
464
( 1 7951 876)-German naturalist, professor of Berlin University.- l 06
Ehrenberg,
Christian
Gottfried
Eichhorn, Johann Albrecht Friedrich ( 1 779-
1856)-Prussian conservative states man, Minister of Religious Worship. Education and Medicine ( 1 84048) .- 3 1 , 240, 244
Eichmann,
Franz
August
( 1 793-
1879)-representative of the old Prussian aristocratic bureaucracy; Oberpriisident of the Rhine Province ( 1 845-50), Minister of the Interior in the Pfue! Government (Septemher October 1848), deputy to the First Chamber ( 1 849) . 2 1 , 37, 38, 46, 48, 49, 321. 502, 527, 528 Eisenfeb-H u ngarian printer of Jewish descent; victim to arbitrariness of the Austrian occupation forces ( 1 849).-
416
Engelhardt,
Anton
Yevstafyevich ( 1 79 5-
1 872)-Russian general; took part in the war against revolutionary Hun gary in 1 R4 8-49.- 454-5 5 472 Engels-Prussian colonel and, from 185 ] , general; commandant of Co logne (in the 1 840s and 1 850s).,
268, 400, 527, 528
Engels, Frederick ( 1 820- 1895).-58, 8 1 , 182,
208, 224, 3 1 7, 475, 497-98, 499, 500, 505, 5 I l , 5 15, 5 1 6, 517, 518, 521, 522, 523, 526, 529
Erbach- Austrian army offker, an aide de-camp of Windischgratz; took part in the war against revolutionary Hungary in 1848-49.-479 Escher, Alfred ( 1 8 1 9- 1 882)-Swiss politi
cian. lawyer. moderate liberal; Presi dent of the Great Council of the Zurich canton ( 1 847), federal rep resentative in Tessin : from 1849 repeatedly elect�d President of th e � National Council.-57, 59. 6, 1 , Ro, 108, l l 9, 1 4 1 , 144, 148, 1 5 1 , 24 1
Name Index
598 Es.>er, Christian Joseph (born
1809) German worker. mem ber of the Cologne Workers' Association; editor of its newspaper Freiheit, Bruder liehkeit, Arbeit in 1 849.- 188, 189, 1 9 1 ·94. 3 1 9, .'; 1 3 , 524, 525 c,
Esser I. Johann Heinrich Theodor-Prus sian official, lawyer. clerical; in 1 848 Vice-President of the Prussian :'\la tional Assembly (Ccntre).- 1 98 ESjer II, Ferdinand Joseph-Prussian offi cial, clerical; deputy to the Prussian National Assembly in 1 848 (Right Centre); President of the Cologne Citizens' Association.- 19S Esser, J. P.- Prussian judiciary official, counsellor of the Rhenish Court of Appeal in Berlin, democrat; in 1848 deputy to the Prussian National As ,emhly (Left wing); in 1849 deputy to the Second Chamber (Left wing).1 97-99
Este, Maximilian Joseph Johann Ambros Karl, Archduke of Au.,tria ( 1 7821 863)- Master of the Ordnance, chief of the 4th Infantry Regiment of the Austrian army.-452
Esterhdzy of Galantha, Paul Anthony ( Pal Antal), Prince ( 1 786- 1866)- Hungar
ian magnate, diplomat in the service of the Austrians, Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Hungarian Guvern ment (March-September 1 848).399 Eytel, Jules ( 1 8 1 7 - 1 873)-Swi« politi cian, a radical leader in the Waadt (Vaud) canton, deputy to the Nation al Council ( 1 848).-57, 58, 140, 147, 148
F Falkenheim-German democrat, Presi dent of the "Germania" society in Breslau (Wrodaw) ( 1 84R).-315 Faucher, Lion ( I R03-1 S54)-FrCllch writ er and politician, rr.oderate liberal, Orleanist; Minister of the Interior (December 1 848-May 1849). later Bonapartist.-28I
i ,
Fretkrick VII (Fretkrik Carl Christian Vll)
Fazy, Jean Jacob (james) ( 1 794 - 1878)_
( l S08-IS63)-King of Denmark ( 1 848-63).-223 Fretkrick William III ( l 770-1 840)-King of Pru«ia ( 1 797- 1 840).- 3 1 , 75, 99 Fretkrick William IV ( l 795- 1 86 1 ) - King of Prussia ( 1 840-6 1 ) .- 3 1 , 32, 33, 45, .03, 199, 222, 244, 329, 386, 4 1 3 , 527 Freiligmth, Ferdinand ( I R I O- 1 876)German romantic and later revolu tionary poet, member of the Com munist League, an editor of the Neue Rheinische 7eitung ( 1 84849).-2 1 0, 525 Frey (Frei), Remigius Emil ( 1 8031889)-Swiss statesman, lawyer; deputy of the Basle canton to the National Council ( 1 848-5 1).-.0;7, 98, 108, 1 4 1 Frey-Herose (Frei-Herose), FriLdrich ( I RO I 1 873)-Swiss mili tary man and politician ; in 1 848 deputy to the Federal and the National Coun cils.-57, 85, 87, 98, ! l 3
of
states.man and journalist Swiss radical, head of government the Geneva canton ( 1846-53 and 1-855-61 ) ; in the 1 850s pursued a pro-Bonapartist policy.-57 Ferdinand II ( 1 8 1 O-1 859)-King of Sicily and Naples ( 1 830-59).- 183, 2 13 , 2 1 6 , 225, 2 5 1 Fischbach-German democrat; took part in the democratic banquet organised in 1849 by the Workers' Association in Miilheim (Rhine Province).-522
Fischer, Alois-Swiss conservative politi cian, member of the Council of States and, from November 1848, of the National Council.-56, 59 ( 1 8 1 0- 1 879)Austrian colunel, participant in the . war against revolutionary Hungary in 1 848-49.-461 Flot/well, Eduard Heinrich von ( 1 7861865)- Prussian statesman; Finance Minister ( 1844-46), Oberprasidenl of Posen and later of Westphalia; in 1 848-49 deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Right wing).383, 385, 388, 389 Fonton, Felix Petrovich, von (b. 1 80 1) Russian diplomat; in ] 848 counsel lor of the Russian Embassy in Vien na.-2 1 1 Forster, Franz (d. February 1 849)-Hun garian patrior, shot by decision of the Austrian court martia1.- 4 1 6 Fourier, Franfoi.� 1\'farie Charles ( 1 772l837)-French utupian socialist.260 Franc., Charles (Fran. Karl) ( 18021 878)-Archduke of Austria, father of Emperor Francis Joseph 1.-92 Francis ( Fran.) Joseph T ( 1 830- 1 9 1 6) Emperor of Austria ( 1 848- 1 9 1 6).212 Fransein;. Stefano ( I 796 - 1 857)-Swiss radical politician and econumist of Italian descent; in 1 R48 deputy to the Feueral and the National Coun cil,.-85-87, 95, 97, 1 12, 1 1 3, 1 5 1 Fretkrick II (Frederick the Great) ( 1 7 1 2-
Fligely,
August
1 786)-King 86).-385
von
of
Pru«ia
Funk-German democrat, member o f the Cologne Democratic Society ( l R48).-529 ( 1 806Funk, Akxander Ludwig 1 8 7 1 }-Swiss politician and states man; President of the Federal Assem bly ( 1 848), then deputy to the Nation al Council.- lO, 42, 86 Furrer, Jono., (l805- 1 8 6 1 ) -Swiss politi cian, moderate liberal, lawyer; in 1 848 President of the Diet and then of the Swiss Confederation, Bur gomaster of Zurich.- IO, 44, 57, 6 1 , 83-86, 98, 1 1 3, 1 14, 136, 144, 150-52, 1 79, 1 8 1 G
Gagern, Heinrich Wilhelm August, Baron von ( l 799- 1 RRO)-German politician, from May to December 1 848 deputy to and President of the Frankfurt National Assembly (Right Centre), I mperial Prime Miilister (December 1 848-March 1 849).- 5 1
Gagern, Maximilian l"udwig, Baron von ( l 8 t o- 1889)-German official, in 1 849 deputy to the Frankfurt Nation-
( 1 740-
.',. "
599
Name Index
af Assembly (Right Centre); brother of Heinrich Gagern.-67 Gaj, Ljudevit ( 1 809-1 R72)-Croatian journalist, philologist and pofitician, one of the leaders of the South Slav ( lllyrian) national movement, advocate of a federation of national under the Habsburg regions monarchy.-233 Wilhelm Arnold-Prussian Geiger, police official, examining magistrate ( I R4R) and then Police Superinten dent in Cologlle.-192, 4R3, 527 Gierke-Prussian official, in 1 848 deputy to the Prussian National Assem bly (Left Centre); Minister of Agricul ture in the Auerswald-Hansemann Government (June-September 1848); deputy to the First Chamber in 1 849.- 1 68, 197, 199 Gioberti, Vincenw ( l 80 1 - 1 852)-Italian politician, philosopher, representa tive of the liberal�monarchist wing of the national movement; from De cember 1848 to February 1 849 Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia (Piedmont).-456 , Girardin, Emile de ( 1 806- 1 88 1 ) - French journalist and politician; between the IS30s and 1 860s was editor of La Presse several times; notorious for his lack of principles in politics.-23 1873)-German democrat; in 1 848 deputy of Miilheim to the Prussian National Assembly (Left wing), President of the Democratic Club in Berlin.-522, 529 lieutenant-field GUiser- Austrian marshal, took part in the war against revolutionary Hungary in 1 84849.-406, 407, 423, 437 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von ( 1 74Y1 832)-German poet.-30, 68, 276, 295. 395 Gorgey, Arthur ( 1 8 1 8- 1 9 1 6)-military leader of the 1 848-49 revolution in Hungary, a commander and, from April to June 1 849, commander-in chief of the Hungarian army, War Minister (from May 1 849); expressed conservative �entimcnts uf the nobili-
Gladbach,
Anton (d.
600
ty: became an advocate of agreement wj,h the Habsburgs and 'hen of capitulation.-292. 298. 3 0 1 . 404-05, 424, 430, 434. 435, 45 1 , 452, 457,
458-60, 466, 468, 473, 480 Giirgey-- wife of Arthur Gorgey .-473
Andreas ( 1 8 1 5 - 1 849) Gotlschalk, German physician, member of the Cologne community of the Commu nist League; President of the Cologne Work ers' Association (April-June 1848); represented "Left" sectarian
trend in the German working-dass movement.- 1 88-96, 474, 475, 483,
Provisional Government (from
Feb_
ruary 1 849), bead of executive power in Tuscany (March and April
Guffanti, Wiegand-- G ertnan merchant, democrat; member of the Col ogne 1848).- 104
People's Committee ( 1 848) .-5 29
Guizot, Fran,ois Pierre Guillaume ( 1 7871874) -Freneh historian and conSer vative statesman; actuaJly directed
home and foreign policy of France from 1 840 until tbe February revolu tion of 1 848.-66, 129, 307, 4 2 1
.0 1 3
Gm,
Christian ( 1 783-1 849)-Austrian
H
general, took part in suppressing the Italian nationa1 liberation movement
and
in the war against revolutionary
Hungary in 1848-49.-292, 400, 404, 405, 424, 425, 434, 458, 459, 466, 480
Grliff, Joseph�German democrat, depu ty to the Prussian National Assembly (Left wing); in November 1848 acting Burgomaster of 80nn.-39 Grammont von Lithal. Franz, Baron (1 799-
1 849)-Austrian general, took part
in the war against revolutionary Hungary in 1 848-49.-302
Grassalkovich ( 1 91:h cent.)-owner of a castle in Godollo (near Pest).-473
Grimm brothErs-see Grimm, Jacob Lud wig Carl and Grimm, Wilhelm Carl Jacob Ludwig Carl ( 1 785Grimm, 1863)-German philologist, author of a historical grammar of the Ger man language (Die deulsche Gram matik) and of folklore adaptations;
professor in Gottingen and then in
Berlin, liberal.- I 06
Grimm, Wilhelm Carl ( 1 786-1859) philologist. co-author German of his brother in his main works, professor in Gottingen and then in
Berlin.-106 Groote, von- Prussian judiciary official , witness for prosecution at ' Gott schalk's trial.- 1 9 1 , 195, 284
Guerazzi, Francesco ( 1 804-1 873)-l
601
Name Index
Name I ndex
April 1848; refugee in Switzerland; a leader of the "Hilf Dir" mili,ary
( 1 83 1 - 1 90 1 )
Henkel, Karl Heinrich ( 1 802-1�73) German lawyer; elected to the Frankfurt National Assembly in
Haugh-judge of the Provincial Court, deputy to the Berlin National Assem
Henry V-sec Chambord, Henri Charles Ferdinand Marie Dieudonne d'Artois,
association.-242 Hat.feldt, Melchior Gustav Paul, von
H.- Wildenburg
German
diplomat,
Hatzfeldt.-475
tria, held commanding posts in the . Austrian army ( 1 848-49) which took
part in suppressing the national liber ation movement in Italy and in the war against revolutionary Hun
gary.-408
of the H oly Roman Empire from 1273 to 1806 (with intervals), of Austria (from 1 804) and of Austria-Hungary
Habsburgs-dynasty of em perors
(from 1867 to 1 9 1 8).-228, 229, 236 Hampden, John ( 1595-1643) - Engli sb
politician during the 17th-century revolution, a leader of opposition to the absolutist regime .- 3 38 Hanow, Friedrich-German official ; in 1 848 deputy to the Prussian National A..embly (Left Centre); in 1 849 dep uty to the Second Chamber (Left wing).- 1 75
( 1 790Hansemann, David Justus 1 864)-German capitalist, a leader of th e Rbenish liberal bourgeoisie; Prussian
Finance Minister (March September 1848}.-30, 1 5 1 , 157, 158, 160, 163, 167-79, 182, 192, 255, 257, 2 6 1 , 267, 3 1 5, 3 1 6, 3 2 1 , 484
HtUtemer, Heinrich ( 1 809-1849)German philologist. partidpant �n the Baden republican uprising In
son
of
Count
Sophie
bly (Centre).-45 Haulik, Gyiirgy ( 1 788-1 869)-Arch-
bishop of Zagreb, big Iandowner.-
469, 470
Hausmann- German worker. took part in the democratic banquet in Cologne on February 24, 1 849.-530 Hebert, Michel PiETTe Awx;s 1887)- French
HiMf, Chr.-mernber of ,be Lausanne Workers' Association ( 1 848}.-506 Habsburg (-Lothringen) , Wilhelm Fram Karl (b. 1827}-Archduke of Aus
Evangelische Kirchenzeilung, extreme conservative.-106
man,
Orleanist;
lawyer
and
( 1 799-
states
Chief Public Pro
secutor of the Royal Court (from 1841), Minister of Justice ( 1 847-
February 1848}.-307 Hecker- Prussian judiciary official, Pub li<.: Prosecutor in Culo.gne ( l 848). � I , 82, 192, 3 1 6, 3 1 9, 496 Hecker, Friedrich Karl Franz ( 1 8 1 1 1 88 l ) -German democrat, a leader of the Baden republican uprising in
April 1 848; emigrated first to Swit zerland and ,hen to the USA.-67, 72
( 1 797Heckscher, Johann Gustav 1865}-Gcrman lawyer, Imperial Minister of Justice (July-August
1 848) and Minister of Foreign Affairs (August-Sep,ember 1 848); ambas sador of the Impenal Government to Italy; deputy to the Frankfurt Na tional Assembly (Right Cenrre).-67
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich ( 1 7701 8 3 1 ) -German philosopher.- 1 30,
234, 274 Heine, Heinrich ( 1 797 _ 1 856)-German revolutionary poct.-33, 7 1 , 130, �56, 272, 366 Heinrich LXXII ( 1 797-1853)-Prince of Reuss_Lobenstein-Ebersdorf. a tiny German principali'y ( 1 822-48).-260 Helena-see Yelena Pavlovna Hengstenberg,
Ern.t
Wilhelm
( 1 802-
1869} -Gerrnan t11eologian , professor of Berlin University, editor of the
1 848; resigned on July 3, re-elected in March 1 849 (Left Centre} .-195
due de Bordeaux, comte de
army, took part in the war agamst revolutionary Hungary in 1848-
Herczmanovsky-major of the Aust�ian
49.-302
Hergenhahn, Aug-ust ( 1 804- 1 874)-Publie Prosecutor at the Supreme Court of Appeal in Wiesbaden ; of Nassau ( 1 848-49);
Prime Minister deputy [Q the
Frankfurt National Assembly (Right Centre); an imperial commissioner
sent to Berlin in November 1 849 to setde the conflict between the King and the Prussian Assembly .-65
Hermes Johann Timotheus ( 1 7381 82 1 ) - German theologian and writ er; author of the novel Soph!ens Reise von Memel nach Sach.Ien.- 67 Herwegh, Georg Friedrich (1817. 1875) -German democratIc poet; a leader of the German Democratic Society
in Paris ( 1 848}.-240
Herx-Ieader of the Workers'
Choral
Society in Cologne.-530 . . Henog, Karl ( l 798-1857} �wlss lOUt' :-:nalist and liberal politiCIan, editor of the Berner Verfassungs-Freund.248 Heydt, Augu.< t,
Baron
von
der (1801-
1 874)-banker in F.lberfeld, PrusSlan statesman; Minister of Trade, Indus try and Public Works (Decem her
1 848-62); deputy to the Second Chamber in 1 849.- 160 Hildebrandt, Johann Andreas Karl ( 1 7641 848) -German writer. author adventure tales stories and chivalry.- 1 68
of
of
Hobbes, Thomas ( 1 588-1 679)- English philosopher.- 165 J loffma nn- Prussian Landrat in
( 1 849).-269
Oppeln
Hohenzollern- see Frederick William J l/
602
Hohenzollerns- d ynasty of Brandenburg electors ( 1 4 1 5- 1 70 I ) , Prussian kings ( 1 70 1 - 1 9 1 8) and German em perors ( 1 8 7 1 - 1 9 1 8).- 14. 273 Homberger. Heinrich (1806- 1 8 5 1 )- Swiss liberal politician, lawyer; from 1 848
to the 1\.ational Council.-147 Horace (Quintu.s Horatius Flaccus) (65-R B . C . ) - Roman poet . - 68. 1 43 IIrabol/sky (Hrabovszky) von Hrabova, Johann (janos). Baron ( 1 779- 1 8:;2) lieutenant-field marshal Au strian of H ungarian descent; in early 1 R47
deputy of the Waadt (Vaud) canton
commander
of troops
in
Siavonia
in 1848 headed the Hungarian ann y fighting agai nst the Southern Slavs; in 1850 was sen and Syrmien;
tenced to death for non-fulfilment of military duties; later the death sen tence was commuted to ten-year im
prisonmen t .-444 Hungerbiihler-Swiss
statesman
and
politician; deputy of the Berne can ton to the National Council { l 84875).-108 Hiinnemann- pol ice inspector in Co logne ( 1 848).- 1 90
Karrer.
James II ( 1 633-1701)- King of Great Britain and Ireland ( 1 685-88).- 1 5 .Jauch, Franz ( 1 807-1 867)-Swis< lawyer, liberal, member of th e Federal COUrt ( 1 848-52).-42 Jellachich de Buzim (jellahc!. Josef. Count ( 1 80 1 - 1 859)-Austrian "eneral. Ban
war against revolutionary
Hungary in 1 848-49.-2�. 5 1 . 68. 93. 1 03 . 120. 1 64. 235. 237. 347-48. 373. 375. 399. 400, 4 1 0, 4 1 2 . 4 1 6- 1 7 . 425, 428. 434. 438. 447. 452. 470. 479 Jenni (Jenny) - Swiss radical journalist, editor of the B ern e hu moristic news
Keisewetter, von- A ustrian major, took part in the war against revolutionary Hungary ( 1 848-49).-404 Kern. Johann KonnuJ ( 1 80 8- 1 88 8) - Swiss politician , lawyer and diplom at ; from N ovember 1848 deputy of the Thur
paper Gnkkasten.-249
John (johann Baptist Joseph Fabian Sebas of tian) ( 1 782-1859) - Archdu ke Austria; Imperial Regent_ of Germa ny (June 1 848 to December 1 849).68. 89. 99 Jolly- mem ber of the Swi ss Federal 1848 deputy of the Court; i n Freiburg (Fribourg) canton to the
gau canton to the National Council, from
Federal
1 873)-German writer, memher of the
Jena
District
Committee
of
Democrats ( 1 84 8 ) .-342 James (joseph) II ( l 74 1 -1 790)- Em peror
of
the Holy Roman Empire
90 ).-42 1
( 1 765-
Court
( 1 848-49).-42.
Kinkel. Johan n Gottfried ( 1 8 1 5- 1 882) German
poet
and
democratic
journalist , participant in the Baden Palatinate uprising of
1 849; fled to London where h e became a petty bourgeois refugee leader and fought against Marx and Engel s . 396
V oivodina and in the war against
( 1 848-
-
Kirchmann. Julius Hermann von ( 1 8021 884)-German lawyer, writer and
ph ilosopher . radical; in 1 848 deputy to the Prussian National Assembly (Left Centre); in 1849 deput) to the Second C hamber, later mem ber of the Progressist Party.- l 97, . 1 99
Wilhelm
(1793-1875)-
Swiss general; headed the counter
Jablonowsky. Felix. Prince ( 1 808- 1 857) Austrian major-general; took part in suppressing the popular upri.o;;i n g in Prague (in June 1 848) and in the war against revulu tionary Hungary ( 1 848-49).-405. 424. 480 .Jade. Karl Heinrich Christian ( 1 8 1 5-
President of the
144. 147
National Council.-42
Kalbermatten.
.
1850.
National Council; President of the
K J
July
revolutionary \Vallis
coup
d'etat
(Valais) canton in
in
the
I R44; in
Kisker-Prussian
1 847 fought for the Sonderbund i n the civil war; after its defeat emi grated to Italy, served in the Papal
judiciary
ufficial;
Minister of Justice
in the Pfuel Gov� ernment (Septemher-October 1 848); dep uty to the First Chamber ( 1 849).-32 1
army.- 148
Kamp- German democrat, attended the democratic banquet in Cologne on February 24. 1 849.-530 Kamptz. Karl Christoph Albert Heinrich von ( 1 769- 1 849)-Prussian conserva tive statesman, Minister of Justice ( 1 832-42).- 38 1 . 382
Kiss. Ernst (Erne) (d. 1 849) - gene ral of the Hungarian revolutionary army ( 1848-49); executed by the Austrian authorities on Octuber 6, ] 849, to gether with twelve other Hungarian generals .- 479
,\
I
Klapka. GyOrIfY ( 1 82 0- 1 892) - ge neral of the Hung-.:l.Tian revolutionary . arm\' , ( 1 848-49);
commandant
the
of
Kamarn (Komarom) fortress (J une September
1849); emigrated after
the revolution; returned to Hungan
Kas inshy- one of the commanders of the Hungarian revolutionary army in 1 848 and 1 849.-427 Katunmaier (Katzenmayer), Nepomuk participant Germ an merchant, in the Baden republican u prising in April 1848. later refugee in Swit zerland . - 1 1 7
the Serbian national movement i n the
,
1 850) and
Cou ncil.- 1 1 3
suppressing the popular uprising in Vienna in October 1848 and i n the
H u n gary
( 1 8 1 5-
later President of the Berne Great
( 1 848-59); took an active part i n
revolu tionary 49).-441
Bumpliz
( 1 848-86); member (from
,
Imobersteg (1m Obersteg, im Obersug), Jakob ( l 8 1 3 - 1875 ) - Swiss lawver .' deputy to the National Coun cil ( 1 848-58); m ember of the S uprem e Court ( 1846-49).-!'7
von
Berne canton to the National Council
Dalmatia and Slavonia
of Croatia,
Karl.
1886)-Swiss lawyer; deputy of the
./ovanol.Jich-Serbian major took part in
r
603
Name I ndex
Name Index
'
in 1 867.-460 Stephan Kniianin.
Petravie
( 1809-
1855)-Serhian politician and states man; from July 1 848 to March
1849
commander of a volunteers' detach
ment from the principality of Ser bia which took part in the struggle
u tionary
of the Voivodina Serbs agai nst the H ungarian
revol
468
army.-
( J 849). supporter of the A u strian m on arch y -35 I Kopp, Alois-Swiss politician ; member of t he National Council ( 1 848).-57 Korff. Hennann Pn ssian officer, Koller- Hungarian
judiciary
official
.
democrat.;
in
-
l
1 847 was discharged
from the army for his political views; responsible publisher uf the Neue Rheinische Zeitung ( 1 848 -49) ; subse quently emigrated to th e U SA .- 1 82 . 5 1 0. 5 1 7 Kortum.
Karl Arnold ( 1 745-1824) German poet and writer, author of the satiric poem Die Jubsiade.89. 154
Kosciuszko, Tadeus"L Andrzej Bonawentura ( 1 746- 1 8 1 7) - Polish leader
of
leader
of
general and a
the national liberation m oveme n t ; in 1776-83 took parr in the American War of Independence; the
Polish
uprising
of
1 794.-372 Kossuth. Lajos ( 1 802- 1 894)- leader of the H u n garian national liberation movement; headed bourgeoi s democratic elements d uring the 1848-49 revolution; head of the Hun garian revolutionary Govern men r ;
after
the rlefeat of the revolution
emigrated first to Turkey and then tu England
237. 303. 411. 46i.
269. 351. 415. 479.
and
America.-227, 270. 294. 298. 299. 352. 3 7 1 . 395. 399. 425, 43 1 . 437. 443. 522. 529
228. 302. 410.
461 ,
. .l'I"'\' I ;
604
of the Cologne Workers' Association in 1 848-49.-522
( 1 7921861)-Austrian statesman; Finance
Krauss.
I
Name Index
Krahe-Gcrman watchmaker; member
Philipp.
Baron
von
Minister ( 1 848-51 ).-90
Kuhlwetter, Friedrich Christian Hubert von ( 1 809-1882)-Prussian
Minister
of
the
statesman;
Interior
in
the
Auerswald-Hansemann Government (June-September
1848).
later
l.ange,
Ferdinand
(c.
1823- 1 849)_ theology; in 1848
candidate of member of r_he District Committee of Democrats in Jena.-342
Laroche
(La
Roche-Stehelin),
Benedikt
( l 802-1876)-Swiss hanker; in 1848 Postmaster-General ; subsequently held ·various administrative posts in the Basle canton.- 1 1 9
Gyorgy,
Count
Re gierungspr&ident in Dusseldorf, ObeT priisident of Westphalia.- 1 68, 1 72 ,
of the Hungarian revolutionary army; in January 1848 gave himself
174, 176
up
Kulmer.
