Barron's Regents Exams and Answers: Geometry

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7-4222-Regents Geometry-ufbs_Layout 1 10/20/10 10:22 AM Page 1

Used by more than half a million students each year!

Actual Regents Exams develop your subject knowledge and test-taking skills and show you where you need more study.

Answers to All Questions provide the guidance you need to learn on your own… Explanations to answers are provided where appropriate… It’s like studying with a private tutor at your side.

The Most Recent Exams Are Always Included!

Barron’s Regents Exams and Answers Geometry

Barron’s Regents Exams and Answers

Barron’s Regents Exams and Answers Geometry Test-taking tips for higher scores Filled with practice questions and answers A clear overview of the Regents Exam format and standards Includes 4 actual Regents Exams

Barron’s gives you: MORE exams… MORE practice… MORE helpful answers than any other Regents guide!

ISBN: 978-0-7641-4222-2

EAN

Visit www.barronsregents.com $7.99

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www.barronseduc.com

Barron’s Educational Series, Inc.

Barron’s Regents Exams and Answers Geometry LAWRENCE S. LEFF, M.S. Former Assistant Principal Mathematics Supervisor Franklin D. Roosevelt High School, Brooklyn, NY

Barron’s Educational Series, Inc.

Copyright © 2011, 2010, 2009 by Barron’s Educational Series, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means without the written permission of the copyright owner. All inquiries should be addressed to: Barron’s Educational Series, Inc. 250 Wireless Boulevard Hauppauge, NY 11788 www.barronseduc.com ISBN: 978-0-7641-4222-2 ISSN: 1944-1959 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 987654321

Contents

Preface

v

How to Use This Book

1

Getting Acquainted with the Geometry Regents Exam

4

Ten Test-Taking Tips

9

1. Know What to Expect on Test Day 2. Avoid Last-Minute Studying 3. Be Well Rested and Come Prepared on Test Day 4. Know How and When to Use Your Calculator 5. Have a Plan for Budgeting Your Time 6. Make Your Answers Easy to Read 7. Answer the Question That Is Asked 8. Take Advantage of Multiple-Choice Questions 9. Don’t Omit Any Questions 10. Mark Up Diagrams

iv

Contents

A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

21

1. Angle and Parallel Line Relationships 2. Relationships in Triangles and Polygons 3. Parallelograms and Trapezoids 4. Special Right Triangle Relationships 5. Locus and Concurrency Theorems 6. Circles and Angle Measurement 7. Coordinate Relationships 8. Volume and Surface Area 9. Transformation Geometry 10. Logical Reasoning and Proof

Geometric Constructions

147

Basic Constructions Required Constructions

Glossary of Terms

155

Regents Examinations, Answers, and Self-Analysis Charts

165

Sample Test 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Official Test Sampler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 June 2009 Exam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 August 2009 Exam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 June 2010 Exam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365 August 2010 Exam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420

v

Preface

This book is designed to prepare you for the Geometry Regents examination while strengthening your understanding and mastery of the topics on which this test is based. In addition to providing questions from previous mathematics Regents examinations, this book offers these special features: •Step-by-Step Explanations of the Solutions to All Regents Questions. Careful study of the solutions and explanations will improve your mastery of the subject. Each explanation is designed to show you how to apply the facts and concepts you have learned in class. Since the explanation for each solution has been written with emphasis on the reasoning behind each step, its value goes well beyond the application to a particular question. •Unique System of Self-Analysis Charts. Each set of solutions for a particular Regents exam ends with a Self-Analysis Chart. These charts will help you to identify weaknesses and direct your study efforts where needed. In addition, the charts classify the questions on each exam into an organized set of topic groups. This feature will enable you to locate other questions on the same topic in other Geometry Regents exams.

vi

Preface

•General Test-Taking Tips. Tips are given that will help to raise your grade on the actual Geometry Regents exam that you will take. •Geometry Refresher. A brief review of key mathematics facts and skills that are tested on the Geometry Regents exam is included for easy reference and quick study. •Required Geometric Constructions. Compass constructions that you are required to know are collected and explained in a separate section. •Glossary. Definitions of important terms related to the Geometry Regents exam are conveniently organized in a glossary.

Frequency of Topics—Geometry

vii

Number of Questions

Topic

Fall 2008 Sample Test Test 1 Sampler

June 2009

August June 2009 2010

August 2010

1. Logic (negation, conjunction, disjunction, related conditionals, biconditional, logically equivalent statements, logical inference)

1

2

2

1

2

1

2. Angle & Line Relationships (vertical angles, midpoint, altitude, median, bisector, supplementary angles, complete angles, parallel and perpendicular lines)

2

1

1

2

1

2

3. Parallel & Perpendicular Planes

—

2

2

2

1

1

4. Angles of a Triangle & Polygon (sum of angles, exterior angle, base angles theorem, angles of a regular polygon)

1

1

1

2

2

3

5. Triangle Inequalities (side length restrictions, unequal angles opposite unequal sides, exterior angle)

2

1

2

2

1

1

6. Trapezoids & Parallelograms (includes properties of rectangle, rhombus, square, and isosceles trapezoid)

1

1

—

4

2

1

7. Proofs Involving Congruent Triangles

4

1

2

2

1

2

8. Indirect Proof & Mathematical Reasoning

2

—

—

—

—

—

9. Ratio & Proportion (includes similar polygons, proportions, and proofs involving similar triangles, comparing linear dimensions, and areas of similar triangles)

2

2

3

—

—

3

10. Proportions formed by altitude to hypotenuse of right triangle; Pythagorean theorem

2

1

1

1

1

1

11. Coordinate Geometry (slopes of parallel and perpendicular lines; slope-intercept and point-slope equations of a line; applications requiring midpoint, distance, or slope formulas; coordinate proofs)

2

7

5

6

6

6

viii

Frequency of Topics—Geometry Number of Questions

Topic

Fall 2008 Sample Test Test 1 Sampler

June 2009

August June 2009 2010

August 2010

12. Solving a Linear-Quadratic System of Equalities Graphically

—

1

1

1

1

1

13. Transformation Geometry (includes isometries, dilation, symmetry, composite transformations, transformations using coordinates)

6

4

4

4

4

3

14. Locus & Constructions (simple and compound locus, locus using coordinates, compass constructions)

2

4

4

2

3

3

15. Midpoint and Concurrency Theorems (includes joining midpoints of two sides of a triangle, three sides of a triangle, the sides of a quadrilateral, median of a trapezoid; centroid, orthocenter, incenter, and circumcenter)

3

1

2

2

2

3

16. Circles & Angle Measurement (incl. 艑 tangents from same exterior point, radius ⬜ tangent, tangent circles, common tangents, arcs and chords, diameter ⬜ chord, arc length, area of a sector, center-radius equation, applying transformations)

4

5

4

4

4

4

17. Circles and Similar Triangles (includes proofs, segments of intersecting chords, tangent and secant segments)

3

1

2

1

2

1

18. Area of Plane Figures (includes area of a regular polygon)

—

—

—

—

1

—

19. Measurement of Solids (volume and lateral area; surface area of a sphere; great circle; comparing similar solids)

1

3

2

2

4

2

1

How to Use This Book

This section explains how you can make the best use of your study time. As you work your way through this book, you will be following a carefully designed five-step study plan that will improve your understanding of the topics that the Geometry Regents examination tests while raising your exam grade. Step 1. Know What to Expect on Test Day. Before the day of the test, you should be thoroughly familiar with the format, the scoring, and the special directions for the Geometry Regents exam. This knowledge will help you build confidence and prevent errors that may arise from misunderstanding the directions. The next section in this book, “Getting Acquainted with the Geometry Regents Exam,” provides this important information. Step 2. Become “Testwise.” The section titled “Ten Test-Taking Tips” will alert you to easy things that you can do to become better prepared and to be more confident when you take the actual test. Step 3. Review Geometry Topics. Since the Geometry Regents exam will test you on topics that you may not have studied recently, the section entitled “A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills” provides a quick refresher of the major topics tested on the examination. This section also includes illustrative practice exercises with worked-out solutions.

2

How to Use This Book

Step 4. Review Geometry Constructions. A separate section identifies and explains in step-by-step fashion the geometric constructions that you are required to know. Step 5. Take Practice Exams Under Exam Conditions. This book contains actual Mathematics Regents exams with carefully worked-out solutions for all of the questions. When you reach this part of the book, you should do these things: •After you complete an exam, check the answer key for the entire test. Circle any omitted questions or questions that you answered incorrectly. Study the explained solutions for these questions. •On the Self-Analysis Chart, find the topic under which each question is classified and enter the number of points you earned if you answered the question correctly. •Figure out your percentage on each topic by dividing your earned points by the total number of points allotted to that topic, carrying the division to two decimal places. If you are not satisfied with your percentage on any topic, reread the explained solutions for the questions you missed. Then locate related questions in other Regents examinations by using their Self-Analysis Charts to see which questions are listed for the troublesome topic. Attempting to solve these questions and then studying their solutions will provide you with additional preparation. You may also find it helpful to review the appropriate sections in “A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills.” More detailed explanations and additional practice problems with answers are available in Barron’s companion book, Let’s Review: Geometry.

How to Use This Book

3

Tips for Practicing Effectively and Efficiently • When taking a practice test, do not spend too much time on any one question. If you cannot come up with a method to use, or if you cannot complete the solution, put a slash through the number of the question. When you have completed as many questions as you can, return to the unanswered questions and try them again. • After finishing a practice test, compare each of your solutions with the solutions that are given. Read the explanation provided even if you have answered the question correctly. Each solution has been carefully designed to provide additional insight that may be valuable when answering a more difficult question on the same topic. • In the weeks before the actual test, plan to devote at least 1⁄ 2 hour each day to preparation. It is better to spread out your time in this way than to cram by preparing for, say, 4 hours the day before the exam will be given. As the test day gets closer, take at least one complete Regents exam under actual test conditions.

4

Getting Acquainted with the Geometry Regents Exam This section explains things about the Geometry Regents examination that you may not know, such as how the exam is organized, how your exam will be scored, and where you can find a complete listing of the topics tested by this exam.

WHEN DO I TAKE THE GEOMETRY REGENTS EXAM? The Geometry Regents exam is administered in January, June, and August of every school year. Most students will take this exam after successfully completing a 1-year high-school-level geometry course.

HOW IS THE GEOMETRY REGENTS EXAM SET UP? The Geometry Regents exam is divided into four parts with a total of 38 questions. All of the questions in each of the four parts must be answered. You will be allowed a maximum of 3 hours in which to complete the test.

Getting Acquainted with the Geometry Regents Exam

5

• Part I consists of 28 standard multiple-choice questions, each with four answer choices labeled (1), (2), (3), and (4).

• Parts II, III, and IV contain six, three, and one question(s), respectively. The answers and the accompanying work for the questions in these three parts must be written directly in the question booklet. You must show or explain how you arrived at each answer by indicating the necessary steps, including appropriate formula substitutions, diagrams, graphs, and charts. If you use a guess-and-check strategy to arrive at a numerical answer for a problem, you must indicate your method and show the work for at least three guesses. • Since scrap paper is not permitted for any part of the exam, you may use the blank spaces in the question booklet as scrap paper. If you need to draw a graph, graph paper will be provided in the question booklet. All work should be done in pen, except graphs and diagrams, which should be drawn in pencil. The accompanying table summarizes how the Geometry Regents exam breaks down.

Question Type Part I: Multiple choice Part II: 2-credit open-ended Part III: 4-credit open-ended Part IV: 6-credit open-ended

Number of Questions 28 6 3 1 Total = 38 questions

Credit Value 28 ¥ 2 = 56 6 ¥ 2 = 12 3 ¥ 4 = 12 1¥6=6 Total = 86 points

6

Getting Acquainted with the Geometry Regents Exam

WHAT TYPE OF CALCULATOR DO I NEED? Graphing calculators are required for the Geometry Regents examination. During the administration of the Regents exam, schools are required to make a graphing calculator available for the exclusive use of each student. You will need to use your calculator to work with trigonometric functions of angles, evaluate roots, and perform routine calculations. Knowing how to use a graphing calculator gives you an advantage when deciding how to solve a problem. Rather than solving a problem algebraically with pen and paper, it may be easier to solve the same problem using a graph or table created by a graphing calculator. A graphical or numerical solution using a calculator can also be used to help confirm an answer obtained using standard algebraic methods.

WHAT IS COLLECTED AT THE END OF THE EXAMINATION? At the end of examination, you must return: • Any permitted tool provided to you by your school such as a graphing calculator. • The question booklet. Check that you have printed your name and the name of your school in the appropriate boxes near the top of the first page. • The Part I answer sheet, as well as any other special answer form that is provided by your school. You must sign the statement at the bottom of the Part I answer sheet indicating that you have not received any unlawful assistance in answering any of the questions. If you fail to sign this declaration, your answer paper will not be accepted.

Getting Acquainted with the Geometry Regents Exam

7

HOW IS THE EXAM SCORED? Your answers to the 28 multiple-choice questions in Part I are scored as either correct or incorrect. Each correct answer receives 2 points. The six questions in Part II are worth 2 points each, the three questions in Part III are worth 4 points each, and the question in Part IV is worth 6 points. Solutions to questions in Parts II, III, and IV that are not completely correct may receive partial credit according to a special scoring guide provided by the New York State Education Department.

HOW IS YOUR FINAL SCORE DETERMINED? The maximum total raw score for the Geometry Regents examination is 86 points. After the raw scores for the four parts of the test are added together, a conversion table provided by the New York State Education Department is used to convert your raw score into a final test score that falls within the usual 0 to 100 scale.

ARE ANY FORMULAS PROVIDED? The Geometry Regents Examination test booklet will include a reference sheet containing the formulas included in the following series of boxes. This formula sheet, however, does not necessarily include all of the formulas that you are expected to know. Cylinder

V = Bh, where B is the area of the base

Pyramid

V=

Right circular cone

V=

Sphere

V=

Volume

1 Bh, 3 where B is the area of the base 1 Bh, 3 where B is the area of the base 4 3 πr 3

8

Getting Acquainted with the Geometry Regents Exam

Lateral area (L)

Surface area

Right circular cylinder

L = 2πrh

Right circular cone

L = πr艎, where 艎 is the slant height

Sphere

SA = 4πr 2

WHAT IS THE CORE CURRICULUM? The Core Curriculum is the official publication by the New York State Education Department that describes the topics and skills required by the Geometry Regents examination. The Core Curriculum for Geometry includes most of the topics previously included in the geometry units for Math A and Math B. It also includes some additional geometry topics such as midpoint and concurrency theorems, similarity theorems, logical connectives, and aspects of solid geometry including parallel and perpendicular planes. If you have Internet access, you can view the Core Curriculum at the New York State Education Department’s web site at http://www.emsc.nysed.gov/3-8/MathCore.pdf

9

Ten Test-Taking Tips

1. Know What to Expect on Test Day 2. Avoid Last-Minute Studying 3. Be Well Rested and Come Prepared on Test Day 4. Know How and When to Use Your Calculator 5. Have a Plan for Budgeting Your Time 6. Make Your Answers Easy to Read 7. Answer the Question That Is Asked 8. Take Advantage of Multiple-Choice Questions 9. Don’t Omit Any Questions 10. Mark Up Diagrams These ten practical tips can help you raise your grade on the Geometry Regents examination.

TIP 1 Know What to Expect on Test Day

SUGGESTIONS • Become familiar with the format, directions, and content of the Geometry Regents exam.

10

Ten Test-Taking Tips

• Know where you should write your answers for the different parts of the test. • Ask your teacher to show you an actual test booklet from a previously given Math Regents exam.

TIP 2 Avoid Last-Minute Studying

SUGGESTIONS • Start your Geometry Regents examination preparation early by making a regular practice of: 1. taking detailed notes in class and then reviewing your notes when you get home; 2. completing all written homework assignments in a neat and organized way; 3. writing down any questions you have about your homework so that you can ask your teacher about them; and 4. saving your classroom tests for use as an additional source of practice questions. • Get a review book early in your preparation so that additional practice examples and explanations, if needed, will be at your fingertips. The recommended review book is Barron’s Let’s Review: Geometry. This easy-to-follow book has been designed for fast and effective learning and includes numerous demonstration and practice examples with solutions as well as graphing calculator approaches. • Build your skill and confidence by completing all of the exams in this book and studying the accompanying solutions before the day of the Geometry Regents exam. Because each exam takes up to 3 hours to complete, you should begin this process no later than several weeks before the exam is scheduled to be given.

Ten Test-Taking Tips

11

• As the day of the actual exam nears, take the exams in this book under the timed conditions that you will encounter on the actual test. Then compare each of your answers with the explained answers given in this book. • Use the Self-Analysis Chart at the end of each exam to help pinpoint any weaknesses. • If you do not feel confident in a particular area, study the corresponding topic in Barron’s Let’s Review: Geometry. • As you work your way through the exams in this book, make a list of any formulas or rules that you need to know and learn them well before the day of the exam. The formulas that will be provided in the test booklet are listed on pages 7–8.

TIP 3 Be Well Rested and Come Prepared on Test Day

SUGGESTIONS • On the night before the Regents exam, lay out all of the things you must take with you. Check the items against the following list: ■ Your exam room number as well as any personal identification that your school may require. ■ Two pens. ■ Two sharpened pencils with erasers. ■ A ruler and a compass. ■ A graphing calculator (with fresh batteries). ■ A watch. • Eat wisely and go to bed early so you will be alert and well rested when you take the exam.

12

Ten Test-Taking Tips

• Be certain you know when your exam begins. Set your alarm clock to give yourself plenty of time to eat breakfast and travel to school. Also, tell your parents what time you will need to leave the house in order to get to school on time. • Arrive at the exam room on time and with confidence that you are well prepared.

TIP 4 Know How and When to Use Your Calculator

SUGGESTIONS • Bring to the Geometry Regents exam room the same calculator that you used when you completed the practice exams at home. Although a graphing calculator is required for the Geometry Regents exam, don’t expect to have to use your calculator on each question. Most questions will not require a calculator. • Avoid careless errors by using your calculator to perform routine arithmetic calculations that are not easily performed mentally. • If you are required to use a graphing calculator provided by your school, make sure that you practice with it in advance because not all calculators work in the same way. • Before you begin the test, check that the calculator you are using is set to degree mode. • Avoid rounding errors. Unless otherwise directed, the π (pi) key on a calculator should be used in computations involving the constant π rather than the familiar rational approximation of 22 3.14 or . When performing a sequence of calculations in which 7 the result of one calculation is used in a second calculation, do not round off. Instead, use the full power/display of the calculator by saving intermediate results in the calculator’s memory.

Ten Test-Taking Tips

13

Unless otherwise directed, rounding, if required, should be done only when the final answer is reached. • Because it is easy to press the wrong key, first estimate an answer and then compare it to the answer obtained by using your calculator. If the two answers are very different, start over.

TIP 5 Have a Plan for Budgeting Your Time

SUGGESTIONS • In the first 90 minutes of the 3-hour Geometry Regents exam, complete the 28 multiple-choice questions in Part I. When answering troublesome questions of this type, first rule out any choices that are impossible. If the choices are numbers, you may be able to identify the correct answer by plugging these numbers back into the original question to see which one works. • During the next 45 minutes of the exam, complete the six Part II questions and the three Part III questions. To maximize your credit for each question, write down clearly the steps you followed to arrive at each answer. Include any equations, formula substitutions, diagrams, tables, graphs, and so forth. • In the next 20 minutes of the exam, complete the Part IV question. If a proof is required, be sure to explain your work in a clear, step-by-step fashion using valid methods of reasoning. • During the remaining 25 minutes, review your entire test paper for neatness, accuracy, and completeness. 1. Check that all the answers (except graphs and other drawings) are written in ink. Make sure you have answered all of the questions in each part of the exam and that all of your Part I answers have been transcribed accurately on the separate Part I answer sheet.

14

Ten Test-Taking Tips

2. Before you submit your test materials to the proctor, check that you have written your name in the reserved spaces on the front page of the question booklet and on the Part I answer sheet. Also, don’t forget to sign the declaration that appears at the bottom of the Part I answer sheet.

TIP 6 Make Your Answers Easy to Read

SUGGESTIONS • Make sure your solutions and answers are clear, neat, and logically organized. When solving problems algebraically, define what the variables stand for, as in “Let x = . . . .” • Use a pencil to draw graphs so that you can erase neatly, if necessary. Use a ruler to draw straight lines and coordinate axes. • Label the coordinate axes. Write y at the top of the vertical axis, and write x to the right of the horizontal axis. Label each graph with its equation. • When answering a question in Part II, III, or IV, indicate your approach as well as your final answer. If a formula is involved, write the formula and then show the numerical substitutions. When writing an informal proof, provide enough details to enable someone who doesn’t know how you think to understand why and how you moved from one step of the proof to the next and why your reasoning is valid. If the teacher who grades your paper finds it difficult to figure out what you have written, he or she may simply decide to mark your work as incorrect and to give you little, if any, partial credit.

Ten Test-Taking Tips

15

TIP 7 Answer the Question That Is Asked

SUGGESTIONS • Make sure each of your answers is in the form required by the question. For example, if a question asks for an approximation, round off your answer to the required decimal position. If a question requires that the answer be expressed in lowest terms, make sure that the numerator and denominator of a fractional answer do not have any common factors other than 1 or –1. For example, 10 x 2 2x instead of leaving an answer as , write it as . If a question 15 x 3 calls for the answer in simplest form, make sure you simplify a square root radical so that the radicand does not contain any perfect square factors greater than 1. For example, instead of leaving an answer as 18 , write 3 2 . • If a question asks only for the x-coordinate (or y-coordinate) of a point, do not give both the x-coordinate and the y-coordinate. • After solving a word problem, check the original question to make sure your final answer is the quantity that the question asks you to find. • If units of measurement are given, as in area problems, check that your answer is expressed in the correct units. • Make sure the units used in a computation are consistent. For example, when finding the volume of a rectangular box, its three dimensions must be expressed in the same units of measurement. Suppose a rectangular box measures 2 feet in width, 6 feet in length, and 8 inches in height. To find the number of cubic feet in the volume of the box, first convert 8 inches to an equivalent

16

Ten Test-Taking Tips

number of feet. Since 8 inches is equivalent to volume of the box is 2 ft × 6 ft ×

2 ft = 8 ft3. 3

8 2 = ft, the 12 3

• If a question requires a positive root of a quadratic equation, as in geometric problems in which the variable usually represents a physical dimension, make sure you reject the negative root.

TIP 8 Take Advantage of Multiple-Choice Questions

SUGGESTIONS • If you get stuck on a multiple-choice question that includes a diagram, you may be able to use the diagram to help exclude answer choices. EXAMPLE In the accompanying diagram of 䉭ABC, DE is parallel to BC. If AD = 3, DB = 6, and DE = 5, what is the length of BC? A 3 D

5

E

6

B

(1) 10

C

(2) 12

(3) 15

(4) 2.5

Solution 1: Unless otherwise indicated, figures that accompany questions are drawn approximately to scale. Since the length of

Ten Test-Taking Tips

17

BC appears to be more than twice the length of DE, you can eliminate choices (1) and (4). If you do not know how to solve the problem, then you can guess from among the remaining two choices. Solution 2: Use the appropriate geometric relationship and solve algebraically. If a line that intersects two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side, then it creates a triangle similar to the original triangle. Because 䉭ADE ~ 䉭ABC, lengths of corresponding sides are in proportion. AD = DE AB BC 3 = 5 3+6 BC 3(BC) = 45 3(BC) = 45 3 3 BC = 15 Hence, the correct choice is (3).

TIP 9 Don’t Omit Any Questions

SUGGESTIONS • Keep in mind that on each of the four parts of the test you must answer all of the questions. • If you get stuck on a multiple-choice question in Part I, try to eliminate any unlikely or impossible answers. Then guess. • If you cannot fully answer a question from Part II, III, or IV, try to maximize your partial credit by writing any formula or mathematics facts that you think might apply. If appropriate, organize

18

Ten Test-Taking Tips

and analyze the given information by making a table or a diagram. You may be able to arrive at the correct answer by guessing, checking your guess, and then revising your guess, as needed. Keep in mind that if a trial-and-error procedure is used, you must show the work for at least three guesses. • If you get stuck on a similarity or congruence proof, mark up the diagram with the Given. If a diagram is not provided, draw your own. Mark the diagram with any additional pairs of parts that you can deduce as congruent such as: vertical angles; congruent angles formed by perpendicular lines, parallel lines, or an angle bisector; congruent segments formed by a midpoint, bisector, or median. Write a plan that states the pair of triangles that must be proved congruent (or similar), as well as the method to be used (for example, SAS 艑 SAS). If you are required to prove a proportion or pairs of products of side lengths equal, reason backward from the Prove to help identify the triangles that need to be proved similar.

TIP 10 Mark Up Diagrams

SUGGESTIONS • When a figure accompanies a question that requires some numerical or algebraic calculation, organize the information by labeling the diagram with any measures that are given or which you are able to deduce from what is given. Also, label the unknown quantity with a letter such as x. If no diagram is provided, draw your own. • When a figure accompanies a proof, mark it up with any pair of parts that are given as congruent, parallel, or perpendicular. Also, mark off any other pairs of parts that you can conclude are congruent.

Ten Test-Taking Tips

19

• Do not assume segments or angles are congruent merely because they look that way in a diagram. Do not assume lines are parallel, are perpendicular, or are bisectors simply because they look so in a diagram. You can draw such conclusions only if they are included in the Given or when there is valid geometric justification. EXAMPLE 1 The altitude drawn to the hypotenuse of a right triangle divides the hypotenuse into segments of lengths 4 cm and 12 cm. What is the number of centimeters in the length of the shorter leg of the right triangle? Solution: • Draw a diagram to help organize what you know about the problem. Represent the length of the shorter leg by x.

• Think of the relationship that involves an altitude drawn to the hypotenuse of a right triangle. When an altitude is drawn to the hypotenuse of a right triangle, each leg is the mean proportional between the segment of the hypotenuse adjacent to that leg and the whole hypotenuse. • Using this relationship and the diagram, write an equation: 4 = x x 16 x2 = 64 x = 64 = 8 The length of the shorter leg is 8 cm.

20

Ten Test-Taking Tips

EXAMPLE 2 In the accompanying diagram, AB and CD intersect at E, E is the midpoint of AB, and ⬔A 艑 ⬔B. A

C E D

B

Which statement can be used to prove 䉭ADE 艑䉭BCE? (1) ASA 艑 ASA (3) SSS 艑 SSS (2) HL 艑 HL (4) SAS 艑 SAS Solution: Mark up the diagram with the Given. Also mark off the congruent vertical angles. C

A E D

B

It should be clear from the diagram that the two triangles are congruent by ASA 艑 ASA. If you did not realize this, you can reason as follows: • Since the Given includes the fact ⬔A 艑 ⬔B, it is likely that the correct answer choice includes at least one pair of congruent angles. Therefore, you can eliminate choices (2) and (3). • The diagram further shows that a second pair of angles are also congruent. Only answer choice (1), ASA 艑 ASA, includes two pairs of angles. Since the included sides, AE and BE, are congruent from the Given, this is the correct method. The correct answer is choice (1).

21

A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills 1. ANGLE AND PARALLEL LINE RELATIONSHIPS 1.1 PAIRS OF ANGLES • Vertical angles are congruent:

1

2

1

2

• The measures of supplementary angles add up to 180, and the measures of complementary angles add up to 90.

1.2 PARALLEL AND PERPENDICULAR LINES Parallel lines are lines in the same plane that do not intersect. If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, any two of the eight angles that are formed are either congruent or supplementary. If in the accompanying figure p || q, then

1 2 4 3 5

p

6 8

7

q

22

A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

• Alternate interior angles are congruent: ∠3 艑 ∠5 and ∠4 艑 ∠6. • Corresponding angles are congruent: ∠1 艑 ∠5, ∠4 艑 ∠8, ∠2 艑 ∠6, and ∠3 艑 ∠7. • Alternate exterior angles are congruent: ∠1 艑 ∠7 and ∠2 艑 ∠8. • Same side interior angles are supplementary: m∠4 + m∠5 = 180 and m∠3 + m∠6 = 180. Perpendicular lines are lines that intersect at right angles. • Two lines are perpendicular if they intersect to form congruent adjacent angles. In the accompanying figure, if ∠1 艑 ∠2, then p k. p

1

2

k

• Two lines are parallel if they are perpendicular to the same line. In the accompanying figure, if p k and q k, then p || q. p

q

k

A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

23

1.3 PARALLEL AND PERPENDICULAR PLANES Consider the rectangular solid in the accompanying figure. L

S Y

W M

J

L K

• If a line is perpendicular to each of two intersecting lines at their point of intersection, then the line is perpendicular to the plane determined by them. Line JW is perpendicular to lines WL and WY, so JW plane LWY. • Through a given point there passes one and only one plane perpendicular to a given line. Through point L only plane LWY is perpendicular to LM . • Through a given point there passes one and only one line perpendicular to a given plane. Through point L only LM is perpendicular to plane LWY. • Two lines perpendicular to the same plane are coplanar. Lines YW and SL are each perpendicular to plane WJM and, as a result, are in the same plane (LWY). • Two planes are perpendicular to each other if and only if one plane contains a line perpendicular to the second plane. Planes LWJ and SLW are perpendicular to each other if and only if line LM in plane LWJ is perpendicular to plane SLW. • If a line is perpendicular to a plane, then any line perpendicular to the given line at its point of intersection with the given plane is in the given plane. Line LM is perpendicular to plane MJK, so JM is in plane MJK.

24

A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

• If a line is perpendicular to a plane, then every plane containing the line is perpendicular to the given plane. Line JW is perpendicular to plane LWY, so plane KJW is perpendicular to plane LWY. • If a plane intersects two parallel planes, then the intersection is two parallel lines. Plane WJM intersects parallel planes LWY and MJK at lines WL and JM, so WL || JM. • If two planes are perpendicular to the same line, they are parallel. Planes WJM and YKL are perpendicular to SL and are, therefore, parallel.

2. RELATIONSHIPS IN TRIANGLES AND POLYGONS 2.1 TRIANGLE RELATIONSHIPS b°

b°

c°

a°

c°

a° a + b + c = 180

d =a+b

Isosceles Triangle

Equilateral Triangle

C a° s

a° A

s

a°

b° B

a° s

• If AC 艑 BC, then a = b.

• a = a = a = 60°

• If a = b, then AC 艑 BC.

• Area =

s2 3 4

d°

A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

25

2.2 INEQUALITIES IN A TRIANGLE Pairs of unequal angles of a triangle are opposite unequal sides with the larger angle facing the longer side. c° x

y a°

b°

d°

z

• If x > y, then a > b. • If a > b, then x > y. • d > a and d > c. The length of each side of a triangle is less than the sum of the lengths of the other two sides: z < x + y, x < y + z, and y < x + z. Furthermore, each side of a triangle is longer than the difference in the lengths of the other two sides. For example, if the lengths of two sides of a triangle are 9 and 4, then the length of the third side, say x, must be shorter than 9 + 4 = 13 and longer than 9 – 4 = 5, as illustrated in the accompanying figure.

9

4 x 5 < x < 13

26

A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

2.3 ANGLE RELATIONSHIPS IN POLYGONS In any polygon with n sides: • The sum of the measures of the n exterior angles, one at each corner, is 360. See the accompanying figure. c° d°

b°

a° e°

• The sum S of the interior angles is given by the formula S = (n – 2) × 180. Thus, the four angles of a quadrilateral add up to (4 – 2) × 180 = 360°; the five angles of a pentagon add up to (5 – 2) × 180 = 3 × 180 = 540°; and so forth. A regular polygon is a polygon in which each angle has the same measure (equiangular) and each side has the same length (equilateral). In any regular polygon with n sides: • Each exterior angle =

360 n

• Each interior angle = 180 –

360 n

Referring to the accompanying figure, the length of the perpendicular from the center of a regular polygon to a side is called an apothem, denoted by a. The apothem also represents the radius of the circle that can be inscribed in a regular polygon. The apothem is the perpendicular bisector of the side to which it is drawn. If the perimeter of a regular polygon with n sides is represented by p, then:

A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

O

a A

• Central ∠AOB =

360 n

• OX AB and AX 艑 BX • Area =

1 ×a×p 2

X

Apothem B

27

28

Practice Exercises

1. In the accompanying diagram, AB and CD intersect at E. If m∠AEC = 2x + 40 and m–CEB = x + 20, find x.

2. In the accompanying diagram, AB BC, DB BE, m∠CBE = x, m∠DBC = y, and m∠ABD = z. Which statement must be true?

(1) x = y (2) x = z

(3) y = z (4) 2y = x + z

A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

29

3. The measures of the three angles of a triangle are in the ratio 2:3:4. Find the measure of the largest angle of the triangle. 4. In the accompanying diagram of ABC, AB 艑 AC, BD and DC are angle bisectors, and m∠BAC = 20. Find m∠BDC.

5. In the accompanying diagram of ABC, BD is drawn so that BD 艑 DC. If m∠C = 70, find m∠BDA.

6. In ABC, side AC is extended through C to D. If m∠DCB = 50, which is the longest side of ABC? 7. If the degree measures of two complementary angles are in the ratio 2:13, what is the measure of the smaller angle?

30

A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

8. In the accompanying diagram, AB , CD , EF , and GH are straight lines. If m∠w = 30, m∠x = 30, and m∠z = 120, find m∠y.

9. In the accompanying diagram, transversal RS intersects par allel lines MN and PQ at A and B, respectively. If m∠RAN = 3x + 24 and m∠RBQ = 7x – 16, find the value of x.

A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

31

  10. In the accompanying figure, AB is parallel to CD , AE ⬜ BC, m∠BCD = 2x, and m∠BAE = 3x. Find the value of x. A

B 3x°

E 2x° C

D

11. Find the number of sides in a regular polygon in which the measure of an interior angle is 144. 12. In the accompanying diagram, isosceles 䉭ABC 艑 isosceles 䉭DEF, m∠C = 5x, and m∠D = 2x + 18. Find m∠B and m∠BAG. B

G

E

(5x)° A

C D

(2x + 18)°

F

13. Which set cannot represent the lengths of the sides of a triangle? (1) {4,5,6} (3) {7,7,12} (2) {5,5,11} (4) {8,8,8} 14. The measures of five of the interior angles of a hexagon are 150, 100, 80, 165, and 150. What is the measure of the sixth interior angle? (1) 75 (3) 105 (2) 80 (4) 180

32

A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

Solutions 1. ∠AEC and ∠CEB are supplementary angles. The sum of the measures of two supplementary angles is 180:

m∠AEC + m–CEB = 180 2x + 40 + x + 20 = 180 3x + 60 = 180 3x = 180 – 60 = 120 x = 40 x = 40. 2. Perpendicular lines meet at right angles: ∠ABC is a right angle. ∠DBE is a right angle. If the sum of two angles equals a right angle, the angles are complementary: z is the complement of y, x is the complement of y. Complements of the same angle are equal in measure: x = z. The correct choice is (2).

A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

33

3. Let 2x, 3x, and 4x represent, respectively, the degree measures of the three angles of the triangle.

The sum of the measures of the three angles of a triangle is 180:

2x + 3x + 4x = 80 9x = 180

Divide both sides of the equation by 9: The measure of the largest angle is 4x:

x = 20 4x = 4(20) = 80

The measure of the largest angle is 80. 4. The sum of the measures of the three angles of a triangle is 180: m∠A = 20:

Since AB 艑 AC, 䉭ABC is isosceles; the base angles of an isosceles triangle are equal in measure. m∠B = m∠C 2(m∠B) = 160 m∠B = 80 m∠C = 80

m∠A + m∠B = 100 20 + m∠B + m∠C = 180 m∠B + m∠C = 180 – 20 = 160

34

A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

Since DB and DC are angle bisectors, m∠1 = m∠2 and m∠3 = m∠4: In BDC, the sum of the measures of the three angles is 180:

2(m∠2) = 80 m∠2 = 40

2(m∠4) = 80 m∠4 = 40

m∠BDC + m∠2 + m∠4 m∠BDC + 40 + 40 m∠BDC + 80 m–BDC

= 180 = 180 = 180 = 180 – 80 = 100

m∠BDC = 100. 5. Since BD 艑 DC, BCD is isosceles. The base angles of an isosceles triangle are equal in measure: ∠ADB is an exterior angle of BDC. The measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the measures of the two remote interior angles:

m∠BDA = 140. 6. If the exterior sides of two adjacent angles form a straight line, they are supplementary: thus ∠ACB and ∠BCD are supplementary.

m∠DBC = m∠C = 70

m∠BDA = m∠DBC+ m∠C m∠BDA = 70 + 70 = 140

A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

35

The sum of the measures of two supplementary angles is 180: m∠ACB + m∠BCD = 180 m∠ACB + 50 = 180 m∠ACB = 180 – 50 = 130 There can be only one obtuse angle in a triangle. Since ∠ACB is an obtuse angle, it is the largest angle in 䉭ABC. In a triangle, the side opposite the largest angle is the longest side. Hence, AB is the longest side of 䉭ABC. (This side can also be designated as AB or C.) 7. Let 2x = degree measure of the smaller angle. Then 13x = degree measure of the larger angle. Since the two angles are complementary, the sum of their degree measures is 90. Thus: 2x + 13x = 90 15x = 90 x = 90 = 6 15 2x = 2(6) = 12 The measure of the smaller angle is 12. 8.

Since m∠w = 30 and m∠x = 30: If a transversal to two lines makes a pair of corresponding angles equal in measure, the lines are parallel:

m∠w = m∠x AB || CD

36

A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

If two lines are parallel, the interior angles on the same side of a transversal are supplementary, so ∠y is the supplement of ∠z. The sum of the measures of two supplementary angles is 180: It is given that m–z = 120:

m∠y + m–z = 180 m∠y + 120 = 180 m∠y = 180 – 120 = 60

m∠y = 60. 9.

Angles RBQ and RAN are corresponding angles. If two lines are parallel, then corresponding angles have the same measure: On each side, add 16 and subtract 3x: Divide each side of the resulting equation by 4:

The value of x is 10.

m∠RBQ = m∠ RAN 7x – 16 = 3x + 24 –3x + 16 = –3x + 16 4x = 40 4 x = 40 4 4 x = 10

A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

37

10. Since alternate interior angles formed by parallel lines have the same degree measure, m∠ABE = m∠BCD = 2x. In right triangle AEB, angles BAE and ABE are the acute angles and, as a result, are complementary. Hence: m∠BAE + m∠ABE = 90 3 x + 2 x = 90 5 x = 90 90 x= 5 = 18

B

A 3x°

2x°

2x° E

C

D

11. At each of the vertices of a regular polygon, the interior and exterior angles are supplementary. • If the measure of an interior angle is 144, then the measure of the exterior angle with the same vertex is 180 – 144 = 36. 360 • Thus, 36 = , so n = 360 = 10. n 36 The regular polygon has 10 sides. 12. In an isosceles triangle, the base angles are congruent: m∠A = m∠C= 5x. • Since corresponding angles of congruent triangles are congruent: m∠A = m∠C 5x = 2x + 18 5x – 3x = 18 3 x 18 = 3 3 m∠A = 5x = 5(6) = 30, so m∠C= 30.

38

A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

• Because the sum of the measures of the angle of a triangle is 180, 30 + m∠B + 30 = 180 m∠B = 180 – 60 = 120 • As angles BAG and BAC are supplementary, m∠BAG = 180 – 30 = 150. 13. In a triangle, the length of each side must be less than the sum of the lengths of the other two sides. Consider each choice in turn until you find a set of numbers that contradicts this fact. In choice (2), 11 ⬍ 5+ 5. The correct choice is (2). 14. Since a hexagon is a polygon with 6 sides, the sum of the measures of its interior angles is (6 – 2) × 180 = 720. It is given that the measures of five of the interior angles of a hexagon are 150, 100, 80, 165, and 150. The sum of the measures of these five interior angles is 645. Hence, the measure of the sixth angle is 720 – 645 = 75. The correct choice is (1).

A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

39

3. PARALLELOGRAMS AND TRAPEZOIDS 3.1 PARALLELOGRAMS A parallelogram is a quadrilateral in which both pairs of opposite sides are parallel. In a parallelogram: • Opposite sides are congruent. • Opposite angles are congruent. • Diagonals bisect each other. A

A

B

B E

D

D

C

AB 艑 CD and AD 艑 BC ∠A 艑 ∠C and ∠B 艑 ∠D

C

AE 艑 EC and BE 艑 ED

3.2 RECTANGLE A rectangle is a parallelogram with four right angles. The diagonals of a rectangle have the same length. A

B 90°

90°

90°

90° C

D

AC 艑 BD

40

A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

3.3 RHOMBUS A rhombus is a parallelogram in which all four sides have the same length. In a rhombus: • The diagonals intersect at right angles. • The diagonals bisect the angles at opposite corners of the rhombus. A 5

3 4

6

B

90° 90° 90° 90°

D

1 2

7

8 C

–1 艑 –2, –3 艑 –4, –5 艑 –6, and –7 艑 –8 AB 艑 BC 艑 CD 艑 AD

3.4 SQUARE A square is a parallelogram in which all four sides have the same length and all four angles are right angles. Since a square has all of the properties of a rhombus and a rectangle, in a square: • The diagonals are congruent and perpendicular. • Each diagonal bisects the two angles at opposite corners of the square. A 5

6

3

B 4

E

x

D

x

1 2

x

x

7

8 C

AC 艑 BD and AC BD –1 艑 –2, –3 艑 –4, –5 艑 –6, and –7 艑 –8

A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

Property

41

Rectangle Rhombus Square

• All the properties of a parallelogram

Yes

• Four right angles

Yes

Yes

Yes

• Four congruent sides

Yes

• Congruent diagonals

Yes

Yes

Yes Yes

• Diagonals bisect opposite angles

Yes

Yes

• Diagonals are perpendicular

Yes

Yes

3.5 TRAPEZOIDS A trapezoid is a quadrilateral in which exactly one pair of sides are parallel. The parallel sides are called bases, and the nonparallel sides are called legs. Base

A

B

Leg

Leg

D

C

Base

In an isosceles trapezoid: • Legs are congruent. • Base angles are congruent. • Diagonals are congruent. A

B 3

1

4

2

D

C

–1 艑 –2 and –3 艑 –4 AC 艑 BD

42

Practice Exercises

1. As shown in the accompanying diagram, a rectangular gate has two diagonal supports. If m–1 = 42, what is m–2? 1

2

2. In the accompanying diagram of parallelogram ABCD, m–B = 5x and m–C = 2x + 12. Find the number of degrees in –D. D

A

(2x + 12)°

C

5x° B

3. In a certain quadrilateral, two opposite sides are parallel, and the other two opposite sides are not congruent. This quadrilateral could be a (1) rhombus (3) square (2) parallelogram (4) trapezoid

A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

43

4. Which quadrilateral must have diagonals that are congruent and perpendicular? (1) rhombus (3) trapezoid (2) square (4) parallelogram 5. In the accompanying diagram of parallelogram ABCD, diago2 nals AC and BD interesect at E, BE = x, and ED = x – 10. 3 B

C

E

A

D

What is the value of x? (1) –30 (2) 30

(3) –6 (4) 6

Solutions 1.

B

C

42° E 2

A

42°

42°

D

• Since opposite sides of a parallelogram are parallel, m–ADE = m–1 = 42. • The diagonals of a rectangle are congruent and bisect each other, so AEB is isosceles with AE 艑 DE. Because base angles of an isosceles triangle are congruent, m–DAE = 42.

44

A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

• Hence, 42 + 42 + m–2 = 180 84 + m–2 = 180 m–2 = 180 – 84 = 96 2. Since consecutive angles of a parallelogram are supplementary: (2x + 12) + 5x = 180 7x + 12 = 180 7x = 180 – 12 7 x = 168 7 7 x = 24 3. Since it is given that two opposite sides are not congruent, the quadrilateral cannot be a parallelogram or a special type of parallelogram. A trapezoid has exactly one pair of parallel sides. The other pair of sides may or may not be congruent. The correct choice is (4). 4. The diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular. Since a square has all of the properties of a rectangle and a rhombus, its diagonals are both congruent and perpendicular. The correct choice is (2). 5. Since the diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other: 2 x = x – 10 3 1

⎛2 ⎞ 3 ⎜ x⎟ = 3(x – 10) ⎝3 ⎠ 2x = 3x – 30 30 = 3x – 2x x = 30

The correct choice is (2).

