Cisco - Introduction to Optical Carrier Services 604

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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Introduction to Optical Internetworking Building Optical IP Infrastructures Session 604 604 1016_05F9_c3

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

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Agenda • Introduction • Introduction to Optical Technologies Fiber Optics DWDM SONET/SDH

• Optical Internetworking • Summary 604 1016_05F9_c3

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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Data Traffic Exceeding Voice Traffic on Carrier Networks

“

Today, of course, data traffic is becoming an ever bigger part of the mix. In fact, this year marks the crossover point: for the first time, our networks will carry more data than voice…we will soon be routing voice over data networks. Richard C. Notebaert CEO, Ameritech The New York Time, May 17, 1998

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Service Providers Need to Plan for Future Services

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From 2000 on, 80% of service provider profits will be derived from IP-based services. CIMI Corp.

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Current Network Not Optimized for Packet-Based Services • Most service provider infrastructures are based on circuit switched technologies • These infrastructures are optimized for n x DS0 for implementing voice, leased-line services

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Circuit Switched Infrastructures • Circuit switched infrastructures were used first to offer voice and leased-line services and early IP services • ATM was used as a more efficient circuit switched infrastructure and for Frame Relay and IP transport 604 1016_05F9_c3

Voice

Leased Line

IP

Frame Relay

Digital Cross Connects

ATM

ATM

SONET/SDH Optics

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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Agenda • Introduction • Introduction to Optical Technologies Fiber Optics SONET/SDH DWDM

• Optical Internetworking • Summary 604 1016_05F9_c3

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

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Light Propagation in Optical Fiber • Optical fiber consists of: Cylindrical core Surrounded by a cladding

• Both made of silica (SiO2) that has a refractive index of 1.45

Cladding Core

• Refractive Index (n) is the ratio of the speed of light in vacuum to the speed of light in that material • n (core) > n (cladding) 604 1016_05F9_c3

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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Geometrical Optics Approach • Light is a number of ‘rays’ propagating in straight lines in a medium and getting reflected/refracted at the interface

n2

θ1 = Angle of incidence θ1r = Reflected ray θ = Angle of refraction

• As θ1 increases, θ 2 increases; when θ1 is Sin -1(n2/n1), θ2 = 90 degrees you get total internal reflection 604 1016_05F9_c3

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n1

θ2

θ1 θ1 r

θ1 = θ1r n1Sin θ1 = n2Sin θ 2

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Total Internal Reflection n2

θ0

n1

Cladding

θ11

Core

• Light propagates in optical fiber due to a series of total internal reflections that occur at the core-cladding interface • The smallest angel for which total internal reflection occurs is called the critical angle Sin-1(n2/n1) 604 1016_05F9_c3

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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Different Types of Fiber n2

• Multimode Fiber Core diameter is about 50µ µm (Step Index) or 62.5µ µm(Graded) Light propagates in the form of multiple modes, each taking a slightly different path

θ0

Only one mode in which light can propagate

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θ11

n2

• Single-mode Fiber Core radius is smaller (9µm) cladding around 250 µ m)

n1

θ0

n1

θ11

Cladding

Core

Cladding

Core

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Optical Attenuation • Specified in loss (dB) per kilometer • Scattering caused by collisions of photons with the molecular structure of the fiber

1310 window

1550 window

• DWDM considerations For every doubling of channel count, the per channel optical power decreases by 3 dBm

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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Fiber Dispersion

Dispersion ps/nm-km

Normal Fiber Non-Dispersion Shifted Fiber (NDSF) >95% of Deployed Plant 18

Wavelength 0 1310 nm

l 1550nm

Reduced Dispersion Fibers Dispersion Shifted Fiber (DSF) Non-Zero Dispersion Shifted Fibers (NZDSF) 604 1016_05F9_c3

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Dispersion

Interference

• Dispersion causes the pulse to spread as it travels along the fiber • Chromatic dispersion is important for singlemode fiber Depends on fiber type and laser used Degradation scales as (data-rate)2

• Modal dispersion limits use of multimode fiber to short distances 604 1016_05F9_c3

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Polarization Mode Dispersion • Imperfections in the crystalline structure of the fiber • Manufacturing imperfections such as: Core shape (how perfectly circular in cross-section?); internal stresses on the fiber

• External stresses: Radial forces (bends and twists, etc.)

