Astigmatism - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

ASTIGMATISM A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N...

Author: Health Publica Icon Health Publications

31 downloads 407 Views 3MB Size Report

This content was uploaded by our users and we assume good faith they have the permission to share this book. If you own the copyright to this book and it is wrongfully on our website, we offer a simple DMCA procedure to remove your content from our site. Start by pressing the button below!

Report copyright / DMCA form

DOWNLOAD PDF

ASTIGMATISM A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

ii

ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Astigmatism: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83747-3 1. Astigmatism-Popular works. I. Title.

iii

Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

iv

Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on astigmatism. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

v

About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

vi

About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

vii

Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ASTIGMATISM ........................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Astigmatism.................................................................................. 3 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 14 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ASTIGMATISM ................................................................................. 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 Finding Nutrition Studies on Astigmatism................................................................................. 59 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 60 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 60 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ASTIGMATISM ........................................................... 61 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 61 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 61 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 67 General References ....................................................................................................................... 67 CHAPTER 4. CLINICAL TRIALS AND ASTIGMATISM ........................................................................ 69 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 69 Recent Trials on Astigmatism ..................................................................................................... 69 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ............................................................................................. 70 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON ASTIGMATISM ........................................................................................ 73 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 73 Patents on Astigmatism............................................................................................................... 73 Patent Applications on Astigmatism......................................................................................... 102 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 140 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON ASTIGMATISM ......................................................................................... 141 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 141 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 141 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ........................................................................... 142 Chapters on Astigmatism........................................................................................................... 143 CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON ASTIGMATISM ............................................................................... 145 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 145 Bibliography: Multimedia on Astigmatism ............................................................................... 145 CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ASTIGMATISM ............................................................ 147 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 147 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 147 Academic Periodicals covering Astigmatism ............................................................................. 149 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 153 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 153 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 153 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 155 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 157 The Genome Project and Astigmatism....................................................................................... 157 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 161 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 161 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 161 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 167 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 169 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 169 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 169 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 169 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 169

viii Contents

ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 175 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 176 ASTIGMATISM DICTIONARY................................................................................................. 177 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 213

1

FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with astigmatism is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about astigmatism, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to astigmatism, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on astigmatism. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to astigmatism, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on astigmatism. The Editors

1

From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

3

CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ASTIGMATISM Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on astigmatism.

Federally Funded Research on Astigmatism The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to astigmatism. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to astigmatism. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore astigmatism. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for astigmatism: •

Project Title: ABNORMALITIES IN KERATOCONUS CORNEAS Principal Investigator & Institution: Kenney, Maria C.; Director,Molecular Eye Reseach Lab.; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Box 48750, 8700 Beverly Blvd Los Angeles, Ca 90048 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-1987; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Keratoconus is a corneal disorder characterized by excessive thinning of the stroma, severe irregular astigmatism and decreased visual

2

Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

4

Astigmatism

acuity. It is a leading indication for corneal transplantation within the United States. Its pathogenesis is characterized by increased activities of degradative enzymes, altered processing of oxidative stress-related molecules, increased focal fibrosis and apoptosis. The underlying defect(s) that initiates these changes or ties them together is still not clear. During the past three years we have applied differential display technology, Smart cDNA synthesis and nucleic acid array analysis to keratoconus corneas and cell cultures. Approximately 3,000 genes have been screened for differential expression between normal and keratoconus. We found abnormalities in two distinct signal transduction pathways, (1) a receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase (leukocyte common antigen related protein- LAR) and (2) a receptor tyrosine kinase (ErbB3), its ligand (heregulin) and downstream factors, PYK2, EPB-l and TOB. Our data also show that KC corneas have increased inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and accumulation of peroxynitrite, a cytotoxic by-product of nitric oxide. We hypothesize that KC corneas have a defect in their ability to process free radicals and have up-regulation of these signal transduction pathways. This results in abnormal protein phosphorylation patterns, which contributes heavily to the pathogenesis of keratoconus. To test this hypothesis we propose the following specific aims: Specific Aim #1 will identify the LAR isoforms within the normal and keratoconus corneas and charactize changes in tyrosine phosphorylation patterns as a result of LAR activity. Specific Aim #2 will identify specific ErbB family members and heregulin isoforms present within keratoconus corneas and in vitro KC cell cultures. The nucleic acid array data demonstrating up-regulation of PYK2, JNK, EPB-l and TOB will be confirmed at the RNA (RT-PCR, Northern analyses, in situ hybridization) and protein levels (immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis). Specific Aim #3 will address whether nitric oxide donors or peroxynitrites can affect the tyrosine phosphatase (LAR) or the tyrosine kinase (ErbBIPYK2/JNK) pathways. Proteins that undergo changes in nitration as a result of peroxynitrite accumulation will be identified. Specific Aim #4 will determine if the addition of heregulins, nitric oxide donors or peroxynitrites are capable of causing normal cells to change to the phenotype associated with KC. These studies will provide fundamental insights into KC pathogensis and may provide a basis for therapy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ADJUSTABLE PHAKIC INTRAOCULAR LENS Principal Investigator & Institution: Chang, Shiao H.; Calhoun Vision, Inc. 2555 E Colorado Blvd, Ste 400 Pasadena, Ca 911076620 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): The increasing demand for spectacle-free refractive correction has generated interest in the use of phakic IOLs for refractive correction of high myopia. While LASIK has been highly successful for hyperopia and myopia up to approximately 10 D, the correction of larger refractive errors has had limited success because of the need to ablate excessive corneal tissue. The challenge of today's phakic IOLs remains to deliver precise, accurate and permanent correction of spherical and astigmatic refractive error. The objective of this program is to develop a soft acrylic light adjustable phakic intraocular lens (LAL) for the treatment of high myopia and high myopia with astigmatism. The phakic LAL is an IOL whose power can be precisely adjusted with light 2-4 weeks after implantation to correct any refractive errors due to incorrect power calculations, the surgical procedure and wound healing to insure the patient is spectacle free after surgery. The soft acrylic material is chosen because of its high refractive index to reduce lens thickness and thereby minimize the incidence of

Studies

5

endothelial or iris cell loss, and cataract formation of the healthy natural lens by reducing the risk of contact of the implanted phakic lens with these cells. The primary goal in Phase I is to select the acrylic material for phakic IOLs for high myopia and myopia with astigmatism and demonstrate the power change through shape or refractive index change or both. In order to achieve the goal, six aims are proposed: (1) Develop a soft acrylic LAL composition based on initial exploratory work, (2) Characterize the test formulations for optical clarity and refractive index, (3) Evaluate the photoreactivity of the macromer in cured test formulations by Differential Photocalori-metry (DPC), (4) Determine the level of available unreacted monomer remaining after crosslinking of the matrix by thermal initiation using GC and GPC analyses of solvent extractables, (5) Fabricate test lenses from test formulations and evaluate for power adjustment by interferometric measurement to identify range of feasible power change, and (6) Select the candidate material for Phase II development based upon the test data generated in Phase I. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: AMBLYOPIA IN ASTIGMATIC CHILDREN-DEVELOPMENT & TREATMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Harvey, Erin M.; Ophthalmology; University of Arizona P O Box 3308 Tucson, Az 857223308 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (Applicant's Abstract) Evidence from the scientific literature indicates that uncorrected astigmatism during childhood is associated with three types of amblyopia: (1) a difference in best-corrected acuity and contrast sensitivity for orthogonal gratings (meridional amblyopia or MA), (2) a difference in best-corrected acuity for orthogonallyoriented vernier acuity stimuli (also termed MA), and (3) a deficit in best-corrected recognition (letter) acuity. These data suggest the presence of a sensitive period for the development of astigmatism-related amblyopia. However, only limited information is available concerning factors that influence the development and treatment of astigmatism-related amblyopia. The lack of research regarding astigmatism-related amblyopia is most likely due to the low prevalence of astigmatism in most populations of children. However, a high prevalence of large amounts of astigmatism and astigmatism-related amblyopia has been documented in members of the Tohono O'Odham grade-school children are not currently wearing eyeglass correction. The presence of this large sample of uncorrected highly astigmatic children provides a unique opportunity for the study of the development and treatment of astigmatismrelated amblyopia. The goals of the present study are: (1) to characterize vision deficits associated with astigmatism-related amblyopia (through measurements of grating acuity, vernier acuity, recognition acuity, and contrast sensitivity), (2) to identify factors influencing the development of astigmatism-related amblyopia (e.g., factors such as amount and type of astigmatism), and (3) to determine age-specific effects of glasses intervention on astigmatism-related amblyopia. The proposed study will provide valuable clinical information regarding the development and treatment of astigmatismrelated amblyopia. In addition, it will provide a valuable public health service to members of the Tohono O'Odham. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

6

Astigmatism

•

Project Title: ASTIGMATISM AND AMBLYOPIA AMONG NATIVE AMERICAN CHILDREN Principal Investigator & Institution: Miller, Joseph M.; Associate Ophthalmology; University of Arizona P O Box 3308 Tucson, Az 857223308

Professor;

Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1997; Project End 31-JUL-2002 Summary: High levels of astigmatism exist among Native American peoples. While the prevalence of astigmatism is well studied, its developmental course and visual consequences are poorly understood. the goal of the proposed research is to establish the relation between astigmatism and visual development in native american children, and to determine the optimum strategy to mitigate detrimental effects of astigmatism in this population. A three-state research protocol is proposed: Stage 1: the prevalence of corneal, internal, and total astigmatism (as well as prevalence of reduced acuity and meridional amblyopia) will be examined in preschool children 6 months to 6 + years of age who are members of a Native American tribe (the Tohono O'Odham Nation) in which a high prevalence of astigmatism is present. Stage 2: spectacle correction will be provided based on guidelines resulting from a poll of 334 pediatric eye care practitioners. All children whose astigmatism, myopia, hyperopia, or anisometropia is of a magnitude that would be corrected by 99% of those polled will be classified as High risk for refractive amblyopia and will have spectacles prescribed. children whose astigmatism would be corrected by 50% to 98% of those polled will be in the Moderate Risk group; these children will be randomly assigned to receive spectacle correction or no spectacle correction. the remaining children will be in the Low Risk group and will not receive spectacles. Stage 3: Follow-up assessment of refractive effort and visual acuity will be performed at intervals of one, two and three years, to determine whether spectacle correction reduces the prevalence of below-normal best-corrected acuity. the primary analysis will be ca comparison of best-corrected acuity results from children who were randomized to spectacle correction with results from those who were randomized to no spectacle correction. It is hypothesized that the proportion of children with below normal acuity will be smaller in the group of children randomized to spectacles than in the group of children randomized to no spectacles. This study will show the effect of astigmatism on visual development and will determine whether correction of astigmatism during the preschool years prevents the development of refractive amblyopia, or produces an alteration in emmetropization. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: COLLABORATIVE KERATOCONUS STUDY

LONGITUDINAL

EVALUATION

Principal Investigator & Institution: Zadnik, Karla S.; Glenn A. Fry Professor of Optometry And; None; Ohio State University 1800 Cannon Dr, Rm 1210 Columbus, Oh 43210 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1994; Project End 29-SEP-2004 Summary: Keratoconus is typically characterized by marked irregular corneal astigmatism and corneal thinning, resulting in long-term dependence on rigid gas permeable contact lenses for correcting the corneal irregularity and producing usable vision. Keratoconus is diagnosed typically during young adulthood, and the disease compromises vision during the patients' prime education and earning years. It is one of the most common diseases managed by cornea specialists and accounts for much of the time spent by contact lens practitioners. Currently employed management methods typically include, successively, spectacle correction, rigid contact lenses, and penetrating

Studies

7

keratoplasty as the disease progresses. The objective of the Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Keratoconus (CLEK) Study is to characterize the progression of keratoconus over a broad spectrum of disease severity. The Study will include patients 12 through 65 years of age who have unilateral corneal irregularity and evidence of either Vogt's striae, Fleischer's ring, or corneal scarring in at least one eye. The progression of keratoconus will be measured by changes in visual acuity (high and low contrast Bailey-Lovie with best correction, habitual correction, and manifest refraction), visual quality of life, corneal curvature (keratometry), the contact lens base curve required for definite apical clearance of the cornea, and central corneal scarring. Thirteen Participating Clinics will recruit and follow a total of 1,000 keratoconus patients. CLEK Study patients will be examined annually for three years. Resource centers for the CLEK Study are the Study Chairman's Office at the University of California at Berkeley School of Optometry, Berkeley, California, the CLEK Data Coordinating Center at Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, Missouri, and the CLEK Photography Reading Center at The Ohio State University College of Optometry, Columbus, Ohio. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CONTACT LENSES AND MYOPIA (CLAMP) STUDY Principal Investigator & Institution: Walline, Jeffrey J.; None; Ohio State University 1800 Cannon Dr, Rm 1210 Columbus, Oh 43210 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-DEC-1997; Project End 30-NOV-2002 Summary: The Contact Lenses and Myopia Progression (CLAMP) Study will serve two purposes: 1) it will provide the training mechanism for Jeffrey J. Walline, O.D. to become a successful independent investigator and 2) it will evaluate the effect of rigid contact lenses on myopia progression in children. The CLAMP Study applies itself very well to furthering Dr. Walline's education and clinical experience. The CLAMP Study will generate the basis for Dr. Walline's qualifying examinations and his doctoral thesis, which will focus on his coursework in Physiological Optics and Preventive Medicine. Dr. Walline will serve as Principal Investigator and will gain valuable experience in all aspects of clinical research. He will be responsible for the recruitment, retention, ocular examination, and contact lens fitting of 110 children, most data collection, all data input and analysis, and the administrative functions of the entire study. The training plan, combined with the wide range of responsibilities in conducting this small-scale study, will produce an independent clinician-scientist who has learned the trials and tribulations of clinical research by direct application of his training and by personal experience. The CLAMP Study will examine the effects of rigid contact lenses on myopia progression in nearsighted children over a three-year period and will attempt to determine the mechanism of treatment effect if one exists. We will conduct a singlemasked, randomized clinical trial on 110 children ages 8 to 11 years old who have between -1.00 D and -3.00 D (spherical component) of myopia in each eye, less than 1.00 D of astigmatism in both eyes, less than 1.00 D of anisometropia, no ocular or systemic health problems that may affect vision, and at least 20/20 best corrected visual acuity in both eyes. All subjects will be given a comprehensive baseline examination and fitted with rigid contact lenses; those who meet the minimum requirements for rigid contact lens adaptation will be randomized to the experimental group (rigid contact lenses) or to the control group (soft contact lenses). Annual examinations will be given to all children to determine their myopic progression, and to measure their ocular components. Their vision correction will be updated every six months. The CLAMP Study is the ideal scope

8

Astigmatism

and size of study to train Dr. Walline to become an independent investigator and has the potential to change the standard of care for young children who become nearsighted. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: EMMETROPIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF MYOPIA IN CHILDREN Principal Investigator & Institution: Gwiazda, Jane E.; Associate Professor; None; New England College of Optometry 424 Beacon St Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1980; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: The primary goal of the proposed research is increased understanding of the interacting environmental and hereditary factors which underlie the normal emmetropization process and which may produce abnormal growth of the eye eventuating in myopia in school-age children. Emerging from consideration of studies of humans and animals is the consensus that retinal defocus is a precursor to the development of myopia. A primary emphasis of the next phase of this research effort is an investigation of factors that induce retinal defocus in children. Some of the factors, such as accommodation, have been studied in the last project period, while others, such as ocular aberrations, are only now being investigated with the advent of new techniques. Genetics studies will investigate what factors may be inherited. Results from this multi-faceted investigation will be combined into an integrated account of myopization. In the process, risk factors for the development of myopia will be identified. The main hypothesis driving this research is that retinal defocus contributes to continued growth of the eye and consequent myopia in susceptible children. The projects as three specific aims: Specific Aim 1: To continue to delineate the time course of development of coordinated accommodation, convergence, and pupillary constriction, and compare it to the onset, progression, and stabilization of myopia. Dynamics of accommodation when children are engaged in near work activities will be investigated, to determine the extent to which retinal defocus may be experienced under conditions which approximate their daily close work habits. The hypothesis to be tested is that children engaged in close work experience retinal defocus that produces myopia. Specific Aim 2: To investigate the role of ocular aberrations, including astigmatism, in the etiology of myopia. Aberrations will be measured under different accommodative demands know to exacerbate aberrations. The hypothesis to be tested is that aberrations degrade retinal images and thereby produce myopia. Specific Aim 3: To complete the collection and ascertainment of a cohort of pedigrees affected by juvenile onset myopia and to begin genetic studies designed to identify genes responsible for overall myopia susceptibility and myopia related specific factors identified in Aims 1 and 2. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: FEMTOSECOND LASER ANTERIOR LAMELLAR KERATOPLASTY Principal Investigator & Institution: Kurtz, Ronald M.; Intralase Corporation 3 Morgan St Irvine, Ca 92618 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 29-MAR-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): We hypothesize that femtosecond laser technology previously developed for refractive surgical applications can be optimized to perform therapeutic anterior lamellar corneal transplant procedures that are clinically superior to full-thickness and traditional lamellar techniques. Currently, full thickness transplants account for the vast majority of the 45,000 annual corneal transplants performed in the U.S. Most of these procedures could theoretically be replaced with lamellar procedures

Studies

9

that include transplantation of either anterior or posterior corneal structures. Replacement of full-thickness corneal transplants with laser lamellar procedures could dramatically reduce complications, lower surgical skill requirements, and speed visual recovery (often delayed with current techniques due to induced astigmatism). In addition, use of a single donor cornea for two patients would significantly improve the shortage that currently exists for donated tissue. To test this hypothesis, we will: Develop hardware and software modifications to the existing femtosecond laser corneal surgery platform : Compare laser-tissue interactions in transparent and translucent tissue to simulate lamellar dissection in normal versus diseased corneas: Model and test self sealing wound architectures for anterior lamellar transplants Model and test self sealing wound architectures for endostromal transplantation through a hinged anterior flap. The goal of the Phase I project will be introduction of software/hardware modifications, as well as the development of surgical techniques for the above procedures that can then undergo clinical testing in a Phase II proposal. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: FEMTOSECOND LASER POSTERIOR LAMELLAR KERATOPLASTY Principal Investigator & Institution: Juhasz, Tibor; Biomedical Engineering; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Malfunction of the endothelial cell layer results in corneal thickening, and eventually the loss of corneal transparency. Currently, penetrating keratoplasty is widely used to replace the diseased endothelium. Disadvantages of the procedure include high corneal astigmatism, sundry suture complications and a weak graft-host junction that is susceptible to wound dehiscence. A posterior lamellar keratoplasty, which replaces only the diseased endothelium and a modicum of pre-Descemet's stroma can avert these problems, however, the difficulty of surgery using traditional surgical instruments limits the use of these procedures to a very few highly skilled surgeons. Novel femtosecond laser surgical technology is capable of creating high precision corneal resections with clinically negligible collateral damage to adjacent tissue and without opening cuts or damage at the anterior corneal surface. Femtosecond laser energy can be delivered through transparent and semitransparent cornea and focused at any depth beneath the corneal anterior surface. Tissue resection is achieved by scanning the focal spot of the femtosecond laser along a predetermined pattern inside the corneal stroma. A layer of microbubbles is created by femtosecond photodisruptions, which separates the tissue. The technology is now FDA cleared for cutting corneal flaps and anterior corneal grafts. We propose to develop new procedures to replace the diseased endothelial cell layer using femtosecond laser to cut posterior corneal grafts in both the donor and host corneas. Novel host-donor tissue contact geometries, including self-locking wound edges, are predicted to enhance wound healing. Diseased posterior cornea is removed through a small side incision at the limbus. The donor graft is inserted into the lamellar interface through the same incision and held in position with air injected into the anterior chamber. To optimize refractive outcomes and self-locking or self-sealing wound edges we propose to model the biomechanics of the postoperative cornea and confirm these results with in vivo animal experiments. Finally, we propose in vivo experiments in animals with nonregenerating endothelium to study the physiology and biomechanics of the postoperative corneas as a function of graft geometry and time. Successful completion of this project will contribute to the understanding of corneal biomechanics and physiology after femtosecond laser posterior lamellar keratoplasty. The project

10

Astigmatism

introduces a precision microsurgical technique for replacing diseased endothelium with potentially accelerated recovery and improved visual outcomes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT OF CORNEAL FORM AND FUNCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Klyce, Stephen D.; Professor; Ophthalmology; Louisiana State Univ Hsc New Orleans New Orleans, La 70112 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1979; Project End 30-JUN-2002 Summary: The cornea is a principal refractive element in the eye; corneal transparency and corneal shape determine its optical qualities. Corneal epithelial edema, stromal edema and corneal shape anomalies can independently or collectively degrade visual performance inthe form of increased internal ligh scatter andoptical aberrations due to irregular astigmatism. The central theme of this research proposalis the refinement and application of a mathematical model that integrates the thermodynamic description of corneal epithelial, stromal and endothelial transport properties into a model of corneal hydration control. This is combined with methods to classify shape anomalies and means to assess the optical quality of the corneal surface through the analysis of corneal topography. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: MULTIMODE MULTISPECTRAL DIGITAL VISION SCREENING SYSTEM Principal Investigator & Institution: Kennemer, James C.; President; Vision Research Corporation 211 Summit Pky, Ste 105 Birmingham, Al 35209 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): The importance of the early detection and correction of eye problems in children is widely recognized. However, a substantial percentage of children ages five and under are not screened for eye problems, as acknowledged by the major vision-related professional organizations. A specific objective of the Department of Health and Human Services Healthy People 2010 initiative is to increase the number of children in this age group screened for vision problems, noting the individual and societal costs resulting from undetected problems. Photoscreening is a relatively new screening technology, but has already been used to screen millions of children. It has significant fundamental screening advantages over traditional methods. However, current photo-screening systems have significant limitations, including excessive overreferral rates, inability to detect all angles of astigmatism, and weaknesses in the detection of media opacities, particularly in various ethnic groups that comprise a substantial percentage of the U.S. population. Investigation of methods to improve upon current photoscreening systems has led to a potentially significant advance referred to as multimode multispectral digital photoscreening. In theory and in initial simulations this approach appears to overcome the limitations of current photoscreening systems, and has the potential to significantly improve the detection of astigmatisms and media opacities while retaining photoscreening's recognized advantages. Additionally, the digital technology on which the proposed device is based will allow rapid image capture and transmission, and facilitate computer-assisted analysis of the screening results. The ultimate goal of the proposed project is to develop and validate a fully integrated multimode multispectral digital photoscreening system. The specific aims of this Phase I application are to develop a basic prototype of such a photoscreening device; to capture images from it; and to demonstrate, using schematic eyes, the ability

Studies

11

to produce images with analyzable characteristics that correlate with various types and degrees of eye problems. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: OCULAR DEVELOPMENT IN INFANCY/EARLY CHILDHOOD Principal Investigator & Institution: Mutti, Donald O.; Associate Professor; None; Ohio State University 1800 Cannon Dr, Rm 1210 Columbus, Oh 43210 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1997; Project End 31-MAR-2002 Summary: The most rapid phase of post-natal ocular growth occurs during the first years of life. Although much is known about the development of refractive error in infancy, there is little biometric data available on the ocular components during either infancy or early childhood. The course of infant refractive and component development can shed light on both basic mechanisms of eye growth as well as possible links with juvenile refractive error. Animal studies in chicken and primate models suggests that the eye is sensitive to the sign and magnitude of refractive error, with the eye adjusting its rate of growth to reduce these errors. Recent longitudinal studies of infant refraction have found associations between non- cycloplegic retinoscopy in infancy and in later childhood. Longitudinal refractive and biometric data from infancy will make it possible to examine the responsiveness of the eye to initial refractive error, the components responsible for emmetropization, and how component and refractive error, the components responsible for emmetropizatin, and how component and refractive development in the first years of life are related to ocular growth in childhood. The Berkely Infant Biometry Study (BIBS) is a five-year longitudinal study of the ocular components in infants and toddlers aged three months to three years. Its goal is to determine what changes occur in the eyes of young children during this time period and how these changes fit into a model of emmetropization that is either active or passive. Examination for component development in infants as a function of initial refractive error and as a function of the degree of emmetropization will indicate which components underlie ametropia and emmetropization. We measure refractive error, including astigmatism, corneal curvature in two meridians, anterior chamber depth, crystalline lens thickness and surface curvatures in two meridians, vitreous chamber depth, and axial length. We will determine how changes in the axial length, corneal curvature, and crystalline lens curvatures are coordinated during this rapid growth phase. We will investigate which ocular components-cornea or lens-are responsible for the previously reported astigmatism in infancy and its disappearance in early childhood. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: OPTICAL AND NEURAL FACTORS IN NIGHT VISION Principal Investigator & Institution: Coletta, Nancy J.; None; New England College of Optometry 424 Beacon St Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-SEP-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: The prevailing illumination affects one's ability to see spatial patterns. The long term goals of this project are to explain how optical and neural factors in the human visual system affect spatial visibility at low luminance. Prior research in this laboratory shows that the eye's optical quality is detrimental for vision in dim light. Spatial vision is also limited by the density of visual neurons and the prior research indicates that the retinal image becomes more coarsely sampled by the visual system as the light level decreases. The perception of suprathreshold patterns is altered at dim

12

Astigmatism

light levels and this may be caused, in part, by changes in the spatial sampling properties of vision. The proposed study is comprised on behavioral experiments on human observers. 1) The first specific aim is to study the effects of abnormal optical quality on vision at low luminance. A rapid, objective technique to measure the eye's optical quality may allow one to predict a patient's visual performance at low luminance. Efforts to improve retinal image quality may enhance the patient's night vision. 2) The second aim is to quantify the optical and neural contributions to peripheral spatial vision at low luminance. The peripheral retina is the most sensitive retinal area under dim illumination, yet the optical quality of the eye is reduced for offaxis viewing. Experiments are proposed to measure the peripheral optical quality in normal eyes and to determine whether enhancement of the peripheral optics, such as by correcting astigmatism, would improve visibility in the peripheral visual field for night vision tasks. Peripheral sensitivity also varies according to the stimulus orientation. These meridional differences in sensitivity are due, in part, to optical astigmatism but they may also have a neural origin. Neural sensitivity will be examined for different orientations by measuring spatial contrast sensitivity with interference fringes that are formed directly on the retina. 3.) The third aim is to investigate the sampling density of peripheral neurons for different stimulus orientations. The density of retinal neurons can be inferred from psychophysical studies of aliasing. Under dim illumination, aliasing reflects the sampling rate of a more proximal stage of neurons than the retinal photoreceptors. Aliasing will be examined for various stimulus orientations to determine if the sampling rate is coarser for certain orientations. Differences in the sampling rate may responsible for the meridional variation in sensitivity. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: OPTICALLY INDUCED ANISOMETROPIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Smith, Earl L.; Professor of Optometry and Physiological; Basic Sciences; University of Houston 4800 Calhoun Rd Houston, Tx 77004 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-FEB-1981; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (from the investigator's abstract): Soon after birth, most infants develop near emmetropic refractive errors which are then maintained in both eye throughout childhood and into early adult life. However, for reasons not currently understood, a significant and increasing proportion of the population develop abnormal refractive errors (currently about 30 percent of young adults have significant refractive errors). In addition to the high costs for traditional optical corrections, refractive errors can lead to permanent sensory disorders and ocular abnormalities causing blindness. The long-term objectives for the proposed research are to provide a better understanding of the etiologies of human refractive errors and to gain insight into refractive errors as risk factors for the development of sensory disorders like amblyopia and anomalous binocular vision. A primary goal is to determine how early visual experiences, and in particular optical defocus, influences ocular refractive error development. Spectacle lens-rearing regimens will be used to effectively alter the refractive status of infant rhesus monkeys. Optical and ultrasonographic techniques will be used to quantify the effects of these lens-rearing strategies on the development of the eyes axial and refractive components. In addition to determining which ocular components can be influenced by visual experience, the proposed investigation are designed to determine (1) whether the emmetropization process in higher primates is sensitive to and regulated by optical defocus, (2) the relationship between the phenomenon of formdeprivation myopia and the normal emmetropization process, and (3) whether the