A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

45

4. SPECIAL RIGHT TRIANGLE RELATIONSHIPS 4.1 PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM In a right triangle, the sum of the squares of the lengths of the two legs is equal to the square of the hypotenuse. PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM: (side I)2 + (side II)2 = (hypotenuse)2

x

5

4

42 + 52 = x2 16 + 25 = x2 41 = x2 x = 41 . A set of three positive integers {a,b,c} that satisfies the relationship a2 + b2 = c2 is called a Pythagorean triple. Common Pythagorean triples include 3-4-5, 5-12-13, and 8-15-17, where in each case the largest number represents the length of the hypotenuse of the right triangle. Any whole-number multiple of a Pythagorean triple is also a Pythagorean triple.

4.2 MEDIAN TO HYPOTENUSE In a right triangle, the median drawn to the hypotenuse is half the length of the hypotenuse, as illustrated in the accompanying figure. A

ian

M

d Me

B

C

CM = 1 AB 2

46

A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

4.3 30-60 AND 45-45 RIGHT TRIANGLES 30-60 Right Triangle Relationships

45-45 Right Triangle Relationships

B B 30° s

60°

A

s 2

45°

s 3 2

s 2

s

C

C

s

45°

A

• AC = 1 × AB 2

• AC = BC

• BC = AC × 3

• AB = 2 × AC and AB = 2 × BC

4.4 RIGHT TRIANGLE PROPORTIONS If in a right triangle the altitude to the hypotenuse is drawn, then each of the triangles thus formed is similar to the original triangle and they are similar to each other. Because of the these similar triangles, the following proportions are true: x = a y • = b •

•

a c

C

b c

x h = h y

b

a

B

h y

x D

c

A

47

Practice Exercises

1. In right triangle ABC, altitude CD is drawn to hypotenuse AB. If AD = 2 and DB = 6, than AC is (1) 4 3

(3) 3

(2) 2 3

(4) 4

2. In right triangle ABC, altitude CD is drawn to hypotenuse AB. If AD = 5 and DB = 24, what is the length of CD? (1) 120

(3) 2 30

(2) 30

(4) 4 30

3. In ABC, AB BC and DE CA. If DE = 8, CD = 10, and CA = 30, find AB. B

D

C

E

A

48

A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

4. Four streets in a town are illustrated in the accompanying diagram. If the distance on Poplar Street from F to P is 12 miles and the distance on Maple Street from E to M is 10 miles, find the distance on Maple Street, in miles, from M to P. F

Fern

E

r pla Po

m

El

P

M Maple

Solutions 1. If an altitude is drawn to the hypotenuse of a right triangle, the length of either leg is the mean proportional between the hypotenuse and the segment of the hypotenuse that is adjacent to that leg. Thus, since AD = 2 and DB = 6: AB AC = C AC AD 2 + 6 AC = AC 2 8 = AC AC 2 Cross-multiply:

(AC)2 = 16 AC = 16 = 4

The correct choice is (4).

A

2

D 2+6=8

6

B

A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

2.

49

C

?

A

5

D

24

B

In a right triangle, the length of the altitude drawn to the hypotenuse is the mean proportional between the lengths of the two segments of the hypotenuse formed by the altitude: AD CD = CD DB Substitute the given values AD = 5 5 and DB = 24 and let CD = x: = x x 24 In a proportion, the product of the mean equals the product of the extremes (cross-multiply):

x · x = 5 · 24 x2 = 120

Take the square root of each side of the equation:

x = ± 120

Reject the negative value of x since x represents the length of a side of the triangle:

x = 120

Factor the radicand so that one of its factors is the highest perfect square factor of 120:

x=

4 ⋅ 30

Distribute the radical sign over each factor of the radicand:

x=

4·

Evaluate

4:

The correct choice is (3).

= 2 30

30

50

A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

3.

B D 10 C

8 A

E

30

Consider right triangles DEC and ABC. Since –E 艑 –B (right angles are congruent) and –C 艑 –C (reflexive property of congruence), these triangles are similar by the AA 艑 AA theorem of similarity. The lengths of corresponding sides of similar triangles are in proportion: side in ABC = corresponding side in DEC

AB = CA DE CD AB = 30 8 10

In a proportion, the product of the means equals the product of the extremes (cross-multiply):

10(AB) = 8(30) 240 AB = = 24 10

The length of AB is 24. 4. Represent MP by x: F

12

E

10

M

x

P

A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

Then: leg FP hypotenuse segment adjacent to FP = hypotenuse leg FP x 12 = 12 x + 10 x(x + 10) = 12 · 12 x2 + 10x – 144 = 0 (x – 8)(x + 18) = 0 x – 8 = 0 or x=8

x + 18 = 0 x = –18

The distance from M to P is 8 miles.

← reject

51

52

A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

5. LOCUS AND CONCURRENCY THEOREMS 5.1 BASIC LOCI A locus (plural, “loci”) is defined as the set of points, and only those points, that satisfy a given set of conditions. To help determine a locus, draw a diagram. • The locus of points at a fixed distance of d units from a point P is a circle with center at P and radius of length d.

d P

The locus consists of the points on the circumference of the circle.

• The locus of points at a fixed distance of d units from a given line is a pair of parallel lines with each line d units from the given line.

d

d

The locus consists of the points on either of the dotted lines.

A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

53

• The locus of points equidistant from two fixed points is the perpendicular bisector of the line segment whose endpoints are the fixed points.

The locus consists of the points on the dotted line.

• The locus of points equidistant from two parallel lines is the parallel line midway between them.

The locus consists of the points on the dotted line.

• The locus of points equidistant from two intersecting lines is the bisector of each pair of vertical angles.

The locus consists of the points on the dotted line.

54

A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

5.2 COMPOUND LOCI A locus that involves two or more conditions is called a compound locus. To find a compound locus, represent each locus condition on the same diagram. The points, if any, at which all of the locus conditions intersect represent the compound locus. For example, suppose point P is on line m. What is the total number of points 3 centimeters from line m and 5 centimeters from point P? To determine the number of points 3 centimeters from line m (condition 1) and 5 centimeters from point P (condition 2), represent the two locus conditions as shown in the accompanying diagram. Then count the number of points at which the loci intersect. (1)

(2) 5 cm 3 cm P

(3)

m 3 cm (4)

• The locus of points 3 centimeters from line m is a pair of lines, each parallel to line m and each 3 centimeters from line m. • The locus of points 5 centimeters from point P is a circle with center at P and a radius length of 5 centimeters. • Since the radius of the circle is greater than 3, the circle intersects each of the parallel lines at two points. Therefore, the two locus conditions intersect at a total of four points. The total number of points that satisfy the given conditions is 4.

A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

55

5.3 MIDPOINT AND CENTROID RELATIONSHIPS B

X

Z

A

C

Y

• If X and Z are midpoints, then XZ || AC and XZ =

1 AC. 2

1 • If X, Y, and Z are midpoints, then perimeter XYZ = perime2 ter of ABC.

5.4 SIDE-SPLITTING THEOREM If a line intersects two sides of a triangle and is parallel to the third side, then it divides those two sides proportionally. If XZ || AC in the accompanying figure, then sides AB and BC are divided proportionally: B X

Z

A

•

BX BZ = or AB BC

•

AX CZ = or AB BC

BZ • BX = or any equivalent proportion. AX CZ

C

56

A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

5.5 CONCURRENCY THEOREMS Concurrent lines are three or more lines that meet at the same point. A triangle has four types of concurrent lines: altitudes, angle bisectors, perpendicular bisectors, and medians. • The three altitudes of a triangle meet at a point called the orthocenter which may fall in the interior of the triangle (acute triangle), on a side of the triangle (right triangle), or in the exterior of the triangle (obtuse triangle). • The three angle bisectors of a triangle meet at a point in the interior of the triangle called the incenter. Because the sides of the triangle are equidistant from the incenter, the incenter of the triangle represents the center of the circle that can be inscribed in it. • The perpendicular bisectors of the three sides of a triangle meet at a point called the circumcenter. Because the vertices of the triangle are equidistant from the circumcenter, the circumcenter of the triangle represents the center of the circle that can be circumscribed about it. • The three medians of a triangle meet at a point called the centroid. The centroid divides each median into segments whose lengths are in the ratio 2:1, as shown in the accompanying figure. The distance from each vertex to the centroid is two-thirds of the length of the entire median drawn from that vertex. If in the accompanying figure, median AX = 15, then AP = 10 and PX = 5. B

2b Z

c 2a

A

P

a b Y

X 2c C

57

Practice Exercises

1. How many points are equidistant from two intersecting lines 艎 and m and 3 units from the point of intersection of the lines? (1) 1 (3) 3 (2) 2 (4) 4 2. What is the number of inches in the perimeter of a triangle formed by connecting the midpoints of a triangle whose sides measure 5 in., 12 in., and 13 in.? (1) 7.5 (3) 30 (2) 15 (4) 45 3. To locate a point equidistant from the vertices of a triangle, construct (1) the perpendicular bisectors of the sides (2) the angle bisectors (3) the altitudes (4) the medians 4. How many points are equidistant from two parallel lines and also equidistant from two points on one of the lines? (1) 1 (3) 3 (2) 2 (4) 4

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A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

5. Which equation represents the locus of all points 5 units below the x-axis? (1) x = –5 (3) y = –5 (2) x = 5 (4) y = 5 6. The locus of points equidistant from the points (4,–5) and (4,7) is the line whose equation is (1) y = 1 (3) x = 1 (2) y = 2 (4) x = 4 7. How many points are 3 units from the origin and 2 units from the y-axis? 8. In the accompanying diagram of PRT, KG || PR. If TP = 20, KP = 4, and GR = 7, what is the length of TG? R

7

G

4 P

K

T 20

Solutions 1. • Locus condition 1: The locus of a point equidistant from two intersecting lines, 艎 and m, is the pair of lines that bisect the vertical pairs of angles formed by the two lines, as indicated by the broken lines in the accompanying figure. • Locus condition 2: The locus of points 3 units from the point of intersection of the two given lines is a circle whose center is the point of intersection of the lines and whose radius is 3 units.

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59

ᐉ

m

• Since the circle intersects the broken lines in a total of 4 points, there are four points that satisfy both locus conditions. The correct choice is (4). 2. Since the line segment joining the midpoints of two sides of a triangle is one-half the length of the third side, the lengths of the triangle formed by connecting the midpoints of a triangle whose sides measure 5 in., 12 in., and 13 in. are 2.5 in., 6 in., and 6.5 in. The perimeter of the triangle thus formed is 2.5 in. + 6 in. + 6.5 in. = 15 in. The correct choice is (2). 3. The perpendicular bisectors of the three sides of a triangle meet at a point, called the circumcenter, that is equidistant from the vertices of the triangle. The correct choice is (1). 4. • Locus condition 1: The locus of points equidistant from two parallel lines is a parallel line midway between the two given lines, as represented by the broken line in the accompanying figure. • Locus condition 2: If A and B are two different points on one of the two given lines, then the locus of points equidistant from these points is the perpendicular bisector of AB.

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A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

A

B

• Since the perpendicular bisector of AB intersects the broken line in one point, there is exactly one point that satisfies both locus conditions. The correct choice is (1). 5. The locus of points 5 units below the x-axis is a line parallel to the x-axis which intersects the y-axis at –5. An equation of this line is y = –5. y 6 5 4 3 2 1 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1

–1

1

2

3

4

5

6

x

–2 –3 –4 –5 –6

The correct choice is (3).

y = –5

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61

6. The locus of points equidistant from the two given points is the perpendicular bisector of the segment determined by the two points. The midpoint of (4,–5) and (4,7) is (4,1), as shown in the accompanying figure. y 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1

–1 –2

y=1 1

2

3

4

5

6

x

–3 –4 –5 –6 –7

Hence, the perpendicular bisector of the vertical line determined by the two given points is the horizontal through (4,1), an equation of which is y = 1. The correct choice is (1). 7. • Locus condition 1: All points 3 units from the origin. The desired locus is a circle with the origin as its center and a radius of 3 units. Note in the accompanying diagram that the circle intersects each coordinate axis at 3 and -3. • Locus condition 2: All points 2 units from the y-axis. The desired locus is a pair of parallel lines; one line is 2 units to the right of the y-axis (x = 2), and the other line is 2 units to the left of the y-axis (x = -2). See the accompanying diagram.

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A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

• Since the loci intersect at points A, B, C, and D, there are four points that satisfy both conditions. y

A

–3 –2 –1 O D

3 2 1

B

1 2 3 –1 –2 C –3

x = –2

x

x=2

8. Since KG || PR, KG divides the sides that it intersects proportionately. Thus: TG TK = GR KP TG 20 − 4 = 7 4 TG 16 = 7 4 TG 4 = 7 1 TG = 4 × 7 = 28 The length of TG is 28.

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63

6. CIRCLES AND ANGLE MEASUREMENT 6.1 ARC LENGTH AND AREA OF A SECTOR A central angle of n degrees intercepts an arc L and a sector such that: • Arc length L = n × 360

circumference

(2πr )

• Area sector AOB = n × 360

area of circle

(πr 2 )

A L

r O

Sector

n° r

B

6.2 ARC AND CHORD RELATIONSHIPS • In the same or congruent circles, congruent chords are equidistant from the center, and chords that are the same distance from the center are congruent: Y

C

D

O B A

X

AB 艑 CD ⇒ OX = OY and OX = OY ⇒ AB 艑 CD

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A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

• A diameter perpendicular to a chord bisects the chord and its arcs: B

O C

D

E A

艑 AD , and BC 艑 BD AB CD ⇒ CE 艑 DE, AC • In the same or congruent circles, congruent chords intercept congruent arcs, and congruent arcs have congruent chords: C

O

D

A B

艑 CD and AB 艑 CD ⇒ AB 艑 CD AB 艑 CD ⇒ AB • In a circle, parallel chords cut off congruent arcs: C

A

O

D

B

艑 BD AB || CD ⇒ AC

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65

• If two chords intersect in the interior of a circle, then the product of the segment lengths of one chord is equal to the product of the segment lengths of the other chord:

a c

d

b

a× b=c×d

6.3 TANGENT AND SECANT RELATIONSHIPS A tangent is a line that intersects a circle at exactly one point called the point of contact or point of tangency. A secant is a line that intersects a circle in two distinct points. • A radius drawn to the point of contact of a tangent is perpendicular to the tangent at that point:

Rad iu

s

P

Tang

ent t

O

Radius OP t • If two tangents are drawn to a circle from the same exterior point, then the tangent segments are congruent. The line segment whose endpoints are the center of the circle and the exterior point bisects the angle formed by the two tangents:

66

A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills A Tan g

ent

P

O ent

g Tan

B

PA 艑 PB and OP bisects ∠APB • If a tangent and a secant are drawn to a circle from the same exterior point, then the length of the tangent segment is the mean proportional between the lengths of the secant segment and its external segment: t e S

s t = t e • If two secants are drawn to a circle from the same exterior point, then the product of the lengths of one secant and its external segment is equal to the product of the lengths of the other secant and its external segment: c d b a

a× b=c×d

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67

6.4 TANGENT CIRCLES Tangent circles are circles in the same plane that are tangent to the same line at the same point. A line that is tangent to two circles is called a common tangent. • Internally tangent circles are tangent circles that lie on the same side of their common tangent:

A

B

p

• Externally tangent circles are tangent circles that lie on opposite sides of their common tangent:

D

C

q

Common tangent lines may be classified as either internal or external. A common internal tangent intersects the line joining the centers of the two circles at a point between the two circles. A common external tangent does not intersect the line through the centers of the two circles.

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A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

• Internally tangent circles have one common external tangent:

O

O

• Externally tangent circles have two common external tangents and one common internal tangent:

O

O

• Circles that intersect at two points have two common external tangents:

O

O

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69

• Nonintersecting circles, one outside the other, have two common external tangents and two common internal tangents:

O O

6.5 ANGLE MEASUREMENT RELATIONSHIPS The formula used to determine the measure of an angle from its intercepted arc(s) depends on the location of the vertex of the angle. Case 1: Vertex on the Circle Inscribed Angle C

D

A O

B

1 m∠ABC = x 2

O

Chord

x°

Tangent-Chord Angle

E

y° F Tangent

1 m∠DEF = y 2

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A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

Case 2: Vertex in the Interior of the Circle Central Angle (vertex at the center)

Chord-Chord Angle

P a° O

x°

y°

1 O

Q

1 m∠1 = (x + y) 2

m∠POQ = a

Case 3: Vertex in the Exterior of the Circle Secant-Tangent Angle

Secant-Secant Angle

Tangent-Tangent Angle

x°

x°

x°

O

O

O

y°

y°

y°

1

1 m∠1 = (x – y) 2

1

1 m∠1 = (x – y) 2

1

1 m∠1 = (x – y) 2

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Practice Exercises

1. In the accompanying diagram, BD is tangent to circle O at B, : m CB = 1:4, BC is a chord, and BOA is a diameter. If m AC find m∠DBC. D

C

A

B

O

艑 CD . 2. In the accompanying diagram of circle O, AB A

B O

D C

Which statement is true? (1) AB 艑 CD 艑 BD (2) AC

(3) AB || CD (4) ∠ABC 艑 ∠BCD

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A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

3. In the accompanying diagram of circle O, AB and BC are chords and m∠AOC = 96. What is m∠ABC? A

C O

B

(1) 32 (2) 48

(3) 96 (4) 192

4. Intersecting circles have a maximum of (1) one common tangent (2) two common tangents (3) three common tangents (4) four common tangents 5. In the accompanying diagram, AB is tangent to circle O at B. If AC = 16 and CD = 9, what is the length of AB? B

O D

(1) 12 (2) 15

9

C

16

(3) 20 (4) 25

A

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73

6. In the diagram below, chords AB and CD intersect at E. = 120, and m DB = 2x, what is the If mAEC = 4x, m AC value of x? A

D 120°

(4x)°

(2x)° E

B

C

(1) 12 (2) 20

(3) 30 (4) 60

7. As shown in the accompanying diagram, a dial in the shape of a semicircle has a radius of 4 centimeters. Find the measure of ␪, correct to the nearest degree, when the pointer rotates to form an arc whose length is 1.38 centimeters.

1.38 cm

4 cm θ

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A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

8. In the accompanying diagram of circle O, chords AB and CD intersect at point E. If AE = 2, CD = 9, and CE = 4, find BE. A C E

D

O

B

9. In the accompanying diagram, PC is tangent to circle O at C and PAB is a secant. If PC = 8 and PA = 4, find AB. C 8 O

A 4

B

P

10. In the accompanying diagram of circle O, secants CBA and CED intersect at C. If AC = 12, BC = 3, and DC = 9, find EC. C

B

E

A O D

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75

11. In the accompanying diagram, AFB, AEC, and BGC are tangent to circle O at F, E, and G, respectively. If AB = 32, AE = 20, and EC = 24, find BC. A

20

32

E F

24

O G B

C

12. In the accompanying diagram of circle O, AE and FD are chords, AOBG is a diameter and is extended to C, CDE is a : m DG : m ED = 5 : 3 : 1. secant, AE || FD, and m AE Find: a m DG b mAEF c mDBG d mDCA e mCDF

E

D A

O

B

G

C

F

13. A regular hexagon is inscribed in a circle whose area is 144π. a. What is the length of the minor arc intercepted by a side of the hexagon? b. What is the area of the hexagon?

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A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

14. Square ABCD is inscribed in circle O, as shown in the accompanying figure. If the radius is 8 inches, find the area of the shaded region in terms of π. D

C

O

A

B

Solutions

= x. 1. Let m AC : m = 1 : 4, Since m AC CB

= 4x. mCB Since BOA is a diameter, ACB is a semicircle; the measure of a semicircle is 180: = 180 m ACB x + 4x = 180 5x = 180 x = 36 = 4x = 4(36) = 144 mCB 1 m–DBC = (144) = 72 2

D 4x° C x° A

O

B

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77

2. Congruent arcs cut off congruent chords. Since it is given 艑 CD , then AB 艑 CD. that AB The correct choice is (1). 3. A central angle is measured by its intercepted arc. Since it is = 96. given that the measure of central AOC is 96, AC A

96°

C

96° O 48° B

The measure of an inscribed angle is one-half the measure of its 1 intercepted arc. Hence, m∠ABC = (96) = 48. 2 The correct choice is (2). 4. Intersecting circles may intersect at one or two points:

P

Q

P

Q

Thus, two intersecting circles may have a maximum of three common tangents. The correct choice is (3).

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A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

5. If a tangent and a secant are drawn to a circle from the same point, then the tangent is the mean proportional between the external segment of the secant and the whole secant: 16 AB = AB 9 + 16 AB × AB = 16 × 25 (AB)2 = 400 AB =

400 = 20

The correct choice is (3). 6. Angle AEC is an angle formed by two chords intersecting within the circle; the measure of an angle formed by two chords intersecting within a circle is equal to one-half the sum of the measures of the two intercepted arcs: 1 m – AEC = m AC + mDB 2 1 4 x = (120 + 2 x) 2 4 x = 60 + x 4 x - x = 60 3 x = 60 x = 20

(

The correct choice is (2).

A

)

D 120°

(4x)°

E

(2x)° B

C

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79

7. It is given that the radius of the circle is 4 cm and the length of the intercepted arc is 1.38 cm. Thus: Arc length L = n × 360

circumference

(2πr )

1.38 = θ × 2π(4) 360 1.38 =

θπ 45

138 × 45 =␪ π ␪ = 19.76704393 To the nearest degree, ␪ = 20. 8. Let BE = x. If two chords intersect within a circle, the product of the lengths of the segments of one chord equals the product of the lengths of the segments of the other chord: DE = CD - CE = 9 - 4 = 5. A C

2

9

4

D O x

B

Therefore:

BE = 10.

AE ¥ BE = CE ¥ ED 2x = 4(5) 2x = 20 x = 10

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A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

9. Let AB = x. If a tangent and a secant are drawn to a circle from an outside point, the length of the tangent is the mean proportional between the length of the whole secant and the length of its external segment: C

PB = PC x+ 4 = 8

PC PA 8 4

8

O

B

x

A

4

P

In a proportion, the product of the means equals the product of the extremes (cross-multiply): 4(x + 4) = 8(8) 4x + 16 = 64 4x = 64 - 16 4x = 48 x = 12 AB = 12. 10. It is given that, in the accompanying diagram of circle O, secants CBA and CED intersect at C, AC = 12, BC = 3, and DC = 9. If two secants are drawn to a circle from the same exterior point, the product of the length of one secant and the length of its external segment is equal to the product of the length of the other secant and the length of its external segment.

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81

12 B 3 C A

E

9

O D

Thus: Since AC = 12, BC = 3, and DC = 9:

AC ¥ BC = DC ¥ EC 12 ¥ 3 = 9 ¥ EC 36 = 9(EC) 36 = EC 4 4 = EC

The length of EC is 4. 11. Tangent segments drawn to a circle from the same point have the same length. Thus, in the accompanying diagram: AF = AE = 20 BF = 32 - AF = 32 - 20 = 12 BG = BF = 12 CG = CE = 24 BC = BG + CG = 12 + 24 = 36 BC = 36. A 20 32

E

F

O

24

G B

C

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A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

12.

E

5x

3x D O

A

x B

G

C

F

: mDG : m ED = 5:3:1 m AE

a. Given:

=x m DG

Let:

= 3x m ED = 5x m AE

Then: and Since AOBG is a diameter, AEDG is a semicircle, and = 180: m AEDG

+ mDG + mED = m AEDG m AE 5x + 3x + x = 180 9x = 180 x = 20

= 20. mDG = 3x. b. From part a, m ED AE || FD, and parallel chords intercept on circle arcs that are equal in measure: From part a, x = 20:

= m ED = 3x m AF = 3(20) = 60 m AF

A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

Angle AEF is an inscribed angle; the measure of an inscribed angle is equal to onehalf the measure of its intercepted arc:

83

1 mAEF = m AF 2 1 = (60) = 30 2

mAEF = 30. c. Angle DBG is an angle formed by two chords intersecting within the circle; the measure of an angle formed by two chords intersecting within a circle is equal to one-half the sum of the measures of the intercepted arcs: = 20; From part a, m DG = 60: from part b, m AF

1 ) mDBG = (m AF + m DG 2 1 mDBG = (60 + 20) 2 1 = (80) = 40 2

mDBG = 40. d. Angle DCA is an angle formed by two secants intersecting outside the circle; the measure of an angle formed by two secants intersecting outside a circle is equal to one-half the difference of the measures of the intercepted arcs:

1 ) mDCA = (m AE – m DC 2

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A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

 = 20; also From part a, mDG  = 5x and x = 20; therefore, m AE  = 5(20) = 100: m AE

m⬔DCA = 1 (100 – 20) 2 = 1 (80) 2 = 40

m⬔DCA = 40. e. Angle EDF is an inscribed angle; the measure of an inscribed angle is equal to onehalf the measure of its intercepted arc:

 m⬔EDF = 1 m FAE 2  + m AE   = m AF m FAE

 = 60; from From part b, m AF  = 100: part d, m AE

 = 60 + 100 = 160 m FAE m⬔EDF = 1 (160) = 80 2

Angle CDF is the supplement of ⬔EDF; the sum of the measures of two supplementary angles is 180: m⬔CDF + m⬔EDF = 180 m⬔CDF + 80 = 180 m⬔CDF = 180 - 80 = 100 m⬔CDF = 100.

A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

85

13a. • If the area of the circle = 144π, then r 2 = 144, so r = 144 = 12. Hence, the circumference of the circle is 2 ¥ π ¥ 12 = 24π. • The six congruent sides of a regular hexagon divide the circumference of a circle into six congruent arcs. 1 • Hence, the length of each minor intercepted arc is ¥ 24π = 4π. 6 12 12

12

12

12

O 60°

60°

12

12

60° 12

b. • Drawing radii to the vertices of an inscribed regular hexagon, as shown in the accompanying figure, forms six congruent equilat360° eral triangles in which each central angle measures = 60. 6 • Hence, the length of each side of the regular hexagon is equal to 12, the radius of the circle. • To find the area of an equilateral triangle with side s, use the s2 formula ¥ 3 : 4 2 144 area = 12 ¥ 3 = 3 = 36 3 . 4 4

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A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

• Since a regular hexagon is composed of six congruent triangles: area of regular hexagon = 6 × 36 3 = 216 3 . 14. Draw radii OA and OB. To find the area of the shaded region, subtract the area of –AOB from the area of sector AOB. is one-fourth of the circumference of the circle, • Since AB = m AB

1 × 360 = 90. Therefore, –AOB is a right angle. 4

• The area of circle O is π ¥ 82 = 64π in.2 Since sector AOB is one1 fourth of the circle, the area of sector AOB is × 64π = 16π in.2 4 • The area of isosceles right triangle AOB is 1 1 × OA ¥ OB = ¥ 8 ¥ 8 = 32 in.2 2 2 • The area of the shaded region is 16π - 32 in.2

A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

87

7. COORDINATE RELATIONSHIPS 7.1 MIDPOINT, SLOPE, AND DISTANCE FORMULAS Given points A(xA, yA) and B(xB, yB):  x + x B y A + yB  • Midpoint of AB =  A ,  2 2  • Slope of AB = m = • Length of AB =

∆ y yB – yA = ∆x xB – xA

( xB – x A )2 + (yB – yA )2

7.2 SOME FACTS ABOUT SLOPE • The slope of a horizontal line is 0, and the slope of a vertical line is not defined. • If two nonvertical lines are parallel, they have the same slope. Conversely, if two lines have the same slope, they are parallel. • If two nonvertical lines are perpendicular, the product of their slopes is –1 (negative reciprocals). Conversely, if the product of the slopes of two lines is –1 (negative reciprocals), they are perpendicular.

7.3 EQUATION OF A LINE An equation of a line represents the general relationship between the x-coordinates and the corresponding y-coordinates of all points that lie on the line. • If m is the slope of a line that crosses the y-axis at y = b, then an equation of this line is y = m x + b.

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A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

• If m is the slope of a line that contains the point (xA, yA), then an equation of this line is y – yA = m (x – xA).

7.4 EQUATION OF A CIRCLE The center-radius form of an equation of a circle represents the general relationship between the x- and the corresponding y–coordinates of all points that lie on the circumference of the circle of a given radius and center. If the center of a circle is (h,k) and its radius is r, then its equation is (x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = r 2. • If the center of a circle with a radius of 6 is at (2,–3), then its equation is (x – 2)2 + (y – (–3))2 = 62, or, equivalently, (x – 2)2 + (y + 3)2 = 36. • If an equation of a circle is (x + 1)2 + (y – 4)2 = 81, then by rewriting it in the center-radius form (x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = r 2, you can determine the coordinates of its center and the radius length: 2

2

⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ 2 ⎜ x − (–1)⎟ + ⎜ y − (–4)⎟ = 9 . ⎜⎝ ⎟ ⎜⎝ ⎟ r h ⎠ k ⎠ Thus, the center is at (–1,4) and the radius is 9.

89

Practice Exercises

5 1. Segment RS is parallel to segment TU. If the slope of RS = 8 x and the slope of TU = , the value of x is 24 (1) 20 (3) 10 (2) 15 (4) 5 2. The diagonals of parallelogram ABCD intersect at point E. If the coordinates of A and C are (4,–2) and (–2,5), respectively, what are the coordinates of point E? ⎛ 3⎞ (1) ⎜ 1, ⎟ ⎝ 2⎠

⎛ 7⎞ (3) ⎜ 1, ⎟ ⎝ 2⎠

⎛3 ⎞ (2) ⎜ , 3⎟ ⎝2 ⎠

⎛ 3⎞ (4) ⎜ 2, ⎟ ⎝ 2⎠

3. Which equation represents the locus of a point 4 units from the point (–1,3)? (1) (x – 1)2 + (y + 3)2 = 4 (2) (x + 1)2 + (y – 3)2 = 4 (3) (x – 1)2 + (y + 3)2 = 16 (4) (x + 1)2 + (y – 3)2 = 16

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A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

4. The vertices of triangle ABC are A(1,2), B(9,6), and C(5,2). What is an equation of the median to AC? 2 (1) y = 3 x (3) y = x 3 2 (2) y = 3 x + 1 2

(4) y =

2 x+1 3

5. The vertices of triangle RST are R(1,3), S(7,1), and T(5,4). What is an equation of the altitude from T to RS? 1 (1) y = – x (3) y = 3x – 11 3 1 (2) y = – x – 11 3

(4) y = 3x

Solutions 1. Since parallel lines have the same slope, slope of RS = slope of TU 5 x = 8 24 8x = 5(24) 8 x 120 = 8 8 x = 15 The correct choice is (2). 2. The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other, so that their point of intersection is the midpoint of each diagonal. To determine the coordinates of point E, find the coordinates of the midpoint of diagonal AC. If (x,y) are the coordinates of point E, then: x=

4 + (−2) 2 = = 1 and 2 2

y=

−2 + 5 3 = . 2 2

A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

91

⎛ 3⎞ The coordinates of point E are ⎜ 1, ⎟ . ⎝ 2⎠ The correct choice is (1). 3. The locus of all points 4 units from the point (–1,3) is a circle whose center is at (–1,3) and whose radius is 4. To find an equation of this locus, use the center-radius form of an equation of a circle where r = 4 and (h,k) = (–1,3): (x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = r2 (x – (–1))2 + (y – 3)2 = 42 (x + 1)2 + (y – 3)2 = 16 The correct choice is (4). 4. A median of a triangle is a segment drawn from one of the vertices of the triangle to the midpoint of the opposite side. • The median to AC, intersects AC at its midpoint, which is at ⎛ 5 + 1 2 + 2⎞ , M⎜ = M(3,2). ⎝ 2 2 ⎟⎠ • The slope m of median BM is m=

Δy 6 − 2 4 2 = = = . Δx 9 − 3 6 3

• To find an equation of the median, use the point-slope form of 2 the equation of a line where m = and (xa,ya) = (3,2): 3 y – yA = m (x – xA) 2 y – 2 = (x – 3) 3

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• Rewrite the equation in slope-intercept form: 2 2 y – 2 = x + (–3) 3 3 2 y–2= x–2 3 2 y= x 3 The correct choice is (3). 5. An altitude of a triangle is a segment drawn from one of the vertices of the triangle and perpendicular to the opposite side. • The slope m of RS is m=

Δy 1 − 3 −2 1 = = =– . 7 −1 6 3 Δx

• Since an altitude intersects the side to which it is drawn at right angles, the slopes of RS and the altitude to RS must be negative reciprocals. Hence, the slope of the altitude to RS is 3. • To find an equation of the altitude, use the point-slope form of the equation of a line where m = 3 and (xa,ya) = (5,4): y – yA = m (x – xA) y – 4 = 3(x – 5) • Rewrite the equation in slope-intercept form: y – 4 = 3x – 15 y = 3x – 11 The correct choice is (3).

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8. VOLUME AND SURFACE AREA Let h = height, 艎 = slant height, p = perimeter, r = radius, and B = area of a base. Solid Figure*

Volume (V)

Area†

V=B×h

L.A. = h p

1 V= B×h 3 V = πr 2h

1 L.A. = p艎 2 L.A. = 2πrh

• Cone

1 V = πr 2h 3

L.A. = πr艎

• Sphere

V=

• Prism • Pyramid • Cylinder

4 3 πr 3

S.A. = 4πr 2

*Volume formulas hold for both right and oblique solids (prisms, cylinders, and cones) and for both regular and nonregular pyramids. †L.A. = lateral area; S.A. = surface area.

94

Practice Exercises

1. A prism has a right triangular base as shown in the accompanying figure. Find the volume of the prism.

12 cm

8 cm

10 cm

2. In the accompanying diagram of a pyramid with square base ABCD, BC = 18 cm and slant height JL = 15 cm. Find the lateral area and the volume of the pyramid. 15 cm h D K

J B

18 cm

C

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95

3. In the accompanying figure showing a right cone, the vertex angle measures 60° and the slant height is 18 cm. Find, to the nearest tenth of a cubic centimeter, the volume of the cone.

18 cm 60°

Solutions 1. The volume of a prism is the product of the area of its base and its height. The lengths of the sides of the right triangular base of the given figure form a 6-8-10 Pythagorean triple. • The area of the right triangle base of the prism is = 24 cm2.

1 × 6 cm × 8 cm 2

• Since the height of the prism is given as 12 cm, volume = 24 cm2 × 12 cm = 288 cm3. 2. As the base of the given pyramid is a square with center K, 1 JK = × 18 cm = 9 cm. 2 The lengths of the sides of right triangle JKL form a 9-12-15 Pythagorean triple in which h = 12 cm and the slant height is 15 cm.

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• The lateral area (L.A.) of a pyramid is one-half of the product of its slant height and the perimeter of its base. Thus: perimeter of square base

(4 × 18 cm)

1 L.A. = × 15 cm × 2 = 540 cm2

• The volume of a pyramid is one-third of the product of the area of its base and its height. Thus: area of square base

1 volume = × (18 cm × 18 cm) × 15 cm 3 = 1620 cm2 3. 9

h=9 3 18 60° 30° 30°

In a 30-60 right triangle, the side opposite the 30° angle is one-half of the hypotenuse, and the side opposite the 60° angle is 3 times the length of the shorter leg. As shown in the accompanying figure, the radius of the base of the right cone is 9 cm, and the height of the cone is 9 3 cm. The volume V of a right circular cone is

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97

1 given by the formula V = πr 2h, where r is the radius of the circu3 lar base and h is the height of the cone. Since r = 9 cm and h = 9 3 cm: 1 V = π(9 cm)2(9 3 cm) 3 = 243π 3 cm3 = 243 × π × 3 cm3 Use your calculator:

= 1322.259737 cm3

The volume of the cone, correct to the nearest tenth of a cubic centimeter, is 1322.3 cm3.

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9. TRANSFORMATION GEOMETRY A geometric transformation changes the position, size, or shape of a figure. Under a transformation, each point of the original figure is mapped onto its image. The original point is called the preimage.

9.1 TYPES OF TRANSFORMATIONS There are four basic types of transformations. • A reflection is a transformation that “flips” a figure over the line of reflection, as shown in the accompanying diagram, so that each figure is the mirror image of the other.

Reflection

Point A′ is the reflection of point A in point P if P is the midpoint of AA′: A

P AP = A P A

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• A translation is a transformation that “slides” a figure up or down, slides it sideways, or does both, as shown in the accompanying diagram. A

B

C A

Translation B

C

• A rotation is a transformation that “turns” a figure with respect to a fixed reference point, as shown in the accompanying diagram. P

P Original Figure

Image after 90° Counterclockwise Rotation about P

• A dilation is a transformation that changes the size but not the shape of a figure, as shown in the dilation of the letter M in the accompanying diagram.

Dilation

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9.2 TRANSFORMATIONS USING COORDINATES The coordinates of the images of points under transformations in the coordinate plane may be determined using the rules in the accompanying table. Type of Transformation

Properties Preserved

Line reflection

• Collinearity • Angle measure • Distance

Coordinate Rules • rx-axis(x, y) = (x, –y) • ry-axis(x, y) = (–x, y) • rorigin(x, y) = (–x, –y) • ry=x(x, y) = (y, x)

Translation

• Collinearity • Angle measure • Distance • Orientation

Th,k(x,y) = (x + h, y + k)

Rotation

• Collinearity • Angle measure • Distance • Orientation

• R90°(x, y) = (–y, x) • R180°(x, y) = (–x, –y) • R270°(x, y) = (y, –x)

Dilation

• Collinearity • Angle measure • Orientation

Dk(x,y) = (kx,ky), where k is the scale factor

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9.3 COMPOSITE TRANSFORMATIONS A glide reflection is a reflection over a line combined with a translation parallel to the reflecting line. The reflection and translation may be performed in either order. In the accompanying figure, II is the reflection of II in the x-axis and III is a translation of II in a direction that is parallel to the x-axis. Hence, III is the image of I under a glide reflection. y –10

5 I

–10

O

–5

II

5

10

x

III –5

–10

The process of performing a sequence of two or more transformations in which the image of one transformation is used as the preimage of another transformation is called a composition of transformations. If T1 and T2 represent two transformations, then the notation T2 ° T1 represent the composite transformation in which T1 is performed first and then T2 is applied to the image of that transformation.

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Example 1 In the accompanying figure, RST is the image of ABC under the composition of two different transformations. If one of the transformations is a dilation with center C, describe fully the composition of the transformation that maps ABC onto RST. y –10 A

5

C –10

B –5

R

O

5 T

10

x

S

–5

–10

Solution: • Since each side of RST is one-half the length of the corresponding side of ABC, one of the transformations is a dilation 1 with a scale factor of and center at C: 2

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103

y –10 A

A

C –10

5

B

B

R

O

–5

5 T

10

x

S

–5

–10

• The transformation that maps A′B′C onto RST slides A′B′C 12 units to the right and 4 units down, which is represented by the translation T12,–4. • Hence, the composite transformation of a dilation with a scale 1 factor of and center at C followed by the translation T12,–4, 2 maps ABC onto RST: T12,–4 ° D 1 (ABC) → RST. 2

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Example 2 Given point A(–2,3). Determine the coordinates of A′, the image of A under the composition T–3,4 ° rx-axis. Solution: Reflect (–2,3) in the x-axis followed by the translation T–3,4 of the image: T–3,4 ° rx-axisA(–2,3) = T–3,4 (–2,–3) = (–2 – 3,–3 + 4) = A′(–5,1)

9.4 ISOMETRY An isometry is a transformation that preserves the distance between points. Isometries produce congruent images. A direct isometry preserves orientation, and an opposite isometry reverses orientation. Transformation

Isometry?

Type of Isometry

Line reflection

Yes

Opposite

Translation

Yes

Direct

Rotation

Yes

Direct

Dilation

No

Glide reflection

Yes

Opposite

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Practice Exercises

1. Which transformation represents a dilation? (1) (8,4) → (11,7) (3) (8,4) → (–4,–8) (2) (8,4) → (–8,4) (4) (8,4) → (4,2) y C

C B

B

A O

A x

2. In the accompanying diagram, A′B′C′ is the image of ABC. Which type of transformation is shown in the diagram? (1) line reflection (3) translation (2) rotation (4) dilation

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B

C

A C B

3. Under what type of transformation, shown in the accompanying figure, is A′B′C′ the image of ABC? (1) dilation (2) translation (3) rotation about point A (4) reflection in line 艎 4. Which transformation is not an isometry? (3) rx-axis (1)T5,3 (2) D2 (4) RO,90° 5. What is the image of P(–4,6) under the composite transformation rx=2 ° ry-axis? (1) (–8,6) (2) (4,–2)

(3) (6,0) (4) (0,6)

6. Write an equation of the line of reflection that maps A(1,5) onto A′(5,1).

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107

p D

C

E

B

O A

q F

7. In the accompanying figure, p and q are lines of symmetry for regular hexagon ABCDEF intersecting at point O, the center of the hexagon. Determine the image of the composite transformation: a. r p ° r q (AB) b. r q ° r p ° r q (D) 8. The coordinates of the vertices of ABC are A(2,–3), B(0,4), and C(–1,5). If the image of point A under a translation is point A′(0,0), find the images of points B and C under this translation. 9. Graph ABC with coordinates A(1,3), B(5,7), and C(8,–3). On the same set of axes, graph A′B′C′, the reflection of ABC in the y-axis. 10. The engineering office in the village of Whitesboro has a map of the village that is laid out on a rectangular coordinate system. A traffic circle located on the map is represented by the equation (x + 4)2 + (y – 2)3 = 81. The village planning commission asks that the transformation D2 be applied to produce a new traffic circle where the center of dilation is at the origin. Find the coordinates of the center of the new traffic circle. Find the length of the radius of the new traffic circle.

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Solutions 1. Under a dilation with a scale factor of k, the image of (x,y) is (kx, ky). Since ⎛1 ⎞ 1 × 4⎟ , (8,4) → (4,2) = ⎜ × 8, ⎝2 ⎠ 2 the transformation (8,4) → (4,2) represents a dilation with a scale 1 factor of . 2 The correct choice is (4). 2. Because A′B′C′ can be obtained from ABC by flipping it over the y-axis, the given diagram illustrates a line reflection. The correct choice is (1). 3. Consider each choice in turn: (1) A dilation changes the size of the original figure. Since ABC and A′B′C′ are the same size, the figure is not a dilation. (2) Since A′B′C′ cannot be obtained by sliding ABC in the horizontal (sideways) or vertical (up-and-down) direction, or in both directions, the transformation is not a translation. (3) A rotation about a fixed point turns a figure about that point. Since angles BAB′ and CAC′ are straight angles, A′B′C′ is the image of ABC after a rotation of 180° about point A. (4) Since line 艎 is not the perpendicular bisector of BB′ and CC′, points B′ and C′ are not the images of points B and C, respectively after a reflection in line 艎. The correct choice is (3). 4. An isometry is a transformation that results in the mapping of a figure onto an image that is congruent to the original figure. Consider each choice in turn: (1) T(5,3) is a translation which maps a point P(x,y) onto its image, P′(x + 5, y + 3). Since all points are moved 5 units to the right and

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109

3 units up, the distance between any two points is the same as the distance between their respective images. Thus, T(5,3) is an isometry. (2) D2 is a dilation which maps a point P(x,y) onto its image, P′(2x,2y). The distance between the images of any two points becomes double the distance between the original two points. Thus, D2 is not an isometry. (3) rx-axis is a reflection in the x-axis which maps a point P(x,y) onto its image, P′(x,-y). The result is equivalent to flipping figures over the x-axis; all mirror images remain congruent to the original figures. Thus, rx-axis is an isometry. (4) R(0,90°) is a rotation of 90° about the origin. All original figures remain congruent to their images; they are simply rotated onefourth of a turn to assume the positions of their images. Thus, R(0,90°) is an isometry. The correct choice is (2). 5. The composite rx = 2 ry-axis represents a reflection of a point in the y-axis followed by a reflection of its image in the line x = 2. If P′ is the reflection of P in the y-axis, then PM = P′M, where PP′ is perpendicular to the y-axis and M is the intersection of PP′ with the y-axis. Thus, a reflection in the y-axis replaces a point P(x,y) by its image P′(-x,y). Therefore, ry-axis P(-4, 6) Æ P′(4,6). y

P (–4,6)

M

P (4,6)

x

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A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills y

P (0,6)

N

P (4,6)

x=2

x

P′(4,6) is next reflected in the line x = 2. The line x = 2 is a vertical line 2 units to the right of the y-axis. If P″ is the reflection of P′ in the line x = 2, then P′N = P′¢N, where P′P′¢ is perpendicular to x = 2 and N is the intersection of P′P′¢ with x = 2. Therefore, a reflection in the line x = 2 replaces a point P′(x,y) by its image, P″(x - 4,y). Therefore, rx=2 P′(4,6) → P″(4 – 4,6) or P″(0,6). Combining the results, rx=2 · ry-axisP(-4,6) Æ P″(0,6) The correct choice is (4). 6. If A(1,5) is mapped onto A′(5,1), this mapping replaces x by y and y by x: A(x,y) Æ A′(y,x) Such a mapping is produced by a reflection in a line through the origin inclined at 45° to the positive directions of both the x- and y-axes.