Franz.
Baron
1853)-Austrian of the Agram
von
(I R06-
politician; viceroy (Zagreb) comitat
( 1 840s); from December 1848 Minis
ter without portfolio.-348 Kunz (d. October 1848) -Swiss by birth: accountant at Specker's works near Vienna; victim to arbitrary acts of the Austrian military.- 1 2 1
Kurth-German worker, carpenter; i n 1 848-49 member of the Workers' Association and the Democratic Society in Cologne; took part in the democratic banquet on February 24, 1 849.-529
Adalbert
1855)-representative
the
Austrian
command
death, the death sentence being com muted to ten-year imprisonment;
which
sentenced
him
to
released i n 1 850.-444 Ferdinand (1825-1864)LassaUe, German writer and lawyer,
petty bourgeois socialist; in 1848-49 took part in the democratic movement
in the Rhine Province; founder of the General Association of Ger
man Workers ( 1 863); irritiator of the opportunist trend in German Social Democracy.-77, 79, 3 4 1 , 344-46, 463-65, 474, 475
Latour, Theodor, Count Baillet von ( 1 7801848)-Austrian conservative states man; in 1848 War Minister; was killed during the Vienna uprising in
L
Ladenberg,
to
•
von of
( 1 798Prussian
bureaucracy; Minister of Religious Worship. Education and Medicine
(November 1 848-December 1 850).32-33, 192, 255, 257, 321 Lafanrie (LaflYUrie), Wilhelm Adolf (born c. 1816)-German philosopher; in 1 848 member of the District Commit tee of Democrdts in Jcna.-342
Lamartine, Alphon.se Marie I.ouis de ( 1 7901869)- French poet, historian and politician; a leader of moderate re publicans in the 1840s; from Feb ruary to May 1848 Minister of foreign Affairs and de facio head of Government.Provisional the 66. 124. 125. 126. 2 1 3 , 214, 362, 363. 414
October 1 848.-43
Laugier, K., de-Italian general; in 1848
took part in the national liberation war against Austria as commander of the Tuscan division; later on opposed the republican movement in Tuscany and Rome.-456
Ledru-Rollin, Alexandre Auguste ( 1 8071874)-French journalist and politi cian; a leader of the petty-bourgeois democrats; editor of La Re/orme;
Minister of the Interior in the Provi sional Government (February-May 1848); member of the Constituent and the Legislative Assembly (head of the Montagnards).-87, 123, 125, 1 26, 127, 129, 2 1 3, 529
124,
Leiningen-Westerburg, Christian Franz Seraphin Vincenz. Count ( 1 8 1. 2. 1856)-Austrian
general;
parUC1�
605
Name Index
revolu�
Lubomirski, Jen" Prince ( 1 8 1 7- 1 872)
l,eopold 1 ( 1 790- 1865)-King of Belgium
Imperial Diet in 1849.-377 Lubomirskis-family of Polish princes.
pated
in
the war against
tionary Hungary in 1 848-49.-423, 478 ( 1 83 1 -65).-307
Leopold 11 ( l 797-IS70)-Grand Duke of Tuscany ( 1824-59).-456, 526
Lessing,
Gotthold
1 7 8 1 ) -German
( 1 807-1861)_ captain of the Austrian army, colonel
Lasar,
-
philosopher ment.-225
Les.mer,
of
( 1 729critic and
Ephraim writer, the
Friedrich
Enlighten
( 1 825-1910)-
prominent in the German and international working-dass move
ment; member of the Communist League; took part in the 1848-49 revolution;
prosecuted
at the Co
logne communist trial in 1852; mem
her of the General Council of the First International; friend and com rade-in-arms of Marx and Engels.525, 529 Leuthaus- Prussian judiciary official; ex�
participant in the Slav Congress in Prague; deputy to the Austrian
-229
Lucas-member of the Workers' Associ� ation in Miilheim (Rhine Pruvince) in
Hiders,
1849.-522
Alexander Nikolayevich,
Count
( I 790- 1874)-Russian general, in 1848 commander of the occupation
corps in Moldavia and Wallachia: in 1849 fought in the war against the Hungarian army in Transylva nia.-436, 472
( 1 784- 1864) Archduke of Austria.- 2 1 2
Ludwig
Joseph
Anton
Lv",,,r, Florian ( 1 820-1 889)-Swiss Pub·
lic Prosecutor; deputy of the Uri canton to the National Council ( 1 84860).-108
Luther, Martin ( 1 483-1 546)-leader of
Lichnowski. Felix Maria, Prince von ( 1 8 14-
the Reformation; founder of Protes tantism (Lutheranism) i n Germany; ideologist of the Cerman bur
1 848)- Prussian army officer; depu ty to the Frankfurt National Assem� bly (Right wing); killed during the
Lutter- Prussian official ; police inspec tor in Cologne in 1848.- 190
amining magistrate in 1848.-46, 192
Frankfurt
uprising
in
Cologne in
September
1 848.-82, 504 Lohbauer. RudoLf- Prussian journalist; in the early 1 830s radical, then emi� grated to Strassburg; professor in Berne from 1835; in the 1 840s reo turned to Berlin where he contrib uted to Prussian government and pietist periodicals.-239, 240 Louis Xl ( l 423-1483)-King of France (1461-83).- 228
Louis XVI ( 1 754-1793)-King of France ( 1 774-92); guillotined during French Revolution.- 1 5
the
Louis B onaparte-see Napoleon lIJ Louis Napoleon-see Napoleon 111 Louis Philipp, 1 (I773-1850)-Duke of
Orleans, King of the French ( 1 83048).- 129, 1 3 1 , 275, 307
T.
W.-German writer; a refugee in Switzerland: participated in the republican uprising in Baden
Lowenfels,
in September 1848.-204
ghers.-35
(1 795- 1862)-Swiss colonel of Italian descent. radical po� litician. lawyer; in I R47 fought in the war against the Sonderbund; deputy
Luvini,
Giacomo
of the Tessin canton to the National Council from 1 848.- 1 14, 1 1 5, I 1 S, 140. 1 4 1 . 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 1 52 M
j\fadaras'Z.. Jouf- Hungarian politician and lawyer. editor of Left newspa pers; during the 1848 revolution the Left-wing leader of the Hungar ian State Assembly.-351
A-falkowsky
von
Dammwaiden,
19naz
( 1 784-1 854)-Austrian general of Polish descent; participated in the war against revolutionary Hungary in 1848-49.-472, 473, 478
Malten. H.- German conservative jour� nalist; editor of the Frankfurter Ober� postamts-Zeilung ( 1 848·49).-421
606
Name Index
Prussian police spy. bookbinder by trade.- 1 9 1 , 195, 2 1 0 Malthus, Thoma; Robert ( 1766- 1 834) English clergyman and economist, author of the theory of population.260
l'vfaltheser, Johann
-
I\1amiani della Rovere, Terenzio, Count ( 1 799-1 885)-Italian poet, journal· ist, philosopher and politician; advo cate of constitutional monarchy; :Minister of the Interior of the Papal ,tate, (May-August 1 848).- 103 Manteuffel, OUo Theodor, Baron von ( 1 805- 1 882) - Prussian conservative statesman; Minister of the Interior (November 1 848-November 1 850); deputy to the First and Second Chambers ( 1 849), Prime Minister ( 1 850-58).-3 1-33, 38, 47, 5 1 , 53, 65, 99, 255, 257, 259, 2 6 1 , 269, 270, 446, 450 Marat, Jean Paul ( 1 743-1793)-. Jacobin leader in Revolu the French tion.-530 ManUey, Etienne ( 1 8 04- 1 889)-Bishop of Freiburg ( 1 846-79), instigator of an anti-democratic revolt in Freiburg (Fribourg) on October 24, 1848.-43. 1 09 Miirker (Marcker), Friedrich A"gtJSt ( 1 8041889)-Prussian statesman; Minister Justice in the Auerswald of Government Oupe Hansemann September 1 848).- 1 68 MaTTa;I, Armand ( 1 80 1 - 1 852)-French journalist and politician; a leader of moderate republicans; editor of I.e National; in 1 848 member of the Provisional Government and Mayor of Paris; Pre�ident of the Con stituent Assembly ( 1 848-49).-23, 104, 1 25, 143, 2 1 4 Marx, Karl ( 1 81 8 - 1 883).-24, 29, 4 1 , 46, 8 1 , 130, 182, 274, 304, 308, 323, 340, 3 4 1 , 475, 495, 496, 501, 503, 504, 5 1 1 - 1 4 , 5 1 7 , 522, 523, 527, 529 Matthys, Andrea;, von Riilschelen ( 1 8 1 7radical; lawyer, I 872)-Swiss member of the Great Council of the Berne canton from 1 846.-56, 59 Maurenbrecher, Peter Wilhelm ( 1 7771861)-Prussian official ; Chief Post master in Dusseldorf ( 1 8 1 7·50).-77 ,
Mayerhofer-Austrian top-rank official in the Serbian Voivodina in 1 849._ 416 Mazlini, Giuseppe ( 1805-1872)-a leader of the national liberation and demo cratic movement in Italy; i n 1849 head of the Provisional Government of the Roman Republic.-239 l\fedem, Pal'el lvanovich. Count ( 1 800. 1854)-Russian diplomat, amba... sador to Vienna.-2 1 1 Mellinel, Franroi., A imf ( 1 768-1852) Belgian general; participant in the democratic movement and the 1 830 revolution in Belgium; Honorary President of the B russels Demo cratic Association; a defendant at the Risquons-Tout trial.- 189, 530
Mengen, Karl, Baron von ( 1 774- 1 8 5 1 ) Austrian lieutenant-field marshal; fought in the war against revolu 1 848-49.tionary Hungary in 406 Messenhauser, Caesar Wenzel ( 1 8 1 31848)-Austrian army officer and man of letters; commander of the national guard and commandant of Vienna during the uprising in Octo ber 1848; shot after the city was seized by the Austrian troops.249 ( 1 796- 1 858)Mesztiros. Lazar Hungarian general; Minister of War in 1 848-49; after the suppression of the revolution emigrated first to Tur key and then to the USA.425, 479 Germain-German demo crat; after the September 1848 upris ing in Frankfurt emigrated to Swit zerland; in May 1849 returned to Germany to take part in the Baden uprising.- I 1 7
Metternich,
.'l-fettern1ch- Winneburg, Clemens Wenzel Lothar, Prince von ( 1 773-1 R59)-Aus
trian statesman diplomat; and Minister of Foreign Affairs ( 1 809-2 1 ) and Chancellor ( 1 82 I -48); an organ iser of the Holy Alliance.-2 1 l , 229, 230, 356, 4 2 1 Mevissen, Gustav von ( 1 8 1 5- 1 899) German banker: in 1 848-49 deputy
607
Name Index
to the Frankfurt National Assemhly (Right Centre).-255
.'lfeyendorj ( Meyendorfj), ?yolr Kazimi rovich. Baron von ( 1 796- 1863) diplomat. Russian ambassador to Berlin ( 1839·50).-2 1 1 Michel-an editor of Die Eoolu.tion.-205 Michel, Georg ( l 8 04-1867)-Swiss colo nel; fought in the war against the Sonderbund; deputy of Graubunden to the National Council ( 1 84860).-6 1 , 1 18, 145, 149, 152 Mieroslawski, Ludwik ( 1 8 14-1878)prominent figure in the Polish national liberation movement; par ticipant in the 1 R30-3 1 Polish insur rection. in the preparations for the 1 846 upri...ing in the Polish lands and in the revolution of 1848-49; subsequently a leader of the moder ate wing of Polish democratic emi grants; sided with Bonapartism.224, 530
Mi[JU'/,
Maria Evari,t (Dom Miguel)
(I802-1 866 ) - King of Portugal ( 1828-34); head of the clerical absolutist party.-20
Mikhail Pavlovich ( 1 798·1 849)- Russian Grand Duke, brother of Nichola� 1. -212 Milde, Karl August ( 1 805- 1 8 6 1 ) manufacturer; Silesian moderate liberal; Minister of Trade in the Auerswald-Hansemann Government (June.September 1 848); in May and J nne 1 848 President of the Prussian National As<emhly (Right wingl.168 Milton, John ( 1 608-1 674)-English poet and writer; prominent in the English revolution.-88 .\finutoii, Julius. Baron von ( l 8051860)- Prussian official and dip lomat; in 1 847-48 Polizeipriisi.dent of BerIin .-2 1 Moga, Johann (janos), Prince ( 1 785lieutenant-field 1 86 1 ) - Austrian marshal of Magyar descent; general of the Hungarian revolutionary army; in October 1848 was removed fro� this post for his refusal to heIp revolutionary Vienna; after the vie torV' of the counter-I'evolution sen,
tenced to twenty years of penal ser vitude.-444 Mohammed II (1430-148 1 )-Sultall of Turkey ( 1 4 5 1 -6 1 ).-370 Mohammed IV ( 1 642-1692)-Sultan of Turkey ( 1 648.87).-370 Moliere (jean Baptiste Poq'uelin) ( 1 622· 1673)- Frcnch playwright.- 164, 356 Monk (Monck), George, 1st /JuJu. of AL bemarle ( 1 608·1 670)-English gener· al and statesman; first monarchist, then general in Cromwell's army; in 1 660 helped to restore the Stuarts to power.-283
Montecuccoli ( A-fontuuculi). Albert, Count ( l 802-1 852)-Austrian colonel of Italian descent; took part in the suppression of the uprising in Vienlla i n October 1848 and in the war against revolutionary Hungary in 1 848-49.-351 Morison, James ( l 770-1 840)-English quack who amassed wealth through the sa1e of so-called Morison's pills.-255 .\Jorret-Prussian police officer; gover nor of the prison in Dusseldorf in 1 848-49.-34.';, 346, 474
Mosie.
Johann
Ludwig ( 1 794-1877)
German army offlc.er; deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly ( 1 848commISSIoner in imperial 49); Vienna (August-October 1 848).-8890, 92
MilkIer.
Heinrich
Gottlob
von ( 1 780-
1 8.17)- Pruss ian judiciary official; Minister of Justice ( 1 832-44); in 1848 presiding judge of the Supreme COllrt in Berlin.- 198, 2 0 1
.\JiiIler-German worker: took part in the democratic banquet in Cologne on February 24, 1849.-530 ( 1 795- 1875) Swiss captain and then colonel, served in the Neapolitan army (from 1825); took part in the sup· pression of the 1 R48 revolution in Naples and in the war against the Roman Republic in 1 849.-239, 252
Miiller,
Tobias ( Tobie)
Munzinger, Martin Joseph ( 1 79 / -1855) Swiss liberal; memher of the Federal
608
Council ( 1 848-55); President uf the
Swiss
Confederation
( 1 8 5 1 ).-83,
86, 1 1 3, 1 1 9, 136, 1 4 1 , 179, 1 8 1
Niilf, Wilhelm Matthias
( 1 802-1881)
Swiss lawyer and liberal politician;
member
of
the
Federal
Council
( 1 848).-57, 86, 1 1 3 , 1 84
Napoleon
I
Emperor
Bonaparte
of
the
People's
Committee
1848.-521
lawyer, radical; editor of the
( 1 769- 1 82 1 )
French
( 1 804-14
and 1 8 1 5).- 1 5 , 2 1 5, 219, 3 1 4, 349,
372, 399, 429, 442
Napoleon ITI (Louis Napoleon)
( 1 808-
1873) -nephew of Napoleon I ; Pres
sion of the national liberation move ment i n Italy in 1 848 and in the war revolutionary
against
281
Neff,
104,
Null, Friedrich van der
tisan; a refugee i n Switzerland; took part i n the uprisings i n Baden i n
September 1848 and i n 1 849.- 1 1 7, 204
Nemegey-Hungarian in
pant
49.-407
the
patriot.
revolution
Nenstiel, Johann-German
of
partici 1 848-
merchant; i n
I R4R deputy to the Prussian National
Assembly (Centre).- 1 75
Ne.,selrode, Karl Vasilyevich, Count ( 1 7801 862)-Russian statesman and dip
lomat; Minister of Fureign Affairs ( 1 8 1 6-56), Chancellor of State (from 1 845).-66, 2 1 1
Neuhaus, Johann Karl Friedrich
( 1 796-
I 849)-Swiss moderate liberal; Presi
dent of the D.iet ( 1 84 1 ); deputy to the National Council (1848).-10, 84, 85, 1 40, 1 83 , 243, 249
NicholO.'i I Russia
( 1 796-1855)-Emperor of ( 1 825-55).-2 1 1 , 2 1 2 , 377,
402, 440, 454 Nicolovius. sian
Georg Heinrich
judiciary
official;
Franz- P rus
Prosecutor
General of the Rhine Province i n 1848.-79, 344, 346, 474-75
Niethake-German crat;
member
army officer, demo of
the
Cologne
(died c. 1854)
Austrian colonel and later general; from
1848 commander uf the 8th
Border Infantry Regiment.-301
Ochsenb£in,
( 1 8 1 1-
Ulrich
radical and
later on liberal;
President o f the Djet during the war
agaimt the Sonderbund; head of the Federal Government ( 1 847-48);
in
1 848 President of the National Coun
of the Federal
Coun�
cil.- I O , 57-59, 84-87, 98, 108, 1 1 3, 1 1 7, 1 3 7 , 179, 1 8 1 , 205, 240, 248,
249, 252, 253
von-Prussian
Olfer.'i,
(called
offi
judiciary
cial.- 199
d'OrMans,
Louis Philippe Joseph, duc ( 1 747Philippe Egalitf)
1 793)-r:ousin of the King of France
Louis XVI; sided with the Revolution in
1 789;
deputy
to
the
Conven
tion.-307 Ott-German democrat from Worrin gen (Rhine Province).-522
Ottinger.
Franz.
Baron
I 869)-Austrian
in
the
Hungary
302,
479
war
409,
42.'),
von
general;
( 1 792-
fought
revolutionary 1818�19.-293-94 ,
against
in
427,
428,
433,
Otto, Karl Christian (born c. 1 8 1 8)-doc tor of philo,ophy; in 1848 member of the
Jena
District
IJemocrats.-342
Imperial Diet in 1 848-49; champion
Auber.- I74
I1
:
June 1848; deputy to the Austrian of
Slav
a
federation
areas _ within
of
the
autonomous confines of
the Hab,burg monarchy.-233, 235,
374
Palkovicz- Hungarian cial.-35I
judiciary
Pallh, Moris, Count-Hungarian
offi gener
al; sided with the Austrian army and
fought i n
the war against revolu
tionary H ungary in 1 849.-407
m.n;
Johann
cil and member
hanged; prototype of Fra Diavolo,
,
1 890)-Sw155 statesman and politi
cian;
man at the Slav Congress in Prague in
Palmerston, Henry John Temple !lrd Vis count ( 1 784-1 865)-British states
o
125, 2 1 3 , 238,
Friedrich ( 1 8 2 1 - 1 849)-German ar
in
423, 429, 434, 438, 453
5 1 ) ; Emperor of the French ( 1 85269,
Hungary
1 848-49.-293, 30 1 , 400, 404, 407,
ident of the Second Republic ( 1 84870).-23,
)
Commi ttee
of
chant; during the Napoleonic wars
led the struggle against the French in
Franti.'i"k
historian and liberal politician; Chair
I,
mer
( 1 798-1 876)-C zech
Palacky.
Berner
Ordnance; took part in the suppres
Pezza, Micheu, ( 1 77 1 - 1 806)-Italian
p
( l 8 1 7- 1 872)-Swiss
NihlalL'
'Viggeler,
November
in
Zeitung i n 1 848.-44, 248 Nugent, Laval. Count von Westmeath ( 1 77 7- 1 862)-Austrian Master of the
N
609
Name Index
Name Index
Foreign
1835-41,
Secretary
( 1 830-34,
1 846-5 1), Home Secretary
( 1 852-55) and Prime Minister ( 1 855-
58
and
1 859-65);
Tory
a
at
the
beginning of his career, from 1830 a Whig.-66, 69, 70, 86,
onward"
211
Paskevich,
Ivan
1 856)-Russian
( 1 782general-field mar
Fyodorovich
shal; from June 1 8 3 1 commander in-chief of the Tsarist army suppress
ing the Polish insurrection; i n 1849
commander-in-chief of the Russian troops
participating
in
the
war
against revolutionary Hungary.-372
South Italy; in 1806 was seized and
the title character i n an opera by ( 1 779-
Pfuel, Ernst Heinrich Adolf von
1 866)- Prussian general; Governor
of -"Ieuchatel ( 1 832-48); comman dant of Berlin (March 1848); in May 1848 commanded the troops sup� pressing the uprising in Posen;
in
and
September
Or:tober
1 848
Prime Minister and War Minister.-
7, 1 4 , 1 7, 3R, 75, 175, 176, 269, 32 1 ,
334
Pfyffer,
( 1 794- 1875)-Swiss
Kasimir
lawyer; deputy of the Lucerne canton
to the Kational Cou ncil ( 1 848).-42, 142
Piattoli-Austrian scent;
fought
major of Italian de in
the
war
againsr_
revolutionary H ungary in 1 848-49.302
Pinder, Julius Hermann sian
1848
official.
(b. IS05)-Prus
moderate
Oherpriisident
liberal;
in
of Silesia, deputy
to the Prussian National Assembly
(Right
wing);
deputy to the
Chamber ( 1 849).-38
Pinto, Isaac
FirST
( l 7 1 5- 1 787)-Dutch stock
jobber and economist.-30, 1 5 7
Pioda,
Giovan
Batti.,ta
( 1 808-
1 882)-Swiss pulitician of Italian de�
( 1 804-
scent; participant in the war against
of Trade, Industry and Public \Vorks
the Tessin canton to the �ational
Paton', Erasmus Robert, Baron von
1890)- Prussian statesman; M inister
in
the
Camphausen
Government
(April-June 1 848).- 1 7 5
Paul
Karl
Friedrich
1 852)-Prince
212
Peel, Sir Robl'T!
of
( 1 785Wiirttemberg.-
A "gust
( 1 822-1 895)-Engli,h
diplomat; son of Prime Minister Sir
Robert
Peel;
charge
d'affaires
in
Berne ( 1 847-February 1849).- 1 1 9
( 1 8 1 1 - 1 899)-general of the H u ngarian revolutionary army in
Perczel, Mor
1 84R-49; after the suppression of the
revolution emigrated to Turkey and
in 1851
tu England .-352, 427
the Sonderbund ( 1 847); deputy of
Council ( 1 848-49).-59, 6 1 , 1 1 8, 142, 143, 148, 1 50, 1 5 1 , 1 52
Pittet, Benjamin
(d. 1 863)-Swiss politi
cian and statesman; deputy of the Waadt (Vaud) canton
to
the National
Council ( 1 848-5 1).-57, 150
Pius IX ( Giovanni 1\Jaria Masfai-Ferretti) ( l 792-1878)-Pope ( 1 846-78).- 1 09, 213
P[mlfrOulm.
Pierre
1863)-French
A mhroise
judjciary
( 1 77fi� official;
member of the Chamber of Deputies ( 1 846-48).-307
Poto(ki��- family
of Polish counts.-229
610
( l 793-1855)-Swiss politician; from 1848 to 1855 member of the Great Council of the Freiburg canton and deputy of this canton to the National Council.-57 Prinz.. W.-mem ber of the Colo gne Workers' Association; editor of the Pottier, Adrien Felix
newspaper Freiheit, Arheit, supporter of Gottschalk.-513
( 1 809-1865) writer, French economist and sociologist. a founder of anarchism; deputy to the Constituent Assembly ( 1 848).- 123, 127, 128, 129, 130, 1 3 1 , 132 Puchner, Anton, Baron von ( 1 7791852)-Austrian general; fought in the war against revolutionary Hun , gary in 1848-49.' 350-5 1 , 360, 400, 430, 435-37, 461, 471, 478 Proudhon,
Pierre joseph
Pustkuchen�Glanzow. Johann Friedrich Wilhelm (1 793-1834)-German writ
er, author of Goethe.-395
Jampoons
against
R ( 1 7661858)-Austrian field marshal; com mander of the Austrian truops in North Italy from 1 83 1 ; in 1848-49 suppressed the Italian national tiber· ation movement.-I03, 109, 1 4 1 , 150, 152, 183, 2 1 6, 239, 247, 252, 253 RajachlCh (Rajaliq, josef ( 1 785-186 1) Metropolitan of Karlowitz; from 1848 Patriarch of Austrian Serbs; Right-wing leader of the Serbian national movement (l848�49); ruler of the Voivodina from February to August 1849.-298, 348, 352, 361, 375, 441
ROOetzky, josef, Count von Room
Ramberg,
Georg
Heinrich,
BaTon
von
(l 786-1855)-Austrian lieutenant field marshal; fought in the war against revolutionary Hungary in 1 848·49.-480 Rrupail, Franrois Vincent ( 1 794-1878) French naturalist and journalist. socialist; took part in the revolu tions of 1830 and 1848; deputy to
the Constituent Assembly.- I n, 125, 126, 127, 129
( l 78 1 - 1 873) -German historian; in 1848 imperial amhassador to Paris; deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Right Centre).-88, 133 Raveaux, Franz ( 1 8 1O-1851 )-German politician, democrat; in IS48-49 dep uty of Cologne to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Left Centre); im commissioner in Switzer perial land.-63 Reiff, Wilhelm joseph (born c. 1824) member of the Cologne Workers' Association and of the Communist League. from which he was expelled in 1850; prosecuted at the Cologne communist trial in 1852.-!i 13, 526 Ricardo. David ( 1 772-IS23)-English economist.- 260 Riczko-colonel of the Hungarian revolutionary army in 1 848-49.-480 Riedmatten, A ubrustin (1 796-1 867) -Swiss army officer; in 1 844 headed the counter�revolutionary coup d'etat in the Wallis (Valais) canton; in 1 848-49 took part in the suppression of the revolutionary movement in Naples and Sicily,-148 Rimpler, O.-Prussian retired army of ficer, from July 1848 commanded the civic militia of Berlin; in �ovember t 848 surrendered to ,",�rangel's counter-revolutionary army.-20 Rintelen, F. Wilhelm von (d. 1869)-Prus sian cunservative official, deputy to the Prussian National Assemblv (Right wing); Minister of Justice in the Brandenburg Government (November 184S.April 1849); deputy to the First Chamber ( 1 849).-20, 199-203 Rittinghausen, Moritz ( 1 8 1 4 - 1 890)journalist democratic German and politician; contributor to the Neue Rhpinisrhe Zeitung; member of the Cologne Democratic Society and later of the German Social· Democratic Party.-475, 529 Raumer,
61 1
Name Index
Name Index
Friedrich
Ludwig
Georg
Jacobins in the French Revolution; head of the revolutionary Govern· ment ( 1 793-94),-30, 3 1 3, 530 Rodhertus.jagetzow, johann Karl (1 8051875) -German economist; i n 1848 leader of the Left Centre in the Prussian National Assembly; subse quently theoretician of "state socialism" .-4
von
leader of the H unganan peasants in their struggle ag·ainst the feudal lords; on Kossuth's initiative, took part in the war of revolutionary Hungary, fought with his detach ment again st the Austrian troops; hero of many Hungarian folk son ll;s.-443 Roser, Peter Gerhard ( 1 814-1865) German worker, cigar-maker; a leader of the Cologne Worker,' Association ( 1848-49) and publisher of its newspaper Freiheit, Briider lichkeil, Arbeit; member of the Com munist League,-5 1 3, 514, 523, 526, 530 Rossini, Gioacchino Antonio ( 1 792186S)-ltalian composer.-91 Rothe, Karl Gustav (born c. 1823)-Ger man theologian, member of the Jena District Committee of Democrats ( 1848).-342 ' German rad Ruge, Arnold ( lS02-1880)ical writer, Young Hegelian; i n 1848 deputy to the Frankfurt N ationa! Assembly (Left wing).-363, 377 •
•
Rosa, Sandor-'-:"a
'
"
Rukavina,
Georg
(Diuro ),
Baron
von
( 1 777.1 849)-Austrian lieutenant-field marshal of Croatian descent; foqght in the war against revolutionary Hungary in 1 84849.-406, 433, 437, 468, 471 Ruttimann-Swiss pol itician ; in 1848 deputy of the Zurich canton to the National Council.-98, 108
VidovgrOO
,
i
,
S ( 1 8 / 6.1886) Prussian judiciary official; from 1848 Public Prosecutor in Cologne; conducted prosecution at the Co--
Saedt, Otto joseph Arnold
Robespierre, Maximilien Franfois A/arie Isidore de (1 758- 1794) -leader of the
:�: I
1. 1 - 3 7 8 0
logn e
communist
-396, 397
trial
,
III
1852.