Studies

13

presence of astigmatism disrupts normal emmetropization. Parallel psychophysical investigations of spatial contrast sensitivity and stereoacuity will examine the relationship between early refractive errors and the development of amblyopia and/or anomalous binocular vision. The behavioral studies will also determine whether the presence of sensory disorders, themselves, can disrupt emmetropization and promote the subsequent development of abnormal refractive errors. The results of these studies are essential for the development of new treatment and management strategies for refractive errors. Moreover, these investigation will help determine the extent to which refractive errors need to be corrected in young infants in order to avoid the development of sensory disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PATHOBIOLOGY OF CORNEAL DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Olson, Pamela F.; New England Medical Center Hospitals 750 Washington St Boston, Ma 021111533 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAY-2003; Project End 30-APR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Keratoconus, an inherited corneal dystrophy which is characterized by progressive stromal thinning, severe nearsightedness, irregular astigmatism and scarring in the visual axes, is a leading cause of corneal transplantation in the US. Despite years of investigation into the genetics and biochemistry of keratoconus, we are only beginning to understand the primary causes and secondary pathobiology of this complex disease. Current investigations have targeted specific groups of molecules, and several labs have recently initiated studies to examine diseasespecific changes in gene expression at the RNA level. However RNA and protein expression levels rarely correlate because of differences in synthesis and degradation rates, especially in a transcriptionally static tissue such as cornea. The ultimate function of the gene resides in the protein, and this function can be modulated by posttranslational modifications such as alternative glycosylation and phosphorylation. Recent advances in 2D gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry and proteomic bioinformatics have made it feasible for small academics labs to utilize proteomic technology. In addition to comparing relative expression levels of proteins in a mixed population, 2D gel electrophoresis also provides insight into the post-translational modifications of these proteins. The specific goal of this pilot and feasibility RO3 grant application is to use modern proteomic techniques to elucidate novel proteins whose expression is altered relative to controls in keratoconus. These proteins will be Identified using mass spectrometry, amino acid sequencing and proteomic database comparisons. Proteins which are not represented in public sequence databases will be further characterized by cDNA cloning. Identified proteins will be grouped into expression profiles according to possible roles in the pathobiology of this disease. It is expected that this pilot project will lead to the acquisition of a body of data which will significantly enhance our understanding of the pathobiology of corneal disease. This body of data will be made accessible to the community using a web-based interactive 2D database of corneal proteins. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: SHACK-HARTMAN ABERROMETER

CORNEAL

TOPOGRAPHER

AND

Principal Investigator & Institution: Thibos, Larry N.; Professor; Quarrymen Optical, Inc. 1809 Windsor Dr, Ste a Bloomington, in 47401

14

Astigmatism

Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-2002; Project End 30-APR-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long-term objective of our project is to design, build, and market an ophthalmic instrument that simultaneously measures corneal topography and optical aberrations of the human eye using wavefront sensing technology. From these measurements our instrument will provide a complete description of the refractive properties of the anterior cornea, the whole eye, and (by inference the crystalline lens. This optical description will include not only the routine refractive errors of defocus and astigmatism normally measured by present-day optometers and corneal topographers, but will also determine the irregular, higherorder optical aberrations which characterize optically abnormal eyes. Feasibility of the aberrometer component of this dual instrument was proven in a previous STTR grant. The purpose of this Phase-I proposal is to demonstrate feasibility of the corneal topography component by building and testing a prototype instrument using core technology developed with previous STTR support. The major technological advantages of using wavefront sensing technology for corneal topography include: (1) improved performance compared to Placido disk technology, (2) novel assessment of the optical aberrations of the crystalline lens, (3) novel assessment of tear film and keratoconic irregularities, (4) space- and cost-effectiveness derived from application of a single core technology to replace multiple instruments. A combined topographer! aberrometer will help provide wavefront-guided prescriptions for aberration corrections based on interocular lenses, corneal photo-ablative surgery, or contact lenses. The long-term benefits will be improved patient care through improved diagnosis and treatment of optical defects of eyes. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: Acorneal topographer is a clinical instrument used to map the surface geometry of the cornea of a human eye. Our design of a corneal topographer is based on wavefront sensing technology which has numerous advantages: lower cost, better accuracy, and integrated design with ophthalmic aberrometers. The same basic design concept could also be used to measure surfaces of lenses and mirrors in the optics industry. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with astigmatism, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “astigmatism” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for astigmatism (hyperlinks lead to article summaries):

3

PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

Studies

15

•

A re-analysis of astigmatism correction. Author(s): Alpins N. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2002 July; 86(7): 832. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12084766&dopt=Abstract

•

A step-wise approach to the management of irregular corneal astigmatism. Author(s): Rehsia S, Rocha G. Source: International Ophthalmology Clinics. 2003 Summer; 43(3): 93-101. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12881652&dopt=Abstract

•

Accommodation causes with-the-rule astigmatism in emmetropes. Author(s): Tsukamoto M, Nakajima K, Nishino J, Hara O, Uozato H, Saishin M. Source: Optometry and Vision Science : Official Publication of the American Academy of Optometry. 2000 March; 77(3): 150-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10772232&dopt=Abstract

•

An assessment of the orthogonal astigmatism test for the subjective measurement of astigmatism. Author(s): Murphy PJ, Beck AJ, Coll EP. Source: Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics : the Journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists). 2002 May; 22(3): 194-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12090633&dopt=Abstract

•

Analysis of aggregate surgically induced refractive change, prediction error, and intraocular astigmatism. Author(s): Alpins N. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 2001 November-December; 17(6): 705-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11758992&dopt=Abstract

•

Analysis of aggregate surgically induced refractive change, prediction error, and intraocular astigmatism. Author(s): Holladay JT, Moran JR, Kezirian GM. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2001 January; 27(1): 61-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11165858&dopt=Abstract

•

Analysis of astigmatism in anterior segment surgery. Author(s): Harris WF. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2001 January; 27(1): 107-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11165862&dopt=Abstract

16

Astigmatism

•

Analysis of the pterygium size inducing marked refractive astigmatism. Author(s): Oner FH, Kaderli B, Durak I, Cingil G. Source: Eur J Ophthalmol. 2000 July-September; 10(3): 212-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11071028&dopt=Abstract

•

Annular tinted contact lenses caused irregular corneal astigmatism. Author(s): Hunt L. Source: Insight (American Society of Ophthalmic Registered Nurses). 2000 JanuaryMarch; 25(1): 16-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11907889&dopt=Abstract

•

Application of the pupil astigmatism criteria in optical design. Author(s): Zhao C, Burge JH. Source: Appl Opt. 2002 December 1; 41(34): 7288-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12477120&dopt=Abstract

•

Arcuate relaxing incisions with a 5.00-mm optical zone for the correction of high postcataract astigmatism. Author(s): Tsioulias G, Droutsas D, Moschos M, David G, Theodossiadis G. Source: Ophthalmologica. Journal International D'ophtalmologie. International Journal of Ophthalmology. Zeitschrift Fur Augenheilkunde. 2000; 214(6): 385-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11053997&dopt=Abstract

•

Artisan toric phakic intraocular lens for the correction of high astigmatism. Author(s): Guell JL, Vazquez M, Malecaze F, Manero F, Gris O, Velasco F, Hulin H, Pujol J. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 September; 136(3): 442-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12967796&dopt=Abstract

•

Assessing surgically induced astigmatism. Author(s): Kaye S, Patterson A. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2001 August; 27(8): 1148. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11530789&dopt=Abstract

•

Astigmatism after corneal thermal injury. Author(s): Chou B, Boxer Wachler BS. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2001 May; 27(5): 784-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11377913&dopt=Abstract

Studies

17

•

Astigmatism after double corneal suturing. Author(s): Damiano R, Forstot SL. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2000 June; 26(6): 795. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10991677&dopt=Abstract

•

Astigmatism analysis by the Alpins method. Author(s): Alpins N. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2001 January; 27(1): 31-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11165856&dopt=Abstract

•

Astigmatism and Amblyopia among Native American Children (AANAC): design and methods. Author(s): Miller JM, Dobson VM, Harvey EM, Sherrill DL. Source: Ophthalmic Epidemiology. 2000 September; 7(3): 187-207. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11035554&dopt=Abstract

•

Astigmatism and the analysis of its surgical correction. Author(s): Morlet N, Minassian D, Dart J. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2002 December; 86(12): 1458-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12446403&dopt=Abstract

•

Astigmatism and the analysis of its surgical correction. Author(s): Morlet N, Minassian D, Dart J. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2001 September; 85(9): 1127-38. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11520769&dopt=Abstract

•

Astigmatism and the development of myopia in children. Author(s): Gwiazda J, Grice K, Held R, McLellan J, Thorn F. Source: Vision Research. 2000; 40(8): 1019-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10720671&dopt=Abstract

•

Astigmatism and toric intraocular lenses. Author(s): Novis C. Source: Current Opinion in Ophthalmology. 2000 February; 11(1): 47-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10724827&dopt=Abstract

•

Astigmatism associated with Fuchs' heterochromic iridocyclitis. Author(s): Ortega-Larrocea G, Litwak-Sigal S. Source: Cornea. 2001 May; 20(4): 366-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11333322&dopt=Abstract

18

Astigmatism

•

Astigmatism correction with a foldable toric intraocular lens in cataract patients. Author(s): Ruhswurm I, Scholz U, Zehetmayer M, Hanselmayer G, Vass C, Skorpik C. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2000 July; 26(7): 1022-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10946194&dopt=Abstract

•

Astigmatism in infancy and childhood. Author(s): Montes-Mico R. Source: Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 2000 November-December; 37(6): 349-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11392409&dopt=Abstract

•

Astigmatism induced by simultaneous recession of both horizontal rectus muscles. Author(s): Bagheri A, Farahi A, Guyton DL. Source: J Aapos. 2003 February; 7(1): 42-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12690369&dopt=Abstract

•

Astigmatism management for modern phaco surgery. Author(s): Nichamin LD. Source: International Ophthalmology Clinics. 2003 Summer; 43(3): 53-63. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12881649&dopt=Abstract

•

Astigmatism management. Author(s): Raviv T, Epstein RJ. Source: International Ophthalmology Clinics. 2000 Summer; 40(3): 183-98. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10941658&dopt=Abstract

•

Astigmatism management: ablation patterns. Author(s): Davis EA, Lindstrom RL. Source: Current Opinion in Ophthalmology. 2001 August; 12(4): 300-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11507344&dopt=Abstract

•

Astigmatism. Author(s): Harris WF. Source: Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics : the Journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists). 2000 January; 20(1): 11-30. Review. Erratum In: Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2000 March; 20(2): 172. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10884927&dopt=Abstract

•

Benefit of against-the-rule astigmatism to uncorrected near acuity. Author(s): Trindade F, Oliveira A, Frasson M. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 1997 January-February; 23(1): 82-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9100112&dopt=Abstract

Studies

19

•

Bitoric approach in the correction of mixed astigmatism. Author(s): Alio JL, Hassaballa MA, Espinosa MJ, Ebid AH. Source: International Ophthalmology Clinics. 2003 Summer; 43(3): 163-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12881658&dopt=Abstract

•

Bitoric laser in situ keratomileusis for the correction of simple myopic and mixed astigmatism. Author(s): Chayet AS, Montes M, Gomez L, Rodriguez X, Robledo N, MacRae S. Source: Ophthalmology. 2001 February; 108(2): 303-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11158803&dopt=Abstract

•

Bivariate analysis of surgically induced regular astigmatism. Mathematical analysis and graphical display. Author(s): Naeser K, Hjortdal JO. Source: Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics : the Journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists). 1999 January; 19(1): 50-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10615439&dopt=Abstract

•

Bivariate polar value analysis of surgically induced astigmatism. Author(s): Naeser K, Knudsen EB, Hansen MK. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 2002 January-February; 18(1): 72-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11828911&dopt=Abstract

•

Changes in astigmatism after congenital cataract surgery and intraocular lens implantation using scleral tunnel incision. Author(s): Spierer A, Nahum A. Source: Eye (London, England). 2002 July; 16(4): 466-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12101456&dopt=Abstract

•

Changes in intraocular pressure after laser in situ keratomileusis for myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism. Author(s): Agudelo LM, Molina CA, Alvarez DL. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 2002 July-August; 18(4): 472-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12160160&dopt=Abstract

•

Changes of posterior corneal astigmatism and tilt after myopic laser in situ keratomileusis. Author(s): Seitz B, Langenbucher A, Torres F, Behrens A, Suarez E. Source: Cornea. 2002 July; 21(5): 441-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12072716&dopt=Abstract

20

Astigmatism

•

Clear lens extraction to correct hyperopia in presbyopic eyes with or without arcuate keratotomy for pre-existing astigmatism. Author(s): De Smedt SK, Vrijghem JC. Source: Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol. 2000; (277): 43-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11126673&dopt=Abstract

•

Clinically significant corneal astigmatism and pars plana vitrectomy. Author(s): Slusher MM, Ford JG, Busbee B. Source: Ophthalmic Surgery and Lasers. 2002 January-February; 33(1): 5-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11820663&dopt=Abstract

•

Combined toric intraocular lens implantation and relaxing incisions to reduce high preexisting astigmatism. Author(s): Gills J, Van der Karr M, Cherchio M. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2002 September; 28(9): 1585-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12231316&dopt=Abstract

•

Comparative results between standard and bitoric nomograms for astigmatism correction. Author(s): Sheludchenko VM, Fadeykina T. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 2001 March-April; 17(2 Suppl): S238-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11316031&dopt=Abstract

•

Comparison of exact pupil astigmatism conditions with Seidel approximations. Author(s): Zhao C, Burge JH. Source: Appl Opt. 2002 December 1; 41(34): 7284-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12477119&dopt=Abstract

•

Comparison of photorefractive keratectomy and laser in situ keratomileusis for the treatment of compound hyperopic astigmatism. Author(s): El-Agha MS, Bowman RW, Cavanagh D, McCulley JP. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2003 May; 29(5): 900-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12781273&dopt=Abstract

•

Comparison of visual results in initial and re-treatment laser in situ keratomileusis procedures for myopia and astigmatism. Author(s): Patel NP, Clinch TE, Weis JR, Ahn C, Lundergan MK, Heidenreich K. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2000 July; 130(1): 1-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11004253&dopt=Abstract

Studies

21

•

Conductive keratoplasty to correct hyperopic astigmatism. Author(s): Pallikaris IG, Naoumidi TL, Astyrakakis NI. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 2003 July-August; 19(4): 425-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12899473&dopt=Abstract

•

Contact lens fitting to correct irregular astigmatism after corneal refractive surgery. Author(s): Alio JL, Belda JI, Artola A, Garcia-Lledo M, Osman A. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2002 October; 28(10): 1750-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12388023&dopt=Abstract

•

Controlling astigmatism in cataract surgery requiring relatively large self-sealing incisions. Author(s): Akura J, Kaneda S, Hatta S, Matsuura K. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2000 November; 26(11): 1650-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11084275&dopt=Abstract

•

Corneal and refractive error astigmatism in Singaporean schoolchildren: a vectorbased Javal's rule. Author(s): Tong L, Carkeet A, Saw SM, Tan DT. Source: Optometry and Vision Science : Official Publication of the American Academy of Optometry. 2001 December; 78(12): 881-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11780665&dopt=Abstract

•

Corneal astigmatism in applanation tonometry. Author(s): Mark HH, Mark TL. Source: Eye (London, England). 2003 July; 17(5): 617-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12855970&dopt=Abstract

•

Corneal ectasia detected 32 months after LASIK for correction of myopia and asymmetric astigmatism. Author(s): Piccoli PM, Gomes AA, Piccoli FV. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2003 June; 29(6): 1222-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12842694&dopt=Abstract

•

Corneal interactive programmed topographic ablation customized photorefractive keratectomy for correction of postkeratoplasty astigmatism. Author(s): Alessio G, Boscia F, La Tegola MG, Sborgia C. Source: Ophthalmology. 2001 November; 108(11): 2029-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11713074&dopt=Abstract

22

Astigmatism

•

Corneal irregular astigmatism after laser in situ keratomileusis for myopia. Author(s): Baek TM, Lee KH, Tomidokoro A, Oshika T. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2001 May; 85(5): 534-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11316709&dopt=Abstract

•

Corneal irregular astigmatism and contrast sensitivity after photorefractive keratectomy. Author(s): Tomidokoro A, Soya K, Miyata K, Armin B, Tanaka S, Amano S, Oshika T. Source: Ophthalmology. 2001 December; 108(12): 2209-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11733260&dopt=Abstract

•

Correcting astigmatism. Author(s): Naeser K. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2002 February; 28(2): 206-7. Erratum In: J Cataract Refract Surg 2002 June; 28(6): 919. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11821184&dopt=Abstract

•

Correcting high astigmatism with piggyback toric intraocular lens implantation. Author(s): Gills JP, Van der Karr MA. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2002 March; 28(3): 547-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11973107&dopt=Abstract

•

Correction of astigmatism after penetrating keratoplasty by relaxing incision with compression suture: a comparison between the guiding effect of photokeratoscope and of computer-assisted videokeratography. Author(s): Chang SM, Su CY, Lin CP. Source: Cornea. 2003 July; 22(5): 393-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12827041&dopt=Abstract

•

Correction of astigmatism with short arc-length intrastromal corneal ring segments: preliminary results. Author(s): Ruckhofer J, Stoiber J, Twa MD, Grabner G. Source: Ophthalmology. 2003 March; 110(3): 516-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12623814&dopt=Abstract

•

Correction of irregular astigmatism with excimer laser assisted by sodium hyaluronate. Author(s): Alio JL, Belda JI, Shalaby AM. Source: Ophthalmology. 2001 July; 108(7): 1246-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11425683&dopt=Abstract

Studies

23

•

Correction of irregular astigmatism. Author(s): Schipper I. Source: Ophthalmology. 2002 April; 109(4): 631; Author Reply 631-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11927414&dopt=Abstract

•

Correction of myopia and astigmatism after penetrating keratoplasty with laser in situ keratomileusis. Author(s): Malecha MA, Holland EJ. Source: Cornea. 2002 August; 21(6): 564-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12131031&dopt=Abstract

•

Correlation among refractive, keratometric and topographic astigmatism after myopic photorefractive keratectomy. Author(s): Nguyen NX, Langenbucher A, Viestenz A, Kuchle M, Seitz B. Source: Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology = Albrecht Von Graefes Archiv Fur Klinische Und Experimentelle Ophthalmologie. 2000 August; 238(8): 642-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11011683&dopt=Abstract

•

Cost-efficient vision screening for astigmatism in native american preschool children. Author(s): Miller JM, Dobson V, Harvey EM, Sherrill DL. Source: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2003 September; 44(9): 3756-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12939288&dopt=Abstract

•

Customized ablation for asymmetrical corneal astigmatism. Author(s): Argento C, Cosentino MJ. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2001 June; 27(6): 891-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11408137&dopt=Abstract

•

Cyclotorsion: a possible cause of residual astigmatism in refractive surgery. Author(s): Tjon-Fo-Sang MJ, de Faber JT, Kingma C, Beekhuis WH. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2002 April; 28(4): 599-602. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11955898&dopt=Abstract

•

Demonstrating astigmatism. Author(s): Harvey PA. Source: Eye (London, England). 1996; 10 ( Pt 6): 750. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9091377&dopt=Abstract

24

Astigmatism

•

Detection and classification of mild irregular astigmatism in patients with good visual acuity. Author(s): Maeda N, Klyce SD, Tano Y. Source: Survey of Ophthalmology. 1998 July-August; 43(1): 53-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9716193&dopt=Abstract

•

Determination of the influence of effectivity upon residual astigmatism. Author(s): Dunne MC, Elawad ME, Barnes DA. Source: Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica. 1997 April; 75(2): 170-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9197566&dopt=Abstract

•

Different suturing techniques variously affect the regularity of postkeratoplasty astigmatism. Author(s): Busin M, Monks T, al-Nawaiseh I. Source: Ophthalmology. 1998 July; 105(7): 1200-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9663222&dopt=Abstract

•

Disciform keratitis causing severe irregular astigmatism. Author(s): Anastas CN, McGhee CN, Bryce IG. Source: Australian and New Zealand Journal of Ophthalmology. 1996 February; 24(1): 69-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8743008&dopt=Abstract

•

Distribution of astigmatism among Sioux Indians in South Dakota. Author(s): Pensyl CD, Harrison RA, Simpson P, Waterbor JW. Source: J Am Optom Assoc. 1997 July; 68(7): 425-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9248249&dopt=Abstract

•

Distribution of astigmatism in the adult population. Author(s): McKendrick AM, Brennan NA. Source: J Opt Soc Am A. 1996 February; 13(2): 206-14. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8558348&dopt=Abstract

•

Double clear zone photorefractive keratectomy to correct compound myopic astigmatism. Author(s): Vinciguerra P, Radice P, Azzolini M. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 1997 August; 13(5 Suppl): S450. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9286792&dopt=Abstract

Studies

25

•

Early clinical experience using custom excimer laser ablations to treat irregular astigmatism. Author(s): Tamayo Fernandez GE, Serrano MG. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2000 October; 26(10): 1442-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11033389&dopt=Abstract

•

Early induced astigmatism following phacoemulsification and flexible lens implantation through an oblique corneal tunnel. Author(s): Mercieca F, Luck J. Source: Eye (London, England). 1998; 12 ( Pt 4): 630-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9850254&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of a standard paired arcuate incision and augmentation sutures on postkeratoplasty astigmatism. Author(s): Koay PY, McGhee CN, Crawford GJ. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2000 April; 26(4): 553-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10771229&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of astigmatic keratotomy on spherical equivalent: results of the Astigmatism Reduction Clinical Trial. Author(s): Faktorovich EG, Maloney RK, Price FW Jr. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1999 March; 127(3): 260-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10088734&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of astigmatism on multifocal intraocular lenses. Author(s): Ravalico G, Parentin F, Baccara F. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 1999 June; 25(6): 804-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10374161&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of collagen implants in the reduction of high astigmatism induced by penetrating keratoplasty. Author(s): Espaillat A, To K, Perlman EM. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 1999 October; 25(10): 1336-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10511931&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of lens style on postoperative refractive astigmatism after small incision cataract surgery. Author(s): Whitehouse G. Source: Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology. 2000 August; 28(4): 290-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11021559&dopt=Abstract

26

Astigmatism

•

Effect of nylon suture diameter on induced astigmatism after phacoemulsification. Author(s): Mendivil A. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 1997 October; 23(8): 1196-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9368164&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of pterygium excision on pterygium induced astigmatism. Author(s): Maheshwari S. Source: Indian J Ophthalmol. 2003 June; 51(2): 187-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12831155&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of single- and double-running sutures on corneal astigmatism and suture loosening after PKP. Author(s): Jonas JB, Heyer C, Budde WM. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2002 September; 28(9): 1709-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12231338&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of superior and temporal clear corneal incisions on astigmatism after sutureless phacoemulsification. Author(s): Simsek S, Yasar T, Demirok A, Cinal A, Yilmaz OF. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 1998 April; 24(4): 515-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9584248&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of temporal and nasal unsutured limbal tunnel incisions on induced astigmatism after phacoemulsification. Author(s): Kohnen S, Neuber R, Kohnen T. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2002 May; 28(5): 821-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11978462&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of lamellar keratotomy on postkeratoplasty astigmatism. Author(s): Lee GA, Perez-Santonja JJ, Maloof A, Ficker LA, Dart JK. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 April; 87(4): 432-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12642305&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of pterygium on corneal spherical power and astigmatism. Author(s): Tomidokoro A, Miyata K, Sakaguchi Y, Samejima T, Tokunaga T, Oshika T. Source: Ophthalmology. 2000 August; 107(8): 1568-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10919910&dopt=Abstract

Studies

27

•

Enlargement of the temporal clear corneal cataract incision to treat pre-existing astigmatism. Author(s): Rao SN, Konowal A, Murchison AE, Epstein RJ. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 2002 July-August; 18(4): 463-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12160158&dopt=Abstract

•

Epiblepharon of the lower eyelid: classification and association with astigmatism. Author(s): Khwarg SI, Lee YJ. Source: Korean J Ophthalmol. 1997 December; 11(2): 111-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9510654&dopt=Abstract

•

Epi-LASEK for the correction of myopia and myopic astigmatism. Author(s): Anderson NJ, Beran RF, Schneider TL. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2002 August; 28(8): 1343- 7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12160802&dopt=Abstract

•

Evaluating and reporting astigmatism for individual and aggregate data. Author(s): Holladay JT, Dudeja DR, Koch DD. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 1998 January; 24(1): 57-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9494900&dopt=Abstract

•

Evaluation of axis alignment system for correction of myopic astigmatism with the excimer laser. Author(s): Vajpayee RB, McCarty CA, Taylor HR. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 1998 July; 24(7): 911-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9682109&dopt=Abstract

•

Evaluation of lenticular irregular astigmatism using wavefront analysis in patients with lenticonus. Author(s): Ninomiya S, Maeda N, Kuroda T, Saito T, Fujikado T, Tano Y, Hirohara Y, Mihashi T. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 2002 October; 120(10): 1388-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12365924&dopt=Abstract

•

Excimer laser correction of astigmatism using erodible masks. Author(s): Brancato R, Carones F. Source: Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol. 1997; 266: 63-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9554136&dopt=Abstract

28

Astigmatism

•

Excimer laser correction of astigmatism with multipass/multizone treatment. The Melbourne Excimer Laser Group. Author(s): Brodovsky S, Couper T, Alpins NA, McCarty CA, Taylor HR. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 1998 May; 24(5): 627-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9610445&dopt=Abstract

•

Excimer laser in situ keratomileusis to correct compound myopic astigmatism. Author(s): el Danasoury MA, Waring GO 3rd, el Maghraby A, Mehrez K. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 1997 September-October; 13(6): 511-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9352479&dopt=Abstract

•

Excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy and laser in situ keratomileusis for myopia and astigmatism. Author(s): Kasetsuwan N, Puangsricharern V, Pariyakanok L. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2000 February; 83(2): 182-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10710888&dopt=Abstract

•

Excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy for high myopia and myopic astigmatism. Author(s): Gabrieli CB, Pacella E, Abdolrahimzadeh S, Regine F, Mollo R. Source: Ophthalmic Surgery and Lasers. 1999 June; 30(6): 442-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10392731&dopt=Abstract

•

Excimer laser retreatment of residual myopia following photoastigmatic refractive keratectomy for compound myopic astigmatism. Author(s): Haw WW, Manche EE. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2000 May; 26(5): 660-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10831894&dopt=Abstract

•

Excimer laser treatment of myopic astigmatism. A comparison of three ablation programs. Author(s): Colin J, Cochener B, Le Floch G. Source: Ophthalmology. 1998 July; 105(7): 1182-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9663219&dopt=Abstract

•

Experimental circular keratotomy for astigmatism. Author(s): Werblin TP. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 1999 March-April; 15(2): 159-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10202713&dopt=Abstract

Studies

29

•

Experimental circular keratotomy for correction of corneal astigmatism. Author(s): Wijdh RH, van Rij G. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 1998 November-December; 14(6): 594-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9866096&dopt=Abstract

•

Experimental correction of irregular corneal astigmatism using topography-based flying-spot-mode excimer laser photoablation. Author(s): Seitz B, Langenbucher A, Kus MM, Harrer M. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1998 February; 125(2): 252-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9467457&dopt=Abstract

•

Format for reporting surgically induced astigmatism on aggregate data. Author(s): Naeser K. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 1998 December; 24(12): 1550-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9850887&dopt=Abstract

•

Fourier analysis of irregular astigmatism after implantation of 3 types of intraocular lenses. Author(s): Hayashi K, Hayashi H, Oshika T, Hayashi F. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2000 October; 26(10): 1510-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11033399&dopt=Abstract