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111

y A(1,5)

Line of Reflection

A (5,1) x

An equation of this line of reflection is y = x. The line of reflection is y = x. 7a. Reflect AB in line q, followed by the refleciton of its image in line p; rp rq AB Æ CB Æ EF. b. When the composite is evaluated from right to left, point D is reflected in line q, followed by a reflection in line p, followed by a reflection in line q: rp rq rq D Æ F Æ B Æ B.

}

8. In general, after a translation of h units in the horizontal direction and k units in the vertical direciton, the image of P′(x,y) is P(x + h, y + k). Since

}

A(2,–3) → A′(2 + h,–3 + k)= A′(0,0),

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it follows that 2 + h = 0 and h = –2, –3 + k = 0 and k = 3. Therefore: B(0,4) → B′(0 + [–2], 4 + 3) = B′(–2,7) C(–1,5) → C′(–1 + [–2], 5 + 3) = C′(–3,8) B(–2,7), C′′(–3,8) 9. After graphing ABC, reflect points A, B, and C in the y-axis, as shown in the accompanying figure. Then connect the image points A′, B′, and C′ with line segments. y 10 8

B

B

6 4

A

–10 –8

–6

–4

2

–2

A

2

4

6

8

10

x

–2 C

–4

C

–6 –8 –10

10. The notation D2 represents a dilation with a scale factor of 2. Under a transformation with a scale factor of 2, the center of the circle remains the same and its radius is multiplied by 2. Since the given equation (x + 4)2 + (y – 2)2 = 81 can be rewritten as (x – (–4))2 + (y – 2)2 = 92, the center of the original circle is at (–4,2). Hence, the coordinates of the new traffic circle are also (–4,2). Because the radius of the original circle is 9, the length of the radius of the new traffic circle is 2 × 9 = 18.

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113

10. LOGICAL REASONING AND PROOF A statement in mathematics is a sentence that can be judged as true or false but not both. If p represents a statement, then the negation of p is the statement with the opposite truth value, denoted by ~p. If p represents “It is raining,” then ~p is the statement, “It is not raining.”

10.1 TYPES OF LOGICAL CONNECTIVES Two simple statements, sometimes represented by p and q, can be joined to together to form a new statement as summarized in the accompanying table. Type of Statement

Symbol Form

Truth Value

Conjunction (AND)

p^q

True when p and q are both true

Disjunction (OR)

p∨q

True when p is true or q is true or both are true

Conditional (If-then)

p→q

Always true except when p is true and q is false

Biconditional (If and only if)

p↔q

True when p and q have the same truth values

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10.2 FORMING RELATED CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS Starting with the conditional statement “If p, then q,” related conditionals can be formed as shown in the accompanying table. Related Conditional

How to Form Starting with “If p, then q” Sentence Form

Converse

Interchange p and q.

If q, then p.

Inverse

Negate both p and q.

If not p, then not q.

Contrapositive

Interchange and negate p and q.

If not q, then not p.

Biconditional

Connect p and q with “if and only if”

p if and only if q.

Logically equivalent statements are pairs of statements that always have the same truth value. A conditional statement and its contrapositive are logically equivalent, as are the converse and the inverse of a conditional statement.

115

Practice Exercises

1. Given the false statement, “Ben has a driver’s license or Ben is not 18 years old,” what is the truth value of the statement, “Ben is 18 years old”? 2. Given the true statement “I will buy a new suit or I will not go to the dance” and the false statement “I will buy a new suit,” what is the truth value of the statement, “I will go the dance”? 3. The statement “Maya plays on the basketball team or Maya joins the ski club” is false. Which statement is true? (1) Maya plays on the basketball team and Maya joins the ski club. (2) Maya plays on the basketball team and Maya does not join the ski club. (3) Maya does not play on the basketball team and Maya joins the ski club. (4) Maya does not play on the basketball team and Maya does not join the ski club. 4. Which statement is logically equivalent to the statement “If you are an elephant, then you do not forget”? (1) If you do not forget, then you are an elephant. (2) If you do not forget, then you are not an elephant. (3) If you are an elephant, then you forget. (4) If you forget, then you are not an elephant.

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Solutions 1. Because the given disjunction is false, both disjuncts must be false. • Hence, the truth value of the statement “Ben is not 18 years old” is false. • Since a statement and its negation have opposite truth values, the truth value of the statement “Ben is 18 years old” is true. 2. Because the given disjunction is true, at least one of the two disjuncts must also be true. • It is given that the disjunct “I will buy a new suit” is false. This means that the disjunct “I will not go to the dance” is true. • Since a statement and its negation have opposite truth values, the truth value of the statement “I will go to the dance” is false. 3. Because it is given that the statement “Maya plays on the basketball team or Maya joins the ski club” is false, each disjunct must be false. Therefore, the negation of each disjunct must be true. Thus, the statements “Maya does not play on the basketball team” and “Maya does not join the ski club” are both true, so that their conjunction (and) must be true. The correct choice is (4). 4. A conditional statement and its contrapositive are logically equivalent. To form the contrapositive of a conditional, switch and then negate the hypothesis and conclusion: • Given conditional: “If you are an elephant, then you do not forget.” • Contrapositive: “If you forget, then you are not an elephant.” The correct choice is (4).

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10.3 PROVING TRIANGLES CONGRUENT Two polygons with the same number of sides are congruent if all of their corresponding angles are congruent and all of their corresponding sides are congruent. The symbol for congruence is 艑. a°

5

3 90°

3 b°

4

90°

4

a°

b° 5

Congruent polygons have the same shape and size. To prove two triangles are congruent, it is sufficient to show that any one of the following conditions is true: • The three sides of one triangle are congruent to the corresponding parts of the other triangle (SSS 艑 SSS):

• Two sides and the included angle of one triangle are congruent to the corresponding parts of the other triangle (SAS 艑 SAS):

• Two angles and the included side of one triangle are congruent to the corresponding parts of the other triangle (ASA 艑 ASA):

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• Two angles and the side opposite one of these angles of one triangle are congruent to the corresponding parts of the other triangle (AAS 艑 AAS):

• The hypotenuse and a leg of one right triangle are congruent to the corresponding parts of the other right triangle (HL 艑 HL).

You may not conclude that two triangles are congurent when: • Two sides and an angle that is not included of one triangle are congruent to the corresponding parts of the other triangle.

SSA

SSA

• Three angles of one triangle are congruent to the corresponding parts of the other triangle.

AAA

AAA

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119

After proving two triangles are congruent, you can conclude that any pair of corresponding parts not used in the proof are congruent. Example The accompanying diagram shows quadrilateral BRON with diagonals NR and BO, which bisect each other at X. N

O

X B

R

Prove: BN 艑 OR. Solution: Mark off the diagram with the given. Also, mark off the congruent vertical angles. Prove BNX 艑 ORX by SAS 艑 SAS, so BN 艑 OR. N

O

X B

R

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A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills PROOF

Statement

Reason

1. Diagonals NR and BO bisect each other at X.

1. Given.

2. XN 艑 XR.

Side

2. A bisector of a segment divides it into two congruent segments.

3. NXB 艑 RXO. Angle

3. Vertical angles are congruent.

4. XB 艑 XO.

4. Same as reason 2.

Side

5. BNX 艑 ORX.

5. SAS 艑 SAS.

6. BN 艑 OR.

6. Corresponding parts of congruent triangles are congruent (CPCTC).

10.4 PROVING TRIANGLES ARE SIMILAR Two polygons are similar if all of their corresponding angles are congruent and the lengths of their corresponding sides are in proportion. The symbol for similarity is ~. 60° 1 60° 60°

2

60° 1

2

1 60°

60° 2

Similar polygons have the same shape but not necessarily the same size. To prove two triangles are similar, it is sufficient to show that any one of the following conditions is true:

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121

• Two angles of one triangle are congruent to two angles of the other triangle (AA similarity postulate). • The lengths of corresponding sides of the two triangles are in proportion (SSS similarity theorem). • The lengths of two pairs of sides of the two triangles are in proportion, and their included angles are congruent (SAS similarity theorem). After showing that two triangles are similar, you can conclude that the lengths of pairs of corresponding sides are in proportion. Example In the accompanying diagram, WA || CH and WH and AC intersect at point T. Prove that (WT)(CT) = (HT)(AT). W

A T

C

H

Solution: Reason backward from the Prove. In order to prove WT AT (WT)(CT) = (HT)(AT), show that the proportion = is HT CT true, which first requires proving WTA ~ HTC.

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Statement

Reason

1. WA || CH.

1. Given.

2. W 艑 H.

Angle

2. If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then alternate interior angles are congruent.

3. A 艑 C.

Angle

3. Same as reason 2.

4. WTA ~ HTC.

5.

WT AT = . HT CT

6. (WT)(CT) = (HT)(AT).

4. Two triangles are similar if two angles of one triangle are congruent to two angles of the other triangle. 5. The lengths of corresponding sides of similar triangles are in proportion. 6. In a proportion, the product of the means is equal to the product of the extremes.

When two triangles overlap a circle, you may be able to show that corresponding pairs of angles of the two triangles are congruent by using the following facts: • If two angles are measured by the same or congruent arcs, they are congruent. • An angle inscribed in a semicircle is a right angle.

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123

Example Given: AC is tangent to circle O at A, BD is a diameter, chord AB is drawn, and BC AC. C

A B

O

D

Prove:

BD AB = AB BC

Solution: To prove the proportion, first prove DBA ~ ABC by showing two pairs of corresponding angles are congruent. C

A B

O

D

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A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills PROOF

Statement

Reason

1. BD is a diameter; chord AB is drawn.

1. Given.

2. BAD is a right angle.

2. An angle inscribed in a semicircle is a right angle.

3. BC AC.

3. Given.

4. C is a right angle.

4. Perpendicular lines meet at right angles.

5. BAD 艑 C.

5. All right angles are congruent.

6. mD =

1 m AB. 2

7. AC is tangent to circle O at A. 8. mCAB =

1 m AB. 2

9. D 艑 CAB.

6. The measure of an inscribed angle is equal to one-half the measure of its intercepted arc. 7. Given.

8. The measure of an angle formed by a tangent and a chord is equal to one-half of the measure of its intercepted arc. 9. Angles having the same measure are congruent.

10. DBA ~ ABC.

10. AA 艑 AA.

11. BD = AB . AB BC

11. The lengths of corresponding sides of similar triangles are in proportion.

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125

10.5 COORDINATE PROOFS A coordinate proof may involve applying one or more of the following relationships to figures with variable or numerical coordinates. • To prove that a quadrilateral is a parallelogram, use the midpoint formula to show that the diagonals have the same midpoint and, as a result, bisect each other. • To prove that a quadrilateral is a rhombus, use the distance formula to show that the four sides have the same length. • To prove that two lines are perpendicular, use the slope formula to show that the product of the slopes of the two lines is –1. • To prove that a quadrilateral is a rectangle, show that it is a parallelogram and that it contains a right angle or that the two diagonals are congruent. • To prove that a quadrilateral is a trapezoid, use the slope formula to show that: (1) the slopes of two sides are equal and, as a result, the two sides are parallel; and (2) the slopes of two sides are unequal and, as a result, the two sides are not parallel. Example 1 The coordinates of quadrilateral PRAT are P(a,b), R(a,b + 3), A(a + 3, b + 4), and T(a + 6, b + 2). Prove that RA is parallel to PT. Solution: To prove that RA is parallel to PT, show that they have the same slope. • Slope of RA:

Δy ( b + 4) − ( b + 3) 4 − 3 1 = = = 3 3 Δx (a + 3) − a

• Slope of PT:

Δy ( b + 2) − ( b) 2 1 = = = 6 3 Δx (a + 6) − a

Hence, RA || PT.

126

A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

Example 2 Quadrilateral FAME has vertices F(2,–2), A(8, –1), M(9,3), and E(3,2). Prove that FAME is a parallelogram but not a rectangle. Solution: First, prove that FAME is a parallelogram. Then show either that its diagonals are not congruent or that a pair of adjacent sides do not form a right angle. Method 1: Use the midpoint formula to show that the quadrilateral is a parallelogram, and the distance formula to compare the lengths of the diagonals. A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if its diagonals have the same midpoint. • The coordinates of the midpoint of diagonal FM are ⎛ 2 + 9 −2 + 3 ⎞ ⎛ 11 1 ⎞ ⎜⎝ 2 , 2 ⎟⎠ = ⎜⎝ 2 , 2 ⎟⎠ . • The coordinates of the midpoint of diagonal AE are ⎛ 8 + 3 −1 + 2 ⎞ ⎛ 11 1 ⎞ ⎜⎝ 2 , 2 ⎟⎠ = ⎜⎝ 2 , 2 ⎟⎠ . • Since the diagonals of quadrilateral FAME have the same midpoint, the diagonals bisect each other and, as a result, FAME is a parallelogram. If the diagonals of a parallelogram have the same length, the parallelogram is a rectangle. Use the distance formula to find the lengths of diagonals FM and AE: FM = (9 − 2)2 + (3 − (−2))2 = 7 2 + 52 = AE = (3 − 8)2 + (2 − (−1))2 =

74

(−5)2 + 32 =

34

Since FM ≠ AE, parallelogram FAME is not a rectangle.

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127

Method 2: Use the slope formula to compare the slopes of opposite and adjacent sides. A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if its opposite sides have the same slope and, as a result, are parallel. • Slope FA =

Δy −1 − (−2) −1 + 2 1 = = = 6 6 Δx 8−2

• Slope AM =

Δy 3 − (−1) 3 + 1 1 = = = 1 3 Δx 9−8

• Slope ME =

Δy 2 − 3 −1 1 = = = Δx 3 − 9 −6 6

• Slope FE =

Δy 2 − (−2) 2 + 2 = = =4 1 Δx 3−2

1 Since slope FA = slope ME = , FA || ME. Also, slope AM = slope 6 FE = 4, so AM || FE. Hence, FAME is a parallelogram because both pairs of opposite sides are parallel. 1 Because and 4 are not negative reciprocals, FA and AM do 6 not form a right angle, so FAME is not a rectangle.

10.6 INDIRECT METHOD OF PROOF To prove a statement indirectly, assume what needs to be proved is not true. Then show that this leads to contradiction of a known fact. B

Example 1

Given: ABC is scalene; BD bisects ABC. Prove: BD is not perpendicular to AC.

A

2

3

4 D

C

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A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

Solution: Assume the opposite of the Prove: BD AC. Then 3 艑 4 since perpendicular lines intersect at right angles and all right angles are congruent. Because BD 艑 BD and 1 艑 2 (definition of an angle bisector), ABD 艑 CBD by ASA 艑 ASA. By CPCTC, AB 艑 BC. But this contradicts the Given which states that ABC is scalene. Hence, the assumption that BD AC must be false. It must be the case that BD is not perpendicular to AC, as this is the only other possibility. An indirect proof can also be presented using the two-column format: Assume BD AC and show that this means ABD 艑 CDB. Therefore, AB 艑 BC, which contradicts the Given that ABC is scalene. PLAN:

PROOF

Statement

Reason

1. Assume BD AC.

1. Assume that the opposite of what needs to be proved is true.

2. 3 艑 4.

Angle

2. Perpendicular lines interesect to form congruent adjacent angles.

3. BD 艑 BD.

Side

3. Reflexive property of congruence.

4. 1 艑 2.

Angle

4. It is given that BD bisects ABC.

5. ADB 艑 CDB.

5. ASA postulate.

6. AB 艑 BC.

6. CPCTC.

7. ABC is scalene.

7. Given.

8. Statement 7 contradicts statement 6.

8. In a scalene triangle, no two sides have the same length.

9. BD is not perpendicular to AC.

9. Because statement 1 leads to a contradiction, its opposite is true.

129

Practice Exercises

1. The lengths of the five sides of a pentagon are 1, 3, 5, 7, and 12. If the length of the longest side of a similar pentagon is 18, what is the perimeter of the larger pentagon? (1) 24 (3) 42 (2) 36 (4) 48 2. If the midpoints of the sides of a triangle are connected, the area of the triangle formed is what part of the area of the original triangle? 1 3 (1) (3) 4 8 (2)

1 3

(4)

1 2

3. At a certain time during the day, light falls so that a pole 10 feet in height casts a shadow 15 feet in length on level ground. At the same time, a man casts a shadow that is 9 feet in length. How tall is the man?

130

A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

D

20

B

A

E

4. In the accompanying diagram of right triangle ACB, C is a right angle. Point D is on leg AC, and point E is on hypotenuse AB with AD DE. Explain why ABC is similar to AED. If BC = 20 and the ratio of AD to CD is 3:2, find the length of DE. E

A

D

C

B

5. In the accompanying diagram, AB BE and DE BE. Explain why ABC is similar to DEC. If AC = 8, DC = 12, and BE = 15, what is BC? D

E

C

G

A

F

B

6. In the accompanying diagram of parallelogram ABCD, DE 艑 BF. Triangle EGC can be proved congruent to triangle FGA by (1) HL 艑 HL (3) AAS 艑 AAS (2) AAA 艑 AAA (4) SSA 艑 SSA

A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

7. Given: MK ⬜ JL, LP ⬜ JM, JK 艑 JP Prove: 䉭JMK 艑䉭JLP

131

L

M

K

P

J

8. Given: Circle O, DB is tangent to the circle at B, BC and BA AB . are chords, and C is the midpoint of  C D

O

B

A

Prove: ⬔ABC 艑 ⬔CBD 9. Given: Rectangle ABCD, BNPC, AEP, DEN, and AP ⬵ DN. B

A

N E

P D

Prove: a. 䉭ABP 艑䉭DCN b. AE 艑 DE

C

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A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

10. The vertices of quadrilateral GAME are G(r,s), A(0,0), M(t,0), and E(t + r,s). Using coordinate geometry, prove that quadrilateral GAME is a parallelogram. 11. Given: Isosceles triangle ABC, BA ⬵ BC, AE BC, and BD AC. B

E

A

Prove:

D

C

AC AE = BA BD

12. Given: AB 艑 AC; BD ⬵ CD. A

B

E

D

Prove: BE ⬵ EC

C

A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

13. Given: ABCD; E is the midpoint of AD; F is the midpoint of BC. B

F

2

C

G 1

A

D

E

Prove: G is the midpoint of EF. 14. Given: AB 艑 AC; BD 艑 CE, BF AD, CG AE, and 1 艑 2. A

G

F D

Prove: DF 艑 EG

1 B

2 C

E

133

134

A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

15. In the accompanying diagram of circle O, diameter AOB is drawn, chords AC, CD, and BC are drawn, secant EAD, and EC ⬜ CD. E A

C

D

O

B

Prove: 䉭ABC ~ 䉭EDC 16. Given: ABCD is a parallelogram. Prove: KM × LB = LM × KD

L

B

C

M

A

K

D

Solutions 1. Let x = perimeter of the larger pentagon. Then:

longest side of smaller pentagon perimeter of smaller pentagon = longest sidee of larger pentagon perimeter of larger pentagon 12 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 12 = 18 x 2 28 = 3 x

A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

135

2x = 84 x = 84 2 = 42 The correct choice is (3). 2. The triangle formed by joining the midpoints of the sides of a triangle is similar to the original triangle such that the ratio of the lengths of their corresponding sides is 1:2. Since the ratio of the areas of similar triangles is the same as the square of the ratio of the lengths of corresponding sides, the area of the triangle 2

 1 1 formed is   or of the area of the original triangle.  2 4

The correct choice is (1). 3. The shadow cast by the pole and the man can be represented as legs of right triangles in which the hypotenuses represent the rays of light. Lig Pole 10 ft

ht R

ay

Lig

15 ft Shadow of Pole

ht R

ay 9 ft Shadow of Man

Man x ft

Assume that in each right triangle the ray of light makes the same angle with the ground. Since two angles of the first right triangle are congruent to two angles of the second right triangle, the two right triangles are similar and, as a result, the lengths of their corresponding sides are in proportion. Hence:

136

A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

height of pole shadow of pole = height of man shadow of man 10 15 = x 9 15x = 90 x = 90 15 =6 4. Since C 艑 D (right angles are congruent) and A 艑 A, ABC ~ AED. Because it is given that AD:CD = 3:2, represent the lengths of AD and CD by 3x and 2x, respectively. The lengths of corresponding sides of similar triangles are in proportion. Thus: DE AD = BC AC DE 3x = 20 2x + 3x DE 3 x = 20 5x DE 3 = 20 5 5(DE) = 60 5(DE) 60 = 5 5 DE = 12 The length of DE is 12.

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137

5. Since B 艑 E (right angles are congruent) and ACB 艑 DCE (vertical angles are congruent), ABC ~ DEC. The lengths of corresponding sides of similar triangles are in proportion. If x represents the length of BC, then 15 – x represents the length of EC. Thus: AC BC = DC EC 8 x = 12 15 − x 12x = 8(15 – x) 12x = 120 – 8x 12x + 8x = 120 20 x 120 = 20 60 x=6 BC = 6. 6. Because vertical angles are congruent, EGC 艑 FGA (A). Since opposite sides of a parallelogram are parallel, alternate interior angles are congruent, so CEG 艑 AFG (A). Opposite sides of a parallelogram are congruent, and it is given that DE 艑 BF. Using the subtraction property, it must be the case that CE 艑 AF (S). Hence, triangle EGC could be proved congruent to triangle FGA by AAS 艑 AAS. The correct choice is (3).

138

A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

7. PLAN: Since J 艑 J (A), JK 艑 JP (S), and 1 艑 2 (A), prove the triangles congruent by using the ASA postulate. M

L

K

1

2

P

J

PROOF

Statement

Reason

1. MK JL, LP JM.

1. Given.

2. Angles 1 and 2 are right angles.

2. Perpendicular lines interesect to form right angles.

3. 1 艑 2.

Angle

3. All right angles are congruent.

4. JK 艑 JP.

Side

4. Given.

5. J 艑 J.

Angle

5. Reflexive property of congruence.

6. JMK 艑 JLP.

6. ASA postulate.

8. Given: Circle O, DB is tangent to the circle at B, BC and BA are . chords, and C is the midpoint of AB Prove: ABC ⬵ CBD PLAN : Show that the measures of angles ABC and CBD are one-half the measures of equal arcs and, as a result, the angles are congruent.

C

O A

D

B

A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

139

PROOF

Statement . 1. C is the midpoint of AB = m BC . 2. m AC

1 3. mABC = m AC . 2

Reason 1. Given. 2. The midpoint of an arc divides the arc into two arcs that have the same measure. 3. The measure of an inscribed angle is one-half the measure of its intercepted arc.

4. DB is tangent to the circle O at B. 1 5. mCBD = m DC . 2

4. Given.

6. mABC ⬵ mCBD.

6. Halves of equal quantities are equal.

7. ABC ⬵ CBD.

7. Angles that are equal in measure are congruent.

5. The measure of an angle formed by a tangent and a chord is one-half the measure of its intercepted arc.

9. Given: Rectangle ABCD, BNPC, AEP, DEN, and AP ⬵ DN. Prove: a. ABP ⬵ DCN b. AE ⬵ DE A

B N E

P D

C

140 PLAN:

A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

a. Prove right triangle ABP ⬵ right triangle DCN by HL ⬵ HL. b. Prove AE ⬵ DE by showing that the angles opposite these sides in AED are congruent: A 3

B

1

N E

4 D

P

2

C

PROOF

Statement

Reason

a. Prove ABP ⬵ DCN. 1. ABCD is a rectangle. 2. A, B, C, and D are right angles. 3. ABP and DCN are right triangles.

1. Given. 2. A rectangle contains four right angles. 3. A triangle that contains a right angle is a right triangle.

4. AP ⬵ DN (H). 5. AB ⬵ CD (L). 6. ABP ⬵ DCN. b. Prove AE ⬵ DE. 7. m1 = m2. 8. mBAD = mCDA. 9. m3 = m4.

10. AE ⬵ DE.

4. Given. 5. Opposite sides of a rectangle are congruent. 6. HL ⬵ HL. 7. Corresponding angles of congruent triangles are equal in measure. 8. Right angles are equal in measure. 9. If equals (m1 = m2) are subtracted from equals (mBAD = mCDA), the differences are equal. 10. If two angles of a triangle have equal measures, the sides opposite these angles are congruent.

A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

141

10. A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if its diagonals have the same midpoint and, as a result, bisect each other. • Determine the x- and y-coordinates of the midpoint of diagonal GM by finding the averages of the corresponding coordinates of G(r,s) and M(t,0): ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ Midpoint of GM = ⎜ r + t , s + 0 ⎟ = ⎜ r + t , s ⎟ ⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 2⎠ • Determine the x- and y-coordinates of the midpoint of diagonal AE by finding the averages of the corresponding coordinates of A(0,0) and E(t + r,s):

(

)

⎡0 + t + r 0 + s⎤ ⎛ r + t s⎞ Midpoint of AE = ⎢ , , ⎥= 2 2 ⎥⎦ ⎜⎝ 2 2 ⎟⎠ ⎢⎣ • Diagonals GM and AE of quadrilateral GAME have the same midpoint; hence they bisect each other. Therefore, quadrilateral GAME is a parallelogram. 11. Given: Isosceles triangle ABC, BA ⬵ BC, AE BC, and BD AC. AC AE Prove: = BA BD B

PLAN :

Show that triangles AEC and BDA are similar and that, as a result, the lengths of their corresponding sides are in proportion.

E

A

D

C

142

A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills PROOF

Statement 1. BA ⬵ BC. 2. BAD ⬵ ACE (A).

3. AE BC, BD AC. 4. Angles BDA and AEC are right angles. 5. BDA ⬵ AEC (A). 6. AEC ⬃ BDA.

7. Prove:

AC AE = . BA BD

Reason 1. Given. 2. If two sides of a triangle are congruent, then the angles opposite these sides are congruent. 3. Given. 4. Perpendicular lines meet to form right angles. 5. All right angles are congruent. 6. Two triangles are similar if two angles of one triangle are congruent to two angles of the other triangle. 7. The lengths of corresponding sides of similar triangles are in proportion.

12. Given: AB 艑 AC; BD ⬵ CD. Prove: BE ⬵ EC PLAN: Use an indirect proof. Assume that BE 艑 EC and show that this leads to a contradiction of the given fact that BD ⬵ CD.

A

B

E

D

C

A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

143

PROOF

Statement

Reason

1. AB 艑 AC (S). 2. BD ⬵ CD.

1. Given. 2. Given.

3. Either BE ⬵ EC or BE 艑 EC. 4. BE 艑 EC (S).

3. A statement is either true or false. 4. Assume that the opposite of what needs to be proved is true. 5. Reflective property of congruence.

5. AE ⬵ AE (S). 6. AEB ⬵ AEC.

6. SSS ⬵ SSS.

7. AEB ⬵ AEC.

7. Corresponding parts of congruent triangles are congruent. 8. Supplements of congruent angles are congruent. 9. Reflexive property of congruence.

8. BED ⬵ CED (A). 9. ED ⬵ ED (S). 10. BED ⬵ CED.

10. SAS ⬵ SAS.

11. BD ⬵ CD.

11. Corresponding parts of congruent triangles are congruent. 12. Statement 11 contradicts statement 2. The assumption made in statement 4 must be false, and so its opposite must be true.

/ EC 12. BE ⬵

144

A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

13. PLAN: Show that DGE ⬵ BGF by the AAS Theorem. PROOF

Statement

Reason

1. ABCD. 2. DGE ⬵ BGF. Angle

1. Given. 2. Vertical angles are congruent.

3. AD || BC.

3. Opposite sides of a parallelogram are parallel. 4. If two lines are parallel, then alternate interior angles are congruent. 5. Opposite sides of a parallelogram are equal in length.

4. 1 ⬵ 2.

Angle

5. AE = BC. 6. E is the midpoint of AD; F is the midpoint of BC. 1 7. DE = AD, BF = 2 8. DE = BF. 9. DE ⬵ BF.

1 BC. 2 Side

6. Given.

7. Definition of midpoint. 8. Halves of equals are equal. 9. Segments having equal lengths are congruent.

10. DGE ⬵ BGF.

10. AAS theorem.

11. EG ⬵ FG. 12. G is the midpoint of EF.

11. CPCTC. 12. Definition of midpoint.

A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills

145

14. Write a paragraph proof by reasoning as follows: To prove DF ⬵ EG, we must prove DFB ⬵ EGC. Before we can prove these triangles congruent, we need to show that ABD ⬵ ACE. These triangles are congruent by SAS ⬵ SAS since AB ⬵ AC (Given); ABD ⬵ ACE (supplements of congruent angles 1 and 2 are congruent); BD ⬵ CE (Given). Because ABD ⬵ ACE, D ⬵ E. We can use these congruent angles to prove that DFB ⬵ EGC. We know that D ⬵ E (CPCTC), DFB ⬵ EGC (right angles are congruent), and BD ⬵ CE. Therefore, DFB ⬵ EGC by AAS ⬵ AAS. Hence, DF ⬵ EG by CPCTC. 15. Prove ABC ~ EDC by showing that two pairs of corresponding angles are congruent. E A

C

D

O

B

146

A Brief Review of Key Geometry Facts and Skills PROOF

Statement 1. EC CD. 2. ECD is a right angle. 3. Angle ACB is a right angle. 4. ACB ⬵ ECD. 5. B ⬵ D. 6. ABC ~ EDC.

Reason 1. Given. 2. Perpendicular lines intersect to form right angles. 3. An angle inscribed in a semicircle is a right angle. 4. All right angles are congruent. 5. In a circle, inscribed angles that intercept the same arc are congruent. 6. Two triangles are similar if two pairs of corresponding angles are congruent.

16. Prove KMD ~ LMB by showing that two pairs of corresponding angles are congruent. PROOF

Statement 1. ABCD. 2. AD || BC. 3. 1 ⬵ 2; 3 ⬵ 4. 4. KMD ~ LMB. KM KD 5. = . LM LB 6. KM × LB = LM × KD.

Reason 1. Given. 2. Opposite sides of a parallelogram are parallel. 3. If two lines are parallel, then their alternate interior angles are congruent. 4. AA theorem. 5. The lengths of corresponding sides of similar triangles are in proportion. 6. In a proportion, the product of the means equals the product of the extremes.

147

Geometric Constructions

BASIC CONSTRUCTIONS Geometric constructions, unlike drawings, are made with only a straightedge and a compass. The point at which the sharp point of the compass is placed is called the center, and the fixed compass setting that is used to draw arcs is the radius length. Here are two basic constructions. • To construct a segment that is congruent to a given segment: A

B

Step 1. Draw any line and choose any convenient point on it. Label the line as 艎 and the point as C.

Diagram ᐉ

2. Using a compass, measure AB by placing the compass point on A and the pencil point on B. 3. Using the same compass setting, place the compass point on C and draw an arc that interesects line 艎. Label the point of intersection as D. Conclusion: AB 艑 CD.

C

A

ᐉ

C

B

D

148

Geometric Constructions

• To construct an angle that is congruent to a given angle: A

C

B

Step 1. Draw any line and choose any convenient point on it. Label the line as 艎 and the point as S.

Diagram ᐉ

S A

2. Using any convenient compass setting, place the compass point on B and draw an arc inter secting BC at X and BA at Y.

Y

3. Using the same compass setting, place the compass point on S and draw an arc WT intersecting line 艎 at T.

B

4. Adjust the compass setting to measure the line segment determined by points X and Y by placing the compass point at X and the pencil at Y. 5. Using the same compass setting, place the compass point at T and construct an arc intersecting arc WT at point R. 6. Using a straightedge, draw SR .

C

X

W R

ᐉ

S

T

Geometric Constructions

149

Conclusion: ∠ABC 艑 ∠RST. Reason: The arcs were constructed so that BX 艑 ST, BY 艑 SR, and XY 艑 TR. Therefore, 䉭XYB 艑䉭TRS by the SSS postulate. Since all of the corresponding pairs of parts of congruent triangles are congruent, ∠ABC 艑 ∠RST.

REQUIRED CONSTRUCTIONS There are six constructions that you are required to know. Required Construction 1: To construct an equilateral triangle using a given segment length. A

B

Step

Diagram

1. Set the radius length of your compass equal to the length of AB by placing the fixed point of the compass on A and the pencil point on B.

A

2. Using this compass setting and keeping the point of the compass on A, draw an arc.

B

C

3. Shift the compass point to B. Using the same radius length, draw a second arc. Label the point at which the two arcs intersect, C. 4. Draw AC and BC.

A

B

150

Geometric Constructions

Conclusion: 䉭ABC is equilateral. Reason: The distance from A to any point on the first arc is AB, and the distance from B to any point on the second arc is also AB. Therefore, the third vertex of the equilateral triangle is the point at which these two arcs intersect, labeled point C, since AC = BC = AB. Required Construction 2: To construct the bisector of a given angle. A

B

C

Step

Diagram

1. Using B as a center, construct an arc, using any convenient radius length, that intersects BA at point P and BC at point Q. 2. Using points P and Q as centers and the same radius length, draw a pair of arcs that intersect. Label the point at which the arcs intersect as D. 3. Draw BD .

A P D

B

1 2

Q

C

Conclusion: BD is the bisector of ∠ABC. Reason: The arcs were constructed so that BP = BQ and PD = QD, thus making 䉭BPD 艑䉭BQD. Therefore, m∠1 = m∠2.

Geometric Constructions

151

Required Construction 3: To construct the perpendicular bisector of a given segment. A

B

Step

Diagram

1. Label points A and B and draw AB. Choose any compass setting (radius length) that is more than one-half the length of AB. 2. Using this compass setting and points A and B as centers, construct a pair of arcs above and below AB. Label the points at which the pairs of arcs intersect as P and Q. 3. Draw PQ and label the point of intersection of PQ and AB as M.

P

A

M

B

Q

Conclusion: PQ is the perpendicular bisector of AB. Reason: The arcs were constructed in such a way that AP = BP = AQ = BQ. Since quadrilateral APBQ is equilateral, it is a rhombus. Since the diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular bisectors, AM 艑 BM and PQ ⬜ AB.

152

Geometric Constructions

Required Construction 4: To construct a line perpendicular to a given line at a given point on the line. P

Step

Diagram

1. Using P as a center and any convenient radius length, construct an arc that intersects line 艎 at two points. Label these points as A and B. 2. Choose a radius length greater than one-half the length of AB. Using points A and B as centers, construct, on either side of line 艎, a pair of arcs that intersect at point Q. 3. Draw PQ .

A

P

B

Q

Conclusion: PQ ⬜ 艎. Reason: The arcs were constructed so that AP = PB and AQ = BQ, thus making 䉭 APQ 艑䉭BPQ by SSS 艑 SSS. This means that angles APQ and BPQ areboth congruent and adjacent; so each must be a right angle, making PQ ⬜ 艎.

Geometric Constructions

153

Required Construction 5: To construct a line parallel to a given line through a given point. P

A

B

Step

Diagram

1. Through P draw any convenient line 艎, extending so that it intersects AB . Label the point of intersection as Q. 2. Construct an angle with vertex at P, congruent to ∠PQB (see construction 2), as shown. 3. Draw PS .

R

x° P

S

x° A

Q

B

Conclusion: PS || AB . Reason: The arcs were constructed so that ∠PQB and ∠RPS are congruent corresponding angles, making PS || AB .

154

Geometric Constructions

Required Construction 6: To construct a line perpendicular to a given line through a given point not on the line. P

Step

Diagram

1. Using P as a center and any convenient radius length, construct an arc that intersects line 艎 at two points. Label these points as A and B. 2. Choose a radius length greater than one-half the length of AB. Using points A and B as centers, construct a pair of arcs that intersect at point Q. 3. Draw PQ , intersecting line 艎 at point M.

P

A

Conclusion: PQ is perpendicular to 艎 at point M.

M

Q

B

155

Glossary of Terms

acute angle An angle whose degree measure is less than 90 and greater than 0. acute triangle A triangle with three acute angles. adjacent angles Two angles with the same vertex, a common side, and no interior points in common. altitude In a triangle, a segment that is perpendicular to the side to which it is drawn. angle The union of two rays that have the same endpoint. angle of rotational symmetry The smallest positive angle through which a figure with rotational symmetry can be rotated so that it 360 coincides with itself. For a regular n–polygon, this angle is . n apothem The radius of the inscribed circle of a regular polygon. arc A part of a circle whose endpoints are two distinct points of the circle. If the degree measure of the arc is less than 180, the arc is a minor arc. If the degree measure of the arc is greater than 180, the arc is a major arc. A semicircle is an arc whose degree measure is 180. biconditional A statement of the form “p if and only if q,” where statement p is the hypothesis of a conditional statement and statement q is the conclusion. A biconditional is true only when both of its parts have the same truth values. bisect To divide into two congruent parts. center of a regular polygon The point in the interior of the polygon that is equidistant from each of the vertices. It is also the common center of its inscribed and circumscribed circles.

156

Glossary of Terms

central angle of a circle An angle whose vertex is at the center of a circle and whose sides contain radii. central angle of a regular polygon An angle whose vertex is the center of the polygon and whose sides are drawn to consecutive vertices of the polygon. centroid of a triangle The point of intersection of its three medians. chord of a circle A line segment whose endpoints are points on a circle. circle The set of points (x, y) in the plane that are a fixed distance r from a given point (h, k) called the center. An equation of the circle is (x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = r2 circumcenter of a triangle The center of the circle that can be circumscribed about a triangle. It can be located by finding the point of intersection of the perpendicular bisectors of two of its sides. circumscribed circle about a polygon A circle that has each vertex of a polygon on it. circumscribed polygon about a circle A polygon that has all of its sides tangent to the circle. collinear points Points that lie on the same line. common external tangent A line tangent to two circles that does not intersect the line joining their centers at a point between the two circles. common internal tangent A line tangent to two circles that intersects the line joining their centers at a point between the two circles. complementary angles Two angles whose degree measures add up to 90. composition of transformations A sequence of transformations in which one transformation is applied to the image of another transformation. concave polygon A polygon in which there are two points in the interior of the polygon such that the line through them, when extended, intersects the polygon in more than two points. A concave polygon contains at least one interior angle that measures more than 180. concentric circles Circles in the same plane with the same center but unequal radii.

Glossary of Terms

157

conclusion In a conditional statement of the form “If . . . then . . . ,” the statement that follows “then.” concurrent When three or more lines intersect at the same point. conditional statement A statement of the form “If p, then q.” A conditional statement is always true except in the single instance in which statement p (the hypothesis) is true and statement q (the conclusion) is false. cone A solid figure with a circular base and a curved lateral surface that joins the base to a point in a different plane called the vertex. congruent angles (or sides) Angles (or sides) that have the same measure. The symbol “is congruent to” is 艑. congruent circles Circles with congruent radii. congruent parts Pairs of angles or sides that are equal in measure and, as a result, are congruent. congruent polygons Two polygons with the same number of sides such that all corresponding angles are congruent and all corresponding sides are congruent. congruent triangles Two triangles that agree in all of their corresponding parts. Two triangles are congruent if any one of the following conditions is true: the three sides of one triangle are congruent to the corresponding sides of the other triangle (SSS 艑 SSS); two sides and the included angle of one triangle are congruent to the corresponding parts of the other triangle (SAS 艑 SAS); two angles and the included side of one triangle are congruent to the corresponding parts of the other triangle (ASA 艑 ASA); two angles and the side opposite one of these angles are congruent to the corresponding parts of the other triangle (AAS 艑 AAS). conjunction A statement that uses “and” to connect two other statements called conjuncts. A conjunction is true only when both conjuncts are true. contrapositive The statement formed by interchanging and then negating the “If ” and “then” parts of a conditional statement. Symbolically, the contrapositive of p → q is ~q → ~p. converse The statement formed by interchanging the “If ” and “then” parts of a conditional statement. Symbolically, the converse of p → q is q → p. convex polygon A polygon for which any line that passes through it, provided the line is not tangent to a side or a corner point, intersects the polygon in exactly two points. Each interior angle

158

Glossary of Terms

of a convex polygon measures less than 180. A nonconvex polygon is called a concave polygon. coplanar A term applied to figures that lie in the same plane. corollary A theorem that can be easily proved from another theorem. counterexample A specific example that disproves a statement. cylinder A solid figure with congruent circular bases that lie in parallel planes connected by a curved lateral surface. deductive reasoning A valid chain of reasoning that uses general principles and accepted facts to reach a specific conclusion. 1 degree A unit of angle measurement def ined as of one 360 complete rotation of a ray about its vertex. diagonal of a polygon A line segment whose endpoints are two nonconsecutive vertices of the polygon. diameter A chord of a circle that contains the center of the circle. dilation A transformation in which a figure is enlarged or reduced in size according to a given scale factor. direct isometry An isometry that preserves orientation. disjunction A statement that uses “or” to connect two other statements called disjuncts. The symbol for disjunction is ∨ . A disjunction is true when at least one of the disjuncts is true. edge of a solid A segment that is the intersection of two faces of the solid. equidistant A term that means “same distance.” equilateral triangle A triangle in which the three sides have the same length. equivalence relation A relation in which the reflexive property (a = a), symmetric property (a = b and b = a), and transitive property (if a = b and b = c, then a = c) hold. Congruence, similarity, and parallelism are equivalence relations. exterior angle of a polygon An angle formed by a side of the polygon and the extension of an adjacent side of the polygon. externally tangent circles Circles that lie on opposite sides of their common tangent. extremes The first and last terms of a proportion. In the proportion a c = , the terms a and d are the extremes. b d

Glossary of Terms

159

frustrum The part of a cone that remains after a plane parallel to the base of the cone slices off part of the cone below its vertex. geometric mean See mean proportional. glide reflection The composite of a line reflection and a translation whose direction is parallel to the reflecting line. great circle The largest circle that can be drawn on a sphere. hypotenuse In a right triangle, the side opposite the right angle. hypothesis In a conditional statement of the form “If . . . then . . . ,” the statement that follows “If.” image The result of applying a geometric transformation to an object called the preimage. incenter of a triangle The center of the inscribed circle of a triangle that represents the common point at which its three angle bisectors intersect. indirect proof A deductive method of reasoning that eliminates all but one possibility for the conclusion. inductive reasoning The process of reasoning from a few specific cases to a broad generalization. Conclusions obtained through inductive reasoning may or may not be true. inscribed angle An angle of a circle whose vertex is a point on a circle and whose sides are chords. inscribed circle of a triangle A circle drawn so that the three sides of the triangle are tangent to the circle. internally tangent circles Tangent circles that lie on the same side of their common tangent. inverse of a statement The statement formed by negating the “If ” and “then” parts of a conditional statement. Symbolically, the inverse of p → q is ~p → ~q. isometry A transformation that preserves distance. Reflections, translations, and rotations are isometries, so they produce congruent iamges. A dilation is not an isometry. isosceles triangle A triangle in which two sides have the same length. lateral edge An edge of a prism or pyramid that is not a side of a base. lateral face A face of a prism or pyramid that is not a base. leg of a right triangle Either of the two sides of a right triangle that include the right angle. line of symmetry A line that divides a figure into two congruent reflected parts.

160

Glossary of Terms

linear pair Two adjacent angles whose exterior sides are opposite rays. line reflection A transformation in which each point P on one side of the reflecting line is paired with a point P′ on the opposite side of it so that the reflecting line is the perpendicular bisector of PP′. If P is on the reflecting line, then P′ coincides with P. line symmetry When a figure can be reflected in a line so that the image coincides with the original figure. locus The set of points, and only those points, that satisfy a given condition. The plural of “locus” is “loci.” logically equivalent Statements that always have the same truth values. A statement and its contrapositive are logically equivalent. major arc An arc whose degree measure is greater than 180 and less than 360. mapping A pairing of the elements of one set with the elements of another set. A mapping between sets A and B is one-to-one if every member of A corresponds to exactly one member of B and every member of B corresponds to exactly one member of A. a x mean proportional In the proportion = , x is the mean x d proportional between a and d where x = ad . midsegment The line segment whose endpoints are the midpoints of two sides of a triangle. minor arc An arc whose degree measure is between 0 and 180. n–gon A polygon with n sides. negation of a statement The statement with the opposite truth value. Symbolically, the negation of statement p is ~p. noncollinear points Points that do not all lie on the same line. orthocenter of a triangle The point of intersection of the three altitudes of a triangle. parallel lines Coplanar lines that do not intersect. parallelogram A quadrilateral that has two pairs of parallel sides. parallel postulate Euclid’s controversial assumption that through a point not on a line exactly one line can be drawn parallel to the given line. perpendicular bisector A line that is perpendicular to a line segment at its midpoint. perpendicular lines Two lines that intersect to form right angles.

