Cisco - Introduction to WAN Technologies 101

101 1045_05F9_c1

1

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Introduction to WAN Technologies Session 101

101 1045_05F9_c1

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA. Presentation_ID.scr

2

1

Agenda

Wide Area Network (WAN) • Environment • Requirements • Technologies • Interface Signaling Protocols 101 1045_05F9_c1

3

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Take-Away Message

• By selecting the right WAN technology and hardware, you can Build a uniform multiservice network for DVV consolidation Reduce recurring network operation costs (such as bandwidth) 101 1045_05F9_c1

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA. Presentation_ID.scr

4

2

WAN Networking Environment Other

Access

Backbone

Telecommuters

Home Offices

Branch Offices

Regional Offices

Headquarters

Multiple Networking Environments where All Users Require Ubiquitous Access to Corporate Applications

101 1045_05F9_c1

5

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

WAN Networking Challenges

Increased Scope of WAN Multiple Traffic Types

Telecom Manager

Increasing Traffic Volumes Telecom Budget

101 1045_05F9_c1

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA. Presentation_ID.scr

6

3

Multiple Traffic Types

• • • •

IP IPX AppleTalk SNA

Wide Area Network

• Voice • Video

Leased Lines, Satellite, Microwave, Circuit Switched, X25, Frame Relay, ATM, POS 101 1045_05F9_c1

7

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Networked Application Growth 2000 1998 More Than 300% Growth in WAN Traffic by 2002

Voice Video Teleconference Office Applications

Client to Server Server to Server Internet/Intranet

Source: Gartner Group

101 1045_05F9_c1

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA. Presentation_ID.scr

8

4

Telecom Budgets

Although Traffic Old Telecom Volumes Are Budget Increasing, Telecom Budgets Are Not— in Fact in Some Cases Decreasing 101 1045_05F9_c1

New Telecom Budget

Agenda

9

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Wide Area Network (WAN) • Environment • Requirements • Technologies • Interface Protocols 101 1045_05F9_c1

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA. Presentation_ID.scr

10

5

Wide Area Network Requirements Minimize Bandwidth Costs Maximize Efficiency Maximize Performance Support New/Emerging Applications Maximize Availability Minimize Management and Maintenance Multiservice Consolidation Bandwidth Efficiency Performance and QoS Guarantees Emerging IP Services Carrier-Class Reliability Ease of Operation and Management 101 1045_05F9_c1

11

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Wide Area Network Costs • Capital costs (hardware): non-recurring Written off over three to five years

Software Costs 2.7%

• Bandwidth rental costs: recurring One to five year contracts

Hardware Costs 8.0%

Transmission Costs 87.8%

Maintenance 1.5%

Penalties for cancellation Highest month recurring expense Source: Data Communications

101 1045_05F9_c1

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA. Presentation_ID.scr

12

6

WAN Service Requirements • LAN interconnectivity

Multiservice Networking

Router and workgroup switches

• Emerging IP services • Voice toll bypass PBX tie trunking and voice switching

• Videoconferencing

FR/LL WAN Router ATM/LL Workgroup Switch PBX

VPN/LL

Room-to-room, desktop

• Legacy data

ISDN Videoconferencing

SNA, X.25, async data FR/LL

• TDM migration Transport option for aging TDM systems 101 1045_05F9_c1

Legacy Data

13

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Wide Area Connectivity Requirements • Flexible trunking Sub-rate leased lines (64kbps to T1/E1)

nx T1/E1

T3/E3

n x T1/E1 leased lines T3/E3 leased lines OC-3/STM-1 leased lines

OC-3

Public Network

STM-1

Public/private services

• Bandwidth efficiency 101 1045_05F9_c1

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA. Presentation_ID.scr

14

7

Agenda

Wide Area Network (WAN) • Environment • Requirements • Technologies • Interface Protocols 101 1045_05F9_c1

15

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Message

• By selecting the right WAN technology and hardware, you can Build a uniform multiservice network for DVV consolidation Reduce recurring network operation costs (such as bandwidth) 101 1045_05F9_c1

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA. Presentation_ID.scr

16

8

WAN Technologies Application

Application

Presentation

Presentation

Session

Session

Transport

Transport

Network

Network

Network

Link

Link

Link

Link

Packet Switching Frame Switching Cell Switching

Physical

Physical

Physical

Physical

Circuit Switching

WAN Switch A

WAN Switch B

CPE B

CPE A

Circuit Switching Frame Switching Cell Switching Frame/Cell

101 1045_05F9_c1

Network

Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) X.25/HDLC, SNA/SDLC ATM POS