•

Fourier analysis of irregular astigmatism after trabeculectomy. Author(s): Hayashi K, Hayashi H, Oshika T, Hayashi F. Source: Ophthalmic Surgery and Lasers. 2000 March-April; 31(2): 94-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10743918&dopt=Abstract

•

Frequency of induced astigmatism following phacoemulsification with suturing versus without suturing. Author(s): Mendivil A. Source: Ophthalmic Surgery and Lasers. 1997 May; 28(5): 377-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9150521&dopt=Abstract

•

Holmium laser thermal keratoplasty for hyperopia and astigmatism after photorefractive keratectomy. Author(s): Eggink CA, Meurs P, Bardak Y, Deutman AF. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 2000 May-June; 16(3): 31722. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10832980&dopt=Abstract

30

Astigmatism

•

Holmium:YAG thermokeratoplasty: treatment parameters for astigmatism induction based upon spherical enucleated human eyes. Author(s): Bende T, Jean B, Derse M, Rassmann K, Thiel HJ. Source: Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology = Albrecht Von Graefes Archiv Fur Klinische Und Experimentelle Ophthalmologie. 1998 June; 236(6): 405-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9646083&dopt=Abstract

•

Hot needle thermal keratoplasty to correct naturally occurring hyperopic astigmatism. Author(s): Charpentier DY, Bertel F, Duplessix M, Colin J, Denis P. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 1996 September-October; 12(6): 705-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8895126&dopt=Abstract

•

How to calculate surgically induced astigmatism after cataract surgery? Author(s): Goes FM Jr, Missotten L. Source: Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol. 1998; 268: 35-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9810082&dopt=Abstract

•

Implantation of a toric poly(methyl methacrylate) intraocular lens to correct high astigmatism. Author(s): Frohn A, Dick HB, Thiel HJ. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 1999 December; 25(12): 1675-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10609215&dopt=Abstract

•

Improved technique of circular keratotomy for the correction of corneal astigmatism. Author(s): Krumeich JH, Knulle A, Daniel J. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 1997 May-June; 13(3): 25562. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9183757&dopt=Abstract

•

Incisional keratotomy to toric intraocular lenses: an overview of the correction of astigmatism in cataract and refractive surgery. Author(s): Tehrani M, Dick HB. Source: International Ophthalmology Clinics. 2003 Summer; 43(3): 43-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12881648&dopt=Abstract

•

Induced astigmatism after 4 and 6 mm scleral tunnel incision. A randomized study. Author(s): Dam-Johansen M, Olsen T. Source: Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica. 1997 December; 75(6): 669-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9527329&dopt=Abstract

Studies

31

•

Induced astigmatism after laser in situ keratomileusis. Author(s): Rodriguez-Prats J, Ahmed AG, Ayala MJ, Alio JL. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2003 February; 29(2): 414-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12648664&dopt=Abstract

•

Induced astigmatism after near-clear hinge incision. Author(s): Zanini M, Tassinari G, Barboni P, Mularoni A, Della Pasqua V, Bellusci C. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 1997 October; 23(8): 1190-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9368163&dopt=Abstract

•

Induced astigmatism after photorefractive keratectomy. Author(s): Onclinx T, Smith RJ, Maloney RK. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 1999 February; 25(2): 183-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9951662&dopt=Abstract

•

Induced corneal astigmatism after macular translocation surgery with scleral infolding. Author(s): Kim T, Krishnasamy S, Meyer CH, Toth CA. Source: Ophthalmology. 2001 July; 108(7): 1203-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11425676&dopt=Abstract

•

Induced corneal astigmatism using an asymmetric corneoscleral tunnel and a largeoptic intraocular lens. Author(s): Sekundo W, Boker T, Fimmers R. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2000 January; 26(1): 79-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10646151&dopt=Abstract

•

Influence of amount and changes in axis of astigmatism on retinal image quality. Author(s): Pujol J, Arjona M, Arasa J, Badia V. Source: J Opt Soc Am a Opt Image Sci Vis. 1998 September; 15(9): 2514-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9729863&dopt=Abstract

•

Influence of astigmatism on multifocal and monofocal intraocular lenses. Author(s): King CK. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2001 September; 132(3): 447-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11554382&dopt=Abstract

•

Influence of astigmatism on multifocal and monofocal intraocular lenses. Author(s): Hayashi K, Hayashi H, Nakao F, Hayashi F. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2000 October; 130(4): 477-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11024420&dopt=Abstract

32

Astigmatism

•

Inheritance of astigmatism: evidence for a major autosomal dominant locus. Author(s): Clementi M, Angi M, Forabosco P, Di Gianantonio E, Tenconi R. Source: American Journal of Human Genetics. 1998 September; 63(3): 825-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9718344&dopt=Abstract

•

Internal astigmatism and its correlation to corneal and refractive astigmatism. Author(s): Srivannaboon S. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2003 February; 86(2): 166-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12678155&dopt=Abstract

•

Intraocular lens implantation and laser in situ keratomileusis (bioptics) to correct high myopia and hyperopia with astigmatism. Author(s): Velarde JI, Anton PG, de Valentin-Gamazo L. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 2001 March-April; 17(2 Suppl): S234-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11316030&dopt=Abstract

•

Introduction of corneal astigmatism through placement of a scleral fixation ring in eye bank eyes. Author(s): Rudd JC, Weis J, Connors R, Olson RJ. Source: Cornea. 2001 November; 20(8): 864-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11685067&dopt=Abstract

•

Irregular astigmatism after photorefractive keratectomy. Author(s): Endl MJ, Martinez CE, Klyce SD, McDonald MB, Coorpender SJ, Applegate RA, Howland HC. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 1999 March-April; 15(2 Suppl): S249-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10202735&dopt=Abstract

•

Is pseudophakic astigmatism a desirable goal? Author(s): Nagpal KM, Desai C, Trivedi RH, Vasavada AR. Source: Indian J Ophthalmol. 2000 September; 48(3): 213-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11217253&dopt=Abstract

•

Keratometric astigmatism after cataract surgery using small self-sealing scleral incision. Author(s): Chen YC, Wu S. Source: Chang Gung Med J. 2001 January; 24(1): 19-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11299973&dopt=Abstract

Studies

33

•

Keratometric astigmatism after ECCE in eastern Nepal. Continuous versus interrupted sutures. Author(s): Sood A, Thakur SK, Kumar S, Badhu B. Source: Indian J Ophthalmol. 2003 March; 51(1): 53-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12701863&dopt=Abstract

•

Laser in situ keratomileusis for astigmatism greater than -3.50 D with the Nidek EC5000 excimer laser. Author(s): Handzel A, Kenikstul N, Handzel T. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 2003 March-April; 19(2 Suppl): S241-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12699181&dopt=Abstract

•

Laser in situ keratomileusis for compound myopic astigmatism using the Meditec MEL 70 G-Scan excimer laser. Author(s): Ucakhan OO. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 2003 March-April; 19(2): 124-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12701716&dopt=Abstract

•

Laser in situ keratomileusis for correction of high astigmatism after penetrating keratoplasty. Author(s): Rashad KM. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 2000 November-December; 16(6): 701-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11110310&dopt=Abstract

•

Laser in situ keratomileusis for correction of hyperopia and hyperopic astigmatism with the Technolas 117C. Author(s): Lian J, Ye W, Zhou D, Wang K. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 2002 July-August; 18(4): 435-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12160152&dopt=Abstract

•

Laser in situ keratomileusis for correction of induced astigmatism from cataract surgery. Author(s): Norouzi H, Rahmati-Kamel M. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 2003 July-August; 19(4): 416-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12899472&dopt=Abstract

34

Astigmatism

•

Laser in situ keratomileusis for hyperopia and hyperopic astigmatism using the Meditec MEL 70 spot scanner. Author(s): Ditzen K, Fiedler J, Pieger S. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 2002 July-August; 18(4): 430-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12160151&dopt=Abstract

•

Laser in situ keratomileusis for hyperopia and hyperopic astigmatism with the Nidek EC-5000 Excimer laser. Author(s): Pineda-Fernandez A, Rueda L, Huang D, Nur J, Jaramillo J. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 2001 November-December; 17(6): 670-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11758985&dopt=Abstract

•

Laser in situ keratomileusis for myopia and astigmatism: safety and efficacy: a report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Author(s): Sugar A, Rapuano CJ, Culbertson WW, Huang D, Varley GA, Agapitos PJ, de Luise VP, Koch DD. Source: Ophthalmology. 2002 January; 109(1): 175-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11772601&dopt=Abstract

•

Laser in situ keratomileusis for myopia and compound myopic astigmatism using the Technolas 217 scanning-spot laser. Author(s): Shaikh NM, Manche EE. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2002 March; 28(3): 485-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11973095&dopt=Abstract

•

Laser in situ keratomileusis for myopia up to -11 diopters with up to -5 diopters of astigmatism with the summit autonomous LADARVision excimer laser system. Author(s): McDonald MB, Carr JD, Frantz JM, Kozarsky AM, Maguen E, Nesburn AB, Rabinowitz YS, Salz JJ, Stulting RD, Thompson KP, Waring GO 3rd. Source: Ophthalmology. 2001 February; 108(2): 309-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11158804&dopt=Abstract

•

Laser in situ keratomileusis for myopic astigmatism with the Nidek EC-5000 laser. Author(s): Payvar S, Hashemi H. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 2002 May-June; 18(3): 22533. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12051376&dopt=Abstract

Studies

35

•

Laser in situ keratomileusis for myopic astigmatism. Author(s): Rashad KM. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 1999 November-December; 15(6): 653-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10590003&dopt=Abstract

•

Laser in situ keratomileusis for myopic astigmatism: an evidence-based update on randomized clinical trials. Author(s): Sanchez-Thorin JC. Source: International Ophthalmology Clinics. 2003 Summer; 43(3): 157-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12881657&dopt=Abstract

•

Laser in situ keratomileusis for the correction of myopia and myopic astigmatism. Author(s): Yang CN, Shen EP, Hu FR. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2001 December; 27(12): 1952-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11738910&dopt=Abstract

•

Laser in situ keratomileusis retreatment for residual myopia and astigmatism. Author(s): Rashad KM. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 2000 March-April; 16(2): 170-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10766386&dopt=Abstract

•

Laser in situ keratomileusis to correct myopia, hypermetropia and astigmatism after penetrating keratoplasty for keratoconus: a series of 27 cases. Author(s): Lima G da S, Moreira H, Wahab SA. Source: Can J Ophthalmol. 2001 December; 36(7): 391-6; Discussion 396-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11794388&dopt=Abstract

•

Laser in situ keratomileusis to correct residual myopia and astigmatism after radial keratotomy. Author(s): Shah SB, Lingua RW, Kim CH, Peters NT. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2000 August; 26(8): 1152-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11008041&dopt=Abstract

•

Laser in situ keratomileusis versus photorefractive keratectomy in the correction of myopic astigmatism. Author(s): Fraunfelder FW, Wilson SE. Source: Cornea. 2001 May; 20(4): 385-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11333325&dopt=Abstract

36

Astigmatism

•

Laser in situ keratomileusis with a scanning excimer laser for the correction of low to moderate myopia with and without astigmatism. Author(s): Balazsi G, Mullie M, Lasswell L, Lee PA, Duh YJ. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2001 December; 27(12): 1942-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11738909&dopt=Abstract

•

Laser in situ keratomileusis with the Nidek EC-5000 excimer laser for astigmatism greater than 4.00 D. Author(s): Lui MM, Silas MA, Apelbaum B, Oshima A. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 2002 May-June; 18(3 Suppl): S321-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12046873&dopt=Abstract

•

Laser in situ keratomileusus for mixed and simple myopic astigmatism with the Nidek EC-5000 Laser. Author(s): Rueda L, Pineda-Fernandez A, Huang D, Nur J. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 2002 May-June; 18(3): 2348. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12051377&dopt=Abstract

•

Laser-assisted subepithelial keratectomy for low to high myopia and astigmatism. Author(s): Shahinian L Jr. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2002 August; 28(8): 1334-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12160801&dopt=Abstract

•

LASIK correction of spherical hyperopia, hyperopic astigmatism, and mixed astigmatism with the LADARVision excimer laser system. Author(s): Salz JJ, Stevens CA; LADARVision LASIK Hyperopia Study Group. Source: Ophthalmology. 2002 September; 109(9): 1647-56; Discussion 1657-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12208711&dopt=Abstract

•

LASIK for myopia and astigmatism after penetrating keratoplasty. Author(s): Zaldivar R, Davidorf J, Oscherow S. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 1997 September-October; 13(6): 501-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9352476&dopt=Abstract

•

Lens-induced astigmatism after perforating scleral injury. Author(s): Ludwig K, Moradi S, Rudolph G, Boergen KP. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2002 October; 28(10): 1873-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12388045&dopt=Abstract

Studies

37

•

Lenticular astigmatism in tilted disc syndrome. Author(s): Gunduz A, Evereklioglu C, Er H, Hepsen IF. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2002 October; 28(10): 1836-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12388038&dopt=Abstract

•

Limbal relaxing incision for the management of mixed astigmatism after photorefractive keratectomy and laser thermal keratoplasty. Author(s): Bayramlar H, Totan Y, Daghoglu MC. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2000 September; 26(9): 1266. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11183846&dopt=Abstract

•

Limbal relaxing incisions for primary mixed astigmatism and mixed astigmatism after cataract surgery. Author(s): Bayramlar H H, Daglioglu MC, Borazan M. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2003 April; 29(4): 723-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12686239&dopt=Abstract

•

Limbal relaxing incisions in congenital astigmatism: 6 month follow-up. Author(s): Budak K, Yilmaz G, Aslan BS, Duman S. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2001 May; 27(5): 715-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11377902&dopt=Abstract

•

Long-term progression of astigmatism after penetrating keratoplasty for keratoconus: evidence of late recurrence. Author(s): de Toledo JA, de la Paz MF, Barraquer RI, Barraquer J. Source: Cornea. 2003 May; 22(4): 317-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12792474&dopt=Abstract

•

Management of astigmatism after corneal trauma. Author(s): Jain S, Azar DT, Pineda R. Source: International Ophthalmology Clinics. 2002 Summer; 42(3): 47-55. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12131582&dopt=Abstract

•

Management of irregular astigmatism after laser in situ keratomileusis. Author(s): Jarade EF, Azar DT. Source: International Ophthalmology Clinics. 2003 Summer; 43(3): 141-56. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12881656&dopt=Abstract

•

Management of irregular astigmatism induced by laser in situ keratomileusis. Author(s): Polack PJ, Polack FM. Source: International Ophthalmology Clinics. 2003 Summer; 43(3): 129-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12881655&dopt=Abstract

38

Astigmatism

•

Management of irregular astigmatism with rigid gas permeable contact lenses. Author(s): Jupiter DG, Katz HR. Source: The Clao Journal : Official Publication of the Contact Lens Association of Ophthalmologists, Inc. 2000 January; 26(1): 14-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10656303&dopt=Abstract

•

Management of irregular astigmatism. Author(s): Goggin M, Alpins N, Schmid LM. Source: Current Opinion in Ophthalmology. 2000 August; 11(4): 260-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10977770&dopt=Abstract

•

Management of myopic astigmatism with phakic intraocular lens implantation. Author(s): Gimbel HV, Ziemba SL. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2002 May; 28(5): 883-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11978472&dopt=Abstract

•

Management of postkeratoplasty astigmatism. Author(s): Riddle HK Jr, Parker DA, Price FW Jr. Source: Current Opinion in Ophthalmology. 1998 August; 9(4): 15-28. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10387463&dopt=Abstract

•

Measurement of astigmatism arising from the internal ocular surfaces. Author(s): Dunne MC, Elawad ME, Barnes DA. Source: Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica. 1996 February; 74(1): 14-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8689473&dopt=Abstract

•

Measurement of astigmatism by automated infrared photoretinoscopy. Author(s): Gekeler F, Schaeffel F, Howland HC, Wattam-Bell J. Source: Optometry and Vision Science : Official Publication of the American Academy of Optometry. 1997 July; 74(7): 472-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9293513&dopt=Abstract

•

Measurement of irregular astigmatism using semimeridian data from videokeratographs. Author(s): Borderie VM, Laroche L. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 1996 July-August; 12(5): 595-600. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8871860&dopt=Abstract

Studies

39

•

Methods to control astigmatism in cataract surgery. Author(s): Kohnen T, Koch DD. Source: Current Opinion in Ophthalmology. 1996 February; 7(1): 75-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10160441&dopt=Abstract

•

Microkeratome-induced reduction of astigmatism after penetrating keratoplasty. Author(s): Dada T, Vajpayee RB, Gupta V, Sharma N, Dada VK. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2001 April; 131(4): 507-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11292418&dopt=Abstract

•

Minimal astigmatism after sutureless planned extracapsular cataract extraction. Author(s): Burgansky Z, Isakov I, Avizemer H, Bartov E. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2002 March; 28(3): 499-503. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11973097&dopt=Abstract

•

Mixed astigmatism: theory and technique. Author(s): Vinciguerra P, Camesasca FI. Source: International Ophthalmology Clinics. 2002 Fall; 42(4): 31-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12409920&dopt=Abstract

•

Modified astigmatism dial diagram for locating eccentric fixation in patients with central scotoma. Author(s): Cohen SY, Beaunoir MP, LeGargasson JF, Martin D, Tadayoni R, Gaudric A. Source: Eur J Ophthalmol. 2003 April; 13(3): 276-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12749291&dopt=Abstract

•

Multiple regression and vector analyses of laser in situ keratomileusis for myopia and astigmatism. Author(s): Huang D, Stulting RD, Carr JD, Thompson KP, Waring GO 3rd. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 1999 September-October; 15(5): 538-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10504078&dopt=Abstract

•

Multiple regression and vector analysis of LASIK for myopia and astigmatism. Author(s): Rosa N. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 2001 September-October; 17(5): 620. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11583229&dopt=Abstract

40

Astigmatism

•

Multivariate analysis versus vector analysis to assess surgically induced astigmatism. Author(s): Toulemont PJ. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 1996 September; 22(7): 977-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9041094&dopt=Abstract

•

Myopic astigmatism and presbyopia trial. Author(s): Raj A. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 October; 136(4): 781; Author Reply 781-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14516851&dopt=Abstract

•

Myopic astigmatism and presbyopia trial. Author(s): Savage H, Rothstein M, Davuluri G, El Ghormli L, Zaetta DM. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 May; 135(5): 628-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12719069&dopt=Abstract

•

Myopic astigmatism: abstract vs article. Author(s): Schechter RJ. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 October; 136(4): 782; Author Reply 782-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14516854&dopt=Abstract

•

New method of targeting vectors to treat astigmatism. Author(s): Alpins NA. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 1997 January-February; 23(1): 65-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9100110&dopt=Abstract

•

Nomogram for treatment of astigmatism with laser in situ keratomileusis. Author(s): Moniz N, Fernandes ST. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 2002 May-June; 18(3 Suppl): S323-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12046874&dopt=Abstract

•

Noncorneal astigmatism related to poly(methyl methacrylate) and plate-haptic silicone intraocular lenses. Author(s): Spiegel D, Widmann A, Koll R. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 1997 November; 23(9): 1376-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9423910&dopt=Abstract

Studies

41

•

Oblique (off-axis) astigmatism of the reduced schematic eye with elliptical refracting surface. Author(s): Wang YZ, Thibos LN. Source: Optometry and Vision Science : Official Publication of the American Academy of Optometry. 1997 July; 74(7): 557-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9293525&dopt=Abstract

•

Oblique astigmatism of the Indiana eye. Author(s): Atchison D. Source: Optometry and Vision Science : Official Publication of the American Academy of Optometry. 1998 April; 75(4): 247-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9586748&dopt=Abstract

•

Ocular optical aberrations after photorefractive keratectomy for myopia and myopic astigmatism. Author(s): Seiler T, Kaemmerer M, Mierdel P, Krinke HE. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 2000 January; 118(1): 17-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10636408&dopt=Abstract

•

One year clinical results of photoastigmatic refractive keratectomy for compound myopic astigmatism. Author(s): Febbraro JL, Aron-Rosa D, Gross M, Aron B, Bremond-Gignac D. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 1999 July; 25(7): 911-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10404365&dopt=Abstract

•

One year follow-up of astigmatism after 4.0 mm temporal clear corneal and superior scleral incisions. Author(s): Lyhne N, Krogsager J, Corydon L, Kjeldgaard M. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2000 January; 26(1): 83-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10646152&dopt=Abstract

•

One-year follow-up results of photorefractive keratectomy for low, moderate, and high primary astigmatism. Author(s): Kremer I, Gabbay U, Blumenthal M. Source: Ophthalmology. 1996 May; 103(5): 741-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8637682&dopt=Abstract

•

Opposite clear corneal incisions to correct pre-existing astigmatism in cataract surgery. Author(s): Lever J, Dahan E. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2000 June; 26(6): 803-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10889422&dopt=Abstract

42

Astigmatism

•

Optic disc shape, corneal astigmatism, and amblyopia. Author(s): Jonas JB, Kling F, Grundler AE. Source: Ophthalmology. 1997 November; 104(11): 1934-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9373129&dopt=Abstract

•

Optical coherence tomography evaluation of the corneal cap and stromal bed features after laser in situ keratomileusis for high myopia and astigmatism. Author(s): Maldonado MJ, Ruiz-Oblitas L, Munuera JM, Aliseda D, Garcia-Layana A, Moreno-Montanes J. Source: Ophthalmology. 2000 January; 107(1): 81-7; Discussion 88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10647724&dopt=Abstract

•

Optimal incision sites to obtain an astigmatism-free cornea after cataract surgery with a 3.2 mm sutureless incision. Author(s): Matsumoto Y, Hara T, Chiba K, Chikuda M. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2001 October; 27(10): 1615-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11687361&dopt=Abstract

•

Overcorrection after excimer laser treatment of myopia and myopic astigmatism. Melbourne Excimer Laser Group. Author(s): Vajpayee RB, McCarty CA, Aldred G, Taylor HR. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1996 March; 114(3): 252-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8600882&dopt=Abstract

•

Paired arcuate keratotomy for congenital and post-keratoplasty astigmatism. Author(s): Hjortdal JO, Ehlers N. Source: Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica. 1998 April; 76(2): 138-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9591940&dopt=Abstract

•

Paracentral photoablations to correct higher grades of naturally occurring astigmatism. Author(s): Huetz WW, Hoffmann PC, Eckhardt HB, Heuring A. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2000 April; 26(4): 547-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10771228&dopt=Abstract

•

Paradoxical response to photorefractive treatment for postkeratoplasty astigmatism. Author(s): Fraenkel G, Sutton G, Rogers C, Lawless M. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 1998 June; 24(6): 861-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9642601&dopt=Abstract

Studies

43

•

Peripheral astigmatism in emmetropic eyes. Author(s): Gustafsson J, Terenius E, Buchheister J, Unsbo P. Source: Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics : the Journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists). 2001 September; 21(5): 393-400. Erratum In: Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2001 November; 21(6): 491. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11563427&dopt=Abstract

•

Peripheral corneal relaxing incisions for residual astigmatism after photoastigmatic keratectomy and laser in situ keratomileusis. Author(s): Koch DD, Sanan A. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 1999 March-April; 15(2 Suppl): S238-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10202731&dopt=Abstract

•

Photoastigmatic refractive keratectomy for compound myopic astigmatism with a Nidek laser. Author(s): Goggin MJ, Kenna PF, Lavery FL. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 1997 March-April; 13(2): 162-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9109073&dopt=Abstract

•

Photoastigmatic refractive keratectomy for correction of astigmatism after keratoplasty. Author(s): Bansal AK. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 1999 March-April; 15(2 Suppl): S243-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10202733&dopt=Abstract

•

Photoastigmatic refractive keratectomy for primary treatment and revision of myopic astigmatism. Author(s): Schipper I, Senn P, Wienecke L, Oyo-Szerenyi KD. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 1997 December; 23(10): 1465-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9456403&dopt=Abstract

•

Photoastigmatic refractive keratectomy--the cure for astigmatism? Author(s): Shah S. Source: Ophthalmology. 1999 November; 106(11): 2045-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10571335&dopt=Abstract

44

Astigmatism

•

Photorefractive keratectomy for astigmatism greater than -2.00 diopters in eyes with low, high, or extreme myopia. Author(s): Lee JS, Oum BS, Lee BJ, Lee SH. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 1998 November; 24(11): 1456-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9818334&dopt=Abstract

•

Photorefractive keratectomy for astigmatism with the Meditec MEL 60 laser. Author(s): Nagy ZZ, Krueger RR, Suveges I. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 2001 July-August; 17(4): 441-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11472002&dopt=Abstract

•

Photorefractive keratectomy for compound myopic astigmatism with the MEL-70 GScan excimer laser. Author(s): Roszkowska AM, Galasso S, Meduri A, De Matteis M, Ferreri FM. Source: Eur J Ophthalmol. 2002 September-October; 12(5): 379-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12474919&dopt=Abstract

•

Photorefractive keratectomy for compound myopic astigmatism. Author(s): Haw WW, Manche EE. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2000 July; 130(1): 12-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11004254&dopt=Abstract

•

Photorefractive keratectomy for low-to-moderate myopia and astigmatism with a small-beam, tracker-directed excimer laser. Author(s): McDonald MB, Deitz MR, Frantz JM, Kraff MC, Krueger RR, Salz JJ, Kraff CR, Maguen E, Matta CS, Nesburn AB, Piebenga LW. Source: Ophthalmology. 1999 August; 106(8): 1481-8; Discussion 1488-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10442891&dopt=Abstract

•

Photorefractive keratectomy for post-penetrating keratoplasty myopia and astigmatism. Author(s): Bilgihan K, Ozdek SC, Akata F, Hasanreisoglu B. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2000 November; 26(11): 1590-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11084265&dopt=Abstract

•

Photorefractive keratectomy for the treatment of compound myopic astigmatism using the ablatable mask. Author(s): Heng WJ, Chan WK, Tseng P, Balakrishnan V, Low CH. Source: Ann Acad Med Singapore. 1997 July; 26(4): 401-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9395798&dopt=Abstract

Studies

45

•

Photorefractive keratectomy to correct myopic or hyperopic astigmatism with a crosscylinder ablation. Author(s): Vinciguerra P, Sborgia M, Epstein D, Azzolini M, MacRae S. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 1999 March-April; 15(2 Suppl): S183-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10202715&dopt=Abstract

•

Photorefractive keratectomy using the meditec MEL 70 G-scan laser for hyperopia and hyperopic astigmatism. Author(s): Nagy ZZ, Munkacsy G, Popper M. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 2002 September-October; 18(5): 542-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12361155&dopt=Abstract

•

Photorefractive keratectomy with an ablatable mask and rail system for simultaneous correction of myopia and astigmatism: preliminary results. Author(s): Culp GJ, Culp BI, Holladay JT, Teal PK. Source: Can J Ophthalmol. 1999 February; 34(1): 9-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10088057&dopt=Abstract

•

Photorefractive keratectomy with an ablatable mask for myopic astigmatism. Author(s): Eggink CA, de Boo TM, Lemmens WA, Deutman AF. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 1999 September-October; 15(5): 550-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10504079&dopt=Abstract

•

Photorefractive keratectomy with customized segmental ablation to correct irregular astigmatism after laser in situ keratomileusis. Author(s): Gimbel HV, Stoll SB. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 2001 March-April; 17(2 Suppl): S229-32. Erratum In: J Refract Surg 2001 May-June; 17(3): Following Table of Contents. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11316028&dopt=Abstract

•

Popperian falsification of methods of assessing astigmatism. Author(s): Harris WF. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2001 June; 27(6): 799-801. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11432387&dopt=Abstract

•

Popperian falsification of methods of assessing surgically induced astigmatism. Author(s): Naeser K. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2001 January; 27(1): 25-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11165855&dopt=Abstract

46

Astigmatism

•

Possible factors modifying the surgically induced astigmatism in cataract surgery. Author(s): Storr-Paulsen A, Madsen H, Perriard A. Source: Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica. 1999 October; 77(5): 548-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10551298&dopt=Abstract