Glossary of Terms

161

point-slope equation of a line An equation of a line with the form y – b = m(x – a), where m is the slope of the line and (a, b) is a point on the line. point symmetry A figure has point symmetry if after it is rotated 180° (a half-turn) the image coincides with the original figure. polygon A closed plane figure bounded by line segments that intersect only at their endpoints. polyhedron A closed solid figure in which each side is a polygon. postulate A statement that is accepted as true without proof. preimage The original figure in a transformation. If A′ is the image of A under a transformation, then A is the preimage of A′. prism A polyhedron whose faces, called bases, are congruent polygons in parallel planes. proportion An equation that states that two ratios are equal. In the a c proportion = , a and d are called the extremes and b and c are b d called the means. In a proportion, the product of the means is equal to the product of the extremes. Thus, a × d = b × c. pyramid A solid figure formed by joining the vertices of a polygon base to a point in a different plane known as the vertex. Pythagorean Theorem In a right triangle, the square of the length of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the lengths of the two legs. quadrilateral A polygon with four sides. ray Part of a line consisting of an endpoint and the set of all points on one side of the endpoint. rectangle A parallelogram with four right angles. reflection A transformation that produces an image that is the mirror image of the original object. reflection rules Reflections of points in the coordinate axes are given by the following rules: rx-axis(x, y) = (x, –y), ry-axis(x, y) = (–x, y). To reflect a point in the origin, use the rule rorigin(x, y) = (–x, –y). See also line reflection. reflexive property A quantity is equal (or congruent) to itself. regular polygon A polygon that is both equilateral and equiangular, such as a square. rhombus A parallelogram with four congruent sides. right angle An angle whose degree measure is 90. right triangle A triangle that contains a right angle.

162

Glossary of Terms

rotation A transformation in which a point or figure is turned a given number of degrees about a fixed point. rotation rules The images of points rotated about the origin through angles that are multiples of 90° are given by the following rules: R90° (x, y) = (–y, x), R180°(x, y) = (–x,–y), and R270° (x, y) = (y, –x). rotational symmetry When a figure can be rotated through a positive angle of less than 360° so that the image coincides with the original figure. scalene triangle A triangle in which no two sides are congruent. secant line A line that intersects a circle in two different points. sector of a circle The interior region of a circle bounded by two radii and their intercepted arc. segment of a circle The interior region of a circle bounded by a chord of a circle and its intercepted arc. semicircle An arc whose degree measure is 180. similar polygons Polygons with the same shape. Similar polygons have congruent corresponding angles and corresponding sides that are in proportion. similar triangles Triangles with congruent corresponding angles and corresponding sides whose lengths are in proportion. Two triangles are similar if any one of the following conditions is true: (1) two angles of one triangle are congruent to the corresponding angles of the other triangle; (2) a pair of corresponding angles are congruent and the lengths of the sides including those angles are in proportion; (3) the lengths of the corresponding sides of the two triangles are in proportion. skew lines Lines in different planes that do not intersect but are not parallel. slant height of a right cone The distance from any point along the circular base to the vertex. slant height of a pyramid The distance measured along a face from the base to the vertex. slope A numerical measure of the steepness of a line. The slope of a vertical line is undefined. slope-intercept equation of a line An equation of a line with the form y = mx + b, where m is the slope of the line and b is the y-intercept. sphere The set of all points in space that are at a fixed distance from a given point called the center of the sphere.

Glossary of Terms

163

square A parallelogram with four right angles and four congruent sides. substitution property A quantity may be replaced by its equal in an equation. supplementary angles Two angles whose degree measures add up to 180. symmetric property If a = b, then b = a. tangent circles Circles in the same plane that are tangent to the same line at the same point. Internally tangent circles lie on the same side of the common tangent. Externally tangent circles lie on opposite sides of the common tangent. tangent of a circle A line in the same plane as the circle that intersects it in exactly one point. theorem A mathematical generalization that can be proved. transformation A change in the position, size, or shape of a figure according to some given rule. transitive property If a = b and b = c, then a = c. translation A transformation in which each point of a figure is shifted the same distance and in the same direction. The notation T h, k (x, y) represents the translation of a point in the coordinate plane h units horizontally and k units vertically. Thus, Th, k (x, y) = (x + h, y + k). transversal A line that intersects two or more other lines in different points. trapezoid A quadrilateral in which exactly one pair of sides is parallel. The nonparallel sides are called legs. triangle inequality In any triangle, the length of each side must be less than the sum of the lengths of the other two sides and greater than their difference. truth value For a statement, either true or false, but not both. vertex angle In an isosceles triangle, the angle formed by the two congruent sides. vertex of a polygon The point at which two sides of the polygon intersect. The plural of “vertex” is “vertices.” vertical angles Opposite pairs of congruent angles formed when two lines intersect. volume The amount of space a solid figure occupies as measured by the number of nonoverlapping 1 × 1 × 1 unit cubes that can exactly fill its interior.

165

Regents Examinations, Answers, and Self-Analysis Charts

Important Note The sample test that follows is not an actual Regents Examination. It is a practice test that has the same format and similar topic coverage of an actual Regents Examination in Geometry. An official Test Sampler from the New York State Education Department begins on page 205. The last four exams in the book (starting on page 259) were actually administered in June and August 2009 and June and August 2010. These are the first actual tests available for your review, so they should be very helpful for you as you prepare for the Regents.

167

Examination Sample Test 1 Geometry

PART I Answer all questions in this part. Each correct answer will receive 2 credits. No partial credit will be allowed. For each question, write in the space provided the number preceding the word or expression that best completes the statement or answers the question. [56 credits] 1 One piece of the birdhouse that Natalie is building is shaped like a regular pentagon, as shown in the accompanying diagram. If side AE is extended to point F, what is the measure of exterior angle DEF? C B

D A

(1) 36 (2) 72

E

F

(3) 108 (4) 144

1 _____

168

SAMPLE TEST 1

2 What are the coordinates of point (2, –3) after it is reflected over the x-axis? (1) (2, 3) (2) (–2, 3)

(3) (–2, –3) (4) (–3, 2)

2 _____

3 In the accompanying diagram, line is perpendicular to line m at A, line k is perpendicular to line m at B, and lines , m, and k are in the same plane. m A B

k

Which statement is the first step in an indirect proof to prove that is parallel to k? (1) (2) (3) (4)

Assume that , m, and k are not in the same plane. Assume that is perpendicular to k. Assume that is not perpendicular to m. Assume that is not parallel to k.

3 _____

4 A circular sunflower with a diameter of 4 centimeters is placed on a coordinate grid such that its center is at (–2, 1). Which equation represents the sunflower? (1) (2) (3) (4)

(x – 2)2 (x + 2)2 (x – 2)2 (x + 2)2

+ (y + 1)2 = 2 + (y – 1)2 = 4 + (y – 1)2 = 4 + (y – 1)2 = 2

4 _____

SAMPLE TEST 1

169

5 Which statement is logically equivalent to “If a triangle is an isosceles triangle, then it has two congruent sides”? (1) If a triangle does not have two congruent sides, then it is an isosceles triangle. (2) If a triangle does not have two congruent sides, then it is not an isosceles triangle. (3) If a triangle is not an isosceles triangle, then it has two congruent sides. (4) If a triangle is an isosceles triangle, then it does not have two congruent sides. 6 In the accompanying diagram, AEB

||

5 _____

CFG , EG

bisects ∠BEF, and m∠EFC = 86. A

E

B

86° C

F

G

What is the measure of ∠EGF? (1) 43 (2) 47

(3) 52 (4) 94

6 _____

7 AB and CD intersect at point E, m∠AEC = 6x + 20, and m∠DEB = 10x. What is the value of x? (1) 4 3

(3) 10

(2) 5

(4) 21 1

8

4

7 _____

170

SAMPLE TEST 1

8 The amount of light produced by a cylindrically shaped fluorescent lightbulb depends on its lateral area. A certain cylindrically shaped fluorescent lightbulb is 48 inches in length with a 1-inch diameter. If this fluorescent lightbulb is manufactured to produce 0.226 wattage of light per square inch, what is the best estimate for the total amount of light it is able to produce? (1) 32 watts (2) 34 watts

(3) 35 watts (4) 70 watts

8 _____

9 In the accompanying diagram, PA is tangent to circle O at A, PBC is a secant, PB = 4, and BC = 8.

A

O C

8

B

4

P

What is the length of PA? (1) 4 6

(3) 4 3

(2) 4 2

(4) 4

9 _____

10 Which letter has point symmetry but not line symmetry? (1) H (2) S

(3) T (4) X

10 _____

SAMPLE TEST 1

171

11 In the accompanying diagram of a construction, what does PC represent? P

A

(1) (2) (3) (4)

C

B

an altitude drawn to AB a median drawn to AB the bisector of ∠APB the perpendicular bisector of AB

11 _____

12 The image of the origin under a certain translation is the point (2, –6). The image of point (–3, –2) under the same translation is the point (1) (–6, 12)

⎛ 3 1⎞ (3) ⎜ − , ⎟ ⎝ 2 3⎠

(2) (–5, 4)

(4) (–1, –8)

12 _____

172

SAMPLE TEST 1

13 In the accompanying diagram, AB and CD intersect at point E such that AC is parallel to DB. If AC = 3, DB = 4, and AB = 14, what is AE? A

D E

C

(1) 19 (2) 10.5

B

(3) 8 (4) 6

13 _____

14 If in 䉭RST, m∠R = 71 and m∠S = 37, then (1) ST > RS (2) RS > RT

(3) RS = ST (4) RT > ST

14 _____

15 Tangents PA and PB are drawn from external point P to circle O at points A and B, respectively. Angle PAB is always (1) a right angle (2) an acute angle (3) the supplement of angle OAB (4) congruent to angle APB

15 _____

SAMPLE TEST 1

173

16 Which type of transformation is illustrated in the accompanying diagram? y (–4,4)

(–1,4)

(–1,1)

(1) dilation (2) reflection

(4,4)

(1,1)

(4,1)

x

(3) translation (4) rotation

16 _____

17 Two chords intersect in a circle whose radius is 8. The product of the lengths of the segments of one of the chords cannot be (1) 80 (2) 48

(3) 32 (4) 16

17 _____

174

SAMPLE TEST 1

18 In the accompanying diagram of parallelogram FLSH, FGAS is a diagonal, LG ⬜ FS, and HA ⬜ FS. L

S A G

F

H

Which expression represents the most direct method that could be used to prove 䉭LGS 艑䉭HAF? (1) SAS 艑 SAS (2) ASA 艑 ASA

(3) AAS 艑 AAS (4) HL 艑 HL

18 _____

19 The perimeter of a rhombus is 60 cm, and the length of its longer diagonal measures 24 cm. The length of the shorter diagonal is (1) 9 cm (2) 15 cm

(3) 18 cm (4) 20 cm

19 _____

20 What are the coordinates of point A′, the image of point A(–4, 1) after the composite transformation R 90° ° r y–axis where the origin is the center of rotation? (1) (1, 4) (2) (–4, –1)

(3) (4, –1) (4) (–1, 4)

20 _____

SAMPLE TEST 1

175

21 If the altitude to the hypotenuse of a right triangle is 8, the lengths of the segments of the hypotenuse formed by the altitude may be (1) 8 and 12 (2) 2 and 32

(3) 3 and 24 (4) 6 and 8

21 _____

22 In the accompanying figure, AB 艑 AC. It can be proved that CD 艑 BE if it is also known that A 6 E

D 1 2 3

5

4 C

B

(1) ∠1 艑 ∠2 (2) ∠3 艑 ∠4

(3) ∠3 艑 ∠5 (4) ∠4 艑 ∠6

22 _____

23 If the midpoints of the sides of a triangle are connected, the area of the triangle formed is what part of the area of the original triangle? (1)

1 4

(2)

1 3

3 8 1 (4) 2

(3)

23 _____

176

SAMPLE TEST 1

24 The center of the circle that can be circumscribed about a scalene triangle is located by constructing the (1) medians of the triangle (2) altitudes of the triangle (3) perpendicular bisectors of the sides of the triangle (4) bisectors of the angles of the triangle 24 _____ 25 If two circles are externally tangent, what is the total number of common tangents that can be drawn to the circles? (1) 1 (2) 2

(3) 3 (4) 0

25 _____

26 In the accompanying diagram, point P lies 3 centimeters from line .

P

How many points are both 2 centimeters from line and 1 centimeter from point P? (1) 1 (2) 2

(3) 0 (4) 4

26 _____

SAMPLE TEST 1

177

27 Which statement best describes the lines whose equations are 4y + x = 12 and 3y = 12x + 1? (1) They are segments. (2) They are perpendicular to each other. (3) They intersect each other. (4) They are parallel to each other.

27 _____

28 If the intersection of the perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle lies on one of the sides of the triangle, the triangle must be (1) acute (2) obtuse

(3) scalene (4) right

28 _____

178

SAMPLE TEST 1

PART II Answer all questions in this part. Each correct answer will receive 2 credits. Clearly indicate the necessary steps, including appropriate formula substitutions, diagrams, graphs, charts, etc. For all questions in this part, a correct numerical answer with no work shown will receive only 1 credit. [12 credits] 29 Matthew is a fan of the Air Force’s Thunderbirds flying team and is designing a jacket patch for the team, as shown in the accompanying diagram. y y=x

P

Q

x

If the coordinates of point P are (a, b), express in terms of a and b: (1) the coordinates of Q, the reflection of P in the line y = x. (2) an equation of the line that contains points P and Q.

SAMPLE TEST 1

30 The accompanying diagram shows the path of a cart traveling on a circular track of radius 2.40 meters. The cart starts at point A and stops at point B, moving in a counterclockwise direction. What is the length of minor arc AB, over which the cart traveled, to the nearest tenth of a meter?

B

40 2.

m

165°

A

31 In the accompanying diagram, 䉭LRS is inscribed in circle O. If RP ⬜ LOS, OS = 7, and LP = 3, find the length of RP to the nearest tenth. R

L

P

O

S

179

180

SAMPLE TEST 1

32 In the accompanying diagram of circle O, diameter AOB is extended through B to external point P, tangent PC is drawn to point C on the circle, and = 7:2. Find m∠CPA. : m BC m AC C

A

O

P

B

(Not drawn to scale)

33 In the accompanying diagram, ABE || CD. Write an explanation or an informal proof showing that m∠1 ⬎ m∠2. D

C

2

E

1 B

A

SAMPLE TEST 1

= 70, 34 In the accompanying diagram, m BR = 70, and BOD is a diameter of circle O. m YD Write an explanation or an informal proof showing that 䉭RBD and 䉭YDB are congruent. B R

Y

O

D

181

182

SAMPLE TEST 1

PART III Answer all questions in this part. Each correct answer will receive 4 credits. Clearly indicate the necessary steps, including appropriate formula substitutions, diagrams, graphs, charts, etc. For all questions in this part, a correct numerical answer with no work shown will receive only 1 credit. [12 credits] 35 In the accompanying diagram of circle O, diameter AOB is drawn, tangent CB is drawn to the circle at B, E is a point on the circle, and BE || ADC. Prove: 䉭ABE ~ 䉭CAB. C D

A

O

E

B

SAMPLE TEST 1

183

36 In the accompanying diagram, 䉭ABC is not isosceles. Give a mathematical argument or proof that shows if altitude BD were drawn to side AC, it would not bisect AC. B

A

C

37 The vertices of quadrilateral ABCD are A(–2, 2), B(6, 5), C (4, 0), and D (–4, –3). Prove by means of coordinate geometry that quadrilateral ABCD is a parallelogram but not a rectangle.

184

SAMPLE TEST 1

PART IV A correct answer will receive 6 credits. Clearly indicate the necessary steps, including appropriate formula substitutions, diagrams, graphs, charts, etc. A correct numerical answer with no work shown will receive only 1 credit. [6 credits] 38 Given: 䉭ABC, AB 艑 BC, ED || AC, DG ⬜ AB, EF ⬜ BC, BGEA, and BFDC. Prove: GE 艑 FD. B

G

E

A

F

D

C

185

Answers Sample Test 1 Geometry Answer Key PART I 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

(2) (1) (4) (2) (2)

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

(1) (2) (2) (3) (2)

11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

(1) (4) (4) (2) (2)

16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

(4) (1) (3) (3) (4)

PART II 29. (1) (b, a) (2) y = –x + (a + b) 30. 6.9 m 31. 5.7 32. 50° 33–34. See the accompanying detailed solutions.

PART III 35–37. See the accompanying detailed solutions.

PART IV 38. See the accompanying detailed solution.

21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

(2) (2) (1) (3) (3)

26. (1) 27. (2) 28. (4)

186

ANSWERS Sample Test 1

Answers Explained PART I 1. In any n–sided regular polygon, the measure of each exterior angle 360 is . Since a regular pentagon has 5 sides: n 360 m⬔DEF = = 72 5 The correct choice is (2). 2. To reflect a point in the x–axis, flip it over the x–axis by replacing the y–coordinate of the original point with its opposite. Thus, the coordinates of the image of point (2,–3) after it is reflected in the x–axis is (2,3). The correct choice is (1). 3. To prove a statement indirectly, always begin by assuming the opposite of what you are required to prove. In an indirect proof to prove that is parallel to k, begin by assuming that is not parallel to k. The correct choice is (4). 4. An equation of a circle with center (h,k) and radius r is (x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = r 2. If a circular sunflower has a diameter of 4 centimeters, then r = 2 centimeters. Since it is also given that when the sunflower is placed on a coordinate grid, its center is at (–2,1), let h = –2 and k = 1: (x – (–2))2 + (y – 1)2 = 22 (x + 2)2 + (y – 1)2 = 4 The correct choice is (2).

ANSWERS Sample Test 1

187

5. A conditional statement and its contrapositive are logically equivalent, as they always have the same truth values. To form the contrapositive of a conditional statement, interchange and negate the “If” and “then” parts of the conditional: Original: If a triangle is an isosceles triangle, then it has two congruent sides. Contrapositive: If a triangle does not have two congruent sides, then it is not an isosceles triangle. The correct choice is (2). 6. • Because parallel lines form congruent alternate interior angles, m⬔FEB = 86. • Since it is given that EG bisects ⬔FEB, m⬔BEG =

1 (86) = 43. 2

• Because parallel lines form congruent alternate interior angles, m⬔EGF = m⬔BEG = 43. The correct choice is (1). 7.

A D (6x + 20)°

E

10x°

B

C

Since vertical angles are congruent: m⬔DEB = m⬔AEC 10x = 6x + 20 10x – 6x = 20 4 x 20 = 4 4 x=5 The correct choice is (2).

188

ANSWERS Sample Test 1

8. If the diameter of the bulb is 1 inch, its radius is 0.5 inch. The surface area, SA, of a cylinder is given by the formula SA = 2πrh, where r = 0.5 inch and h is given as 48 inches: SA = 2 π(0.5 in.)(48 in.) = 48π in.2 Hence,

amount of light produced = surface area of cylinder × 0.226 watt = 48π in.2 × 0.226 2 in Use your calculator: = 34.07999711 watts The correct choice is (2).

9. If a tangent and a secant are drawn to a circle from the same point, the tangent is the mean proportional between the external segment of the secant and the whole secant. If x represents the length of tangent PA, then PB PA = PA PBC 4 x = x 4+8 x2 = 48 x2 = x=

48 16 ·

=4 3 The correct choice is (3).

3

ANSWERS Sample Test 1

189

10. A figure has point symmetry if it coincides with its image after a rotation of 180° (a half-turn) about the given point. If a figure looks the same after turning the page upside-down, then the figure has point symmetry. A figure has line symmetry if a line can be drawn that divides the figure into two parts such that each part is the reflected image of the other part in that line. Choice (1) H

Point Symmetry

Line Symmetry

Yes

Yes

H (2) S

Yes

No

S (3) T

No

Yes

T (4) X

Yes

Yes

X Only the letter S has point symmetry but not line symmetry. The correct choice is (2). 11. In the given construction, PC was constructed from P and perpendicular to AB. Thus, PC is an altitude to AB. The correct choice is (1).

190

ANSWERS Sample Test 1

12. Since it is given that the image of (0,0) under a translation is (2,–6), the translation rule is T2,–6. Thus: T2,–6(–3,–2) = (–3 + 2,–2 – 6) = (–1,–8). The correct choice is (4). 13. 䉭AEC ~ 䉭BED because two pairs of corresponding angles are congruent: ⬔AED 艑 ⬔BED (vertical angles) and ⬔A 艑 ⬔B (alternate interior angles formed by parallel lines). The lengths of corresponding sides of similar triangles are in proportion. If x represents the length of AE: AC AE = DB BE 3 x = 4 14 − x 4x = 3(14 – x) 4x = 42 – 3x 4x + 3x = 42 7 x 42 = 7 7 x=6 The correct choice is (4). 14. It is given that in 䉭RST, m⬔R = 71 and m⬔S = 37. Since 71 + 37 = 108, m⬔T + 108 = 180 m⬔T = 180 – 108 = 72

T 72°

R

71°

37°

S

In a triangle, the longest side is opposite the greatest angle. Hence, the longest side of 䉭RST is RS. Thus, RS > ST. The correct choice is (2).

ANSWERS Sample Test 1

191

15. In the accompanying figure, PA and PB are tangents. Since tangents drawn to a circle from the same point are congruent, 䉭APB is isosceles with ⬔PAB 艑 ⬔APB. Hence, ⬔PAB cannot be a right (or obtuse) angle. A P

O

B

The correct choice is (2). 16. Since the given transformation maps (4,1) onto (–1,4), the right angle of the triangle in quadrant I is being counterclockwise rotated 90° under the given transformation. The correct choice is (4). 17. In a circle with a radius of 8, the longest chord of the circle is a diameter which has a length of 16. If two chords intersect in this circle, the sum of the lengths of the segments of each chord must be less than or equal to 16. Suppose the product of the segments of one of the two chords is 80. The sum of the two segment lengths of that chord must be greater than 16 since when 80 is factored into the product of two numbers, the two factors always add up to more than 16. For example, 10 × 8 = 80, but 10 + 8 > 16. In fact, the greatest product of the chord segments in a circle with a radius of 8 is 8 × 8 = 64. The correct choice is (1).

192

ANSWERS Sample Test 1

18. It is given that in the accompanying diagram of parallelogram FLSH, FGAS is a diagonal, LG ⬜ FS, and HA ⬜ FS. L

S A 2 G 1 H

F

Hence, ⬔1 艑 ⬔2 (A) and ⬔LSG 艑 ⬔HFA (A) since alternate interior angles formed by parallel lines are congruent, and LS 艑 HF (S) as they are opposite sides of a parallelogram. The most direct method that could be used to prove 䉭LGS 艑䉭HAF is AAS 艑 AAS. The correct choice is (3). 19. It is given that the perimeter of a rhombus is 60 cm and the length of the longer diagonal measures 24 cm. Since a rhombus is equilateral, each side 60 measures = 15 cm. 4 15

x

12

15 15 12

x

15

Because the diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular bisectors of each other, four right triangles are formed that measure x – 12 – 15, where x 2 + 122 = 152 x 2 + 144 = 225 x 2 = 225 – 144 x = 81 = 9 cm The length of the shorter diagonal is 9 cm + 9 cm = 18 cm. The correct choice is (3).

ANSWERS Sample Test 1

193

20. To find the image, A′, of point A(–4,1) after the composite transformation R90° ° ry–axis, first reflect point A in the y–axis. Then rotate the image 90°. • To reflect a point in the y–axis, take the opposite of its x–coordinate: ry–axis (–4,1) = (4,1) • To rotate a point 90o, interchange the x– and y– coordinates of the point and take the opposite of the new x–coordinate: R90° (4,1) = A′(–1,4). Thus, R90° ° ry–axis (–4,1) → A′(–1,4). The correct choice is (4). 21. It is given that the altitude to the hypotenuse of a right triangle is 8. If an altitude is drawn to the hypotenuse of a right triangle, then the altitude is the mean proportional between the hypotenuse segments formed by the altitude: segment 1 altitude = altitude segment 2 Altitude = 8

segment 1 8 = 8 segment 2

Segment 1

Segment 2 Hypotenuse

Thus, the product of the two segments must be equal to 8 × 8 = 64. In choice (2), 2 × 32 = 64. The correct choice is (2).

194

ANSWERS Sample Test 1

22. In the accompanying figure, ⬔6 艑 ⬔6 (A). It is given that AB 艑 AC (S). If it were also known that (A), then 䉭ABE 艑䉭ACD by ASA 艑 ASA, so CD 艑 BE by CPCTC. A 6 D

E 5 1

2

3

4

B

C

The correct choice is (2). 23. If the midpoints of the sides of a triangle are connected, then the triangle thus formed is similar to the original triangle such that the lengths of corresponding sides are in a ratio of 1:2. Since the areas of similar triangles have the same ratio as the squares of the lengths of corresponding sides, the 2

1 ⎛ 1⎞ ratio of the areas of the two triangles is ⎜ ⎟ = . 4 ⎝ 2⎠ The correct choice is (1). 24. The perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle meet at a point equidistant from the vertices of the triangle which makes that point the center of the circle that can be circumscribed about the triangle. The correct choice is (3).

ANSWERS Sample Test 1

195

25. If two circles are externally tangent, then a total of three common tangents can be drawn to the two circles as shown in the accompanying figure.

The correct choice is (3). 26.

2 cm

2 cm 3 cm

1 cm P

In the accompanying figure, it is given that point P lies 3 centimeters from line . • The locus of points 2 centimeters from line is a pair of lines parallel to line with each line 2 centimeters from .

196

ANSWERS Sample Test 1

• The locus of points 1 centimeter from point P is a circle with a radius of 1 centimeter and P as its center. • Since 2 cm + 1 cm = 3 cm, the circle intersects the pair of parallel lines in exactly one point, as shown in the accompanying figure. The correct choice is (1). 27. The two given equations are 4y + x = 12 and 3y = 12x + 1. Compare the equations in the slope-intercept form, y = mx + b, by first solving each equation for y in terms of x: 1 • Solve 4y + x = 12 for y: 4y = –x + 12, so y = – x + 3. 4 • Solve 3y = 12x + 1 for y: y = 4x +

1 . 3

• When an equation of a line is written in the form y = mx + b, m represents its slope and b its y-intercept. Hence, the slopes of the two given 1 lines are – and 4, which are negative reciprocals. If the slopes of two 4 lines are negative reciprocals, the lines are perpendicular. The correct choice is (2). 28. In a right triangle, the perpendicular bisectors of the three sides meet at a point on the hypotenuse: A

O C

The correct choice is (4).

B

ANSWERS Sample Test 1

197

PART II 29. (1) To reflect a point in the line y = x, interchange its x- and y-coordinates as in ry = x(a,b) → (b,a) The coordinates of Q are (b, a). (2) The slope of y = x is 1. Since PQ and y = x are perpendicular, the slope of PQ is –1, the negative reciprocal of 1. To find an equation of PQ use the point-slope form of an equation of the line y – y1 = m(x – x1), where m = –1 and (x1,y1) = P(a,b): y – y1 = m(x – x1) y – b = –1(x – a) y = –x + (a + b) An equation of the line that contains points P and Q is y = –x + (a + b). 30. If x represents the length of the arc, then circumference 165° x= × 2π(2 . 40 m) 360°

Use your calculator:

= 6.911503838 m

The length of the minor arc AB is 6.9 m correct to the nearest tenth of a meter.

198

ANSWERS Sample Test 1

31. The altitude drawn to the hypotenuse of a right triangle is the mean proportional between the length of the segments formed on the hypotenuse. R x L

3

P

S

7

O

In the accompanying figure, it is given that LP = 3 and OS = 7. Since OS is a radius, the length of diameter SL is 14. Hence, SP = 14 – 3 = 11. If x represents the length of RP, then LP x = x SP 3 x = x 11 x2 = 33 x=

33

x 艐 5.744562647 The length of RP is 5.7 correct to the nearest tenth.

is a semicircle, its degree measure is 180. Because it is 32. Since ACB = 7:2, represent m AC by 2x. ; m BC by 7x and m BC given that m AC Thus: 7x + 2x = 180 9x = 180 9 x 180 = 9 9 x = 20 = 7x = 7(20) = 140 m AC = 2x = 2(20) = 40 m BC

C 7x 2x A

O

B

P

ANSWERS Sample Test 1

199

Since angle CPA is an angle formed by a tangent and a secant drawn from the same exterior point, it is equal in measure to one-half of the difference in the measures of its intercepted arcs: m⬔CPA =

1 ) – m BC (m AC 2

=

1 (140 – 40) 2

=

1 (100) 2

= 50 The measure of ⬔CPA is 50. 33. Because ⬔1 is an exterior angle of 䉭DBA, m⬔1 > m⬔DAE and m⬔DAE = m⬔2 since ABE || CD. By substitution, m⬔1 > m⬔2. 34. Angles BRD and DYB are right angles since they are inscribed in a semicircle. BR 艑 YD (Leg) since congruent arcs have congruent chords and BD 艑 BD (Hyp). Hence, 䉭RBD 艑䉭YDB by HL 艑 HL.

200

ANSWERS Sample Test 1

PART III 35. Prove 䉭ABE ~ 䉭CAB by showing that two pairs of corresponding angles are congruent: ⬔CAB 艑 ⬔ABE (alternate interior angles are congruent) and ⬔E 艑 ⬔ABC (right angles are congruent). PROOF

Statement

Reason

1. BE || ADC.

1. Given.

2. ⬔EBA 艑 ⬔BAC.

2. If two lines are parallel, then alternate interior angles are congruent.

3. CB is tangent to diameter AOB at B.

3. Given.

4. Angle E is a right angle.

4. An angle inscribed in a semicircle is a right angle.

5. AOB ⬜ CB.

5. A diameter is perpendicular to a tangent at its point of contact.

6. Angle ABC is a right angle.

6. Perpendicular lines intersect to form a right angle.

7. ⬔E 艑 ⬔ABC.

7. All right angles are congruent.

8. 䉭ABE ~ 䉭CAB.

8. Two triangles are similar if two pairs of corresponding angles are congruent.

ANSWERS Sample Test 1

201

36. Use an indirect proof. Assume altitude BD bisects AC. Then 䉭BDA 艑䉭BDC because SAS 艑 SAS, and AB 艑 BC by CPCTC. Because this contradicts the Given that 䉭ABC is not isosceles, the assumption that altitude BD bisects AC is not correct. Thus, altitude BD does not bisect AC, as this is the only other possibility. 3 5 and slope BC = slope AD = . Since lines 8 2 that have the same slope are parallel, AB || CD and BC || AD. Hence, quadrilateral ABCD is a parallelogram. Because the slopes of a pair of adjacent sides are not negative reciprocals, parallelogram ABCD does not contain a right angle, so it is not a rectangle. 37. Slope AB = slope CD =

202

ANSWERS Sample Test 1

PART IV 38. Prove 䉭EGD 艑䉭DFE by AAS 艑 AAS. B

F

G

E

D

A

C

PROOF

Statement

Reason

1. AB 艑 BC.

1. Given.

2. ⬔A 艑 ⬔C.

2. If two sides of a triangle are congruent, the angles opposite them are congruent.

3. ED || AC.

3. Given.

4. ⬔GED 艑 ⬔A and ⬔FDE 艑 ⬔C.

4. If two lines are parallel, then corresponding angles are congruent.

5. ⬔GED 艑 ⬔FDE.

Angle

5. Transitive property of congruence.

6. DG ⬜ AB and EF ⬜ BC.

6. Given.

7. Angles EGD and DFE are right angles.

7. Perpendicular lines intersect to form right angles.

8. ⬔EGD 艑 ⬔DFE.

Angle

8. All right angles are congruent.

9. ED 艑 ED.

Side

9. Reflexive property of congruence.

10. 䉭EGD 艑䉭DFE.

10. AAS 艑 AAS.

11. GE 艑 FD.

11. CPCTC.

SELF-ANALYSIS CHART Sample Test 1 Topic

Question Numbers

Number of Points

1. Logic (negation, conjunction, disjunction, related conditionals, biconditional, logically equivalent statements, logical inference)

5

2

2. Angle & Line Relationships (vertical angles, midpoint, altitude, median, bisector, supplementary angles, complete angles, parallel and perpendicular lines)

6, 7

2+2=4

3. Parallel & Perpendicular Planes

—

—

4. Angles of a Triangle & Polygon (sum of angles, exterior angle, base angles theorem, angles of a regular polygon)

1

2

5. Triangle Inequalities (side length restrictions, unequal angles opposite unequal sides, exterior angle)

14, 33

2+2=4

6. Trapezoids & Parallelograms (includes properties of rectangle, rhombus, square, and isosceles trapezoid)

19

2

7. Proofs Involving Congruent Triangles

18, 22, 34, 38

2+2+2+6 = 12

8. Indirect Proof & Mathematical Reasoning

3, 36

2+4=6

9. Ratio & Proportion (includes similar polygons, proportions, and proofs involving similar triangles, comparing linear dimensions, and areas of similar triangles)

13, 35

2+4=6

10. Proportions formed by altitude to hypotenuse of right triangle; Pythagorean theorem

21, 31

2+2=4

11. Coordinate Geometry (slopes of parallel and perpendicular lines; slope-intercept and point-slope equations of a line; applications requiring midpoint, distance, or slope formulas; coordinate proofs)

27, 37

2+4=6

12. Solving a Linear-Quadratic System of Equalities Graphically

—

—

203

Your Your Points Percentage

204

SELF-ANALYSIS CHART Sample Test 1 Topic

Question Numbers

Number of Points

13. Transformation Geometry (includes isometries, dilation, symmetry, composite transformations, transformations using coordinates)

2, 10, 12, 16, 20, 29

2+2+2+ 2 + 2 + 2 = 12

14. Locus & Constructions (simple and compound locus, locus using coordinates, compass constructions)

11, 26

2+2=4

15. Midpoint and Concurrency Theorems (includes joining midpoints of two sides of a triangle, three sides of a triangle, the sides of a quadrilateral, median of a trapezoid; centroid, orthocenter, incenter, and circumcenter)

23, 24, 28

2+2+2=6

16. Circles & Angle Measurement (incl. 艑 tangents from same exterior point, radius ⬜ tangent, tangent circles, common tangents, arcs and chords, diameter ⬜ chord, arc length, area of a sector, center-radius equation, applying transformations)

4, 25, 30, 32

2+2+2 +2=8

17. Circles and Similar Triangles (includes proofs, segments of intersecting chords, tangent and secant segments)

9, 15, 17

2+2+2=6

18. Area of Plane Figures (includes area of a regular polygon)

—

—

19. Measurement of Solids (volume and lateral area; surface area of a sphere; great circle; comparing similar solids)

8

2

Your Your Points Percentage

205

Test Sampler Fall 2008 Geometry

GEOMETRY REFERENCE SHEET Cylinder

V = Bh, where B is the area of the base

Pyramid

V = 1 Bh, 3 where B is the area of the base

Right circular cone

V = 1 Bh, 3 where B is the area of the base

Sphere

V=

Volume

Lateral area (L)

Surface area

4 3 πr 3

Right circular cylinder

L = 2πrh

Right circular cone

L = πr艎, where 艎 is the slant height

Sphere

SA = 4πr2

206

TEST SAMPLER Fall 2008

PART I Answer all 28 questions in this part. Each correct answer will receive 2 credits. No partial credit will be allowed. For each question, write in the space provided the number preceding the word or expression that best completes the statement or answers the question. [56 credits] 1 Isosceles trapezoid ABCD has diagonals AC and BD. If AC = 5x + 13 and BD = 11x – 5, what is the value of x? (1) 28 (2) 10

(3) 3 3 4

(4) 1 2

1 _____

2 What is the negation of the statement “The Sun is shining”? (1) (2) (3) (4)

It is cloudy. It is daytime. It is not raining. The Sun is not shining.

2 _____

TEST SAMPLER Fall 2008

207

3 Triangle ABC has vertices A(1,3), B(0,1), and C(4,0). Under a translation, A′, the image point of A, is located at (4,4). Under this same translation, point C′ is located at (1) (7,1) (2) (5,3)

(3) (3,2) (4) (1,–1)

3 _____

4 The diagram below shows the construction of the perpendicular bisector of AB.

A

C

B

Which statement is not true? (1) AC = CB

(3) AC = 2AB

(2) CB = 1 AB 2

(4) AC + CB = AB

4 _____

208

TEST SAMPLER Fall 2008

5 Which graph could be used to find the solution to the following system of equations? y = –x + 2 y = x2 y

y

x

x

(1)

(3)

y

y

x

(2)

x

(4)

5 _____

6 Line k is drawn so that it is perpendicular to two distinct planes, P and R. What must be true about planes P and R? (1) (2) (3) (4)

Planes P and R are skew. Planes P and R are parallel. Planes P and R are perpendicular. Plane P intersects plane R but is not perpendicular to plane R.

6 _____

TEST SAMPLER Fall 2008

209

 7 The diagram below illustrates the construction of PS  parallel to RQ through point P.

P 1 S 3

2 R

Q

Which statement justifies this construction? (3) PR RQ (4) PS RQ

(1) m∠1 = m∠2 (2) m∠1 = m∠3

7 _____

8 The figure in the diagram below is a triangular prism. E

C

D A F

B

Which statement must be true? (1) DE AB (2) AD BC

(3) AD || CE (4) DE || BC

8 _____

210

TEST SAMPLER Fall 2008

9 The vertices of 䉭ABC are A(–1,–2), B(–1,2), and C(6,0). Which conclusion can be made about the angles of 䉭ABC? (1) m∠A = m∠B (2) m∠A = m∠C

(3) m∠ACB = 90 (4) m∠ABC = 60

9 _____

10 Given 䉭ABC with base AFEDC, median BF, altitude BD, and BE bisects ∠ABC, which conclusion is valid? B

A

(1) ∠FAB ∠ABF (2) ∠ABF ∠CBD

F

E

D

(3) CE EA (4) CF FA

C

10 _____

TEST SAMPLER Fall 2008

211

11 In the diagram below, circle O has a radius of 5, and CE = 2. Diameter AC is perpendicular to chord BD at E. C B

2 E

D 5

O 5

A

What is the length of BD? (1) 12 (2) 10

(3) 8 (4) 4

11 _____

12 What is the equation of a line that passes through the point (–3,–11) and is parallel to the line whose equation is 2x – y = 4? (1) y = 2x + 5

25 (3) y = 1 x + 2 2

(2) y = 2x – 5

25 (4) y = – 1 x – 2 2

12 _____

212

TEST SAMPLER Fall 2008

13 Line segment AB has endpoints A(2,–3) and B(–4,6). What are the coordinates of the midpoint of AB? (1) (–2,3)

(3) (–1,3)

1 (2) ⎛ −1, 1 ⎞ ⎝ 2⎠

1 (4) ⎛ 3, 4 ⎞ ⎝ 2⎠

13 _____

14 What are the center and radius of a circle whose equation is (x – A)2 + (y – B)2 = C? (1) center = (A,B); radius = C (2) center = (–A,–B); radius = C (3) center = (A,B); radius = C (4) center = (–A,–B); radius =

C

14 _____

15 A rectangular prism has a volume of 3x2 + 18x + 24. Its base has a length of x + 2 and a width of 3. Which expression represents the height of the prism? (1) x + 4 (2) x + 2

(3) 3 (4) x2 + 6x + 8

15 _____

TEST SAMPLER Fall 2008

213

16 Lines k1 and k2 intersect at point E. Line m is perpendicular to lines k1 and k2 at point E. m

k1 E

k2

Which statement is always true? (1) Lines k1 and k2 are perpendicular. (2) Line m is parallel to the plane determined by lines k1 and k2. (3) Line m is perpendicular to the plane determined by lines k1 and k2. (4) Line m is coplanar with lines k1 and k2. 16 _____

214

TEST SAMPLER Fall 2008

17 In the diagram below, PS is a tangent to circle O at point S, PQR is a secant, PS = x, PQ = 3, and PR = x + 18. P Q R O S

Figure is not drawn to scale.

What is the length of PS? (1) 6 (2) 9

(3) 3 (4) 27

17 _____

18 A polygon is transformed according to the rule: (x,y) → (x + 2,y). Every point of the polygon moves 2 units in which direction? (1) up (2) down

(3) left (4) right

18 _____

TEST SAMPLER Fall 2008

215

19 In the diagram below of 䉭ABC, D is a point on AB, AC = 7, AD = 6, and BC = 18. C

18

7

A

6

B

D

Figure is not drawn to scale.

The length of DB could be (1) 5 (2) 12

(3) 19 (4) 25

19 _____

20 The diameter of a circle has endpoints at (–2,3) and (6,3). What is an equation of the circle? (1) (2) (3) (4)

(x – 2)2 + (y – 3)2 = 16 (x – 2)2 + (y – 3)2 = 4 (x + 2)2 + (y + 3)2 = 16 (x + 2)2 + (y + 3)2 = 4

20 _____

216

TEST SAMPLER Fall 2008

21 In the diagram below of 䉭PRT, Q is a point on PR, S is a point on TR, QS is drawn, and ∠RPT ∠RSQ. P

Q

T

S

R

Which reason justifies the conclusion that 䉭PRT ~ 䉭SRQ? (1) AA (2) ASA

(3) SAS (4) SSS

21 _____

22 The lines 3y + 1 = 6x + 4 and 2y + 1 = x – 9 are (1) (2) (3) (4)

parallel perpendicular the same line neither parallel nor perpendicular

22 _____

23 The endpoints of AB are A(3,2) and B(7,1). If A″B″ is the result of the transformation of AB under D2 ° T–4,3, what are the coordinates of A″ and B″? (1) A″(–2,10) and B″(6,8) (2) A″(–1,5) and B″(3,4) (3) A″(2,7) and B″(10,5) (4) A″(14,– 2) and B″(22,–4) 23 _____

TEST SAMPLER Fall 2008

217

24 In the diagram below, circle A and circle B are shown.

A

B

What is the total number of lines of tangency that are common to circle A and circle B? (1) 1 (2) 2

(3) 3 (4) 4

24 _____

218

TEST SAMPLER Fall 2008

25 In which triangle do the three altitudes intersect outside the triangle? (1) (2) (3) (4)

a right triangle an acute triangle an obtuse triangle an equilateral triangle

25 _____

26 Two triangles are similar, and the ratio of each pair of corresponding sides is 2:1. Which statement regarding the two triangles is not true? (1) (2) (3) (4)

Their areas have a ratio of 4:1. Their altitudes have a ratio of 2:1. Their perimeters have a ratio of 2:1. Their corresponding angles have a ratio of 2:1.

26 _____

TEST SAMPLER Fall 2008

219

27 What is the measure of an interior angle of a regular octagon? (1) 45° (2) 60°

(3) 120° (4) 135°

27 _____

28 What is the slope of a line perpendicular to the line whose equation is 5x + 3y = 8? (1)

5 3

(3) –

3 5

(2)

3 5

(4) –

5 3

28 _____

220

TEST SAMPLER Fall 2008

PART II Answer all six questions in this part. Each correct answer will receive 2 credits. Clearly indicate the necessary steps, including appropriate formula substitutions, diagrams, graphs, charts, etc. For all questions in this part, a correct numerical answer with no work shown will receive only 1 credit. [12 credits] 29 In the diagram below of right triangle ACB, altitude CD intersects AB at D. If AD = 3 and DB = 4, find the length of CD in simplest radical form. C

A

3

D

4

B

TEST SAMPLER Fall 2008

30 The vertices of 䉭ABC are A(3,2), B(6,1), and C(4,6). Identify and graph a transformation of 䉭ABC such that its image, 䉭A′B′C′, results in AB || A′B′.

221

222

TEST SAMPLER Fall 2008

31 The endpoints of PQ are P(–3,1) and Q(4,25). Find the length of PQ.

TEST SAMPLER Fall 2008

32 Using a compass and straightedge, construct the bisector of the angle shown below. [Leave all construction marks.]

223

224

TEST SAMPLER Fall 2008

33 The volume of a cylinder is 12,566.4 cm 3 . The height of the cylinder is 8 cm. Find the radius of the cylinder to the nearest tenth of a centimeter.

TEST SAMPLER Fall 2008

34 Write a statement that is logically equivalent to the statement “If two sides of a triangle are congruent, the angles opposite those sides are congruent.” Identify the new statement as the converse, inverse, or contrapositive of the original statement.