( 17671794)-a Jacobin leader , in the French Rcvolution.-530-·:; <
Saint-just, Antoine I.ouis I.eon de
Saint-Simon, comte de
Claude Henri de RUUVTOY,
Scharnhorst,
Gerhard Johann David von
( l 760-1825)-French uto pian socialist.-260 Schapper, Karl (c. 1 8 1 2- 1 870)-outstand ing figure in the German and international working_�das.s , move� ment; a leader of the League of the Just, member of the Com· munist League Central Authority and of the Rhenish District Com· mittee of Democrats; a leader ( 1 84849) and then President of the Co logne Workers' Association (Febru · ary to May 1849); after the revolution a leader of a sectarian group in the Communist League; subseque n tly member of the General Council of the First I nternational.-4 1 , 46, 340, 34 1, 475, 501, 503, 513, 5 1 4, 5 1 9, 520, 521, 522, 523, 525, 526, 529 ( 1 755-1 8 13)-Prussian general and politician; War Minister ( 1 807-10) and Chief of th e General Staff (1807reorganised the Prussian 13); army.- 1 16 Schiess, johann Ulrich ( 1 8 1 3-1883) Swiss politician and diplomat.68
Schiller, johann Christoph Friedrich von
( 1759-1 805)-German poet, play wright. historian and philosopher.1 7, 89, 2 1 3
Schinderhannes-see Buckler, Johann Schlick zu Bassano und ""'eisskirchen, Franz Heinrich, Count ( 1 789-1862)
general, chief of the 4th Hussar Regiment; fought in the war against revolutionary HUI1j2;ary in 1 848-49.-290, 291 , 293, 300, 302, 347, 360, 399, 400, 40 1, 404-05, 424, 425, 433, 434, 438, 451, 452, 458-60 Austrian
Sdi.link-Prussian judiciary official; in 1848 deputy to the Prussian National Assembly (Right wing and then the Centre).-30
612
Name Index
Schmerling, Anton von ( l 8o.5-1 893)-Aus trian statesman, liberal; in 184849 deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Right Centre); Minister of
the Interior (July-September 1848), Prime Minister and Minister (September of Foreign Affairs December 1848).- 5 1 , 67-68, 72-74, 89, 90.-9 1 , 92, 1 17, 1 8 1 Sch1UJaSe, Karl Julius Ferdinand ( 1 7981875)-Prussian lawyer and art his torian ; in 1 848 Chief Public Pro· secutor in Diisse1rlorf and subse quently
of the Court in Berlin.- 3 1 5 member
Supreme
Schnapphahnski-see Lichnowski, Felix Schneeberger. G.-member of the Lausanne Workers' Association in 1 848.-50.6 Schneider
II,
Karl-German
lawyer,
democrat; in 1 848 President of the Cologne Democratic Society and member of the Rhenish District Com mittee of Democrats; defence counsel of Marx and Engels at the trial of the
Neue Rheinische Zeitung on February 7, 1 849; in 1849 deputy to the Second
Chamber (extreme Left wing).-24, 29, 4 1 , 46, 30.7, 3 1 7 , 325, 340., 34 1 , 5 0 1 , 50.3, 519, 520., 52 1 , 529 Schnyder.
A nton-Swiss politician and
statesman; deputy to the National Council in 1 848.-57 SchOnlein, Johann Lukas ( 1 793-1864) physician. professor of German Berlin University; monarchist.-Io.6 Schreckenstein, Ludwig Johann Karl Greg ory Eusebius, Baron Roth von ( 1 7891858}-Prussian general; War Minis� tcr (fune-September 1 848).- 1 68 Schucking, Levin ( 1 8 14-1883)-German writer, contributor to the Kolnische Zeitung ( 1 845-52).-354 Schultze- Prussian judiciary official; in 1848 deputy to the Prussian National Assembly (Left wing).-176 Srhulzig, Franz Joseph, Baron von ( 1 7871 864)-Austrian lieutenant-field marshal; fought in the war against revolutionary Hungary In 1848� 49.-424, 458, 459
Schurter-Austrian general; took part in the war against revolutionary H un gary in 1848-49.-454
Schwanbeck,
Eugen
Alexis
(1821-
1850)-German journalist, an editor 347, 354of the Kolnische Zeitung. -
58,
613
Name Index
392,
412
394,
395,
398-40.3,
411,
Sedlnitzky, Josef, Count von Choltiz ( 1 7781 855)-chief of the Venice police . whIch was In charge of censorship ( 1 8 1 7-48).-96 Seiler. Fritz-Swiss colonel; member of the Great Council of the Berne can ton ( 1 8 3 1 -35 and 1 838-45); deputy of the Berne canton to the National Council ( 1 84B).-2o.5
Sethe, Chrisroph Wilhelm Heinrich ( 1 7671855)-Prussian cial.-5Q, 198 Shakespeare, English
William
between the King and the Prussian Assembly.-65 Simunich, Balthasar. Baron von (1 785lieutenant-field 1861) -Austrian marshal of Serbian descent; took part in the war against revolutionary Hun gary in 1848-49.- 3 5 1 , 40.0., 40.7, 40.8, 434 ( 1723-l 79Q)- Scottish Smith, Adam economist.-259 Sophia ( l BQ5-I B72)- Archduchess of Austria, mother of Emperor Francis Joseph 1.-92, 2 1 1 , 2 1 2 Sossay, Anton, Baron von (1 790.- 1874) Austrian major-general and subse quently lieutenant-field marshal; took part in the war against revolu tionary H ungary in 1848-49.-292
offi-
Specker, David ( 1 796-1863)-Swiss direc tor of a works near Vienna; eyewit
( 1 564-1616)-
ness of the brutalities of the Austrian soldiery during the suppression of
judiciary
poet
dramatist.and 18, 34, 83, 139, 163, 198
Sieber,
Johann Kaspar ( 1 82 1 - 1 878) Swiss teacher and journalist; editor in-chief of the Murter Wachter and an editor of the Berner-Zeitung.252
Siegel (Sigel), Franz ( l B24-1 9o.2)-army officer from Baden; democrat; par ticipant in the revolutionary move ment in Baden; one of the military leaders of the Baden-Palatinate up rising in 1849; then refugee in Swit zerland, England and from 1852 in
the
Vienna
uprising
in
October
1848.- 120., 1 2 1 Spiegel-Borlinghausen. Baron von- Prus sian official; Regierungsprasident in Dusseldorf ( 1 848).-75, 76, 187
Spijll (d. 1849)-major in the Hungarian revolutionary army in 1848-49.461 Stiimpfli, Jakob ( I 820.-1 879) - Swiss radi cal; editor of the Berner-Zeitungin the 184Qs and 1 85o.s; deputy of the Berne canton to the National Council
Civil War on the side of the North erners.- 1 1 7 ( 1 80. I · Siegwart-Miill.er, Konstantin
( 1848-54); subscquently President of the Swiss Confederation ( 1 856. 1859 and 1 862).-44, 243, 248 Standau. Julius-German teacher; par ticipant in the democratic movement in Germany in the I 83o.s and 1 84Qs;
1 869)-Swiss state�man; President of the Diet ( 1 844); in 1845 Chairman of the Military Council of the Sonder bund; after the latter's defeat fled ahroad.-14Q Simson. Martin Eduard Sigismund von
of
the USA; took part in the American
(l8 1O-1 B99)- Prussian politician and lawyer; in '1848 member and from December 1848 to May 1 849 Presi dent of the Frankfurt National As sembly (Right Centre); in November 1848 was sent as an imperial commis sioner to Berlin to settle the conflict
an organiser of the " H ilf Dir" mili· tary association in Biel (Switzerland); after the suppression of the revolu tion emigrated to the USA.-209 Stech-Swiss politician; Councillur State in the Neuchatel canton 1 848.- 1 09
in
Sted/mann, Karl ( 1 804-1882)-Prussian moderate liberal politician; in 1848 deputy to the Frankfurt National Assemhly (Centre), member of the commission for signing an armistice
21 -
in Malmo; imperial commissioner in Schleswig-Holstein (Septemher 1848· March 1849).-88, 50.4 ( 1 8 1 2· Stehlin (Slehelin), August 1886)-Swiss colonel; deputy of the Basle canton to the Council of States ( 1 848-49); federal representative in
Tessin ( 1 848).- 1 l9 Steiger, Jakob Robert ( I BO I - I B62)-Swiss liberal politician, deputy of the Lucerne canton to the National Council ( 1 848-49) and President of the National Council ( 1 848).-59, 1 14, 136, 140, 143, 145, 148, 152, 180.. 204 Julius ( 1 8 1 3- 1 889)-Silesian Stein, teacher and journalist; deputy to the Prussian National Assembly (Left wing) in 1 848-49 and to the Second Chamber (extreme Left wing) in 1 849.- 1 68, 334, 390., 391 Xavier ( 1797-1 B64)-Swiss Stockmar. radical; deputy of the Jura canton tu the National Council in 1848.-44, 249 Stoos, Pal (1 8o.6- 1862)-Hungarian cler· gyman of Croatian descent; sympath ised with the Croatian national move ment.-469 Stratimirovich, Georg (Diordie) ( 1 82219Q8)-leader of the national move ment of the Serbs in the Voivodina. moderate liberal; commander of the Serbian units in the Austrian army; took part in the war against revolu tionary Hungary ( 1 848-49).-298, 347-48, 352, 3 6 1 , 375, 40.9, 441 Johann ( 1 8QBBaptist Streng, 1883)- Swiss politician; deputy to the National Council in 1848.-57
Struve. .4malie (d. 1862)-participant in the demucratic muvement in Ger· manv in 1 848-49; wife of Gustav ,
Struve.-70 Struve, Gu.,tav von ( 1 805-1870.)a German democrat. journalist; leader of the republican uprisings in Baden in April and September 1848 and of the Baden-Palati· nate uprising in 1849; after the sup pression of the revolution emigrat ed to the USA.-67, 69, 74, 136, 180
614
Name Index
Stuart.�-royal
dynasty in Scot1and ( 1 3 7 1 - 1 7 1 4) and England ( 1 603-49 and 1660-1 7 14).-263 Stupp, Heinrich Joseph ( 1 793-1870) Prussian official, clerical; in 1 848 deputy to the Prussian National As sembly (Right wing).-255, 257,
Suleirnan II ( 1 642-169 1)- Sultan of , Turkey ,( 1689-9 1).-370 Suplikac. Slepan ( l 7R6- 1 848) -Serhian colonel of the Ogulin Border Regi 284
ment; sub sequen tly major-general; in O ctober 1848 was elected by the Skupstina voivode (commander-in chief of the V oivodina's lTOOpS).-
348, 469 Sydow, Rudolf von- P russian diplomat; in 1 845-48 Pru ssian ambassador to Switzerland.-58
Szirtnay tk Szirma. Istvan. Count ( 1 7941857l-Hungarian aristocrat.-452
Tanner. Karl Rudolf ( l 794-1 849)-Swiss poet and politician, President of the
Supreme Court in the Aargau can ton ; i n 1 848 deputy of the Aargau canton to the N ation al Council.-57,
( 1 80 1 1 874)- French journalist; an editor of Le National; in 1833-38 and 1 848 publisher of the journal Revue retro spective; deputy to the Constituen t Jules
Antoine
and the Legislative Assembly (Right
1 848-49; subsequently a Bonaparti st.-42 I Victor Andre ( 1 82 1 - 1 89 7) Tetksco, Belgian lawyer, socialist ; a founder of the Brussels Democratic Asso ciation and member of the Com munist League; 1I1 1 847-48 an as sociate of Marx and Engels; a defen dant at the Risquons-Tout trial.530 wing)
1849.- 197-
G.-partici pant Thielemann? In the Baden republican uprising in Sep 200
in
Temme, Jodocus DQnatus Hubertus ( 17981 88 1 )-German democrat; deputy to thf" Prussian National Assembly (Left wing) in 1 848 and ro I_he Frankfurt
Burgomaster of Storkow ( 1 832-4 1 ) ; was executed for an attempt on the life of Frederick William IV.-413
tember 1 848.-204 Thiers, Louis Adolphe
( 1 7971877)-French historian and states man; Prime Minister ( 1 836, 1840);
deputy to the Constituent Assembly ( 1 848) and to the Legislative Assem bly ( 1 849-5 1 ) ; hangman of the Paris Commune; President of the Repu blic ( 1 87 1 -73).-21 3 , 2 1 4
( 1 78 1 Thile, LudwiK Gustav von 1852)- Prussian general and conser vative statesman; Finance Minister in 1847.-4 18, 420 Leo,
Count
( 1 8 I l-
1888)-Austrian statesman of Czech descent ; one of the closest counsellors
Francis J oseph I; Minister of Religiou s Worship and Education ( 1 849-60).-374 of
Thurn und Tm:is, Maximilian Karl von ( l 802- 1 87 1)- German prince; en hereditary joyed post-office
T
144, 148 Taschereau,
National Assemhly in
Thun-Hohenstein,
615
Name Index
u ( 1 806Unruh, Hans Victor von 1886)-Prussian engineer and politi cian; in 1 848 a leader of the Left Centre i n the Prussian National As sembly ; President of the Assembly from October 1848; i n 1 849 deputy to the Second Chamber (Left wing); subsequently a founder of the Prog ressist Party.-20. 334
I B7 7)- Ruman ian
Urban,
1632)-commander of the Catholic League' s army in the Thirty Years' War.-297 Todorovich ( Teodorovil). Kusman- Aus trian general of Serbian descent; in 1849 took part in the war against rev olutionary H ungary.-293 353. ,
400. 406. 4 1 6. 423 Trag, Johann, von
1867 ) -Swiss lawyer ; deputy of the Solothurn canton to the National Council ( 1 848-57).-57 Triitzschler, Wilhelm Adolf ( 1 8 I 8J 849) - German democrat; in 1 848· 49 deputy to the Frankfurt J\Tational As�embly (extreme Left wing); a leader of the Central March Associa tion; was shot 1n 1 849 as a participant the Baden-Palatinate up· in rising.- 186 Tschech, Heinrich Ludwig ( 1 7891844)- Prussian official, democrat� Ollen
( 1 807-
Baron
von
( 1802-
colonel and then lieu tenan t-fiel d marshal in the ser vice of the Austrians ; Right·wing
leader
of the Rumanian national movement in Transylvania; fought in the war against revolutionary Hun
gary in 1848-49.-423, 472, 480
v
privileges in several German states; owner of the Frankfurter Oberpostamts Zeitung.-42 I
Tilly, Johan Tserclaes, Count von ( 1559-
Karl,
official; chief engineer of the Ofen (Pest) Board of Works until 1849; sympath ised with the Hungarian revolution
Vauthier,Rauchefort- Austrian
of 1 848-49.-43 I Veillon,
Franfois . (1 793-1859)-Swiss judiciary official; depury of the Waadt (Vaud) canton to the National Council ( 1 848-5 1 ) .- 1 50
Vespasian ( Titus' Flavius Sabinus Yes· pasianus) (A. D. 9- 79)-Roman Em peror (69-79).-224
Vetter. Anf
( 1 848-49) and its commander-in chief (March 1 849); after the sup pression of the revolution a refugee until 1 867.-348
Victoria ( l 8 1 9-1901)-Queen of Great Ireland ( 1 837and B ritain 190 1 ).-385
Virgil (Publius Vergiliw Mara ) (70-19 B . C .)-Roman poet.- 3 1
Vogel. Karl-Austrian lieutenant.field marshal; took part in the suppression of the national liberation movement in North Italy in 1 848-49.-405 Christian
Vulpius,
August
1 827)- German writer, Rinaldo Rinaldini.-69
( 1 762-
author of
W Karl- German democrat; Wachter, member of the Cologne Committee Public Safety of 1 848.-499, 500
in
September
Waldeck. Renedikt Franz I.eo (1 802lawyer, radical I 870)-German poli tician ; i n 1848 a Left-wing leader and Vice-President of the Prussian National Assembly; subsequently a leader of the Progressist Party.- 1 97, 198. 199. 390 Wasa, Gustav, Prince von ( 1 799- 1 877) lieutenant·field marshal. from 1 8 3 1 to 1856 chief of the 60th Infan Regiment try of the Austrian army.-452 Wetkr, Johann Baptist von Oberriet ( 1 8001872)-Swiss lawyer; deputy to the National Council ( 1848-5 1 and 185272).-57 Weerth,
Georg
( 1 822-1 8.'ifi)-German
proletarian poet and journalist, member of the Communist League; an editor of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung in 1848-49.- 19, 504
Weingart, Johann Augu.,t ( 1 797- 1 878) deputy radica l Swiss politicia n ; to the National Council ( 1 84B-60); publisher of the Be.lantkr Anzei ger. -56. 59, 1 13, 249
It'einhagen,
Napoleon-German
lawyer
from Cleve (Westphalia).-S2 Weisshaar,
Jacob- German
democrar:
participant in the republican uprising in Baden in April 1848; a refugee in Switzerland.-63 Welcker, Karl Theodor ( I 90-1�69 German lawyer and Writer, l iberal ;
?
l
�ame Index
616
Name I ndex
the
in 1 848-49 deputy to the Frankfurt National Assembly (Right Centre);
William
imperial ambassador to Vienna.-88,
William I (1797-1888) - Prince of Prus sia, King of Prussia ( 1 861 -88) and Emperor of Germany ( 1 8 7 1 -88).-
90, 92 Welden, Frant Ludwig, Bar<m von ( 1 7821853)-Austrian general; took part
in the campaign against the national liberation movement i n Italy in 1848; commandant of Vienna after the suppression
of
the
October
1848 uprising; in April and May 1849 commander-in-chief of the Austrian troops fighting against . the Hun garian revolution.-I64, 290, 294, 394, 405, 406
292,
Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of ( l 769- 1852)-British general and statesman, Tory; Prime Minister ( 1 828-30) and Foreign Secretary (De cember 1 834-April 1 835).-338
Wessenberg-Ampringen,
Johann
Philipp,
Baron von ( l 773- 1858)- Austrian statesman, Prime Minister (July November ( 848).-9 1 , 92, 93
Westermann-member of the Cologne Workers'
Association
( 1 848-49).-
513 Wilhelm Weyers, Peter (born Co 1 8 14)-German worker from Diis seldorf; in 1848 was arrested and
committed for trial for carrying on revolutionary propaganda.-463,
464, 474 Weyll, Bartholomau., lawyer; in 1848
Joseph-German
member of the Democratic Society. the Committee of Public Safety and the People's Committee in Cologne: delegate to the Second Democratic Congress in Berlin (October 1 848).-529
( l 794-1870)-major of the Austrian army; fought in the war
Wieser, Kaspar
agai nst revolutionary 1848-49.-480 Wildmbruch,
Ludwig
Hungary
von
in
( 1803-
diplomat; consul general in Beirut; i n ]848 envoy in Cope nhagen .-223 1874) - Prussian
Wilhelm
617
Franz
(-Lothringen),
Karl- see Habsburg Wilhelm Franz Karl
I ( 1 772-1843)- King of Neth erlands ( 1 8 1 5-40).-263
1 64
Windischgriitt, Alfred Candid,., Ferdinand, Prince ( l 787-1862)-Austrian field marshal; in 1848 commanded the troops suppressing the uprisings in Prague and in Vienna; in 1 848-49
was at the head of th e Austrian army fighting against revolutionary Hun gary.-51 , 90, 92, 93, 96, 103, 164, 225, 236, 247, 256, 270, 2 9 1 , 292, 294, 300, 302, 347, 35 1 , 373, 374,
377, 398, 399-400, 402, 404, 405,
408, 4 10- 1 3 , 4 1 5, 4 1 6 , 425, 428, 434, 437, 438, 442, 443-44, 4 5 1 , 480 Wittgenstein,
Heinrich
VIm
( 1 800-
1 868) -Prussian official; in 1848 Re gierungspriisident (May-September) and commander of the civic militia in Cologne; from November 1848 dep uty to the Prussian National Assem bly (Right wing) and in 1849 to the First Chamber.-45, 255, 284
Wodjaner, A lbert- son of Moriz Wod janer .-478, 479 Wodjaner,
.I\foriz, Baron non Kapriora
�'Vrartgel, Friedrich Heinrich Ernst, Count vIm ( 1 784-1877) - Prussian general , participant in the cou n ter-revol u tionary coup (l.'etat
in Berlin and
the dissolution of the Prllssian National Assemblv in Novemher , 1 848.- 1 7, 18, 5 1 , 75, 157, 223, 2 6 1 ,
296, 3 2 1 , 334, 357, 447
COHnt ( 1 795-1 849)-Au,trian major-gen eral; took part in the war against rev olutionary Hun gary in 1848-49.3.'i I , 4 1 2, 460
Wrbna-Freudenthal,
Wyss-architecl in Berne, brother of General Franz Wyss.- 137
Ladislaus,
Wulff, .Julius-German democrat; Presi dent of the People's Club in Diissel took part in the dorf ( 1 848); Baden-Palatinate uprisi ng in IR49.315
Jouf ( i 809-1874)-Polisb politician and general, participant in
Wysocki,
the insurrection of 1 830-3 1 ; during the 1848-49 revolution in Hungary commander of the Polish legion in
the Hungarian revolutionary army; took part in the Polish uprising in 1 863-64.-443
z
Za)'as, Ju.an A ntonio- Spanish ambassa dor in Switzerland ( 1848-49).- 137 von ( 1 788- 1 863)-Aus tri an major-general. subsequen tly lieutenant-field marshal; fought i n the war against revolu tionary H un
ZFisberg,
Karl
gary in 1 848-49.-466
Paul Karl Eduard ( I ROOZiegler, 1 882)-Swiss politician, participant in the war against the Sonderhund
( 1 847); deputy
Zweiffel-Prussian official; Cbief Public Prosecutor in Cologne; in 1 848 depu ty to the Pnlssian National Assembly (Right wing).-30, 46, 48, 49, 8 1 , 82, 304, 307, 3 1 1 -1 3 , 501, 5 I l , 5 1 7 , 5 1 8
Franz Salomon ( 1 796- 1849) Austrian major-general; took part
war against revolutionary Hungary in 1 848-49.- 120, 1 2 1 , 1 3 7
( 18 10-1885) - H ungarian banker.-
the National Coun
cil ( 1 848).-60, 61, 149
Wyss,
in suppressing the October upris ing in Vienna ( 1 848) and in the
to
3 1 7 , 486,
491,
Y
Yelena
Pavlovna
( Fridericke
Charlotte
Marie) ( l 807-1873)- Russian Grand
Duchess.-212
478, 479 Wohler-deputy to the Frankfurt Na tional Assem bly in 1848-49.-529 Wolfers, Franz Anton von (b. 1 8 13)- Ger man journalist of Belgian descent, an editor of the Koiniw;he Zeitung.- 354 Wolff, Ferdinand ( l 8 1 2- 1895) - Gcrm an journalist, member of the Commu nist League ( 1848-49); an editor of
the Neue Rheinische Zeitung ( 1848-
49).-529-30
Wilhelill (Lupus) ( 1 809-1864) German proleta rian revolutiunary. teacher; leading member of the
Wolff,
Communist League; an editor of the Neue Rh€inische Ztitung in ] 84849; friend and comrade-in-arms of Marx and Engeb.-8 J
INDEX
OF
LITERARY AND MYTHOLOGICAl. NAMES
Homer's Iliad; in Greek mythology, one of the Greek leaders in the Trojan ""'ar.-394
Achilles- hero
Ajax- a
uf
in
Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida.- 139, 149
character
drama Beisele-se e Eisele and Bei.�ele Cassandra (Gr. Myth.)-a daugh ter of Priam (King of Troy), prophetess ; a characte r in Aeschylus' tragedy A.gamemnon.-356-58
Don Qu ixu te-title character in Cer vantes' noveL-fiR
III character Bartholo-a Dottorp. Beaumarchais' comedies Le Barbier de Seville and 1.a folie journie. OU ie mariage de Figaro.- 148
Eisele and Beisele- main characters in an anonymously published satirical pamphkt by Johann Wilhelm Christ ern, Doctor Eisele's und Baron von Landtagsreise im April Beisele's 1847.-89 Figaro- m ain character in B eau mar chais' comedy La folie jO'UTnee, aU Ie mariage de Figaro.-262
6Hl
Name Index
George Dandin-tirle character of a com edy by Moliere.-356
.
and
Jehovah (Bib.).- 1 30 Jourdain- main cha,racter in Moliere's comedy Le bourgeois gentilhomme.-
164 Jupiter (Rom. Myth . ) - supreme god.147 King L ear- title character· of a traged y by Shakespeare .- 83 Mephistopheles-one of the names of Satan;
a
character
in Goethe's tragedy Faust and one of the main characters in Levin Sc h iickin g' s
Poiitische Gespriiclte.-354
Moor, Kart the first- ma in characte r,
model of the noble knight, in Schil ler's drama Die Riiuber.-69
Hemele.. ( Hercules) (Class. Myth. ) -hero possessmg enormous strength courage.- 224
619
Rinaldo Rinaldini- title character in a
I NDEX OF QUOTED AND MENTIONED LITERATURE
chivalrous romance by Christian Au gust Vulpius .- 69 Sancho Panza-a character
in
Cervantes'
•
WORKS BY KARL MARX A:-JD FREDERICK E:-JGELS
Don Quixote.-68 Sophia-heroine in Johann Tirnotheus Hermes' novel Sophiens Rei.�e lion
A/emel nach 8achsen.-67 Tell, William- hero in a folk tale about the
liheration war
of Switzerland
against Habsburgs at the end of the 1 3th and
the
beginning of the 14th
century; title character in a drama by
SchilJer.- 1 2 Marx, Karl
ft,!agner-, a
character in Guethe's tragedy Famt and in Levin Schiick ing's Polit1sche Gespriiche 3 54
Appeal (this volume) - Aufruf. I n : Neue Rheinische ZeitunK No. 147 (second edition), :-.I'ovember 19, 1848.-50 1 , 5 1 9
.-
Appeal (this volume) - Aufruf. I n : Neue Rheinische ZeitunK No. 148 (second edition), November 2 1 , 1848.-503 Appeal of the Democratic District Committee of the Rhine Province (this volume)
Neue Rheinische ZeitunK :-.10. 143, November 15, 1 848.-29, 37, 50, 340
- Aufford erung des demokratischen Kreisausschusses der Rheinprovinz. In:
The Bill Proposing the Abolitioo of Feudal Obligations (present edition, Vol. 7) - Der Geset1.entwurf iiber die Aufhebung cler FeuclaIIasten. I n : Net«' Rheinische Zeitung No. 60, July 30, 1848.- 175 A Bourgeois Document (this volume) - Ein
Bourgeoisaktenstiick. In: Neue Rheinische Zeitung
No. 187, January 5,
1 849.-255-56
The Bourgeoisie and the Counter-Revolution (this volume)
Die Bourgeoisie und die Kontrerevolution. In: Neue Rheinische Zeitung Nos. 165, 169, 170 and 183, December 10, 15, 16 and 3 1 , I R4R.-279, 336,
358, 4 84 The City Council (this volume) - Der Stadtrat. I n : Neue Rheinische Zeitung �o. 148, November 2 1 . 1848.-53 Confessions oJ a Noble Soul (this volume)
- Bekenntnisse einer
schonen Seele. I n :
IVeue Rheinische Zeitung No. 145,
November 1 7, I R48.-94, 99, 3 1 3
Counter-Rel'oiution in Berlin (this volume) - Die KontrerevoluLion in Berlin. I n : Neue Rheinische Zeitung ".\f05. 1 4 1 , 1 4 1 « econd eclition) and 142, November 1 2 and 14, 1848.-30, 48
A DnTee uf Eichmann S (Lhis volume) Ein Erlass Eichmanns. In: Neue Rheinisrhe Zeitung �o. 1 47, November 1 g, 1818.-502
"
.