17

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Circuit Switching (TDM) Overview PBX

PBX

• Available bandwidth is statically partitioned amongst the applications • Each application has access to the allocated bandwidth only; no single application can burst up to the entire bandwidth capacity • Example: available bandwidth = 24 DS0s Four channels for router data; eight for voice calls; six for video; six channels not allocated

101 1045_05F9_c1

• Circuit switching delay: application frame size/ allocated bandwidth • Variability in delay: low © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA. Presentation_ID.scr

18

9

Circuit Switching—Pros and Cons Pros • Predictable Performance As Bandwidth Is Allocated Statically, All Applications Get Consistent Performance and Predictable Delay

• Protocol-Independent End Devices Can Be Using Any Protocol over the Wide Area Network

• Can Be Used for Multiservice Applications Consolidation

Cons • Inefficient Bandwidth Utilization No Dynamic Allocation of Bandwidth No Bursting Capability—One Application Cannot Use Bandwidth Allocated to the other Even if that Traffic Is Not Present

• Bandwidth Limited Once All of the Available Bandwidth Is Allocated, Additional Bandwidth Must Be Procured 101 1045_05F9_c1

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

19

X.25 Switching Overview

• Cells, frames, or packets within a switch but X.25 packets at egress • Available bandwidth is dynamically allocated • Only useful for data applications • X.25 switching delay: can increase with number of switches in path • Variability in delay: high • Layer 3 switching—PVC, SVC-based 101 1045_05F9_c1

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA. Presentation_ID.scr

20

10

Traffic Handling in an X.25 Network 2048 Bytes 256kbps

Network

256kbps

• Router sends X.25 packet to first X.25 switch Assume that the call has been set up and a data size of 128 agreed by both ends with a window size of 7 101 1045_05F9_c1

21

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Traffic Handling in an X.25 Network 2048 Bytes 256kbps

Network

256kbps

128 Bytes 128 Bytes 128 Bytes 128 Bytes 128 Bytes 128 Bytes 128 Bytes

Network

256kbps

128 Bytes

• Router sends X.25 a window (7) of (128) packets; the X.25 switch responds with “RR’s” for correctly received packets or “RNR” for incorrect ones

101 1045_05F9_c1

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA. Presentation_ID.scr

22

11

Traffic Handling in an X.25 Network

128 Bytes 128 Bytes 128 Bytes 128 Bytes 128 Bytes 128 Bytes 128 Bytes

128 Bytes 128 Bytes 128 Bytes 128 Bytes 128 Bytes 128 Bytes 128 Bytes

Network 128 Bytes

128 Bytes

• The network transports the packets across the network; the packets are delivered to the far end using the same window mechanism as the input to the network 101 1045_05F9_c1

23

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Traffic Handling in an X.25 Network

128 Bytes 128 Bytes 128 Bytes 128 Bytes 128 Bytes 128 Bytes 128 Bytes

Network 2048 Bytes 128 Bytes

• Last window sent to router and whole frame re-assembled and sent 101 1045_05F9_c1

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA. Presentation_ID.scr

24

12

X.25 Switching-Pros and Cons Pros • Excellent in Highly Errored Environments Protocol Goes Looking for an Error

• Protocol-Independent End Devices Can Be Using any Protocol over the Wide Area Network

Cons • Unable to Guarantee Performance Due to Windowing Mechanism, Throughput and Performance Is Very Slow

• High Delay and Variability in Delay Each Switch Has to Receive an Entire Window before Forwarding It to the Next Switch; Therefore Transit Delay Increases with Number of Switches in the Path The FIFO Mode of Each Switch Causes a Variability at Each Switch

• Typically Data Only As a Result of High Delay and Variability in Delay, X.25 Switches Are More Suited for Data-Only Environments that Have Little or No Delay-Sensitive Applications 101 1045_05F9_c1

25

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Frame Switching Overview PBX

PBX

• Either cells or frames within a switch but frames only at egress • Available bandwidth is dynamically allocated • Each application gets access to all available bandwidth; any application can burst up to the entire bandwidth capacity • Frame switching delay: increases with number of switches in path (queuing and serialization delay) • Variability in delay: can be high for FIFO queuing switches 101 1045_05F9_c1

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA. Presentation_ID.scr

26

13

Traffic Handling in Frame-Switched Network 2048 Bytes

256kbps PBX Ten Voice

256kbps 2.048Mbps

2.048Mbps

2.048Mbps

PBX

Channels

• Router sends frame to first frame switch

101 1045_05F9_c1

27

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Traffic Handling in Frame-Switched Network 2048 Bytes