225

226

TEST SAMPLER Fall 2008

PART III Answer all three questions in this part. Each correct answer will receive 4 credits. Clearly indicate the necessary steps, including appropriate formula substitutions, diagrams, graphs, charts, etc. For all questions in this part, a correct numerical answer with no work shown will receive only 1 credit. [12 credits] 35 On the set of axes below, graph and label 䉭DEF with vertices at D(–4,–4), E(–2,2), and F(8,–2). If G is the midpoint of EF and H is the midpoint of DF, state the coordinates of G and H and label each point on your graph. Explain why GH || DE. y

x

TEST SAMPLER Fall 2008

36 In the diagram below of circle O, chords DF, DE,  :m FE : FG, and EG are drawn such that m DF  :m GD  = 5:2:1:7. Identify one pair of inscribed m EG angles that are congruent to each other and give their measure. F E G O D

227

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TEST SAMPLER Fall 2008

37 A city is planning to build a new park. The park must be equidistant from school A at (3,3) and school B at (3,–5). The park also must be exactly 5 miles from the center of town, which is located at the origin on the coordinate graph. Each unit on the graph represents 1 mile. On the set of axes below, sketch the compound loci and label with an X all possible locations for the new park. y

x

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PART IV Answer the question in this part. The correct answer will receive 6 credits. Clearly indicate the necessary steps, including appropriate formula substitutions, diagrams, graphs, charts, etc. For the question in this part, a correct numerical answer with no work shown will receive only 1 credit. [6 credits] 38 In the diagram below, quadrilateral ABCD is inscribed in circle O, AB || DC, and diagonals AC and BD are drawn. Prove that 䉭ACD 䉭BDC.

A

D

B

O

C

230

Answers Fall 2008 Geometry Test Sampler Answer Key PART I 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

(3) (4) (1) (3) (3)

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

(2) (1) (3) (1) (4)

11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

(3) (2) (2) (3) (1)

PART II 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34.

2 3 See the Answers Explained section. 25 See the Answers Explained section. 22.4 See the Answers Explained section.

PART III 35. G(3,0), H(2,–3) 36. See the Answers Explained section. 37. See the Answers Explained section.

PART IV 38. See the Answers Explained section.

16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

(3) (2) (4) (2) (1)

21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

(1) (4) (1) (4) (3)

26. (4) 27. (4) 28. (2)

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Answers Explained PART I 1. It is given that the diagonals of isosceles trapezoid ABCD are AC = 5x + 13 and BD = 11x – 5. Since the diagonals of an isosceles trapezoid are equal in length, AC = BD 5x + 13 = 11x – 5 5x – 11x = –5 – 13 −6 x = −18 −6 −6 x=3 The correct choice is (3). 2. A statement and its negation have opposite truth values. The given statement is “The Sun is shining.” The statement with the opposite truth value is “The Sun is not shining.” The correct choice is (4). 3. It is given that triangle ABC has vertices A(1,3), B(0,1), and C(4,0). If under a translation, A′, the image point of A, is located at (4,4), then the translation shifts point A by adding 3 units to its x-coordinate and 1 unit to its y-coordinate: T3,1A(1,3) → A′(1 + 3, 3 + 1) = A′(4,4). Under the same translation, T3,1C(4,0) → C′(4 + 3, 0 + 1) = C′ (7,1). The correct choice is (1).

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4. It is given that the accompanying diagram shows the construction of the perpendicular bisector of AB:

A

C

B

Examine each answer choice in turn until you find the one that is not true. • Choice (1): Since AB is bisected, it is divided by the vertical line through C into two segments that have the same length. Thus, AC = CB. 4 • Choice (2): Because AB is bisected at C, C is the midpoint of AB. Thus, CB =

1 AB. 4 2

• Choice (3): Since AC < AB, it is not true that AC = 2AB. 7 • Choice (4): Since C is between points A and B, AC + CB = AB. 4 The correct choice is (3). 5. You are required to identify the graph that could be used to find the solution to the following system of equations y = –x + 2 y = x2

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The first equation has the form y = mx + b, where m is the slope of the line and b is its y-intercept. Since the coefficient of x in y = –x + 2 is negative, the graph of the equation is a line with a negative slope, so it slants down from left to right. The graph of the second equation, y = x2, is a parabola that opens up whose vertex is at the origin. Consider each choice in turn: • Choice (1): y

x

(1)

The line has a positive slope, so this choice can be eliminated. 7 • Choice (2): y

x

(2)

The parabola opens down, indicating that the coefficient of x2 is negative, so this choice can be eliminated. 7

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ANSWERS Test Sampler Fall 2008

• Choice (3): y

x

(3)

The line has a negative slope, and the parabola opens up with its vertex at the origin. 4 • Choice (4): y

x

(4)

The line is horizontal, so its slope is 0. This choice can be eliminated. 7 The correct choice is (3).

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6. If two different planes are perpendicular to the same line, then the two planes are parallel. Since it is given that line k is drawn so that it is perpendicular to two distinct planes, P and R, planes P and R must be parallel. The correct choice is (2). 7. It is given that the accompanying diagram represents the construction of   PS parallel to RQ through point P.

P 1 S 3

2 R

Q

If two lines are cut by a transversal such that corresponding angles are  congruent, then the lines are parallel. In the construction, PR is a transversal  and angles 1 and 2 are corresponding angles. PS is constructed by using point P as a vertex and copying ⬔2, thereby making corresponding angles congruent. Hence, the statement that can be used to justify the construction is m⬔1 = m⬔2. The correct choice is (1).

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ANSWERS Test Sampler Fall 2008

8. The line segments joining the corresponding vertices of the bases of a prism are its lateral edges. The lateral edges of a prism are parallel. E

C

D A F

B

In the accompanying diagram of a triangular prism, AD and CE are lateral edges, so AD || CE. The correct choice is (3). 9. It is given that the vertices of 䉭ABC are A(–1,–2), B(–1,2), and C(6,0). Sketch 䉭ABC: 6 5 4 3 B

2 1

–4 –3 –2 –1 –1 A

1

2

3

4

5

6

C

7

8

–2 –3 –4

Since BC is the reflection of AC in the x-axis, AC BC. From the diagram you also know that AC = BC ≠ AB, so 䉭ABC is isosceles but not equilateral. Because the angles opposite the congruent sides of an isosceles triangle are equal in measure, m⬔A = m⬔B. The correct choice is (1).

ANSWERS Test Sampler Fall 2008 10.

237

B

A

F

E

C

D

In the accompanying diagram of 䉭ABC, it is given that • BF is a median, so CF FA, which corresponds to choice (4); • BD is an altitude, so BD ⬜ AC; and • BE bisects ⬔ABC, so ⬔ABE ⬔CBE. The correct choice is (4). 11. In the accompanying diagram, circle O has a radius of 5, CE = 2, and diameter AC is perpendicular to chord BD at E. C 2

E

B 3

4

D 5

O 5

A

• Radius OC = 5, so OE = 5 – 2 = 3. • The lengths of the sides of right triangle OED form a 3-4-5 Pythagorean triple in which DE = 4. • If a diameter is perpendicular to a chord, then it bisects the chord and its arcs. Since BE = DE = 4, BD = 4 + 4 = 8. The correct choice is (3).

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12. You are required to find an equation of a line that passes through the point (–3,–11) and is parallel to the line whose equation is 2x – y = 4. Parallel lines have the same slope. To determine the slope of 2x – y = 4, rewrite the equation in y = mx + b form: 2x – y = 4 2x = y + 4 2x – 4 = y The slope of the line whose equation is y = 2x – 4 is 2. The slope of a line parallel to this line must also be 2. Thus, the equation of the required line has the form y = 2x + b. As the point (–3,–11) must satisfy the equation of this line, find b by replacing x with –3 and y with –11: –11 = 2(–3) + b –11 = –6 + b –11 + 6 = b b = –5 Thus, an equation of the required line is y = 2x – 5. The correct choice is (2). 13. To determine the coordinates of the midpoint of a line segment, find the averages of the corresponding coordinates of the two endpoints of the line segment. Since it is given that line segment AB has endpoints at A(2,–3) and B(–4,6), midpoint of AB = ⎛ 2 + (−4) , −3 + 6 ⎞ = ⎛ −2 , 3 ⎞ = ⎛ −1,1 1 ⎞ . ⎝ 2 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 2 ⎠ The correct choice is (2). 14. The center-radius form of an equation of a circle is (x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = r 2, where (h,k) is the center of the circle and r is the radius. Thus, the equation (x – A)2 + (y – B)2 = C represents a circle in which the center is at (A,B) and the radius squared is C, so that the radius is C. The correct choice is (3).

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15. It is given that a rectangular prism whose volume is 3x2 + 18x + 24 has a base length of x + 2 and a width of 3. The volume of a rectangular prism is the product of its base, width, and height. If h represents the height of this prism, then (x + 2)(3)(h) = 3x2 + 18x + 24 Factor out the greatest common factor (GCF) of 3 from the right side of the equation:

(x + 2)(3)(h) = 3(x2 + 6x + 8)

Factor the quadratic trinomial on the right side of the equation as the product of two binomials:

(x + 2)(3)(h) = 3(x + 2)(x + 4) ( x + 2)(3)( h) = 3( x + 2)( x + 4) ( x + 2)(3) ( x + 2)(3)

Isolate h:

h=x+4 The correct choice is (1). 16. It is given that lines k1 and k2 intersect at point E and that line m is perpendicular to lines k1 and k2 at point E. m

k1 E

k2

If a line is perpendicular to each of two intersecting lines at their point of intersection, then the line is perpendicular to the plane determined by them. Hence, line m is perpendicular to the plane determined by lines k1 and k2. The correct choice is (3).

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ANSWERS Test Sampler Fall 2008

 17. In the accompanying diagram of circle O, PS is tangent to circle O at  point S and PQR is a secant, PS = x, PQ = 3, and PR = x + 18. x+1 8

P

3

Q R

x O S

Figure is not drawn to scale.

If a tangent and a secant are drawn to a circle from the same point, then the tangent is the mean proportional between the secant and its external segment. Thus: PQR = PS PQ PS x + 18 = x 3 x (x)(x) = 3(x + 18) x2 = 3x + 54 2 x – 3x – 54 = 0 Factor the quadratic trinomial as the product of two binomials of the form (x + ?) (x + ?). Fill in the missing terms with the two integers whose sum is –3 and whose product is –54: (x – 9)(x + 6) = 0 Set each factor equal to 0 and solve for x:

The correct choice is (2).

x – 9 = 0 or x + 6 = 0 x=9 x = – 6 ← Reject since x must be positive

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18. It is given that a polygon is transformed according to the rule (x,y) → (x + 2,y). Under this transformation, the x-coordinate of each point of the original figure is increased by 2 while its y-coordinate remains the same. Hence, the transformation shifts every point of the polygon 2 units horizontally to the right. The correct choice is (4). 19. In the accompanying diagram of 䉭ABC, D is a point on AB, AC = 7, AD = 6, and BC = 18. C

18

7

A

6

D

B

Figure is not drawn to scale.

Because the length of each side of a triangle is less than the lengths of the other two sides and greater than their difference, AB < 7 + 18 and AB > 18 – 7 Replace AB with 6 + DB: 6 + DB < 25 and 6 + DB > 11 Solve for DB: DB < 19 and DB > 5 Check the answer choices for a number that is less than 19 and, at the same time, greater than 5: • Choice (1): 5, which is not greater than 5. 7 • Choice (2): 12, which is greater than 5 and also less than 19. 4 • Choice (3): 19, which is not less than 19. 7 • Choice (4): 25, which is not less than 19. 7 The correct choice is (2).

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20. It is given that the diameter of a circle has endpoints at (–2,3) and (6,3). • The center O of the circle is the midpoint of the diameter: O ⎛ −2 + 6 , 3 + 3 ⎞ = O ⎛ 4 , 6 ⎞ = O(2,3). ⎝ 2 2⎠ ⎝ 2 2 ⎠ • The radius of the circle is one-half the length of the diameter. Since the y-coordinates of the endpoints of the diameter are the same, the diameter is a horizontal segment whose length is 6 – (–2) = 8. Hence, the radius of the circle is 1 × 8 = 4. 2 • The center-radius form of an equation of a circle is (x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = r 2, where (h,k) is the center of the circle and r is the radius. Since (h,k) = (2,3) and r = 4, an equation of the circle is (x – 2)2 + (y – 3)2 = 42 or, equivalently, (x – 2)2 + (y – 3)2 = 16. The correct choice is (1). 21. In the accompanying diagram of 䉭PRT, it is given that ⬔RPT ⬔RSQ. P

Q

T

S

R

Since ⬔R ⬔R, 䉭PRT ~ 䉭SRQ by AA. The correct choice is (1). 22. The equations of the given lines are 3y + 1 = 6x + 4 and 2y + 1 = x – 9. Determine the slope of each line by writing its equation in slope-intercept form. Then compare the slopes of the two lines. If the lines have the same slope, they are parallel. If the lines have slopes that are negative reciprocals, the lines are perpendicular. If one equation is a multiple of the other, then the equations represent the same line.

ANSWERS Test Sampler Fall 2008

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• If 3y + 1 = 6x + 4, then 3y = 6x + 3. Divide each member of the equation by 3: 3y = 6x + 3 3 3 3 y = 2x + 1 • If 2y + 1 = x – 9, then 2y = x – 10. Divide each member of the equation by 2: 2y = x – 10 2 2 2 y= 1x–5 2 • Compare the slopes of the two lines by comparing the coefficients of the x-terms of their equations in slope-intercept form. The equations do not represent the same line, as one equation is not a multiple of the other. Since the slopes of the two lines are different and are not negative reciprocals, the lines are neither parallel nor perpendicular. The correct choice is (4). 23. It is given that the endpoints of AB are A(3,2) and B(7,1) and that A″B″ is the result of the transformation of AB under D2 ° T–4,3. You are required to find the coordinates of A″ and B″. The notation D2 ° T–4,3 represents the composite transformation of the translation T–4,3 followed by a dilation of the image using a scale factor of 2. • Find A″. First perform the translation: T–4,3 (3,2) = A′(–4 + 3, 3 + 2) = A′(–1,5) Then perform the dilation on the image point: D2(–1,5) = A″(2 × (–1),2 × 5) = A″(–2,10) • Find B″. First perform the translation: T–4,3(7,1) = A′(–4 + 7,3 + 1) = B′(3,4) Then perform the dilation on the image point: D2(3,4) = B″(2 × 3,2 × 4) = B″(6,8) The correct choice is (1).

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ANSWERS Test Sampler Fall 2008

24. A total of four lines of common tangency to circle A and circle B can be drawn:

A

B

The correct choice is (4). 25. In an obtuse triangle the three altitudes intersect outside the triangle:

H

The correct choice is (3).

ANSWERS Test Sampler Fall 2008

245

26. It is given that two triangles are similar and the ratio of each pair of corresponding sides is 2:1. Since corresponding angles of any pair of similar triangles are congruent, the measures of corresponding angles of two similar triangles must have a ratio of 1:1. Therefore, it cannot be the case that the corresponding angles of the given pair of similar triangles have a ratio of 2:1. The correct choice is (4). 27. Because a regular octagon is equiangular and has 8 sides, each exterior 360° = 45°. Since an interior angle is supplementary to an exte8 rior angle, each interior angle of a regular octagon measures 180° – 45° = 135°. angle measures

The correct choice is (4). 28. Perpendicular lines have slopes that are negative reciprocals. To find the slope of the given line, 5x + 3y = 8, write its equation in the slopeintercept form y = mx + b, where m represents the slope of the line: 5x + 3y = 8 3y = –5x + 8 y = – 5x + 8 3 3 The slope of the given line is – 5 . Because the negative reciprocal of – 5 3 3 is 3 , the slope of a line perpendicular to the line whose equation is 5 5x + 3y = 8 is 3 . 5 The correct choice is (2).

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ANSWERS Test Sampler Fall 2008

PART II 29. It is given that in right triangle ACB, altitude CD intersects AB at D, AD = 3, and DB = 4. You are required to find the length of CD in simplest radical form. C

A

3

D

B

4

The altitude drawn to the hypotenuse of a right triangle is the mean proportional between the two segments it forms on the hypotenuse. Thus: 3 = CD CD 4 (CD)2 = 3 · 4 CD = 12 =

4 ·

The length of CD in simplest radical form is 2 3 .

3 =2 3

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30. The vertices of 䉭ABC are given as A(3,2), B(6,1), and C(4,6). You are asked to identify and graph a transformation of 䉭ABC such that its image, 䉭A′B′C′, results in AB || A′B′. First graph 䉭ABC as shown in the accompanying figure. Then decide on a suitable transformation that results in AB || A′B′. y 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 –4 –3 –2 –1

–1 –2 –3 –4

C

C

A B

A 1

2 3 4 5

B 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

x

Transformations such as a dilation, translation, reflection through the origin, and rotation of 180° about the origin produce images that satisfy the condition AB || A′B′. One such transformation that is easy to graph is a translation that shifts 䉭ABC to the right, say 3 units, and up, say 5 units. Graph 䉭A′B′C′, the image of 䉭ABC under the translation T3,5, by plotting and then connecting the images of each of the vertices of 䉭ABC: T3,5 A(3,2) = A′(3 + 3,5 + 2) = A′(6,7) T3,5 B(6,1) = B′(3 + 6,5 + 1) = B′(9,6) T3,5 C(4,6) = C′(3 + 4,5 + 6) = C′(7,11) See the accompanying figure.

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ANSWERS Test Sampler Fall 2008

31. You are required to find the length of PQ given that the coordinates of its endpoints are P(–3,1) and Q(4,25). Use the distance formula: ( xq − x p )2 + ( yq − y p )2

PQ =

= (4 − (−3))2 + (25 − 1)2 = (4 + 3)2 + (24)2 49 + 576

=

= 625 = 25 The length of PQ is 25. 32. You are asked to use a compass and straightedge to construct the bisector of the given angle. • Name the vertex of the angle point P. Using P as a center and any convenient radius length, construct an arc that intersects the two sides of the angle. Label the points of intersection A and B. A

P D

B

• Using points A and B as centers and keeping the same radius length, draw a pair of intersecting arcs. Label the point at which the two arcs intersect, point D. • Using a straightedge, draw PD, the bisector of ⬔APB.

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33. It is given that the volume of a cylinder is 12,566.4 cm3 and that its height is 8 cm. You are required to find the radius of the cylinder to the nearest tenth of a centimeter. The volume, V, of a cylinder with radius r and height h is given by the formula V = πr 2h Replace V with 12,566.4 and h with 8: Solve for r 2 by dividing both sides of the equation by 8π: Solve for r by taking the square root of both sides of the equation:

Use your calculator to evaluate the right side of the equation:

12,566.4 = πr 28 12, 566.4 = r 2 8π r2 =

12, 566.4 8π

r=

12, 566.4 8π

= (12,566.4 ÷ (8 × π)) ^ .5 = 22.36070592

≈ 22.4 The radius of the cylinder to the nearest tenth of a centimeter is 22.4 cm. 34. Two statements are logically equivalent if they always have the same truth value. A conditional statement and its contrapositive are logically equivalent. To form the contrapositive of a conditional statement, interchange and negate both parts of the original conditional: Original: If two sides of a triangle are congruent, the angles opposite those sides are congruent. Logically equivalent statement: If the angles opposite two sides of a triangle are not congruent, then the two sides are not congruent. The new statement is the contrapositive of the original statement.

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ANSWERS Test Sampler Fall 2008

PART III 35. You are required to graph 䉭DEF with vertices at D(–4,–4), E(–2,2), and F(8,–2) and then determine the coordinates of points G and H, the midpoints of EF and DF, respectively. You must also explain why GH || DE. • Graph 䉭DEF as shown in the accompanying figure. y

E (–2,2) G (3,0)

x

F (8,–2) H (2,–3) D (–4,–4)

• To determine the midpoint of a line segment, find the averages of the corresponding coordinates of its endpoints. Midpoint of EF = G ⎛ −2 + 8 , 2 + (−2) ⎞ = G ⎛ 6 , 0 ⎞ = G(3,0). ⎝ 2 ⎝ 2 2⎠ 2 ⎠ Midpoint of DF = H ⎛ ⎝

−4 + 8 −4 + (−2) ⎞ 4 −6 = H ⎛ , ⎞ = H(2,–3). , ⎠ ⎝2 2 ⎠ 2 2

Hence, the coordinates of G are (3,0) and the coordinates of H are (2,–3). Label these points on the graph, as shown in the accompanying figure.

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• According to the midsegment theorem, a line segment joining the midpoints of two sides of a triangle is parallel to the remaining side of the triangle (and one-half of its length). In 䉭DEF, GH is the segment joining the midpoints of the two sides of the triangle and, as a result, is parallel to DE, the third side of the triangle.  :m FE : 36. In the accompanying diagram of circle O, it is given that m DF  = 5:2:1:7. You are asked to identify a pair of inscribed angles that  :m GD m EG are congruent to each other and give their measure. 2x

F

E x

5x

G O D 7x

The measures of the arcs that comprise a circle must add up to 360. If x  , then represents the measure of EG  + m FE  + m EG  = 360  + m GD m DF 5x +

2x +

x+

7x = 360 15 x = 360 15 15 x = 24

 , and Angles D and G are inscribed angles that intercept the same arc, FE  = 2x = 2(24) = 48. Since the are therefore congruent. Because x = 24, m FE measure of an inscribed angle is one-half of the measure of its intercepted arc  m⬔D = m⬔G = 1 m FE 2 = 1 (48) 2 = 24

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ANSWERS Test Sampler Fall 2008

37. It is given that a park that is being planned must be equidistant from school A at (3,3) and school B at (3,–5). The park also must be exactly 5 miles from the center of the town located at the origin on the coordinate graph in which each unit represents 1 mile. You are required to sketch the compound loci and label with an X all possible locations for the new park. Graph A(3,3) and B(3,–5) on the grid provided. Then graph each locus condition on the same grid. • The locus of points equidistant from school A and school B is the perpendicular bisector of AB. Since AB is a vertical segment whose midpoint is at ⎛ 3 + 3 , 3 + (−5) ⎞ = (3,–1), represent the first locus condition as a hori⎝ 2 2 ⎠ zontal line through (3,–1) as shown in the accompanying figure. y

A (3,3)

x X

X

B (3,–5)

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• The locus of points 5 miles from the center of the town located at the origin is a circle whose center is at the origin and has a radius of 5. Use your compass to draw this circle as shown in the accompanying figure. • Label with an X the points of intersection of the two graphs, as shown in the accompanying figure. Since the graphs intersect in two different points, there are exactly two locations that satisfy the compound loci.

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ANSWERS Test Sampler Fall 2008

PART IV 38. In the accompanying diagram, quadrilateral ABCD is inscribed in circle O, AB || DC, and diagonals AC and BD are drawn. You are required to prove that 䉭ACD 䉭BDC. A

B

O

D

C

Plan: Use the fact that parallel chords of a circle intercept congruent arcs to prove 䉭ACD 䉭BDC by AAS AAS. PROOF

Statement

Reason

1. AB || DC.

1. Given.

 BC . 2. AD

2. In a circle, parallel chords intercept congruent arcs.

3. ⬔ACD ⬔BDC.

Angle

3. If two inscribed angles of a circle intercept congruent arcs, the angles are congruent.

4. ⬔DAC ⬔CBD.

Angle

4. If two inscribed angles of a circle intercept the same arc (CD), the angles are congruent.

5. DC DC.

Side

5. Reflexive property of congruence.

6. 䉭ACD 䉭BDC.

6. AAS AAS.

SELF-ANALYSIS CHART Test Sampler Fall 2008 Topic

Question Numbers

Number of Points

1. Logic (negation, conjunction, disjunction, related conditionals, biconditional, logically equivalent statements, logical inference)

2, 34

2+2=4

2. Angle & Line Relationships (vertical angles, midpoint, altitude, median, bisector, supplementary angles, complete angles, parallel and perpendicular lines)

10

2

3. Parallel & Perpendicular Planes

6, 16

2+2=4

4. Angles of a Triangle & Polygon (sum of angles, exterior angle, base angles theorem, angles of a regular polygon)

27

2

5. Triangle Inequalities (side length restrictions, unequal angles opposite unequal sides, exterior angle)

19

2

6. Trapezoids & Parallelograms (includes properties of rectangle, rhombus, square, and isosceles trapezoid)

1

2

7. Proofs Involving Congruent Triangles

38

6

8. Indirect Proof & Mathematical Reasoning

—

—

9. Ratio & Proportion (includes similar polygons, proportions, and proofs involving similar triangles, comparing linear dimensions, and areas of similar triangles)

21, 26

2+2=4

10. Proportions formed by altitude to hypotenuse of right triangle; Pythagorean theorem

29

2

11. Coordinate Geometry (slopes of parallel and perpendicular lines; slope-intercept and point-slope equations of a line; applications requiring midpoint, distance, or slope formulas; coordinate proofs)

9, 12, 13, 22, 28, 31, 35

2+2+2+ 2+2+2+ 4 = 16

12. Solving a Linear-Quadratic System of Equalities Graphically

5

2

255

Your Your Points Percentage

256

SELF-ANALYSIS CHART Test Sampler Fall 2008 Question Numbers

Number of Points

13. Transformation Geometry (includes isometries, dilation, symmetry, composite transformations, transformations using coordinates)

3, 18, 23, 30

2+2+2+2 =8

14. Locus & Constructions (simple and compound locus, locus using coordinates, compass constructions)

4, 7, 32, 37

2+2+2+4 = 10

15. Midpoint and Concurrency Theorems (includes joining midpoints of two sides of a triangle, three sides of a triangle, the sides of a quadrilateral, median of a trapezoid; centroid, orthocenter, incenter, and circumcenter)

25

2

16. Circles & Angle Measurement (incl. tangents from same exterior point, radius ⬜ tangent, tangent circles, common tangents, arcs and chords, diameter ⬜ chord, arc length, area of a sector, center-radius equation, applying transformations)

11, 14, 20, 24, 36

2+2+2+ 2 + 4 = 12

17. Circles and Similar Triangles (includes proofs, segments of intersecting chords, tangent and secant segments)

17

2

18. Area of Plane Figures (includes area of a regular polygon)

—

—

19. Measurement of Solids (volume and lateral area; surface area of a sphere; great circle; comparing similar solids)

8, 15, 33

2+2+2=6

Topic

Your Your Points Percentage

SELF-ANALYSIS CHART Test Sampler Fall 2008

257

MAP TO LEARNING STANDARDS The table below shows which content band each item is aligned to. The numbers in the table represent the question numbers on the test. Multiple-Choice Content Item Band Number Geometric 6, 8, 15, 16 relationships Constructions 4, 7 Locus 25 Informal and 1, 2, 9, 10, 11, 17, formal proofs 19, 21, 24, 26, 27 Transformational 3, 18, 23 geometry Coordinate 5, 12, 13, 14, 20, geometry 22, 28

2-Credit Item Number 33

4-Credit Item Number

6-Credit Item Number

37 36

38

32 29, 34 30 31

35

259

Examination June 2009 Geometry

PART I Answer all 28 questions in this part. Each correct answer will receive 2 credits. No partial credit will be allowed. For each question, write in the space provided the number preceding the word or expression that best completes the statement or answers the question. [56 credits]

1 Juliann plans on drawing 䉭ABC, where the measure of ∠A can range from 50° to 60° and the measure of ∠B can range from 90° to 100°. Given these conditions, what is the correct range of measures possible for ∠C? (1) 20° to 40° (2) 30° to 50°

(3) 80° to 90° (4) 120° to 130°

1 _____

260

EXAMINATION June 2009

2 In the diagram of 䉭 ABC and 䉭 DEF below, AB ≅ DE, ∠A ≅ ∠D, and ∠B ≅ ∠E.

Which method can be used to prove 䉭ABC ≅ 䉭DEF? (1) SSS (2) SAS

(3) ASA (4) HL

2 _____

3 In the diagram below, under which transformation will 䉭A′B′C′ be the image of 䉭ABC?

(1) rotation (2) dilation

(3) translation (4) glide reflection

3 _____

4 The lateral faces of a regular pyramid are composed of (1) squares (2) rectangles

(3) congruent right triangles (4) congruent isosceles triangles

4 _____

EXAMINATION June 2009

261

5 Point A is located at (4,−7). The point is reflected in the x-axis. Its image is located at (1) (−4,7) (2) (−4,−7)

(3) (4,7) (4) (7,−4)

5 _____

6 In the diagram of circle O below, chords AB and CD are parallel, and BD is a diameter of the circle.

If m∠AD = 60, what is m∠CDB? (1) 20 (2) 30

(3) 60 (4) 120

7 What is an equation of the line that passes through the point (−2,5) and is perpendicular to the line 1 whose equation is y = x + 5 ? 2 (1) y = 2x + 1 (3) y = 2x + 9 (2) y = −2x + 1 (4) y = −2x − 9

6 _____

7 _____

262

EXAMINATION June 2009

8 After a composition of transformations, the coordinates A(4,2), B(4,6), and C(2,6) become A″(−2,−1), B″(−2,−3), and C″(−1,−3), as shown on the set of axes below.

Which composition of transformations was used? (1) R180° 䊊 D2

(3) D 1 䊊 R180° 2

(2) R90° 䊊 D2

(4) D 1 䊊 R90°

8 _____

2

9 In an equilateral triangle, what is the difference between the sum of the exterior angles and the sum of the interior angles? (1) 180° (2) 120°

(3) 90° (4) 60°

9 _____

EXAMINATION June 2009

263

10 What is an equation of a circle with its center at (−3,5) and a radius of 4? (1) (2) (3) (4)

(x − 3)2 + (y + 5)2 = 16 (x + 3)2 + (y − 5)2 = 16 (x − 3)2 + (y + 5)2 = 4 (x + 3)2 + (y + 5)2 = 4

10 _____

11 In 䉭ABC, m∠A = 95, m∠B = 50, and m∠C = 35. Which expression correctly relates the lengths of the sides of this triangle? (1) AB < BC < CA (2) AB < AC < BC

(3) AC < BC < AB (4) BC < AC < AB

11 _____

12 In a coordinate plane, how many points are both 5 units from the origin and 2 units from the x-axis? (1) 1 (2) 2

(3) 3 (4) 4

12 _____

13 What is the contrapositive of the statement, “If I am tall, then I will bump my head”? (1) (2) (3) (4)

If I bump my head, then I am tall. If I do not bump my head, then I am tall. If I am tall, then I will not bump my head. If I do not bump my head, then I am not tall.

13 _____

264

EXAMINATION June 2009

14 In the diagram of 䉭ABC below, Jose found centroid P by constructing the three medians. He measured CF and found it to be 6 inches.

If PF = x, which equation can be used to find x? (1) x + x = 6 (2) 2x + x = 6

(3) 3x + 2x = 6 2 (4) x + x = 6 3

14 _____

15 In the diagram below, the length of the legs AC and BC of right triangle ABC are 6 cm and 8 cm, respectively. Altitude CD is drawn to the hypotenuse of 䉭ABC.

What is the length of AD to the nearest tenth of a centimeter? (1) 3.6 (2) 6.0

(3) 6.4 (4) 4.0

15 _____

EXAMINATION June 2009

265

16 In the diagram below, tangent AB and secant ACD are drawn to circle O from an external point A, AB = 8, and AC = 4.

What is the length of CD? (1) 16 (2) 13

(3) 12 (4) 10

16 _____

17 In the diagram of 䉭ABC and 䉭EDC below, AE and BD intersect at C, and ∠CAB ≅ ∠CED.

Which method can be used to show that 䉭ABC must be similar to 䉭EDC ? (1) SAS (2) AA

(3) SSS (4) HL

17 _____

266

EXAMINATION June 2009

18 Point P is on line m. What is the total number of planes that are perpendicular to line m and pass through point P? (1) 1 (2) 2

(3) 0 (4) infinite

18 _____

19 Square LMNO is shown in the diagram below.

What are the coordinates of the midpoint of diagonal LN ?

(4 12 , − 2 12 ) 1 1 (2) ( −3 , 3 ) 2 2 (1)

(−2 12 , 3 12 ) 1 1 (4) ( −2 , 4 ) 2 2

(3)

19 _____

EXAMINATION June 2009

267

20 Which graph represents a circle with the equation

(x − 5)2 + (y + 1)2 = 9?

20 _____

268

EXAMINATION June 2009

21 In the diagram below, a right circular cone has a diameter of 8 inches and a height of 12 inches.

What is the volume of the cone to the nearest cubic inch? (1) 201 (2) 481

(3) 603 (4) 804

21 _____

22 A circle is represented by the equation x2 + (y + 3)2 = 13. What are the coordinates of the center of the circle and the length of the radius? (1) (0,3) and 13 (2) (0,3) and 13

(3) (0,−3) and 13 (4) (0,−3) and 13

22 _____

23 Given the system of equations: y = x2 − 4x x=4 The number of points of intersection is (1) 1 (2) 2

(3) 3 (4) 0

23 _____

EXAMINATION June 2009

269

24 Side PQ of 䉭PQR is extended through Q to point T. Which statement is not always true? (1) m∠RQT > m∠R (2) m∠RQT > m∠P

(3) m∠RQT = m∠P + m∠R (4) m∠RQT > m∠PQR

24 _____

25 Which illustration shows the correct construction of an angle bisector?

25 _____

26 Which equation represents a line perpendicular to the line whose equation is 2x + 3y = 12? (1) 6y = −4x + 12 (2) 2y = 3x + 6

(3) 2y = −3x + 6 (4) 3y = −2x + 12

26 _____

27 In 䉭ABC, point D is on AB, and point E is on BC such that DE AC. If DB = 2, DA = 7, and DE = 3, what is the length of AC ? (1) 8 (2) 9

(3) 10.5 (4) 13.5

27 _____

270

EXAMINATION June 2009

28 In three-dimensional space, two planes are parallel and a third plane intersects both of the parallel planes. The intersection of the planes is a (1) plane (2) point

(3) pair of parallel lines (4) pair of intersecting lines

28 _____

EXAMINATION June 2009

271

PART II Answer all 6 questions in this part. Each correct answer will receive 2 credits. Clearly indicate the necessary steps, including appropriate formula substitutions, diagrams, graphs, charts, etc. For all questions in this part, a correct numerical answer with no work shown will receive only 1 credit. [12 credits]

29 In the diagram of 䉭ABC below, AB = 10, BC = 14, and AC = 16. Find the perimeter of the triangle formed by connecting the midpoints of the sides of 䉭ABC.

272

EXAMINATION June 2009

30 Using a compass and straightedge, construct a line that passes through point P and is perpendicular to line m. [Leave all construction marks.]

31 Find an equation of the line passing through the point (5,4) and parallel to the line whose equation is 2x + y = 3.

EXAMINATION June 2009

32 The length of AB is 3 inches. On the diagram below, sketch the points that are equidistant from A and B and sketch the points that are 2 inches from A. Label with an X all points that satisfy both conditions.

273

274

EXAMINATION June 2009

33 Given: Two is an even integer or three is an even integer. Determine the truth value of this disjunction. Justify your answer.

EXAMINATION June 2009

34 In the diagram below, 䉭ABC ∼ 䉭EFG, m∠C = 4x + 30, and m∠G = 5x + 10. Determine the value of x.

275

276

EXAMINATION June 2009

PART III Answer all 3 questions in this part. Each correct answer will receive 4 credits. Clearly indicate the necessary steps, including appropriate formula substitutions, diagrams, graphs, charts, etc. For all questions in this part, a correct numerical answer with no work shown will receive only 1 credit. [12 credits]

35 In the diagram below, circles X and Y have two tangents drawn to them from external point T. The points of tangency are C, A, S, and E. The ratio of TA to AC is 1 : 3. If TS = 24, find the length of SE.

EXAMINATION June 2009

36 Triangle ABC has coordinates A(−6,2), B(−3,6), and C(5,0). Find the perimeter of the triangle. Express your answer in simplest radical form. [The use of the grid below is optional.]

277

278

EXAMINATION June 2009

37 The coordinates of the vertices of parallelogram ABCD are A(−2,2), B(3,5), C(4,2), and D(−1,−1). State the coordinates of the vertices of parallelogram A″ B″ C″ D″ that result from the transformation ry-axis 䊊 T2,−3. [The use of the set of axes below is optional.]

EXAMINATION June 2009

279

PART IV Answer the question in this part. A correct answer will receive 6 credits. Clearly indicate the necessary steps, including appropriate formula substitutions, diagrams, graphs, charts, etc. A correct numerical answer with no work shown will receive only 1 credit. [6 credits]

38 Given: 䉭ABC and 䉭EDC, C is the midpoint of BD and AE

Prove: AB DE

280

Answers June 2009 Geometry Answer Key PART I 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

(1) (3) (1) (4) (3) (2) (2)

8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

(3) (1) (2) (2) (4) (4) (2)

15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.

(1) (3) (2) (1) (4) (1) (1)

22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28.

(4) (1) (4) (3) (2) (4) (3)

PART II

PART III

29. 20 30. See the construction in the Answers Explained section. 31. y − 4 = −2(x − 5) or y = −2x + 14. 32. Two points of intersection. See the Answers Explained section. 33. True 34. 20

35. 18 36. 15 + 5 5 37. A″(0,−1), B″(−5,2), C″(−6,−1), and D″(−1,−4)

PART IV 38. See the proof in the Answers Explained section. Parts II-IV You are required to show how you arrived at your answers. For sample methods of solutions, see the Answers Explained section.

ANSWERS June 2009

281

Answers Explained PART I 1. In planning the drawing of 䉭ABC, it is given that the measure of ∠A can range from 50° to 60° and the measure of ∠B can range from 90° to 100°. Because the sum of the measures of the three angles of a triangle equals 180°, in 䉭ABC, the smallest possible measure of ∠C is 180° - (60° + 100°) = 20°. Additionally, the greatest possible measure of ∠C is 180° - (50° + 90°) = 40°. The correct range of possible measures for ∠C is 20° to 40°. The correct choice is (1). 2. In the accompanying diagram of 䉭ABC and 䉭DEF, AB @ DE, ∠A @ ∠D, and ∠B @ ∠E.

Since a pair of congruent sides, AB and DE, are included between two pairs of congruent angles, the two triangles are congruent by ASA @ ASA. The correct choice is (3).

282

ANSWERS June 2009 C

B′

A′ A

B

C′

3. In the accompanying diagram, you are required to identify the transformation for which 䉭A¢B¢C¢ will be the image of 䉭ABC. A rotation turns a figure, a dilation is a size transformation, a translation “slides” a figure, a glide reflection slides and reflects a figure. If you turn the page upside down (and temporarily ignore the letters), 䉭ABC will look the same as 䉭A¢B¢C¢. This means that 䉭A¢B¢C¢ is the image of 䉭ABC under a rotation of 180°. The correct choice is (1). 4. A regular pyramid is a pyramid whose base is a regular polygon and whose lateral faces are congruent isosceles triangles, as illustrated in the accompanying figure.

lateral face

The correct choice is (4).

ANSWERS June 2009

283

5. To reflect a point in the x-axis, flip it over the x-axis so that the ycoordinate of the image has the opposite sign. The image of A(4,-7) under a reflection in the x-axis is A¢(4,7), as shown on the accompanying figure. y 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 –6

–5

–4

–3

–2

The correct choice is (3).

–1 –1 –2 –3 –4 –5 –6 –7 –8 –9 –10

A¢(4,7)

1

2

3

4

5

A(4,–7)

6

x

284

ANSWERS June 2009

6. It is given that in the accompanying diagram of circle O, chords AB and CD are parallel, and BD is a diameter of the circle. • Parallel chords intercept congruent arcs, so mBC = m AD = 60°. • The measure of inscribed angle CDB is equal to one-half of the measure of its intercepted arc:

1 mBC 2 1 = (60) 2 = 30

m∠CDB =

The correct choice is (2). 7. You are required to find an equation of the line that passes through the point (-2,5) and is perpendicular to the line whose equation is 1 y = x + 5. 2 1 x + 5 is in the slope-intercept form y = mx + b, the slope of 2 1 this line is , which is the coefficient of x. Perpendicular lines have 2 slopes that are negative reciprocals. Hence, the slope of the required line 1 is -2, which is the negative reciprocal of . 2 To find an equation of the required line, use the point-slope form, y - k = m(x - h). Substitute values for h, k, and m where (h,k) is a point on the line whose slope is m. Let (h,k) = (-2,5) and m = -2: Since y =

y - k = m(x - h) y - 5 = -2(x - (-2)) y - 5 = -2(x + 2) Write the equation y - 5 = -2(x + 2) in slope-intercept form: y - 5 = -2x - 4 y = -2x - 4 + 5 y = -2x + 1 The correct choice is (2).

ANSWERS June 2009

285

8. It is given that after a composition of transformations, the coordinates A(4,2), B(4,6), and C(2,6) become A≤(-2,-1), B≤(-2,-3), and C≤(-1,-3), as shown on the set of axes in the accompanying figure. y C

B

A A″

x

B″ C″

From the figure, A′′B′′ =

1 AB. So one of the transformations is a dila2

1 , which is denoted by D 1. 2 2 If you turn the page upside down (and temporarily ignore the letters), 䉭ABC will look the same as 䉭A≤B≤C≤. This means that 䉭A≤B≤C≤ is the image of 䉭ABC after it is rotated 180°, which is denoted by R180°. tion with a scale factor of

Look at the answer choices for a composition that includes D 1 and R180°. 2

Choice (3) gives D 1 o R180°, which represents a rotation of 180° followed by a 2

dilation with a scale factor of The correct choice is (3).

1 . 2

286

ANSWERS June 2009

9. The sum of the measures of the exterior angles of any polygon, with one exterior angle drawn at each vertex, is 360°. The sum of the measures of the interior angles of any triangle is 180°. Hence, the difference between the sum of the measures of the exterior angles of an equilateral triangle and the sum of the measures of its interior angles is 360° - 180° = 180° The correct choice is (1). 10. The center-radius form of an equation of a circle with its center at (h,k) and a radius of r is (x - h)2 + (y - k)2 = r2. To find an equation of a circle with its center at (-3,5) and a radius of 4, let (h,k) = (-3,5) and r = 4: (x - (-3))2 + (y - 5)2 = 42 (x + 3)2 + (y - 5)2 = 16 The correct choice is (2). 11. In a triangle, if two angles of a triangle are unequal in measure, then the longer side is opposite the angle with the greater measure. It is given that in 䉭ABC, m∠A = 95, m∠B = 50, and m∠C = 35, as illustrated in the accompanying figure. Since side AB is opposite the angle with the smallest measure, it must be the shortest side of the triangle. Hence, choices (3) and (4) can be elimi- C nated. Because side BC is opposite the angle with the greatest measure, it must 35° be the longest side of the triangle. Choice (1) can be eliminated since: longest  AB < AC < BC 

shortest

Choice (2) correctly relates the lengths of the sides of this triangle. The correct choice is (2).

A

95°

50°

B

ANSWERS June 2009

287

12. In a coordinate plane, the set of points 5 units from the origin is a circle with its center at the origin and a radius of 5 units, as shown in the accompanying figure. y 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 –1 –2 –3 –4 –5 –6 –7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

x

The set of points 2 units from the x-axis is a pair of parallel lines 2 units on either side of the x-axis, as shown in the accompanying figure. Since the two lines intersect the circle at 4 different points, 4 points are both 5 units from the origin and 2 units from the x-axis. The correct choice is (4). 13. To form the contrapositive of a conditional statement, write its converse by interchanging the “If” and “then” parts of the original statement. Then negate both parts of the converse. • Given:

If I am tall, then I will bump my head.

• Converse:

If I bump my head, then I am tall.

• Contrapositive:

If I do not bump my head, then I am not tall.

The correct choice is (4).

288

ANSWERS June 2009

14. It is given that in the accompanying diagram of 䉭ABC, point P is the centroid found by constructing the three medians. It is also given that the length of median CF is 6 inches.

The centroid of a triangle divides each median into segments whose lengths are in the ratio of 2:1. If PF = x, then PC = 2x so: PF + PC = CF x + 2x = 6 The correct choice is (2).

ANSWERS June 2009

289

15. In the accompanying diagram, it is given that the length of legs AC and BC of right triangle ABC are 6 cm and 8 cm, respectively, and that altitude CD is drawn to the hypotenuse of 䉭ABC. You are required to find the length of AD to the nearest tenth of a centimeter.