620
I ndex of Quoted and Mentiuned Literature
Index of Quoted and Mentioned Lirerature
DrigaLski-Legislator, Citizen and Communist (this volume) - Drigalski def Geset1geber, Burger und Kommunist. In: Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 153, November 26, 1 848.- 187, 34 1 , 474, 5 1 2 TIu! First Trial of the "Neue Rheinische Zeitung". Speech by Karl Marx (this volume) - Der erste Prcssprozess del' "Neuen Rheinischen Zeitung". In: 1Veue Rheinische Zeitung No. 2 2 1 , February 14, 1 849.-485, 520, 5 2 1
The Frankfurt Assembly (this volume) - Die Frankfurter Versammlung. In: Neue Rheini'lche Zeitung No. 150, November 23, 1848.-53, 65 Further Contribution on the Old-Prussian Financial Administration (this volume)
- Weiterer Beitrag zur altpreussischen Finanzwinschaft. In: Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 229, February 23, 1 849.-389
TIu! June Revolution (present edition, Vol. 7) - Die Junirevolution. In: Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 29, June 29, 1848.-23 The "KOlnische Zeitung" on the Elections (this volume)
- Die "KOlnische Zeitung" iiber die Wahlen. In: Neue Rheinisclu! Zeitung No. 2 10, February I , 1 849.-392
Lassalle (this volume) - Lassalle. In: Neue Rheinisclu! Zeitung No, 2 1 9, February I I , 1 849.- 341
Prussian Financial Administration under Bodelschwingh and Co. (this volume) - Preussische Finanzwirtschaft unter Bodelschwingh und Konsorten. In: Neue Rheinisclu! Zeitung No. 224, February 1 7 , 1849.--418 Public Prosecutor "Hecker" and the "Neue Rheinische Zeitung" (present edition, Vol. 7) - Der Staatsprokurator "Hecker" und die "Neue Rheinische Zeitung". In: 1'leue Rlu!inisclu! Zeitung No. 129, October 29, 1 848.-8 1 -82, 304, 496 The T(J)<-Refusal Trial (this volume) - Der
Steuerverweigerungsprozess.
February 10, 1 849.-344
In:
Neue
Rheinische
Zeitung No.
2 1 8,
The Trial of Gottschalk and His Comrades (this volume) - Prozess gegen Gottschalk und Genossen. I n : Neue Rheinische Z�itung Nos. 1 75 and 1 76, December 22 and 23, 1848.-2 10, 474 TIu! Victory of the Counter-Revolution in Vienna (present edition, Vol. 7) - Sieg cler Kontrerevolution zu Wien. In: Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 136, November 7, 1848.-23 Engels, Frederick
TIu! Armistice with Denmark (present edition, Vol. 7)
- Der Waffenstillstand mit Diillemark. In: Neue Rheinisclu! Zeitung No. 52, July 22, 1 848.-223
Lassalle (this volume) - Lassalle. In: Neue Rheini..elu! Zeitung No. 237, March 4, 1 849.�474
Bulletin No. 22 (this volume)
•
Legal Proceedings against tlu! "N/l'Ue Rlu!inisehe Zeitung " (present edition, Vol. 7) - Gerichtliche Untersuchung gegen die "Neue Rheinische Zcitung". I n : Neue Rheinische Zeitung Nos. 37 and 4 1 , July 7 and I I , 1848.- 3 1 9
Manteuffel and the Central Authority (this volume) - Manteuffel und die Zentralgewalt. In: Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. November 26, 1848,-99
62 1
1.')3,
TIu! "Model State " of Belgium (present edition, Vol. 7) - Der "Musterstaat" Belgien. In: Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 68, August 7, 1848.- 1 38
Montesquieu L VI (this volume)
- Montesquieu LVI. In: Neue Rheinische Zeitung Nos. 20 I and 202, January 2 1 and 22, 1 849.-287, 390
A New-Year Greeting (this volume) - Eine Neujahrsgratulation. In: NeW! Rheinische Zeitung No. 190, January 9, 1849.-261 No More Taxes!!! (this volume) - Keine St.euern mehr ! ! ! I n : Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 145 (special supple ment), November 1 7 , 1848.-42, 45
On tlu! Polish Question (present edition, Vol. 6)
- Reden iiber Polen. In: neutsche-Briisseler-Zeitung No. 98, December 9, 1847.3 7 1 -72
The Poverty of Philosophy. Answer to tlu! "Phiwsophy of Poverty " by M. Proudhon (present edition, Vol. 6) Misere de la phi1osophie. Reponse a. la philosophie de la misere de M. Proudhon, Paris et Bruxel1es, 1847.- 130
- Das Zweiundzwanzigste Bulletin. In: N/l'Ue Rheini.
[Debate in the National Counciq (this volume). I n : Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 153 (second edition), November 26, 1848.-136, 1 4 1 -42 Debate about the Existing Redemption Legislation (present edition, Vol. 7) - Debatte uber die bisherige Ablosungsgesetzgebung. In: Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 67, August 6, 1 848.- 1 75 Duel between Berg and Luvini (this volume)
- OueH zwischen Berg und Luvini. December 5, 1 848.- 147
In:
Neue Rheinische Zeitung No.
Elections.-Sydow (this volume)
- Die Wahlen.-Sydow. In: Neue Rheinische Zeitung No, November 26, 1848.-58, 1 13, 136, 1 4 1
153
160,
(supplement),
Elections to the Federal Court.-Miscellaneous (this volume) - Wahlen fur das Bundesgericht.-Verschiedenes. In: Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 150, November 23, 1848.-95 TIu! Ex-Principality (this volume) - Das Exfiirstentum. In: .lVeue Rheinische Zeitung No. 1 848.-245
140, November
II,
The First Trial of the "Neue Rheinische Zeitung". SPeech by Frederick Engels (this volume) - Der erste Pressprozess der "Neuen Rheinischen Zeitung". In: Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 22 1 , February 14, 1 849.-485, 520, 521 The Frankfurt As.semhly Debates the Polish Question (present edition, Vol. 7) - Die Polendebatte in Frankfurt. In: l\i�eue Rheini�che Zeitung Nos. 70, 73, 8 I , 86. August 9, 12, 20, 26, 1 848.-230
622
(this volume) - Yom ungarischen und siebenbiirgeschen Kriegsschauplatze. In: Ne-ue Rheinische Zeitung No. 235 (special supplement), March 2, 1 849.-440
From the Theatre of War in TransyLvania and Hungary
volume ) - Die deutsche Zentralgewalt und die Schweiz. In: Neut. Rheinische Zeitung No. 153, November 26, 1848.-88
The German Central Authority and Switzerland (this
German Socialism in Verse and Prose ( present edition, Vol. 6) - Deutscher Sozialismus in Versen und Prosa. I n : Deutsche-Briisseler-Zeitung
Nos. 73 and 74, September 1 2 and 16, 1847; Nos. 93, 94 and 95, November 2 1 , 25 and 28, 1847; Nos. 96, 97 and 98, December 2 , 5 and 9, 1847.-372
Joint Sitting of the Councils.- The Federal Council (this volume) - Vereini gte Sitzung cler R athe.- Der Bundesrath. In: Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 156, November 30, 1 848.- 1 13, 1 80 Latest News of the Magyars.- Vicwry
011
the Theiss.-Brutality of the Austrians.-Sta/e of
(this volume ) Neueres iiber die Magyaren.-Sieg an der Theiss.- B rutalitat rler Os terreicher.- Lage des Krieges im Allgemeinen. In: iVeue Rheinische Zeitung No. 23 1 , February 25, 1849.-443
War in General
The Magyar Struggle (this volume) - ner magyarische Kampf. I n : Neue Rheinische Zeitung
No. 194, January 1 3 ,
1849.-366 Measures against German Refugees.-Return oj Troops from Tessin.- The Palricia,!,s'
(this volume) - Die Massregeln gegen deutsche Fliichtlinge.- Dic Truppen aus Tessin zurutk.-Die Patriziergcmeinde. 1n: Neue Rheinische Zeitung -No. 180, De Commune
cember 28, 1 848.-250
R1L��ian
fnvasion.- Serbs.-Pruspects for the Austrians.- News from
No. 165, December 10, 1 848.- 180, 204
In: Neue Rheinische Zeitung
[ More News of the Magyars] (rbis volume). In: Neue Rheinische Zeitung (supplement) , February 25, 1849.-428, 443
No. 23 1
the Theatre of .
volum e) - Die russische I nvasion.-Die Serben. - A ussich ten fur die Oster reicher.- Vorn Kriegsschauplatz. In: Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 233, Feb ruary 28, 1849.-428 War (tbis
Sittings of the Federal Council and the r:ounril of State.• (this
volume)
- Sitzung des Bundesrats und des Stand erats. In: Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 155, November 29, 1 848.-97
(present edition, Vol. 6). In: The Nmthern Star Nos. 4 1 5 , 4 1 7 and 438, October 25 and November 8, 1845, and Ap ril 4, 1 846.-
The State of Germany 372
(this volume) - Der Kampf in Ungarn. In: Neue Rheinische Zeitung :\fo. 2 12. Feb ruary 3
The Struggle in Hungary 1 849.-300
Swiss Evidence of the Austrian Army's lleroic Deeds in Vienna (this volume) - Schwei zerische Zeugnisse iiber die Heldcntaten der osterreichischen
Arrnee in
Wien. In: Neue Rheini.<ehe 7eitung No. 1 6 1 , December 6, 1848.- 1 3 7 , 1 79
Three New Constitutions (presen t edition, VoJ. 6) - Drei neue Konstitutionen. In: Deutsche-B riisseler-Zeitung No. 15.
February 20,
1 848.-372 Ursuline Convent.-Recruiting for the Grape-Shot King.- The "Burghers' Commune".-Commission on a General Customs Tariff (this volume ) Ursul inerinnen Kloster.- Werbungen fur den Kartatschenkonig.-Die "Biirgergemeinde" .-Komission wegen eines gemeinsamen Zolltariffs. I n : Neue Rheinische Zeitung
No. 168, December 1 4 , 1 848.-205, 2 1 6
War.-Discord between the Governmerd and the Southern Slavs (this vol ume) - Der Krieg .- Zwiespalt der Regierung mit den Siidslaven. In: Neue Rhei.nisch.e Zeitung
Measures Concerning the German Refugees (this volume) - Massregeln wegen der deutschen Fl iichtlingc .
623
Index of Quoted and :Mentioned Literature
I ndex of Quoted and Mentioned Literature
No. 2 1 9, February I I , 1 849.-409
The War Comedy (pre sent edition, Vol. 7) - Die Kriegskom odie. In: Neue Rheinische Zeitung
No. 5, J une 5 , 1 848.-224
A Word to the "Riforma " (present edition, Vol. 6) - Ein \Vort an die " Riforma r n : Dentsc_he-Briisseler-Zeitung "
.
1 848.-372
No. 16, February 24.
(this volume) - Der �ationalrat. In: Neue Rheinische Zeitung Nos. 165 and 165 (second edition), December 10, 1848.-59, 136, 179
Marx, Karl or Engels, Frederick Arrests (present edition. Vol. 7) - Verhaftungen . In: Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 35, J uly 5, 1848.-48, 1 82, 304,
(this volume) - Verschiedenes. In: Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 1 5 1 (su pplem ent) , Novemher
The Downfall of the Camphausen Government (present edi tio" , Vol. 7) - Sturz des Ministeriums Camphausen. In: NeUE Rheinische Zeitung (special supplement) and 23, June 22 and �3, 1 848.- 158
The National Council
Nev}s from Switurland 24, 1 848.-58
3 1 2, 3 1 9, 32 1 , 486, 49 1 , 5 1 8
.
On the Polish Question (present edition, Vol. 6) - Reden uber Polen. In: Deutsche-Briisseler-Zeitung �o. 1847.- 3 7 1 -72
98,
December 9,
(this volume) - Deutsche Professorengern ein heit In: November 30, 1 848.- 133
German Professorial Baseness
.
[Raveaux's Resignation.- Violat1.on of Swiss Terrilo1)� (this volume). In: Neue Rheinische 1:eitung No. 154 (su ppleme " t), November 28, 1848.-98, 1 1 9
[Result of the Elections to the National Councifj No. 152, November 25, 1848.-59
(this volume). In: Neue Rheinische Zeitung
Neue
Rheinische Zeitung
PatQu/s Redemption Memorandum (present edition, Vol. 7) Pat.ows Ablosungsdenkschrift. In: JVeue Rheinische Zeitung 1848.- 1 75
No. 2.�,
Nos. 22
�o.
June
156,
'F) ,
624
Index of Quoted and Mentioned Literature
WORKS BY DIFFERENT AUTHORS
Anneke, M. F. Der [Koln].-189, 1 9 1 Arndt, E. M.
Politische Tendenz-Prouss gegen Gottschalk, Anneke und Es.<er
A1L,marsch des Jahrs 1815. In: Gedichte,
Th. 2, Frankfurt am Main,
F. E.
Bcaumarchais, P. A. C. de.
•
La jo/le journ!e, oU Ie mariage de Figaro.- 14�,
262
Bible The Old Testament Job 1 : 2 1 .- 178
Kuno von Schreckenstein, oder die weissagende TTaumgestal�
Hohbes, Thomas.
Elemento philosophica. De cive,
De Arte Poetica, 1 39.-290, 401 In: Q. Horatii Flaed opera omnia poetica, Halae,
Horatius Flaccus, Quintus.
- Carminum, Ode 3 . - Epistoltu, Liber primus,
Epistola 1 1 .-68
Jahrbiicher fur die Preussische Ge.<etzgelrnng, Rechtswi<"mchaft und Reehtsverwaltung, Bd. 37, Berlin, 1 83 1 .-382
Kortum, K. A.
Die .Tobsiade. Ein komisches Heldengedicht.-89,
Lessing, G. E.
lwinna von Barnhelm
Marseillaise.-530 Die Erhliirung des Dfu.<eldorfer Oberpostdirektors Maurenbreeher.] In: Kolnische Zeitung No. 3 1 4 (second edition), Novemher 23, 1 848.-77
[Lied, verfasst anllisslich der Auflosung der Jenaer Burschenschaft.1 - 3 77
Erkliirung von Prorektor und Senai der Koniglichen vereinlen Friedrichs Universitii� November 2 1, 1 848. In: Preussischer Staat.,-Anzeiger Nos. 205 and 206,
[BOckh, P. A.]
November 25 and 26, 1848.- 1 06
rChristern, J. W.]
Vida y hechos del ingenioso hidolgo Don Quixote de fa
Doctor Eisele's und Baron von Beisele's Lanthagsreise im April 1847,
Leipzig, 1 847.-89 Claudius, M. Rheinweinlied. In: Matthias Claudius Werke, Bd. 1 , Hamburg, 1 8 1 9.-81 (anon.) Deutschland in seiner tiefen Erniedrigung [Niirnberg], 1 806.-88
Donizetti,
G.
Belisario (opera).- 1 1 7
Wandrers Nachtlie
Goethe, ]. W. von.
A Poem, in twelve books.-88
Moliere, ].-B. George Dandin ou Ie mari confondu (comedy in three acts).-356 - I.e bourgeois gentilhomme (comedy in three acts) .- 164
Mourir pour la patrie (Les Girondins).-530
Prmnilmoria, betreffend die Massregeln der Gesetzgebung, dUTCh welche die zeitgemiisse Reform der guts- und grundherrlichen Verhiiltnisse und die Reseitigung der noch vorhandenen Hemmungen der Landeskultur bezweckt wird, Berlin, June 20, 1848. In: Stenographische Berichte iiber die Verhandlungen der zur Vereinbarung der preussischen Staats-Verfassung bernfenen Versammlung, Beilage zurn Preussischen StaaL,-Anzeiger, Bd. I , Berlin, 1 848.- 1 75
Patow, E. R. von.
Proudhon, P.-J.
Argument a la Montagne.
I n : Le
Peuple
No, 5, November 15-2 1 ,
- Qu'est-ce que la propriete? OU recherches sur Ie principe du droit et du gouvernement, 1 848.- 1 23
Rossini, G.
T. I-II, Paris,
Tancredi (opera).-91
Allgemeine Geschichte vom Anfang deT historischen Kenntniss bis aUf ulLlere Zeiten. Fur denkende Geschichtsfreunde, Freiburg und KODStanz, 1 8 1 3-
Rotteck, K. von. 274
Deutschland. Ein Wintermiirchen.-33, 7 1 , 130, 272, 366 Einleitung zu "Kahldorf iiber den Add in Briefen an den Grafen M. von Moltke ".-1 7, 214 Heine, H .
Paradise Lost.
- Systeme des contradictions iconomiques. ou philosophie de la misere, 1 846.- 129
Statistica della Svizzera, Lugano. 1827.-85 Nuova Statistica della Svi.,,,ra, T. I , Lugano, 1 847.-85
Vorlesungen iiber die Geschichte der Phi losophie.- 234,
Milton, J .
Paris, 1 84 1 .- 1 29
Franscini, S.
Hegel, G. W. F.
Die zweite republikanische Aufstand
[Maurenbrecher, P. W.
Matthew.-258 Epistles of St. Paul to Thessalonians.-38
Mancha.-68
1 54
(comedy in five acr_s) .-225
Isaiah.-67 Habakkuk.-50
Cervantes Saavedra, M. de.
1802.- 143
Kamptz, K. A.
[Lowcnfels, T. W., Neff, F. u . Thielemann, G.] in Baden, Basel, 1 848.-204
Binzer, A.
2. Aufl.,
Basileae, 1 782.- 165
I Moses.-49, 90 I Kings 1 2 : 1 1 .- 3 1
The New Testament
_
Hildebrandt, C.
Bd. 1-6, Leipzig, 1 778.-67
Bd. 1-3, Quedlinburg und Leipzig, 1 840.- 168
Fra Diavolo (a comic opera).- 1 74 Bakunin, M . Aufruf an die Slaven. Van einem TUSSUCMn Patrioten, MichlUd Bakunin. Mitglied de.' Slavenkongresses in Prag, Koethen, 1 848.-364-65, 369- 7 1 , 374, 378 D.
Sophiens Reise lion Memel nach Sachsen,
[Hermes, J . T.]
1 8 1 8.-90 Auber,
625
Index of Quoted and Mentioned Literature
_
Hengstenberg, E. W., Schonlein, J. 1.. , Ehrenberg, Ch. G., Bockh, Ph. A., Grimm, J. L . C., Grimm, W. C. u. a. Adresse deT Berliner Professoren an den Konig von Preussen, November 24. In: Preussischer SUJ.at.�-Anuiger, November 25, 1 848.- 1 06, 133
1 8 1 8.- 1 57
- Staats-Lexikon oder Encyklcpiidie der Staatswissenschaften. in Verbindung mit uielen der angesehensten Publicisten DeuL,ehlands, Bd. 15, Altona, 1 843.-89
Schiller, F. von. An
die Freude.-2 1 3 - Die .Tungfrau von Orleans.- I 7 - Dey Taucher. -89
Schiicking, I.. February 3,
Politische Gesprii.che. In: Kolni.
Nos. 29, 30, 34 and 35,
626
Index of Quoted and Mentioned Literature
Index of Quoted and Mentioned Literature
Shakespeare, W.
As You Like
HamleL- 34, 198 - King Lear.-83 - Troilus and Cre.«ida.
-
Unruh. H. V. von.
Bericht des A usschusses fUr die osterreichischen Angelegenheiten uber die Antriige der Abgeordneten Venedey? Heinrich Simon, Wiesner und Bauernschmied, sowie iiber mehrere die iisterreichischen Angelegenheiten betreffenden Petitionen. I n : Verhandlungen der deutschen verfassunggebenden Reirhsversammlung zu Frankfurt am Main, Bd. 2,
It.- 163
1 8, 139
A Thousand and One Nights (Arabian
Frankfurt,
tales).-287
Skizzlm aus Preussens nelle.�teT Ge.�chichte,
Magdeburg, 1 849.-334
G.]
and
Engels
this report In:
as
published in
the
Neue Preu.'t..'ii()che Zeitung
No. 1 1 5 (supplement), November 1 1 , 1848.-30
Bundesverfassung der Schweizerischen Eidgeno«en«haft, vom 12. September 1848, Gallen, 1 848.-42, 44, 87
Charte constitutioneUe, June 4, 1 814. In: 1 8 1 4. - 1 7 7
1 849.-504
Code civil-see Code Napolion
1 4 and I S , 1848.- 19
used
Der Bericht der Zentralabteilung fiber Kirche und Schule.
Uben und Taten des beriihmten Ritters Schnapphahnski. In: Neue Rheinische Zeitung, August, September and December 1848 and January Die Steueroerweigerung in England bei Gelegenheit der Reform-Bill im Jahre 1832. In: Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 142 (second edition) and No. 143, November
Code d'instruction crimineUe,
Le Moniteur universel
St.
No. 156, June 5 ,
Paris, 1809.-464
Code Napolion. Edition onginale et seule officielle,
Paris and Leipzig, 1808.-262, 327,
399, 4 1 6 Cologne, 1 810.-76, 77, 80, 82, 1 7 1 , 246, 304- 14, 3 1 7-19, 325, 34 1 , 463, 501 , 504, 5 1 8
Code pinal, DOCUMENTS
AlierhOchste Kabinetsorder an das Staatsministerium, betreffend den Staatshl1ushalt und das Staat."chulden-We.en. De data den 1 7tm Januar 1820. In: Geset"-Sammlung Jilr die Koniglichen Preussischen Staaten, 1820, No. 2.-382, 383, 388 Allgemeiner Etat der Staats-Einnahmen und Au-sgaben filr da, Jahr 1844. Sammlung filr die Koniglichen Preussi.chen Staaten, 1844, No. 9.-380 AUgemeines Landrecht Jilr die Preussischen Staaten, 382, 388, 389
In:
Gesetz
Berlin, 1 8 1 7.- 1 72, 296, 3 1 5 , 38 1 ,
An meine lieben Berliner (des Konigs Friedrich-l1lilhelm IV. von Preussen vom 19. Man 1848). In: Allgemeine Preussische Zeitung No. 80, March 20, 1 �48.-222
An mein Volk und an die deutsche Nation [des KOnig. Friedrich-Wilhelm IV, Berlin, den 2/' Marz, 1848]. In Allgemeine Preussische Zeitung No. 82, March 22, 1848.-222, 447 An siimtliche Koniglichen Regierungtn.
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Preussischer Staats-Anzeiger
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Armee-Bulletin.
In:
Wiener Zeitung No.
19, January 23, 1849.-290-9 1
1 8. Armee-Bulletin.
In:
Wiener Zeitung No.
24, January 28, 1 849.-291, 294, 302
19. Annee-Bulletin.
In:
Wiener Zeit«ng No.
27, February I , 1849.-300. 303
20. Armee-Bulletin.
In:
Wiener Zeitung No.
30, February 4, 1 849.-401
21. Armee-Bulletin.
In:
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22. Armee-Bulletin.