•

Postoperative suture manipulation for control of corneal graft astigmatism. Author(s): Hirst LW, McCoombes JA, Reedy M. Source: Australian and New Zealand Journal of Ophthalmology. 1998 August; 26(3): 211-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9717751&dopt=Abstract

•

Prevalence of astigmatism among students in northern Greece. Author(s): Mandalos AT, Peios DK, Mavracanas A, Golias VA, Megalou KG, Delidou KA, Gregoriadou AC, Katsougiannopoulos BC. Source: Eur J Ophthalmol. 2002 January-February; 12(1): 1-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11936436&dopt=Abstract

•

Prevalence rates and epidemiological risk factors for astigmatism in Singapore school children. Author(s): Tong L, Saw SM, Carkeet A, Chan WY, Wu HM, Tan D. Source: Optometry and Vision Science : Official Publication of the American Academy of Optometry. 2002 September; 79(9): 606-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12322931&dopt=Abstract

•

PRK for myopia and astigmatism. Author(s): Goggin M. Source: Ophthalmology. 2000 May; 107(5): 814-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10811062&dopt=Abstract

•

Prospective, randomized vector analysis of astigmatism after three-, one-, and nosuture phacoemulsification. Author(s): Azar DT, Stark WJ, Dodick J, Khoury JM, Vitale S, Enger C, Reed C. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 1997 October; 23(8): 1164-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9368159&dopt=Abstract

•

Pterygium-induced corneal astigmatism. Author(s): Avisar R, Loya N, Yassur Y, Weinberger D. Source: Isr Med Assoc J. 2000 January; 2(1): 14-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10892364&dopt=Abstract

Studies

47

•

Quantitative analysis of regular and irregular astigmatism induced by pterygium. Author(s): Tomidokoro A, Oshika T, Amano S, Eguchi K, Eguchi S. Source: Cornea. 1999 July; 18(4): 412-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10422852&dopt=Abstract

•

Quantitative evaluation of irregular astigmatism by fourier series harmonic analysis of videokeratography data. Author(s): Oshika T, Tomidokoro A, Maruo K, Tokunaga T, Miyata N. Source: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 1998 April; 39(5): 705-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9538876&dopt=Abstract

•

Refractive astigmatism acts predominantly as a source of high spatial frequency image distortion: the associated lineal distortions can be overcome by using a low pass spatial filter! Author(s): Enoch JM, Lakshminarayanan V, Kono M, Shih P, Strata E. Source: International Ophthalmology. 1998-99; 22(3): 181-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10548464&dopt=Abstract

•

Refractive astigmatism after oblique clear corneal phacoemulsification cataract incision. Author(s): Jacobs BJ, Gaynes BI, Deutsch TA. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 1999 July; 25(7): 949-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10404370&dopt=Abstract

•

Refractive astigmatism and size of pterygium. Author(s): Ashaye AO. Source: Afr J Med Med Sci. 2002 June; 31(2): 163-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12518915&dopt=Abstract

•

Refractive error changes in mixed astigmatism. Author(s): Goss DA. Source: Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics : the Journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists). 1999 September; 19(5): 438-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10768025&dopt=Abstract

•

Refractive surgery for myopic and hyperopic astigmatism. Author(s): Thompson V. Source: International Ophthalmology Clinics. 1997 Winter; 37(1): 37-49. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9101344&dopt=Abstract

48

Astigmatism

•

Refractive versus corneal changes after photorefracive keratectomy for astigmatism. Author(s): Alpins NA, Tabin GC, Adams LM, Aldred GF, Kent DG, Taylor HR. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 1998 July-August; 14(4): 386-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9699162&dopt=Abstract

•

Regular and irregular astigmatism after superior versus temporal scleral incision cataract surgery. Author(s): Oshika T, Sugita G, Tanabe T, Tomidokoro A, Amano S. Source: Ophthalmology. 2000 November; 107(11): 2049-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11054330&dopt=Abstract

•

Relationship between preoperative axis of astigmatism and postoperative astigmatic change after superior scleral incision phacoemulsification. Author(s): Lyhne N, Hansen TE, Corydon L. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 1998 July; 24(7): 935-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9682113&dopt=Abstract

•

Relationship between the axis and degree of high astigmatism and obliquity of palpebral fissure. Author(s): Garcia ML, Huang D, Crowe S, Traboulsi EI. Source: J Aapos. 2003 February; 7(1): 14-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12690364&dopt=Abstract

•

Relationships between preoperative astigmatism and corneal optical power, axial length, intraocular pressure, gender, and patient age. Author(s): Ninn-Pedersen K. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 1996 May-June; 12(4): 47282. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8771543&dopt=Abstract

•

Relaxation of postoperative astigmatism after lens implantation through a 6.25 mm scleral wound in children. Author(s): Brown SM, Hodges MR, Corona J. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2001 December; 27(12): 2012-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11738919&dopt=Abstract

•

Relaxing incision guided by videokeratography for astigmatism after keratoplasty for keratoconus. Author(s): Solomon A, Siganos CS, Frucht-Pery J. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 1999 May-June; 15(3): 3438. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10367578&dopt=Abstract

Studies

49

•

Repeatability and validity of astigmatism measurements. Author(s): Walline JJ, Kinney KA, Zadnik K, Mutti DO. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 1999 January-February; 15(1): 23-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9987720&dopt=Abstract

•

Reporting astigmatism data. Author(s): Koch DD. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 1998 December; 24(12): 1545. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9850884&dopt=Abstract

•

Resolution of astigmatism after surgical resection of capillary hemangiomas in infants. Author(s): Plager DA, Snyder SK. Source: Ophthalmology. 1997 July; 104(7): 1102-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9224460&dopt=Abstract

•

Results of laser in situ keratomileusis in hyperopic compound astigmatism. Author(s): Barraquer C, Gutierrez AM. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 1999 September; 25(9): 1198-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10476501&dopt=Abstract

•

Retrephination keratoplasty for high astigmatism after penetrating keratoplasty. Author(s): Krueger RR, Landry RJ, Assil KK, Schanzlin DJ. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 1996 November-December; 12(7): 806-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8970029&dopt=Abstract

•

RGP lens treats irregular astigmatism from intracorneal glass. Author(s): Estrada LN, Rosenstiel CE. Source: Eye & Contact Lens. 2003 July; 29(3): 193-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12861118&dopt=Abstract

•

Screening for refractive errors in children: accuracy of the hand held refractor Retinomax to screen for astigmatism. Author(s): Cordonnier M, Dramaix M. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1999 February; 83(2): 157-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10396190&dopt=Abstract

50

Astigmatism

•

Selective argon laser suturelysis versus needle suturelysis to treat induced corneal astigmatism after cataract surgery. Author(s): Yip CC, Lee HM, Nah G, Yong V, Au Eong KG. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2002 April; 28(4): 689-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11955912&dopt=Abstract

•

Selective zonal ablations with excimer laser for correction of irregular astigmatism induced by refractive surgery. Author(s): Alio JL, Artola A, Rodriguez-Mier FA. Source: Ophthalmology. 2000 April; 107(4): 662-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10768327&dopt=Abstract

•

SHORT syndrome: a case with high hyperopia and astigmatism. Author(s): Bonnel S, Dureau P, LeMerrer M, Dufier JL. Source: Ophthalmic Genetics. 2000 December; 21(4): 235-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11135494&dopt=Abstract

•

Short-term effect of mitomycin-C augmented trabeculectomy on axial length and corneal astigmatism. Author(s): Kook MS, Kim HB, Lee SU. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2001 April; 27(4): 518-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11311616&dopt=Abstract

•

Significant immediate and long-term reduction of astigmatism after lateral rectus recession in divergent Duane's syndrome. Author(s): Killer HE, Bahler A. Source: Ophthalmologica. Journal International D'ophtalmologie. International Journal of Ophthalmology. Zeitschrift Fur Augenheilkunde. 1999; 213(3): 209-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10202298&dopt=Abstract

•

Soft contact lenses for irregular astigmatism after laser in situ keratomileusis. Author(s): Chou B, Wachier BS. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 2001 November-December; 17(6): 692-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11758989&dopt=Abstract

•

Statistical analysis when dealing with astigmatism: assessment of different spherocylindrical notations. Author(s): Munoz-Escriva L, Furlan WD. Source: Ophthalmic Epidemiology. 2001 February; 8(1): 27-37. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11262680&dopt=Abstract

Studies

51

•

Surgical correction of high degrees of astigmatism with a phakic toric-iris claw intraocular lens. Author(s): Alio JL, Galal A, Mulet ME. Source: International Ophthalmology Clinics. 2003 Summer; 43(3): 171-81. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12881659&dopt=Abstract

•

Surgical correction of postkeratoplasty astigmatism with the Hanna arcitome. Author(s): Borderie VM, Touzeau O, Chastang PJ, Laroche L. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 1999 February; 25(2): 205-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9951665&dopt=Abstract

•

Surgical technique for control of postkeratoplasty myopia, astigmatism, and anisometropia. Author(s): Dursun D, Forster RK, Feuer WJ. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 June; 135(6): 807-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12788120&dopt=Abstract

•

Surgically induced astigmatism after hyperopic and myopic photorefractive keratectomy. Author(s): Yi DH, Petroll M, Bowman RW, McCulley JP, Cavanagh HD. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2001 March; 27(3): 396-403. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11255051&dopt=Abstract

•

Surgically induced astigmatism after implantation of intacs intrastromal corneal ring segments. Author(s): Twa MD, Ruckhofer J, Shanzlin DJ. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2001 March; 27(3): 411-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11255053&dopt=Abstract

•

Surgically induced astigmatism after laser in situ keratomileusis for spherical myopia. Author(s): Sharma N, Pangtey MS, Vajpayee RB, Dada T, Aggarwal T, Dada VK, Pandey RM. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 2002 May-June; 18(3): 23944. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12051378&dopt=Abstract

•

Surgically induced astigmatism after photorefractive keratectomy and laser in situ keratomileusis. Summit PRK-LASIK Study Group. Author(s): Hersh PS, Abbassi R. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 1999 March; 25(3): 389-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10079445&dopt=Abstract

52

Astigmatism

•

Surgically induced astigmatism after photorefractive keratectomy with the excimer laser. Author(s): Kapadia MS, Krishna R, Shah S, Wilson SE. Source: Cornea. 2000 March; 19(2): 174-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10746449&dopt=Abstract

•

Surgically induced astigmatism with superior and temporal incisions in cases of with-the-rule preoperative astigmatism. Author(s): Roman SJ, Auclin FX, Chong-Sit DA, Ullern MM. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 1998 December; 24(12): 1636-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9850904&dopt=Abstract

•

Surgically induced topographical abnormalities after LASIK: management of central islands, corneal ectasia, decentration, and irregular astigmatism. Author(s): Johnson JD, Azar DT. Source: Current Opinion in Ophthalmology. 2001 August; 12(4): 309-17. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11507346&dopt=Abstract

•

Surgically-induced astigmatism after laser in situ keratomileusis for spherical myopia. Author(s): Huang D, Sur S, Seffo F, Meisler DM, Krueger RR. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 2000 September-October; 16(5): 515-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11019865&dopt=Abstract

•

Surgically-induced astigmatism after LASIK for spherical myopia. Author(s): Maloney RK. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 2001 March-April; 17(2): 151-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11310766&dopt=Abstract

•

Surgically-induced astigmatism after LASIK for spherical myopia. Author(s): Hersh PS. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 2001 March-April; 17(2): 151; Author Reply 152. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11310767&dopt=Abstract

•

Sutured piggyback toric intraocular lenses to correct high astigmatism. Author(s): Gills JP. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2003 February; 29(2): 402-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12648658&dopt=Abstract

Studies

53

•

Suturing technique for control of postkeratoplasty astigmatism and myopia. Author(s): Dursun D, Forster RK, Feuer WJ. Source: Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 2002; 100: 51-7; Discussion 57-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12545677&dopt=Abstract

•

Temporal versus superior approach phacoemulsification: short-term postoperative astigmatism. Author(s): Cillino S, Morreale D, Mauceri A, Ajovalasit C, Ponte F. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 1997 March; 23(2): 267-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9113580&dopt=Abstract

•

The axis of astigmatism in right and left eye pairs. Author(s): McKendrick AM, Brennan NA. Source: Optometry and Vision Science : Official Publication of the American Academy of Optometry. 1997 August; 74(8): 668-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9323739&dopt=Abstract

•

The effect of pterygium on corneal astigmatism. Author(s): Kampitak K. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2003 January; 86(1): 16-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12678135&dopt=Abstract

•

The effects of astigmatism and working distance on optic nerve head images using a Heidelberg Retina Tomograph scanning laser ophthalmoscope. Author(s): Sheen NJ, Aldridge C, Drasdo N, North RV, Morgan JE. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2001 June; 131(6): 716-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11384566&dopt=Abstract

•

The pattern of astigmatism in a Canadian preschool population. Author(s): Cowen L, Bobier WR. Source: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2003 October; 44(10): 4593-600. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14507908&dopt=Abstract

•

The streak retinoscopy pupil reflex in the presence of astigmatism. Author(s): Smith G, Haymes S. Source: Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics : the Journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists). 2003 July; 23(4): 295-305. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12828619&dopt=Abstract

54

Astigmatism

•

Theoretical analysis of ablation depths and profiles in laser in situ keratomileusis for compound hyperopic and mixed astigmatism. Author(s): Azar DT, Primack JD. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2000 August; 26(8): 1123-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11008038&dopt=Abstract

•

Three-dimensional representation and qualitative comparisons of the amount of tissue ablation to treat mixed and compound astigmatism. Author(s): Gatinel D, Hoang-Xuan T, Azar DT. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2002 November; 28(11): 2026-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12457680&dopt=Abstract

•

Topographic and keratometric astigmatism up to 1 year following small flap trabeculectomy (microtrabeculectomy). Author(s): Vernon SA, Zambarakji HJ, Potgieter F, Evans J, Chell PB. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1999 July; 83(7): 779-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10381662&dopt=Abstract

•

Topographical analysis of corneal astigmatism in patients with tilted-disc syndrome. Author(s): Bozkurt B, Irkec M, Gedik S, Orhan M, Erdener U. Source: Cornea. 2002 July; 21(5): 458-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12072719&dopt=Abstract

•

Topographically guided ablations for the correction of irregular astigmatism after corneal surgery. Author(s): Guell JL, Velasco F. Source: International Ophthalmology Clinics. 2003 Summer; 43(3): 111-28. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12881654&dopt=Abstract

•

Toric intraocular lenses for correcting astigmatism in 130 eyes. Author(s): Sun XY, Vicary D, Montgomery P, Griffiths M. Source: Ophthalmology. 2000 September; 107(9): 1776-81; Discussion 1781-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10964844&dopt=Abstract

•

Tracker-assisted versus manual ablation zone centration in laser in situ keratomileusis for myopia and astigmatism. Author(s): Pineros OE. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 2002 January-February; 18(1): 37-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11828905&dopt=Abstract

Studies

55

•

Treating astigmatism at the time of cataract surgery. Author(s): Nichamin LD. Source: Current Opinion in Ophthalmology. 2003 February; 14(1): 35-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12544808&dopt=Abstract

•

Treating astigmatism at the time of cataract surgery. Author(s): Gills JP. Source: Current Opinion in Ophthalmology. 2002 February; 13(1): 2-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11807381&dopt=Abstract

•

Treatment of hyperopic astigmatism. Author(s): Argento CJ, Cosentino MJ, Biondini A. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 1997 December; 23(10): 1480-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9456405&dopt=Abstract

•

Treatment of irregular astigmatism and keratoconus with the VISX C-CAP method. Author(s): Tamayo GE, Serrano MG. Source: International Ophthalmology Clinics. 2003 Summer; 43(3): 103-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12881653&dopt=Abstract

•

Treatment of myopia and myopic astigmatism by customized laser in situ keratomileusis based on corneal topography. Author(s): Knorz MC, Neuhann T. Source: Ophthalmology. 2000 November; 107(11): 2072-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11054333&dopt=Abstract

•

Treatment of myopic astigmatism with the Summit Apex Plus excimer laser. Author(s): Danjoux JP, Fraenkel G, Lawless MA, Rogers C. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 1997 December; 23(10): 1472-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9456404&dopt=Abstract

•

Treatment of post-keratoplasty astigmatism by topography supported customized laser ablation. Author(s): Hjortdal JO, Ehlers N. Source: Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica. 2001 August; 79(4): 376-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11453858&dopt=Abstract

•

Up-slanting palpebral fissures and oblique astigmatism associated with A-pattern strabismus and overdepression in adduction in spina bifida. Author(s): Paysse EA, Khokhar A, McCreery KM, Morris MC, Coats DK. Source: J Aapos. 2002 December; 6(6): 354-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12506275&dopt=Abstract

56

Astigmatism

•

Use of large optical zones with the LADARVision laser for myopia and myopic astigmatism. Author(s): Nepomuceno RL, Boxer Wachler BS, Sato M, Scruggs R. Source: Ophthalmology. 2003 July; 110(7): 1384-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12867396&dopt=Abstract

•

Using a reference point and videokeratography for intraoperative identification of astigmatism axis. Author(s): Suzuki A, Maeda N, Watanabe H, Kiritoshi A, Shimomura Y, Tano Y. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 1997 December; 23(10): 1491-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9456406&dopt=Abstract

•

Validity of surveys reporting myopia, astigmatism, and presbyopia. Author(s): Walline JJ, Zadnik K, Mutti DO. Source: Optometry and Vision Science : Official Publication of the American Academy of Optometry. 1996 June; 73(6): 376-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8807648&dopt=Abstract

•

Variation in astigmatism following the single-step, self-sealing clear corneal section for phacoemulsification. Author(s): Rauz S, Reynolds A, Henderson HW, Joshi N. Source: Eye (London, England). 1997; 11 ( Pt 5): 656-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9474313&dopt=Abstract

•

Vector analysis of astigmatism changes by flattening, steepening, and torque. Author(s): Alpins NA. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 1997 December; 23(10): 1503-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9456408&dopt=Abstract

•

Vector summation of anterior and posterior corneal topographical astigmatism. Author(s): Prisant O, Hoang-Xuan T, Proano C, Hernandez E, Awwad ST, Azar DT, Awad S. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2002 September; 28(9): 1636-43. Erratum In: J Cataract Refract Surg. 2003 March; 29(3): 425. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12231325&dopt=Abstract

•

Vectoranalysis of surgically induced astigmatism in small corneal and scleral cataract incisions. Author(s): Van den Dooren K, Hennekes R. Source: Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol. 1996; 262: 167-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9339040&dopt=Abstract

Studies

57

•

Visual acuity screening versus noncycloplegic autorefraction screening for astigmatism in Native American preschool children. Author(s): Miller JM, Harvey EM, Dobson V. Source: J Aapos. 1999 June; 3(3): 160-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10428590&dopt=Abstract

•

Wavefront technology: a new advance that fails to answer old questions on corneal vs. refractive astigmatism correction. Author(s): Alpins NA. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 2002 November-December; 18(6): 737-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12458868&dopt=Abstract

•

Wavefront-guided photorefractive keratectomy for myopia and myopic astigmatism. Author(s): Nagy ZZ, Palagyi-Deak I, Kelemen E, Kovacs A. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 2002 September-October; 18(5): S615-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12361168&dopt=Abstract

59

CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ASTIGMATISM Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and astigmatism.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Astigmatism The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “astigmatism” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field. The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “astigmatism” (or a synonym):

4 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

60

Astigmatism

•

Surgical correction of postoperative astigmatism. Author(s): Department of Ophthalmology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455. Source: Lindstrom, R L Lindquist, T D Cornea. 1988; 7(2): 138-48 0277-3740

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

•

The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

•

The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

•

The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

•

Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

•

Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

•

Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

61

CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ASTIGMATISM Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to astigmatism. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to astigmatism and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “astigmatism” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to astigmatism: •

Against-the-rule (ATR) astigmatism as a predicting factor for the outcome of amblyopia treatment. Author(s): Somer D, Budak K, Demirci S, Duman S. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2002 June; 133(6): 741-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12036662&dopt=Abstract

•

Alteration of visual cortex from environmental asymmetries. Author(s): Freeman RD, Pettigrew JD. Source: Nature. 1973 December 7; 246(5432): 359-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4586321&dopt=Abstract

•

Astigmatic visual and deprivation in cat: behavioral, optical and retinophysiological consequences. Author(s): Thibos LN, Levick WR.

62

Astigmatism

Source: Vision Research. 1982; 22(1): 43-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7101750&dopt=Abstract •

Astigmatism and acuity in two primate infants. Author(s): Teller DY, Allen JL, Regal DM, Mayer DL. Source: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 1978 April; 17(4): 344-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=417041&dopt=Abstract

•

Comparative double blind multicentric randomised placebo controlled clinical trial of a herbal preparation of eye drops in some ocular ailments. Author(s): Biswas NR, Beri S, Das GK, Mongre PK. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1996 March; 94(3): 101-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8810206&dopt=Abstract

•

Contrast sensitivity in humans with abnormal visual experience. Author(s): Freedman RD, Thibos LN. Source: The Journal of Physiology. 1975 June; 247(3): 687-710. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1142303&dopt=Abstract

•

Corneal astigmatism after cataract extraction. A comparison of corneal and corneoscleral incisions. Author(s): Thygesen J, Reersted P, Fledelius H, Corydon L. Source: Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh). 1979 April; 57(2): 243-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=452884&dopt=Abstract

•

Corneal topography after ocular rubbing. Author(s): Mansour AM, Haddad RS. Source: Cornea. 2002 November; 21(8): 756-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12410030&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of local anesthesia and ocular massage on central corneal curvature. Author(s): Attia MF, Krishnamoorthy RT, Aquavella JV. Source: Ann Ophthalmol. 1990 October; 22(10): 395-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2244723&dopt=Abstract

•

Electrophysiological evidence that abnormal early visual experience can modify the human brain. Author(s): Freeman RD, Thibos LN. Source: Science. 1973 May 25; 180(88): 876-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4706682&dopt=Abstract

Alternative Medicine 63

•

Epikeratophakia in children with corneal lacerations. Author(s): Morgan KS, Stephenson GS. Source: Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 1985 May-June; 22(3): 1058. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3889266&dopt=Abstract

•

Excimer laser phototherapeutic keratectomy for corneal diseases: a follow-up study. Author(s): Tuunanen TH, Tervo TM. Source: The Clao Journal : Official Publication of the Contact Lens Association of Ophthalmologists, Inc. 1995 January; 21(1): 67-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7712612&dopt=Abstract

•

Experimental results of preparing laser-shaped stromal implants for laser-assisted intrastromal keratophakia in extremely complicated laser in situ keratomileusis cases. Author(s): Jankov M, Mrochen MC, Bueeler M, Seiler T. Source: Journal of Refractive Surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995). 2002 September-October; 18(5): S639-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12361173&dopt=Abstract

•

Father Waclaw Szuniewicz, M.D., an ophthalmologist of unusual courage and devotion. Author(s): Orlowski WJ, Fryczkowski AW, Bieganowski L. Source: Documenta Ophthalmologica. Advances in Ophthalmology. 1990 February; 74(1-2): 49-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2209367&dopt=Abstract

•

Hypermetropia in dark reared chicks and the effect of lid suture. Author(s): Yinon U, Koslowe KC. Source: Vision Research. 1986; 26(6): 999-1005. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3750881&dopt=Abstract

•

Implantation of collagen plugs into incisional keratotomies. Author(s): Waller SG, LaMarche K, Talamo JH. Source: Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 1996 April; 22(3): 304-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8778361&dopt=Abstract

•

Indigenous drugs and its effect on simple/low refractive errors. Author(s): Srinivasulu C, Thakur V, Deshpande PJ. Source: Indian J Ophthalmol. 1982 July; 30(4): 241-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7166395&dopt=Abstract

•

Meridional amblyopia in monkeys. Author(s): Harwerth RS, Smith EL 3rd, Boltz RL.

64

Astigmatism

Source: Experimental Brain Research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Experimentation Cerebrale. 1980; 39(3): 351-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6772462&dopt=Abstract •

Multifaceted treatment of congenital nystagmus: a report of 6 cases. Author(s): Leung V, Wick B, Bedell HE. Source: Optometry and Vision Science : Official Publication of the American Academy of Optometry. 1996 February; 73(2): 114-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8927312&dopt=Abstract

•

Neuronal mechanisms of developmental plasticity in the cat's visual system. Author(s): Rauschecker JP. Source: Hum Neurobiol. 1984; 3(2): 109-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6746333&dopt=Abstract

•

Normalization of binocular VERs after early onset visual deprivation in man. Author(s): Lovasik JV. Source: Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. 1984 February; 59(1): 21-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6198162&dopt=Abstract

•

Nystagmographical studies in Aland eye disease. Author(s): van Vliet AG, Waardenburg PJ, Forsius H, Eriksson AW. Source: Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh). 1973; 51(6): 782-90. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4545068&dopt=Abstract

•

Photorefractive keratectomy to create toric ablations for correction of astigmatism. Author(s): McDonnell PJ, Moreira H, Garbus J, Clapham TN, D'Arcy J, Munnerlyn CR. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1991 May; 109(5): 710-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2025174&dopt=Abstract

•

Quantitative analysis of wound healing after cylindrical and spherical excimer laser ablations. Author(s): Shieh E, Moreira H, D'Arcy J, Clapham TN, McDonnell PJ. Source: Ophthalmology. 1992 July; 99(7): 1050-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1495783&dopt=Abstract

•

Quantitative descriptors of corneal topography that influence soft toric contact lens fitting. Author(s): Szczotka LB, Roberts C, Herderick EE, Mahmoud A.

Alternative Medicine 65

Source: Cornea. 2002 April; 21(3): 249-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11917171&dopt=Abstract •

Reduction of astigmatism after infancy in children who did and did not wear glasses and have strabismus. Author(s): Ingram RM, Gill LE, Lambert TW. Source: Strabismus. 2001 September; 9(3): 129-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11704877&dopt=Abstract

•

Refractive plasticity of the developing chick eye. Author(s): Irving EL, Sivak JG, Callender MG. Source: Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics : the Journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists). 1992 October; 12(4): 448-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1293533&dopt=Abstract

•

Steroid injection versus conservative treatment of anisometropia amblyopia in juvenile adnexal hemangioma. Author(s): Motwani MV, Simon JW, Pickering JD, Catalano RA, Jenkins PL. Source: Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 1995 January-February; 32(1): 26-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7752030&dopt=Abstract

•

Stimulus deprivation amblyopia in human congenital ptosis: a study of 100 patients. Author(s): Gusek-Schneider GC, Martus P. Source: Strabismus. 2000 December; 8(4): 261-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11262686&dopt=Abstract

•

Surgical correction of postoperative astigmatism. Author(s): Lindstrom RL, Lindquist TD. Source: Cornea. 1988; 7(2): 138-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3042281&dopt=Abstract

•

The effect of varying prism and truncation on the performance of soft contact lenses. Author(s): Tomlinson A, Schoessler J, Andrasko G. Source: Am J Optom Physiol Opt. 1980 October; 57(10): 714-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7446680&dopt=Abstract

•

The management of post-keratoplasty astigmatism by post-operative adjustment of a single continuous suture. Author(s): Hope-Ross MW, McDonnell PJ, Corridan PG, Naylor G, Tan-Yee A.