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Polarization Mode Dispersion • “Fast” axis of propagation and a “slow” axis • Travel down the fiber is de-synchronized (out-of-phase) • PMD presents a greater problem to system performance because it can vary with time

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Four-Wave Mixing (FWM) • Creates in-band crosstalk that can not be filtered • Problem increases geometrically with Number of λs Spacing between λs Optical power level

• Chromatic dispersion minimizes FWM 604 1016_05F9_c3

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Fiber Networks

Electrical

Fiber Optic Transmission System (FOTS)

Optical

Fiber Optic Transmission System (FOTS)

Electrical

• A basic fiber optic system consists of A transmitting device, which generates the light signal An optical fiber cable, which carries the light A receiver, which accepts the light signal transmitted

• Single time-division multiplexed information stream 2.5Gbps (OC-48/STM-16) is current state of the art 10Gbps (OC-192/STM-64) is next generation 604 1016_05F9_c3

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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Fiber Networks • Time division multiplexing Single wavelength per fiber

Channel 1

Single Fiber (One Wavelength)

Multiple channels per fiber 4 OC-3/STM1 channels in OC-12/STM4

Channel n

4 OC-12/STM4 channels in OC-48/STM16 16 OC-3/STM1 channels in OC-48/STM16

• Wave division multiplexing Multiple wavelengths per fiber

l1 l2

4, 16, 24, 40 channels per system Multiple channels per fiber 604 1016_05F9_c3

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Single Fiber (Multiple Wavelengths)

ln

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TDM and DWDM Comparison • TDM (SONET/SDH) Takes sync and async signals and multiplexes them to a single higher optical bit rate E/O or O/E/O conversion

DS-1 DS-3 OC-1 OC-3 OC-12 OC-48

SONET ADM

Fiber

DWDM OADM

Fiber

(D)WDM Takes multiple optical signals and multiplexes onto a single fiber No signal format conversion

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OC-12c OC-48c OC-192c

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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

SONET Optical Carrier (OC) and SDH Synchronous Transport Module (STM) Levels

Optical Level

Electrical Level

OC-1 OC-3/STM-1

STS-1 STS-3

OC-9/STM-3 OC-12/STM-4 OC-18/STM-6 OC-24/STM-8 OC-36/STM-13 OC-48/STM-16 OC-96/STM-32 OC-192/STM-64

STS-9 STS-12 STS-18 STS-24 STS-36 STS-48 STS-96 STS-192

Line Rate (Mbps)

Payload Rate (Mbps)

51.840 155.520

50.112 150.336

466.560 622.080 933.120 1244.160 1866.240 2488.320 4976.640 9953.280

451.008 601.344 920.016 1202.688 1804.032 2405.376 4810.752 9621.504

Overhead Rate (Mbps) 1.728 5.184 15.552 20.736 31.104 41.472 62.208 82.944 165.888 331.776

SONET Overhead is 3% independent of Data Rate 604 1016_05F9_c3

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Agenda • Introduction • Introduction to Optical Technologies Fiber Optics SONET/SDH DWDM

• Optical Internetworking • Summary 604 1016_05F9_c3

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

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The World Before SONET/SDH • No multivendor interworking = increased network costs Multiple types of equipment and interfaces needed for carrier interconnections No standardization of network design (protection, facility size, etc.) No centralized network management and alarming 604 1016_05F9_c3