256kbps PBX Ten Voice

256kbps 2.048Mbps

2.048Mbps

2.048Mbps

PBX

Channels

2048 Bytes

256kbps

256kbps 2.048Mbps

2.048Mbps

PBX Ten Voice

2.048Mbps

PBX

Channels

• First frame switch waits for the entire frame, adds header and forwards to next switch 101 1045_05F9_c1

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA. Presentation_ID.scr

28

14

Traffic Handling in Frame-Switched Network 2048 Bytes

256kbps PBX Ten Voice

256kbps 2.048Mbps

2.048Mbps

2.048Mbps

PBX

Channels

2048 Bytes

256kbps

256kbps 2.048Mbps

2.048Mbps

PBX Ten Voice

2.048Mbps

PBX

Channels

• Second frame switch waits for the entire frame, and forwards to next switch 101 1045_05F9_c1

29

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Traffic Handling in Frame-Switched Network 2048 Bytes

256kbps PBX Ten Voice

256kbps 2.048Mbps

2.048Mbps

2.048Mbps

PBX

Channels

2048 Bytes

256kbps

256kbps 2.048Mbps

2.048Mbps

PBX Ten Voice

2.048Mbps

PBX

Channels

• Last frame switch waits for the entire frame, adds header and forwards it to router 101 1045_05F9_c1

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA. Presentation_ID.scr

30

15

Frame Switching—Pros and Cons Pros • Dynamic Allocation of Bandwidth Available Bandwidth Is Allocated Dynamically to Any Application that Needs It One Application Can Use Bandwidth Allocated to the other If that Traffic Is Not Present

• Can Be Used for Multiservice Applications Frame Switches Are Used for Multiservice Applications (DVV) (Less over Subscription and Reasonable Speed Links)

Cons • Unable to Guarantee Performance (in FIFO Mode) Frame Switches ‘Typically’ Operate in FIFO (First in-First out) Mode, so One Application Can Impact the Performance of Others

• Medium Delay and Variability in Delay Each Switch Has to Receive an Entire Frame before Forwarding It to the Next Switch; Therefore Transit Delay Increases with Number of Switches in the Path The FIFO Mode of Each Switch Causes a Variability at Each Switch 101 1045_05F9_c1

31

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Cell Switching Overview PBX

PBX

• Cells only within a switch and cells only at the egress of a switch • Available bandwidth is dynamically allocated • Each application gets access to all available bandwidth; any application can burst up to the entire bandwidth capacity • Cell switching delay: low delay • Variability in delay: low 101 1045_05F9_c1

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA. Presentation_ID.scr

32

16

Traffic Handling in Cell-Switched Network 2048 Bytes

256kbps PBX Ten Voice

256kbps 2.048Mbps

2.048Mbps

2.048Mbps

Channels

Ten Voice PBX Channels

• Router sends frame to first cell switch

101 1045_05F9_c1

33

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Traffic Handling in Cell-Switched Network 2048 Bytes

256kbps PBX Ten Voice

256kbps 2.048Mbps

2.048Mbps

2.048Mbps

Channels

256kbps PBX Ten Voice

Ten Voice PBX Channels

256kbps 2.048Mbps

2.048Mbps

Channels

2.048Mbps

Ten Voice PBX Channels

• First cell switch starts to receive the frame; as it receives enough data to fill up the payload of one cell, it adds header and forwards to next switch 101 1045_05F9_c1

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA. Presentation_ID.scr

34

17

Traffic Handling in Cell-Switched Network 2048 Bytes

256kbps PBX Ten Voice

256kbps 2.048Mbps

2.048Mbps

2.048Mbps

Channels

256kbps PBX Ten Voice

Ten Voice PBX Channels

256kbps 2.048Mbps

2.048Mbps

2.048Mbps

Channels

Ten Voice PBX Channels

• Second cell switch receives the cell and switches it to the next switch 101 1045_05F9_c1

35

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Traffic Handling in Cell-Switched Network 2048 Bytes

256kbps PBX Ten Voice

256kbps 2.048Mbps

2.048Mbps

2.048Mbps

Channels

256kbps PBX Ten Voice

Ten Voice PBX Channels

256kbps 2.048Mbps

2.048Mbps

Channels

2.048Mbps

Ten Voice PBX Channels

• Next cell switch receives the cells and forwards to next switch till the last switch where all cells are collected until the last cell is received