66

Astigmatism

Source: Eye (London, England). 1993; 7 ( Pt 5): 625-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8287982&dopt=Abstract •

The optical effects of eyelid closure on the eyes of kittens reared in light and dark. Author(s): Yinon U, Koslowe KC, Rassin MI. Source: Current Eye Research. 1984 March; 3(3): 431-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6697748&dopt=Abstract

•

The relationship between soft tissue anomalies around the orbit and globe and astigmatic refractive errors: a preliminary report. Author(s): Cuttone JM, Durso F, Miller M, Evans LS. Source: Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 1980 January-February; 17(1): 29-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7365646&dopt=Abstract

•

The use of spherical power effect bitoric rigid contact lenses in hospital practice. Author(s): Weissman BA, Chun MW. Source: J Am Optom Assoc. 1987 August; 58(8): 626-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3624754&dopt=Abstract

•

Two infant vision screening programmes: prediction and prevention of strabismus and amblyopia from photo- and videorefractive screening. Author(s): Atkinson J, Braddick O, Robier B, Anker S, Ehrlich D, King J, Watson P, Moore A. Source: Eye (London, England). 1996; 10 ( Pt 2): 189-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8776448&dopt=Abstract

•

Visual evoked responses in humans with abnormal visual experience. Author(s): Freeman RD, Thibos LN. Source: The Journal of Physiology. 1975 June; 247(3): 711-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1142304&dopt=Abstract

•

William H. Bates: the originator of astigmatic keratotomy and psycho-ophthalmology. Author(s): Waring GO 3rd. Source: Refract Corneal Surg. 1989 January-February; 5(1): 56-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2488783&dopt=Abstract

Alternative Medicine 67

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

•

drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

69

CHAPTER 4. CLINICAL TRIALS AND ASTIGMATISM Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning astigmatism.

Recent Trials on Astigmatism The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to astigmatism.5 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •

The Berkeley Orthokeratology Study Condition(s): Astigmatism; Myopia Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Eye Institute (NEI) Purpose - Excerpt: To evaluate the relative efficacy of orthokeratology, primarily by assessment of changes in central corneal thickness, astigmatism, visual acuity, endothelial cell density, and corneal curvature. To evaluate the relative safety of orthokeratology, primarily by assessment of changes in central corneal thickness, astigmatism, visual acuity, endothelial cell density, induced corneal edema, and epithelial staining. To assess the duration of any orthokeratology treatment effect. To study the mechanisms by which refractive error and visual acuity changes occur, in particular the contribution that comes from changes in corneal curvature and shape. To determine whether there were any predisposing ocular factors that could be used to predict which subjects will experience changes or complications. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00000123

5

These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.

70

Astigmatism

Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “astigmatism” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •

For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/

•

For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html

•

For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/

•

For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm

•

For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

•

For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

•

For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp

•

For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm

•

For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/

•

For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm

•

For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm

•

For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm

•

For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm

Clinical Trials 71

•

For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm

•

For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials

73

CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON ASTIGMATISM Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.6 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “astigmatism” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on astigmatism, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Astigmatism By performing a patent search focusing on astigmatism, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 6Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

74

Astigmatism

example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on astigmatism: •

Apparatus and method for performing laser thermal keratoplasty with minimized regression Inventor(s): Huang; David (1700 E. 13th St., Apt. 23EE, Cleveland, OH 44114-3238) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,520,956 Date filed: October 1, 1999 Abstract: Apparatus and method for preforming laser thermal keratoplasty capable of treating treatment areas with shapes that reduce regression. Both contact and noncontact apparatuses and methods are provided. The apparatus includes laser sources, a projection optical system, observation system, and control system. In some embodiments, the projection system uses two steering mirrors or a mask to control laser beam position on the cornea. This projection system enables precise control of the area of corneal heat shrinkage using relatively low-powered lasers, such as diode lasers. Desired changes in corneal refractive power are produced by selected patterns of photothermal shrinkage of corneal collagen tissue. The selected patterns are arrangements of oblong shapes that are preferably tapered at the ends of the long axis. The oblong shape and tapering distribute tension in the cornea over a wider area of collagen shrinkage and improve the stability of refractive correction. The long axes of the oblong treatment areas are preferably oriented radially for hyperopia correction and circumferentially for astigmatism correction. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the correction of hyperopia, astigmatism, and irregular optical aberrations by changing the shape of the cornea. Specifically, it relates to laser thermal keratoplasty (LTK), where a laser beam is used to heat selected areas of the cornea and cause local shrinkage. Various methods of changing corneal curvature have been developed. In incisional keratotomy, radial, arcuate, or other patterns of incision are made on the corneal surface. These incisions weaken the structural integrity of the cornea and can result in daily refractive fluctuation and long-term refractive shift. Furthermore, surgical errors can result in corneal penetration and intraocular infection. In mechanical keratomilieusis procedures, a mechanical means is used to remove corneal tissue in the central optical zone. These methods have poor predictability in both the correction of myopia and hyperopia, and can result in severe surgical complications. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06520956__

•

Apparatus for corneal surgery Inventor(s): Azzolini; Marco (Milan, IT), Epstein; Daniel (Langenthal, CH), MacRae; Scott (Portland, OR), Sborgia; Maurizio (Milan, IT), Vinciguerra; Paolo (Milan, IT) Assignee(s): Nidek Co., Ltd. (Aichi, JP) Patent Number: 6,607,521 Date filed: August 21, 2001 Abstract: An apparatus for corneal surgery to correct a refractive error by ablating corneal tissue with a laser beam emitted from a laser source and delivered onto a cornea of a patient's eye with a light delivering optical system, the apparatus comprising an

Patents 75

irradiation area limiting device for limiting an irradiation area of the laser beam and for varying the irradiation area, a first control device for controlling the irradiation area limiting device so as to reduce an ablation amount as the laser beam irradiates further away from a flattest meridian of astigmatism whereby effecting astigmatic correction, a second control device for controlling the irradiation area limiting device so as to increase an ablation amount as the laser beam irradiates further away from a steepest meridian of astigmatism whereby effecting astigmatic correction, and an arithmetic device for dividing a refractive power required for astigmatic correction into halves approximately-equally so that an approximately half of the astigmatic correction is achieved by the first control device and the residual astigmatic correction is achieved by the second control device. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an apparatus for corneal surgery to correct a refractive error by ablating corneal tissue with a laser beam, and more particularly to an apparatus suitable for astigmatic correction. An apparatus for corneal surgery to correct an refractive error of an eyeball by ablating a corneal surface with an excimer laser is conventionally known. However, astigmatic correction, especially myopic astigmatic correction, performed by using this kind of apparatus has a problem that is a hyperopic shift of spherical component often occurs after such a correction. To address this problem, two methods have been suggested: one is to minimize a size of ablation area in a meridian direction for correction so as to reduce affect of the hyperopic shift, and the other is to combine myopic astigmatic correction and hyperopic astigmatic correction in order to correct myopic astigmatism. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06607521__ •

Apparatus for modifying the surface of the eye through large beam laser polishing and method of controlling the apparatus Inventor(s): Hohla; Kristian (Vaterstetten, DE) Assignee(s): Technolas GmbH Ophthalmologische Systeme (Munich, DE) Patent Number: 6,575,962 Date filed: October 21, 1998 Abstract: A apparatus and method for controlling an apparatus for removing tissue from the eye performs various types of corrections using a relatively large beam, but oscillating, or dithering, that being to prevent reinforcing ridges from being formed during the tissue removal process. Further, various types of correction, such as hyperopia and astigmatism correction, are performed using a large beam that is scanned over the area to be ablated using overlapping shots. Further, the epithelium in the area to be treated is removed using an infrared fluorescent dye to dye the epithelium, and then observing the fluorescent patterns from the epithelium area to be removed. Once a certain area is no longer fluorescent after laser shots, smaller shots are then applied, selectively removing the epithelium from the remaining regions. Again, the fluorescence patterns are observed, and the process is repeated until no epithelium remains. At this point, all of the epithelium is removed, and further a map is created of the initial epithelial thickness at each point in the area from which the epithelium was removed. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to an apparatus for surgically modifying the curvature of the eye cornea and a method of controlling the apparatus, and more particularly to an apparatus for smoothly correcting a variety of corneal defects and a method of

76

Astigmatism

controlling the apparatus. Since the initial development of corrective lenses, new and better ways of correcting defective eyesight have been developed. From the bifocal lens and extended wear soft contact lens to corneal incisions and shaping, the field of ophthalmology has seen great advances in convenience, safety, and accuracy in correcting a variety of sight defects, including myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism. While corrective lenses still find wide general application, ophthalmologists are focussing on surgery to correct such defects. One of the most popular surgical techniques is radial keratotomy, in which a surgeon forms radial slits in the outer surface of the cornea, allowing the cornea to re-shape and resulting in a modified cornea to correct the deficiencies of the patient's sight. This technique has continued to develop, but the advent of the laser and its introduction into the field of medicine have given rise to a new and potentially revolutionary method of eye surgery. Specifically, the development of the excimer laser and its application to eye surgery has opened a new approach to ophthalmological surgery. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06575962__ •

Astigmatism generating device to remove comma aberration and spherical aberration Inventor(s): Kubota; Yoshihisa (Saitama, JP), Sugiura; Satoshi (Saitama, JP), Tachibana; Akihiro (Saitama, JP) Assignee(s): Pioneer Corporation (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,445,668 Date filed: May 27, 1998 Abstract: An optical pickup device includes a photodetector divided into four lightreceiving elements by two dividing lines, an incident optical system for irradiating a light beam onto an optical recording medium, and a receiving optical system for guiding a return light from the optical recording medium to the photodetector, wherein the receiving optical system includes astigmatism generating means for generating astigmatism having an astigmatism axis at an angle of 45 degree with respect to the two dividing lines. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of Japanese Application No. 9-138779, filed in Japan on May 28, 1997, which is hereby incorporated by reference. The present invention relates to an optical pickup device for an optical recording and reproducing apparatus, such as an optical disc player. An optical disc player, which can reproduce recording information from a recording media such as a laser disc (LD), a compact disc (CD) or a digital video (or versatile) disc (DVD), is well known. A so-called compatible disc player, which can reproduce recording information from those different types of optical discs, is also known. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06445668__

Patents 77

•

Astigmatism-correction device and charged-particle-beam apparatus and methods comprising same

microlithography

Inventor(s): Kamijo; Koichi (Kawasaki, JP) Assignee(s): Nikon Corporation (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,489,620 Date filed: May 18, 2000 Abstract: Astigmatism-correction devices are disclosed for use in a charged-particlebeam (CPB) microlithography apparatus and methods and that do not produce higherorder aberrations when correcting deflection aberrations. The CPB microlithography apparatus includes a projection-optical system that includes first and second projection lenses and associated deflectors. The astigmatism-correction device can include a first coil array associated with the first projection lens upstream of an aperture, and a second astigmatism-correction device associated with the second projection lens downstream of the aperture. In each coil array, the nominal half-angle of the constituent coils is 30.degree. With such a configuration, higher-order aberrations that otherwise would be produced by the deflectors are reduced nearly to zero, making it possible to use large electrical currents in the deflectors. Specifically, deflection-astigmatism aberrations and hybrid deflection-astigmatic distortions otherwise produced by the deflectors are eliminated. Excerpt(s): This invention pertains to microlithography (projection-exposure) of a pattern, defined by a reticle, onto a suitable substrate. Microlithography is a key technology used in the manufacture of semiconductor integrated circuits and displays. More specifically, the invention pertains to microlithography performed using a charged particle beam (e.g., electron beam) as an energy beam. Yet more specifically, the invention pertains to apparatus and methods for reducing astigmatism (e.g., deflection astigmatism, hybrid deflection astigmatic distortion, and the like) in charged-particlebeam (CPB) microlithography apparatus. As the sizes of circuit elements in integrated circuits have continued to be further miniaturized, the limitations of optical microlithography (i.e., microlithography performed using light such as ultraviolet light) have become apparent. This has led to much research directed to the development of practical microlithography apparatus and methods that employ an energy beam other than light. Considerable research effort has been directed to microlithography apparatus and methods that employ a charged particle beam such as an electron beam or ion beam. Various approaches to charged-particle-beam (CPB) microlithography have been investigated. Three approaches include (1) spot-beam exposure, (2) variable-shaped beam exposure, and (3) block exposure. Each of these approaches can provide superior resolution to optical microlithography. However, each provides much lower throughput (number of wafers that can be processed per unit time) than optical microlithography. Specifically, approaches (1) and (2) have limited throughput because they perform exposure by tracing a pattern element-by-element using a beam having an extremely small spot diameter or a square profile. Block exposure (approach (3)) was developed to improve throughput over that of approaches (1) and (2) by utilizing a reticle on which the pattern elements have standard shapes that are exposed in batches. However, batch exposure currently does not provide a sufficiently high throughput because the number of pattern elements that can be defined on the reticle is limited, and because batch exposure typically must be performed in conjunction with the variable-shaped beam approach. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06489620__

78

Astigmatism

•

Beam automation in charged-particle-beam systems Inventor(s): Barnard; Richard (Fremont, CA), Xu; Li (Santa Clara, CA) Assignee(s): Applied Materials, Inc. (Santa Clara, CA) Patent Number: 6,476,398 Date filed: February 26, 2000 Abstract: Embodiments in accordance with the invention provide respectively for autofocus, auto-contrast, and auto-correction of astigmatism in both x and y directions, are independent of focus-induced-image-rotation, sample feature orientation and image deformation, and focus-induced-image magnification change, and are insensitive to various kinds of noise. Poor image contrast is handled by an auto-contrast capability. Embodiments in accordance with the invention can achieve high reliability and repeatability, while providing for faster operation than most prior-art methods. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to automation of charged-particle-beam system operations, in particular focusing, contrast setting and astigmatism corrections. As in optical microscopes, focus, contrast and astigmatism correction are fundamental to imaging in charged-particle-beam systems such as scanning-electron-microscope (SEM) systems and focused-ion-beam (FIB) systems. As the semiconductor diagnostics industry develops, the microscope systems are automated, and so are the focus, contrast and astigmatism correction. However, it is a lot more difficult to perform these beam automation tasks in charged-particle-beam systems than in other optical systems. Since the early 1970's, a number of attempts have been made to achieve auto-focus and autocorrection of astigmatism. None of these has proven adequate in terms of reliability, speed, accuracy and repeatability. Better solutions are therefore needed. focus variation in run time due to column contamination, current drift, inspected sample navigation, etc. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06476398__

•

Cathode ray tube apparatus including an electron gun assembly capable of dynamic astigmatism compensation Inventor(s): Kimiya; Junichi (Kumagaya, JP), Ookubo; Syunji (Kumagaya, JP) Assignee(s): Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba (Kawasaki, JP) Patent Number: 6,621,202 Date filed: March 28, 2001 Abstract: A main lens is composed of a dynamic focus electrode, a first auxiliary electrode, a second auxiliary electrode and an anode, which are successively arranged in a direction of travel of electron beams. A sub-lens provided on a cathode side of the main lens is composed of a third grid, a fourth grid and a fifth grid. The first auxiliary electrode is connected to the fourth grid, and both are connected to a voltage supply terminal on a resistor near the fourth grid. A fixed focus voltage is applied to the third grid and fifth grid sandwiching the fourth grid. Excerpt(s): This application is based upon and claims the benefit of priority from the prior Japanese Patent Application No. 2000-091021, filed Mar. 29, 2000, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. The present invention relates generally to a cathode ray tube apparatus, and more particularly to a cathode ray tube apparatus incorporating an electron gun assembly capable of compensating dynamic

Patents 79

astigmatism. A color cathode ray tube apparatus, in general terms, comprises an in-line electron gun assembly for emitting three electron beams, and a deflection yoke for generating deflection magnetic fields, thereby deflecting the electron beams emitted from the electron gun structure and horizontally and vertically scanning them over a phosphor screen. The deflection yoke forms a non-uniform magnetic field by generating a pincushion-type horizontal deflection magnetic field and a barrel-type vertical deflection magnetic field. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06621202__ •

Charged particle beam exposure device exhibiting reduced image blur Inventor(s): Kojima; Shinichi (Kamagaya, JP) Assignee(s): Nikon Corporation (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,441,384 Date filed: April 8, 1999 Abstract: Charged-particle-beam microlithography apparatus and methods are disclosed that reduce spherical aberrations and other aberrations of the beam without increasing blurring from Coulomb effects or space-charge effects. The beam semi-angle of the beam as incident on the reticle and/or substrate is limited to a range greater than zero but less than an upper limit, so as to remove paraxial portions of the beam. Also, the substrate can be moved as required along the optical axis to place the substrate at the optimal image plane where beam spreading from spherical aberration is minimal. The beam semi-angle is preferably limited by passage of the beam through an annular aperture placed axially upstream of the substrate. A preferred range for beam semiangle at the reticle is 1.5 to 3 mrad. Alternatively, at least six deflectors are disposed on the reticle side of a scattering aperture located in the projection-optical system, and at least three deflectors are disposed on the substrate side of the scattering aperture to simultaneously correct, respectively, deflection-induced image-plane inclination, deflection coma, deflection astigmatism, deflection chromatic aberration, deflectioninduced secondary distortion (x and y directions), axial propagation of the beam through the scattering aperture, incidence of the beam at a target position on the substrate, and zero angle of incidence of the beam on the substrate. Excerpt(s): This invention pertains to microlithography apparatus for transferring a pattern (e.g., a circuit pattern), defined by a reticle, onto a sensitive substrate (e.g., semiconductor wafer) using a charged particle beam (e.g., electron beam or ion beam), as used in the manufacture of, e.g., semiconductor integrated circuits and displays. Increases in the level of integration of semiconductor devices have so far kept pace with demand for increasingly more intricate integrated circuits. To meet this demand, it has been necessary that microlithographic exposure apparatus used in the manufacture of such devices be capable of resolving circuit features having increasingly smaller critical dimensions so as to produce such increasingly intricate circuits. In view of the resolution limits of optical microlithography, microlithographic apparatus employing a charged particle beam (e.g., an electron beam) are the subject of much interest as the candidate pattern-transfer technology for achieving resolution of pattern features that are substantially smaller than resolvable by optical microlithography. In charged-particlebeam (CPB) microlithography, the pattern is usually defined by a reticle. The reticle is illuminated by the charged particle beam; charged particles in the beam passing through the illuminated portion of the reticle carry downstream of the reticle an image of the illuminated portion. The image-carrying beam is focused onto a corresponding region of

80

Astigmatism

the substrate which is coated with a suitable "resist" that imprints the pattern. Thus, the reticle pattern is "transferred" to the substrate. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06441384__ •

Contact or intraocular lens and method for its preparation Inventor(s): Chateau; Nicolas (Paris, FR), Fermigier; Bruno (Paris, FR), Legras; Richard (Robinson, FR) Assignee(s): Ocular Sciences, Inc. (Concord, CA) Patent Number: 6,533,416 Date filed: July 20, 2001 Abstract: Toric contact or intraocular lenses having a correcting portion characterized by one or more novel constructions that each produce an optical path that improves angular misalignment tolerance. The lens may be constructed with a "smooth atoric" aspect where the optical path through the correcting portion of the lens corrects for both astigmatism and an axisymmetric aberration other than astigmatism, there being no sudden surface discontinuity between the regions that provide the different corrections (thus, "smooth"). In another embodiment, the lens may be constructed with so-called "sectors" circumferentially arranged around the optical axis such that an optical path through the correcting portion of the lens varies as a function of the angular separation from the reference meridian plane, and the correcting portion is divided into at least two sectors having different astigmatism correction axes. In either embodiment, the correcting surface may be provided on either or both of the anterior or posterior faces of the lens, and the optical performance of the lens in case of angular displacement (the "angular misalignment tolerance") is increased. Specifically, the angular misalignment tolerance is increased by at least 30% over a standard toric lens of the same class. Definition of the particular shape of the lens enables a mold die of that shape to be formed, or lens machining tools may be used. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to contact or intraocular lenses to correct the vision resulting from a possibly myopic or hyperopic and/or possibly presbyopic astigmatic eye. It is also known that the correction of presbyopia is advantageously obtained thanks to a complex surface which procures a progressive simultaneous vision correction, that is a correction whose spherical optical power varies delicately (and not abruptly) between the center and the periphery of the correcting zone, so that several images are simultaneously formed on the retina, the useful image being selected as a result of sorting by the cortex. For the toric surface of a contact lens to remain correctly positioned with regard to the eye, a means for the angular stabilization of the lens with respect to the eye must be provided, and, notably, a ballast prism which makes it possible to maintain the lens in position thanks to the weight, or bosses as described in French Patent No. 2,760,853, which use the dynamic effect produced by blinking the eyelids so that the lens remains permanently correctly positioned, or once again a progressive thinning or lightening at the top and bottom of the lens can be provided, along a direction which must correspond to the vertical direction of the eye, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,095,878, or a stabilization means which comprises a ballast and lightening at the top part of the lens, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,324,461. All these stabilization means, with the exception of the ballast prism, are located outside of the correcting portion of the contact lens, being located in the center of the lens at the level of the pupil of the eye to be corrected, for example, inside a circle having a radius of 4 mm centered about the optical axis of the lens.

Patents 81

Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06533416__ •

Corneal implant and method of manufacture Inventor(s): Nigam; Alok (Trabuco Canyon, CA) Assignee(s): Anamed, Inc. (Irvine, CA) Patent Number: 6,607,556 Date filed: September 6, 2000 Abstract: Prosthetic implants designed to be implanted in the cornea for modifying the cornea curvature and altering the corneal refractive power for correcting myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and presbyopia, and, in addition, such implants formed of a micro-porous hydrogel material. Excerpt(s): The field of this invention relates to prosthetic implants designed to be implanted in the cornea for modifying the cornea curvature and altering the corneal refractive power for correcting myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and presbyopia, and, in addition, to such implants formed of a micro-porous hydrogel material. It is well known that anomalies in the shape of the eye can be the cause of visual disorders. Normal vision occurs when light that passes through and is refracted by the cornea, the lens, and other portions of the eye, and converges at or near the retina. Myopia or nearsightedness occurs when the light converges at a point before it reaches the retina and, conversely, hyperopia or far-sightedness occurs when the light converges a point beyond the retina. Other abnormal conditions include astigmatism where the outer surface of the cornea is irregular in shape and effects the ability of light to be refracted by the cornea. In addition, in patients who are older, a condition called presbyopia occurs in which there is a diminished power of accommodation of the natural lens resulting from the loss of elasticity of the lens, typically becoming significant after the age of 45. Corrections for these conditions through the use of implants within the body of the cornea have been suggested. Various designs for such implants include solid and split-ring shaped, circular flexible body members and other types of ring-shaped devices that are adjustable. These implants are inserted within the body of the cornea for changing the shape of the cornea, thereby altering the its refractive power. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06607556__

•

CRT beam landing spot size correction apparatus and method Inventor(s): Ogura; Toshiyuki (San Diego, CA) Assignee(s): Sony Corporation (Tokyo, JP), Sony Electronics, Inc. (Park Ridge, NJ) Patent Number: 6,525,459 Date filed: October 14, 1999 Abstract: A 90 percent electron gun aperture astigmatism is used in conjunction with a four-pole electromagnet to make a CRT electron beam just focus point and minimum beam width occur closer to the same focus voltage. A single grid may have the 90 percent astigmatism, or astigmatisms in two or more grids may combine to produce an effective 90 percent astigmatism. A four-pole electromagnet is positioned around the focusing grid and current driving the electromagnet is varied with beam position during normal operation.

82

Astigmatism

Excerpt(s): This invention relates to cathode ray tube electron guns. More particularly, the invention relates to an electron gun configuration and a method for improving the electron beam landing geometry at the extreme edges of a cathode ray tube viewing screen. Cathode ray tubes (CRTs) used in consumer electronics, e.g., television receivers, must present good picture quality. One desirable quality is uniform picture brightness and color purity over the entire viewing screen. That is, a uniformly bright white picture should result when the CRT electron gun excites all viewing screen phosphor elements to emit visible light. Another desirable quality is good focus for the displayed picture. Both qualities depend on proper landing geometry of the electron beam incident on the excited phosphor. Proper landing geometry is difficult to obtain, especially in the corners, with viewing screens that are nearly flat and that have a high width to height aspect ratio such as 16:9. Beam 20 is directed against aperture grill 34 in which aperture slits 36 are defined. In this example, two slits 36 are shown. Portions 28a and 28b of beam 28 pass through the aperture slits 36 to illuminate, for example, blue phosphor stripes 38. Similarly, portions 30a and 30b of beam 30 illuminate, for example, green phosphor stripes 40, and portions 32a and 32b of beam 32 illuminate, for example, red phosphor stripes 42. As shown, phosphor stripes are separated by carbon stripes 44. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06525459__ •

Deformable mirror, in particular for a laser beam material machining apparatus Inventor(s): Bar; Klaus (Lauf, DE), Freisleben; Brigitte (Nurnberg, DE), Schmiedl; Reinhard (Weissenburg, DE) Assignee(s): Diehl Munitionssysteme GmbH & Co. KG (Rothenbach, DE) Patent Number: 6,467,915 Date filed: December 28, 2000 Abstract: In the case of a deformable mirror (11) with a mirror plate (13) which is in glass form in particular for high laser frequencies and an axial actuator (20) which concentrically engages the rear side of the mirror surface (17)--with a reduced actuator stroke movement for the same dome-like configuration height--the dome configuration of the convex curvature of the mirror surface (17) is now of larger area and at the same time better approximated to the desirable sphere if, instead of the central application of force, the arrangement provides for decentral application of force at diametrally opposite locations. For that purpose the actuator (20) operates on a ring (25) which is disposed behind the mirror plate 13 and which is preferably integral with the mirror plate (13). If the application of pressure to the rear side of the mirror plate (13) is not along a circular ring but a ring (25) which is of elliptical cross-section, then astigmatism effects are reliably avoided even with large angles of beam incidence. Besides being influenced by way of the cross-sectional geometry of the ring (25), the sphere of the mirror surface (17) can also be influenced by way of a centrally symmetrical weakening or reduction in thickness of the mirror plate (13), and also by a static increased pressure in a fluid-filled chamber (26) behind the mirror plate (13). Heat losses which occur in the mirror plate (13) are dissipated by way of the fluid filling of the chamber (26) and the relatively flexurally stiff rear wall (29) thereof, which is a good conductor of heat, into a heat exchange chamber (30) disposed therebehind as a heat sink, of a volume which is variable in dependence on pressure, and carried away with the forced circulation of a cooling agent (31) flowing therethrough. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a deformable mirror, in particular a mirror which is utilized for a laser beam material machining apparatus. A mirror of the general kind set

Patents 83

forth is known from U.S. Pat. No. 5,777,807. Such mirrors have been successfully used for years in laser machining machines in order to be able to determine in the beam path directly downstream of the laser source the beam size or directly upstream of the optical focusing system the geometry and the spacing of the focal spot, and in that case to be able to compensate for influences of variable beam path lengths, as described in greater detail in CH 686 032 A5. If however an existing laser beam machining apparatus is to be only subsequently equipped with such a deformable mirror as a process-optimising optical system, then its rearward structural length which is governed by the linear actuator can project into the path of displacement of the handling devices for the workpieces, which causes trouble. Having regard to the fact that in practice operation is increasingly being implemented with laser beams of larger diameters, it would also be desirable not only to provide that the reflective mirror plate surface is bulged out convexly in an approximately spherical cap-like configuration in the relatively close area around the central point of application of axial force to the centre of the mirror plate, but also to achieve deformation which approximates as closely as possible to a sphere over a surface area which is as large as possible in the area around the centre point of the mirror plate. Those aspects give rise to the present technical problem of so developing the deformable mirror of the general kind set forth, which in itself is tried and tested, in such a way that on the one hand a lower structural height is required for a predetermined stroke movement and on the other hand better spherically convex deformation is achieved with that stroke movement over even a relatively large mirror surface. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06467915__ •

External pupil lens system Inventor(s): Chen; Chungte W. (Irvine, CA), Hegg; Ronald G. (Vista, CA), King; William B. (Rancho Palos Verdes, CA) Assignee(s): Raytheon Company (Lexington, MA) Patent Number: 6,563,654 Date filed: April 12, 2001 Abstract: An external pupil lens system (200) with an entrance pupil distance at least three times that of the effective focal length. The lens system is comprised of several conventional lenses and a diffractive optical element (DOE) for secondary chromatic aberration correction. In the illustrative embodiment, the system includes an entrance pupil (50), followed by a lens group (52) containing two refractive elements for primary color correction. Next along the optical axis is lens group (54), which contains two refractive elements for astigmatism and higher order coma correction, followed by lens group (60), which contains one refractive element (62) and one DOE (64) for secondary color correction. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to optical systems. More specifically, the present invention relates to external pupil lens systems. Designing an external pupil imager in the visible spectral band is one of the most difficult tasks in lens design. The difficulty arises from the secondary chromatic aberration correction for the lateral and higher order aberrations such as spherochromatism and chromatic coma. Since the entrance pupil (aperture stop) is external to the optical system, any residual axial chromatic aberration and spherochromatism will introduce a significant amount of lateral chromatic aberration and chromatic coma. The difficulty in correcting the secondary chromatic aberration is due to the nonlinear property of the index of