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The World After SONET/SDH • Standard interfaces for multiplexing of high-rate digital signals Simplification of carrier-carrier interconnection, reduced interconnect cost Simplification of network design Integrated overhead for standardized messaging and alarming Reduced equipment cost 604 1016_05F9_c3

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Multiplexing: Before and After SONET Pre SONET Bit Interleaved Proprietary by Vendor Each Tributary Asynchronous Entire Payload Demultiplexed to Access Tribs Expensive Equipment Design

Post SONET Byte Interleaved Defined Framing and Rates Each Tributary Synchronous “Add-Drop” of Payloads without Demultiplexing Simplified Equipment Design 604 1016_05F9_c3

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SONET Simplifies Networking of Circuits SONET Facility

SONET Network Element (NE or Node)

SONET Facility

Matrix (Synchronous) Pass Through Drop

Add

Blue Facility Dropped 604 1016_05F9_c3

Orange Facility Added 27

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Synchronous Transport Signal—Level 1 • Basic building block—SONET STS-1 frame 3 columns of SONET overhead (x9, byte rows) = 27 bytes 87 columns of STS-1 “Synchronous Payload Envelope” (x9, byte rows) = 783 bytes 125 microseconds/frame = 51.84 Mbps STS- SPE (87 Byte/Columns) Section Overhead (3 Byte/Rows, 3 Columns)

A1 A2 C1 B1 E1 F1 D1 D2 D3 H1 H2 H3 B2 K1 K2

Line Overhead (6 Byte/Rows, 3 Columns)

Order of Transmission 1 2

D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10 D11 D12

Z1 Z2 E2

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Total STS-1 Overhead 3 Rows x 9 Columns © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

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SONET Multiplexing Hierarchy • STS-1 signals can be wideband or broadband Wideband = Channeled with VT 1.5s containing DS1s Broadband = High-rate DS3 and concatenated STS-1s

• VT mapped STS-1s are designed for transport and switching of sub-STS-1 rate payloads • STS-1s can be concatenated to create higherspeed payloads STS-3c, STS-12c, STS-48 for backbone data transport applications

• STS-1s are multiplexed together to create the transmitted payload STS-N = N multiplexed STS-1s Can intermix broadband and wideband STS-1s within multiplexed STS-Ns 604 1016_05F9_c3

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Wideband SONET and Broadband SONET STS Envelope Payload

STS Overhead

STS-3c SPE (155 Mbps)

POS

STS-N Facility S T S

STS-1 SPE (51 Mbps)

DS3 Broadband SONET (DS3 or Greater)

“N”

Wideband SONET (Channelized STS-1) V TV D 1.5T V 1.5T VV SDD 1.5T T 1S SD 1.5 1 SD 1.5 1 S 1 VT 1

STS-1 SPE (51 Mbps)

Payload

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Multiplex

STS Envelope Envelope 30

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More SONET Multiplexing TOH (3 Byte/ Columns) SOH (3 Byte/ Rows)

STS- SPE (87 Byte/Columns) A1 A2 C1 A1 A2 C1 A1 A2 C1

Interleave Order (125 µS) µ

B1 E1 F1

DS3 (M13 or Clear Channel)

1 2 3

D1 D2 D3 H1 H2 H3 B2 K1 K2

LOH (6 Byte/ Rows)

VT 1.5 Superframe and 500 mS VT 1.5 SPE

“N” STS-1 Frames for STS-N Signal

D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10 D11 D12

If DS3 Mapped DS3 Fills SPE

Z1 Z2 E2 J1 A3 C2 G1 STS POH F2 (1 Byte/Rows) H4 Z3 Z4 Z5

If STS SPE Mapped 1 VT Subframe per Column

V-4 R S V-3 R S V-2 R S V-1 V-5 S

DS1 Payload

500 µS µ 375 µS µ 250 µS µ 125 µS µ

One Sub-Frame Per STS-1 Frame

STS- SPE (87 Byte/Columns) 604 1016_05F9_c3

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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