In:
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23. Armee-Bulletin.
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24. Armee-Bulletin.
In:
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[Vulpius. Ch. A.J Rinaldo Rinaldini, der Rauber Hauptmann. Eine romantische Geschkhte unser� Jahrhunderts in Drei Theilen oder neun Buchern, 2. AufI., Th. 1-3, Leipzig, 1 799.-69 [Weerth,
627
25. Armee-Bulletin. In: Wiener Zeitung No. 5 1 , March
14, 1 849.-40 1 , 402, 404'()8
I , 1 849.-478, 480
Annee-Refehl von F. H. E. Wrangel, Potsdam, September 1 7, Zeitung No. 109, September 22, 1848.- 176, 26 1 , 334
1848. In:
Neue Rheinische
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code des dilits et des peines,
Compte rendu des seances de l'Assemblee nationale, T.
1 - 1 0, Pari" 1849-1850, T. 7 (Marx and Engels used this report as published in tbe newspapers).-28 1 . 284
Constitutio criminalis carolina,
Halle, 1900.- 1 4
r.on.�titution de La Ripublique fra1'l{aise. votee par L'Assemblie nationale dans sa seance du 4 novembre 1848, Stuttgart. 1 848.- 1 5 1 Declaration au peuple.
In:
La Reforme No.
3 1 0, November 9, 1 848.- 123
Denkschrift iiber die Verwaltung des Staatsschatres filr die Zeit von 1840 bis 1846. In: Der Erste Vereinigte Landtag in Berlin 1847, l . Theil, Berlin, 1847.-389
Entuurf einer Gemeinde-Ordnung nebs! Motiven w ihrer ETkliirung, August 1 3 , 1848. In: Stenographi.
Entuurf eines Gesetus, betreffend die Aufhebung der Klassen5teuer-Befreiungen, July 10, 1848. I n : Stenographische Berichte tiber die Verhandlungen tier zur Vereinbarung der preussischen Staats- Verfassung herufenen Versammlung, . BeiJage zum Preussischen S!aats-Anzeiger, Bd. I , Berlin, 1 848.- 1 7 4 Entuurf eine> Gesetzes, die Aufhebung der Grundsteuer-Befreiungen betreffend, July 20, 1848. In: Stenographische Berichf.€ uber die VtrhandlunKen der zur Vereinbarung der preussischen Staats-Verfassung berofenen Versammlung, Bei1age zum Preussischen Staats-Anzeiger. Bd. 1 , Berlin, 1 848.- 1 74 Entwur! eine. Gesetu. iiber die Errichtung der Biirgerwehr. July 6, 1848. I n : Stenographische Bencht" uber die Verhandlungen tlLr zur Vereinbarung der preussischen Staats- Verfassung berufenen Versammlung. Beilage zum Preussischen Staats-Anzeiger, Bd. 1 , Berlin, 1 848.- 1 73
Entwurf eines Verfassungs-Gesetus Jilr den preussischen Staal, May 20, 1848. In: Stenographische Berichte tiber die Verhandlungen der ::::ur Vereinbarung der prewi,�i.w·herl
628
Staats-Verf�sung berufenen Ver.il1mmlung, Beilage zum Preussischen 8taats-Anzeiger ' Rd. 1 , Rerhn, 1 848.-297 [Erst. Anwortnote des Vorarts Bern vom 5. Oktober 1 848.] In: Frankfurter Oberpostamts_ Z"tung No. 275 (second supplement), October 10, 1848'' No. 276 , October I I , 1848.-67
[Erste Note der deutschen Zentralgewalt an den Vorort Bern vom 4. Oktober 1 848.] In: Frankfurter Oberpvstamts-Zeitung No. ' 267 (special supplement) . September 30, 1 848.-67 Der E,rste Vereinigte Landtag in Berlin 1847, l 70-72, 175, 326, 388, 389, 4 1 9, 446
Tb.
1-4, Berlin, 1847. Th. I , 3, 4.-168,
Cesetz betreffend dos gerichitiche und Disziplinar-Strafverfahren gegen Beamte. Vom 29. :. Man 1844. In: Gesetz-Sammlung fiir die Koniglichen Preussischen Staaten, 1 844 ' No. 8.-200-0 1 , 345
? !
Gesetz, betreffend die istirung der Verhandlun en uher die Regulirung der gutsherrtichen und � . .. . bau�rl1.chen Verha tmsse und uher dte Ablosung deT DiensteJ Natural- una Geldahgaben, .. sowJ.e de.,. uber dust Gegenstiinde anhiingigen Prou.t�e. Yom 9. Oktober 1848. In: Gesetz-Sammlung fur die Koniglichen Preussischen Staaten, 1848, No. 45.- 1 7 5 , 334 Gesetz iiber die Errichtung der Biirgerwehr. Vom 1 7. Oktober 1848. I n : Ge.<etz-Sammlungfur die Kiiniglichen Preussischen Staaten, 1848. No. 47.-77, 78, 1 73, 333
�
Gese � wm &h�tz �er person lichen Freiheit. Vom 24. September 1 848. In: Gesetz-Sammlung fur die Komghchen Preussischen Staaten, 1848, No. 42.-25, 78, 333 Gesetzbuch uber Strafen, COIn, 1 8 1 2 -see Code pinal Gesetz-Sammlung fiir die Konighchen Preussischen Staaten.-380, 3 8 1
- 1 820.-166, 382, 383, 388 - 1 839.-264 - 1 844.-200, 345, 380 - 1 847.-166, 387 - 1 848.-25, 77-80, 134, 135, 154, 166, 1 72, 1 76, 177, 200, 20 1 , 255-57, 259-67, 2 7 1 , 295, 323-26, 328-30, 332, 333, 339, 345, 346, 3 9 1 , 447, 449 - 1 849.-449 25, 79, 333
G,setz-Sammlung fur
In:
die
Kiiniglichen
Preussischen
Staaten,
1848,
No. 46.- 201
r Petition de.. Kainer Gemeinderats an den Konig.] In: Kolnische Zeitung No. 3 1 1 (second edition), November 19, 1 848.-45, 53
Die Proklamation [des Konlgs Friedrich- Wilhelm I V. von Preus.�en VQm 1 1 . November 1848]. In:
Neue
Preussische
Zeitung No.
1 16
(special
supplement),
November
12,
The Statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, 60 Geo. III. and 1 Ceo. IV. 1819-1820. And 1 Geo. IV. 1820, London, 1820.-448 Stenographische Berichte fiber die Verhandlungen der zur Vereinbarung dEr preussischen Staats- Verfassung berofenen Versammlung, Beilage zum Preussischen Staals-Anzeig
Verfossungsurkunde fur den Preussischen Staat, December 5, 1848. I n : Gesetz-Sammlung fur die Kanigtichen Preussischen StaatRn, 1848, No. 55.-134, 154, 1 77, 20 1 , 255-57, 259_67, 287, 289, 323, 328, 346, 391 , 447. 448 Verhandlungen del' constituirenden Versammlung fur Preussen. 1848, Bd. 9 (SuppL-Bd.), Leipzig, 1849.- 19, 25, 36, 38, 4 1 , 48, 50, 200, 323, 333. 3 38, 339
Verhandlungen des zum 2. April 1848 wsam.menbernfenen Vereinigten Landtages, Berlin, 1848.-446
Magna Charta Ubertatum.- 1 7 1 , 1 77 Manifeste ilectoral du Peuple. In: Le Peuple No. 4, November 8-15, 1 848.- 1 23
Neujahrsgratulation 1849 an dos Heer [des Konigs Friedrich-Wilhelm IV vom 1 . januar
1849, Potsdam]. In: Preussischer Staats-Anzeiger No. 3 , January 3, 1 849.-222-26
�
Note a� die d nische Regierung vom 8. April 1 848 von L. Wildenbroch. In: Sl
1848.-223 ..
1848.
Uebersicht von den Resultaten del' Finam- Verwaltung im jahre 1847. In: Vorlagen an die National- Vers",wmlung, 1 848.-383, 388
- 1 8 19.-307, 3 1 0
�
Palent iiber die Pubtikati<m des Reichsgesetzes, betreffend das Verfahren im Faile gerichtlicher Anklagen gegen Mitgtieder der verfassunggebenden Reichsversammlung. Vom 14. Oktober
Preussischen Staalen, 1839, No. 1 0 .-265
- 1 8 1 5.- 1 66
-
Patent die stiindischen Einrichtungen hetreffend. Yom 3. Februar 1847. In: Gesetz-Sammlung fur die Kiiniglichen Preussischen Staalen, 1 847, No. 4.- 1 66, 387
1 848.-20
[Dos Gesetz wegen Centralisation der Posten.] Bern, 1 848.-98, 1 13
Habeas Corpus Att
629
I ndex of Quoted and Mentioned Literature
I ndex of Quoted and Mentiuned Literature
[ Osterreichische Note vom 4. Februar 1849.J I n : Frankfurter Oberpostamts-Zeitung No. 36. Fehruary 10, 1 849, and Kolnische Zeitung No. 37, February 1 3 , 1 849.-398
Versammlung. Vom 5. Deumber 1848. I n : 8tenographische Berichte fiber die Verhand lungen der zur Vereinbarung der preussischen Staats- Verfassung bern/enen Versamm lung, Beilage zum Preus,ischen Staats-Anzeiger, Bd. 3, Berlin, 1848.- 134, 1 3 5
Verordnung, betreffend die Auflosung der zur Vereinbarung der Verfassung beTUfenen
Verordnung, betreffend die Ausfiihrung des Gesetzes iiber die Errichtung der Biirgerwehr. Vom 1 7. Oktober 1 848. In: Gesetz-Sammlung pir die Konigliche.n Pre'Ussischen Staaten, 1848, No. 47.-77-79 Verordnung, betTeffend die Errichtung von Gewerberiithen und verschiedene Abiinderungen der allgemeinen Geuwrbeordnung. Vom 9. Februar 1 849. I n : Ge.w�tz-Samrnlung JiiT die Koniglichen Preussischen Staaten, 1 849, No. 6.-449
Index of Quoted
630
and Mentioned Literature
Index of Quoted and Mentioned Literature
Verordnung tiber die Bildung des Vereinigten Landtages. Vom 3. Februar 1847. Gesetz-Samm/ung fur die Koniglichen Preussischen Staaten, 1847, No. 4.-166
In:
Verordnung uber die Errichtung von Gewerbegericht",. Vom 9. Februar 1849. Gesetz-Sammlung fur die Konig/ ich", Preussischen Staaten, 1 849, No. 6.-449
In:
Verordnung uber die ", bi!dende Reprii<entalion des Volks. Yom 22tm Mai 18 /5. Gesetz-Sammlung fUr die Konig/ichen Preussischen Staaten, 1 8 1 5 , No. 9.-166
In:
Verordnung iiber einige Grundlagen der kunftigen Preussischen Verfassung. Yom 6. April / 848. I n : Gesetz-Sammlung fur die Kiiniglichen Pre1L«ischen Staaten, 1848 ' No. 1 1 .-77, 154, 20 1 , 323-29, 339
VtTOrdn�?,� wegen Bestrafung schriftlicher Beleidigungen in den ProlJinun, wo da.s franzoSlSche Strafgesetzhuch vorliiufig noch gesetzliche Kraft hat. Yom 5tmJuli 1819. In: Gesetz-Sammlung fur die Konig/ichen Preussischen Staaten, 1819, No. 15.-307
Verordnung wegen der kilnftigen Behandlung des gesammten Staatsschulden-Wesens. Yom 1 7ten Januar 1820. In: Gesetz-Sammlung filr die Koniglichen Preussischen Staalen, 1820, No. 2.- 1 66
Vorliiufiger Entwurf tiner Verordnung zur Ergiin'1.ung der Allgemeinen Gewerhe-Ordnung vom 1 i. Jan. 1845. In: Kolnische Zeitung No. 24 (first supplement), January 28' 1849.-265-66
Wah/gesetz fur die zur Vereinbarnng der Preussischen Stnats- Verfassung zu bernfende Versammlung. Yom 8. April / 848 . In: Gesetz-Sammlung fur die Koniglichen Preussischen Staaten, 1848, No. 12.- 1 54, 1 66, 271, 296, 323-29, 339 Wahlgesetz fur die zweite Kammer. Yom 6. Dezember 1848. Kiinig/ichen Preussischen Staaten, 1848, No. 55.-271
In:
Gesetz-Sammlung fUr die
[Zirkularnote der preussischen Regierung vom 2.'1. Januar 1849.]
In:
Kolnische Zeitung
No. 25 (special supplement), January 30, 1 849.-297
[Die Zustimmungs-} Adressen [an die NationalveT,�ammlung in Berlin]. In: Zeitung No. 148, November 2 1 , 1 848.-39 [Zweite Antwortnote des VOTOrts Bern vom 4. November 1848.] Zeitung No. 304, November 13, 1 848.-68
In:
Neue Rheinische
Frankfurter Oberpostamts
[Zweite Nole der deutschen ZentralKewalt an den Vorort Bern vom 28. Oktaber 1848.l In: Frankfurter Oberpostnmts-Zeitung No. 298 (supplement), November 6, 1848.-68
Frankfurter Oberpostamts-Zeitung
63 1
No. 3 1 4 (supplement), November 24, 1848: " Die
Fortdauer der Ueberstande an der Schweizergrenze."- 1 I 7
Grazer Zeitung
No. 54, February 23,
1849: "Temesvar (Correspondenz) ." -461
- No. 54, February 23, 1849: "Bulletin" (report).-468 - No. ,';6, February 25, 1 849: "Ungarischer Kriegsschauplatz: Sieg der Russen in Siebenbiirgen."-454 - No. 59, February 28,
1 849:
"Officieller Bericht iiber das Gefecht bei
Kronstadt. "-4 72 I I , January 13, 1849: "An die Urwahler."-255 - No. 24, January 28, 1849: "Die Wahlen zur ersten Kammer." -289 - No. 25, January 30, 1849: "Die Wahlen."-286 - No. 25 (supplement), January 30, 1849: "Ungarn (Von Kriegs-Schau-
Kolnische Zeitung No.
platz)." -290 - No. 35 (first supplement), February 10, 1 849: "Ungarn" (report).-347 - No. 40, February 16, 1 849: "Kein Zentrum."-392 - No. 4 1 , Fehruary 1 7 , 1849: "Der ungarische Krieg. "-398 84 (morning edition), February 18, 1849: "Pesth, 1 5 . Februar."-426 - No. 99 (evening edition), February 27, 1849: "Pesth, 24. Februar. "-471
Der Lloyd No.
N/IUII Preussische Zeitung
:>10. 1 10, November 5, 1848: "Das Ministerium Branden
burg. "-3 - No. 1 1 3, November 9, 1848: "Berlin, den 8. November."- 1 4 , 1 6 - No. 1 1 5, November I I , 1848: "Au. Breslau, den 8 . November."-39 - No. 1 15 (supplement), November \ I , 1 848: "Der Bericht der ZentralAbteilung iiber Kircbe und Scbule."-30 - No. 1 1 8, November 1 5 , 1848: "�b Konigtum, ob Republik."-32
Neue Rheinische Zeitung No.
48. July 18, 1848: "Biirgerverein" (Diisseldorf).-314 - No. 74, August 13, 1848: "Die Sitzung der Nationalversammlung vom 7. und 8. August."-390
- No. 95, September 6, 1848: "Breslau" (Lichnowski).-504 - No. 102, September 1 4 , 1 848: " ! ! ! Frankfurt a. M. den I I. Septbr. 1848. 75. Sitzung de.- National-Versammlung." - 504 - No. 2 1 1 , February 2, 1849: "Wien, 28. Jan."-291 50, February 28, 1849: "Kronstadt, den 5. Februar."-472 - No. 5 1 , March 1 , 1849: "Offizielle Nachrichten. 25. Armee-Rulletin."-479
Die Pr,ss, No.
4517-452 1 , November 7-1 1, 1848: "M. Cavaignac devant la Commission d'Enquete sur l'insurrection du 23. juin. "-23
La Press, No.
3, 1 848. [Review of secret archives of the Foreign Ministry of the July monarchy for 1840, 1842, 1 844-47.]-421
Revue retrospective ou Archives .§ecrete.� du demitr Gouvemement No.
ANONYMOUS ARTICLES AND REPORTS PUBLISHED
1:01 PERIODIC EDITIONS
Allgemeine Zeitung Febr. "-368
No. 38,
Deutsche AlIg,,"eine Zeitung Febr. "-4 I 0
February 7,
November." - 79
No.
J . Febr. " and' "Wien, 3.
No. 48 (supplement), February 17,
- No. 54, February 23, 1 849: " Nota
Dusseldorfer Zeitung
lR49: "Pesth,
311,
des
November
- No. 336, December 23, 1848:
1849: "Prag, 13.
Grafs Almasy. "-431 24,
"Miinsr.er,
1848:
"Diisseldorf,
vom 20. Dez."-200
No. 6, March 1 7, 1849: "Angelegenheit der italienischen Fliichtlinge im Kanton Tessin ."- 141-53
Schweizeruches Bunde..blatt
La Suisse No. 291, December 6, 1 848: [Circular to the cantonal governments].- 1 80 Wiener-Zeitung No. 32, FebTuary 7, ]849: "Proclamation des F. M. G. Puchner. Nachrichten von Kriegsschauplatze."-350
vom
22.
- No. 33, FebrUilry 8, 1849: "Fiinfter Armeebericht des F. M. I.. Schlick."-360 - No. 40 (evening supplement), February 15, 1849: "Ungarn. Pest, 1 3 . Februar. (Amtlichcs.) Proclamation . " [Windischgratz's proclamation.]-415 - No. 44, February 2 1 , 1 849: "Siebenbiirgen " (report).-432
633
Index of Periodicals
632
Die B iene- Swiss 'politico-humoristic weekly published in Berne in 1 848-49 uncleI' the editorship of Jenni.-247
Bresiauer
Zeitung- German daily founded in Breslau (Wrodaw) in 1820; repeatedly
the 18405 held liberal views; in 1848-49 campaigned against revolutionary Hungary.-347, 351, 425, 428, 440, 442, 45 1 , 458, 460, 467, 468, 477 changed
INDEX OF PERIODICALS
its
Bundeszeitung
-
political orientation;
in
see Schweizerische Bundesz..eitung
Le Charit'an- Frcnch republican satirical newspaper published in Paris from 1832 to 1 934; ridiculed the regime of the July monarchy and in 1848 supported Cavai gnac's dictatorship.- 24 7
La Concordia- Italian liberal daily published in Turin in 1 848-49 under the of Giuseppe Gentille.-397 Constitutionelles
Blatt
aus
Bohmen- daily
published
in
German
in
editorship Prague
in
1848-49.-352. 410, 4 1 6, 4 3 1 , 435. 45 1 , 453, 468, 472, 473, 479 Constitutionnel Neuchiitelois- Swiss constitutional-monarchist newspaper published thrice weekly
L'Alba. Giornale politico-letterario- Italian democratic daily published in Florence in 1 847-49.-397 Allgemeine Oder-Zeitung-G erman daily published under this title in Breslau (Wroclaw) from 1846 to March 1849, organ of the opposition Catholic circles; ' in March 1849 it changed its trend and was renamed Neue Oder-Zeitung. and as an organ of German bourgeois democracy it appeared until 1855. In 1855 Marx was its correspondent in London .-427, 430, 440, 443, 461
Allgemeine Preussische Zeitung-see Preussischer Staats-Anz:eiger
Allgemeine Zeitung- G erman conservative daily founded in 1798; from 1 8 \ 0 to 1882 was published in Augsburg.- 120, 122, 348, 4 1 2 , 435, 478 L'Ami du Peuple en 1848---- French revolutionary-democratic newspaper published in Paris from February 27 to May 14, 1848, under the editorship of Fran�oi' Raspail.- 127 Arbeiter-Zeitung-see Zeitung des Arbeiter- Vereines
l.U
Koln
Der aufrichtige und wohlerfahrene Schweizer Bote- Swiss liberal journal founded in 1 798; from 1 804 was publiShed in Aarau.- 1 8 1 A ugsburger Allgemeine Zeitung-see Allgemeine Zeitung
in
N euchiitel from 1 8 3 1 to February 1 848.-8
II Contemporaneo- lt alian radical daily published in Rome from 1846; was suppressed by the Pope's decree of J uly 1 5 , 1 849.-397
,
Le Courrier Suisse-Swiss conservative newspaper published in Lausanne from 1840 to 1 853.-43
Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung-German newspaper published under this title in Leipzig from 1843 to 1879; until the summer of 1848 was conservative but later adopted liberal views.-410 Die Deutsche Reform. Politische Zeitung Jiir das constitutwnelle Deutschland- German constitutional·monarchist daily published in Berlin from June 20, 1848, to 18.') 1 . - 1 98, 421 Deutsche Schnellpost fiir Europiiische Zustiinde, iiffentliches und
socia
Leben Deutsch lands- newspaper of the German moderate democratic emigrants in the CSA published twice weekly in .'lew York from 1843 to 1 8 5 1 . - 2 1 0
les
Deutsche Zeitung- G erman daily published in Heidelberg from 1847 to October 1 848, and up to 1850 in Frankfurt am Main; organ of the advocates of constitutional monarchy and u nification of Germany under Prussian hegemony.- 193, 287
Basellandschaftliches Volksblatt-Swiss liberal weekly published in the canton of BasIc
Diisseldorfer Zeitung-German daily published under this title in Dusseldorf from 1826 to 1926; was liberal in the 1840s.-79, 199, 200, 5 1 6
Basler lntelligenz.blau- Swiss conservative newspaper published under this title in Basle from 1 845 to 1 856.- 120
Die Evolution. Ein politisches "",'ochenblatt- revolutionary-democratic workers' weekly, organ of the German refugees in Switzerland, published in Biel (Berne canton) in
from 1835
to
1853.- 1 8 1
Berner Intelligenzblatt-Swiss daily published from 1834 to 1 9 1 9; in the 1 840s, organ of the reactionary circ1es.-247 Berner Verfa.�·mngs-FTeund-Swiss moderate liberal daily published in Berne from 1836 to 1 849. when it was renamed Schweizerische Bundeszeitung. -58, 179, 248, 25 1 , 252, 253 Berner-Zeitung- Swiss daily published in Berne from 1845 to 1894; in the 1 840s, organ of the radical party, was edited by .'Iiklaus Niggder.-58, 1 1 7, 247, 248, 252
1848 and 1 849 under the editorship of Johann Philipp Becker; a specimen issue appeared on D ecember I , 1848, under the title Die Revolution.- 204, 205. 250 Frankfurter
Journal-German
daily published in Frankfurt am Main from 1615 to
1903; was liberal in the 1840s.- 1 79, 342
of thf>
Frankfurter Oberpostamt.�-Zei'ung- German newspaper published in Frankfurt am :Main from 1 6 1 9 to 1 866; during the 1 848-49 revolution was the organ Im perial Regent and the Imperial Govern ment.-98, 1 1 7, 4 2 1
634
Der Freie Schweizer-Swiss radical daily published in Berne Freiheit,
in
1848 and 1 849; in 1849
Ll'
l!rifderlichkei�,
was renamed
Schweizer Zeitung.-250
Arbeil-German newspaper, organ of the Cologne Wor kers' Association, pubhshed twice weekly in Cologne from Octo ber 26, 1848 . From January 14, 1849 Gottschalk ', supporters tried to replace it with the newspaper : Frelhett, Ar lH-t whICh was disavowed by the Association'S leadership. On February 8 . the publIcatIOn of the ne:wspaper was resumed and it appeared unti l the middle of 1849.-513, 524
353
Le
,Vational-Zeitung- see Schweizerische National-Zeitung
Neue Kolnische Zeitung
L'Helvitie
radical daily published in Pruntrut from 183 2 to 185 0; from January to Novemb er 1849 appeared under the title L'Helvetie fedirale in Berne.-248
,
daily, organ of the revolutionary Government of Hungary, published in Pest and Debrf'czin in 1848 and 1849 and in Szegedin from July 1 849.-237, 348, 477, 479
Kihw'ny, hivataLos lap- Hungarian
Krew:.-Zeitung-- see NeW? Preussische Zeitung
Leipdger Zeit ung- German conservative newspaper publi.'ihed under this title in Leipzig from 1 8 1 0.-416, 453 Der IJoyd�Austrian conservative newspaper appearing twice a day in Vienna from 1848 to 1854.-426, 4 7 1
Moniteur du Soir- Fre nch daily published i n Paris from 1 83 1 ; organ of the supporters of the July monarchy until 1848; organ of the Bonapartists after 1 848.-456
revolutionary
.Yeue Rheinische Zeitung. Organ der Dem okratie- Ger man daily, organ of the proletarian revolutionary democrats during the German revolution of 1 848·49, published in Cologne under Marx's editorship from June 1, 1848, to May 19, 1849
(with an interval from September 2 7 to October 1 2, 1848).- 14, 1 6, 18, 2 1 , 39,48, 49, 69, 70, 73, 8 1 -83, 85, 94, 138, 142, 1 54, 159, 1 6 1 , 168, 1 82, 188, 1 92, 210, 254. 256, 262, 268, 276, 286, 29 1 , 304, 3 1 1 - 1 5, 323, 358, 362, 366, 3 7 1 , 390, 4 1 6, 4 2 1 , 422, 445, 493, 496, SOl , 504, 509- 1 0 , 5 1 6, 5 1 7, 5 18, 5 2 1 , 522, 527, 529, 530
Kolnerin- see Kolnische Zeitung
Koniglich privilegirte Berlinische Zeitung von 8taats- und gelehrten Sachen- German newspaper published i n Berlin from 1 785; in the I R40s held moderate liberal views; also known as the Vossische Zeitung after its owner.-36
und Soldaten- C erman
Prtussische Zeitung- German conservative daily, organ of the big Prussian landowners and Court circles; was published in Berlin from June 1848; known also as Kreuz-Zeitung because the heading contained a cross bearing the slogan "Forward with God for King and Fatherland! " - 3, 30-34, 36, 99, 1 74, 222, 254, 259, 2 6 1 , 265, 3 1 3, 325, 339
published in Karlsruhe from 1 757 .- 1 93
Kiilni.
Biirger, Bauern
Neue
Janws.