101 1045_05F9_c1

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA. Presentation_ID.scr

36

18

Traffic Handling in Cell-Switched Network 2048 Bytes

256kbps PBX Ten Voice

256kbps 2.048Mbps

2.048Mbps

2.048Mbps

Channels

Ten Voice PBX Channels 2048 Bytes

256kbps PBX Ten Voice

256kbps 2.048Mbps

2.048Mbps

Channels

2.048Mbps

Ten Voice PBX Channels

• Last switch assembles the frame and forwards to the attached router 101 1045_05F9_c1

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

37

Cell Switching—Pros and Cons Pros • Dynamic Allocation of Bandwidth Available Bandwidth Is Allocated Dynamically to Any Application that Needs It One Application Can Use Bandwidth Allocated to the other if that Traffic Is Not Present

• Guaranteed performance Cell Switches with Efficient Traffic and Bandwidth Management Schemes Can Ensure that Each Application Receives Guaranteed Performance (TM, QoS Queuing, CAC, PNNI/UNI Etc.)

• Low Delay (Controlled and Bounded) and Low Variability in Delay Using Fixed Length Cells Ensures that Network Transit Delay and Variability in Delay Is Minimized Switches Use QoS-Based Queuing and Scheduling Such as CBR, VBR, ABR

• Typically Multiservice As a Result of Low Delay, Low Variability in Delay and the Ability to Guarantee Performance, Cell Switches Are Ideally Suited to Support Multiple Services Concurrently

Cons • Overhead However the Bandwidth Efficiency and Ability to Provide Low Delay and Low Variability in Delay in Cell Switching Easily Overcomes the Small Incremental Overhead 101 1045_05F9_c1

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA. Presentation_ID.scr

38

19

Frame/Cell Switching Overview PBX

PBX

• Either cells or frames within a switch and both frames and cells at egress of switch • Frame switching is used for data and cells are injected for delay-sensitive traffic • Available bandwidth is dynamically allocated • Each application gets access to all available bandwidth; any application can burst up to the entire bandwidth capacity • Frame/cell switching delay: increases with number of switches in path • Variability in delay: high 101 1045_05F9_c1

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

39

Frame/Cell Switching— Pros and Cons Pros • Dynamic Allocation of Bandwidth Available Bandwidth Is Allocated Dynamically to Any Application that Needs It One Application Can Use Bandwidth Allocated to the other if that Traffic Is Not Present

• Multiple Traffic Types Cell Injection Process Is Used to ‘Insert’ Delay Sensitive Traffic (Like Voice) During the Transfer of a Data Frame

Cons • Proprietary There Are No Standards for Frame/Cell Switching

• Unable to Guarantee Performance Cell Injection Causes Frames to Be Partially Transmitted and Possibly Buffered Along the Path; Frame-Based Traffic (Data) Suffers at the Expense of Cell Traffic; Increased Volumes of Cell Traffic Can Impact Quality Throughput and Performance of Frame-Based Traffic

• Bandwidth Inefficiency Increased Cell Traffic Can Cause Frame Traffic to Be Discarded in the Network, Thereby Reducing the ‘Quality Throughput’ or ‘Goodput’ of the Network

• High Delay and Variability in Delay Frame/Cell Switches Operate as Frame Switches for Data and Have Similar Delay Characteristics; Cell Injection Causes Additional Delays for Frame Traffic 101 1045_05F9_c1

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA. Presentation_ID.scr

40

20

Packet over SONET Overview PBX

PBX

• Either cells or frames within a switch and SONET/SDH payload at egress of switch • POS is serial transmission of multiprotocol packets over SONET/SDH frames—efficient high-speed transport with low overhead • Available bandwidth is dynamically allocated • Any application can burst up to the entire available bandwidth capacity-packet based infrastructure • Switching delay: low • Variability in delay: low 101 1045_05F9_c1

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

41

Packet over SONET— Pros and Cons Pros • Dynamic Allocation of Bandwidth Bandwidth Is Available to Any Application that Needs It

• Scalable Underlying Technology Can Scale in Speeds with Increase in Traffic Volume

• Efficiency-Overhead Direct Mapping of Packets over SONET Payload Increases Efficiency by Removing Overhead

• Fault-Tolerant, Reliability Carrier Class Redundancy with APS With Automatic Protection Switching, Very Fast Switchovers in Case of Failure

• Underlying Transport Flexibility Can Be Used with Different Underlying Transport-SONET/SDH ADMs, DWDM Equipment

Cons • More Suited Towards Packet-Based Applications Direct Mapping of Packets over Transport SONET/SDH Media

• QOS Evolving from Best-Effort to Guaranteed Approach Efforts Underway to Include Differentiated Service Mechanisms