SONET Overhead Layers Path Line Section

Section

PTE (ADM, DSLAM,…

Path Termination

Service (DS1, DS3…) Mapping Demapping

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Line Section

REG

Section

REG

PTE (ADM, DSLAM,…

ADM or DCS Section Termination

Line Termination

Section Termination

PTE = Path Terminating Element MUX = Terminal Multiplexer REG = Regenerator ADM = Add/Drop Multiplexer DCS = Digital Cross-Connect System

Path Termination

Service (DS1, DS3…) Mapping Demapping

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SONET Overhead Byte Designations STS-1 SPE Path Overhead

Transport Overhead Section Overhead

Framing A1

Framing A2

Trace/ Growth STS ID J0/Z0

BIP-8 B1

Orderwire E1

User F1

Section Data Communication Channel

Line Overhead

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D1

D2

D3

Pointer H1

Pointer H2

Pointer H3

BIP-8 B2

APS K1

APS K2

Line Data Communication Channel D4

D5

D6

D7

D8

D9

D10

D11

D12

Sync Status/ Growth S1/Z1

REI/ Growth M0 or M1/Z2

Orderwire E2

Trace J1 BIP-8 B3 Signal Label C2 Path Status G1 User F2 Indicator H4 Growth Z3 Growth Z4 Tandem Connection Z5 33

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

STS-N Section Overhead Framing A1

Framing A2

BIP-8 B1

Orderwire* E1

D1 Framing A1+A2 Trace/Growth J0/Z0 BIP-8 B1 Orderwire E1 User F1 D1+D2+D3 604 1016_05F9_c3

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Trace/Growth STS ID J0/Z0 User* F1

Section Data Communication Channel* D2 D3

*Only Used in the First STS-1 of an STS-N

16 Bits Identifying the Start of STS-1 Frame Carries the Binary Number of STS-1 # within STS-n Frame and Section Trace Function (Not Yet Supported) Provides Error Monitoring Section for All Bits in Previous STS-N Local Orderwire, All NEs Optional Set aside for Vendor Implementation Provides Data Communication Channel between NEs to Carry System-System, System-OSS Messaging 34

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STS-N Line Overhead Pointer H1 BIP-8 B2 D4

Pointer Pointer H2 H3 APS* APS* K1 K2 Line Data Communication Channel* D5 D6

D7

Pointers H1+H2 Pointer Action H3 BIP-8 B2 APS K1+K2 604 1016_05F9_c3

D8

D9

D10

D11

D12

Sync Status/ Growth S1/Z1*

REI/Growth* M0 or M1/Z2

Orderwire* E2

Point to Start of STS-1 SPE in STS-1s, Also Indicates Concatenation Positive/Negative Stuff Bytes Provides Error Monitoring of Section for all Bits in Previous STS-N Used for Line Automatic Protection Switching Protocol

*Only Used in the First STS-1 of an STS-N

DCC D4-D12

Line DCC, Rarely Used (Vendor Specific)

Synchronization Used for Synchronous Status Messaging (SSM) Protocol S1 REI/Growth M0/M1/Z2 Orderwire E2

Used for Remote Error Indication and Far-End Block Error DS0 (Generally Voice) Express Orderwire 35

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

STS-1 SPE Path Overhead Path Overhead Trace J1

Used as a Path Trace Generally Used to Identify Path End-Points (Circuit ID)

BIP-8 B3

Used for Synchronous Status Messaging (SSM) Protocol

Signal Label C2

Identifies Contents of STS-1 SPE (DS1/VT 1.5, DS3, ATM, etc…)

Path Status G1

Used for Remote Defect Indication and Far-End Block Error

Growth Z3–Z4

Unused

Tandem Z5

Unused in US Applications

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Trace J1 BIP-8 B3 Signal Label C2 Path Status G1 User F2 Indicator H4 Growth Z3 Growth Z4 Tandem Connection Z5 36