The lengths of the sides of right triangle ABC form a 6-8-10 Pythagorean triple where the length of hypotenuse AB is 10. If the altitude is drawn to the hypotenuse of a right triangle, each leg of the original triangle is the mean proportional of the segment of the hypotenuse adjacent to that leg and the whole hypotenuse. If AD = x: AD AC = AC AB x 6 = 6 10 10 · x = 6 · 6 1

10 x 36 = 10 10 x = 3.6 cm The correct choice is (1).

290

ANSWERS June 2009

16. In the accompanying diagram, it is given that tangent AB and secant ACD are drawn to circle O from an external point A, AB = 8, and AC = 4.

You are required to find the length of CD. If a tangent and a secant are drawn to a circle from the same point, the length of the tangent segment is the mean proportional between the lengths of the secant and its external segment. If CD = x: ACD AB = AB AC x+4 8 = 8 4 4(x + 4) = 64 4x + 16 = 64 4x = 64 - 16 1

4 x 48 = 4 4 x = 12 The correct choice is (3).

ANSWERS June 2009

291

17. In the accompanying diagram, it is given that AE and BD intersect at C and that ∠CAB @ ∠CED.

Since vertical angles are congruent, ∠ACB @ ∠ECD. Triangles ABC and EDC have two pairs of congruent angles. As a result, they are similar by the AA method. The correct choice is (2). 18. It is given that point P is on line m as shown in the accompanying figure. There is exactly one plane that is perpendicular to line m and that passes through point P. m

P plane

The correct choice is (1).

292

ANSWERS June 2009

19. Square LMNO is shown in the accompanying figure. y O

N

L

M

x

The coordinates of L are (-6,1), and the coordinates of N are (1,8). The x- and y-coordinates of the midpoint of diagonal LN are the averages of the corresponding coordinates of its endpoints: ⎛ −6 + 1 1 + 8 ⎞ ⎛ 5 9 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ , ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ − , ⎟ = ⎜ −2 , 4 ⎟ ⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 2⎠ ⎝ 2 2⎠ The correct choice is (4).

ANSWERS June 2009

293

20. The center-radius form of an equation of a circle with its center at (h,k) and a radius of r is (x - h)2 + (y - k)2 = r2. You are required to identify the circle whose equation is (x - 5)2 + (y + 1)2 = 9. Rewrite the equation in center-radius form as (x - 5)2 + (y - (-1))2 = 32. Since (h,k) = (5, -1) and r = 3, the center of the required circle is at (5,-1) and its radius is 3. This circle is represented by the graph in choice (1): y

5 –5

5

–5

The correct choice is (1).

x

294

ANSWERS June 2009

21. It is given that in the accompanying diagram of a right circular cone, the diameter is 8 inches and the height is 12 inches.

Since the diameter of the base is 8 inches, the radius is 4 inches. To find 1 the volume, V, of a right circular cone, use the formula V = Bh, where B is 3 the area of the circular base and h is the height: 1 Bh 3 1 = π × 4 2 × 12 3 1 = × 16π × 12 3 = 64π = 201.0619298

V=

(

V ª 201 in.3 The correct choice is (1).

)

ANSWERS June 2009

295

22. The center-radius form of an equation of a circle with its center at (h,k) and a radius of r is (x - h)2 + (y - k)2 = r2. It is given that a circle is represented by the equation x 2 + (y + 3) 2 = 13. To determine the coordinates of the center and the length of the radius, write the equation in center-radius form as

( x − 0)2 + ( y − (−3))

2

=

( 13 ) . Since (h,k) = (0,-3) and 2

r = 13 , the center of the circle is at (0,-3) and its radius is 13 . The correct choice is (4). 23. Given the system of equations y = x2 - 4x and x = 4, you are required to determine the number of points of intersection of their graphs. The graph of the equation y = x2 - 4x is a parabola and the graph of the equation x = 4 is a vertical line, as shown in the accompanying figure. y 5

2

y = x – 4x

4 3 2 1 –3 –2 –1 –1

1

2

3

4

5

–2 –3 –4 –5

There is one point of intersection. The correct choice is (1).

x=4

6

7

x

296

ANSWERS June 2009

24. It is given that side PQ of 䉭PQR is extended through Q to point T. Draw a representative triangle, and then examine each answer choice in turn. R

P

Q

T

• Choice (1): It is always true that m∠RQT > m∠R since the measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is always greater than the measure of either nonadjacent interior angle. 3 • Choice (2): It is always true that m∠RQT > m∠P since the measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is always greater than the measure of either nonadjacent interior angle. 3 • Choice (3): It is always true that m∠RQT = m∠P + m∠R since the measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is always equal to the sum of the measures of the two nonadjacent interior angles. 3 • Choice (4): If ∠PQR is either a right or an obtuse angle, then the measure of its supplement, ∠RQT, is not greater than m∠PQR. Hence, it is not always true that m∠RQT > m∠PQR. 7 R

P

The correct choice is (4).

Q

T

ANSWERS June 2009

297

25. You are required to identify the illustration that shows the correct construction of an angle bisector. • Step 1: Construct an arc using the vertex of the angle as its center. • Step 2: Construct a pair of arcs that have as their centers the points at which the sides of the given angle intersect the first arc. • Step 3: Draw the bisector from the vertex of the angle through the intersection of the pair of arcs. This is illustrated in choice (3).

The correct choice is (3). 26. You are asked to identify the equation that represents a line perpendicular to the line whose equation is 2x + 3y = 12. The slopes of perpendicular lines are negative reciprocals. Find the slope of the given line, and then compare it to the slopes of the lines in the answer choices. Find the slope of the given line by writing its equation in slope-intercept form: 2x + 3y = 12 3y = -2x + 12 3y −2 x 3 = + 3 3 3 2 y = − x +1 3 The slope of the given line is the coefficient of x, − 2 . 3 The slope of a line perpendicular to the given line is the negative 3 2 reciprocal of − , which is . 2 3 Examine each answer choice until you find the one that has a line with a slope of 3 . 2

298

ANSWERS June 2009

• Choice (1): 6y = -4x + 12 so y =

−4 12 2 x+ = − x + 2. Since the slope 6 6 3

2 of this line is − , this choice is not correct. 7 3 3x 6 3 + = x + 3 . Since the slope of this • Choice (2): 2y = 3x + 6 so y = 2 2 2 3 line is , this choice is perpendicular to the given line. 3 2 The correct choice is (2). 27. It is given that in 䉭ABC, point D is on AB, point E is on BC such that DE 储 AC, DB = 2, DA = 7, and DE = 3. You are asked to find the length of AC. Draw a diagram that fits the conditions of the problem: B 2 D

E 3

7

A

x

C

If a line intersects two sides of a triangle and is parallel to the third side, then it creates a triangle similar to the original triangle. Thus, 䉭ABC ~ 䉭DBE.

ANSWERS June 2009

299

The lengths of corresponding sides of similar triangles are in proportion. Let AC = x and AB = DB + DA: DB DE = AB AC 2 3 = 2+7 x 2x = 3 · 9 1

2 x 27 = 2 2 x = 13.5 The correct choice is (4). 28. It is given that in three-dimensional space, two planes are parallel and a third plane intersects the two parallel planes. In the accompanying figure, planes P and Q are parallel and are intersected by a third plane, plane R. The intersection of planes P and Q with plane R is a pair of parallel lines, lines m and n.

R

m

P Q

n

m || n

plane P || plane Q The correct choice is (3).

300

ANSWERS June 2009

PART II 29. In the diagram of 䉭ABC below, AB = 10, BC = 14, and AC = 16. You are required to find the perimeter of the triangle formed by connecting the midpoints of the sides of 䉭ABC. B 8

10

14

7 A

5 16

C

The length of the line segment joining the midpoints of two sides of a triangle is one-half the length of the third side. The lengths of the sides of the triangle thus formed are 1 × 10 = 5 2 1 × 14 = 7 2 1 × 16 = 8 2 The perimeter of this triangle is 5 + 7 + 8 = 20.

ANSWERS June 2009

301

30. Using a compass and straightedge, you must construct a line through point P and perpendicular to line m.

P

A

B

m

Q

• Step 1: Using P as a center and any convenient radius length, construct an arc that intersects line m at two points. Label these as points A and B. • Step 2: Choose a radius length greater than one-half the length of AB . Using points A and B as centers, construct a pair of arcs that intersect. Label the point of intersection Q. • Step 3: Draw PQ. PQ ^ line m. 31. You are required to find an equation of the line passing through the point (5,4) and parallel to the line whose equation is 2x + y = 3. If 2x + y = 3, then y = -2x + 3. Hence, the slope of the given line is -2, which is the coefficient of x. Since parallel lines have the same slope, the slope of the required line is also -2. Method 1: Use the point-slope form of the equation of a line. In point-slope form, the equation of a line is y - k = m(x - h), where m is the slope of the line and (h,k) is a point on the line. For the required line, let (h,k) = (5,4) and m = -2: y - 4 = -2(x - 5)

302

ANSWERS June 2009

Method 2: Use the slope-intercept form of the equation of a line. In slope-intercept form, an equation of a line has the general form y = mx + b, where m is the slope of the line and b is the y-intercept. For the required line, m = -2, so y = -2x + b. Since it is given that the line contains the point (5,4), find b by substituting 5 for x and 4 for y: y = -2x + b 4 = -2(5) + b 4 = -10 + b 14 = b Because m = -2 and b = 14, an equation of the line is y = -2x + 14.

ANSWERS June 2009

303

32. Given that the length of AB is 3 inches, you are required to sketch the set of points that are equidistant from points A and B, sketch the set of points that are 2 inches from A, and then label with an X all points that satisfy both conditions. • The locus of points that are equidistant from points A and B is the perpendicular bisector of AB. It is 1.5 inches from both A and B, as shown in the accompanying figure.

X

ra

diu s

=2

in

• The locus of points that are 2 inches from A is a circle with its center at A and a radius of 2 inches, as shown in the accompanying figure.

A

B 1.5 in

1.5 in

X

• Because the 2-inch radius is greater than the 1.5-inch distance of the perpendicular bisector, the circle intersects the perpendicular bisector in two different points. Label each point with an X, as shown in the accompanying figure. There are two points of intersection.

304

ANSWERS June 2009

33. The statement “Two is an even integer or three is an even integer” is given. The statement formed by joining two statements using the word “or” is called a disjunction. A disjunction is true when at least one of the two statements is true. Since “two is an even integer” is a true statement, the truth value of the disjunction is true. 34. In the accompanying diagram, it is given that 䉭ABC ~ 䉭ABC, m∠C = 4x + 30, and m∠G = 5x + 10.

Since corresponding angles of similar triangles are congruent: m∠G = m∠C 5x + 10 = 4x + 30 5x - 4x = 30 - 10 x = 20 The value of x is 20.

ANSWERS June 2009

305

PART III 35. In the accompanying diagram, circles X and Y have two tangents drawn to them from external point T. The points of tangency are C, A, S, and E. C

3x

A

x T

Y

X

E 24

S

(Not drawn to scale)

It is also given that the ratio of TA to AC is 1:3 and TS = 24. You are asked to find the length of SE. • If TA = x, then AC = 3x. Since tangents drawn to a circle from the same external point are congruent: TC = TS x + 3x = 24 4x = 24 24 x= =6 4 Hence, TA = 6 and AC = 3(6) = 18. • Because tangents drawn to a circle from the same external point are congruent, TE = TA = 6. • SE = TS - TE = 24 - 6 = 18. The length of SE is 18.

306

ANSWERS June 2009

36. It is given that 䉭ABC has coordinates A(-6,2), B(-3,6), and C(5,0). To find the perimeter of 䉭ABC, find the length of each side of the triangle using the distance formula. Find the length of AB: AB =

( x B − x A ) 2 + ( yB − y A ) 2

=

(−3 − (−6)) + (6 − 2)

=

( 3) 2 + ( 4 ) 2

2

2

= 9 + 16 = 25 =5 Find the length of BC: BC =

( xC − xB )2 + (yC − yB )2

=

(5 − (−3)) + (0 − 6)

=

( 5 + 3) 2 + ( − 6 ) 2

2

2

= 64 + 36 = 100 = 10 Find the length of AC: AC =

( xC − x A )2 + ( yC − yA )2

=

(5 − (−6)) + (0 − 2)

=

(5 + 6)2 + (−2)2

2

= 121 + 4 = 125 = 25 ⋅ 5 =5 5

2

ANSWERS June 2009

307

Find the perimeter of 䉭ABC: Perimeter = AB + BC + AC = 5 + 10 + 5 5 = 15 + 5 5 The perimeter of 䉭ABC in simplest radical form is 15 + 5 5 . 37. The coordinates of the vertices of parallelogram ABCD are A(-2,2), B(3,5), C(4,2), and D(-1,-1). You are asked to state the coordinates of the vertices of parallelogram A≤B≤C≤D≤ that result from the transformation ry-axis o T2,-3. The notation ry-axis o T2,-3 represents the composite transformation of a translation 2 units in the positive x-direction and 3 units in the negative ydirection, followed by a reflection of that image in the y-axis. For each of the vertices of the original parallelogram, first perform the translation using the general rule Th,k(x, y) = (x + h, y + k). Then reflect the image in the y-axis using the rule ry-axis(x, y) = (-x, y). • T2,-3 A(-2,2) = A¢(-2 + 2,2 + (-3)) = A¢(0,-1) and ry-axis A¢(0,-1) = A≤(0,-1). • T2,-3 B(3,5) = B¢(3 + 2,5 + (-3)) = B¢(5,2) and ry-axis B¢(5,2) = B≤(-5,2). • T 2,-3 C(4,2) = C¢(4 + 2,2 + (-3)) = C¢(6,-1) and r y-axis C¢(6,-1) = C≤(-6,-1). • T2,-3 D(-1,-1) = D¢(-1 + 2,-1 - 3) = D¢(1,-4) and ry-axis D¢(1,-4) = D≤(-1,-4). The coordinates of the parallelogram that result from this transformation are A≤(0,-1), B≤(-5,2), C≤(-6,-1), and D≤(-1,-4).

308

ANSWERS June 2009

PART IV 38. You are given 䉭ABC and 䉭EDC and that C is the midpoint of BD and AE. You are required to prove that AB 储 DE.

Plan: Show 䉭ABC @ 䉭EDC using the SAS method. By CPCTC (corresponding parts of congruent triangles are congruent), ∠A @ ∠E (or ∠B @ ∠D). As a result, AB 储 DE. PROOF

Statement

Reason

1. 䉭ABC and 䉭EDC, C is the midpoint of BD and AE.

1. Given.

2. AC @ EC.

2. A midpoint divides a segment into two congruent segments.

3. ∠ACB @ ∠ECD. 4. BC @ DC.

Side Angle Side

3. Vertical angles are congruent. 4. Same as reason #2.

5. 䉭ABC @ 䉭EDC.

5. SAS @ SAS.

6. ∠A @ ∠E.

6. Corresponding parts of congruent triangles are congruent.

7. AB 储 DE.

7. If two lines are cut by a transversal such that alternate interior angles are congruent, the lines are parallel.

SELF-ANALYSIS CHART June 2009 Topic

Question Numbers

Number of Points

1. Logic (negation, conjunction, disjunction, related conditionals, biconditional, logically equivalent statements, logical inference)

13, 33

2+2=4

2. Angle & Line Relationships (vertical angles, midpoint, altitude, median, bisector, supplementary angles, comple. angles, parallel and perpendicular lines)

1

2

3. Parallel & Perpendicular Planes

18, 28

2+2=4

4. Angles of a Triangle & Polygon (sum of angles, exterior angle, base angles theorem, angles of a regular polygon)

9

2

5. Triangle Inequalities (side length restrictions, unequal angles opposite unequal sides, exterior angle)

11, 24

2+2=4

6. Trapezoids & Parallelograms (includes properties of rectangle, rhombus, square, and isosceles trapezoid)

—

—

7. Proofs Involving Congruent Triangles

2, 38

2+6=8

8. Indirect Proof & Mathematical Reasoning

—

—

9. Ratio & Proportion (includes similar polygons, proportions, and proofs involving similar triangles, comparing linear dimensions, and areas of similar triangles)

17, 27, 34

2+2+2=6

10. Proportions formed by altitude to hypotenuse of right triangle; Pythagorean theorem

15

2

11. Coordinate Geometry (slopes of parallel and perpendicular lines; slope-intercept and point-slope equations of a line; applications requiring midpoint, distance, or slope formulas; coordinate proofs)

7, 19, 26, 31, 36

2+2+2+ 2 + 4 = 12

12. Solving a Linear-Quadratic System of Equations Graphically

23

2

13. Transformation Geometry (includes isometries, dilation, symmetry, composite transformations, transformations using coordinates)

3, 5, 8, 37

2+2+2+ 4 = 10

309

Your Your Points Percentage

310

SELF-ANALYSIS CHART June 2009 Topic

Question Numbers

Number of Points

14. Locus & Constructions (simple and compound locus, locus using coordinates, compass constructions)

12, 25, 30, 32

2+2+2+ 2=8

15. Midpoint and Concurrency Theorems (includes joining midpoints of two sides of a triangle, three sides of a triangle, and the sides of a quadrilateral, median of a trapezoid; centroid, orthocenter, incenter, and circumcenter)

14, 29

2+2=4

16. Circles & Angle Measurement (includes @ tangents from same exterior point, radius ^ tangent, tangent circles, common tangents, arcs and chords, diameter ^ chord, arc length, area of a sector, center-radius equation, applying transformations)

6, 10, 20, 22

2+2+2+ 2=8

17. Circles and Similar Triangles (includes proofs, segments of intersecting chords, tangent and secant segments)

16, 35

2+4=6

18. Area of Plane Figures (includes area of a regular polygon)

—

—

19. Measurement of Solids (volume and lateral area; surface area of a sphere; great circle; comparing similar solids)

4, 21

2+2=4

Your Your Points Percentage

SELF-ANALYSIS CHART June 2009

311

Map to Core Curriculum Content Band

Item Numbers

Geometric relationships

4, 18, 21, 28

Constructions

25, 30

Locus

12, 32

Informal and formal proofs

1, 2, 6, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 24, 27, 29, 33, 34, 35, 38

Transformational geometry

3, 5, 8, 37

Coordinate geometry

7, 10, 19, 20, 22, 23, 26, 31, 36

How to Convert Your Raw Score to Your Geometry Regents Examination Score The conversion chart on the following page must be used to determine your final score on the June 2009 Regents Examination in Geometry. To find your final exam score, locate in the column labeled “Raw Score” the total number of points you scored out of a possible 86 points. Since partial credit is allowed in Parts II, III, and IV of the test, you may need to approximate the credit you would receive for a solution that is not completely correct. Then locate in the adjacent column to the right the scale score that corresponds to your raw score. The scale score is your final Geometry Regents Examination score.

312

SELF-ANALYSIS CHART June 2009

Regents Examination in Geometry—June 2009 Chart for Converting Total Test Raw Scores to Final Examination Scores (Scale Scores) Raw Score

Scale Score

Raw Score

Scale Score

Raw Score

Scale Score

Raw Score

Scale Score

86

100

64

80

42

66

20

42

85

99

63

79

41

65

19

41

84

98

62

79

40

64

18

39

83

96

61

78

39

63

17

37

82

95

60

77

38

63

16

36

81

94

59

77

37

62

15

34

80

93

58

76

36

61

14

32

79

92

57

76

35

60

13

30

78

91

56

75

34

59

12

28

77

90

55

74

33

58

11

26

76

89

54

74

32

57

10

24

75

88

53

73

31

56

9

22

74

87

52

72

30

55

8

20

73

87

51

72

29

54

7

18

72

86

50

71

28

53

6

15

71

85

49

71

27

52

5

13

70

84

48

70

26

50

4

11

69

83

47

69

25

49

3

8

68

83

46

69

24

48

2

5

67

82

45

68

23

47

1

3

66

81

44

67

22

45

0

0

65

81

43

66

21

44

313

Examination August 2009 Geometry

PART I Answer all 28 questions in this part. Each correct answer will receive 2 credits. No partial credit will be allowed. For each question, write in the space provided the number preceding the word or expression that best completes the statement or answers the question. [56 credits]

1 Based on the diagram below, which statement is true?

(1) a || b (2) a || c

(3) b || c (4) d || e

1 _____

314

EXAMINATION August 2009

2 The diagram below shows the construction of the bisector of ∠ABC.

Which statement is not true? 1 m∠ABC 2 1 (2) m∠DBF = m∠ABC 2 (3) m∠EBF = m∠ABC (4) m∠DBF = m∠EBF (1) m∠EBF =

2 _____

EXAMINATION August 2009

315

3 In the diagram of 䉭ABC below, AB ≅ AC . The measure of ∠B is 40°.

What is the measure of ∠A? (1) 40° (2) 50°

(3) 70° (4) 100°

3 _____

4 In the diagram of circle O below, chord CD is parallel to diameter AOB and mAC = 30 .

What is mCD? (1) 150 (2) 120

(3) 100 (4) 60

4 _____

316

EXAMINATION August 2009

5 In the diagram of trapezoid ABCD below, diagonals AC and BD intersect at E and 䉭ABC ≅ 䉭DCB.

Which statement is true based on the given information? (1) AC ≅ BC (2) CD ≅ AD

(3) ∠CDE ≅ ∠BAD (4) ∠CDB ≅ ∠BAC

5 _____

6 Which transformation produces a figure similar but not congruent to the original figure? (1) T1,3 (2) D 1

(3) R90° (4) ry = x

6 _____

2

7 In the diagram below of parallelogram ABCD with diagonals AC and BD , m∠1 = 45 and m∠DCB = 120.

What is the measure of ∠2? (1) 15° (2) 30°

(3) 45° (4) 60°

7 _____

EXAMINATION August 2009

317

8 On the set of axes below, Geoff drew rectangle ABCD. He will transform the rectangle by using the translation (x,y) → (x + 2,y + 1) and then will reflect the translated rectangle over the x-axis.

What will be the area of the rectangle after these transformations? (1) (2) (3) (4)

exactly 28 square units less than 28 square units greater than 28 square units It cannot be determined from the information given.

8 _____

9 What is the equation of a line that is parallel to the line whose equation is y = x + 2? (1) x + y = 5 (2) 2x + y = −2

(3) y − x = −1 (4) y − 2x = 3

9 _____

318

EXAMINATION August 2009

10 The endpoints of CD are C(−2,−4) and D(6,2). What are the coordinates of the midpoints of CD ? (1) (2,3) (2) (2,−1)

(3) (4,−2) (4) (4,3)

10 _____

11 What are the center and the radius of the circle whose equation is (x − 3)2 + (y + 3)2 = 36? (1) (2) (3) (4)

center = (3,−3); radius = 6 center = (−3,3); radius = 6 center = (3,−3); radius = 36 center = (−3,3); radius = 36

11 _____

12 Given the equations:

y = x2 − 6x + 10 y+x=4 What is the solution to the given system of equations? (1) (2,3) (2) (3,2)

(3) (2,2) and (1,3) (4) (2,2) and (3,1)

12 _____

13 The diagonal AC is drawn in parallelogram ABCD. Which method can not be used to prove that 䉭ABC ≅ 䉭CDA? (1) SSS (2) SAS

(3) SSA (4) ASA

13 _____

EXAMINATION August 2009

319

14 In the diagram below, line k is perpendicular to plane P at point T.

Which statement is true? (1) Any point in plane P also will be on line k. (2) Only one line in plane P will intersect line k. (3) All planes that intersect plane P will pass through T. (4) Any plane containing line k is perpendicular to plane P. 14 _____

320

EXAMINATION August 2009

15 In the diagram below, which transformation was used to map 䉭ABC to 䉭A′B′C′?

(1) dilation (2) rotation

(3) reflection (4) glide reflection

15 _____

16 Which set of numbers represents the lengths of the sides of a triangle? (1) {5, 18, 13} (2) {6, 17, 22}

(3) {16, 24, 7} (4) {26, 8, 15}

16 _____

17 What is the slope of a line perpendicular to the line 2 whose equation is y = − x − 5 ? 3 3 2 2 (2) − 3 (1) −

2 3 3 (4) 2 (3)

17 _____

EXAMINATION August 2009

321

18 A quadrilateral whose diagonals bisect each other and are perpendicular is a (1) rhombus (2) rectangle

(3) trapezoid (4) parallelogram

18 _____

19 If the endpoints of AB are A(−4,5) and B(2,−5), what is the length of AB ? (1) 2 34 (2) 2

(3) 61 (4) 8

19 _____

20 In the diagram below of 䉭ACT, D is the midpoint of AC , O is the midpoint of AT , and G is the midpoint of CT .

If AC = 10, AT = 18, and CT = 22, what is the perimeter of parallelogram CDOG? (1) 21 (2) 25

(3) 32 (4) 40

20 _____

322

EXAMINATION August 2009

21 Which equation represents circle K shown in the graph below?

(1) (2) (3) (4)

(x + 5)2 + (y − 1)2 = 3 (x + 5)2 + (y − 1)2 = 9 (x − 5)2 + (y + 1)2 = 3 (x − 5)2 + (y + 1)2 = 9

21 _____

22 In the diagram below of right triangle ACB, altitude CD is drawn to hypotenuse AB .

If AB = 36 and AC = 12, what is the length of AD ? (1) 32 (2) 6

(3) 3 (4) 4

22 _____

EXAMINATION August 2009

323

23 In the diagram of circle O below, chord AB intersects chord CD at E, DE = 2x + 8, EC = 3, AE = 4x − 3, and EB = 4.

What is the value of x? (1) 1 (2) 3.6

(3) 5 (4) 10.25

23 _____

24 What is the negation of the statement “Squares are parallelograms”? (1) (2) (3) (4)

Parallelograms are squares. Parallelograms are not squares. It is not the case that squares are parallelograms. It is not the case that parallelograms are squares. 24 _____

324

EXAMINATION August 2009

25 The diagram below shows the construction of the center of the circle circumscribed about 䉭ABC.

This construction represents how to find the intersection of (1) (2) (3) (4)

the angle bisectors of 䉭ABC the medians to the sides of 䉭ABC the altitudes to the sides of 䉭ABC the perpendicular bisectors of the sides of 䉭ABC 25 _____

26 A right circular cylinder has a volume of 1,000 cubic inches and a height of 8 inches. What is the radius of the cylinder to the nearest tenth of an inch? (1) 6.3 (2) 11.2

(3) 19.8 (4) 39.8

26 _____

27 If two different lines are perpendicular to the same plane, they are (1) collinear (2) coplanar

(3) congruent (4) consecutive

27 _____

EXAMINATION August 2009

325

28 How many common tangent lines can be drawn to the two externally tangent circles shown below?

(1) 1 (2) 2

(3) 3 (4) 4

28 _____

326

EXAMINATION August 2009

PART II Answer all 6 questions in this part. Each correct answer will receive 2 credits. Clearly indicate the necessary steps, including appropriate formula substitutions, diagrams, graphs, charts, etc. For all questions in this part, a correct numerical answer with no work shown will receive only 1 credit. [12 credits]

29 In the diagram below of isosceles trapezoid DEFG, DE || GF , DE = 4x − 2, EF = 3x + 2, FG = 5x − 3, and GD = 2x + 5. Find the value of x.

EXAMINATION August 2009

30 A regular pyramid with a square base is shown in the diagram below.

A side, s, of the base of the pyramid is 12 meters, and the height, h, is 42 meters. What is the volume of the pyramid in cubic meters?

31 Write an equation of the line that passes through the point (6,−5) and is parallel to the line whose equation is 2x − 3y = 11.

327

328

EXAMINATION August 2009

32 Using a compass and straightedge, construct the angle bisector of ∠ABC shown below. [Leave all construction marks.]

33 The degree measures of the angles of 䉭ABC are represented by x, 3x, and 5x − 54. Find the value of x. 34 In the diagram below of 䉭ABC with side AC extended through D, m∠A = 37 and m∠BCD = 117. Which side of 䉭ABC is the longest side? Justify your answer.

EXAMINATION August 2009

329

PART III Answer all 3 questions in this part. Each correct answer will receive 4 credits. Clearly indicate the necessary steps, including appropriate formula substitutions, diagrams, graphs, charts, etc. For all questions in this part, a correct numerical answer with no work shown will receive only 1 credit. [12 credits]

35 Write an equation of the perpendicular bisector of the line segment whose endpoints are (−1,1) and (7,−5). [The use of the grid below is optional.]

330

EXAMINATION August 2009

36 On the set of axes below, sketch the points that are 5 units from the origin and sketch the points that are 2 units from the line y = 3. Label with an X all points that satisfy both conditions.

EXAMINATION August 2009

37 Triangle DEG has the coordinates D(1,1), E(5,1), and G(5,4). Triangle DEG is rotated 90° about the origin to form 䉭D′E′G′. On the grid below, graph and label 䉭DEG and 䉭D′E′G′. State the coordinates of the vertices D′, E′, and G′. Justify that this transformation preserves distance.

331

332

EXAMINATION August 2009

PART IV Answer the question in this part. A correct answer will receive 6 credits. Clearly indicate the necessary steps, including appropriate formula substitutions, diagrams, graphs, charts, etc. A correct numerical answer with no work shown will receive only 1 credit. [6 credits]

38 Given: Quadrilateral ABCD, diagonal AFEC , AE ≅ FC , BF ⊥ AC , DE ⊥ AC, ∠1 ≅ ∠2 Prove: ABCD is a parallelogram.

333

Answers August 2009 Geometry Answer Key PART I 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

(4) (3) (4) (2) (4) (2) (1)

8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

(1) (3) (2) (1) (4) (3) (4)

15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.

(4) (2) (4) (1) (1) (3) (2)

PART II

PART III

29. 3 30. 2,016

35. y + 2 =

(

)

2 2 x − 6 or y = x − 9 3 3 32. See the Answers Explained section. 33. 26 34. AC 31. y + 5 =

22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28.

(

(4) (2) (3) (4) (1) (2) (3)

)

4 x−3 3 4 or y = x − 6 3 36. See the Answers Explained section. 37. D′(−1,1), E′(−1,5), G′(−4,5)

PART IV 38. See the Answers Explained section. In PARTS II–IV you are required to show how you arrived at your answers. For sample methods of solutions, see the Answers Explained section.

334

ANSWERS August 2009

Answers Explained PART I 1. In the accompanying diagram, m∠1 = 180 − 60 = 120. Because transversal b intersects lines d and e, the corresponding angles marked in the diagram are congruent, d || e.

The correct choice is (4).

ANSWERS August 2009

335

2. It is given that the accompanying diagram represents the construction of the bisector of ∠ABC.

You are asked to choose the statement among the answer choices that is 1 not true. Choice (1) states that m∠EBF = m∠ABC, and choice (3) states 2 that m∠EBF = m∠ABC. Both statements cannot be true at the same time. Since each angle formed by an angle bisector is one-half of the measure of the 1 original angle, m∠EBF = m∠ABC and m∠EBF π m∠ABC. 2 The correct choice is (3). 3. It is given that in the accompanying diagram of 䉭ABC, AB ≅ AC and m∠B = 40°.

• If two sides of a triangle are congruent, the angles opposite these sides are congruent. Thus m∠C = m∠B = 40°. • Since the sum of the measures of the three angles of a triangle is 180°, m∠A + 40° + 40° = 180° so m∠A = 180° − 80° and m∠A = 100°. The correct choice is (4).

336

ANSWERS August 2009

4. It is given that in the accompanying diagram of circle O, chord CD is parallel to diameter AOB and mAC = 30.

• Parallel chords cut off congruent arcs, so mBD = m AC = 30. • Since a diameter divides a circle into two semicircles, each of which measures 180 degrees: mCD + mBD + m AC = 180 mCD + 30 + 30 = 180 mCD = 180 − 60 = 120 The correct choice is (2).

ANSWERS August 2009

337

5. It is given that in the accompanying diagram of trapezoid ABCD, diagonals AC and BD intersect at E and 䉭ABC ≅ 䉭DCB.

To determine the true statement, find the answer choice that contains the pair of corresponding parts that are congruent as a result of 䉭ABC ≅ 䉭DCB. Angles CDB and BAC are corresponding angles in the two overlapping congruent triangles, so ∠CDB ≅ ∠BAC. The correct choice is (4). 6. The notation D 1 represents a dilation with a scale factor of 2 1 . The distance between any two points of the transformed figure is one-half 2 of the distance between the two corresponding points of the original figure. Since a dilation preserves angle measures, the transformation D1 produces a figure similar but not congruent to the original figure. 2

The correct choice is (2).

338

ANSWERS August 2009

7. It is given that in the accompanying diagram of parallelogram ABCD with diagonals AC and BD , m∠1 = 45 and m∠DCB = 120.

• Since opposite sides of a parallelogram are parallel, AD || BC. • Since consecutive angles of a parallelogram are supplementary: m∠CDA + m∠DCB = 180° m∠1 + m∠2 + m∠DCB = 180° 45° + m∠2 + 120° = 180° m∠2 = 180° − 165° = 15° The correct choice is (1).

ANSWERS August 2009

339

8. It is given that the translation (x,y) → (x + 2, y + 1) will be performed on the rectangle shown on the accompanying set of axes. The translated rectangle will then be reflected over the x-axis. You are asked to find the area of the rectangle after these transformations.

The area of rectangle ABCD is AB × AD = 7 × 4 = 28 square units Since distance is preserved under both a translation and a reflection, the dimensions of the rectangle after these two transformations will be the same as those of the original rectangle. So the area of the transformed rectangle will also be 28 square units. The correct choice is (1). 9. You are asked to identify the equation of a line that is parallel to the line whose equation is y = x + 2. Since the given line is written in the slopeintercept form of y = mx + b, its slope is 1, the coefficient of x. Parallel lines have the same slope. Check each of the answer choices until you find the equation whose slope, m, is 1: • Choice (1): x + y = 5 so y = −x + 5 and m = −1.

7

• Choice (2): 2x + y = −2 so y = −2x + −2 and m = −2.

7

• Choice (3): y − x = −1 so y = x − 1 and m = 1.

3

• Choice (4): y − 2x = 3 so y = 2x + 3 and m = 2.

7

The correct choice is (3).

340

ANSWERS August 2009

10. It is given that the endpoints of CD are C(−2,−4) and D(6,2). To find the coordinates of the midpoint (x¯, y¯) of CD , find the averages of the corresponding coordinates of the endpoints: −2 + 6 2 4 = 2 =2

−4 + 2 2 −2 = 2 = −1

y=

x=

and

The coordinates of the midpoint of CD are (2,−1). The correct choice is (2). 11. The center-radius form of an equation of a circle with its center at (h,k) and a radius of r is (x − h)2 + (y − k)2 = r 2. You are required to identify the center and radius of the circle whose equation is (x − 3)2 + (y + 3)2 = 36. Rewrite the equation in center-radius form as (x − 3)2 + (y − (−3))2 = 62. Since (h,k) = (3,−3) and r = 6, the center of the required circle is at (3,−3) and its radius is 6. The correct choice is (1). 12. To solve the given system of equations, y = x2 − 6x + 10 and y + x = 4, eliminate the variable y in the linear equation using substitution: y = −x + 4 x2 − 6x + 10 = −x + 4 Write the quadratic equation in standard form so that all of the nonzero terms are on the same side of the equation: Factor the quadratic trinomial as the product of two binomials: Set each factor equal to 0:

x2 − 5x + 6 = 0 (x − 2)(x − 3) = 0 x − 2 = 0 or x − 3 = 0 x = 2 or x=3

Find the corresponding values of y by substituting each of the solution values of x into the equation y + x = 4: • When x = 2, y + 2 = 4 so y = 2. • When x = 3, y + 3 = 4 so y = 1. The solution to the given system of equations is (2,2) and (3,1). The correct choice is (4).

ANSWERS August 2009

341

13. It is given that diagonal AC is drawn in parallelogram ABCD. You are asked to identify the method that cannot be used to prove that 䉭ABC ≅ 䉭CDA. Since SSA is never a valid method for proving triangles congruent and this is offered in choice (3), no further analysis is required. The correct choice is (3). 14. It is given that line k is perpendicular to plane P at point T.

If a line is perpendicular to a plane, then every plane containing the line must also be perpendicular to the given plane. The correct choice is (4).

342

ANSWERS August 2009

15. You are asked to identify the transformation used to map 䉭ABC to 䉭A′B′C′.

Examine each answer choice. • Choice (1): A dilation is a similarity transformation that changes the size but not the shape of the figure. The transformation shown is not a dilation as the two triangles appear to be congruent. 7 • Choice (2): A rotation turns a figure while maintaining orientation. When the vertices of the figure and its rotated image are both read in a clockwise direction, the lettered vertices appear in the same order. In the given transformation, the original figure and its image have reverse orientations. 7 • Choice (3): A reflection in a line flips a figure over a line while reversing orientation. Since 䉭A′B′C′ appears to be shifted in the horizontal direction relative to 䉭ABC, the transformation is not a simple reflection. 7 • Choice (4): A glide reflection is comprised of a reflection and a translation in a direction parallel to the reflecting line. Reflecting 䉭ABC in a line parallel to BC and then translating the reflected image horizontally to the right maps 䉭ABC onto 䉭A′B′C′. 3 The correct choice is (4).

ANSWERS August 2009

343

16. You are asked to identify the set of three numbers that represents the lengths of the sides of a triangle. Examine each answer choice in turn until you find the set of three positive numbers for which each number is less than the sum of the other two, as in choice (2): 6 < 17 + 22

3 17 < 6 + 22

3

22 < 6 + 17

3

The correct choice is (2). 17. Perpendicular lines have slopes that are negative reciprocals. The 2 2 2 3 slope of the given line, y = − x − 5, is − . The negative reciprocal of − is . 3 3 3 2 3 The slope of a line perpendicular to the given line is, therefore, . 2 The correct choice is (4). 18. If the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other, the quadrilateral is a parallelogram. If the diagonals of a parallelogram are perpendicular, the parallelogram is a rhombus. The correct choice is (1). 19. It is given that the endpoints of AB are A(−4,5) and B(2,−5). To find the length of AB , use the distance formula: AB =

( x B − x A ) + ( yB − y A )

=

(2 − (−4)) + (−5 − 5)

=

(2 + 4)2 + (−10)2

2

2

= 36 + 100 = 136 = 4 ⋅ 34 = 2 34 The correct choice is (1).

2

2

344

ANSWERS August 2009

20. In the accompanying diagram of 䉭ACT, it is given that D is the midpoint of AC, O is the midpoint of AT , and G is the midpoint of CT . It is also given that AC = 10, AT = 18, and CT = 22. You are required to find the perimeter of parallelogram CDOG.

1 1 • Because D and G are midpoints, CD = AC = (10) = 5 and 2 2 1 1 CG = CT = (22) = 11. 2 2 • Since opposite sides of a parallelogram are congruent, GO = CD = 5 and OD = CG = 11. • To find the perimeter of CDOG, find the sum of the lengths of its four sides: 5 + 11 + 5 + 11 = 32. The correct choice is (3).

ANSWERS August 2009

345

21. You are asked to identify the equation of circle K in the accompanying graph.

Reading from the graph, the radius r = 3 and the center (h,k) is at (−5,1). Substitute these values into the center-radius form of the equation of a circle: (x − h)2 + (y − k)2 = r 2 (x − (−5))2 + (y − 1)2 = 32 (x + 5)2 + (y − 1)2 = 9 The correct choice is (2).

346

ANSWERS August 2009

22. In the accompanying diagram of right triangle ACB, altitude CD is drawn to hypotenuse AB . You must find the length of AD given that AB = 36 and AC = 12.

If an altitude is drawn to the hypotenuse of a right triangle, the length of each leg of the original triangle is the mean proportional between the length of the segment of the hypotenuse adjacent to that leg and the length of the whole hypotenuse: AD AC = AC AB AD 12 = 12 36 36 (AD) = 12 · 12 36( AD) 144 = 36 36 AD = 4 The correct choice is (4).

ANSWERS August 2009

347

23. In the accompanying diagram of circle O, chord AB intersects chord CD at E, DE = 2x + 8, EC = 3, AE = 4x − 3, and EB = 4.

If two chords intersect inside a circle, then the product of the segment lengths of one chord is equal to the product of the segment lengths of the other chord: EB × AE = EC × DE 4(4x − 3) = 3(2x + 8) 16x − 12 = 6x + 24 16x − 6x = 24 + 12 10x = 36 10 x 36 = 10 10 x = 3.6 The correct choice is (2). 24. To find the negation of the statement “Squares are parallelograms,” form the statement that has the opposite truth value, “It is not the case that squares are parallelograms.” The correct choice is (3).

348

ANSWERS August 2009

25. The accompanying diagram shows the construction of the center of the circle circumscribed about 䉭ABC.

The perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle meet at a point that is equidistant from the vertices of the triangle, which is the center of the circle circumscribed about 䉭ABC. The correct choice is (4). 26. It is given that a right circular cylinder has a volume of 1,000 cubic inches and a height of 8 inches. To find the radius, r, of the cylinder, use your calculator and the volume formula V = pr 2h, where V = 1,000 and h = 8: 1,000 = pr 2(8) 1,000 r2 = 8π 1,000 r= 8π r ≈ 39.78873577 r ≈ 6.307831305 To the nearest tenth of an inch, r = 6.3. The correct choice is (1).

ANSWERS August 2009

349

27. In the accompanying diagram, line m ⊥ plane P and line n ⊥ plane P, so lines m and n must both lie in plane Q. In general, if two different lines are perpendicular to the same plane, the two lines must lie in the same plane. As a result, the lines are coplanar.

The correct choice is (2). 28. You are asked to determine the number of common tangent lines that can be drawn to two externally tangent circles. If two circles are externally tangent, then two common external tangents and one common internal tangent can be drawn, as shown in the accompanying diagram:

Thus, a total of three common tangent lines can be drawn. The correct choice is (3).

350

ANSWERS August 2009

PART II 29. In the diagram below of isosceles trapezoid DEFG, DE || GF , DE = 4x − 2, EF = 3x + 2, FG = 5x − 3, and GD = 2x + 5.

Since the nonparallel sides of an isosceles trapezoid are congruent, EF = GD 3x + 2 = 2x + 5 3x − 2x = 5 − 2 x=3 The value of x is 3.

ANSWERS August 2009

351

30. A regular pyramid with a square base is shown in the diagram below. A side, s, of the base of the pyramid is 12 meters. The height, h, is 42 meters. You are required to find the volume of the pyramid.

The volume, V, of a pyramid is one-third of the area of the base, denoted by B, times the height, h. Since the base of the pyramid is a square, its area is s × s: 1 Bh 3 1 = s× s h 3 1 = 12 m × 12 m 42 m 3 = 48 × 42 m 3

V=

(

)

(

)

= 2,016 m3 The volume of the pyramid is 2,016 cubic meters.

352

ANSWERS August 2009

31. Write an equation of the line that passes through the point (6,−5) and is parallel to the line whose equation is 2x − 3y = 11. • Find the slope of the given line by writing its equation in slope-intercept 2 11 form. If 2x − 3y = 11, then −3y = −2x + 11 so y = x − . The slope of 3 3 2 the line is , the coefficient of x. 3 • Since parallel lines have the same slope, the slope, m, of the required 2 line is . 3 Method 1: Write an equation of the required line using the point-slope 2 form y − y1 = m(x − x1) where (x1,y1) = (6,−5) and m = : 3 y – ( –5) = 2 ( x – 6 ) 3 y + 5 = 2 ( x – 6) 3 Method 2: Write an equation of the required line using the slope2 intercept form where m = and b is determined by substituting the 3 coordinates (6,−5) into the equation y = mx + b: 2 2 6 +b 3 −5 = 4 + b −9 = b −5 =

Because m =

()

2 2 and b = −9, an equation of the required line is y = x – 9 . 3 3

ANSWERS August 2009

353

32. Using a compass and straightedge, construct the bisector of ∠ABC shown below. • Step 1: Using B as a center and any convenient radius length, construct an arc that intersects the sides of the angle. Label these points P and Q. • Step 2: Using points P and Q as centers, construct a pair of arcs that intersect. Label the point of intersection R.  • Step 3: Draw BR .  Hence, BR is the bisector of ∠ABC. 33. The degree measures of the angles of 䉭ABC are represented by x, 3x, and 5x − 54. To find the value of x, add the measures of the three angles together and set the sum equal to 180:

(

)

x + 3 x + 5 x − 54 = 180 9 x − 54 = 180 9 x = 180 + 54 9 x 234 = 9 9 x = 26 The value of x is 26.

354

ANSWERS August 2009

34. In the accompanying diagram of 䉭ABC, side AC is extended through D, m∠A = 37, and m∠BCD = 117. To determine the longest side of 䉭ABC, find the angle of the triangle with the greatest measure.