84

Astigmatism

refraction of typical glass materials. Special glass materials such as KzSN4 and PSK52 can be used to minimize the secondary chromatic aberrations, but the lens curvatures will need to be very steep due to the inefficient nature of special glass material in primary chromatic aberration correction. Therefore, the lens tend to be very expensive and are difficult to fabricate and assemble. The aberrations are more pronounced when the pupil is further away from the lens. This is due to the fact that the intersection of the chief ray on each lens surface is further away from the optical axis. Additionally, the angle of incidence of the chief ray on the lens surface is often very steep. The pupil distance (from the entrance pupil to the first lens) of a typical external pupil lens system is limited to about 0.7 of the effective focal length (EFL). Even with lenses constructed of special glass materials, the entrance pupil distance is still limited to about 1.5 times the EFL. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06563654__ •

Imaging spectrograph for multiorder spectroscopy Inventor(s): Hilliard; Ronnie Lewis (6975 S. Redhill Rd., Vail, AZ 85641) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,628,383 Date filed: October 18, 2000 Abstract: The Ebert-type mounting is modified for use as a multiorder spectrograph, by replacing the spherical primary mirror of the Ebert with a paraboloidal mirror to eliminate the astigmatism and spherical aberration of the Ebert mounting, and by replacing the Ebert's rotating plane grating, normally blazed for use in the first order, with a fixed low-blaze-angle grating blazed at a longer wavelength such that the radiation at the shorter wavelengths, for which the grating will be used, will be most efficiently dispersed into a multiplicity of higher spectral orders. In a preferred embodiment of this invention, these spectral orders are separated using a twice-through cross-dispersing prism mounted near the grating surface, with the grating and prism mounted and aligned together in a crossed-dispersion assembly that is interchangeable with other crossed-dispersion assemblies containing other grating and prism combinations. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a simple, efficient and economic multiorder spectrograph based upon a modified Ebert-type mounting, using a standard low-blazeangle plane reflection grating as the multiorder dispersing element. This invention also relates to the efficient usage of the available pixels in a modern two-dimensional detector array, such as a CCD, by filling the array area with a multiorder spectral display covering wavelengths ranging from the vacuum ultraviolet to the infrared, either in their entirety or in selected wavelength segments, at medium to high spectral resolutions. Until recent years the photographic emulsion was typically used as the recording means in spectrographs. The advantage of the emulsion was that it provided durable data storage having an enormous number of detector elements (photographic grains) at low cost. But the low quantum efficiency (QE), and the numerous problems associated with processing and measuring photographic plates, gave rise to common usage of faster and more convenient scanning spectrometers, or monochromators, using a photomultiplier (PMT) for routine spectral measurements not requiring a large number of resolution elements. More recently, electronic detector arrays, such as CCDs, having large numbers of pixels, and QEs significantly higher over wider wavelength ranges than even PMTs, have become the detector of choice in spectroscopy. But

Patents 85

whereas the cost of those earlier detectors was normally a small fraction of the cost of the spectrograph, modern scientific-grade CCDs are often the most expensive part of the spectrograph system. This creates a significant need for an inexpensive highperformance spectrograph designed to make most efficient use of these powerful detector arrays, while keeping the overall cost of the spectrograph system within budget. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06628383__ •

Intracorneal lens placement method and apparatus Inventor(s): Feingold; Vladimir (31732 Isle Vista, Laguna, CA 92677) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,599,305 Date filed: June 2, 2000 Abstract: A method and apparatus for correcting vision, including a corneal-pocket keratome device to create a corneal pocket and a lens to be inserted and retained in the corneal pocket to effect correction. The corneal-pocket keratome includes a drive unit having cutting head elements which contact the subject eye during corneal pocket formation. The cutting head elements may be removeable and may be disposable. The cutting head elements include a corneal restraint device, which may be a positioning ring to position an eyeball with the cornea protruding through the ring; a keratome blade assembly with a corneal-pocket blade; and may also include an applanation shoe surface to restrain the cornea, in addition or instead of the positioning ring. The applanation shoe may be pivotable away from the surgical area. The corneal-pocket blade may include a guide which travels with the blade. The blade assembly oscillates laterally while extending forward into the cornea to form the pocket, and the amplitude of the lateral oscillation is preferably increased as the blade goes beyond an opening incision into the cornea. Lenses for this invention preferably include a feature to impede accidental lens movement after the lens is disposed within the corneal pocket, which may be a swelling after insertion or a circumferential irregularity. Lenses may be of Fresnel or non-Fresnel type, and may employ annular changes in the index of refraction of the lens material, as well as changes in refractive shape which may be annular or not, to effect variations in focal length for relieving presbyopia, astigmatism, and combinations of those as well as myopia and hyperopia. Drive control and vacuum for the positioning ring are provided under user command by a control unit having user inputs. Excerpt(s): The present invention pertains to the general field of ophthalmologic surgery, and in particular to surgical methods and devices for corneal implantation of optical lenses. Numerous ophthalmic surgical procedures have been developed for correcting imperfect visual acuity such as myopia or hyperopia. A variety of keratomes have been developed over recent decades, devices for performing corneal resectioning to permit access to inner portions of the cornea, where surgical reshaping may then be used to permanently correct vision defects. Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2a, a typical prior art resectioning operation will separate flap 6 of corneal (and epithelial) tissue 2 from eyeball 4. The outer layers of cornea and epithelial cells are separated and lifted away to expose the inner layers 12 of cornea 2, and are left attached only as flap 6. Exposed interior layers 12 of cornea 2 will to some extent adjust themselves, or their shape may be altered through further surgical steps, such as laser ablation or subsequent resectioning, to remove a contoured layer of corneal tissue. At the conclusion of the

86

Astigmatism

surgical procedure, flap 6 is typically replaced over inner corneal tissues 12 to protect the healing tissues. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06599305__ •

Laser fluence compensation of a curved surface Inventor(s): Kliewer; Michael L. (Ocoee, FL), Smith; Michael J. (Orlando, FL) Assignee(s): LaserSight Technologies, Inc. (Winter Park, FL) Patent Number: 6,572,606 Date filed: January 11, 2001 Abstract: A laser system and techniques which compensate for laser fluence drop off or losses of irradiation as an ablating laser beam is traversed on a curved surface (e.g., on corneal tissue). The disclosed ablating laser system and techniques compensate for fluence differentials from pulse-to-pulse by adjusting an appropriate parameter of a laser beam. In the preferred embodiment, the number of pulses imparted in the periphery, the size or shape of the ablating laser beam is adjusted with, e.g., a variable aperture placed in the beam delivery path, by changing a magnification of relay optics in the beam delivery path, or by increasing a number of ablation spots in peripheral portions of an ablation zone as compared with the number of ablation spots in a central portion of the ablation zone. The fluence is compensated for using empirically measured or theoretical fluence correction factors given the angle of the laser beam, size and shape of the ablation spot, etc. In addition to magnification adjustment, the present invention also employs the technique of changing the size of the aperture that is imaged o the eye to provide uniform energy density (i.e., fluence) throughout the entire area of the irradiation site. These techniques are used independently or in conjunction to reshape the curvature of the eye to correct myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism or combinations thereof. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a laser surgery system. More particularly, it relates to a non-contact laser ablation method and apparatus providing laser fluence compensation of a curved surface, especially a corneal surface. The cornea and lens of an eye act in unison on light entering the eye to focus the incoming light onto the retina. When the refractive power of the cornea and lens are optimized for the length of the eye, a sharp image is focused on the retina. Myopia (nearsightedness) is the result of blurred images caused when the focal point of the image is located before the retina. Hyperopia (farsightedness) is the result of blurred images caused when the focal point of the image is behind the retina. Astigmatism is a unique refractive error that causes reduced visual acuity and produces symptoms such as glare, monocular diplopia, asthenopia and distortion and occurs when the focus from tangential light rays are at a different point than the focus of the sagital light rays. Vision acuities result from refractive errors from the corneal of the eye and the lens within the globe of the eye. For example, nearsightedness, or myopia is a result of the shape of the corneal membrane being too steep. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06572606__

Patents 87

•

Method and apparatus for adjusting a charged particle beam of a beam optical system Inventor(s): Sugiyama; Yasuhiko (Chiba, JP) Assignee(s): Seiko Instruments, Inc. (Chiba, JP) Patent Number: 6,437,330 Date filed: July 26, 1999 Abstract: A method and apparatus for obtaining an observational image of a sample surface by scanning a charged particle beam to detect secondary charged particles given off from the sample surface. Charged particle beam focusing and astigmatism correction are performed by comparing scanning images: one image obtained from an initial adjusting value, and other images obtained from a.+-.DELTA. of the initial adjusting value, wherein.DELTA. is a known predetermined selected value. The clearest image of the images is selected, and the adjusting value of the clearest image is then set as the new initial adjusting value. The entire scanning, comparison, and adjusting process is repeated until an optimal satisfactory image is obtained. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an adjusting method and apparatus for a beam optical system in a scanning microscope that scans and irradiates a charged particle beam to a sample surface and detects emitted secondary charged particles to obtain an observational image. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method and apparatus suited for adjusting a focus correction and an astigmatism correction of a focused ion beam microscope. The existence of scanning ion microscopes (SIM) and electron microscopes for use as high-magnification microscopes is widely known. Although similar in principle to scanning electron microscopes (SEM), scanning ion microscopes are significantly different in that ions, instead of electrons, are irradiated as a beam to a sample surface, and in that secondary charged particles given off from the sample surface are not limited to only electrons, but include ions as well. Because of the difference in the secondary charged particles given off in using SEM's and SIM's, the scanning images also differ in resolution depending on the different types of sample materials being scanned. Accordingly, it is a common practice to select an ion beam microscope when the SIM image is clearer than that of a SEM image for a particular type of sample being examined. Both SEM and SIM images may also be obtained to compare both of the scanned images to enable further detailed observation. The focused ion beam apparatus has been in use in the semiconductor manufacturing field for about ten years. However, there has been some recent developments in the basic performance of the ion beam optical system. The high-brightness and highresolution powered systems have become observational microscopes, while the highaccuracy systems have become processing apparatuses used to form and shape the samples. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06437330__

•

Method and apparatus for creating a flap in the cornea and incisions or shrinkage under the flap to correct vision disorders Inventor(s): Peyman; Gholam A. (8654 Pontchartrain Blvd., Unit #1, New Orleans, LA 70124) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,458,141 Date filed: March 10, 2000

88

Astigmatism

Abstract: An apparatus and method for precisely forming a flap in the live cornea about at least a portion of the circumference of the live cornea, and then, if desired, forming incisions or tissue shrinkage in the live cornea under the flap without removing or ablating any tissue, and without damaging the Bowman's layer, to correct vision disorders in the eye such as astigmatism, myopia, hypertrophic, hyperopia and presbyopia, to name a few. The apparatus and method employ a stabilizing device and a cutting tool. The stabilizing device is adapted to be attached to the front surface of a live cornea to apply suction to the live cornea which prevents the live cornea from moving when the cutting is being performed. The cutting tool can be, for example, a blade, water jet, laser, or any combination thereof, that is directed toward the cornea that is stabilized in the stabilizing device to cut the flap in the cornea, which can be through the front surface of the cornea about at least a portion of the periphery of the cornea, or can be through the front surface of the cornea is a manner similar to the LASIK procedure described above. The blade or laser can further be used to cut differently-shaped incisions under the flap, such as radial incisions, actuate incisions, and so on, as desired, to correct the vision disorder. Also, tools such as a laser, diathermy device, or microwave emitting device can be used, as desired, to create shrinkage under the flap without ablating the tissue or removing any tissue, to further correct vision disorders. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for creating a flap in a live cornea of an eye and creating incisions or shrinkage under the flap, as appropriate, to correct vision disorders without damaging the Bowman's layer of the eye. More particularly, the present invention relates to an apparatus and method employing a cutting tool, such as a blade, water jet or laser, that can be directed to cut a flap in a live cornea, along with incisions or shrinkage under the flap, as appropriate, to correct vision disorders such as astigmatism, myopia, hyperopia or presbyopia, when the flap is allowed to relax back onto the remainder of the cornea and the incisions and shrinkage areas are permitted to heal. A normal ametropic eye includes a cornea, lens and retina. The cornea and lens of a normal eye cooperatively focus light entering the eye from a far point, i.e., infinity, onto the retina. However, an eye can have a disorder known as ametropia, which is the inability of the lens and cornea to focus the far point correctly on the retina. Typical types of ametropia are myopia, hypertrophic or hyperopia, astigmatism and presbyopia. A myopic eye has either an axial length that is longer than that of a normal ametropic eye, or a cornea or lens having a refractive power stronger than that of the cornea and lens of an ametropic eye. This stronger refractive power causes the far point to be projected in front of the retina. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06458141__ •

Method for controlling digital dynamic convergence and system thereof Inventor(s): Cho; Ho Jin (Seoul, KR), Moon; Bong Mo (Suwon-Shi, KR), Shim; Ick Chan (Suwon-Shi, KR) Assignee(s): Samsung Electro-Mechanics Co., Ltd. (Kyungki-do, KR) Patent Number: 6,437,522 Date filed: May 25, 2001 Abstract: The invention and method enable the astigmatism correction at each crossing point of a cross hatch pattern, thereby making high-resolution display possible. An appropriate voltage or current for controlling the magnetic field adjusting coils are generated from the correction data stored in a memory. The voltage or current

Patents 89

generated are then applied to two poles, four poles or six poles during scanning of the screen. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a device for controlling dynamic convergence by using a digital controlling method to correct arbitrary convergence astigmatism of a screen in a reflection yoke of a CRT picture device, and in particular, to a method for controlling digital dynamic convergence and a system thereof to perform individual and independent correction of the convergence with respect to each crossing point of a cross hatch pattern on a screen by receiving correction data from outside and storing the same in memory, reading the correction data from the memory, and converting the correction data to a voltage or a current so as to have a structure of outputting to magnetic field adjusting coils. The present invention also relates to a method for controlling digital dynamic convergence and a system thereof for correcting convergence that enables a worker to perform approximate correction by generating correction data according to linear interpolation with respect to areas between crossing points when correcting each of the crossing points on a screen of a cross hatch pattern. In general, the deflection yoke (DY) performs a function of deflecting R, G, B electron beams to desired positions on a screen of a CRT picture device. As the screens tend to be highly defined, it is impossible to achieve the converging function of the screen with the deflection yoke alone. Therefore, diverse kinds of correcting devices are usually mounted on the deflection yoke. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06437522__ •

Method of averaging focus through scattered energy determination Inventor(s): Adams; Thomas Evans (Emmaus, PA) Assignee(s): Lucent Technologies Inc. (Murray Hill, NJ) Patent Number: 6,500,591 Date filed: February 9, 1999 Abstract: A method to achieve good stepper focus and exposure over an entire wafer for a particular mask level before the start of a product run is described. This method can also be used to produce a characterization of lens field curvature (i.e., a surface of optimum focus across the lens) and to characterize lens astigmatism, defocus sensitivity, relative resolution, and other characteristics, and to check the stepper for optical column tilt. The process prevents the complexities of resist development from affecting determination of focus. The process involves forming an array of latent images in a resist and examining the scattered light from the edges of the latent images. Analysis of the scattered light quickly provides information on correct exposure and focus together with lens characteristics over the printing field. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates somewhat generally the production of latent photographic images in resist materials and includes the equipment and processes used. Somewhat more particularly, it also relates to methods of semiconductor integrated circuit fabrication which advantageously utilize latent images produced in resist-type materials. It also relates to the design of lithography equipment utilizing latent images. The following paragraphs include a general discussion of lithography, an explanation of latent imagery, and some discussion of the methods (including latent image measurements) that lithographers use to determine whether their processes are working properly. Many modem semiconductor fabrication processes involve the deposition of a photosensitive resist material upon a substrate such as a wafer (which may have various

90

Astigmatism

material layers formed upon it). The resist material is then exposed to radiation of a particular frequency (or to particles) through a reticle. The radiation interacts with the resist material and produces a pattern which may be considered a three-dimensional distribution of chemical species within the resist. This three-dimensional distribution within the resist is termed a "latent image." Generally speaking, there is desirably a strong correlation between any horizontal (i.e., parallel to the plane of the substrate or wafer) cross-section through the resist material and the image (as spatially filtered by a lens) that the reticle was designed to generate. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06500591__ •

Multimode multi-track optical recording system Inventor(s): Gelbart; Daniel (Vancouver, CA) Assignee(s): Creo Inc. (Burnaby, CA) Patent Number: 6,646,669 Date filed: December 14, 2000 Abstract: A method and apparatus for an improved multimode multi-track optical recording system are disclosed. A monolithic array of individually addressable multimode laser diode stripes is imaged onto a recording media, where the individual diode stripe images form a plurality of tracks. Introduction of astigmatism between each multimode laser diode and the recording medium causes the diode stripe images to be relatively sharply focussed on their short axes, but less focussed on their elongated axes. This blurring of the diode stripe images on their elongated axes at the surface of the recording media overcomes near-field non-uniformity in the power distribution of the multimode diode, increasing the reliability and overall performance of the recording system. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to multimode multi-track optical reading and recording using multimode laser diodes. Semiconductor laser diodes are available as single mode or multimode diodes. The radiation emissions of single mode laser diodes are effectively modelled as point sources and are diffraction limited in their divergence on all axes. In contrast, multimode diodes typically have laser junctions which emit radiation along stripes having an elongated axis and a short axis; for this reason multimode diodes are often referred to as "stripe" type laser diodes. Multimode laser diodes are diffraction limited in the direction perpendicular to the junction (their short axis), but have nondiffraction limited divergence in the direction parallel to the laser junction (their elongated axis). The region through which radiation emitted from a diode's laser junction is permitted to escape into the environment surrounding the diode is referred to as the "emitting aperture" of the diode. The emitting aperture of a multimode diode is generally elongated and can comprise a single or continuous stripe, a collection of short stripes or even a collection of single mode laser junctions electrically connected in parallel. In this document, the phrases "multimode diode" and "multimode laser diode" should be understood to incorporate each of these different diode constructions. In addition, laser diodes can emit radiation of various different frequencies and any reference to "light" in this document should be understood to incorporate any radiation frequency. Furthermore, reference is made throughout this document to the "short axis" and the "elongated axis". These axes relate to the stripe shape of the emitting aperture of a multimode diode, but are also used as convenient references to directions in space (e.g. a direction may be described as being parallel to the elongated axis).

Patents 91

Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06646669__ •

Objective lens, optical pickup device and optical disk device Inventor(s): Asoma; Yoshito (Saitama, JP) Assignee(s): Sony Corporation (JP) Patent Number: 6,434,104 Date filed: February 21, 2001 Abstract: An objective lens comprises a single objective lens adapted to a finite system having first and second aspherical surfaces and a hologram is formed on at least one of said aspherical surfaces. The light of the positive 1st order or that of the negative 1st order of the hologram is subjected to optimal correction of spherical aberration under actual operating conditions. When a semiconductor laser is used as light source, the change in the spherical aberration caused by the change in the refractive index arising as a result of the change in the environmental temperature of the medium between the first surface and the second surface is substantially offset by the change in the spherical aberration of the hologram attributable to the change in the oscillation wavelength of the semiconductor laser of the light source caused by the change in the environmental temperature so that, if the objective lens has a numerical aperture greater than 0.5, the astigmatism is favorably corrected regardless of the change in the environment particularly in terms of temperature. Such an objective lens can make it easy to downsize an optical pickup device comprising it. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an objective lens, to an optical pickup device comprising such an objective lens and also to an optical disk device comprising such an optical pickup device. A number of different types of optical recording medium such as optical disks have been proposed along with optical pickup devices adapted to write information signals to and read information signals from such an optical recording medium. There have also been proposed a number of different optical disk devices comprising an optical pickup device and adapted to record information signals to and reproduce information signals from an optical disk that is used as optical recording medium. An optical pickup device is provided with a semiconductor laser operating as light source. The flux of light emitted from the semiconductor laser is converged onto the signal recording surface of the optical recording medium by means of an objective lens. Then, the optical pickup device detects the flux of light reflected by the signal recording surface of the optical recording medium by means of its optical detector. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06434104__

•

Offset ablation profiles for treatment of irregular astigmatism Inventor(s): Clapham; Terrance N. (Jamestown, CA) Assignee(s): Visx, Incorporated (Santa Clara, CA) Patent Number: 6,572,607 Date filed: March 29, 2001 Abstract: A near-term customized ablation capabilities for treatment of corneal irregularities by ablating laterally offset refractive therapy profiles is provided. These treatment profiles may, when centered on the eye, be suitable for treatment of standard

92

Astigmatism

refractive errors such as myopia, hyperopia, and cylindrical astigmatism. By selectively offsetting one or more of these ablation profiles at selected points across the corneal surface, the laser system can reduce refractive errors resulting from corneal irregularities such as irregular astigmatism, corneal steepening in one quadrant, asymmetrical astigmatism, irregularities inadvertently produced by a prior refractive treatment (such as radial keratotomy incisions, a decentered ablation, or the like), granular dystrophy, diffuse, asymmetric warpage as a result of post-corneal transplants, bilateral keratoconus, penetrating keratoplasty, or the like. Excerpt(s): This invention generally relates to laser eye surgery, and in particular, provides methods, devices, and systems for selectively ablating corneal tissue to improve the vision of patients having corneal irregularities. Laser eye surgery systems and methods are now used to correct defects in vision using a technique known as ablative photodecomposition. In general, these techniques selectively expose the cornea to laser radiation so as to selectively remove and resculpt the cornea and achieve a desired change in shape of the cornea to treat an optical defect. Laser eye surgery is now being used to treat a variety of vision defects, including myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), and symmetrical cylindrical astigmatisms. To achieve these results, known laser eye surgery systems make use of a variety of mechanisms to selectively expose the corneal tissue to the ablative laser energy so as to change the optical characteristics of the eye uniformly throughout the optically used portion of the cornea. Often times, the desired change in shape is effected by selectively removing corneal tissue according to a spherical ablation profile (for example, for treatment of myopia and hyperopia). Cylindrical astigmatism is often treated by selectively removing corneal tissue according to a cylindrical profile, in which the cylinder extends laterally across the optical axis of the eye. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06572607__ •

Optical characteristic measuring apparatus Inventor(s): Fukuma; Yasufumi (Tokyo, JP), Mihashi; Toshifumi (Tokyo, JP) Assignee(s): Kabushiki Kaisha Topcon (JP) Patent Number: 6,540,692 Date filed: March 16, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus for the precision measurement of the optical characteristics of the eye and the shape of the cornea of the eye. An object of the present invention is to provide an optical characteristic measuring apparatus capable measuring the optical characteristics of an irregular astigmatism component. An illuminating optical system illuminates a minute region on the retina of the eye with light rays emitted by an illuminating light source, a reflected light guiding optical system guides reflected light rays reflected from the retina of the eye to a light receiving device, a converting device converts the reflected light rays into at least seventeen light beams, a light receiving device receives the plurality of light beams from the converting device, and an arithmetic unit determines the optical characteristics of the eye and the shape of the cornea on the basis of the inclination of the light rays determined by the light receiving device. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an apparatus for the precision measurement of the optical characteristics of the eye and the shape of the cornea and, more particularly, to an optical characteristic measuring apparatus capable of measuring the

Patents 93

optical characteristics of an irregular astigmatism component. A conventional optical characteristic measuring apparatus for measuring the optical characteristics of the eye known as a refractometer is capable of expressing the optical characteristics of the eye merely as a spherical component, a regular astigmatism component and the angle of the axis of the regular astigmatism component. Some eyes have an irregular astigmatism component in addition to a regular astigmatism component. Irregular astigmatism cannot be corrected by a pair of spectacles if the quantity of the irregular astigmatism component is large, contact lens must be used instead of a pair of spectacles lens, and the eye must be examined by a medical doctor. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06540692__ •

Optical pickup apparatus having wedge-shaped beam splitter(s) Inventor(s): Lee; Hyoung Jae (Kyunggi-do, KR) Assignee(s): LG Electronics Inc. (Seoul, KR) Patent Number: 6,611,383 Date filed: September 1, 2000 Abstract: The optical pickup includes one or more light sources and beam splitter which is placed in the light-incident path beginning from the light sources and selectively reflects or transmits the light beams emitted by the light sources, the light-incident side of the beam splitter not being parallel with the light-exiting side of the beam splitter. The beam splitter is a wedge-shaped plate, the light-incident side being more inclined than the light-exiting side with respect to the optical axis. The optical pickup employing the wedge-shaped beam splitter creates an optical spot with little astigmatism on the optical disk. Moreover, using the wedge-shaped beam splitter remarkably reduces manufacturing cost because the wedge-shaped beam splitter, like plate-type beam splitters, does not have the manufacturing difficulties of prism-type beam splitters. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an optical pickup apparatus for preventing astigmatic aberration. Optical pickup apparatuses for retrieving/recording data from/on optical disks such as CDs or DVDs employ beam splitters to separate the laser beam emitted by a laser diode from the beam reflected by the optical disk or to separate the optical path for CDs from the optical path for DVDs. Most commonly used beam splitters are prism-type beam splitters and plate-type beam splitters. To retrieve/record data from/on an optical disk, the laser beam emitted by a laser diode should be focused to a single point on the optical disk. The plate-type beam splitters, therefore, are not appropriate for this purpose and accordingly most optical pickups employ prism-type beam splitters positioned in the light-incident path from the laser diode to the optical disk. The plate-type beam splitters are sometimes used to deliberately induce astigmatic aberration in the optical path from the optical disk to optical detectors. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06611383__

94

Astigmatism

•

Optical pickup device minimizing an undesirable astigmatism Inventor(s): Yanagawa; Naoharu (Tokorozawa, JP) Assignee(s): Pioneer Corporation (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,567,354 Date filed: January 3, 2002 Abstract: An optical pickup device comprises an objective lens unit having an objective lens, a support member for supporting the objective lens and an objective-lens driving mechanism for driving the objective lens in a radial direction and a focusing direction of an optical disc in such a way that a light beam is focused on an information recording surface of the optical disc; and a main unit having an optical irradiation system which includes a light source for emitting a light beam and guides the light beam to the objective lens, and an optical detection system which includes a photo-sensor and guides reflected light from the information recording surface to the photo-sensor via the objective lens. The optical pickup apparatus further has a tilt-position-adjusting mechanism for supporting the objective lens unit on the main unit and tilting an optical axis of the objective lens with respect to an optical axis of the optical irradiation system in such a way as to minimize an undesirable astigmatism given by the optical disc and optical elements in the optical irradiation system and the optical detection system. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to an optical pickup device for use in an optical information recording/reproducing apparatus that records and/or reproduces signals from an optical information medium such as an optical disc. For a recording/reproducing apparatus for recording/reproducing information on an optical disc, loaded therein, such as an optical video disc, a digital audio disc, and so on, a focus servo and a tracking servo are essential for always accurately converging light beams for writing and reading information to a pit train or the like formed spirally or concentrically on a recording surface of the optical disc. The focus servo performs a positional control for an objective lens, used to irradiate a pit train on the optical disc with light beams, in an optical axis direction so as to reduce a focus error, i.e., an error of the position of the objective lens in the optical axis direction with respect to the focus position of the objective lens. The tracking servo performs a positional control for the position of the objective lens, used to irradiate a pit train on the optical disc with a light beams, with respect to a recording track in a radial direction of the optical disc, so as to reduce a tracking error, i.e., an error of the objective lens with respect to the pit train recording track position. A laser beam from a semiconductor laser 1 is transformed into a parallel laser beam by a collimator lens 2, passes through a polarizing beam splitter 3, and is converged by an objective lens 4 toward an optical disc 5 to form a light spot onto a pit train on an information recording surface of the optical disc 5. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06567354__