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VT 1.5 SPE Path Overhead

Pointer V1 and V2

V5 Is Floating in the Sub-frame V1 and V2 Point to Its Location

V4

Pointer Action Used to Adjust Sub-frame When V3 Pointer Justification Is Required Unused V4 PSL, FEBE, STAT V5 Reserved R Stuff S1–S4

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Identifies Contents of STS-1 SPE (DS1/VT 1.5, DS3, ATM, Etc…)

V3 V2 V1

R R

R V5*

S4 S3

S2 S1

Error Checking, VT Path Signal Label Path Status, BIP-2, RDI Unused Used for DS1 Timing Variations and Adjusting DS1 Timing in VT 1.5

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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

SONET Network Configurations Point-to-Point

Two Nodes, Terminal Mode

Linear

Unidirectional Path Switched Ring

Up to 16 Nodes, ADM

All Traffic Homing to a Central Location

UPSR

TX

Two Fiber Bidirectional Ring

Four Fiber Bidirectional Ring 604 1016_05F9_c3

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2F BLSR

Traffic with Neighboring Pattern, Reusable Bandwidth

4F BLSR

Traffic with Neighboring Pattern, Reusable Bandwidth

RCV

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SONET Line Automatic Protection Switching (APS: Per Bellcore GR-253) • SONET line APS protects the entire facility at the line layer Monitors point-to-point status of a SONET STS-N line Supports one-for-one protection of the line (fiber) facility Also supports 1:N protection, N<=16

• Uses K1 and K2 for APS protocol switching • Used in SONET spur applications Spur off of SONET network Spur off of SONET high-speed applications 604 1016_05F9_c3

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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

OC-3 Unidirectional Path Switched Ring (UPSR: Per Bellcore GR-1400) • Characteristics of a UPSR ring Traffic pattern homing to a central point—bandwidth used cannot be reused Can be configured to switch on VT or STS status

Signal Entry Point

Protection Path

OC-3

Deployed in access networks terminating at a CO ADM 604 1016_05F9_c3

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UPSR Nodes

Working Path

OC-3 Path Selector Typical Service Path

ISR ISR 3303 3303 ISR 3303

Survivable closed-loop transport architecture Duplicate signals protect against cable cuts and node failures

CO ADM

OC-3

OC-3

UPSR in Normal State

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Agenda • Introduction • Introduction to Optical Technologies Fiber Optics SONET/SDH DWDM

• Optical Internetworking • Summary 604 1016_05F9_c3

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

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Dense Wave Division Multiplexing Provides Fiber Gain • • • •

16 channel x 2.5Gbps = 40Gbps 24 channel x 2.5Gbps = 60Gbps 40 channel x 2.5Gbps = 100Gbps 80 channel x 2.5Gbps = 200Gbps

• 4 channel x 10Gbps = 40Gbps • 16 channel x 10Gbps = 160Gbps • 128 channel x 10Gbps = 1280Gbps

• Multiplexed wavelengths can be amplified as one composite signal using Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers (EDFAs) • Fiber non-linearities such as attenuation and dispersion impose limits on speed and distance 604 1016_05F9_c3

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DWDM Economics Example: • Laying new fiber costs $100,000/mile (trench) and $10,000/mile (duct) • Cheyenne to Omaha DWDM equipment costs $17 million Laying new fiber costs $190 million 604 1016_05F9_c3

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Wave Division Multiplexing Evolution • Early WDM Wide-band two window (1310nm, 1550nm)

• “2nd Generation” WDM 400+GHz spacing Two to four channels in 1550nm window

• Dense WDM systems 100 to 200GHz spacing Eight to 16 channels in 1550nm window

• Next Generation Dense WDM systems Narrower spacing; 50GHz spacing Wider amplifiers (L-band, C-band) 40 to 160 channels in 1550nm window 604 1016_05F9_c3

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Current DWDM Spectrum EDFA Gain Profile

• Flat gain across 30 nm window (one EDFA)

Individual Wavelengths

Gain (dB)

• Standard ITU-T grid specifies 100GHz spacing (1.6nm) or 50GHz spacing (0.8nm)

Wavelength or λ (nm)

• Future Other windows? Red/blue band?