• Because ∠ACB and ∠BCD are supplementary: m∠ACB = 180 − m∠BCD = 180 − 117 = 63 • Since the sum of the measures of the angles of a triangle is 180: 37 + m∠B + 63 = 180 m∠B = 180 − 100 = 80 • In a triangle, the longest side is opposite the angle with the greatest measure. In 䉭ABC, angle B has the greatest measure. Since AC is opposite ∠B, AC is the longest side of the triangle. The longest side of the triangle is AC.

ANSWERS August 2009

355

PART III 35. You are required to write an equation of the perpendicular bisector of the line segment whose endpoints are (−1,1) and (7,−5). • The perpendicular bisector passes through the midpoint of the line segment whose endpoints are (−1,1) and (7,−5). Find the coordinates of the midpoint M(x¯,y¯ ) by taking the averages of the corresponding coordinates of the endpoints: −1 + 7 2 6 = 2 =3

1− 5 2 −4 = 2 = −2

y=

x=

and

The coordinates of the midpoint are M(3,−2). • Use the slope formula to find the slope of the line whose endpoints are (−1,1) and (7,−5): Δy Δx −5 − 1 = 7 − −1

slope =

( )

−6 8 3 =− 4 =

Since the slopes of perpendicular lines are negative reciprocals, the 4 slope of the perpendicular bisector is . 3 Method 1: Write an equation of the perpendicular bisector using the 4 point-slope form y − y1 = m(x − x1) where (x1,y1) = M(3,−2) and m = : 3 4 ( x − 3) 3 4 y + 2 = (x - 3) 3

y − ( −2) =

356

ANSWERS August 2009 Method 2: Write an equation of the required line using the slope4 intercept form where m = and b is determined by substituting the 3 coordinates M(3,−2) into the equation y = mx + b: 4 1 3 +b 3 −2 = 4 + b −6 = b −2 =

Because m =

()

4 4 and b = −6, an equation of the line is y = x - 6 . 3 3

ANSWERS August 2009

357

36. Using the accompanying set of axes, you are asked to sketch the points that are 5 units from the origin, sketch the points that are 2 units from the line y = 3, and label with an X all points that satisfy both conditions.

• To sketch the set of all points that are 5 units from the origin, draw a circle whose center is at the origin and has a radius of 5 units, as shown on the accompanying set of axes. • To sketch the set of all points that are 2 units from the line y = 3, draw parallel lines on either side of that line that are 2 units from it. In other words, draw a solid horizontal line through y = 3 and then draw broken horizontal lines through y = 1 and y = 5, as shown on the accompanying set of axes. • The line y = 1 intersects the circle at two points. Since the radius of the circle is 5, the line y = 5 intersects the circle at exactly one point. Mark each of the three points with an X, as shown in the diagram. These three points satisfy both of the given conditions.

358

ANSWERS August 2009

37. Triangle DEC has the coordinates D(1,1), E(5,1), and G(5,4). Triangle DEC is rotated 90° about the origin to form 䉭D′E′G′. On the accompanying set of axes, you are asked to graph and label 䉭DEG and 䉭D′E′G′. You are also required to state the coordinates of vertices D′, E′, and G′ and to justify that this transformation preserves distance. • Under a rotation of 90° about the origin, (x,y) → (−y,x). Hence, the coordinates of the vertices 䉭D′E′G′ are as follows: D(1,1) → D¢(-1,1) E(5,1) → E¢(-1,5) G(5,4) → G¢(-4,5) • Graph 䉭DEG and 䉭D′E′G′, as shown in the accompanying figure.

• By counting grid boxes, you know that GE = G′E′ = 3 and that ED = E′D′ = 4. Since 䉭DEG and 䉭D′E′G′ are 3-4-5 right triangles, DG = D′G′ = 5. Since corresponding sides of the two triangles have the same length, this transformation preserves distance.

ANSWERS August 2009

359

PART IV 38. In the accompanying diagram, you are given quadrilateral ABCD, diagonal AFEC , AE ≅ FC , BF ⊥ AC , DE ⊥ AC , and ∠1 @ ∠2. You are required to prove that ABCD is a parallelogram.

Plan: A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if one pair of sides are both congruent and parallel. Prove 䉭AFB @ 䉭CED. Then use CPCTC to show that AB ≅ CD and AB || CD .

360

ANSWERS August 2009 Statement

Reason

1. Quadrilateral ABCD, diagonal

1. Given.

AFEC , BF ⊥ AC, DE ⊥ AC, ∠1 @ ∠2. Angle 2. ∠AFB and ∠CED are right angles.

2. Perpendicular lines intersect to form right angles.

3. ∠AFB @ ∠CED.

3. All right angles are congruent.

Angle

4. AE ≅ FC .

4. Given.

5. EF ≅ EF.

5. Reflexive property of congruence.

6. AE − EF = FC − EF.

6. Subtraction property.

7. AF ≅ CE .

Side

7. Substitution.

8. 䉭AFB @ 䉭CED.

8. AAS.

9. AB ≅ CD.

9. Corresponding parts of congruent triangles are congruent (CPCTC).

10. ∠FAB @ ∠ECD.

10. Corresponding parts of congruent triangles are congruent.

11. AB || CD.

11. If two lines intersect to form congruent alternate interior angles, the lines are parallel.

12. ABCD is a parallelogram.

12. If a quadrilateral has one pair of sides that are congruent and parallel, it is a parallelogram.

SELF-ANALYSIS CHART August 2009 Question Numbers

Number of Points

1. Logic (negation, conjunction, disjunction, related conditionals, biconditional, logically equivalent statements, logical inference)

24

2

2. Angle & Line Relationships (vertical angles, midpoint, altitude, median, bisector, supplementary angles, complementary angles, parallel and perpendicular lines)

1, 2

2+2=4

Topic

3. Parallel & Perpendicular Planes

14, 27

2+2=4

4. Angles of a Triangle & Polygon (sum of angles, exterior angle, base angles theorem, angles of a regular polygon)

3, 33

2 +2 = 4

5. Triangle Inequalities (side length restrictions, unequal angles opposite unequal sides, exterior angle)

16, 34

2+2=4

6. Trapezoids & Parallelograms (includes properties of rectangle, rhombus, square, and isosceles trapezoid)

5, 7, 18, 29

2+2+2 +2=8

7. Proofs Involving Congruent Triangles

13, 38

2+6=8

8. Indirect Proof & Mathematical Reasoning

—

—

9. Ratio & Proportion (includes similar polygons, proportions, proofs involving similar triangles, comparing linear dimensions, and areas of similar triangles)

—

—

10. Proportions formed by altitude to hypotenuse of right triangle; Pythagorean theorem

22

2

11. Coordinate Geometry (slopes of parallel and perpendicular lines; slope-intercept and pointslope equations of a line; applications requiring midpoint, distance, or slope formulas; coordinate proofs)

9, 10, 17, 19, 2 + 2 + 2 31, 35 +2+2 + 4 = 14

12. Solving a Linear-Quadratic System of Equations Graphically

12

2

13. Transformation Geometry (includes isometries, dilation, symmetry, composite transformations, transformations using coordinates)

6, 8, 15, 37

2+2+2 + 4 = 10

14. Locus & Constructions (simple and compound locus, locus using coordinates, compass constructions)

32, 36

2+4=6

Your Points

361 Your Percentage

362

SELF-ANALYSIS CHART August 2009 Question Numbers

Number of Points

15. Midpoint and Concurrency Theorems (includes joining midpoints of two sides of a triangle, three sides of a triangle, the sides of a quadrilateral, median of a trapezoid; centroid, orthocenter, incenter, and circumcenter)

20, 25

2+2=4

16. Circles and Angle Measurement (includes @ tangents from same exterior point, radius ^ tangent, tangent circles, common tangents, arcs and chords, diameter ^ chord, arc length, area of a sector, center-radius equation, applying transformations)

4, 11, 21, 28

2+2+2 +2=8

17. Circles and Similar Triangles (includes proofs, segments of intersecting chords, tangent and secant segments)

23

2

18. Area of Plane Figures (includes area of a regular polygon)

—

—

19. Measurement of Solids (volume and lateral area; surface area of a sphere; great circle; comparing similar solids)

26, 30

2+2=4

Topic

Your Points

Your Percentage

SELF-ANALYSIS CHART August 2009

363

Map to Core Curriculum Content Band

Item Numbers

Geometric Relationships

14, 26, 27, 30

Constructions

2, 32

Locus

25, 36

Informal and Formal Proofs

1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 13, 16, 18, 20, 22, 23, 24, 28, 29, 33, 34, 38

Transformational Geometry

6, 8, 15, 37

Coordinate Geometry

9, 10, 11, 12, 17, 19, 21, 31, 35

How to Convert Your Raw Score to Your Geometry Regents Examination Score The conversion chart on the following page must be used to determine your final score on the August 2009 Regents Examination in Geometry. To find your final exam score, locate in the column labeled “Raw Score” the total number of points you scored out of a possible 86 points. Since partial credit is allowed in Parts II, III, and IV of the test, you may need to approximate the credit you would receive for a solution that is not completely correct. Then locate in the adjacent column to the right the scale score that corresponds to your raw score. The scale score is your final Geometry Regents Examination score.

364

SELF-ANALYSIS CHART August 2009

Regents Examination in Geometry—August 2009 Chart for Converting Total Test Raw Scores to Final Examination Scores (Scale Scores) Raw Score

Scale Score

Raw Score

Scale Score

Raw Score

Scale Score

Raw Score

Scale Score

86

100

64

83

42

65

20

35

85

99

63

82

41

63

19

34

84

97

62

81

40

62

18

32

83

96

61

81

39

61

17

30

82

95

60

80

38

60

16

28

81

94

59

79

37

59

15

27

80

93

58

79

36

58

14

25

79

92

57

78

35

57

13

23

78

91

56

77

34

55

12

21

77

91

55

77

33

54

11

19

76

90

54

76

32

53

10

17

75

89

53

75

31

52

9

15

74

88

52

74

30

50

8

14

73

88

51

73

29

49

7

12

72

87

50

72

28

48

6

10

71

87

49

71

27

46

5

8

70

86

48

71

26

45

4

7

69

86

47

70

25

43

3

5

68

85

46

69

24

42

2

3

67

84

45

68

23

40

1

1

66

84

44

67

22

39

0

0

65

83

43

66

21

37

365

Examination June 2010 Geometry

GEOMETRY REFERENCE SHEET Cylinder

V = Bh, where B is the area of the base

Pyramid

V = 1 Bh, 3 where B is the area of the base

Right circular cone

V = 1 Bh, 3 where B is the area of the base

Sphere

V=

Volume

Lateral area (L)

Surface area

4 3 πr 3

Right circular cylinder

L = 2πrh

Right circular cone

L = πr艎, where 艎 is the slant height

Sphere

SA = 4πr2

366

EXAMINATION June 2010

PART I Answer all 28 questions in this part. Each correct answer will receive 2 credits. No partial credit will be allowed. For each question, write in the space provided the number preceding the word or expression that best completes the statement or answers the question. [56 credits]

1 In the diagram below of circle O, chord AB CD, and chord CD || chord EF.

Which statement must be true?  ≅ DF   ≅ CE  (1) CE (3) AC  ≅ DF   ≅ CD  (2) AC (4) EF

|| chord

1 _____

EXAMINATION June 2010

367

2 What is the negation of the statement “I am not going to eat ice cream”? (1) (2) (3) (4)

I like ice cream. I am going to eat ice cream. If I eat ice cream, then I like ice cream. If I don’t like ice cream, then I don’t eat ice cream.

2 _____

3 The diagram below shows a right pentagonal prism.

Which statement is always true? (1) BC || ED

(2) FG || CD

(3) FJ || IH

(4) GB || HC

3 _____

4 In isosceles triangle ABC, AB = BC. Which statement will always be true? (1) m⬔B = m⬔A (2) m⬔A > m⬔B

(3) m⬔A = m⬔C (4) m⬔C < m⬔B

4 _____

368

EXAMINATION June 2010

5 The rectangle ABCD shown in the diagram below will be reflected across the x-axis.

What will not be preserved? (1) (2) (3) (4)

slope of AB parallelism of AB and CD length of AB measure of ⬔A

5 _____

6 A right circular cylinder has an altitude of 11 feet and a radius of 5 feet. What is the lateral area, in square feet, of the cylinder, to the nearest tenth? (1) 172.7 (2) 172.8

(3) 345.4 (4) 345.6

6 _____

EXAMINATION June 2010

369

7 A transversal intersects two lines. Which condition would always make the two lines parallel? (1) (2) (3) (4)

Vertical angles are congruent. Alternate interior angles are congruent. Corresponding angles are supplementary. Same-side interior angles are complementary.

7 _____

8 If the diagonals of a quadrilateral do not bisect each other, then the quadrilateral could be a (1) rectangle (2) rhombus

(3) square (4) trapezoid

8 _____

9 What is the converse of the statement “If Bob does his homework, then George gets candy”? (1) If George gets candy, then Bob does his homework. (2) Bob does his homework if and only if George gets candy. (3) If George does not get candy, then Bob does not do his homework. (4) If Bob does not do his homework, then George does not get candy.

9 _____

10 If 䉭PQR, PQ = 8, QR = 12, and RP = 13. Which statement about the angles of 䉭PQR must be true? (1) (2) (3) (4)

m⬔Q > m⬔P > m⬔R m⬔Q > m⬔R > m⬔P m⬔R > m⬔P > m⬔Q m⬔P > m⬔R > m⬔Q

10 _____

370

EXAMINATION June 2010

11 Given:

y=

1 x–3 4

y = x2 + 8x + 12 In which quadrant will the graphs of the given equations intersect? (1) I (2) II

(3) III (4) IV

11 _____

12 Which diagram shows the construction of an equilateral triangle?

(1)

(3)

(2)

(4)

12 _____

EXAMINATION June 2010

371

13 Line segment AB is tangent to circle O at A. Which type of triangle is always formed when points A, B, and O are connected? (1) right (2) obtuse

(3) scalene (4) isosceles

13 _____

14 What is an equation for the circle shown in the graph below?

(1) x2 + y2 = 2 (2) x2 + y2 = 4

(3) x2 + y2 = 8 (4) x2 + y2 = 16

14 _____

372

EXAMINATION June 2010

15 Which transformation can map the letter S onto itself? (1) glide reflection (2) translation

(3) line reflection (4) rotation

15 _____

16 In isosceles trapezoid ABCD, AB 艑 CD. If BC = 20, AD = 36, and AB = 17, what is the length of the altitude of the trapezoid? (1) 10 (2) 12

(3) 15 (4) 16

16 _____

17 In plane P, lines m and n intersect at point A. If line k is perpendicular to line m and line n at point A, then line k is (1) contained in plane P (2) parallel to plane P (3) perpendicular to plane P (4) skew to plane P 17 _____

EXAMINATION June 2010

373

18 The diagram below shows AB and DE.

Which transformation will move AB onto DE such that point D is the image of point A and point E is the image of point B? (1) T3,–3 (2) D 1 2

(3) R90° (4) ry = x

18 _____

374

EXAMINATION June 2010

19 In the diagram below of circle O, chords AE and  = 36 and DC intersect at point B, such that m AC  = 20. m DE

What is m⬔ABC? (1) 56 (2) 36

(3) 28 (4) 8

19 _____

EXAMINATION June 2010

375

20 The diagram below shows the construction of a line through point P perpendicular to line m.

Which statement is demonstrated by this construction? (1) If a line is parallel to a line that is perpendicular to a third line, then the line is also perpendicular to the third line. (2) The set of points equidistant from the endpoints of a line segment is the perpendicular bisector of the segment. (3) Two lines are perpendicular if they are equidistant from a given point. (4) Two lines are perpendicular if they intersect to form a vertical line. 20 _____

376

EXAMINATION June 2010

21 What is the length, to the nearest tenth, of the line segment joining the points (–4,2) and (146,52)? (1) 141.4 (2) 150.5

(3) 151.9 (4) 158.1

21 _____

22 What is the slope of a line perpendicular to the line whose equation is y = 3x + 4? (1)

1 3

(2) –

1 3

(3) 3 (4) –3

22 _____

23 In the diagram below of circle O, secant AB intersects circle O at D, secant AOC intersects circle O at E, AE = 4, AB = 12, and DB = 6.

What is length of OC? (1) 4.5 (2) 7

(3) 9 (4) 14

23 _____

EXAMINATION June 2010

377

24 The diagram below shows a pennant in the shape of an isosceles triangle. The equal sides each measure 13, the altitude is x + 7, and the base is 2x.

What is the length of the base? (1) 5 (2) 10

(3) 12 (4) 24

24 _____

25 In the diagram below of 䉭ABC, CD is the bisector of ⬔BCA, AE is the bisector of ⬔CAB, and BG is drawn.

Which statement must be true? (1) DG = EG (2) AG = BG

(3) ⬔AEB 艑 ⬔AEC (4) ⬔DBG 艑 ⬔EBG

25 _____

378

EXAMINATION June 2010

26 In the diagram below of circle O, chords AD and BC intersect at E.

Which relationship must be true? (1) 䉭CAE 艑䉭DBE (2) 䉭AEC ⵑ 䉭BED

(3) ⬔ACB 艑 ⬔CBD  艑 DB  (4) CA

26 _____

27 Two lines are represented by the equations – 1 y = 2 6x + 10 and y = mx. For which value of m will the lines be parallel? (1) –12 (2) –3

(3) 3 (4) 12

27 _____

28 The coordinates of the vertices of parallelogram ABCD are A(–3,2), B(–2,–1), C(4,1), and D(3,4). The slopes of which line segments could be calculated to show that ABCD is a rectangle? (1) AB and DC (2) AB and BC

(3) AD and BC (4) AC and BD

28 _____

EXAMINATION June 2010

379

PART II Answer all 6 questions in this part. Each correct answer will receive 2 credits. Clearly indicate the necessary steps, including appropriate formula substitutions, diagrams, graphs, charts, etc. For all questions in this part, a correct numerical answer with no work shown will receive only 1 credit. [12 credits]

29 Tim is going to paint a wooden sphere that has a diameter of 12 inches. Find the surface area of the sphere, to the nearest square inch.

380

EXAMINATION June 2010

30 In the diagram below of 䉭ABC, DE is a midsegment of 䉭ABC, DE = 7, AB = 10, and BC = 13. Find the perimeter of 䉭ABC.

31 In right 䉭DEF, m⬔D = 90 and m⬔F is 12 degrees less than twice m⬔E. Find m⬔E.

EXAMINATION June 2010

32 Triangle XYZ, shown in the diagram below, is reflected over the line x = 2. State the coordinates of 䉭X ′ Y ′ Z ′, the image of 䉭XYZ.

381

382

EXAMINATION June 2010

  33 Two lines, AB and CRD , are parallel and 10 inches apart. Sketch the of all points that are equi locus  distant from AB and CRD and 7 inches from point R. Label with an X each point that satisfies both conditions.

EXAMINATION June 2010

34 The base of a pyramid is a rectangle with a width of 6 cm and a length of 8 cm. Find, in centimeters, the height of the pyramid if the volume is 288 cm3.

383

384

EXAMINATION June 2010

PART III Answer all 3 questions in this part. Each correct answer will receive 4 credits. Clearly indicate the necessary steps, including appropriate formula substitutions, diagrams, graphs, charts, etc. For all questions in this part, a correct numerical answer with no work shown will receive only 1 credit. [12 credits]

35 Given: Quadrilateral ABCD with AB 艑 CD, AD 艑 BC, and diagonal BD is drawn Prove: ⬔BDC 艑 ⬔ABD

36 Find an equation of the line passing through the point (6,5) and perpendicular to the line whose equation is 2y + 3x = 6.

EXAMINATION June 2010

37 Write an equation of the circle whose diameter AB has endpoints A(–4,2) and B(4,–4). [The use of the grid below is optional.]

385

386

EXAMINATION June 2010

PART IV Answer the question in this part. A correct answer will receive 6 credits. Clearly indicate the necessary steps, including appropriate formula substitutions, diagrams, graphs, charts, etc. A correct numerical answer with no work shown will receive only 1 credit. [6 credits]

38 In the diagram below, quadrilateral STAR is a rhombus with diagonals SA and TR intersecting at E. ST = 3x + 30, SR = 8x – 5, SE = 3z, TE = 5z + 5, AE = 4z – 8, m⬔RTA = 5y – 2, and m⬔TAS = 9y + 8. Find SR, RT, and m⬔TAS.

387

Answers June 2010 Geometry Answer Key PART I 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

(1) (2) (4) (3) (1) (4) (2)

8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

(4) (1) (1) (3) (1) (1) (4)

15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.

(4) (3) (3) (4) (3) (2) (4)

22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28.

PART II

PART III

29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34.

35. See Answers Explained.

452 37 34 X ′(5,1), Y ′(4,4), and Z′(7, 4) See Answers Explained. 18

36. y – 5 = y=

2 3x

2 3 (x

(2) (2) (2) (4) (2) (1) (2)

– 6) or

+1

37. x2 + (y + 1)2 = 25

PART IV 38. SR = 51, RT = 90, and m∠TAS = 62 In PARTS II–IV you are required to show how you arrived at your answers. For sample methods of solutions, see the Answers Explained section.

388

ANSWERS June 2010

Answers Explained PART I 1. In the accompanying diagram of circle O, it is given that chord AB chord CD and that chord CD || chord EF.

||

Since parallel chords cut off congruent arcs as indicated in the diagram, it  ≅ BD  and CE  ≅ DF . must be true that AC The correct choice is (1). 2. A statement and its negation have opposite truth values. The given statement is “I am not going to eat ice cream.” The statement with the opposite truth value is “I am going to eat ice cream.” The correct choice is (2).

ANSWERS June 2010

389

3. It is given that the accompanying diagram represents a right pentagonal prism.

Since the lateral faces of a right prism are rectangles, quadrilateral GBCH is a rectangle. Because opposite sides of a rectangle are parallel, GB || HC. The correct choice is (4). 4. If two sides of a triangle have the same lengths, the angles opposite these sides have the same measures. It is given that in isosceles triangle ABC, AB = BC. Hence, m⬔A = m⬔C. B

A

The correct choice is (3).

C

390

ANSWERS June 2010

5. In the accompanying diagram, rectangle ABCD is reflected across the x-axis. You are asked to identify from among the answer choices a property that will not be preserved under a reflection. y C 9 8

B

7 6

D

5 4 3

A

2 1 –9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

x

1 2

A⬘

3 4 5

D⬘

6 7 8

B⬘

9

C⬘

A reflection of a figure across a line produces its mirror image. As a result, angle measure and distance are preserved but not orientation. Hence, reflecting ABCD across the x-axis preserves parallelism of AB and CD, the length of AB, and the measure of ⬔A. Since the slope of AB is positive and the slope of its image, A⬘B⬘, is negative, the slope of AB is not preserved. The correct choice is (1).

ANSWERS June 2010

391

6. The lateral area, L, of a right circular cylinder is given by the formula L = 2πrh,where r is the radius of the circular base and h is the altitude. Since it is given that r = 5 feet and h = 11 feet: L = 2π × 5 × 11 Use your calculator and the stored value of π:

≈ 345.5751919.

The lateral area of the cylinder to the nearest tenth is 345.6. The correct choice is (4). 7. If a transversal intersects two lines, as shown in the accompanying diagram, the lines are parallel when alternate interior angles 1 and 2 (or 3 and 4) are congruent.

3

1

2

4

The correct choice is (2). 8. The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other. Since a rectangle, rhombus, and square are special parallelograms, the diagonals in each of these figures bisect each other. The diagonals of a trapezoid do not bisect each other. The correct choice is (4). 9. The converse of a conditional statement of the form “If p, then q” is a statement of the form “If q, then p.” To form the converse of a conditional statement, interchange the if and then clauses: • Given statement: If Bob does his homework, then George gets candy. • Converse:

If George gets candy, then Bob does his homework.

The correct choice is (1).

392

ANSWERS June 2010

10. When comparing the measures of the angles of a triangle, the larger angle lies opposite the longer side. It is given that in 䉭PQR, PQ = 8, QR =12, and RP = 13, as shown in the accompanying figure. Since RP > QR > PQ, the angles opposite these sides have the same size relationship. Thus m⬔Q > m⬔P > m⬔R. Q

8

12

R

13

P

The correct choice is (1). 1 11. Given that y = x – 3 and y = x2 + 8x + 12, you are asked to deter4 mine the quadrant in which the graphs of the equations intersect. Using your graphing calculator, graph the two equations on the same set of axes as shown in the accompanying figure.

The graphs intersect in quadrant III. The correct choice is (3).

ANSWERS June 2010

393

12. The accompanying diagram shows horizontal segment AB marked off using point B as the center. C

B

A

The intersecting arcs at point C are constructed by keeping the same compass setting and drawing arcs using points A and B as centers, thereby constructing an equilateral triangle with AB = BC = AC. The correct choice is (1). 13. A radius drawn to a tangent at the point of contact with the circle is perpendicular to the tangent. In the accompanying diagram of circle O, line segment AB is tangent to circle O at A. When points A, B, and O are connected, as illustrated in the accompanying diagram, ⬔OAB is a right angle. So the triangle formed is always a right triangle. ta

ng

en

t

rad

ius

A

O

The correct choice is (1).

B

394

ANSWERS June 2010

14. The general form of an equation of a circle with center at the origin and radius r is x2 + y2 = r 2. You are asked for the equation of the circle in the accompanying graph.

As no scale is indicated, you can assume for this exam that each grid box represents 1 unit. Because the circle is centered at the origin and intersects the x-axis at (4,0), r = 4 units. Hence, an equation of the given circle is x2 + y2 = 42 or, equivalently, x2 + y2 = 16. The correct choice is (4). 15. A transformation maps a figure onto itself if the image exactly coincides with the original figure. If the page on which the letter S is written is turned upside down, the letter will look exactly the same. Since turning a page upside down corresponds to a rotation of 180°, a rotation of 180° can map the letter S onto itself. The correct choice is (4).

ANSWERS June 2010

395

16. You are asked to find the length of the altitude of isosceles trapezoid ABCD with AB ≅ CD, BC = 20, AD = 36, and AB = 17, as shown in the accompanying diagram. 20

B

C

17

17

15

20

8 A

H

8 K

D

36

• Dropping altitudes BH and CK to AD forms rectangle BHKC with HK = BC = 20. • Right 䉭AHB is congruent to right 䉭DKC, so AH = DK. Since AH + DK = 36 – 20 = 16, AH = DK = 1 × 16 = 8. 2 • The lengths of the sides of right 䉭AHB form an 8-15-17 Pythagorean triple in which BH = 15. If you did not recognize this Pythagorean triple, use the Pythagorean theorem to find BH: 82 + ( BH ) = 17 2 2

( BH )2 = 289 − 64 ( BH )2

= 225

BH = 15 The correct choice is (3).

396

ANSWERS June 2010

17. It is given that in plane P, lines m and n intersect at point A and that line k is perpendicular to line m and line n at point A, as shown in the accompanying diagram.

k m A n

P

If k ⬜ m and k ⬜ n at point A, then k ⬜ plane P. If a line is perpendicular to intersecting lines at their point of intersection, the line is perpendicular to the plane determined by them. Hence, line k is perpendicular to plane P. The correct choice is (3).

ANSWERS June 2010

397

18. You are asked to determine the transformation that will map AB onto DE such that D is the image of point A and E is the image of point B as shown in the accompanying diagram.

y=x

Examine each choice in turn. • Choice (1): The notation T3,–3 represents a translation or shift of AB 3 units horizontally to the right and 3 units vertically down. This does not map point B onto point E. ✗ • Choice (2): The notation D 1 represents a dilation or size transformation 2

using a scale factor of 1 . Since multiplying the coordinates of the end2 points of AB by 1 does not produce the corresponding endpoints of DE, 2 D 1 will not map AB onto DE. 2

✗

398

ANSWERS June 2010

• Choice (3): The notation R90° represents a rotation of 90°. Rotating AB 90° in either the clockwise or counterclockwise directions does not produce DE. ✗ • Choice (4): The notation ry = x represents a reflection in the line y = x. Draw the line y = x as shown in the accompanying diagram. Since D is the image of point A and E is the image of point B under a reflection in the line y = x, this is the correct choice. ✓ The correct choice is (4). 19. It is given that in the accompanying diagram of circle O, chords AE  = 36 and m DE  = 20. You are asked to and DC intersect at point B with m AC find m⬔ABC.

The measure of an angle formed by two chords intersecting in the interior of a circle is one-half the sum of the measures of the intercepted arcs.

(

1   m AC + mDE 2 1 = ( 36 + 20 ) 2 1 = ( 56 ) 2 = 28

m∠ABC =

The correct choice is (3).

)

ANSWERS June 2010

399

20. It is given that the diagram below shows the construction of a line through point P perpendicular to line m. You are asked to identify from among the answer choices the statement demonstrated by the construction.

A

B

Q

Label the endpoints of the line segment determined by the arc as A and B. • Since PA and PB are radii of a circle with center at P, PA = PB. Thus, point P is equidistant from points A and B. • Call the point at which the two arcs intersect below line m point Q. Since the same compass setting was used to draw the two arcs with A and B as centers, AQ = BQ so that point Q is also equidistant from points A and B. • The constructed perpendicular is the line determined by two points, P and Q, that are each equidistant from the endpoints of AB. This suggests that the set of all points equidistant from the endpoints of a line segment is the perpendicular bisector of that segment. The correct choice is (2).

400

ANSWERS June 2010

21. To find the length, d, of the line segment joining the given points, (–4,2) and (146,52), use the distance formula: 2 2 d = ( Δx ) + ( Δy )

In this formula, Δx represents the difference in the x-coordinates of the two given points and Δy represents the difference in their y-coordinates, with the subtractions performed in the same order: d= =

(146 − ( −4 ))2 + ( 52 − 2)2 (146 + 4 )2 + ( 50)2

= 22, 500 + 2, 500 = 25, 000 ≈ 158.113883 The length of the line segment to the nearest tenth is 158.1. The correct choice is (4). 22. Perpendicular lines have slopes that are negative reciprocals. To find the slope of a line perpendicular to the line y = 3x + 4, find the negative reciprocal of the slope of the given line. In general, a line whose equation is in the slope-intercept form y = mx + b has a slope of m and a y-intercept of b. For the equation y = 3x + 4, m = 3 and b = 4. Hence, the slope of the given line is 3. Since the negative reciprocal of 3 is – 1 , a line perpendicular to the line 3 1 y = 3x + 4 has a slope of – . 3 The correct choice is (2).

ANSWERS June 2010

401

23. In the accompanying diagram of circle O, secant AB intersects circle O at D, secant AOC intersects circle O at E, AE = 4, AB =12, and DB = 6. You are asked to find the length of OC.

12

6 x

x

4

(Not drawn to scale)

OC is a radius of circle. If x represents the length of OC, the length of diameter COE can be represented by 2x. If two secants are drawn to a circle from the same exterior point, the product of the lengths of the first secant and its external segment is equal to the product of the lengths of the second secant and its external segment: AE × AC = AD × AB Since AD = AB – DB = 12 – 6 = 6: AC AB    AD   4 × ( 2 x + 4 ) = 6 × 12

AE 

8 x + 16 = 72 8 x = 72 − 16 8 x 56 = 8 8 x=7 The length of OC is 7. The correct choice is (2).

402

ANSWERS June 2010

24. It is given that the accompanying diagram shows a pennant in the shape of an isosceles triangle such that the equal sides each measure 13, the altitude is x + 7, and the base is 2x. You are asked to find the length of the base.

Since the altitude drawn to the base of an isosceles triangle bisects the base, the altitude forms two congruent right triangles with side lengths of x, x + 7, and 13. Use the Pythagorean theorem to find x: x 2 + ( x + 7 ) = 132 2

(

)

x 2 + x 2 + 14 x + 49 = 169 2 x 2 + 14 x + 49 − 169 = 0 2 x2 14 x 120 + − =0 2 2 2 x2 + 7 x − 60 = 0 Solve by factoring: Set each factor equal to 0:

(x – 5)(x + 12) = 0 x–5=0 x=5

or x + 12 = 0 or

x = –12

Reject x = –12 as a solution since the length of a side of a triangle must be greater than 0. Since x = 5, the length of the base = 2x = 2(5) = 10. The correct choice is (2).

ANSWERS June 2010

403

25. It is given that in the accompanying diagram of 䉭ABC, CD is the bisector of ⬔BCA, AE is the bisector of ⬔CAB, and BG is drawn.

The bisectors of the three angles of any triangle are concurrent at a point. Because CD, AE, and BG meet at point G, BG must also be an angle bisector. Since an angle bisector divides an angle into two congruent angles, ⬔DBG ≅ ⬔EBG. The correct choice is (4). 26. In the accompanying diagram of circle O, chords AD and BC intersect at E.

In a circle, inscribed angles that intercept the same arc are congruent. Since  , ⬔A ≅ ⬔B. Because angles C angles A and B each intercept the same arc, CD  , ⬔C ≅ ⬔D. By the AA Theorem of and D each intercept the same arc, AB Similarity, 䉭AEC ~ 䉭BED. The correct choice is (2).

404

ANSWERS June 2010

27. You are asked to find the value of m for which the lines represented by the equations – 1 y = 6x + 10 and y = mx are parallel. Two lines are parallel 2 when they have the same slope. Rewrite the first equation in the slope-intercept form y = mx + b, where m is the slope of the line and b is the y-intercept. 1 −2 ⎛ − y⎞ = −2 ( 6 x + 10 ) ⎝ 2 ⎠ y = −12 x − 20 The slope of the line y = –12x – 20 is –12, the coefficient of x. Since the slope of the line y = mx is m, the given lines will be parallel when m = –12. The correct choice is (1). 28. The coordinates of the vertices of parallelogram ABCD are A(–3,2), B(–2,–1), C(4,1), and D(3,4). You need to identify the pair of segments whose slopes could be calculated to show that ABCD is a rectangle. Sketch the rectangle: y 5

D

4 3

A

2 1

–5

–4

–3

–2

B

–1

C 1

–1 –2 –3

–4 –5

2

3

4

5

x

ANSWERS June 2010

405

A parallelogram is a rectangle if a pair of adjacent sides have slopes that are negative reciprocals and, as a result, form a right angle. Examine the answer choices until you find a pair of adjacent sides, such as AB and BC. The correct choice is (2).

406

ANSWERS June 2010

PART II 29. To find the surface area, SA, of a sphere that has a diameter of 12 inches, use the formula SA = 4πr2, where r is the radius of the sphere. Since the diameter of the sphere is 12 inches, the radius is 6 inches. Use a calculator and the stored value of π: SA = 4π · 62 = 144π

≈ 452.3893421 The surface area of the sphere to the nearest square inch is 452 in2. 30. It is given that in the accompanying diagram of 䉭ABC, DE is a midsegment of 䉭ABC, DE = 7, AB = 10, and BC = 13.

B

10 D

13 E 7

C

A

Since a midsegment of a triangle joins the midpoints of two sides of a triangle, points D and E are the midpoints of AB and BC, respectively. A line segment that joins the midpoints of two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side and is one-half of its length. DE =

1 AC 2

7=

1 AC 2

AC = 2 × 7 = 14

ANSWERS June 2010

407

The perimeter of 䉭ABC is the sum of the lengths of its sides: Perimeter = 10 + 13 + 14 = 37 The perimeter of 䉭ABC is 37. 31. It is given that in right 䉭DEF, m⬔D = 90 and m⬔F is 12 less than twice m⬔E. If x represents m⬔E, then 2x – 12 represents m⬔F. Since the sum of the measures of three angles of a triangle is 180: (2x – 12) + x + 90 = 180 3x + 78 = 180 3x = 180 – 78 3 x 102 = 3 3 x = 34 F

(2x – 12)°

x° D

Thus m⬔E = 34.

E

408

ANSWERS June 2010

32. The accompanying diagram shows 䉭XYZ. You are asked to determine the coordinates of 䉭X⬘Y⬘Z⬘, the image of 䉭XYZ after a reflection over the line x = 2. y

x=2

Y

Z

X

Z⬘

Y⬘

X⬘

x

Draw the line x = 2. To reflect 䉭XYZ over the line x = 2, reflect points X, Y, and Z across the line of reflection. First count the number of unit boxes point X is located horizontally from the line x = 2. Then locate point X⬘, the image of point X, by finding the point on the opposite side of the line x = 2 and the same number of units from it. Do the same for points Y and Z. Since point X is 3 units to the left of the line of reflection, its image will be 3 units to the right of the line x = 2: X(–1,1) → X⬘(2+3,1) Since point Y is 2 units to the left of the line of reflection, its image will be 2 units to the right of the line x = 2: Y(0,4) → Y⬘(2+2,4)

ANSWERS June 2010

409

Because point Z is 5 units to the left of the line of reflection, its image will be 5 units to the right of the line x = 2: Z(–3,4) → Z⬘(2+5,4) Thus, the coordinates of the vertices of 䉭X⬘Y⬘Z⬘ are X⬘(5,1), Y⬘(4,4), and Z⬘(7,4).   33. It is given that in the accompanying diagram AB and CRD are parallel and 10 inches apart. You are asked to sketch the locus of all points that are   equidistant from AB and CRD and 7 inches from point R. You must label with an X each point that satisfies both conditions.   Sketch the locus of all points that are equidistant from AB and CRD by drawing a line parallel to the given lines and midway between them. This new line will be 5 inches from each line. B

A 5 10

5

C

R

D

410

ANSWERS June 2010

Sketch the set of all points that are 7 units from point R by drawing a circle with its center at R and a radius of 7 units. B

A 5 X

X

10

r=7

R

C

5

D

Because the radius of the circle is greater than the distance from point R to the new line, the circle intersects the new line in exactly 2 points. Mark each of the two points of intersection with an X as shown in the diagram. These points satisfy both of the locus conditions. 34. The volume, V, of a pyramid is one-third the area of the base, B, times the height, h. You are asked to find the height of a pyramid whose volume is 288 cm3 given that its rectangular base has a width of 6 cm and a length of 8 cm. 1 Bh 3 Area of rectangular base  1 3 288 cm = × × h (8 cm × 6 cm) 3 288 = 16 h V=

16 h 288 = 16 16 h = 18 cm The height of the pyramid is 18 cm.

ANSWERS June 2010

411

PART III 35. In the accompanying diagram, you are given quadrilateral ABCD with AB ≅ CD, AD ≅ BC, and diagonal BD is drawn. You have to prove that ⬔BDC ≅ ⬔ABD. B

C

D

A

Plan: Prove 䉭ABD ≅ 䉭CDB by SSS ≅ SSS. Statement

Reason

1. Quadrilateral ABCD with AB ≅ CD, AD ≅ BC, and diagonal BD.

1. Given.

2. BD ≅ BD.

2. Reflexive property of congruence.

3. 䉭ABD ≅ 䉭CDB.

3. SSS ≅ SSS

4. ⬔BDC ≅ ⬔ABD.

4. Corresponding parts of congruent triangles are congruent (CPCTC).

412

ANSWERS June 2010

36. You are asked to find an equation of the line passing through the point (6,5) and perpendicular to the line whose equation is 2y + 3x = 6. Find the slope of the given line by writing its equation in slope-intercept form, y = mx + b. If 2y + 3x = 6, then 2y = –3x + 6 so y = – 3 x + 3. The slope of 2 the given line is – 3 , the coefficient of x. 2 Since perpendicular lines have slopes that are negative reciprocals, the slope, m, of the required line is 3 . 2 Method 1: Write an equation of the required line using the point-slope form y – y1 = m(x – x1), where (x1, y1) = (6,5) and m = 2 : 3 y – 5 = 2 (x – 6) 3 Method 2: Write an equation of the required line using the slope-intercept form y = mx + b, where m = 2 and b is determined by substituting the coordinates 3 (6,5) into the equation y = mx + b: 2

5 = 2 (6) + b 3 5=4+b 1=b Because m = 2 and b = 1, an equation of the required line is y = 2 x + 1. 3 3 The equation of the line can be written as y – 5 = 2 (x – 6) or y = 2 x + 1. 3 3

ANSWERS June 2010

413

37. You are required to write an equation of the circle that has diameter AB with endpoints A(–4,2) and B(4,–4). To write an equation of the circle, you need to know its center and radius. The center of the circle is the midpoint of a diameter, and the radius is the distance from the center of the circle to a point on the circle. To find the coordinates O(x,y) of the center of the circle, use the midpoint formula by taking the averages of the corresponding coordinates of the endpoints of diameter AB: 2 + ( −4 ) ⎞ ⎛ O(x,y) = ⎜ −4 + 4 , ⎟ ⎝ 2 2 ⎠ = (0,–1) To find the radius, use the distance formula, d = ( Δx )2 + ( Δy ) , where Δx represents the difference in the x-coordinates of the center (0,–1) and any point on the circle, such as A(–4,2), and Δy represents the difference in the y-coordinates of the same two points taken in the same order: 2

OA =

( 0 − ( − 4 ) ) 2 + ( − 1 − 2 )2

=

4 2 + ( −3 )

=

16 + 9

=

25

2

=5 The general equation of a circle has the form (x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = r 2, where (h,k) is the center of the circle and r is the radius. Write an equation of the circle by substituting (0,–1) for (h,k) and 5 for r: (x – 0)2 + (y – (–1))2 = 52 An equation of the circle is x2 + (y + 1)2 = 25.

414

ANSWERS June 2010

PART IV 38. In the accompanying diagram of rhombus STAR, diagonals SA and TR intersect at E. It is also given that ST = 3x + 30, SR = 8x – 5, SE = 3z, TE = 5z + 5, AE = 4z – 8, m⬔RTA = 5y – 2, and m⬔TAS = 9y + 8. You are asked to find SR, RT, and m⬔TAS. 3x + 10

S

T

5z + 5 3z 8x – 5

(5y – 2)°

E 4z – 8

R

(9y + 8)° A

Find SR. Since adjacent sides of a rhombus are equal in length: SR = ST 8x – 5 = 3x + 30 8x – 3x = 30 + 5 5x = 35 5 x 35 = 5 5 x=7 Substitute 7 for x to find SR: SR = 8x – 5 = 8(7) – 5 = 56 – 5 = 51

ANSWERS June 2010

415

Find RT. Since the diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other: AE = SE 4z – 8 = 3z 4z – 3z = 8 z=8 Substitute 8 for z to find TE: TE = 5z + 5 =5·8+5 = 45 Because TE = 1 RT, RT = 2 × 45 = 90. 2 Find m⬔TAS. The diagonals of a rhombus intersect at right angles, so m⬔TEA = 90. Since the measures of the acute angles of right 䉭TEA add up to 90: m⬔RTA + m⬔TAS = 90 (5y – 2) + (9y + 8) = 90 14y + 6 = 90 14y = 90 – 6 14 y 84 = 14 14 y=6 Substitute 6 for y to find m⬔TAS: m⬔TAS = 9y + 8 =9·6+8 = 54 + 8 = 62 SR = 51, RT = 90, and m⬔TAS = 62.