•

Optical pickup for performing recording or reading operation on recording medium having prepits Inventor(s): Shimoda; Yoshitaka (Tokorozawa, JP), Yanagawa; Naoharu (Tokorozawa, JP), Yoshida; Masayoshi (Tokorozawa, JP) Assignee(s): Pioneer Electronic Corporation (Tokyo-to, JP) Patent Number: 6,577,565 Date filed: July 2, 1999

Patents 95

Abstract: An optical pickup for reading information from a recording medium having a plurality of prepits or for recording information onto the recording medium is provided. The optical pickup includes: a light emitting device for emitting a light beam to the recording medium; a dividing device for dividing the light beam reflected by the recording medium into a first divided beam and a second divided beam; an astigmatism producing device for producing astigmatism in the first divided beam; a first light receiving device for receiving the first divided beam from the astigmatism producing device; and a second light receiving device for receiving the second divided beam from the dividing device. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an optical pickup for achieving recording/reproduction of information in such an information recording medium as DVD and for detecting prepits which are preliminarily recorded on the information recording medium and which indicate various control information such as address information. Recently, in an information recording medium in which information can be additionally written, such as DVD-R (DVD-Recordable), a plurality of prepits indicating various control information such as address information are preliminarily formed on the information recording medium at preformat stage. When recording or reproduction is carried out with respect to the information recording medium, necessary control information is obtained by detecting the prepits. The prepits are generally formed as phase pits in a land track of the information recording medium. The detection of the prepits is carried out with a light receiving device installed in an optical pickup which is usually used for reproduction of information pits. That is, both the detection of the prepits and the detection of the information pits are simultaneously carried out with the single light receiving device. To realize a focusing servo control, astigmatic method is used. The astigmatic method is a method of detecting a focus error by positively using astigmatism. To produce astigmatism in a light beam, a multilens or a cylindrical lens is used as the optical system in the optical pickup. In such an optical pickup, the light beam is passed through the multilens or the cylindrical lens and then is entered the light receiving device. The light receiving device thus generates a detection signal corresponding to the received light beam. This detection signal is utilized for generation of an RF (Radio Frequency) signal, detection of a tracking error, detection of the prepits, and other various operations as well as detection of the focus error. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06577565__ •

Optical system for optical disk, optical head unit for optical disk, and optical drive device Inventor(s): Sasano; Tomohiko (Osaka, JP), Tanaka; Yasuhiro (Ashiya, JP), Yamagata; Michihiro (Osaka, JP) Assignee(s): Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. (Kadoma, JP) Patent Number: 6,590,717 Date filed: May 2, 2002 Abstract: An optical system for an optical disk, comprising a light source (61), a collimating optical system (63) for converting a luminous flux from the light source into parallel rays of light, and an object lens (66) for condensing the parallel rays onto the information recording surface (71) of an optical disk. The object lens consisting of two or three lenses and having a numerical aperture (NA) of at least 0.82 enables a high-density recording. Since a third-order astigmatism produced when the object lens is tilted 0.7 degree with respect to an optical axis is as small as up to 10 m lambda, a residual

96

Astigmatism

aberration, after a third-order comatic aberration produced when the optical disk is tilted due to warping or the like is corrected by tilting the optical lens, can be reduced. Therefore, a tilted optical disk still can ensure a satisfactory recording and/or reproducing quality. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an optical system for use with an optical disk, which focuses a luminous flux from a light source on an information recording surface of an optical disk such as a digital video disk, a digital audio disk, or an optical memory disk for use in a computer. The present invention also relates to an optical head device that is provided with the optical system for use with an optical disk, and to an optical drive device that is provided with the optical system for use with an optical disk. Generally, in optical head devices for use with optical disks, many of the lenses used as objective lenses for recording information or reproducing recorded information by focusing light so as to form a point image at the diffraction limit on an information recording surface of an optical disk are single lenses having aspherical surfaces. The following will describe a conventional optical head device, while referring to the drawings. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06590717__ •

Overlay mark for concurrently monitoring alignment accuracy, focus, leveling and astigmatism and method of application thereof Inventor(s): Chang; Hsiu-Man (Kaohsiung, TW), Hsieh; Jung-Yu (Taipei Hsien, TW), Wu; Te-Hung (Kaohsiung, TW) Assignee(s): United Microelectronics Corp. (Hsinchu, TW) Patent Number: 6,536,130 Date filed: November 30, 2001 Abstract: An overlay mark for concurrently monitoring alignment accuracy, focus, leveling and astigmatism and a method of application thereof are disclosed. The overlay mark comprises four inner bars and four outer bars formed at the corners of exposure areas. The inner bar has a sawtooth area and a bar-shaped area, and the outer bar is a fore-layer etched pattern. Both the inner bars and the outer bars are formed into rectangles, and each bar is one side of a rectangle and none of the sides are connected. The sawtooth areas of the inner bars disposed on opposite sides are located at a same position. The rectangle formed by the outer bars encloses the rectangle formed by the inner bars. During the monitoring process, a testing beam scans across a scan area being divided into two areas, i.e., one being the outer bars and the sawtooth area of the inner bars, and the other one being the outer bars and the bar-shaped area of the inner bars. Excerpt(s): This application claims the priority benefit of Taiwan application serial no. 90127629, filed Nov. 7, 2001. The present invention relates to an overlay mark and method of application thereof, and in particular, an overlay mark for concurrently monitoring the alignment accuracy, focus, leveling and astigmatism and method of application the overlay mark. As the dimension of the semiconductor becomes smaller, and with higher levels of integration, the fabrication processes are more complicated and more difficult. Thus, the direction of semiconductor manufacturers has turned to monitoring and controlling, by employing real-time measuring devices, to real-time respond/solve problems so as to lower damages caused by fabrication process errors. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06536130__

Patents 97

•

Pre-fabricated corneal tissue lens method of corneal overlay to correct vision Inventor(s): Perez; Edward (Menlo Park, CA) Assignee(s): Tissue Engineering Refraction, Inc. (Menlo Park, CA) Patent Number: 6,544,286 Date filed: July 18, 2000 Abstract: This invention relates to a contact lens made of donor corneal tissue, to a method of preparing that lens, and to a technique of placing the lens on the eye. The lens is made of donor corneal tissue that is acellularized by removing native epithelium and keratocytes. These cells are replaced with human epithelium and keratocytes to form a lens that has a structural anatomy similar to human cornea. The ocular lens is used to correct conditions such as astigmatism, myopia, aphakia, and presbyopia. Excerpt(s): This invention is in the field of ophthalmology. More particularly, it relates to a living contact lens made of donor corneal tissue, to a method of preparing that lens, and to a technique of placing the lens on the eye. The visual system allows the eye to focus light rays into meaningful images. The most common problem an ophthalmologist or optometrist will encounter is that of spherical ammetropia, or the formation of an image by the eye which is out of focus with accommodation due to an improperly shaped globe. The ophthalmologist or optometrist determines the refractive status of the eye and corrects the optical error with contact lenses or glasses. Many procedures have been developed to correct spherical ammetropia by modifying the shape of the cornea. Light entering the eye is first focused by the cornea, which possesses approximately 75% of the eye's overall refractory power. The majority of refractive operations involve either decreasing or increasing the anterior curvature of the cornea. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06544286__

•

Prolate shaped corneal reshaping Inventor(s): Holladay; Jack T. (5108 Braeburn Dr., Bellaire, TX 77401), Marrou; Lance R. (9313 Pine Meadows Ct, Orlando, FL 32825), Smith; Michael J. (10143 Rivers Trail Dr., Orlando, FL 32817), Terry; Travis D. (5824 Auvers Blvd., #105, Orlando, FL 32807) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,610,048 Date filed: October 5, 2000 Abstract: Apparatus and techniques for performing prolate shaped corneal reshaping. In accordance with the techniques, an ablation scanning laser system includes fitter modules to fit input refractive or topographical measurement data to a three (3) variable ellipsoid model. This provides pre- and post-operative approximations of a cornea. A desired prolate shaped ablation profile is determined based on a desired prolate ellipsoidal shape. In accordance with the principles of the present invention, the spheroequivalent ellipsoid model has only three degrees of freedom (not four as in a conventional biconic technique) to define a desired ablation profile, providing extremely accurate and predictable long term vision correction. To arrive at an ellipsoid model having only three numbers of freedom, a spheroequivalent (SEQ) value of asphericity Q.sub.SEQ is generated. The spheroequivalent eccentricity Q.sub.SEQ value replaces two degrees of freedom (i.e., eccentricities) in an otherwise conventional biconic modeling system, leaving only three (3) variables to determine for a best fit ellipsoid to a

98

Astigmatism

corneal surface, to make accurate prolate ellipsoidal modeling of a cornea possible, and to limit results to regular astigmatism that can be corrected with optical spherocylinders. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to apparatus for use in reshaping the cornea of a human eye. More particularly, it relates to human corneal refractive surgery and techniques and apparatus used to model the human eye as an ellipsoid to determine a desired refractive correction. First generation ablating excimer laser systems are characterized by relatively large diameter laser beams (6 mm), low laser pulse repetition rates (10 Hz), and mechanical means for shaping the resultant ablation profile. These older generation systems cannot achieve the accuracy required to shape the ablation profiles described in this disclosure, nor do they have the resolution necessary to achieve optimal refractive results. The excimer laser system described herein is a later generation system incorporating a small diameter laser beam (1 mm), operating at relatively high laser pulse repetition rate (100-200 Hz), and incorporating computer controlled x-y scanning to control the ablation pattern. However, the cornea is not exactly spherical, and ablation systems and techniques which determined a closest fit sphere to a patient's cornea where somewhat inaccurate because of the differences between the actual shape of the cornea and the best fit sphere modeling the cornea used by the ablation system. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06610048__ •

Reducing postoperative astigmatism Inventor(s): Hayashi; Masaaki (Ikoma, JP), Hikida; Mitsushi (Ikoma, JP) Assignee(s): Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 6,645,936 Date filed: November 4, 1997 Abstract: An object of the present invention is to find a drug which is useful for prevention of postoperative astigmatism. The present invention provides a preventive for postoperative astigmatism which comprises lactoferrin as an active ingredient. A preferred dosage form of the preventive for postoperative astigmatism is an ophthalmic solution, and a preferred concentration of lactoferrin is 0.1 to 1.0% (w/v). Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a preventive for postoperative astigmatism which comprises lactoferrin as an active ingredient. Surgical techniques which are safe and hardly cause inflamation have been established in recent cataract surgery and corneal transplantation. A problem of surgeons is to suppress postoperative disorders. One of serious postoperative disorders is astigmatism caused by distortions of a wound closure site, so-called postoperative astigmatism. Various attempts have hitherto been made in order to reduce postoperative astigmatism. For example, in cataract surgery, postoperative astigmatism can be reduced by incising sclera and cornea simultaneously (hereinafter referred to as sclerocorneal incision), and injecting an intraocular irrigating solution after phacoemulsification to self-close the wound. This method has also an effect that infiltration of inflammatory cells caused by sutures is not observed in an early period after surgery since no suture is used (Journal of Japanese Ophthalmological Society, 9, 636-640 (1994)). In addition, it is reported that early suture removal is possible and postoperative astigmatism is reduced by trephining host cornea in two stages in penetrating keratoplasty (Japanese Journal of Ophthalmic Surgery, 6, 319-323 (1993)). These reports relate to methods of preventing postoperative astigmatism mainly by

Patents 99

improvement of the surgical procedures. On the other hand, as an example of using drugs, it is reported that astigmatism, which is observed just after surgery, is reduced by using a bioadhesive such as fibrin glue after sclerocorneal suture in cataract surgery and removing a suture in an early stage (Journal of the Eye, 4, 250-252 (1987)). However, this method has some problems. For example, if the bioadhesive administered from the outside comes into contact with iris, the bioadhesive may adhere to the iris and cause inflammation. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06645936__ •

Stigmator assembly Inventor(s): Hosokawa; Fumio (Tokyo, JP) Assignee(s): Jeol Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,548,816 Date filed: July 24, 2001 Abstract: A stigmator assembly capable of correcting even three-fold astigmatism without increasing the size of an electron microscope or the like in which the assembly is mounted. Values indicating control parameters A.sub.3 and.theta.sub.h are set with control knobs and entered into a first arithmetic circuit. Values indicating control parameters A.sub.2 and.theta.sub.q are set with control knobs and input into a second arithmetic circuit. The first arithmetic circuit calculates current values for producing a corrective hexapole field, using the entered control parameters A.sub.3 and.theta.sub.h. The second arithmetic circuit calculates current values for producing a corrective quadrupole field, using the entered control parameters A.sub.2 and.theta.sub.q. An adder circuit supplies control currents into coils, respectively, the control currents corresponding to the sums of the values calculated by the arithmetic circuits. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a stigmator assembly for correcting astigmatism produced in an instrument using a charged-particle beam such as a transmission electron microscope and, more particularly, to a stigmator assembly capable of correcting even three-fold astigmatism. With respect to on-axis astigmatism due to parasitic aberration in a transmission electron microscope, the first-order on-axis astigmatism shows a two-fold symmetry from a viewpoint of geometrical optics, while the second-order on-axis astigmatism shows a three-fold symmetry. Generally, an electron microscope is equipped with an octopole coil assembly for introducing a quadrupole field in the plane of the opening to correct astigmatism with a two-fold symmetry (hereinafter referred to as two-fold astigmatism). The exciting currents through the coils are controlled to produce a magnetic field for canceling the two-fold astigmatism. Since the effect of astigmatism with a three-fold symmetry (hereinafter referred to as three-fold astigmatism) on the image is smaller than second-fold astigmatism, the necessity of correction of three-fold astigmatism has not been great. However, installation of a field emission gun or the like has increased the response characteristics of the electron microscope relative to the spatial frequency. Where such improved response characteristics are taken into consideration, image distortion due to three-fold astigmatism can no longer be neglected. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06548816__

100 Astigmatism

•

Super wide-angle panoramic imaging apparatus Inventor(s): Korein; James (Chappaqua, NY), Nayar; Shree K. (New York, NY), Peri; Venkata N. (Jersey City, NJ), Trubko; Sergey (Floral Park, NY) Assignee(s): Remote Reality (Westborough, MA) Patent Number: 6,611,282 Date filed: January 4, 2000 Abstract: A system for capturing super wide-angle panoramic images. In particular, a two-reflector system is disclosed which is substantially self-correcting in which optical aberrations are substantially eliminated, such as field curvature, astigmatism and the like. Moreover, the super wide-angle panoramic imaging apparatus of the invention captures a super-wide field of view from a substantially single reference viewpoint. The invention provides a substantially compact viewpoint, while also having a substantially flat and stigmatic image plane, in the context of a super wide-angle panoramic system. Devices and methods for capturing panoramic images of super wide-angle scenes are provided. In a particular embodiment of the invention, two reflectors are provided (e.g., one a hyperboloidal mirror, the other a concave ellipsoidal or spherical mirror), a relay system (e.g., optics such as a mirror, a lens, a pinhole and the like) and an image sensor (e.g., an electronic photo-sensor, a film and the like). Excerpt(s): This invention relates to panoramic image sensing of a super wide-angle field of view, and in particular, it relates to such image sensing using a two-mirror subsystem that is substantially self-corrected. The term "panoramic" means a 360.degree. field of view in a horizontal plane while the term "super wide-angle" means a 120.degree. or larger field of view in a vertical plane. Preferably, the field of view in a vertical plane is greater than about 1800. More preferably, it is greater than about 200.degree. And, for the desired apparatus, most preferably, it is greater than about 260.degree. A perspective imaging system collects rays of light from the scene that pass through a single point of reference and projects them onto a sensing element such as film or a charge coupled device (CCD). The single point of reference in the perspective imaging system is known as the viewpoint of the system. Yamazawa et al., "Omnidirectional Imaging with Hyperboloidal Projection", IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, 1993, by Nalwa, "A True Omnidirectional Viewer", ATT Bell Laboratories Technical Memorandum, BL0115500-960115-01, January 1996 and by Nayar, "Omnidirectional Video Camera", DARPA Image Understanding Workshop, May 1997, all incorporated herein by reference, describe the need for a single viewpoint. We have determined that the nature of light propagation through the imaging system and the shape of imaging sensor may introduce geometric transformations in the image projected onto the sensing element. In a large number of applications including surveillance, remote sensing, navigation, model acquisition, virtual reality, computer vision and robotics, it is desirable that these geometric transformations be corrected for the purposes of viewing and analysis. The lack of a single viewpoint introduces aberrations in pupils which manifests itself as uncorrectable geometric transformations (distortions). 1. Traditional imaging systems that image a narrow field of view, usually an octant of the sphere of view (up to 90 degrees). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06611282__

Patents 101

•

System for evaluating and correcting irregular astigmatism in the eye of a patient Inventor(s): Alpins; Noel Ami (7 Chesterville Road, Cheltenham, VIC 3192, AU) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,467,906 Date filed: May 26, 2000 Abstract: An apparatus for treating the eye of a patient having irregular astigmatism in which the astigmatism is measured in two hemidivisions of the eye and operational parameters are determined which would produce minimum astigmatism when measured refractively and topographically in each hemidivision. The operational parameters are combined to obtain surgical treatment parameters by which astigmatism remaining in the eye will be symmetrical and orthogonal. the surgical parameters are determined in a single stop by a computer program which receives the measured astigmatism as input values. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a system for analyzing and correcting irregular astigmatism to enable surgeons to correct irregular astigmatism in patients and particularly for achieving a symmetrical and orthogonal relationship in two hemidivisions of the cornea of the eye. The invention also relates to a computer program to analyze irregular astigmatism and provide surgical parameters for correction thereof. Current methods of analyzing astigmatism are confined to calculation of the vector of change surgically induced in attaining the post-operative result from the pre-operative state. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06467906__

•

Systems and methods for performing an eye examination Inventor(s): Wilson; Ralph C. (3411 Lakeshore Dr., Box 3, Lake George, NY 12845) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,450,643 Date filed: May 30, 2000 Abstract: Systems and methods for performing an eye examination are disclosed. In particular, an object is recorded by a recording mechanism. The recording is transferred to a computer system, which is accessible to users. As users view the recording of the object, the appearance thereof is altered. The user will observe the various appearances and select the appearance that is the best or most clear. A prescription will be assigned to each appearance so that upon selection by a user, the prescription can be noted and used to obtain any necessary eye wear. The present invention is useful in detecting and diagnosing various ocular disorders or refractive errors such as emmetropia, myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, presbyopia and the need for prismatic lenses. Excerpt(s): The present invention generally relates to systems and methods for performing an eye examination. More particularly the present invention generally relates to self-administered, computerized systems and methods for diagnosing an ocular disorder, such as a refractive error, and/or determining an eye wear prescription by altering the appearance of a recorded object. As technology increases and the popularity of the Internet continues to grow, the ability to perform everyday functions on-line becomes more prevalent. For example, users can now perform a variety of activities ranging from purchasing merchandise to securing travel reservations through

102 Astigmatism

world wide web sites. With the increasing capabilities of the Internet, users are now beginning to seek professional services, such as legal and medical services, while online. Heretofore, many have attempted to provide on-line medical tests. Examples of this are shown in the following references. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06450643__ •

Universal device and use thereof for the automatic adjustment of a projector Inventor(s): Thielemans; Robbie (Deerlijk, BE), Tydtgat; Claude (Ledegem, BE) Assignee(s): Barco N.V. (Frankrijklaan Poperinge, BE) Patent Number: 6,483,555 Date filed: December 11, 1998 Abstract: A universal device provided with means to be controlled by a control unit which forms part of a projector. The device, in conjunction with this control unit, can be used for the automatic adjustment of the projector. More specifically, the adjustments of convergence, geometry, focus, astigmatism, contrast modulation, gamma correction, soft edge, adjacent and overlapping geometry. In addition, the device provides support for non-adjustment tasks such as signal decoding, signal testing and analysis, peak detection, RAM expansion, wire-free transmission of information between at least two projectors. The universal device exhibits different operational characteristics in accordance with different applications imposed on it by the control unit of the projector. The device includes an analog-to-digital converter, a memory, a programmable digital component, and an interface to the control unit of the projector as some of the components. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a universal device, provided with means to be controlled by a control unit which forms art of a projector. The device in conjunction with this control nit can be used inter alia for the automatic adjustment of the projector. A standard CRT projector comprises three cathode ray tubes: one red, one green and one blue. Each of these cathode ray tubes is provided with projection means, which direct the light from these cathode ray tubes to a common screen. Three separate pictures are formed in this way, each in a different colour, which are superimposed on the screen. To obtain a good and clear picture on the screen, the different colours must be coordinated with one another. When a red, blue and green line are projected onto the screen, a white line can be seen on the superimposed picture when these three lines impinge exactly on each other, in other words when the convergence is well adjusted. Many systems have been devised to improve the accuracy of the convergence adjustment. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06483555__

Patent Applications on Astigmatism As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.7 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take

7

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

Patents 103

several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to astigmatism: •

Apparatus and method for customized laser correction of refractive error Inventor(s): O'Donnell, Francis E. JR.; (Town ?amp; Country, MO) Correspondence: Paul M. Denk; 763 S. New Ballas Road; St. Louis; MO; 63141; US Patent Application Number: 20030128334 Date filed: January 16, 2003 Abstract: Improved methods of spherical and astigmatic laser correction. By using an array of micro-charge coupled devices, a spatially-resolved refractive error map is generated which guides the treatment process. Improved astigmatic correction is provided by avoiding laser treatment of the unaffected cornea. Complex astigmatic corrections including lenticular astigmatism and mixed astigmatism are treated by first sphericizing the corneal surface before correcting the residual refractive error. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of the application having Ser. No. 09/662,013, filed on Sep. 14, 2000, which is a divisional application of the application having Ser. No. 08/771,802, filed on Dec. 20, 1996, which was a continuation-in-part of the application having Ser. No. 08/055,862, filed on May 3, 1993 now abandoned, which was a continuation-in-part of the application having Ser. No. 08/055,578, filed on May 3, 1993 and entitled "Method of Calibrating Lasers for Use in Ophthalmological Surgery," all of said applications being owned by a common assignee. This invention involves a method and apparatus useful in doing ophthalmological surgery, more specifically, to an improved method of performing laser surgery to correct refractive error, including astigmatism. Astigmatism is a visual impairment caused by a directional difference in refractive power of the cornea (and or lens) resulting in variations in refraction in the principal meridians of the eye. Prior art surgical techniques to correct the impairment consists of using laser such as a UV laser at 193 nm (excimer) or at 210 nm (diodepumped fifth harmonic of a Nd:Yag) or an IR laser (erbium) at 2900 nm to ablate the corneal surface to correct the spherical portion of the refractive error as well as the cylindrical portion of the refractive error. The latter has been shaped by using an expanding slit, or a combination of slit and an iris diaphragm mask, to orient the ablation along the desired meridian of the cornea. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

•

Astigmatism correcting optical coupler Inventor(s): Han, Xiaofeng; (Allentown, PA) Correspondence: Gates & Cooper LLP; Howard Hughes Center; 6701 Center Drive West, Suite 1050; Los Angeles; CA; 90045; US Patent Application Number: 20020181123 Date filed: September 4, 2001 Abstract: Presented herein is an astigmatism correcting coupler. The couplet comprises a collimating lens, a focusing lens, and a power adjusting lens element. The power adjusting lens element may be positioned intermediate the collimating lens and focusing lens, or positioned after the focusing lens element.

104 Astigmatism

Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to optical components. More particularly, the present invention relates to the coupling of light transmitted between two or more optical components. Most particularly, the present invention relates to the conditioning of an output lightwave from an edge-emitting diode laser to provide for improved coupling efficiencies between the laser and optical fiber. Astigmatism of an output beam results in lower coupling efficiencies into a fiber or other components resulting in a related loss of optical power where any such coupling takes place. As such, what is needed in the art is an astigmatism correcting coupler for coupling a lightwave into optical fiber or some other passive or active component. To address the deficiencies set out hereinabove, and in accordance with the present invention, an astigmatism correcting coupler (alternatively referred to as a "coupler") shall be disclosed including a preferred embodiment. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Charged-particle beam apparatus and method astigmatism of charged-particle beam apparatus

for

automatically

correcting

Inventor(s): Gunji, Yasuhiro; (Hitachiota, JP), Hayakawa, Koichi; (Hitachinaka, JP), Takeda, Masayoshi; (Mito, JP), Watanabe, Masahiro; (Yokohama, JP) Correspondence: Antonelli Terry Stout and Kraus; Suite 1800; 1300 North Seventeenth Street; Arlington; VA; 22209 Patent Application Number: 20030006371 Date filed: April 4, 2002 Abstract: In order to provide a charged-particle beam apparatus and an automatic astigmatism adjustment method that are capable of adjusting astigmatism and a focus in a short period of time and with a high degree of precision, the present invention implements fast, precise and automatic astigmatism and focus adjustment by detection of an astigmatic difference's direction and magnitude as well as a focal offset in processing to process a small number of 2-dimensional pictures obtained by varying a focus in two different scanning directions, and by transformation of the direction and magnitude into two kinds of astigmatism correction quantity to be used for correction of the astigmatism as well as transformation of the focal offset into a focus correction quantity to be used for correction of the focus.In addition, by correcting astigmaticdifference errors, it is possible to implement automatic adjustment of astigmatism and a focus with a high degree of precision. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a charged-particle beam apparatus for automatically adjusting astigmatism or the like in a charged-particle optical system for carrying out inspection, measurement, fabrication and the like with a high degree of precision by using a charged-particle beam, and relates to a method for automatically adjusting the astigmatism. For example, an electron-beam microscope is used as an automatic inspection system for inspecting and/or measuring a microcircuit pattern created on a semiconductor wafer or the like. In the case of defect inspection, a detected picture, which is an electronic beam picture detected by a scanning electron-beam microscope, is compared with a reference picture used as a reference. In addition, in the case of measurement of a line width, a hole diameter and other quantities of a microcircuit pattern, the measurement is carried out in picture processing by using an electron-beam picture detected by a scanning electron-beam microscope. The measurement of such quantities of a microcircuit pattern is carried out in setting and monitoring conditions of a process to manufacture a semiconductor device. In

Patents 105

comparative inspection for detecting a defect of a pattern by comparing electronic pictures of patterns and in measurement of a line width or another quantity of a pattern by processing an electronic picture as described above, the quality of the electronic picture has a big effect on reliability of a result of the inspection. The quality of an electronic picture deteriorates due to deterioration in resolution or the like caused by aberration and defocus of an electron-beam optical system. The deterioration in picture quality deteriorates the inspection sensitivity and the measurement performance. In addition, the width of a pattern on a picture changes and a stable result of detection of a picture edge cannot be obtained. Thus, the sensitivity of detection of a defect and a result of measurement of a line width of a pattern as well as a result of measurement of hole diameter also become instable. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Compact near-eye illumination system Inventor(s): Gleckman, Philip L.; (Boulder, CO), Schuck, Miller; (Nederland, CO) Correspondence: Gordon R. Lindeen III; Blakely, Sokoloff, Taylor & Zafman LLP; Seventh Floor; 12400 Wilshire Boulevard; Los Angeles; CA; 90025-1026; US Patent Application Number: 20020191297 Date filed: June 1, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides an enhanced illumination system for a microdisplay. In one embodiment, the invention is an illuminator for a reflective display panel having a light source and a prism. The prism has a first substantially planar face proximate to the light source and to the display panel, so that light propagates from the light source into the prism through the first face and is redirected to the display panels through the first face.A second face of the prism opposite the light source so that light reflected from the display panel impinges on the second face to propagate to imaging optics. The illuminator may also include an auxiliary prism optically coupled to the second face of the first prism to correct for astigmatism of the reflected light from the display panel and a beam splitter between the first prism and the auxiliary prism, wherein light from the light source is reflected by the beam splitter to the imaging optics.In another embodiment, the invention is an illuminator for a reflective display panel having a light source, a converging optical element to receive light from the light source and a prism. The prism has a first face to receive light from the converging optical element, the prism receiving light from the light source and redirecting it as diverging light to the display panel, and a second face opposite the display panel for receiving light reflected from the display panel and propagating the reflected light to imaging optics. Excerpt(s): The invention relates generally to the field of illuminators for small displays. More particularly, the invention relates to compact imaging systems using folded optical paths to illuminate a small reflective display. Liquid Crystal on Silicon (LCoS) micro-displays such as the CMD8X6D and CMD8X6P available from Zight Corporation of Boulder Colo. provide great advantages for compact near-eye applications. LCoS micro-displays produce a high resolution image by changing the polarization state of incident light. In the dark state, a pixel reflects light with substantially no change in polarization. In the bright state, the pixel rotates the polarization state of reflected incident light to the corresponding orthogonal state. By illuminating the display with polarized light and then filtering out nearly all reflected light of that polarization, the display image can be viewed by the human eye. Other miniature displays use either