1530 nm

1565 nm

ITU-T Grid = 43 ls

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Channel Spacing

• Increased densities Decrease λ spacing

• Problems Wavelength tolerance Filter technology

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1553 1554 1555 1556 1557

Rx

Laser

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External Modulator

1310 nm

1551 1552

DWDM Filter

1550

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Optical Combiner

DWDM System Architecture

Amplify

15xx nm

15xx nm Rx

Reamplify Reshape Retime

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1310 nm Tx

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Optical ADM • Similar to SONET ADM except switches λs • Extends point-topoint connection to add/drop at an intermediary site • Available in fixed configuration only

1 2 3 4

1 2 3 4

N 7

N 7

1 2 3

1 2 3

4

4

N7

N7

• No standards 604 1016_05F9_c3

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Where to Put the Laser? Cisco Router?

WDM Multiplexer

• Integrated Eliminate second laser Possibly reduces costs Possibly proprietary system

• Open Allows any digital optical input w/o SONET encapsulation 604 1016_05F9_c3

SONET Network Element Narrowband Optics—TX (15xx nm)

SONET Network Element

WDM Multiplexer

Transponder (15xx)

Standard Optics—TX (1310 nm)

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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Agenda • Introduction • Introduction to Optical Technologies Fiber Optics SONET/SDH DWDM

• Optical Internetworking • Summary 604 1016_05F9_c3

© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

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Innovation Is Driving Cost of Networking Down Bandwidth Cost ($/Mbit/s) 160

Line and Network Speeds (Gbit/s)

OC-3

140

Optical (WDM)

1000

120 100

100 80 60

OC-12 1

40

OC-48

20 0

TDM

10

1996

1997 1998 Year

Routers/Switches

OC-192

0.1

2000

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Year

Source: Ryan, Hankin and Kent and Internal Data

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Optical Internetworking IP + Optics OC-192 IP over TDM

• Optical internetworking is the integration of internetworking and optical technologies

Bandwidth

OC-48 OC-3 96

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DWDM ‘Fiber Gain’ Bandwidth

32x

Single Wavelength 604 1016_05F9_c3

IP over Optical

OC-12

DWDM 52

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Lowering the Cost of Network

• Reducing unnecessary layers of equipment significantly Lowers equipment cost Lowers operational cost Simplifies architecture

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IP ATM SONET/SDH OPTICAL

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© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Benefits of Optical Internetworking • Increased capacity to switch huge volumes of packet-based information • Lowers cost by eliminating unnecessary layers of equipment • Maintain and enhance reliability to handle most demanding requirements • Improved flexibility to support yet unimagined IP-based applications and services 604 1016_05F9_c3

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Cisco GSR 12000 Building Optical Internets Today! • Cisco 12000 GSR family • Carrier-class architecture • SONET/SDH integration • Premier IP-routing software • Market-share leader • Industry-leading cost/performance

Product of the Year, Apr. ’98 New Product Award, Jan. ’98 604 1016_05F9_c3

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Examples of Optical IP Backbones Being Deployed Today

Connect to tributary interfaces on SONET/SDH muxes (OC-3c/STM1c to OC-48c/STM16c)

Connect to transponder-based DWDM system (typically OC-12c/STM4c or OC-48c/STM16c)

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Examples of Optical IP Backbones Being Deployed Today Interconnect GSR directly over dark fiber with regenerators to extend the distance of LR interfaces (typically OC-48c/STM16c) Working BFP

• IP-based packet ring using Dynamic Packet Transport (DPT) available at OC-12c/STM4c today

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DPT Ring

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Please Complete Your Evaluation Form Session 604

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