Karlsruher Zeitung- German daily, official organ of the Grand Duchy of Bad en,
fur
democratic newspaper published in Cologne from September 10, 1848, to July 14, 1 849.- 1 8 1
Journal politique, industriel et littira ire-S�iss
from 1 848 to I R 57.- 108
the
liberal new!;;paper published under this title in Berlin from April I, 1 848, to 1 9 1 5.-27 1 -79, 446, 448
radical humoristic weekly published in Berne from 1 840 to the end of 1 849 under the editorship of Jenni.-249
newspaper published in Sion, Wallis (Valais) canton .
National- French daily published in Paris from 1830 to 1 85 1 ; organ of moderate republicans in the 1 840s.-66, 84, 124, 2 1 3, 2 8 1 -83, 284
National-Zeitung- German
Der Gukkasten-Swiss
Journal du Valais-Swiss liberal
Wachter- Swiss
Napredak-Serhian new'pa per published in Karlowitz (Karlovce) in 1 848-49.-
Grazer Zeitung-A ustrian daily founded in Graz in 1 7 85.-454, 46 1 , 468
Jahrbikher deutscher Gesinnung, Bildung und Tha t-German pietist yearbook published in Berlin from 184 5 to 184 8.- 240
daily, official government newspaper published in Paris from 1789; organ of the revulutionary Government during the French Revulution.- 18, 149, 247 radical newspaper published in Murten (Freiburg canton) from January 1 848.-252
Gazette de Lausanne et Journal Suisse-Swiss dai1y founded i n Lausanne in 1 798 ' organ of the liberal-democratic party.-86
L 'Helvitie.
Moniteur un iversel- French
AfuTter
�
L'Helvetie fedirale-see
635
I nrlex of Pcriodit.:als
I ndex of Periodicals
Neue
Ziircher-Zeitung-see
Ziircher-Zeitung
The Northern Star- English weekly, central organ of the Chartists, published from 1837 to 1 852, first in Leeds and, from November 1 844, in London. Its founder and
editor was Feargus O'Connor, George Harney being one of its editors. Engels contributed to the paper from 1 843 to 1850.-397 Nouuelli'ite Vaudois- Swiss cantonal newspaper founded in 1798 and published in Lausanne until 1 9 1 4; in the 1 840s adhered to radical views.-43, 58, 248
Gppelner Kreishlatt-wcekly
newspaper of the authorities in published from 1 840.-269
Oppeln
(Silesia),
6sterreichi.�cher Correspondent- daily
organ of the Austrian Government, published under this title in Vienna in 1 848 and 1 849 (from November l R48 to April IR49 in Olmutz).-426
Pesther Courier-organ I.e
of the- Austrian administration in Pest in 1 848-44.-479
Journal de La Retmblique democratique et sociale- French social-reformIst newspaper publi�hed in Paris in 1848-50; from April 1 848 it wa� called Le Repnisenlant du Peuple, from September 1848 to June 13, 1 849, Le Peuple and later La lloix du peuple and Le Peuple de lR50; its editor was Pierre Joseph
Peuple,
Proudhun.- 123, 128, 129, 130, 1 32
636
Index of Periodicals
Die l're.<.<e- A ustrian liberal daily puhlished in Vienna from July 1848 to 1896. In
Schweiurische National-Zeitung- Swiss daily published in Basle from 1 842.-42, 1 8 1
186 1 and 1862, when the paper adopted an anti-Bonapartist stand, Marx published articles and reports in il.-41 I , 472, 479
Der Schweizerischer Beobachter- Swi ss liberal daily published in Basle from 1842; in
1848 its editor was Johann Karl Brenner.-42, 183
La Presse- French daily published in Paris from 1836; in the 1 840s expressed the
Schw,izerischer Beobachter-Swiss newspaper published thrice weekly in Berne [rom
interests of the circles opposed to the July monarchy; it was the organ of the , moderate republicans in 1 R48-49, and later a Bonapartist newspaper. Emile Girardin was its editor from 1836 to 1857.-23
Preussi.scher Staat.�-Anzeiger- newspapcr fuunded in Berlin in 1 8 1 9 ; under this title
was published from May 1848 to July 185 1 as an official organ of the Prussian Government.-36, 106, 1 33, 1 99, 240, 379
La R iforme- daily organ of the French republican democrats and petty-bourgeois
1833 to 1850.- 1 83, 247
;;
-. , . ,
Schweizer Zeilung- see Der Freie Schweizer
1 I
Serbske Noviny-official organ of the Serbian Government published in Belgrade from 1835.-441 Siebenbiirger Wochenblatt-weekly published in Kronstadt (Braiow).-454, 455 Slavenski jug-Croatian newspaper published in Agram (Zagreb) from 1848 to 1 8.,0.-4 1 0
Le Rep resentant du Peuple- see Le Peuple Le Ripublicain Neuchatelois-Swiss liberal-republican newspaper published from
Staats- A nuiger- see Preussi.�cheT Staats-A nzeiger
March 1848 to October 1 849 in La Chaux-de-Fonds and from November 1849 to 1 856 in Neuchatel.-8
StlUlL�-Zeitung- see Preussi...ch€r Slaats-A nzeiger
La Ripublique- French daily, organ of the radical republicans, published in Paris
Siidslavische Zeitung- Croatian newspaper, in 1849 organ of the Austro-Slav liberal
from Fehruary 1848 to December 185 1 .-397
monarchist circles, published in German in Agram (Zagreb) from 1 849 to 1852.347, 352
Die Revolution-see Die Evolution
La Suisse- Swiss liberal newspaper published in Berne from 1 846 to 1860.-58, 1 10,
daily, organ of the democratic republicans, published in Paris from November 1848 to June 1849 under the editorship of Charles Delesc1uze.-123, 124-25, 127, 397
Revolution dimocratique et sociale
-
Revue de
French
1 79, 248
Der
Geneve et Journal Suisse- Swiss radical newspaper published in Geneva from
newspaper) published in Kronstadt (Bra§ow).-453
A rbeiter-wor�ers
'
Verfassungs-Freund
Vossisc he Zei tung-see Kiiniglich priv ilegirte Berlinische Ze itung von Staats- und .gelehrten Sachen
puhlished in Paris from 1833 to 1838; in 1848 appeared irregularly.-421
Der Satellit- supplement to the Kronstiidter Zeitung (Transylvanian pro-Austrian
Swiss weekly published in Berne in 1 848-49.-2.,0
Verfassungs-Freund- see Berner
R evue retrospective ou A rchives ,�ecretes du dernier Gouvernement- French monthly
I , 1842, as an organ of the oppositional circles of the Rhenish bourgeoisie, and published in Cologne till March 3 1 , 1843; Marx was its editor from October 15, 1842, to March 1 7 , 1843; under his influence the newspaper assumed a pronounced revolutionary-democratic character, which led to its suppression by the Government; Engels also contributed to it.-527
-
jou�'l1al, organ of the Central Committee of the German Workers. published tWIce a week in Leipzig from October 1848 to June 1850; up to May 1849 its editor was Stephan Born.-505
Revue nationale- French Christian-democratic journal published by Philippe Buchez and Jules Bastide in Paris from May 1847 to July 1848.-66
Handel und Gewerbe-German daily founded on January
Unabhiingige
Die Verbriiderung. Correspondenzblatt alkr deutschen
1842 and edited hy Jean Jacob Fazy; appeared under this title until 1 86 1 , when it merged with La Nation Suisse. During the Second Empire in France it adopted a Bonapartist ,tand.- I l , 43
Rheinische Zei tung fur PoUtik,
A nzeiger- Swiss
weekly, organ of the petty-bourgeois socialists, published in Biel from 1837 to 1 84 1 and in Berne from 1841 to 1 852.-249, 250
Der Seelander
socialists published in Paris from I R43 to 1 850. Engels published several articles i n it from October 1847 to October 1848.- 1 23-24, 127, 129, 397
La
637
Index of Periodicals
La vraie Ripu blique. I
,
Journal quo tidien, politique et litteraire- French p<;>liti� al an� .
literary daily, organ of the radical republicans; appeared under thIS tItle
Pans from March 26 until August 2 1 , 184R, when it was banned. From March 29 to June 13, 1 849, it bore the title Journal de la vraie Republique, its editorial board includmg Armand Barbes, Pierre Leroux and George Sand.- 1 25 III
Wachter- see Murter Wiichter
�Viener Zeitung- Austrian daily, official government newspaper, puhlished i n Vie� na
. from 1 780 to 193 1 . The Wien£r Zeitung had several supplements, mdudmg A ben d-Be ilage zur Wiener Zeitung.-290, 291, 300, 350, 35 1 , 404, 4 1 5 , 423, 432, 435, 437, 4.%, 458, 459, 479
Schlesisrhe Zeitung- German daily published in Breslau (Wrodaw) from 1742, organ of the. constitutional-monarchist circles prior to and during the re�olution of 1 848-49.-391. 428
Zeitung de,� Arbeiter- Vereines
Schweizerische R undeszeitung- scc
Ziircher-Zeitung- Swiss liberal daily p�lblished in Zurich from 1780; it appeared under , the title Neue Ziircher Zeitung unul 1 82 1 , when It was renamed.-144
_ see Der aufrichtige und wohlerfahrenR Sch weizer Bote Der Schweizer Bote-
Berner
VerfaJsungs-Freund
:2:U Koln-German r:te,:, spaper puhlished i � April-�ctober , 1848, organ of the Cologne Workers, ASSOCIatIOn ; until July 1 848 1t w�s edIted by
Andreas Gottschalk, and in July-September by Joseph Moll and Karl Schapper.1 89-90, 195
_
and Italy-103, 2 1 3, 2 1 4, 236,
294, 372-73, 4 3 1 , 439 - and Poland-229-30, 236, 373,
SUB JECT
375, 377, 378 - and Prussia-2 1 1, 264-65, 269-70 - and Russia-52, 2 1 1 , 2 1 2, 375-
I NDEX
76, 438, 440-41 - and the Slavs - 1 03, 227-38, 298,
366-69, 373-78, 409-1 1, 4 1 6, 430 - and Turkey - 228-29, 23 1 -32 See also Aristocracy, Austrian ; Arm)',
1848-
49; Bourgeoisie, Austrian ; Peasantry, Austrian; Revolution of 1848-49 in the
Austrian; Austro-Italian war of
Austrian EmpiTe
Austro-Italian war of
A Absolutism-102, 262, 265, 3 1 7, 33 1 , 355 See also Monarchy, absolute Abstraction, abstract and concretc- 233,
364 A griculture
- in feudal society - 335 - in capitalist society - 1 5S, 326, 336
262,
Al.sace- 376 America- 207
Appearance, semblance
- and reality-275, 282, 284, 334 - as something external - 264
Appropriation - 1 5
ArisWCTacy (nobility),
235
. Aristocracy (nobility),
Austrian- 228-30,
English- (6 1
Aristocracy (nobilit�), French- 1 6 1 , 162
A ristocracy (nobility), German
(nobility),
German-sec
No
Hungarian- 22R-
29, 399, 4 1 1 Armed uprising-25, 302, 3 5 1 See also June uprising of the Paris proletariat in letarian Army
of revolution 104
406, 429, 457, 459 Army, Prussian- 38 1
- as
a
weapon
J R48; Revolution, pro
- as a component part of the state apparatus - 262, 264, 265, 3 1 6 , 335-36, 462
of
1 64,
the
reaction 2 1 9, 225-26,
296, 3 1 7, 334, 335 - and the King and country squires (junkers)-262 - in the pay of the bourgeoisie168, 1 7 1 -72
Army, Russian-372, 436
Army, Swiss-85, 1 1 6, 1 1 7, 149 Association (as tion)-266
collective
produc-_
system-229-30,
356,
- national question- 227-36, 298, 375-76, 399, 440, 469-70 - in 'he period of the 1 848-49 revolution - 1 03, 356, 374-75 ,
461-62 - and England - 2 1 I - and France-43 1 and Germany-228 - and H ungary -227-33, .�
Europe - 1 03,
49 in Italian states
Austrian Empire ; Revolution of ,
�
'
'
Austro- Turkish wars of the sixteenth and seventeenth
Avars-370
centuTies-23 1 - 32
- in April 1848-67, 72 - in October 1848-74, 1 80
Rank
- Austrian - 2 0 1 - Prussian (Seehandlung) - 1 73 Barbarians, barbarism-438, 453, 457, 461
235-38 , 269-70, 367-70, 37.'\-7/i, 394, 399
Political system ;
State
s.ocial and political system,
ron-
gium- 1 38,
Be l
_
3 07
stitution- 1 73, 263 revolu tion of 1830-3 1 - 1 73, 263 - home policy- 189
_
- in 1848 - 1 89 - and France-376 See also Bourgeoisie, Belgian Bohemia, Czechs-233-34 _
- Right wing of the national move ment and pan-Slavist agitar.ion364-67, 373-76
- revolutionary national
tendencies in the
movement - 4 1 6- 1 7,
431 - and Russian Tsarism -377 See also Hus,�ite movement; Prague uprising: Svornost
Slav
Congress
in
Prague ;
BQundarie.s- 3 65
Bourgeoisie- 162-63 - its rise and development-337 - its rule in the development of productive forces -263 its struggle against feudalism, the against feudal aristocra cy- 1 6 1 -62, 201
_
material basis for the establish ment of its rule- I58
1 6 1 , 263-64 - and hureaucracy - 1 58-59, 264
Baden republican uprisings
Basques- 235
- and revolutions of 1848-49 in Europe-235, 373-74, 443
- political domination - 1 58 - and ahsolute monarchy- 158-59,
B
266, 327, 335 See also Law;
- Cerman colonisation of-231 -32 - oppression of Czechs by the Austrian Empire-232, 367, 4 1 0
1848-
Basis and superstrfLclure-254, 263, 264,
Austria- l03, 227-32, 236, 298, 356, 374 - political 374
in
See also Revolution of 1 848-49 in the
227-28, - revolutionary-224-25, 237, 298-99, 402, 429, 467
aries - 157,
American-Mexican war of 1 1146-48-365
Aristocracy
- mercenaries - 2 1 6- 1 7, 247, 252, 372-73, 439 - people's militia - 4 1 - guerillas - 224
237, 291-92, 298, 373, 375, 425-26, 432, 438, 459-60 Army, Hungarian-237, 293-94, 298,
1 848-4 9- 1 03, 2 1 4,
235, 372-73 - and prospects of the development
Army, A ustrian-94, 120-22, 229, 236,
- and industry - 229, 326 - its progress with the development of society - 229
bility,
639
Subject I ndex
638
specific features of its. historical de velop m ent- 367, 368
- agreements with reactionaries1 62-63, 266-67, 3!iR-59 - irreconcilability .of its contradic tions with rhe proletariat - 2 1 .d - and the peasantry - 1 75 - and legislation and courts - I 58.
201 - its ideological exponents - 1 58, 166 - and religion and Church - 1 6 1 - and the national question-2I415, 232
B ourgeo isie, Austrian- 20 1 , 228-30, 232
Bourgeoisit, Belgian-266
Buurgeoisie, English- 2 I S, 2 1 8, 2 1 9
French- 1 6 1 -62, 1 75, 256, 259, 263, 266
Bourgeoi.,ie,
1 68-69,
German- 1 5- 1 6, 160, 162, 1 7R, 2 19, 22 1 , 229, 232, 266-67, 358-59 See al so R urghers: Germany : Petty
Bourgeoisie.
bourgeoisie. German; / R48-49 in German),
Revolution
of
640
Su bject Jndex
Bourgeoisie, Hungarian-229. 232 Bourgeoisie, Italum- 368, 371 Bourgeoisie, Polish-229-30 Bourgeoisie, Prussian- 1 58-60, 162-63, 178, 219, 256, 265-67, 274, 276 Bourgeoisie, Slav-232 Bourgeoisie, Swiss- l l , 12, 139, 1 4 I , 243, 247 Bourgeois revolution in the Netherla.nds in the sixteenth century- 1 6 1 Bretons-234 Budget (state)-337, 380 Bulgaria, BulgaTians-233 Bureaucracy - as a prop of absolutism - 1 72, 229, 262, 266, 3 J 7, 335, 336, 381 - as a prop of reaction - IS, 134, 158, 164, 168, 172, 2 19, 229, 235, 262-64, 266, 275, 296, 316, 33536, 381 feudal bureaucracy and industrial bourgeoisie- I S, 1 58-59, 265, 335 - its tutelage over industry-26465, 336 Sec also Officials BurgheTs-228, 229, 372 BYUlntium-228, 2 3 1 , 234 c
California-365, 526 Capital- 1 70 , 173, 264, 266 Capitalis(,- 120, 158, 262 Castes, the caste syJlem-203, 259 Censorship-33, 96, 316, 360, 433, 471 Centralisation, state-44, 240, 371 See also Switzerland Chartism - as an independent political move ment of the working dass - 2 1 5 - i n 1848- 1 0 1-02 Child labour-260 Church- 1 6 l , 234 See also Clergy; Monasteries; Papacy; Religion Citizens' associations in Prussia-255 Civil code (Code civil)-26 I , 327 Civilisation- 139, 252, 365, 367, 369, 438, 457 See also Saciet)', bourgeois Civil societ�-309
Class, classes-259, 288 as a product of economic Tela tions-289 and property - 1 6 l , 262-63 - and production -266-67, 274 - class interests- 1 6 1 , 162, 229, 263-64, 2 7 1 , 289, 336 - in feudal society- 1 62, 229 - in bourgeois society- 1 58, 259, 289, 336 - class contradictions, antagonisms between proletariat and bour geoisie - 2 1 4 - ruling, exploiter dasses- 2 1 5 , 223, 249, 272 - middle classes-214 - reactionary, counter-revolution_ ary - 1 67 - exploited, oppressed working people - 1 70 - revolutionary- 1 60-61 , 289 - pTogressive-232 Ari.�tocTacy also See ( nobility); Bourgeoisie ; Class struggle; Peasantry; Petty bourgeoisie; Social relations; Working class Clas, ,truggle - between proletariat and bourgeoisie- 1 0 I , 336 - as a political struggle- I '70 - and the national question-230 See also Char/ism; Class; Social re lations; Working-class movement Clergy-70, 85, 244-45, 385, 469 See also Church; Papacy Code d'instruction criminelle-464 Code Napolion-327, 399 Code pinal- 76, 80, 82, 1 7 l , 246, 304-07, 309-1 0 , 3 1 1 , 314, 3 1 7, 3 19, 325, 463, 514 Cologne Workers' Association- 1 89-96, 483, 5 1 2- 1 3, 522, 523-24, 525-26 Commerce, trade- 1 74, 2 1 5, 263, 264, 266, 272, 326, 336, 365, 371 Communism - material premises of the commu nist_ transformation of society266 proppnvate of - abolition erty-262 - and the national question- 2 1 5 - and law - 1 54, 165-66, 197, 3 1 6, 312-43
64 1
Subject Index
,
'
'
Communist League - during the revolution of 184849-24, 46 - criticism of Gottschalk 's sectarian stand - 5 1 3 demopetty-bourgeois - and crats-24, 46, 522 Competition- 16l, 26 1, 266, 335 Conquest-369 Con.�titutio17-:-328 - and division of powers- 331 - constitutionalism, constitutional government-279, 337 - constitutionalism of the Prussian liberal bourgeoisie-32 See also Revolution of 1848-49 in Prussia Corruption-2 56 Corvee system- I 59 Count.er-revolution-2 1 1 , 278 See also Coup d'etat; Coup d 'etat in Prtl.s5ia Coup d'itat- 16, 13S, 200, 264, 282, 336 Coup d'etat in Prussia (November-Decem ber 1 648) - 1 6, 25-26, 3 1 -33, 38, 50, 94, 134, 135, 154, 157-58, 177, 200, 264, 279, 323, 447 Courts, judiciary-20 1 , 203, 342-43 - feudal-203 - in bourgeois society- 1 97, 20103, 317 - jury court, its class character1 88-89, 310, 3 1 8, 463-65 See also Juri,diction; Jurisprudence; Jurists Cracow, Cracow Republic ( 1846)-373 Credit-95, 170 Crime-325 Crises - social-265, 285, 328 commercial- 2 6 1 Croatia, Croats-94, 352, 373, 400, 409, 4 1 0, 417, 425, 430-3 1 , 469-70 Culture- 139 Cz.echs-see Bohemia �
[)
Dalmatia, Dalmatian,-367, 431, 469 Danish-Prussian war of 1848-50- 74. 223, 224, 457
military operations-223 negotiations and armistice in M alm o -67, 7 1 , 88, 157, 224, 296, 456 - and position of the Frankfurt National Assembly-67, 157. 5.04 and policy of the Prussian Gov ern ment - 1 5 7 , 223, 296 See also Schleswig-Holstein question Democracy, democratic movement - bourgeois-362 - petty-bourgeois- 244-45, 362 - revolutionary -84, 103, 279 - prolctarian- 1 23-2!> Demucratic Congress in Frankfurt am Main- 190 Despotism, tyranny-219, 309, 333, 356, 372, 4.'JO Dialect-233 Dictatorship, military-S56 Diplomacy- 391 Dissenters (di.,..iden/.l)-3 1 Doctrinairism, doctrinaires- 144, 354 Duel- l l4, l i S, l l 8 -
E
East- 2 1 4 Economic crises-261 Eco1wmic reiations- 2 1 4 Economics and politics- 1 5�-60, 287, 289 See also Basis and .mperstructure Education, instruction� 159, 260 Egypt, Ancient-259 Eighteenth century- 1 6 l , 169 Emigration, political-269-70 England ( Great Britain)- 1 9, 10 1-02, 214-16, 263, 338, 372 - peculiarities of historical deve1op ment- I O I-02, 338 constitution system, - political -330 - rule of the bourgeoisie- 2 15, 263 - courts, judiciary -307 and - industry finances- 19. 337-38 , trade and industrial monopoly in the world market - I O I , 214, 215, 2 1 8 - electoral reform of 1832-338 - class contradictions- t O ] , 2 1 4
642
Subject Index
- workhouses ("bastilles poor" ) - 2 1 8- 1 9
for
the.
- preconditions and pro�pect.5 of a
sorial revolution -262 - and revolution in Europe214-15
Female labour-260 Feudali..m- 1 6 1 . 259. -326-27 social
- and Prussia-265, 266 - and Spain-70 also
Aristocracy, English ; Bourgeoisie, English; Chartimt ; English revolution of 1640-60 F.nglish revolution of 1640-60- 1 60-62, 263, 273, 325, 338 - alliance between bourgeoisie and new nobility - 1 6 1 - and the masses - 1 5 , 338 - Long Parliament - 1 5
Enlightenment-- I 6 1 Epoch
Estates, social-327. 335. 336. 337 - in feudal society-164. 1 7 7 , 259. 263-64. 266. 335, 338 - in bourgeois society-335, 337 - third estate - 337
- judiciary- 197, 2 0 1 . 203 - estate system. hierarchy-257. 262, 263 - estate assembly-327 - distinctions between estates -33,
158. 1 77 F.urope-214, 2 1 5 , 238 Revolution
of 1848-49 in
- of labour power by capital - I 70
system
- 1 6 1 . 326-28 primogeniture - 1 6 1 and
absolutj'm - 1 59.
262-64,
- estates -259. 263, 266. 335, 337 - classes, class antagonisms-229. 259 - feudal aristocracy -259. 262-65 - and the bourgeoisie -337 rise of capitalist relations-337, 338
Fam ily and marriage- I n 1 Federal Diet in Germany-5 2 ,
225. 297
,
_
- collapse of feudalism - 1 6 1 , 168. 264. 337 - survivals of-219. 264 See
also
B urghers ; Estates, social; Guilds; Landed property; Middle Ages; absolute; Serfdom; Serf Monarchy peasants; State
Fleet (German)-242. 3 8 1
Force - in history -367. 370 - and revolution-338 - violent and peaceful means-38. 338 - reactionary.
counter-revolution
ary-38 , 338 - force must be opposed by every kind of force -38, 338 See also Terror
Foreign policy-336 Fourier's socialum-260 France-372
- population - I 60-61
- formation of the French nauon - 1 6 1 . 372 - national character- 1 4 1 - in the Middle Ages- 228
- during the Restoration-219, 3 1 0 - legislation - I 90 . 399, 445, 44849 - suffrage - 399
home policy, domestic situation -66. 129. 307 ,
- and Austria-431 - and Belgium-376 and England - 2 1 5 See also B ourgeoisie, French; French
_
Revolution; Napoleonic wars; Peas antry, French; Petty hourgeoisie, French; Revolution of 1848 in France; Wars of the First French Republic; Working class in France Frank/uTI Nalional Assembly-51-52, 99, 104, 240, 4 1 4 , 42 1 and imperial regency and minis try - 1 6 , 65. 66-74, 8 2 . 88-93, 99.
_
�
- under absolute monarchy (seventeenth-eighteenth centuries)198. 228 parliaments - 1 98
F
Federation- 1 3S, 362 See also Switzerland
social
.
- of social progress- 1 62. 327-28 - revolutionary- 1 97 ElfUality-279
See also Europe Exploi tati on
relations,
265, 327. 335-37 - towns, burghers-263
- and Italy-372
See
262-63, 326, 335-
36, 337 big landed property as its basis
- i n 1 84 8 - 1 0 1-02, 2 1 4-15, 362 - foreign policy - 1 0 1 -02, 2 1 4 - 1 5 , 265, 362 - and Austria - 2 1 1 - 1 2 - and Ireland-214
643
Subject Index
_
138, 1 79, 242. 297 and Malmo armistice - 1 57. 296.
504 - and coup d'etat in Prussia- 1 6, 65 _
the Left, Left Centre-53. 54
Frankish Kingdom -369
German Confederation
52.1 See also Federal Diet in Germa.ny Germam- 3 7 l -72, 390 ri'ational character of the Ger mans--372. 373, 376, 4 1 4 - in the Middle Ages-337 and the French Revolution and Napoleonic wars-88. 273, 372 _
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
Freedom-332. 363-65 political - 1 59, 1 64-65, 330 - of ,peec h - 1 25
_
_
_
of association -77, 1 59, 1 6.1. 195, 316
of the press-see Freemasons- 94 _
Press
French Revolution _
_
_
_
_
_
its character and aims - 1 60-62 role of the masses- 1 6 I
- and the bourgeoisie- 1 6 1-62 - and workers - 1 6 1 revolutionary wars-237 Constituent National Assemhly-
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
and Switzerland-43 See also Jacobin dictatorship;
_
Napo leonic wars; Wan of the First French R epubli c G
Galiria-229. 230-3 1 , 264, 265, 373, 375, 399, 405.434, 442, 466, 468, 469 peasant uprisings in 1 846-,230 _
opposition movement in the early nineteenth century-376, 377 fragmen tation of the country and the task of its unification - 5 1 , 228
industry and trade -370, 372 agriculture - 1 74. 326 philistinism -67, 1 68-69, 2 1 9, 260. 267. 356 political system - 1 78 constitutions of the German states -232 legislation and courts - 269-70
bourgeois liberalism in the 18405 -88, 1 58-59. lIi8. 172, 390
democratic movement-376 youth. the student movement376-77 education. school- 1 59. 1 7 l . 449 press,
press laws, censorsh ip303, 433, 437 foreign policy. diplomacy-372, 376-77
_
1 8. 198 National Convention - 1 97 and religion and Church - 1 6 1 and Germany-372
( 1 8 1 5-66)-269.