• Not Suitable for Low Speed Links ‘Typically’ Used over High-Speed Fiber-Based Infrastructures 101 1045_05F9_c1

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA. Presentation_ID.scr

42

21

Summary of Technologies Bandwidth Traffic Appl. Multiservice Scalability Efficiency Mgmt./QoS Performance Circuit Switching (TDM) X.25

*

***

*

**

*

**

*

*

*

*

Frame Switching

***

***

***

***

***

Cell Switching (ATM)

****

****

****

****

****

Frame/Cell Switching

***

***

***

***

***

Packet over SONET

****

**

**

***

***

* = Weak 101 1045_05F9_c1

* * = Fair

* * * = Good

* * * * = Excellent 43

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Agenda

Wide Area Network (WAN) • Environment • Requirements • Technologies • Interface Protocols 101 1045_05F9_c1

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA. Presentation_ID.scr

44

22

Frame Relay UNI LMI • • • •

UNI between end device and network Event notification Unidirectional update requests E-LMI allows one config. of switches and router • Same frame format as NNI Frame Relay Device Short Status Enquiry Short Status Enquiry Short Status Enquiry Long Status Enquiry

101 1045_05F9_c1

ANSI ITU-T LMI

T1.617 Annex D Q.933 Annex A Signaling “Gang of Four” Cisco, NT, DEC

Frame Relay Device

Event

Short Status Update Short Status Update Short Status Update Long Status Update with Event Notification or if Async Updates Used Asynchronous Status Event 45

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Frame Relay NNI • • • •

NNI between networks Event notification Bi-directional update requests Allows foresight updates between two Cisco networks using CLLM • Same frame format as UNI Frame Relay Network 1 Short Status Enquiry Short Status Update Short Status Enquiry Long Status Enquiry Long Status Update 101 1045_05F9_c1

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA. Presentation_ID.scr

ANSI

T1.618 Annex D

ITU-T

Q.933 Annex A

Frame Relay Network 2 Short Status Update Short Status Enquiry Short Status Update Long Status Update Long Status Enquiry 46

23

ATM UNI and NNI Generic Flow Control

Virtual Path Identifier

Virtual Path Identifier Virtual Channel Identifier

Virtual Path Identifier Virtual Path Identifier Virtual Channel Identifier

Virtual Channel Identifier

Virtual Channel Identifier

Virtual Channel Identifier Payload Type

CLP

Virtual Channel Identifier Payload Type

Header Error Control (HEC)

Header Error Control (HEC)

UNI Header Format

NNI Header Format

CLP

• Unlike Frame Relay ATM UNI and NNI formats are different • UNI VPI range is 256 and VCI range is 65,535 • NNI VPI range is 4,096 and VCI range is 65,535 101 1045_05F9_c1

47

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

ATM I—LMI Private UNI ATM End System

Private ATM Switch Public UNI

ATM End System

Public ATM Switch Public UNI

Private ATM Switch

Public ATM Switch

• • • •

Integrated local management interface-ilmi Use SNMP across UNI and NNI for ILMI MIB Uses AAL 5 encapsulation Used for ATM end system address (AESA) formerly NSAP addressing for svc’s • Automatic recognition of UNI or NNI interface protocol 101 1045_05F9_c1

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA. Presentation_ID.scr

48

24

ATM I—LMI (Cont.) Get Get Response ATM End System

GetNext Set

Public or Private ATM Switch

Trap • Get—retrieve specified management information • GetNext—retrieve via traversal of MIB, management information • Set—alter management information • Trap—report extraordinary information 101 1045_05F9_c1

49

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Summary

• By selecting the right WAN technology and hardware, you can Build a uniform multiservice network for DVV consolidation Reduce recurring network operation costs (such as bandwidth) 101 1045_05F9_c1

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA. Presentation_ID.scr

50

25

Follow-on Sessions • WAN Session #102 (Level 2)-Deploying WAN Technologies Session #103 (Level 3)-Advanced WAN Concepts and Troubleshooting Session #1201 (Product)-IGX/BPX/MGX Product Update Session #1208 (Product)-26xx/36xx/3810 Product Update

• Optical Session #604 (Level 1)-Introduction to Optical Carrier Services Session #605 (Level 2)-Deploying Optical Infrastructure Session #606 (Level 3)-Advanced Optical Technology Concepts Session #1202 (Product)-GSR Product Update 101 1045_05F9_c1

51

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Please Complete Your Evaluation Form Session 101

101 1045_05F9_c1

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA. Presentation_ID.scr

52

26

101 1045_05F9_c1

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA. Presentation_ID.scr

53

27