416

SELF-ANALYSIS CHART June 2010 Question Numbers

Number of Points

1. Logic (negation, conjunction, disjunction, related conditionals, biconditional, logically equivalent statements, logical inference)

2, 9

2+2=4

2. Angle & Line Relationships (vertical angles, midpoint, altitude, median, bisector, supplementary angles, complementary angles, parallel and perpendicular lines)

7

2

Topic

3. Parallel & Perpendicular Planes

17

2

4. Angles of a Triangle & Polygon (sum of angles, exterior angle, base angles theorem, angles of a regular polygon)

4, 31

2 +2 = 4

5. Triangle Inequalities (side length restrictions, unequal angles opposite unequal sides, exterior angle)

10

2

6. Trapezoids & Parallelograms (includes properties of rectangle, rhombus, square, and isosceles trapezoid)

8, 38

2+6=8

7. Proofs Involving Congruent Triangles

35

4

8. Indirect Proof & Mathematical Reasoning

—

—

9. Ratio & Proportion (includes similar polygons, proportions, proofs involving similar triangles, comparing linear dimensions, and areas of similar triangles)

—

—

10. Proportions formed by altitude to hypotenuse of right triangle; Pythagorean theorem

24

2

11. Coordinate Geometry (slopes of parallel and perpendicular lines; slope-intercept and pointslope equations of a line; applications requiring midpoint, distance, or slope formulas; coordinate proofs)

21, 22, 27, 28, 36, 37

2+2+2 +2+4 + 4 = 16

12. Solving a Linear-Quadratic System of Equations Graphically

11

2

13. Transformation Geometry (includes isometries, dilation, symmetry, composite transformations, transformations using coordinates)

5, 15, 18, 32

2+2+2 +2=8

14. Locus & Constructions (simple and compound locus, locus using coordinates, compass constructions)

12, 20, 33

2+2+2=6

Your Points

Your Percentage

SELF-ANALYSIS CHART June 2010 Question Numbers

Number of Points

15. Midpoint and Concurrency Theorems (includes joining midpoints of two sides of a triangle, three sides of a triangle, the sides of a quadrilateral, median of a trapezoid; centroid, orthocenter, incenter, and circumcenter)

25, 30

2+2=4

16. Circles and Angle Measurement (includes @ tangents from same exterior point, radius ^ tangent, tangent circles, common tangents, arcs and chords, diameter ^ chord, arc length, area of a sector, center-radius equation, applying transformations)

1, 13, 14, 19

2+2+2 +2 =8

17. Circles and Similar Triangles (includes proofs, segments of intersecting chords, tangent and secant segments)

23, 26

2+2=4

18. Area of Plane Figures (includes area of a regular polygon)

16

2

19. Measurement of Solids (volume and lateral area; surface area of a sphere; great circle; comparing similar solids)

3, 6, 29, 34

2+2+2 +2 =8

Topic

Your Points

417 Your Percentage

418

SELF-ANALYSIS CHART June 2010 Map to Core Curriculum Content Band

Item Numbers

Geometric Relationships

3, 6, 17, 29, 34

Constructions

12, 20

Locus

25, 33

Informal and Formal Proofs

1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13, 16, 19, 23, 24, 26, 30, 31, 35, 38

Transformational Geometry

5, 15, 18, 32

Coordinate Geometry

11, 14, 21, 22, 27, 28, 36, 37

How to Convert Your Raw Score to Your Geometry Regents Examination Score The conversion chart on the following page must be used to determine your final score on the June 2010 Regents Examination in Geometry. To find your final exam score, locate in the column labeled “Raw Score” the total number of points you scored out of a possible 86 points. Since partial credit is allowed in Parts II, III, and IV of the test, you may need to approximate the credit you would receive for a solution that is not completely correct. Then locate in the adjacent column to the right the scale score that corresponds to your raw score. The scale score is your final Geometry Regents Examination score.

SELF-ANALYSIS CHART June 2010

419

Regents Examination in Geometry—June 2010 Chart for Converting Total Test Raw Scores to Final Examination Scores (Scale Scores) Raw Score

Scale Score

Raw Score

Scale Score

Raw Score

Scale Score

Raw Score

Scale Score

86

100

64

80

42

66

20

41

85

98

63

80

41

65

19

40

84

97

62

79

40

64

18

38

83

96

61

79

39

64

17

36

82

95

60

78

38

63

16

34

81

93

59

77

37

62

15

33

80

92

58

77

36

61

14

31

79

91

57

76

35

60

13

29

78

90

56

76

34

59

12

27

77

89

55

75

33

58

11

25

76

88

54

75

32

57

10

22

75

88

53

74

31

56

9

20

74

87

52

73

30

55

8

18

73

86

51

73

29

54

7

16

72

86

50

72

28

52

6

14

71

85

49

71

27

51

5

11

70

84

48

71

26

50

4

9

69

83

47

70

25

49

3

7

68

83

46

69

24

47

2

5

67

82

45

68

23

46

1

2

66

82

44

68

22

44

0

0

65

81

43

67

21

43

420

Examination August 2010 Geometry

GEOMETRY REFERENCE SHEET Cylinder

V = Bh, where B is the area of the base

Pyramid

V = 1 Bh, 3 where B is the area of the base

Right circular cone

V = 1 Bh, 3 where B is the area of the base

Sphere

V=

Volume

Lateral area (L)

Surface area

4 3 πr 3

Right circular cylinder

L = 2πrh

Right circular cone

L = πr艎, where 艎 is the slant height

Sphere

SA = 4πr2

EXAMINATION August 2010

421

PART I Answer all 28 questions in this part. Each correct answer will receive 2 credits. No partial credit will be allowed. For each question, write in the space provided the number preceding the word or expression that best completes the statement or answers the question. [56 credits]

1 In the diagram below, 䉭ABC 艑䉭XYZ.

Which two statements identify corresponding congruent parts for these triangles? (1) (2) (3) (4)

AB 艑 XY and ⬔C 艑 ⬔Y AB 艑 YZ and ⬔C 艑 ⬔X BC 艑 XY and ⬔A 艑 ⬔Y BC 艑 YZ and ⬔A 艑 ⬔X

1 _____

2 A support beam between the floor and ceiling of a house forms a 90° angle with the floor. The builder wants to make sure that the floor and ceiling are parallel. Which angle should the support beam form with the ceiling? (1) 45° (2) 60°

(3) 90° (4) 180°

2 _____

422

EXAMINATION August 2010

3 In the diagram below, the vertices of 䉭DEF are the midpoints of the sides of equilateral triangle ABC, and the perimeter of 䉭ABC is 36 cm.

What is the length, in centimeters, of EF? (1) 6 (2) 12

(3) 18 (4) 4

3 _____

4 What is the solution of the following system of equations? y = (x + 3)2 − 4 y = 2x + 5 (1) (0,−4) (2) (−4,0)

(3) (−4,−3) and (0,5) (4) (−3,−4) and (5,0)

4 _____

EXAMINATION August 2010

423

5 One step in a construction uses the endpoints of AB to create arcs with the same radii. The arcs intersect above and below the segment. What is the relationship of AB and the line connecting the points of intersection of these arcs? (1) (2) (3) (4)

collinear congruent parallel perpendicular

5 _____

6 If 䉭ABC ~ 䉭ZXY, m⬔A = 50, and m⬔C = 30, what is m⬔X? (1) 30 (2) 50

(3) 80 (4) 100

6 _____

424

EXAMINATION August 2010

7 the diagram below of 䉭AGE and 䉭OLD, ⬔GAE 艑 ⬔LOD, and AE 艑 OD.

To prove that 䉭AGE and 䉭OLD are congruent by SAS, what other information is needed? (1) GE 艑 LD (2) AG 艑 OL

(3) ⬔AGE 艑 ⬔OLD (4) ⬔AEG 艑 ⬔ODL

7 _____

8 Point A is not contained in plane B. How many lines can be drawn through point A that will be perpendicular to plane B? (1) one (2) two

(3) zero (4) infinite

8 _____

9 The equation of a circle is x2 + (y − 7)2 = 16. What are the center and radius of the circle? (1) (2) (3) (4)

center = (0,7); radius = 4 center = (0,7); radius = 16 center = (0,−7); radius = 4 center = (0,−7); radius = 16

9 _____

EXAMINATION August 2010

425

10 What is an equation of the line that passes through the point (7,3) and is parallel to the line 4x + 2y = 10? (1) y = 1 x – 1 2 2

(3) y = 2x − 11

(2) y = – 1 x + 13 2 2

(4) y = −2x + 17

10 _____

11 In 䉭ABC, AB = 7, BC = 8, and AC = 9. Which list has the angles of 䉭ABC in order from smallest to largest? (1) ⬔A, ⬔B, ⬔C (2) ⬔B, ⬔A, ⬔C

(3) ⬔C, ⬔B, ⬔A (4) ⬔C, ⬔A, ⬔B

11 _____

12 Tangents PA and PB are drawn to circle O from an external point, P, and radii OA and OB are drawn. If m⬔APB = 40, what is the measure of ⬔AOB? (1) 140° (2) 100°

(3) 70° (4) 50°

12 _____

13 What is the length of the line segment with endpoints A(−6,4) and B(2,−5)? (1)

13

(3)

72

(2)

17

(4)

145

13 _____

426

EXAMINATION August 2010

14 The lines represented by the equations y + 1 x = 4 2 and 3x + 6y = 12 are (1) (2) (3) (4)

the same line parallel perpendicular neither parallel nor perpendicular

14 _____

15 A transformation of a polygon that always preserves both length and orientation is (1) dilation (2) translation

(3) line reflection (4) glide reflection

15 _____

16 In which polygon does the sum of the measures of the interior angles equal the sum of the measures of the exterior angles? (1) triangle (2) hexagon

(3) octagon (4) quadrilateral

16 _____

EXAMINATION August 2010

427

17 In the diagram below of circle O, chords AB and CD intersect at E.

If CE = 10, ED = 6, and AE = 4, what is the length of EB? (1) 15 (2) 12

(3) 6.7 (4) 2.4

17 _____

18 In the diagram below of 䉭ABC, medians AD, BE, and CF intersect at G.

If CF = 24, what is the length of FG? (1) 8 (2) 10

(3) 12 (4) 16

18 _____

428

EXAMINATION August 2010

19 If a line segment has endpoints A(3x + 5, 3y) and B(x − 1, – y), what are the coordinates of the midpoint of AB? (1) (x + 3, 2y) (2) (2x + 2, y)

(3) (2x + 3, y) (4) (4x + 4, 2y)

19 _____

20 If the surface area of a sphere is represented by 144π, what is the volume in terms of π? (1) 36π (2) 48π

(3) 216π (4) 288π

20 _____

21 Which transformation of the line x = 3 results in an image that is perpendicular to the given line? (1) rx-axis (2) ry-axis

(3) ry = x (4) ry = 1

21 _____

22 In the diagram below of regular pentagon ABCDE, EB is drawn.

What is the measure of ⬔AEB? (1) 36° (2) 54°

(3) 72° (4) 108°

22 _____

EXAMINATION August 2010

429

23 䉭ABC is similar to 䉭DEF. The ratio of the length of AB to the length of DE is 3:1. Which ratio is also equal to 3:1? (1) m∠A m ∠D (2) m∠B m ∠F (3) area of 䉭 ABC area of 䉭DEF (4)

perimeter of 䉭 ABC perimeter of 䉭DEF

23 _____

24 What is the slope of a line perpendicular to the line whose equation is 2y = −6x + 8? (1) –3

(3) 1 3

(2) 1 6

(4) –6

24 _____

430

EXAMINATION August 2010

 = 140 and 25 In the diagram below of circle C, m QT m⬔P = 40.

? What is m RS (1) 50 (2) 60

(3) 90 (4) 100

25 _____

26 Which statement is logically equivalent to “If it is warm, then I go swimming”? (1) (2) (3) (4)

If I go swimming, then it is warm. If it is warm, then I do not go swimming. If I do not go swimming, then it is not warm. If it is not warm, then I do not go swimming.

26 _____

EXAMINATION August 2010

431

 27 In the diagram below of 䉭ACT, BE || AT.

If CB = 3, CA = 10, and CE = 6, what is the length of ET? (1) 5 (2) 14

(3) 20 (4) 26

27 _____

28 Which geometric principle is used in the construction shown below?

(1) The intersection of the angle bisectors of a triangle is the center of the inscribed circle. (2) The intersection of the angle bisectors of a triangle is the center of the circumscribed circle. (3) The intersection of the perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle is the center of the inscribed circle. (4) The intersection of the perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle is the center of the circumscribed circle. 28 _____

432

EXAMINATION August 2010

PART II Answer all 6 questions in this part. Each correct answer will receive 2 credits. Clearly indicate the necessary steps, including appropriate formula substitutions, diagrams, graphs, charts, etc. For all questions in this part, a correct numerical answer with no work shown will receive only 1 credit. [12 credits]

29 The diagram below shows isosceles trapezoid ABCD with AB || DC and AD 艑 BC. If m⬔BAD = 2x and m⬔BCD = 3x + 5, find m⬔BAD.

EXAMINATION August 2010

30 A right circular cone has a base with a radius of 15 cm, a vertical height of 20 cm, and a slant height of 25 cm. Find, in terms of π, the number of square centimeters in the lateral area of the cone.

31 In the diagram below of 䉭HQP, side HP is extended through P to T, m⬔QPT = 6x + 20, m⬔HQP = x + 40, and m⬔PHQ = 4x − 5. Find m⬔QPT.

433

434

EXAMINATION August 2010

32 On the line segment below, use a compass and straightedge to construct equilateral triangle ABC. [Leave all construction marks.]

EXAMINATION August 2010

33 In the diagram below, car A is parked 7 miles from car B. Sketch the points that are 4 miles from car A and sketch the points that are 4 miles from car B. Label with an X all points that satisfy both conditions.

435

436

EXAMINATION August 2010

34 Write an equation for circle O shown on the graph below.

EXAMINATION August 2010

437

PART III Answer all 3 questions in this part. Each correct answer will receive 4 credits. Clearly indicate the necessary steps, including appropriate formula substitutions, diagrams, graphs, charts, etc. For all questions in this part, a correct numerical answer with no work shown will receive only 1 credit. [12 credits]

35 In the diagram below of quadrilateral ABCD with diagonal BD, m⬔A = 93, m⬔ADB = 43, m⬔C = 3x + 5, m⬔BDC = x + 19, and m⬔DBC = 2x + 6. Determine if AB is parallel to DC. Explain your reasoning.

438

EXAMINATION August 2010

36 The coordinates of the vertices of 䉭ABC are A(1,3), B(−2,2), and C(0,−2). On the grid below, graph and label 䉭A″B″C″, the result of the composite transformation D2 ° T3,−2. State the coordinates of A″, B″, and C″.

EXAMINATION August 2010

37 In the diagram below, 䉭RST is a 3-4-5 right triangle. The altitude, h, to the hypotenuse has been drawn. Determine the length of h.

439

440

EXAMINATION August 2010

PART IV Answer the question in this part. A correct answer will receive 6 credits. Clearly indicate the necessary steps, including appropriate formula substitutions, diagrams, graphs, charts, etc. A correct numerical answer with no work shown will receive only 1 credit. [6 credits]

38 Given: Quadrilateral ABCD has vertices A(−5,6), B(6,6), C(8,−3), and D(−3,−3). Prove: Quadrilateral ABCD is a parallelogram but is neither a rhombus nor a rectangle. [The use of the grid below is optional.]

441

Answers August 2010 Geometry Answer Key PART I 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

(4) (3) (1) (3) (4) (4) (2)

8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

(1) (1) (4) (4) (1) (4) (2)

15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.

(2) (4) (1) (1) (2) (4) (3)

22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28.

PART II

PART III

29. 30. 31. 32. 33.

35. Parallel. See the Answers Explained section.

70 375π 110 See the Answers Explained section. Two points of intersection. See the Answers Explained section. 34. (x + 1)2 + (y – 2)2 = 36

(1) (4) (3) (2) (3) (2) (1)

36. A″(8,2), B″(2,0), and C″(6,–8) 37. 2.4

PART IV 38. See the Answers Explained section. In PARTS II–IV you are required to show how you arrived at your answers. For sample methods of solutions, see the Answers Explained section.

442

ANSWERS August 2010

Answers Explained PART I 1. It is given in the accompanying diagram that 䉭ABC ≅ 䉭XYZ. X

B

Y

C A

Z

You are asked to identify from the set of answer choices two pairs of congruent parts. When two triangles are congruent, congruent angles are located opposite congruent sides. Congruent Sides

Congruent Angles

BC ≅ YZ

⬔A ≅ ⬔X

AC ≅ XZ

⬔B ≅ ⬔Y

AB ≅ XY

⬔C ≅ ⬔Z

Compare the pairs of congruent parts listed in each choice with the preceding table. • Choice (1): AB ≅ XY and ⬔C ≅ ⬔Y. ✗ • Choice (2): AB ≅ YZ and ⬔C ≅ ⬔X. ✗ • Choice (3): BC ≅ XY and ⬔A ≅ ⬔Y. ✗ • Choice (4): BC ≅ YZ and ⬔A ≅ ⬔X. ✓ The correct choice is (4).

ANSWERS August 2010

443

2. It is given that a support beam between the floor and ceiling of a house forms a 90° angle with the floor. If two planes (floor and ceiling) are perpendicular to the same line (the support beam), they are parallel. If the builder wants to make sure that the floor and ceiling are parallel, the support beam should also form a 90° angle with the ceiling. The correct choice is (3). 3. In the accompanying diagram of equilateral 䉭ABC, the vertices of 䉭DEF are the midpoints of the sides of 䉭ABC. B

6

12 D 6 A

E 12 6

F 12

C

Since it is also given that the perimeter of 䉭ABC is 36 cm, each side of 䉭ABC measures 12 cm. Because the segment joining the midpoints of two sides of a triangle is one-half the length of the third side of the triangle, each side of 䉭DEF measures 1 × 12 cm = 6 cm. Hence, the length of EF is 6 cm. 2 The correct choice is (1).

444

ANSWERS August 2010

4. You are asked to determine the solution to the following system of equations: y = (x + 3)2 – 4 y = 2x + 5 Method 1: Solve graphically using your graphing calculator. Select a friendly window in which the graphs fit, such as Xmin = –9.4, Xmax = 9.4, Ymin = –6.2, and Ymax = 6.2. Then graph Y1 = (x + 3)2 – 4 and Y2 = 2x + 5 on the same set of axes. Use the Trace or Intersect features of your calculator to find that the graphs intersect at (–4,–3) and (0,5). The correct choice is (3).

Method 2: Solve algebraically. Eliminate y by replacing it in the first equation with 2x + 5: 2x + 5 = (x + 3)2 – 4 Square the binomial. Then simplify by collecting all of the nonzero terms on the same side of the equation: 2x + 5 = x2 + 6x + 9 – 4 2x + 5 = x2 + 6x + 5 0 = x2 + (6x – 2x) + (5 – 5) 0 = x2 + 4x Solve the quadratic equation by factoring: x(x + 4) = 0 x=0

or x + 4 = 0 x = –4

Since answer choice (3) is the only choice that includes points with x-coordinates of 0 and –4, it is the correct choice. The correct choice is (3).

ANSWERS August 2010

445

5. It is given that one step in a construction uses the endpoints of AB to create arcs with the same radii such that the arcs intersect above and below the segment, as illustrated in the accompanying diagram.

A

B

The points at which the two pairs of arcs intersect determine a line that is perpendicular to AB. The correct choice is (4). 6. It is given that 䉭ABC ~ 䉭ZXY. Since the sum of the measures of the three angles of a triangle is 180°: m⬔A + m⬔B + m⬔C = 180 50 + m⬔B + m⬔30 = 180 m⬔B = 180 – 80 = 100 Angles B and X are corresponding angles since both letters occur in the second position in the similarity relation 䉭ABC ~ 䉭ZXY. Because corresponding angles of similar triangles are congruent, m⬔X = m⬔B = 100. The correct choice is (4).

446

ANSWERS August 2010

7. In the accompanying diagram, it is given that ⬔GAE ≅ ⬔LOD and AE ≅ OD. G

A

L

E

O

D

In order to prove that 䉭AGE and 䉭OLD are congruent by SAS (sideangle-side), you must know that the two sides that form ⬔GAE are congruent to the corresponding sides that form ⬔LOD. In other words, in addition to AE ≅ OD, we would also need to know that AG ≅ OL. The correct choice is (2). 8. If point A is not contained in plane B, exactly one line can be drawn through A and perpendicular to plane B, as illustrated in the accompanying diagram.

A

B

Only one line can be drawn through A and perpendicular to plane B.

The correct choice is (1).

ANSWERS August 2010

447

9. The general equation of a circle has the form (x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = r 2, where (h,k) is the center of the circle and r is the radius. The given equation, x2 + (y – 7)2 = 16, can be rewritten as (x – 0)2 + (y – 7)2 = 42, where (h,k) = (0,7) and r = 4. Hence, the center of the given circle is (0,7) and its radius is 4. The correct choice is (1). 10. You are required to write an equation of the line that passes through the point (7,3) and is parallel to the line 4x + 2y = 10. −4 10 x+ or y = –2x + 5. In 2 2 general, a line whose equation is in the slope-intercept form y = mx + b has a slope of m and a y-intercept of b. The slope of the line y = –2x + 5 is therefore –2.

• If 4x + 2y = 10, then 2y = –4x + 10 and y =

• Since parallel lines have equal slopes, the slope of the required line is also –2. The required line has an equation of the form y = –2x + b. Find b by substituting the coordinates of (7,3) into the equation y = –2x + b: 3 = –2(7) + b 3 = –14 + b 17 = b • Since m = –2 and b = 17, an equation of the required line is y = –2x + 17. The correct choice is (4). 11. In a triangle, the larger angle lies opposite the longer side. It is given that in 䉭ABC, AB = 7, BC = 8, and AC = 9, as shown in the accompanying diagram. B

8

7

A

9

C

Since AB < BC < AC, the angles opposite these sides have the same size relationship, m⬔C < m⬔A < m⬔B. In order from smallest to largest, the three angles of the triangle are ⬔C, ⬔A, ⬔B. The correct choice is (4).

448

ANSWERS August 2010

12. It is given that tangents PA and PB are drawn to circle O from the same external point P, m⬔APB = 40, and radii OA and OB are drawn, as shown in the accompanying diagram. A

P

x

40°

O

B

Since a radius drawn to a tangent at the point of contact is perpendicular to the tangent, angles A and B are right angles. The sum of the measures of the four angles of quadrilateral PAOB is 360°. If x represents the measure of ⬔AOB: 40 + 90 + x + 90 = 360 x + 220 = 360 x = 360 – 220 = 140 The correct choice is (1). 13. To find the length, d, of the line segment with endpoints are A(–6,4) and B(2,–5), use the distance formula: d=

( Δ x )2 + ( Δ y )2

In this formula, Δx represents the difference in the x-coordinates of the two given points and Δy represents the difference in their y-coordinates, with the subtractions performed in the same order: AB = =

( 2 − ( −6 ) )2 + ( ( −5 ) − 4 )2 ( 2 + 6 )2 + ( −9 )2

= 64 + 81 = 145 The correct choice is (4).

ANSWERS August 2010

449

1 x = 4 and 3x + 6y = 12. To 2 determine the relationship between the two lines, write each equation in y = mx + b slope-intercept form where m is the slope of the line and b is its y-intercept. 14. The equations of the given lines are y +

• If y +

1 1 1 x = 4, then y = – x + 4. Hence, m = – and b = 4. 2 2 2

• If 3x + 6y = 12, then 6y = –3x + 12 and Hence, m = –

6 y −3 x 12 1 = + so y = – x + 2. 6 6 6 2

1 and b = 2. 2

• Since the two lines have the same slope but different y-intercepts, they are parallel lines. The correct choice is (2). 15. You are required to identify the type of transformation of a polygon that always preserves both length and orientation. • Since a reflection always reverses orientation, you can eliminate line reflection in choice (3) and glide reflection in choice (4). • Under a dilation, the lengths of the sides of the polygon are multiplied by some fixed scale factor. Hence, you can eliminate dilation in choice (1). • A translation, choice (2), preserves both length and orientation. The correct choice is (2). 16. You are asked to identify the polygon for which the sum of the measures of the interior angles equals the sum of the measures of the exterior angles. Regardless of how many sides a polygon has, the sum of the measures of its exterior angles is 360°. The sum of the measures of the interior angles of a quadrilateral is 360°. The correct choice is (4).

450

ANSWERS August 2010

17. In the accompanying diagram of circle O, chords AB and CD intersect at E such that CE = 10, ED = 6, and AE = 4. You are asked to find the length of EB. C

A 10

4 E

O

6

D

B

If two chords intersect inside a circle, the product of the lengths of the segments of one chord is equal to the product of the lengths of the segments of the other chord: AE × EB = CE × ED 4 × EB = 10 × 6 EB = 60 4 = 15 The correct choice is (1).

ANSWERS August 2010

451

18. In the accompanying diagram of 䉭ABC, medians AD, BE, and CF intersect at G. Given that CF = 24, you are asked to find the length of FG. A F

B

G D

E

C

The point at which the three medians of a triangle intersect divides each median into two segments whose lengths are in the ratio 2:1, with the longest segment located nearest the vertex. If x represents the length of FG, then 2x represents the length of CG. Since it is given that CF = 24: x + 2x = 24 3x = 24 x = 24 3 =8 The length of FG is 8. The correct choice is (1).

452

ANSWERS August 2010

19. It is given that a line segment has endpoints A(3x + 5,3y) and B(x–1,–y). You are asked to find the coordinates of the midpoint of AB. The x and y coordinates of the midpoint M(x–,y–) of a line segment are the averages of the corresponding coordinates of the endpoints of the line segment: ⎛ ( 3 x + 5) + ( x − 1) 3 y + ( − y ) ⎞ , M( –x ,y–) = M ⎜ ⎟ 2 2 ⎝ ⎠ ⎛ 4 x + 4 2y ⎞ =M⎜ , ⎟ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 = M(2x+2,y) The correct choice is (2). 20. The reference sheet provided in the test booklet gives the formula for the surface area (SA) of a sphere as SA = 4πr 2 and the formula for the volume (V) of a sphere as V = 4 πr 3, where r is the radius of the sphere. 3 If the surface area of a sphere is 144π: 4πr 2 = 144π r 2 = 144 π = 36 4π r=

36

=6 To find the volume of this sphere, evaluate V = 4 πr 3 using r = 6: 3 V = 4 π(63) 3 72

= 4 π(216) 3 = 288π The correct choice is (4).

ANSWERS August 2010

453

21. You are asked to determine from the set of answer choices which transformation of the line x = 3 results in an image that is perpendicular to the given line. The line x = 3 is a vertical line, parallel to the y-axis and 3 units to the right of it. Examine each of the answer choices in turn. • Choice (1): Reflecting the given line in the x-axis flips the line over the x-axis so that the image coincides with the given line. ✗ • Choice (2): Reflecting the given line in the y-axis flips the line over the y-axis. The image that results is the line x = –3, which is parallel to the given line. ✗ • Choice (3): The image of any point (x,y) reflected in the line y = x is the point (y,x). The image of the reflection of x = 3 in the line y = x is the line y = 3, which is perpendicular to the given line. See the accompanying figure. ✓ x=3

y

y=x

7 6 5 4

y=3

3 2 1 –3 –2 –1

–1

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 10

x

–2 –3

• Choice (4): The given line is two units to the right of the reflecting line x = 1. Reflecting the given line in the line x = 1 produces an image that is parallel to the given line and 2 units to the left of x = 1. ✗ The correct choice is (3).

454

ANSWERS August 2010

22. In the accompanying diagram of regular pentagon ABCDE, EB is drawn. You are asked to find the measure of ⬔AEB. A

B

E

C

D

Since a regular polygon is equilateral, AE ≅ AB. As a result, ⬔AEB ≅ ⬔ABE. If x represents m⬔AEB, then m⬔ABE = m⬔AEB = x. The sum, S, of the measures of the angles of a regular polygon is S = (n – 2) × 180°. For a pentagon, n = 5: S = (5 – 2) × 180 = 3 × 180 = 540 Since a regular polygon is equiangular, each angle measures 540° = 108°. 5 Hence, m⬔A = 108°. In isosceles 䉭EAB: x + 108 + x = 180 2x = 180 – 108 2 x = 72 2 2 x = 36 The correct choice is (1).

ANSWERS August 2010

455

23. It is given that 䉭ABC ~ 䉭DEF and that the ratio of the length of AB to the length of DE is 3:1. You are asked to determine from the set of answer choices the ratio that is also equal to 3:1. • Choice (1):

m∠A . Since corresponding angles of similar triangles are m∠ D

congruent, you can eliminate this choice as

m∠A = 1. ✗ m∠D

m∠B . Angles B and F are not corresponding angles. Insuffim∠F cient information is given to determine their ratio. ✗

• Choice (2):

area of n ABC . The areas of two similar triangles have the area of nDEF same ratio as the square of the ratio of the lengths of a pair of correspond-

• Choice (3):

ing sides. Hence,

• Choice (4):

2 area of n ABC 9 =  3  = or 9:1. ✗ 1   1 area of nDEF

perimeter of n ABC . The perimeters of two similar trianperimeter of nDEF

gles have the same ratio as the ratio of the lengths of any pair of correperimeter of n ABC 3 sponding sides. Hence, = or 3:1. ✓ perimeter of n DEF 1 The correct choice is (4). 24. Perpendicular lines have slopes that are negative reciprocals. To find the slope of a line perpendicular to the line 2y = –6x + 8, find the negative reciprocal of the slope of the given line. In general, a line whose equation is in the y = mx + b slope-intercept form −6 x 8 has a slope of m and a y-intercept of b. If 2y = –6x + 8, then y = + = 2 2 –3x + 4. So the slope of the given line is –3. Since the negative reciprocal of –3 is 1 line has a slope of . 3 The correct choice is (3).

1 , a line perpendicular to the given 3

456

ANSWERS August 2010

 = 140 and m⬔P = 40. 25. In the accompanying diagram of circle C, m QT . You need to find m RS Q R C

140

40

x

P

S T

The measure of an angle formed by two secants intersecting in the exterior of a circle is equal to one-half the difference of the measures of the inter: cepted arcs. If x = m RS

(

1   mQT − m RS 2 1 40 = (140 − x ) 2

m ∠P =

1 2 ( 40) = 2 ⎛ (140 − x )⎞ ⎝2 ⎠ 80 = 140 − x x = 140 − 80 = 60 The correct choice is (2).

)

ANSWERS August 2010

457

26. A conditional statement and its contrapositive are logically equivalent statements as they always have the same truth value. To form the contrapositive, interchange and then negate the “if” and “then” parts of the original conditional: Original conditional: “If it is warm, then I go swimming” “If I do not go swimming, then it is not warm”

Contrapositive:

The correct choice is (3).  27. It is given that in the accompanying diagram of 䉭ACT, BE CB = 3, CA = 10, and CE = 6. You need to find the length of ET.

||

 AT ,

C 3 B

6 E x

7 A

T

BA = CA – CB = 10 – 3 =7 If a line is parallel to one side of a triangle and intersects the other two sides, it divides those intersected sides proportionally. If x = ET: CB CE = BA ET 3 6 = 7 x 3 x 42 = 3 3 x = 14 The correct choice is (2).

458

ANSWERS August 2010

28. You are asked to determine from the set of answer choices the geometric principle used in the accompanying construction. B

A

C

The construction shows that the bisectors of the three angles of a triangle intersect at a single point, called the incenter, which is the center of the inscribed circle. The correct choice is (1).

ANSWERS August 2010

459

PART II 29. It is given that in the accompanying diagram of isosceles trapezoid ABCD, AB || DC, AD ≅ BC, m⬔BAD = 2x, and m⬔BCD = 3x + 5. You must find m⬔BAD. B

A (2x)°

(3x + 5)° D

C

Since base angles of an isosceles trapezoid are equal in measure, m⬔B = m⬔BAD = 2x. Because each pair of upper and lower base angles of a trapezoid are supplementary: m∠B + m∠BCD = 180

( 2 x ) + ( 3 x + 5) = 180 5 x + 5 = 180 5 x = 180 − 5 5 x 175 = 5 5 x = 35 Hence, m⬔BAD = 2x = 2(35) = 70.

460

ANSWERS August 2010

30. It is given that a right circular cone has a base with a radius of 15 cm, a vertical height of 20 cm, and a slant height of 25 cm. You are required to find, in terms of π, the number of square centimeters in the lateral area of the cone. As shown on the accompanying reference sheet in your test booklet, the lateral area (L) of a right circular cone is given by the formula L = π r艎, where 艎 is the slant height and r is the radius of the base of the cone. Evaluate the formula using r = 15 cm and 艎 = 25 cm: L = π(15 cm)(25 cm) = 375π cm2 The lateral area of the cone is 375π cm2. 31. In the accompanying diagram of 䉭HQP, m⬔QPT = 6x + 20, m⬔HQP = x + 40 and m⬔PHQ = 4x – 5. Q (x + 40)°

(6x + 20)° T

(4x – 5)°

P

H

(Not drawn to scale)

To find m⬔QPT, use the theorem that states the measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the measures of the two nonadjacent (remote) interior angles: m⬔QPT = m⬔PHQ + m⬔HQP 6x + 20 = (4x – 5) + (x + 40) 6x + 20 = 5x + 35 6x – 5x = 35 – 20 x = 15 Thus, m⬔QPT = 6x + 20 = 6(15) + 20 = 110.

ANSWERS August 2010

461

32. You are required to construct equilateral triangle ABC on the given line segment. • Step 1: Set the radius length of your compass equal to the length of AB, the given line segment, by placing the fixed point of the compass on A and the pencil point on B. Using this compass setting and keeping the point of the compass fixed on A, draw an arc. C

B

A

• Step 2: Shift the compass point to B. Using the same radius length, draw an arc that intersects the first arc. Label the point of intersection, C. • Step 3: Draw AC and BC, thereby forming equilateral 䉭ABC. 33. It is given that in the accompanying diagram, car A is parked 7 miles from car B. You are asked to sketch the points that are 4 miles from car A and to sketch the points that are 4 miles from car B. You also need to label with an X all points that satisfy both conditions. The locus of points that are a given distance from a point is a circle with the given point as the center and the distance as the radius length. Using a compass, construct circles with the same radii having centers at points A and B, as shown in the accompanying diagram. X

Car A

Car B 7 X

Since 7 < 4 + 4, the two circles intersect at two different points. Label the two points of intersection with an X.

462

ANSWERS August 2010

34. The general form of an equation of a circle with center at (h,k) and radius r is (x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = r 2. To determine an equation of the circle in the accompanying graph, read the coordinates of the center from the graph and determine the length of the radius. y

O

r=6 x

As no scale is indicated, you can assume for this exam that each grid box represents 1 unit. The center of the circle is at O(–1,2). To determine the radius, count the number of unit boxes along a grid line from O to the circumference of the circle. The radius is 6 units. Write an equation of the circle using (h,k) = (–1,2) and r = 6: (x – (–1))2 + (y – 2)2 = 62 (x + 1)2 + (y – 2)2 = 36

ANSWERS August 2010

463

PART III 35. In the accompanying diagram of quadrilateral ABCD, m⬔A = 93, m⬔ADB = 43, m⬔C = 3x + 5, m⬔BDC = x + 19, and m⬔DBC = 2x + 6. A 93°

B

(2x + 6)°

43° (x + 19)°

(3x + 5)°

D

C

To determine if AB is parallel to DC, find and then compare the measures of alternate interior angles ABD and BDC. Since the sum of the measures of the angles of a triangle is 180, in 䉭BAD: 43 + 93 + m⬔ABD = 180 m⬔ABD = 180 – 136 = 44 In 䉭BCD, (2x + 6) + (3x + 5) + (x + 19) = 180 6x + 30 = 180 6x = 180 – 30 6 x = 150 6 6 x = 25 Thus, m⬔BDC = x + 19 = 25 + 19 = 44. Since m⬔ABD = 44 and m⬔BDC = 44, ⬔ABD ≅ ⬔BDC. When parallel line segments are cut by a transversal, like BD, congruent alternate interior angles are formed. So AB is parallel to DC.

464

ANSWERS August 2010

36. The coordinates of the vertices of 䉭ABC are A(1,3), B(–2,2), and C(0,–2). You are required to graph and label 䉭A″B″C″, the result of the composite transformation D2 ° T3,–2. To evaluate D2 ° T3,–2, first translate 䉭ABC and then dilate the resulting image. Under the translation T3,–2, each of the vertices of 䉭ABC are shifted 3 units to the right and 2 units down: A(1,3) B(–2,2) C(0,–2)

T3,–2 T3,–2 T3,–2

(1 + 3,3+ (–2)) = A′(4,1) (–2 + 3,2 + (–2)) = B′(1,0) (0 + 3,–2+(–2)) = C′(3,–4)

Under the dilation D2, the coordinates of the vertices of 䉭A′B′C′ are each multiplied by 2: A′(4,1) B′(1,0) C′(3,–4)

D2 D2 D2

(4 · 2,1 · 2) = A″(8,2) (1 · 2, 0 · 2) = B″(2,0) (3 · 2,–4 · 2) = C″(6,–8)

ANSWERS August 2010

465

Next, graph 䉭A″B″C″ on the grid provided in the test booklet, as shown in the accompanying diagram. Label each of the vertices of the triangle with its coordinates: A″(8,2), B″(2,0), and C″(6,–8). y 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3

A (8,2)

2 1 –10 –9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 –1

B (2,0) 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

–2 –3 –4 –5 –6 –7 –8 –9 –10

C (6,–8)

8

9 10

x

466

ANSWERS August 2010

37. In the accompanying diagram, 䉭RST is a 3-4-5 right triangle with the altitude, h, drawn to the hypotenuse. You are asked to find the length of h. T 3

R

4

h b

5

a

S

If an altitude is drawn to the hypotenuse of a right triangle, the length of either leg is the mean proportional between the hypotenuse length and the length of the segment formed on the hypotenuse that is adjacent to that leg: 5 4 = 4 a 5 a = 16 5 a 16 = 5 5 a = 3.2 Since a = 3.2, b = 5 – a = 5 – 3.2 = 1.8. The altitude drawn to the hypotenuse of a right triangle is the mean proportional between the lengths of the two segments formed on the hypotenuse: a h = h b 3.2 h = h 1.8 h 2 = 3. 2 × 1. 8 h2 = 5.76 h = 2. 4 The length of altitude h is 2.4.

ANSWERS August 2010

467

PART IV 38. You are given that Quadrilateral ABCD has vertices A(–5,6), B(6,6), C(8,–3), and D(–3,–3). You are required to prove that Quadrilateral ABCD is a parallelogram but is neither a rhombus nor a rectangle. Plan: Although you can complete the proof in a number of different ways, one of the simplest ways is to work with the diagonals of the figure. First prove that quadrilateral ABCD is a parallelogram by using the midpoint formula to show that its diagonals bisect each other. A rhombus has the property that its diagonals intersect at right angles, and a rectangle has the property that its diagonals have the same length. Using the slope and distance formulas, show that the diagonals of parallelogram ABCD do not have these two properties and, as result, is neither a rhombus nor a rectangle. Prove ABCD is a parallelogram: 6 + ( −3 ) ⎞ ⎛ 3 3 ⎞ ⎛ • Midpoint of diagonal AC = ⎜ −5 + 8 , = , 2 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎛ 6 + ( −3 ) 6 + ( −3 ) ⎞ ⎛ 3 3 ⎞ • Midpoint of diagonal BD = ⎜ , = , 2 2 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎝ • Since the diagonals of the quadrilateral have the same midpoint, they bisect each other. If the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other, the quadrilateral is a parallelogram. Hence, quadrilateral ABCD is a parallelogram. Note that you could also prove that ABCD is a parallelogram using one of the following three methods: You could show that opposite sides have the same slope and, as a result, are parallel. You could show that opposite sides have the same length and, as a result, are congruent. You could show that one pair of sides is both parallel and congruent. Prove parallelogram ABCD is a not a rhombus: • Slope of diagonal AC =

Δy −9 9 −3 − 6 = =− = 13 Δ x 8 − ( −5 ) 8 + 5

• Slope of diagonal BD =

Δy −3 − 6 −9 = = =1 Δx −3 − 6 −9

468

ANSWERS August 2010

• Since the slopes of the diagonals are not negative reciprocals, the diagonals do not intersect at right angles. As result, parallelogram ABCD is not a rhombus. Note that you could also prove that parallelogram ABCD is not a rhombus by using the distance formula to show that a pair of adjacent sides do not have the same length. Prove parallelogram ABCD is a not a rectangle: Length of AC

Length of BD

=

( Δ x )2 + ( Δ y )2

=

( 8 − ( − 5 ) ) 2 + ( − 3 − 6 )2

=

( 8 + 5 )2 + ( − 9 )2

=

169 + 81

=

250

=

( Δ x )2 + ( Δ y )2

=

( − 3 − 6 )2 + ( − 3 − 6 )2

=

( − 9 )2 + ( − 9 ) 2

=

81 + 81

=

162

Since 250 ≠ 162 , AC ⬵ BD. Because its diagonals are not congruent, parallelogram ABCD is not a rectangle. Note that you could also prove that parallelogram ABCD is not a rectangle by using the slope formula to show that a pair of adjacent sides do not have slopes that are negative reciprocals and, as a result, are not perpendicular to each other.

SELF-ANALYSIS CHART August 2010 Question Numbers

Number of Points

1. Logic (negation, conjunction, disjunction, related conditionals, biconditional, logically equivalent statements, logical inference)

26

2

2. Angle & Line Relationships (vertical angles, midpoint, altitude, median, bisector, supplementary angles, complementary angles, parallel and perpendicular lines)

2, 35

2 +4 = 6

Topic

3. Parallel & Perpendicular Planes

8

2

4. Angles of a Triangle & Polygon (sum of angles, exterior angle, base angles theorem, angles of a regular polygon)

16, 22, 31

2 +2 +2 = 6

5. Triangle Inequalities (side length restrictions, unequal angles opposite unequal sides, exterior angle)

11

2

6. Trapezoids & Parallelograms (includes properties of rectangle, rhombus, square, and isosceles trapezoid)

29

2

7. Proofs Involving Congruent Triangles

1, 7

2 +2 = 4

8. Indirect Proof & Mathematical Reasoning

—

—

9. Ratio & Proportion (includes similar polygons, proportions, proofs involving similar triangles, comparing linear dimensions, and areas of similar triangles)

6, 23, 27

2 +2 +2 = 6

10. Proportions formed by altitude to hypotenuse of right triangle; Pythagorean theorem

37

4

11. Coordinate Geometry (slopes of parallel and perpendicular lines; slope-intercept and pointslope equations of a line; applications requiring midpoint, distance, or slope formulas; coordinate proofs)

10, 13, 14, 19, 24, 38

2+2+2 +2+2 + 6 = 16

12. Solving a Linear-Quadratic System of Equations Graphically

4

2

13. Transformation Geometry (includes isometries, dilation, symmetry, composite transformations, transformations using coordinates)

15, 21, 36

2+2+4=8

14. Locus & Constructions (simple and compound locus, locus using coordinates, compass constructions)

5, 32, 33

2+2+2=6

Your Points

469 Your Percentage

470

SELF-ANALYSIS CHART August 2010 Question Numbers

Number of Points

15. Midpoint and Concurrency Theorems (includes joining midpoints of two sides of a triangle, three sides of a triangle, the sides of a quadrilateral, median of a trapezoid; centroid, orthocenter, incenter, and circumcenter)

3, 18, 28

2+2+2=6

16. Circles and Angle Measurement (includes @ tangents from same exterior point, radius ^ tangent, tangent circles, common tangents, arcs and chords, diameter ^ chord, arc length, area of a sector, center-radius equation, applying transformations)

9, 12, 25, 34

2+2+2 +2=8

17. Circles and Similar Triangles (includes proofs, segments of intersecting chords, tangent and secant segments)

17

2

18. Area of Plane Figures (includes area of a regular polygon)

—

—

19. Measurement of Solids (volume and lateral area; surface area of a sphere; great circle; comparing similar solids)

20, 30

2+2=4

Topic

Your Points

Your Percentage

SELF-ANALYSIS CHART August 2010

471

Map to Core Curriculum Content Band

Item Numbers

Geometric Relationships

2, 8, 20, 30

Constructions

5, 32

Locus

28, 33

Informal and Formal Proofs

1, 3, 6, 7, 11, 12, 16, 17, 18, 22, 25, 26, 27, 29, 31, 35, 37

Transformational Geometry

15, 21, 23, 36

Coordinate Geometry

4, 9, 10, 13, 14, 19, 24, 34, 38

How to Convert Your Raw Score to Your Geometry Regents Examination Score The conversion chart on the following page must be used to determine your final score on the August 2010 Regents Examination in Geometry. To find your final exam score, locate in the column labeled “Raw Score” the total number of points you scored out of a possible 86 points. Since partial credit is allowed in Parts II, III, and IV of the test, you may need to approximate the credit you would receive for a solution that is not completely correct. Then locate in the adjacent column to the right the scale score that corresponds to your raw score. The scale score is your final Geometry Regents Examination score.

SELF-ANALYSIS CHART August 2010

472

Regents Examination in Geometry—August 2010 Chart for Converting Total Test Raw Scores to Final Examination Scores (Scale Scores) Raw Score

Scale Score

Raw Score

Scale Score

Raw Score

Scale Score

Raw Score

Scale Score

86

100

64

80

42

67

20

43

85

98

63

79

41

66

19

41

84

97

62

79

40

65

18

40

83

96

61

78

39

64

17

38

82

94

60

78

38

63

16

36

81

93

59

77

37

62

15

35

80

92

58

77

36

62

14

33

79

91

57

76

35

61

13

31

78

90

56

75

34

60

12

29

77

89

55

75

33

59

11

26

76

88

54

74

32

58

10

24

75

87

53

74

31

57

9

22

74

87

52

73

30

56

8

20

73

86

51

73

29

55

7

17

72

85

50

72

28

54

6

15

71

84

49

71

27

52

5

12

70

84

48

71

26

51

4

10

69

83

47

70

25

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7-4222-Regents Geometry-ufbs_Layout 1 10/20/10 10:22 AM Page 1

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