_
_
_
_
and Argentina-66 and Austria -228-29 and England -265, 372 and Hungary-270, 367-68 and Italy-37 1 -72 and Poland-23 1 , 372. 378 and Russia- 2 1 1 - 1 2, 372. 378 and the 5Iavs -227-38, 366-78 and Switzerland -55, 58-5Y, 6:1, 66-74 . 98, 109, 1 1 6, 1 1 9. 1 36-37, 138, 179, 1 85
See also uprisings ;
_
Austria; Baden republican B ourgeoisie. German; Burghers; Communist LeagttR ; Fede;al D iet in Germany; Fleet; German Con fed£ratiun; Nobility, German ; P�a: antry, German ; Petty b� urgeotste. German; Philistinism ; Prussw; Rrvo lution of 1848-49 in Germany; tVorking elas!! in Germany
Cibraltar- 70
I
I
,
644 Gold- 4 1 9 , 526 Greece, Ancient-2.59
Guilds, 1M guild system-259 - guildsmen-259
1848- 16, 23, 1 0 3 demoand petty_bourgeOIS crats - 2 1 3 , . . c establishment of Cavalgn � S military dictatorship, suppressIon of the u prising-23, 1 0 1 -04
_
- and bourgeois revolution and the bourgeoisie - 1 6 1 , 2 1 9 - as patriarchal survivals under capitalism - 2 1 9 , 266, 335 See also Handicrafls
_
character- 260-6 1 ,
- its role in social progress -264, 327 - and taxes-337
_
sion -23,
formation
the
of
the
Hegelianism- 1 30, 234
- and
"Hilf
Dir"
military
class
_
(Biel,
1848)-205, 208-09, 242 History, historical development-5 1 , 104, 230, 234, 274, 3 1 6, 365-67, 370 Holy A lliance-2 1 1 -1 2 , 362, 438 Holy Roman Empire of the German Na tion (962- 1 806)-65, 270
- popuJation -227,
303,
370 - industry and trade-232
- in 1 848-49-227-38, 378, 399
constitution
270,
371,
Austria-227-33, 235-38, - and 270, 367, 370, 375"76, 399 - and Germany-270, 367-68 - and Poland-230 - and the Slavs-227-3R, 367-7 1 - and Turkey-230-3 1 , 233-34 See
also
Aristocrac"
Hungarian;
Bourgeoisie, Hungarian; National lib eration war of 1841'1-49 in Hungary; Peasantry, Hungarian ; Revolution of 1848-49 in Hungary Hussite movement-23 I I Tde,,-,- 1 63 , 374 Ideulogy- 166, 233, 235 Indil .idual, person-263. 327
suppres
104,
66-67,
124-25,
pro
�
the national liberation movement in other countries- 1 2, 2 ] its defeat and strengthenmg of the
political
European
tion - 1 6, 23, 43R
335, 336,
371 - its development as a material pre mise of the communist_ transfor
counter-revolu 101-04, 168, 214,
Jurisdic!ion-79, 324-2�
Junkers, Prussian-261
mation of society-266 Internationalism, proletarian- 1 2 Inventions- 261 lreland- 2 1 4
:
273,
3 8 1 , 385
nation, - Italian acter - 4 1 4
Jur;,ls- 130,
national
char
I
- duchies of Tuscany, Parma and Modena -456 - and Austria - 1 03 , 2 1 3 , 2 1 4 , 235,
K of the Two Sidlies (Naples)102, 183, 2 1 6, 239, 2 5 1 , 252
Kingdom
372-73, 43 1 , 439 England-372 Germany-372 Russia-372
Labour-259-60
See also Austro-ltalian war of 1848-49; Kingdom of 1M Two Sicilies; Lmn Papacy; bardian- Venetian Region ; Revolution of 1848-49 in Italian states
262
'
326-2 7 ,
Language Iiterary -233 Alban ian-233 French -8, 139, 149 German- 68 , 139 , 23 3, 370 German in switzerland - 68 , 139 _
_
,
94, 232,
Legislation ; State
J. aws- 2 78, 325, 327-28
- 25 , Law safeguarding personal freedom 78-79 Legi."ation . d its dependence on SOClal an economic relations - 313 , 3 1 8-1 9 , 327-28 , 335-3 6 _
_ pre_hourgeois-335-36 in bourgeois society -32,
_
Greek-233 Hungarian -233 ltalian - 1 39, 233
_ Romansh - 1 39 Rumanian-23 1 , 233
_
old Slav-233 - Sorbian -369 TAW, right- 330 as a superstructure-328 and production -328 _
�
_
158,
173, 310-1 1, 3 1 8- 1 9
239 Lorraine- 376
Machines- 2 66 Magyars-228,
235-36,
4 1 2- 1 3
370,
398-99,
. . arTntst1ce- see
Malmo negotiations and Danish-Prussian war of 1848-50 Material, the- 27 3, 28 8, 32 8, 400 material interests- 336 , 371 _ material basis- 1 58, 335 _
_
_
_
_
_
228
private -324-25 See also Courts; Jurisprudence; Laws;
_
_
_
.Jacobin dictatorship, .Jarobins- 1 25 , 1 6 1 , 228 - revolutionary terrorism _ 1 6 1 ,
civil-3S9 criminal -31O, 324-25, 335
_
_
J
1 97, 316-17, 325, 342-43 might as the basis of right-G, 50 international -69-70, 73
M
Landowner- 1 6 1 , 262, 288
- and Switzerland-84-85, 2 16 - 1 7 , 239, 251
.Jews, the .Jewish questi on-32 415-16
L
Larukd property- 1 6 1 , 33 5, 399 See also Mortgage
165-66,
248 Loans- 173, 174 Logic-69, 1 3 1 , 272 . Lombardian-Venetian Regwn- 1 83, 2 1 6,
198
tion - 4 1 4
_
revollltion - 1 54,
_
Jurisprudence- 1 2Y
(laz.1.aroni)- lumpenproletariat 17 - struggle for the country's unifica
294, -- and - and - and
_
and
civil-389 Liberalism, bourgeo is- 1 5S-59, 168, 172,
See also Courts
Italy- 197
236-37,
system. - political -232, 290 - the press-303
bourgeoisie's
its
its influence on the workers' and
_
domination -263-64,
association
Humanism- 2 1 3, 365 Hungary- 228, 230
the
of
213-14
letariat - 260 Handicrafls, craflsmen-266
consequences
- and commerce-214-15 - and agriculture-229, 326
- and
_
_
- and classes and struggle-272
H
_
.
velopment- 139 - its capitalist 326, 336
upri�ing of the Paris proletariat in
fum
Industry Qarge-scale)-264-66, 328, 336 machines as the basis of its de
Greece, Greeks-230
645
Subject Index
Subject Index
_
_
social relations-326 material needs - 336, 377 production -337 material fOTce - 3 3 1 material
mode
of
. productIon
-3 27 material means-266 . Material conditions of the life of sOctety--- 327 . . and political and Jundlcal super_
.
_
structllre-327, 336 Means of communication- 3 7 1 Means of production-266
646
Subject Index
Mexico - political system -365
Nationalism
- and the USA-365 Middle Age� medievalism_ 3 1 , 259, 327 ' 33 7
See also Feudalism· Monarchy ' Military art- 102
Mode of production- ISS, 259, 327-28 MonarchY- l 6 I , 162, 336-37, 358, 370 See also England ; France; Monarchy, _
constitutional; absolute; Monarchy, Prussia; Tsarism Monarchy, absolute ( absolutism ) -6, 15-16, 33, 158, 159, 1 6 1 , 162, 163, 178, 2 1 1 , 229, 262-64, 336-37, 3.1)8
- and
the
274,
317,
327,
331,
1 6 1 , 263-64 - and workers'
struggle - 2 1 5 ,
3 1 6-17 See also Despotism
Monarchy.
constitutional- 15-16,
151,
1 59 , 1 6 1 , 163, 178, 262-63, 330_31
Monasteries-109-1O, 183 Money- 227, 261, 265, 4 1 9, 449 Moravia- 232 Mortgage-288 N
Naples-see Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Napoleonic wars- 88, 175, 2 1 5 , 372 - and England - 2 1 5, 372 - and Germany-88, 372
- and Prussia-99 - and Russia -372 See also Vienna Congress of 1814-15 and Vienna IYeaties of 1815 . Nalio", nationality- 1 7 , 232, 234-36, 369-71 - origin- 234-35 - role of economic relations in the consolidation of nations-367 - community of territory-367 - lan!l"uage barrier-233, 368, 370 - national character -232, 234 - natIOnal culture-232, 233
- national feelings -367
- elimination of national isolation under capitalism-232 - national assimilation - 369-70 See also National question
o
- national prej udices-229, 372 narrow-minded ness- national 229, 233, 246,47, 372 National liberation struggli!
Officials as a component part of the op , pressors' state apparatus - 26 134 , 170 , 2 0 1 , 263, 26 5, 28 8, 309, 3 1 3 , 322 , 38 3, 38 5, 464 _
- as a component part of bourgeois democratic revolutions - 3 7 1 .72
- struggle of oppressed nationalities
for independence and the work ing c1ass - 2 1 5, 238 National liberation war of 1848-49 in Hun gary-236-38, 270, 3 5 1 , 362, 373, 375, 394 - military operations-225, 235-38, 270, 290-94, 298-99, 300-03, 347,
_
need for revolutionary destruc tion of the old bureaucratic state apparatus-38,
1 3 , 423- 3 1 , 432-44, 451-55, 457, 458-62, 466-68, 471-73, 477-80
- and prospects for the develop
ment of revolution in Europe294, 4 3 1 National question - national oppression, its social roots and consequenc:es_214, 3 7 1 -72
- flaming up of national strife by the ruling classes -229-30 - liberation of oppressed nations as a component part of struggle for
democratic reforms-214, 3 7 1 72, 375 - and the bourgeoisie-232 - and the working class and workers' movement-214 - proletarian revolution as a means for the complete abolition of na tional oppression -2 1 5 Neuchiitel- 7-8, 108, 244-45 Neue Rheinische Zeitung
- organ of the proletarian wing of democracY-23, 366, 390, 4 2 1 -
22, 509-10 - its persecution by the reaction aries-48-49, 8 1 -82, 182, 30422, 495, 496, 504, 5 1 0 , 5 1 ! , 5 1 6, 5 1 7 , 5 1 8-20, 5 2 1 , 527-28 Nobility, Germa,.- 3 3 , 168, 262, 263, 267, 372, 449 - in the Middle Ages, knights228, 229 and the bourgeoisie - 1 68 , 229, 266 See also Junkers, Prussian �
197,
275,
3 1 7,
342-43
See also Bureaucracy
Petty hourgeoisie- 170, 266, 287-88 Petty bourgeoisie, French- 125-27 See also Democracy 266. Petry bourgeoisie, German-67 , 26 2,
27 4, 287-88 i See also Burghers ; Democracy; Ph 48listinism ; Prussia; Revolution of 18 9 49 in Germany; Revolution of 1848-4
in Prussia Philanthropy- 2 1 8-19, 255 Philistinism- 141, 1 6 1 Pietism, pietists-43, 526 Plebeians, plebs- 1 6 1 , 263 Poland- 375, 399
..
P
350-53, 360-6 1 , 394, 404_08, 4 1 2_
bourgeoisie- I 58-59,
647
Subject Index
Pan-Germanism-376 Pan-Slavism -2 3I, 233-36, 238 , 363-68, 3 7 1 -72 , 374-78, 438-39
Papacy- 109 , 2 1 3 1848-49 in Papal states- see Revolution of
lUllian stales Parcella, parcellation-399 Parliament - its Tole and class character-337
- Polish nation -367, 375 feudal aristocracy. its with the oppressors _
land-229, 399
_
_
_
_
_
nobility (szlachta) -229, 399 peasantry, serfdom -229-30 partition of-229, 369, 372, 438 national question-230 . and democratIC revolutionary
_
_
movements-229-30 43 8 uprising in 1794-372, -3 1 - 27 0, insurrection of 1830
- and the masses - 14-15
- and taxes -337 inded PaTochialism, fn'ov1:ncial narrowm ness- lO, 12, 205-06, 229 , 24 1 , 249 Party, proletarian- 2 1 5, 390 . League ut un mm Co ; ism art o Ch als See
Pauperum-2 1 7 Peasantry- 289 5 in the bourgeois revolutio n- 17 peasant question in colonies _
_
232 5 Peasantry, Austrian-229, 23 0, 40 Peasantry, French- 1 75 8, 28 9, 334, Peasantry, Gmnan- 17 5, 28
449 3 5 1 , 399 Peasantry, Hungarian- 29 9, ment-229 . Peasant uprisings, peasant move 30 2, 35 1 233-34 People, popular masses- 23 0, vulu as a decisive force In the re 160-6 1 , tion - 14 -1 5, 34, 10 2, 5, 329, 16 7, 1 68-69, 17 6, 19 7, 27 342, 362 n - 1 65 , its right to the revolutio . 166, 339 governpeople'S sovereignty, People'S 1 , 33 6, 337 ment- I0 7, 32 8, 33 0, 3 3 _
_
alliance of Po
_
_
_
_
372, 399 848-49and the revolution of 1 4, 37 5, � 1 3 , 21 4, 23 0, 235-36, 37
439 and religion -230 0 emigration-224-25, 27 r by the its oppression and plunde y-224ruling classes of German
25 !i, 37 3, and Austria-229-30, 23 375, 377, 378 2, 37 8, and Germany-230-3 I , 37 43 8 an d Hungary- 23 0- 31 an d Prussia-224-25 h; Polish See also Bourgeoisie, Polis question , Police- 7, 157 , 170 , 172 , 220-2 1 , 256 _
_
_
_
315
Police and judicial per$ecutwns of democrats and workers' lead er s- 7, 1 7 1 , 31 5- 16 , 34 2, 396 of the leaders of the Cologne Association- 1 89-96, Workers' 3 1 9-21 Lassalle's case-34l, 344-46, 46365, 474-76 _
_
648
Subject Index
- prosecution of the press- 3 1 5 . 445 See also CouTts; Neue Rheinische Zeitung; Police; State of siege Palish question - and revolution i n Europe-375
Political power - and economic relations-1 58,59. 264. 327. 335 See also Class; Power, state Political system - as a superstructure- 1 6 1 . 262-63. 328. 338 - feudal - l 6 I , 262-63 . 3 1 6 - 1 7 . 328. 341 - bourgeois- 1 6 1 , 262-63. 328 See also Economics and politics; State Pasen. Posen uprising ( 1 848)-224-25 Possibility - and probability-44. 285 - and necessity-285 Power, legislative and execulive-325. 3303 1 , 464 Power. state- 170-7 1 . 263, 265 See also Political power; State Prague uprising Guly 1848)-225. 230, 235. 374, 4 1 1 Pre-proletariat- 1 6 1 Press, the 3 1 6- 1 8 - freedom of- 1 59. 165, 195. 3 1 3 . 3 1 6. 3 1 8. 330 - hourgeois-247 - workers'- 3 1 7 - of the 477
proletarian
Prussia - Prussianism - 5 1 . 223. 274 - history-274 - during the French Revolution and Napoleonic wars-99, 100. 273 - reforms of 1807-14-273. 274. 276 - in 1 8 15-48-159 - and the revolution of 1848 in France -2 74 - survivals of feudalism-265 - industry - 1 5S, 264 - guilds, handicrafts. craftsmen � 266 - agriculture -265 - trade - 1 58. 2 1 9. 267 budget. taxes- 159, - finances, 1 7 l . 1 73, 2 6 1 . 265. 273, 379-89. 4 1 8-20 - political and state system-3-4, 158. 160. 1 6 1 -64, 1 72-73. 178, 262-64. 265-66, 270. 273-74. 280. 329-3 1 . 335-36. 358. 449-50 - militarism - 1 5 7. 223 - police system - 7 . 172. 1 73 . 1 90 9 1 . 223. 3 1 5 - Iaws-25. 77-79. 157, 296. 3041 4 . 333. 334. 3 8 1 -8 3 . 388. 389.
- its essence and social role- 3 1 4,
party-247,
See also Nom Rheinische Zeitung
Private property - and law- 1 61 . 2 0 1 - feudal - 15. 262 - of monasteries and Church - 1 0 9 - bourgeois- 1 6 1 - its monopoly as the condition of the rule of the bourgeoisie- I 75 - as seen by bourgeois and petty bourgeois economists- 1 29 See also Communism; Landed property Production-268. 328. 336 Progress- 229 Protectionism- 1 84. 251 Proudhanism- 1 23, 127. 1 29-32
649
Subject Index
485-92 - factory laws- 264 - judiciary-76. 79. 157, 170. 1 97203. 3 1 5. 3 1 7, 3 1 8. 344-46. 46365. 474-76 - Prussian Law- 1 7 1 . 296. 309. 3 1 5, 38 1 -82. 388-89 - franchise - I 54. 157. 166. 324. 328 - Constitution, constitutional ques-
petty bourgeoisie-266 peasantry - 1 75. 274 . 28� y foreign policy and dlplomac
_
_
_
- 171. 2 1 1 and Austria-52.
_
_
_
- home policy - 1 7 1 - religion and Church - 3 1 . 1 7 I officialdom- 1 5 . - bureaucracy, 26. 38. 134. 157-58. 164. 168. 170-72. 1 76. 197. 20 1 . 2 1 9 . 257. 262-{j5. 267. 275, 288, 296. 309. 3 1 2 . 3 1 3 . 3 1 7 . 3 1 8, 322. 335-36. 342. 3 8 1 -83. 385, 397 - c1ergy-385 - financial aristocracy -'-- 2 57. 262. 267, 288
211.
_
_
_
Neuchiitel - 7 -8 , ' o1.S ge te. See also Arm,. Pmsis anj Bou! rPrusis an; Coup d'itat in Pruss,a ; G� ' ''- · ..· N ,_ ' n � T"1 U-="an aman1 ; Junt�nS> PrussI.a 48-49 tional Assembly ; Revoluuon of 18 la ; in ..PrtLssia; Rhine Province of g class United Diet in Prusis a; Workm in Prussia 848)-3-4, Prussian National Assembly ( 1 39, 14 1 5 . 1 7- 1 8 . 1 9 . 2 1 . 32 . 36-38 . 2. 5 1�52. 99. 176 , 200. 296-97 . 3 3 1 , 33 _
�
335-36, 338-39, 355-56 groups - I S . 30 _ Right-wing 8- 80 , Left and Right Centre - 27 _
_
_
_
358-59. 362 proletarian ("red" )-43. 52. 84,
264-65.
and Germany-5 1 . 99 and Poland-224-25 and Russia- 2 1 1 - 1 2 . 265. 278 er conflict with Swiu.erland ov
392 democratic grou p- 39 1 5. the Left-29. 30 . 17 4, 1 82 , 29
3 2 1 -2 2. 390-91 13 4, Agreement Assembly- 75 . 19 8, 15 4. 1 5 7 . 16 5. 17 4- 75 . 1 76 , 29 6, 32 8, 33 3-3 5
tion - 154. 1 7 7 , 1 93-94 . 20 1 . 25557, 259-60. 26 1 -67. 287-88. 296. 297. 3 1 3. 323-24. 328-29 - the press. press laws, censorship- 159. 3 1 3. 322. 347. 477
_
269-70 and Denmark-456 and England-264. 266
_
Republic . - as a state system -289 - of the nobility-399 bourgeois, democratic- 1 38, 289.
R
123. 283. 285 Requirements, needs and production - 1 58, 328 _
and interests-159. 328, 336
_
and the state - 1 58-59. 337
_
�
_
_
_
_
and law - 3 1 4 . 328 material- 377 7 social - 1 5S-59. 1 6 1 . 3 14 , 32 8, 33 OIs of the bourgeoisie an d bourge society-159, 336. 337 their change and development and appearance o f new needs
- 158, 328 and revolution - 1 6 1 . 328, 337 _
Reserve army of labour- 2 1 8-19. 266 Revolution- 325, 373. 377 and the state-38. 263-64. 3161 7 . 336_37. 338. 34 1 , 464 and law-324-25. 327-28 revolutionary initiative-374 and "legal basis"- 154. 165-66 world revolution-230 _
_
_
_
_
of the nobility -399 in consciousness-3?4 . . See also Force; Revolut·wn, bouTge� iS, Revolution, permanent� Revoluhon,
_
_
�
political; Revolution, pop� lar; evolu.. tion. proletarian; RevolutJ.on, SQC� al . Revolutionary movement, revolutwnanes _278, 373, 391 Revolution. bourgeois - 1 6 1 -52. 264. 32 728. 335-36, 362-63 its preconditions-264. 336 its motive forces - 1 4- 1 5 , 102, _
_
Radicalism radicals -bouras �he bourgeois and petty ent and geois political movem tre nd - 12 5, 12 7. 248-49 moveand the working-class _
_
_
ment- 1 2 5-27
_
Refugees SwitzerIn refugees Italian 1 2 . 1 4 1 -4 2. land - 6 1 -6 2, 86 , 1 144-45, 15 2. 2 1 6 - 1 7 , In Switzerre£ugees _ German land -8 , 1 2 . 1 79-8 1 ,
_
_
_
_
_
Polish-375
Religion- 3 1
_
1 60-67. 1 69, 175. 275. 329, 34243, 362 its limited character- 1 6, 1 6 1 -63, 172_73, 278, 3 1 6-17, 362-63 old the to attitude machi ne - I72 , 3 1 6- 1 7 . 34 2. 317 and law - 15 4. 1 65-66, 19 7. to striving of the bourgeoisie. ncompromise with feudal reaCUo aries- 1 64-65. 17 5. 279-80 erty and the question of prop
s�l;
161 and the working class- 161
650
Subject Index
and workers' representation m the government- 1 24 as a stage for th e transition to proletarian revoIution� 32 3 - need for revolutionary methods of struggle to carry it throu gh_ 1.'i4 , 1 65-66, 197 , 228, 342-4 3 - and the national question - 1 62, 2 1 4, 37 1-7 3 - and the peaSantry- 1 75 See also Bourgeoisie ; elms stru gl g e; Fnglish revolution of 1640-60; French
Revolution; Revolution of 1848-4 9 in Europe ; Revolution, popular Revolution of 1 848-49 in the Austrian Empire
prising in Vienna on March 1 3 , 184 8- 16- 1 7, 162 , 20 1 , 235 peuple 's actions in Vienna on May 1 5 and 26, 184 8- 1 02 uprisin g in Vienna un October 6, 184 8- 12, 15, 1 6, 5 1 , 88-93, 94, 1 0 1 , 1 04, 1 57, 1 68, 1 77, 2 1 4, 225, 227, 228, 235, 297, 3 56, 362, 373 , 375 - Court party- I S, 103 - financial arisrocracv- 2 0 1 , - bourgeoisie - 1 7, 20 1, 256 - working class_ 1 7, 1 22, 20 1, 25 6 - students- 1 7, 122 - army- 1 20, 1 2 1 , 372, 447 - national guard - 1 7 - Imperial Diet - I S - national q uestion- I 7, 23 0, 35 2, 373· 7:1 - and Hungary-228, 230, 232, 235·38, 294, 356, '173. 467 - and Italy - 1 03-04, 2 1 3, 235, 462 - and lhe Slavs- 1 5 , 94, 103, 225, 230, 232-38, 347, 34H. 353. 363. 365, 366, 370, 372 - and the Poles- IS. 230. 23 1 . 233, 235, 373, 375 - and the Clechs-94, 225, 230, 235, 273-78 - and Russian Tsar i sm - 2 33 , 373, 4:17-38, 453, 461 -62 and the Frankfurt National As u
,emhly-88-93
preliminary results-356 See a lso Austro-Italian war of 1 848-
49; IVational Liberation war of 1848-49 in Hungary
65 1
Subject Index
Revolution of 1848·49 in Europe
- prerequisites and characle r- 16 _ 1 7, 1 6 1 -62 , 227, 335.37 - its beginning _ l O l , 2 1 3, 41 4 - condition for its victorY:- 2 1 5 - and the working claSS- B, 12, 2 1 4 - and the bourgeoisie_ 23, 161, 214 - and national movements � 2 1 4_ 15 , 22 7, 229·30, 23 8, 37 3. 7.0 . 377 ·78 , 457 develop ment of the revolution in France as its decisive factor_ l li- 1 7, 23 , 1 0 1 -0 4, 2 13· 1 5, 22 7, 238 , 284 - counter-revolution and reaction - 1 6- 1 7, 23, 1 0 1·03, 277, 294, 362, 438 - and England -l O l .02, 2 14- 1 5 and Russia- l S 7, 21 4, 37 3, 4.18 - and world war- 21.1 , 238, 294, 45 7 - and loss of democratic illusions_ 1 04, 197 , 2 1 3, 362-65, 414 , 439 - preliminary result s by the beginn i ng of 1 849 and pros. Pects- 2 1 3. 1 5, 438-39 -
Revolution of 1 848 in France. The Second Republic ( 1 84 8-49) 1 6_ 1 7 -
February revolution _ 1 6 1 , 20 3, 213 Provisional Govern me nt_ B4 1 24·25, 2 [ 3 - people's action on May 15. 18 48 - 1 0 1 , 10 2, 1 2 5 - election of Louis Bonap arte as President- I S, 23, 104 , 2 1 3. 1 4 Odilon Barrot MinistrY - 21 4, 27R, 28 0 IVational party (moderate repu bli can s)- 66-67 - Retorme party ("Montagnard s" of 18 48)- 1 2 3-2 8, 1 3 1 , 2 1 3, 362 dynastic opposition- 2 1 4 - pet ty bou rgeois utopian soc ialist tre nds- 1 23_24, 1 26·28, 1 3 1 .3 2 - an d the hourgeoisie_ 12 4, 2 1 3 14, .1 62 - and the petty bou rgeoisie- 1 24, 1 26·27 - and the ''''OI'king class and its role in-84, 123-28, 2 1 4 ,
-
I
- workers' clubs and secret sone ties- 1 25, 1 32 - its impact on European states84, 2 1 4 . 1 5, 238 - prospects of its development1 6- 1 8, 2 14, 289 See also June uprising of the Paris proletariat in 1848; proudlum�m Revolution of 1848-49 1n German)
- its prerequisites - 1 5S-59, 326-29 - its character and specific fea tures- 1 78, 197, 270, 3 16- 1 7 , 358-59, 362, 414 March revolution-34, 102, 104, 1 59-67, 190, 213, 3 16- 1 7, 342, 362." 4 14, 46!\ - and the attitude of the bour geoisie- 15.16, 160, 1 62-78, 266. 67, 357·59 - and the working dass - 1 62, [70, 1 74, 1 89·95, 266 - and the peasantry -47, 288-89 - and the petty bourgeoisie-262, 266·67, 288·89 - democratic movement �nd the attitude of petty-bourgeOIS demo crats-52, 53, 54, 190, 3 1 5·[6, 358, 376, 390·91 - and absolutism- l ll8, 1 6 1 . 1 78, 262·64, 358 - liberal professors as champions of bourgeois interests - 5 1 , 52, 1 0607, 1 33, 267 . - and struggle against the surVIvals of feudalism - 358 . - and the revolution of 1848-49 In Austria-88-93, 104 . - and the revolution of 1848 In France- 1 6- 1 8, 23, 2 1 4- 1 5 , 28185, 289 - and H ungary-269-70, 398-403 - and Italy - 4 1 4 - and Prussia- .o l , 53, 65, 99, 104, 222-26, 269·70 - and Russia- 2 1 1-12 - and the Slavs- 2 14, 373-78 - and Switzerland- 12, 67-74, 88, 138, 1 79-8 1 , 246-47 - offensive of the counterrevolution and reaction- l04, 178, 277, 3 1 5-16, 320, 358 , 362 See also Baden republican uprm,n�s; · ·t League', Danish-Prusstan Communtj -
'.
war of 1848-50; Federal Diet in Gen;
28, 230-33, 23.1.38, 373, 436, 438 - revolutionary events III March 1 848-235, 399 - anti-feudal agrarian reforms399 - landed aristocracy, top-rank 0ff'Ieers-348, 399, 4 1 0- 1 1 , 443-44 - peasant movement-237, 292·93, 299, 302, 351, 4 3 1 . . - national question and natIOnah ties policy - 229·30, 233 - and the Slavs-225, 228, 230, 235, 236, 238, 352, 370- 7 1 , 373, 375, 377·78, 409- 1 1 , 4 1 6- 1 7, 438, 469, 479 . - sympathy with the revolution by the oppressed peoples of the Aus trian Empire-23 1, 35 1 , 373, 375, 425, 442, 469 . - and the Vienna upnsmg m October 1848-438 - its prospects and impact o� t� e development of the revolutIon 1Il Europe-238, 294, 4 3 1 - and Austria-227·28, 230·36, 294, 299, 375.76, 4 1 !J· 16, 43 1 , 438, 478 - and Prussia- 269-70, 438 - and Russian Tsarism - 37.�, 402,425, 430-3 1 , 432.39, 440-4 1 , 453-54 - and German liberals- 394-9!>, 398-403 . See also National hberatton war 0f .
.
_
.
.
1848·49 in Hungary Revolution of 1848-49 in Italian state.<
- �eneral description and 31ffiS 1 0 1 , 104, 2 1 3 , 227, 373, 4 1 4, 439 - and lumpenproletanat (lazza -
.
roni)- 1 7
- in the Kingdom of the Two . Sicilies - 1 7, 102, 104, 2 1 3-14, 225, 362, 456 . - in the Lombardian-Venetlan Re)l;ion-372
652
Subject Index
- developments 103, 104, 362
III
Milan - 1 0 1 ,
- in the Kingdom of Sardinia (Pied mont) - 1 03-04
- in the Duchy of Tuscany - 1 0 1 '
104, 2 1 3, 456 - in the Papal states- 1 0 I " 103 1 04, 2 1 3 - Roman Republic ( 1 849) -414 '
456 - and Allstria - 1 03, 2 13 , 456 - and France - 4 1 4 - and Germany-372, 4 1 4 - and Switzerland - 2 1 6" 239-40 2 5 1 , 252
See ?Iso AustTo-ltaiian war 'o! 1848-49 Revolul.on of 1848-49 in Pnmia
- its prerequisites - 1 58-59, 223 ' 326-29, 335-36 - character and distinctive fea tures- 16, 159-67, 168-69, 1 78, 197, 269-70, 274, 276, 3 13, 3 16, 3 1 7, 329-30, 334-37, 339 " 358-59 362
..:.... " agreement theory" of the Prus . bourgeoisie-3, 134, 135, SIan 154, 157, 163-64, 165-67 ' 328, 3 3 1 , 334 - drafting of a Constitution-328 '
329 - March
:
revolution - 1 7 34 53 ' 134, 135, 1 59-67, 172, ' 175 190 222, 223, 264, 273-7 8, 296-9 ' 3 1 6- 1 7, 3 2 1 , 326, 329, 335 t 342 , 465 - attitude of the bourgeoisie - 1 5 -
7
1 6 , 158-6 1 , 162-78, 182, 1 88-92: 2 0 1 , 2 1 9-2 1 , 254-67, 273-80, 286
-
-
89, 295-97 , 3 1 5 , 357-59, 392-93 . of the big bourgeoisie and ohcy � , finanCial aristocracv1 58 ' 257, ' 262, 267, 288 liberals-390-91 Camphausen-Hansemann Ministry-30, 157-58, 1 63-67 ' 169 . , 296-97, 326, 446, 484 MinisAuerswald-Hansemann
try-30, 157-58, 160, 1 67-69, 182, 192, 3 1 5, 3 1 6 , 321 - Pfuel Ministry- 7 , 14, 1 7 , 38, 1 75-77, 270, 3 2 1 - role of the working class in it!> developm ent-S6, 47, 162-63 ,
164, 1 70-72, 1 74, 1 75 , 189-96' 2 1 9-2 1 , 255-6 1 , 266, 288-89
- and peasantry-47 the ' 288-89, 334, 335, 449
petty - and the 266-67, 288-89
1 7 5,
346, 358, 3 9 1 , 447-50
7
- and nobility, junkers-33 134 ' 158, 160, 163, 164, 168, 1 3-77' 257, 262, 263, 267, 2 73 , 275, 288'
3 1 5, 326, 335-36, 449 - absolutist feudal party-3-4
:
15
' 3�, 134, 1 58-64, 1 7 1 , 1 73 , 178 262-66, 274, 279, 326-27 329 . ' 335-37, 358-59 - bureaucracy- 1 5 , 26, 38, 134 1 57-58, 164, 168, 1 70, 172, 197 2 0 1 , 2 1 9, 257, 262, 264-65, 275,
and the movement for refusal to pay taxes - 1 8-19, 2 1 , 24, 26, 29,
_
34, 36, 38-4 1 , 45, 47-48, 50-52, 65, 76, 107, 135, 325, 330, 332.
counteT�
revolution and reaction- 1 4, 19, 25, 30-34, 37-38, 46, 47, 53, 75-80, 94, 104, 134, 135, 1 54-58, 167, 1 70-73, 1 74-78, 182, 187,
197, 200, 266, 275-76, 277-79, �97, 3 1 5-16, 320-26, 333, 336, 339, 342-43, 362, 447-50, 483, 499, 500, 527-28 Prussian militarism- I 7 , 25. 1 5 7 ,
164, 168, 170, 1 72, 1 76, 187, 2 1 9, 223-26, 262, 265, 275, 279, 296,
3 1 6, 320, 332, 334-36 Brandenburg-Manteuffel Minis try-4, 14, 16, 18, 25-26, 3 1 -32, 38, 46, 47, 50-!,!, 65, 75, 99, 106,
Constitution
uf
De
cember 5, 1848 (imposed Consti tution) - 1 34, 154, 177, 193-94,
_
2 0 1 , 255_57 , 259-67, 287-89, 296, 297, 3 1 3 , 322, 323, 329, 346 and Pol and - 3 1 , 157 , 193 , 2 1 4,
_
_
224-25 and the , national movement In Schleswig-Holstein- IS? and Austria -2 1 1 - 1 2
and Hungary-394-95 _ and Russia - 2 1 1 - 1 2 and Switzerland-7-8 See also Cologne Workers' Association; Coup d'etat in Prussia;, Neue Rheinische _
Posen;
Revolution, permanent- 16, 123, 228 Revolution, pol itical- 328
RevolutiDn, popular- 3 1 6, 342-43 as a form of carrying through the _
_
bourgeois revolution- 1 65-66. 3 1 6, 342-43 and destruction of the old absolut
ist state machine- 197, 3 1 6- 1 7, 342-43 Revolution, proletarian. socialist its historical prerequisites-266 _
as the completion of the perma nent revolution - 1 6 international character-214_ its 15 lence _ need for revolutionary vio - 363 proletarian party as the condition for its victory - 2 1 5 solution of the national ques-
_
.
_
_
tion - 2 14-15 unism; See also Class struggle ; Comm lariat June uprising of the · Paris prole in 1 848; Party, prDletarian
Revolution, social- 1 27, 2 1 5 45 , 65 , Rhine Province Df Prussia- 38 , 99 , 1 74 1. democratic movement- 4 160, 522, 529-30 _
Riot- 1 2 Roman state-see Revolution of 1 848-49 in Italian states Rome, Ancient-219, 224, 259 Royal power, TDyally-4, 16-18, 33, 45,
106-07, 134, 159, 160, 163, 194-96, 263-64, 323, 327, 330, 336 See also Fetl,dali.'im� l\{onarchy
Rumanums- 3 5 1 , 352, 406-07, 436, 4 7 1 Russia
foreign
_
policy
and
_ 1 19, 2 1 1 - 1 2 , 456 and
_
_
_
diplomacy
Austria - 2 1 1- 1 2 ,
375-76,
437-38, 440-4 1 and Germany- 2 1 1 - 1 2 , 372, 378 and Hungary -438-39, 453
and Italy -372-73 and Prussia- 2 1 1 - 1 2 , 265, 450 See also Holy Alliance; NafxJleonic
_
Prussian National Assembly ; United Diet in Pnmia
i
tember 1 848)-75-76 - offensive of the
Prussian
_
Zeitung;
288, 296, 3 1 6, 335 ' 342 . . - Junsts, judiciary - 1 97 -203' 267 , 342-43, 465, 474-76 - army reserve (Landwehr) - 1 9 36'
75, 77-78, 102, 164, 1 7 1-73 " 76 296, 3 2 1 , 333 - struggle against the survivals of feudalism -32 , 168, 1 7 1-75, 2 19, 262-65, 266, 279, 288-89 " 334-35 449 - and the Rhine Province- 19. 38, 45, 65, 99, 160, 174, 296 - developments i n Cologne (Sep-
333, 337_4 1 , 358, 39 1, 446-50
_
:
_
135, 1 58, 160, 177, 192, 198, 200, 297, 333, 445-50
bourgeoisie-
- de�ocratic movement and the attitude of petty-bourgeois demo crats -24-25, 29, 4 1 , 46, 47 ' 50' 52, 53, 172, 1 74, 177, 182, 190' 195, 279, 288-89, 321-22' 340,
_
653
Subjec t Index
46,
_
wars; Pan-SIDvism; Revolution of 184849 in Hungary; Slavs; Tsarism
Ruthenians- 230, 236, 303
S Saint-Simon '5 5ocialism-260 SOXimS in Transylvania-230, 232, 236, 429, 436, 437, 461 , 472, 478
See also Transylvania Schleswig-Holstein question-88, 223, 504 See also Danish-Prussian war Df 1848-
50; Frankfurt National Assembly ; Revolution of 1848-49 in Pru..,ia
Science- 258- 59 and religio n - 3 1 i n bourgeois socicty - 1 06-07 "evil of privileged erudition " _
_
_
107 Scotland- 2 34 Serbia, Serbs-2 98, 352-S3, 409- 10, 416 , 432, 438, 440-42, 469 Ser[dom - 159, 335 Serf peasants- \06, 2�9, 335, 337 Silesia- 25, 160, 1 74, 265 Silesian weavers' uprising in 1844-257 Sixteenth century- 1 6 1 , 169, 3 7 1 Slav CDngress in Prague-364-6!i, 366-67,
Slav languages- 23 l , 233 Slavs, the Slav question- IS, 227, 229, 2 3 1 - 36, 370-71 373-74, 376
654
Subject Index
- specific
social and economic development- 23 1 , 366-69, 3 7 1 -72, 399 - German colonisation of Slav features
of
lands-229, 231-34, 367-72 - Hungarian colonisation of Slav lands-367-72
move - revolutionary-democratic ment-225, 230, 2 3 1 , 234-35, 363-67, 374, 375, 377 - conservative movenational ments-230-3 1 , 234-38, 365-67,
377-78 - assimilation and centralisation of-230-32, 235, 236, 366-72 - the Slav question and revolution of 1848-49- 371 -73, 375-76 - prospect of the Austrian Slavs
participating in the revolution 3 7 1 -72 See also Bohemia ; Croatia; Moravia; Pan-Slavism; Poland; Serbia; Slovakia;
Sio'venia Slovakia, Slovaks-293, 367, 368, 410,
4 1 1 , 434, 435, 442, 469 Slovenia, Swvenes- 367 238, 366-68
Small-scale production (agricultural)-335 Socialism (theories and trends) - Christian-249
- of Louis Blanc-84, 1 23-24, 1 3 1 - French - 1 23-27, 1 3 1-32 See also Proudhonism ; Saint-Simon's socialism
Socialist movement in France - during the July monarchy- 1 24 - during the Second Repub-
Social question-255-56, 262-63, 288-89 lic- 1 23-27, 130-31
See also Telation.�
Revolution,
social:
- and social revolution- 1 6 1 -62. 259, 326-28
- feudal - 1 6 1 -62, 326-28 - bourgeois - 1 6 1-62, 259, 327 - communist-248 Society, bourgeoi.- 1 6 1 , 335-36 - its Tise-327, 337, 338 - and bourgeois revolution-327
- its economic basi,-326-27, 335 - social relations and the social system - l 6 I , 259, 326-27
a society founded on class antagonisms-336 - classes and social strata- 1 5S.
- as
259, 288-89, 335-36 - and class struggle- I O I . 335-36 - and the state-262-63, 266, 327, 328, 335-38, 358
- preconditions of its inevitable de struction and premises for the rise
of a new society-268 See also Bourgeoisie; Capital; Capital ists; Class; Class struggle; Social rela tions; State; Working class
Social
Social relations, social syst<m- 326-27 - and production -259, 327 property relations- 1 6 l , - and 259, 262 - and c1asses - 1 6 1 , 259 - and political superstructure1 6 1 , 262, 326-28 - and the state -327 - and law-327-28 - historical character of-259
Sonderbund (Switzerland) - 1 2 , 84, 142,
144-47, 149, 152 Spain- 15, 3 1 , 70, 234
- first Carlist war
234, 294 - and England-70 State, the
Superstructure-see Basis and superstruc ture Svornost (Bnhcmia) -376 Switzerland- IO- 12 , 44, 85-86, 138-41,
142_43, 246_47, 248-49 territory and boundaries -55. 58,
_
63, 69_70, 109, 1 1 6, 139
_ population - 1 39 tbe Swiss - 1 39-45, 147, 148, 247 in the Middle Ages - 1 2 _
_
and the French Revolution-43 _ and revolutions of 1 848-49 in
_
Europe - 1 2, 85, 2 1 7 , 240 democratic movement In
1 84849-7-12, 42-44, 83-85, 138-53, 244-45 1 econom y- 8, 18 4, 243, 25 5-06, patriciate - I I , 1 2 , 18 4, 20 24 3, 24 7 , 10 9- 10 , _ clergy an d religion - 85 18 3, 244-45 working c1ass - 1 2 , 13 , 59 peasantry - 2 1 7 9- 12 , social and pohtlcal syste m 23942-44, 84-87, 1 38-40, 1 1\ 1-5 2,
_
_
_
1 833-40-
- as a superstructure -263 - and the mode of production 158, 327 - its class essence as a weapon of rule for the exploiters- 265 - and antagonistic society- 337 - state centralisation-44, 240, 3 7 1 - state machinery - 1 70-7 1 , 265,
_
4 1 , 248, 249, 497 , 86, Constitutio n- 22 , 42-44, 85 2 17 , 240, 252 Federal Assembl y- 57 , 25 2 , 56, National Council - I O- l I , 22 1 12 , 58-60, 95 , 97-98, 10 8, I I I , 1 1 3, 13 8- 53 , 97 , Council of States - 22 , 95
108, 1 1 3 95 , Federal Counci l- 22 , 57-59, 13 6, 204 97-98, 10 8, 1 13 , 1 16 , 1 19, _ suffrage- 42 , 57 -5 9 97 -9 8, courts - 42 , legislatio n, _
_
3 1 6- 1 7, 464
- and revolution-38, 263, 3 16-17, 336, 338, 340-4 1 , 464 - bourgeois- 1 73, 261 , 263, 26566, 33 1 , 337-39 - feudal-263, 335-38, 4 1 4 See also Despotism; Monarchy; Monar chy, absolute; Monarchy, constitutional; Republic
State of siege- 25, 53, 75-76, 1 77, 276-7 7,
280, 316, 445, 448-49 Stock exchange- 4 1 9 Styria-228, 2 3 1 , 369
policy-83-85,
86,
98,
1 19, 137, 248 _ neutrality policy-83-85, 86, 152,
2 1 7, 248, 249, 252-53
Swiss recruits- 183, 216-17, 239,
_
2 5 1 , 252
and Austria- 12, 86, 144 _ an d Germany-55, 58, 63, 66-74,
_
98, 109, 1 16, 1 1 9, 1 36-37, 138,
179, 185 _ and ltaly-84, 2 16-17, 239, 251 and Prussia - 244 over conflict Prusso-Swiss _
_
Neucbate1 -7-8 _ and Russia - I 19 See also Sonderbund
_
_
of
_ foreign
_
_
Society, feudal-see Feudalism
Small countries and nations-230, 235-36,
655
Subject Index
_
_
_
_
10 8, 1 1 3, 1 19 , 242 25 3 home policy- 83 , 86-87, 240, y to right of asylum an d polic 86 , 98, wards refugees - 22 , 6 1 , 1 , 2041 1 2, 1 1 9, 13 6, 15 2, 1 79-8 05, 247 , es, lv at rv political parties (conse 83-85, libeTals)- 9- IO , 43 , 58 , 59,
1 1 3, 248 radical s- 9- 1 2 , 42-44, 56, 58, 85, 13 9 , 206, 247-49 , 1 10 ' the pres s- 8, 43 , 58, 86, 1 09 50, 13 7, 1 8 1 . 18 3, 204-05, 246-
2 5 1 , 252 _ school , education - 85 . 1 08
T class struggleTaclics of the proletarian 39 0, 5 1 4 . n. tl.o lu vo Re n; See also Party. proletaria movement proletarian ; Working-class
Taxes, the tax system as the economic basis of state powe T- 26 0, 2 6 1 , 265, 33 7-4 1 , _
_
388 y taxes demand for refusal to pa ratsas tactics of the democ
337-38 See also Revolutian
s Prusia
of 1848-49 in
Terror, te'I'Torism _ revolutionary - 1 22 ,
227,
37 5,
37 8, 46 1 RevoluFrench during . the tion - 1 6 1 . 227 7 of the ruling classes - 1 20-2 1 , 22 See also Jacobin dic!atorship
_
_
Thin, Years ' War- 297 Tow'; and coun try-39-40 , 335 350Transylvania- 236, 298, 300, 348, 426, 5 1 , 360, 40 2, 404, 406-07, 42 5, 468, 429, 43 0, 435-39, 453-55, 4 6 1 ,
469, 47 1-7 2, 477-78 Tsarism- 157, 2 1 1, 220, 362 Turke'j- 233 _" wars of conquest in the four
teenth-sixteenth centuriel',-228, 232 _ decline of the Empire-229, 232
656
Subject Index
a n d Austria - 2 2 9 , 232 and HungarY-229, 23 2 and Russia - 2 I 4
sian war of 1848-5 0; Nap oleonic wars ; National liberation war of 18 48-49 in Hungary; Wars of the First French Republic Wars of the First French Republic (end
u
United Diet in Prussia1 58_59, 164 , 166, 168, 169, 449-50
296,
324-2 7,
339, 446,
United States of A meri ca 3M See also America; A merican-Mexican war of 1846-48 Universal sUffrage 25 6_5 7 2 7 1 -72 -
-
657
,
v
Vienna Congress of 18 14 -1 5 and Vienna treaties of 18 15-99- 10 0 Vienna uprising in Oct ober 1848-see Revolution of 1848-49 in the Austrian Empire Voluntarism - and revolution _ 36 4
Wealth
- its an tagonistic ch aracter under capitalism-267 - nationa l_ 263-65 West- 2 1 4 Will- 1 7, 2 7 1 -7 2, 364
Working class- 12 7 , 25 9-60
- industrial proletaria t- 27 4 - as the only consist en tly revo]u� tionary dass- 289 and the petty bourgeoi sie_ 1 27 as the motive force in th e revolu tion - 1 6 1 and the national mov ement_ 215
Working-class and socialist movement in Switzerland- I I_ 13 , 18 5, 20709,
249-50
Working class in France- 1 23-28, 1 3 1 ,
w
Wallachia, Wallachians _66 236, 437, 4 4 1_4 2
Working cias, in Germany-- 16 2, 2 1 9- 21 Working class in Prussia2 1 9, 274, 13 2, 1 6 1
,
2 1 4,
23 1 ,
War, wars
- and revolution and revolutionary movemen t- 2 15 , 237-38 - and the working class and pro letarian party - 2 1 5 revolutionary - 37 5 guerilla-236, 237-3B, 294, 30 1 , 302, 407, 428, 429, 433, 43 4, 43 7, 442 - world - 2 1 5, 23 8 See also American-M exican war of 1846-48; Austro-Italian
war of 184849; Austro-Turkish wars of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; Danish-Prus_
GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES a
of the eighteenth an d beginning of the nineteenth ce nturies) - 22 6. 23 7, 37 2, 43 8
288-89
Working class in Switzerland1 2_ 1 3 59 Working-class movement- 17 0, 2 15 &e also Chartism; Clas s struggle; Party, proletarian; Tactics of the prole tarian class struggk; Working clas s Working-class movement in England-see Chartism Working-class movement in Germtmy-B, ,
. 1 1- 1 3, IB 5, 207-09. 24950 &e also Revolution of 1848 -49 in
Germany; Siksian weavers' upt1JIng in 1844 World market- 21 4, 224 ,
,
Britain's domination _ l O l , 2 1 4. 2 1 5, 2 1 9
Agram ...
' ....
. ' . . ... . "
..
.
.....
.
Breslau ........................... .
.
Wrodaw
Bydgoszez
Bromberg . . . . . . . ................ .
Prdov
Eperies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ . .
Erlau ...............................
Eger
.
Esseg(Eszek) .................. .
Rijeka (Rieka)
.
Fiinfkirchen ................... .
Pees
.
Gleiwitz ........................... Gran
Grosswardem ................ . .
•
Hcrmannsladt ...............
.
Oradea
Karlo.....it7 (Karlovl"e) ....... .
Karlsladl .........................
Kat"lovac
Kaschau (Kassa) .............
Komorn (Komarno)
.
..
Klausenburg (Kolozsvar) . Kosel .... . . .. ..
..
...
... . ..
. . ....
....
...
.
...
.
Kronstaol ........................
Lemberg .........................
a
.
�euhaU!i1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Neutra .. . . .. . .. . .. . .
..
...
.
..
...
.
Oberlausitz (Lausitz) "'''''' Odenburg ...................... .
.
.
_ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . " " " . _ _ _ _ ,_ . . . .
.
Posen .............................. .
Plattensee ........................
.
Feldioara
Medias
Mesocco
Mystowice
Neheim-Hiisten Nove Zamky Nitra
Upper Lusatia Sopron Buda
Olomouc Opole
Pancevo
Petrovarad i n Balaton Poznan
Bratislava RacibOrz
..
....
Lvo'\i
-
Ritibor ........................... .
..
.
.
.. . . Rimaszombat ........ ; Schemnitz (Selmeczballya)
Rra�ow
Levoca
Gvor
..
Raab ................................
Koile
Leopoldov
Press burg ( Pozsony) . . . . .
Kom,lrom
.
'\leheim .......................... .
Peterwardein ..................
Cluj
.
.
Pancsova ..........................
Kosice
. ·.
Misox(Moesa) ................ ..
Oppeln
Srem",ki
Alba Julia
.
Ohniitz ............................ .
Karlovci
Karlsburg . . . . . . . . . ............... .
.
Ofen . . . . . . . . . . . .....................
Sibiu
..
Mediasch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
...
Esztergom
............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . ..
Marienburg(FOldvar) .....
.
..
Gliwice
.
Leutschau (Loc'le) ...........
Myslowitz ........................
Osijek
.
Fiume ..............................
Leupoldstadt ................... ;
Zagreb
. ..
-
RimavskaSobota
Banska .
-
.
Suavmca
;r
. . . d cs geogla ph ieal names occurnn g 10 M arx'!J and Engels' articles in the mdu This aiossarv ' . . . ess of t he hrne btil d-Ilel, 1 . · ng from the natIOnal names or from [Olm customa,y in the G,erntat . . e IeIt column giv<'S geographical nam", '" used HI the e,e man those given on mode�n maps. . . eT�) , original (when they differ from the �atlOJlal names of the time. the latter are glv�n 10 brae , a s used on modern maps and III modern Ilt [he right column gives correspond mg nalTles .
,
.
eralure.- Fd.
�
658
Glos�ary of Geographical Names
Schweidniu , . ... . . . .. . . Semlin Steuin ........................... " . Szcgedin . . .. Szeretfalva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... Teme.svar . .
.
.
.
.
..
.
..
............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
n • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •, . . .
...
Swidnica Zemun Szczecin Szcged Sereth Timi�oara
Waag(Vag) ............ . . . . . . . . . Waitzen(Vacz) ................
.
.
Wehiskirchen .................. . Werschetz (Versecz) ........ . Wreschcn ........................
.
Vah Vac Bela Crkva VrSac
Wrzdnia