106 Astigmatism

polarization effects or reflectivity changes to produce an image. Typically, the display is illuminated with pulsed red, green, and blue light while the display is synchronized to the pulsed light source to reflect the appropriate color component of the image. The rapidly alternating red, green, and blue images are blended in human perception to form the full-color image of the display. However, the display can also be illuminated with monochromatic light for data or targeting displays. Such displays are used, for example in helmet, windshield, and visor projection systems as well as in small portable headsets and handsets for private display viewing and for virtual reality systems. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Compound polarization beam splitters Inventor(s): Bruzzone, Charles L.; (Woodbury, MN), Eckhardt, Stephen K.; (White Bear Lake, MN), English, R. Edward JR.; (Cincinnati, OH), Fulkerson, E. Gregory; (Amelia, OH), Ma, Jiaying; (Maplewood, MN), Magarill, Simon; (Cincinnati, OH), Rutherford, Todd S.; (Cincinnati, OH) Correspondence: 3M Innovative Properties Company; PO Box 33427; St. Paul; MN; 55133-3427; US Patent Application Number: 20030210379 Date filed: February 25, 2003 Abstract: A compound polarization beam splitter (33) for use with a reflective, polarization-modulating, imaging device (10), e.g., a LCoS device, is provided. The compound PBS has: (a) an input prism (20); (b) an output prism (30), and (c) a polarizer (13), which is located between the two prisms (20,30) and which may be a wire grid polarizer (13a) or a multi-layer reflective polarizer (13b). Polarized illumination light (11) enters the input prism (20) through a first surface (21) and undergoes total internal reflection at a second surface (22) before being reflected from the polarizer (13) and polarization-modulated at the imaging device (10). The polarizer's tilt angle (.beta.) is less than 45.degree., which reduces astigmatism and the required back working distance of the system's projection lens (74). Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit under 35 USC.sctn.19(e) of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/361,190, filed Feb. 28, 2002, the contents of which are incorporated herein in their entirety. This invention relates to optical assemblies (optical units) for the effective polarization separation of light. The assemblies can be used with, for example, reflective liquid crystal on silicon devices (LCoS devices). More specifically, the invention relates to polarization separation devices known as polarization beam splitters (also referred to in the art as "polarized beam splitters," "polarizing beam splitters," or simply "PBSs") and, in particular, to polarization beam splitters for use in image projection systems which employ one or more reflective, polarizationmodulating, imaging devices. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Patents 107

•

Contact lens for correcting myopia and/or astigmatism Inventor(s): Mitsui, Iwane; (Tokyo, JP) Correspondence: Edward G. Greive; Renner, Kenner, Greive, Bobak, Taylor & Weber; Fourth Floor; First National Tower; Akron; OH; 44308-1456; US Patent Application Number: 20030095232 Date filed: February 12, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provides a myopia and/or astigmatism-correcting contact lens for correcting myopia and/or astigmatism based on the alteration in the shape of a patient's cornea. The myopia and/or astigmatism-correcting contact lens comprises a pressure zone having a first surface defined by the inner surface of the contact lens located on the side of the patient's cornea and positioned at the center of the contact lens. The first surface is formed in a concave shape having a curvature less than that of the central surface of the patient's cornea. The contact lens further includes a relief zone having a concave-shaped second surface defined by the inner surface of the contact lens located on the side of the patient's cornea and positioned at the periphery of the pressure zone, and an anchor zone having a concave-shaped third surface defined by the inner surface of the contact lens on the side of the patient's cornea and positioned at the periphery of the relief zone. The first surface has a curvature determined based on the shape of the patient's cornea to induce a specific desired alteration in the shape of the patient's cornea. Further, each of the curvatures of the first, second and third surfaces is arranged to satisfy the following formulas,RC=BC+7.0.about.9.0 D (diopter), andAC=BC+2.0.about.4.0Dwhere BC is the curvature of the first surface, RC is the curvature of the second surface, and AC is the curvature of the third surface. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a contact lens for correcting myopia and/or astigmatism. More specifically, the present invention relates to a myopia and/or astigmatism-correcting contact lens for reshaping the cornea based upon corneal topography to effect correction of visual defects. Visual or optical defects which prevent parallel light rays entering the eye from focusing clearly on the retina exist in several varieties. In hyperopia (farsightedness), the point of focus lies behind the retina, generally because the axis of the eyeball is too short. In myopia (nearsightedness), the image is focused in front of the retina, generally because the axis of the eyeball is too long. In astigmatism, refraction is unequal on the different meridians of the eyeball, generally due to asymmetry in the shape of the eye. Corrective glasses or contact lenses have been used to correct these defects, including convex (plus) lenses for hyperopia, concave (minus) lenses in myopia, and cylindrical lenses in astigmatism. More recently, a surgical technique, myopic or hyperopic keratomileusis has been used to alter cornea curvature and thereby improve refractive error. This method cuts and removes a predicted thickness of the corneal disk with a microkeratome. Additional surgical procedures such as radial keratotomy use microincisions in the cornea to surgically modify the curvature of the cornea and thereby reduce or eliminate myopia or astigmatism. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

108 Astigmatism

•

Decentered protective eyewear Inventor(s): Citek, Karl; (Hillsboro, OR), Reichow, Alan W.; (Beaverton, OR) Correspondence: Klarquist Sparkman Campbell Leigh & Whinston, LLP; One World Trade Center; Suite 1600; 121 S.W. Salmon Street; Portland; OR; 97204; US Patent Application Number: 20030169397 Date filed: December 2, 2002 Abstract: Noncorrective protective eyewear with lateral wrap and pantoscopic tilt introduce prismatic distortion and astigmatism into lenses that interfere with good optical performance. The lenses of this invention have an optical axis that is deviated away from the line of sight, in a direction generally opposite the inward tilt of the lateral wrap and/or the incline of pantoscopic tilt, to offset the tilt induced prism. Low power may be introduced into the lenses to decrease their taper, further offset the tilt induced prism and astigmatism (particularly in peripheral fields of view), lessen weight, provide better physical stability, and allow more uniform light transmission than plano lenses. The lenses may be cut from lens blanks in which the A line of the lens is at a non-zero angle to an equator of the lens, and the optical center of the lens may be horizontally and vertically displaced from the geometric center of the lens, and even off the lens altogether. This invention provides greater versatility in cutting a lens from a lens blank in a position that avoids peripheral irregularities in the molded lens blank, while significantly decreasing tilt induced prism, yoked and vergence demands, and astigmatic blur along the line of sight and peripherally. Excerpt(s): This is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/590,860 filed Jun. 8, 2000, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/058,118 filed Apr. 9, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,129,435. This invention concerns protective eyewear, particularly protective or non-corrective eyewear with decentered optics. A serious obstacle to the more ubiquitous use of protective eyewear (such as sunglasses and goggles) is that protective lenses can distort vision. This distortion has been thought to be caused by unwanted dioptric power or prismatic effects in the lens, which has been particularly severe in protective lenses that are designed to curve around the eye to the side of the head ("wrap") and/or tilt inward toward the cheekbone (pantoscopic tilt). Although wrap and tilt are aesthetically pleasing, and can provide superior physical protection of the eye, they can also cause the normal line of sight of the eye to strike the lens surface at an angle. This relationship has caused optical distortion that is distracting to the wearer, and presents a serious problem to persons who require precise visual input, such as athletes, pilots and surgeons. This distortion can also be problematic when performing even more common tasks. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

•

Electron-optical corrector for eliminating third-order aberations Inventor(s): Rose, Harald; (Darmstadt, DE) Correspondence: Birch Stewart Kolasch & Birch; PO Box 747; Falls Church; VA; 220400747; US Patent Application Number: 20030034457 Date filed: July 12, 2002

Patents 109

Abstract: The invention relates to an electron-optical corrector for elimanting third-order aberrations, such as spherical aberrations, field curvature and off-axis astigmatism; said corrector being devoid of third-order off-axis coma, third-order distrortion and firstorder chromatic aberration of the first degree. The corrector has a construction which is symmetrical about the central plane in the direction of the linear optical axis. A hexapole S.sub.1 of length l.sub.1is first positioned in the direction of the beam path, followed by a circular lens R.sub.l, a hexapole S.sub.2 of length l.sub.2 and subsequently a circular lens R.sub.2 which is followed by a third hexapole S.sub.3 with the same strength with the same strength of the hexapole S.sub.l and double the length of the latter 1.sub.3=21.sub.3. The separation of the two circular lenses R.sub.1, R.sub.2 and the distance from the circular lens to the first hexapole S.sub.1 is chosen in such a way that the internal plane of S.sub.1 comes to rest in the front principal focus of the corcular lens that is positioned downstream and the center of the hexapoles S.sub.2 and S.sub.3 is located on the focal plane. Additional elements of the corrector also follow in sequence, said clements being symmetrical about the cnetral plane Z.sub.m of the hexapole S.sub.3. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to an electron-optical corrector for eliminating thirdorder aberrations, such as spherical aberrations, field curvature and off-axis astigmatism; said corrector being devoid of third-order off-axis coma, third-order distortion and first-order chromatic aberrations of the first degree. The corrector has a construction which is symmetrical about the central plane in the direction of the linear optical axis. The efficiency of electron-optical systems, which in the sense of this invention are also understood to include those with ion-imaging systems, is limited by their image aberrations, of which, depending on the specific application and the extent of the corrections already made, particular image aberrations are responsible for limiting the performance, the elimination of which represents considerable progress in the improvement of electron-optical systems. It is possible to systematically subdivide and classify the image aberrations into axial image aberrations, which are also determined by the fundamental paths emerging in the two sections of the optical axis in the object plane, off-axis image aberrations, which in turn are dependent on the fundamental paths emerging outside the optical axis in the object plane, and chromatic aberrations, which only occur with different speeds of the imaging electrons. With magnifying electron-optical systems, such as those used in electron microscopy, it is most important to eliminate the axial image aberrations to increase efficiency. With sizereducing electron-optical systems, such as those used in lithography for writing on objects with the aid of electron beams, the elimination of off-axis image aberrations is decisive. The aim is always to set up and adjust, in its entirety, the system comprising the imaging lens system and the corrector such that the efficiency-limiting image aberrations of the entire system are eliminated or substantially minimised, the corrector having the function of, on one hand, achieving, by negative image aberration coefficients, an elimination or at least a reduction and on the other hand causing no increase of disadvantageous image aberration coefficients. The aim is always to set up and adjust, in its entirety, the system comprising the imaging lens system and the corrector such that the efficiency-limiting image aberrations of the entire system are eliminated or substantially minimised, the corrector having the function of, on one hand, achieving, by negative image aberration coefficients, an elimination or at least a reduction, and on the other hand not causing an increase, of disadvantageous image aberration coefficients. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

110 Astigmatism

•

Eye mask Inventor(s): Hasegawa, Tokuichiro; (Chita-city, JP) Correspondence: Striker, Striker & Stenby; 103 East Neck Road; Hutington; NY; 11743; US Patent Application Number: 20030056281 Date filed: April 11, 2002 Abstract: An eye mask has magnetic bodies and self-heating warm members, which are inserted in eye pads on a mask member to be placed over eyeball parts. If required, vibrators and illumination bodies may be additionally placed in the eye pads. Thus, fatigue on the eyes and surroundings thereof can be relieved by the magnetic actions of the magnetic bodies and the warming effects of the warming member, in addition to expected effects of restoring ocular functions, recovering from various ocular diseases, and so on. Furthermore, the surface of each of the eye pads is gradually curved like the inner surface of a sphere. When the eye pads are press-contact to the eyeball parts at predetermined pressures for a long time, the cornea can be warmed by the warming members so that the shape of the cornea can be changed along the shape of the eye pad, resulting in the effects of recovering from eye sight disorder such as pseudo-myopia, moderate farsightedness, or moderate astigmatism. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an eye mask having the excellent effects of recovering from eye fatigue and recovering ocular functions and also having functions for recovering from eye sight disorder such as pseudo-myopia, moderate farsightedness or moderate astigmatism, as well as hypnosis effect. Various kinds of products for recovering from eye fatigue are commercially available. For instance, a warming or cooling pad in the shape of an eye patch is known in the art. The effects of such products are temporary and wear off in a short time. Furthermore, any conventional systems for warming eyeball parts by electric or electronic warming devices have some disadvantages. For instance, each of them has an expensive complicated structure and is hard to handling. An object of the present invention is to provide an eye mask having excellent effects of: recovering from eye fatigue; restoring ocular functions; providing hypnosis action; and so on, in addition to being useful to restore eyesight and various kinds of ocular diseases. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

•

Eyeglass lens designing method and eyeglass lens Inventor(s): Yamakaji, Tetsuma; (Tokyo, JP) Correspondence: Oliff & Berridge; PO Box 19928; Alexandria; VA; 22320; US Patent Application Number: 20030107702 Date filed: July 26, 2002 Abstract: It is made possible to easily obtain a spectacle lens with higher performance in a spectacle lens designing method in which an eyeball motion (Listing's Law) is taken into consideration. A spectacle lens designing method in which an eye motion (Listing's Law) is taken into consideration, and which uses, as an evaluation function regarding visual acuity constituting a merit function which is used in optimization calculation, a visual acuity evaluation function (log MAR) derived in an ordinary manner from a visual acuity measured value V which is actually measured. Note that the visual acuity

Patents 111

evaluation (log MAR) is represented by the following equation (1), letting a curvature of field be an ordinary aberration of a spectacle lens, and a residual astigmatism be an astigmatism extendedly defined from the spectacle lens designing in which the Listing's Law is taken into consideration.log MAR=log.sub.10 (1/V(curvature of field, residual astigmatism)) Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a spectacle lens designing method and a spectacle lens designed by the same. The Listing's Law in an eyeball motion means that, when an eyeball looks far forward (first eye position), a rotation axis of the eyeball motion exists in a surface including the center of rotation of the eyeball and being perpendicular to this eye position (Listing's surface). In this case, when the eyeball rotates from the first eye position along spectacle principal meridians (representing two vertical and horizontal lines orthogonal to each other on a Gaussian curved surface and representing the same below) according to the Listing's Law at the time one wears astigmatic spectacles, the spectacle principal meridians and axes of a coordinate system rotating according to the Listing's Law become parallel to each other and an angle between them becomes 0. However, when the eyeball motion changes in a direction different from the spectacle meridians, the angle made by the spectacle meridians and the coordinate axes rotating according to the Listing's Law do not become 0 to cause an angle deviation. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Intraocular lens for vision correction and cataract prevention Inventor(s): Kiernan, Joe; (Randolph, VT), Singer, Jack A.; (Randolph, VT) Correspondence: Jenner & Block, LLC; One IBM Plaza; Chicago; IL; 60611; US Patent Application Number: 20030033011 Date filed: August 8, 2001 Abstract: An intraocular lens (IOL) corrects vision disorders and prevents the formation of cataracts. The IOL can be inserted in the anterior or posterior chamber of the eye, or can be iris-fixated. The IOL can correct for myopia, hyperopia, presbyopia and/or astigmatism. Additionally, the IOL contains an ultraviolet radiation (UVR) blocker, that absorbs UVR in the 300-400 nm range. The absorption of the UVR allows the IOL to reduce or eliminate cataract formation. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to intraocular lenses, and more particularly, to an intraocular refractive correction lens that corrects eyesight and contains an ultraviolet radiation ("UVR") absorber that can reduce or eliminate cataract formation, and to a method of implanting an intraocular lens ("IOL") to correct eyesight and reduce or eliminate cataract formation. The number one cause of blindness in the world is cataracts. A cataract is any change in the structure of the natural crystalline lens in the eye that leads to a loss of transparency. Although factors such as nutrition and genetics play a role in cataract formation, UVR exposure is primarily responsible. Ultraviolet light exposure has been proven to promote cataract formation. The clouding of the lens is irreversible, and once the cataracts begin to impair daily activities, the only treatment is surgical removal of the lens. The formation of cataracts probably involves a number of physiological factors. However, a high correlation between cataract incidence and solar radiation, as well as the known cataract producing effects of oxygen, suggests that free radical exposure results in a cascade of toxic reactions leading to cataract formation. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

112 Astigmatism

•

Laser irradiation method and laser irradiation device and method of manufacturing semiconductor device Inventor(s): Isobe, Atsuo; (Kanagawa, JP), Miyairi, Hidekazu; (Kanagawa, JP), Shiga, Aiko; (Kanagawa, JP), Shimomura, Akihisa; (Kanagawa, JP), Tanaka, Koichiro; (Kanagawa, JP) Correspondence: ERIC ROBINSON; PMB 955; 21010 SOUTHBANK ST.; POTOMAC FALLS; VA; 20165; US Patent Application Number: 20030086182 Date filed: September 24, 2002 Abstract: The present invention is characterized in that by laser beam being slantly incident to the convex lens, an aberration such as astigmatism or the like is occurred, and the shape of the laser beam is made linear on the irradiation surface or in its neighborhood. Since the present invention has a very simple configuration, the optical adjustment is easier, and the device becomes compact in size. Furthermore, since the beam is slantly incident with respect to the irradiated body, the return beam can be prevented. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a laser irradiation method and a laser irradiation apparatus for using the method (apparatus including a laser and an optical system for guiding laser beam emitted from the laser to an object to be irradiated). In addition, the present invention relates to a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device, which includes a laser beam irradiation step. Note that a semiconductor device described here includes an electro-optical device such as a liquid crystal display device or a light emitting device and an electronic device which includes the electro-optical device as a part. In recent years, a wide study has been made on a technique in which laser annealing is performed for a semiconductor film formed on an insulating substrate made of glass or the like, to crystallize the film, to improve its crystallinity so that a crystalline semiconductor film is obtained, or to activate an impurity element. Note that a crystalline semiconductor film in this specification indicates a semiconductor film in which a crystallized region is present, and also includes a semiconductor film which is crystallized as a whole. A method of forming pulse laser beam from an excimer laser or the like by an optical system such that it becomes a square spot of several cm or a linear shape of 100 mm or more in length on a surface to be irradiated, and scanning the laser beam (or relatively shifting an irradiation position of the laser beam with respect to the surface to be irradiated) to conduct annealing is superior in mass productivity and is excellent in technology. The "linear shape" described here means not a "line" in the strict sense but a rectangle (or a prolate ellipsoid shape) having a high aspect ratio. For example, it indicates a shape having an aspect ratio of 2 or more (preferably, 10 to 10000). Note that the linear shape is used to obtain an energy density required for sufficiently annealing an object to be irradiated. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Patents 113

•

LENS FOR EYESIGHT CORRECTION GLASSES Inventor(s): Ono, Minoru; (Fukui-shi, JP) Correspondence: Jordan and Hamburg LLP; 122 East 42nd Street; New York; NY; 10168; US Patent Application Number: 20030156250 Date filed: April 5, 2000 Abstract: ProblemTo provide a lens for eyesight correction glasses that allows the user to see a nearby viewing object in a naked eye state.Means for ResolutionAn upper portion A of a lens to be mounted on glasses that is made an eyesight correction portion for far-viewing and its lower portion B that is made a portion for near-viewing that has no eyesight correction ability or has small eyesight correction ability are integrated with each other. The eyesight correction portion for far-viewing corrects farsightedness, nearsightedness, astigmatism, etc. The lower portion having no eyesight correction ability includes no correction diopter and provides the same effect as viewing with the naked eye. The reason why this portion is used to perform small eyesight correction is to minimize an undue load on the ciliary muscles in view of the facts that the effectuation of "adjustment" that is a function of stressing the ciliary muscles to increase the thickness of the crystalline lenses to thereby increase the refractive power varies from one person to another and that there are persons with astigmatism. It is preferable that the correction ability be as small as 0.00-1.00 diopter. In particular, the lens for eyesight correction glasses contributes to acceleration of natural recovery of infants from temporary nearsightedness. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a lens for eyesight correction glasses. Lenses for eyesight correction glasses are classified into lenses for the farsighted, lenses for the nearsighted, lenses for persons with astigmatism, lenses for persons with farsightedness due to old age, etc. Whereas lenses of those types may be incorporated in glasses individually, there exist a double focus lens and a progressive multi-focus lens that incorporate a lens for a person with farsightedness due to old age in a near-viewing portion. This position is favorable in clearly viewing an object at hand because in such a case the user turns his eyes downward. In contrast, a lens that integrally incorporates a lens for a person with farsightedness due to old age in a far-viewing portion is employed for a case where the user needs to view an object with his eyes turned upward, an example of which case is such that the pilot in the pilot's seat of an airplane manipulates instruments. This is a special case in which a lens for a person with farsightedness due to old age is also needed in a near-viewing portion because instruments are provided above and below the pilot's seat. In glasses for the above purposes, a basic correction lens is integrated with a lens for a person with farsightedness due to old age. As exemplified above, it is common to use a lens for glasses in which a single correction lens integrally incorporates a lens having a different property from the former. On the other hand, there frequently occur cases where school students consult with opticians because they have difficulty viewing characters on the blackboard during a class. This is called temporary (or false) nearsightedness and is caused by long-hour studying or enjoying video games or a personal computer for a long time. Opticians recommend a lens suitable for the degree of nearsightedness. However, this type of nearsightedness is one caused by external factors in eyes that were normal in themselves and, in addition, children in their period of growth have sufficient ability to recover. Therefore, it is better to avoid eyesight correction for a portion that can be seen with the naked eye. In general, persons can clearly view far and near objects when they are young. This is because their eyes focus on the object in

114 Astigmatism

accordance with its distance. Persons having good sight clearly see a distant object in a natural state. In looking at a nearby object, focusing is performed in such a manner that the ciliary muscles are strained to make the crystalline lenses thicker, to thereby increase the refractive power. Increasing the refractive power by making the crystalline lenses thicker is called "adjustment," and a state that the ciliary muscles are relaxed and the crystalline lenses have their natural thickness is called an "unadjusted state." When the crystalline lenses have become hard with age, even if the ciliary muscles are stressed in any degree the crystalline lenses do not bulge and hence do not increase in thickness, becoming incapable of focusing on a nearby object. This state is called farsightedness due to old age. Even with farsightedness, young persons can clearly see both distant and nearby objects through adjustment if the degree of farsightedness is low. However, they tend to be tired because the ciliary muscles need to be strained all the time. There are persons with a high degree of farsightedness who cannot clearly see distant nor nearby objects. This is a case where the adjustment is insufficient. In contrast, although persons with nearsightedness cannot clearly see distant objects, they can clearly see objects that are closer to them than a certain position. In the case of children, the above-mentioned "adjustment" takes effect very easily. And there may occur a case that due to excessive work on nearby objects adjustment remains effective even in an ordinary state. In this case, even a person with good sight or farsightedness may be judged nearsighted when only a simple test is made. This is called temporary (or false) nearsightedness. In particular, infants have great adjustment ability. It is not rare that junior high school students and children younger than those are judged nearsighted when an ordinary test is performed even though they actually have good sight or far sight. To judge whether a person is in temporary nearsightedness or in true nearsightedness, static refractive power is measured by dropping an adjustment-disabling anesthetic. The present invention proposes a lens for glasses that is useful for relaxing an over-adjusted state. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR DEFLECTING AND FOCUSING A CHARGED PARTICLE STREAM Inventor(s): Retsky, Michael W.; (Trumbell, CT) Correspondence: BRINKS HOFER GILSON & LIONE; P.O. BOX 10395; CHICAGO; IL; 60611; US Patent Application Number: 20030111948 Date filed: March 15, 2001 Abstract: A method and apparatus is disclosed for electrostatic deflection and focusing of a charged particle stream. The apparatus can include plural vertical and horizontal deflection plates, although a single vertical and a single horizontal deflection plate each with a reference potential plane are preferred. Both orthogonal and preferably tilted display screens are employed to receive the deflected beam. The particle stream is injected offset from a centered position and the stream is deflected asymmetrically relative to the attracting deflection plate. Two alternately preferred computer programs are employable to calculate an offset position. A preferred external quadrupole is employed to correct any residual astigmatism in the particle stream. In one embodiment, the apparatus is disposed in a cathode ray tube. A reduced footprint CRT is also disclosed. Methods and apparatuses for an energy filtered electron beam, a mass spectrometer and a mass separator are also disclosed.

Patents 115

Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 08/623,918, entitled Method and Apparatus for Deflecting a Charged Particle Stream, filed Mar. 28, 1996, the contents of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference. In applications of electron optics, it is often desirable to create small, bright focused spots. There are many factors that can limit the ability to finely focus an electron beam. Some of the more common ones include spherical and chromatic aberrations, variations in the mass or charge of the beam particles, magnified source size, misalignments of key components, mutual coulomb repulsion of the charged particles in the beam, inadequate magnetic and electrostatic shielding, mechanical vibrations, and deflection aberrations. This invention is primarily directed to the correction of deflection aberrations although some of the other aberrations will come into consideration since they are often linked in practical designs. Electron beam probes having a diameter of a few Angstroms are possible, but only within a very small scanned field of a few hundred Angstroms. Most applications of electron beams, however, require moving the beam around appreciably more. When a beam is deflected, aberrations of deflection are induced. These deflection aberrations are usually significant and often much larger than the undeflected focused spot size. As those skilled in the art will appreciate, the above holds equally true for electron beams as well as for other charged particle streams. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method and apparatus for improving vision and the resolution of retinal images Inventor(s): Liang, Junzhong; (Rochester, NY), Williams, David R.; (Rochester, NY) Correspondence: BLANK ROME COMISKY & MCCAULEY LLP; THE FARRAGUT BUILDING; SUITE 1000; 900 17TH STREET, NW; WASHINGTON; DC; 20006; US Patent Application Number: 20030025874 Date filed: February 20, 2002 Abstract: A method of and apparatus for improving vision and the resolution of retinal images is described in which a point source produced on the retina of a living eye by a laser beam is reflected from the retina and received at a lenslet array of a HartmannShack wavefront sensor such that each of the lenslets in the lenslet array forms an aerial image of the retinal point source on a CCD camera located adjacent to the lenslet array. The output signal from the CCD camera is acquired by a computer which processes the signal and produces a correction signal which may be used to control a compensating optical or wavefront compensation device such as a deformable mirror. It may also be used to fabricate a contact lens or intraocular lens, or to guide a surgical procedure to correct the aberrations of the eye. Any of these methods could correct aberrations beyond defocus and astigmatism, allowing improved vision and improved imaging of the inside of the eye. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to a method of and an apparatus for improving vision and the resolution of retinal images. More particularly, the present invention is directed to a method of and an apparatus for measuring and correcting the wave aberration of the eye such that the measured data can be used to develop corrective optical elements for improving the optical quality of the eye. Despite significant advances in spectacle and contact lens design, current ophthalmic lenses still can only correct defocus and astigmatism. Spectacles and contact lenses leave uncorrected additional aberrations such as spherical aberration, coma, and a host of irregular aberrations. These high order aberrations of the eye not only blur images formed on the retina, which impairs vision, but also blur images taken of the living

116 Astigmatism

human retina. There have been two obstacles that prevent the use of specially-designed optical elements to correct aberrations beyond defocus and astigmatism in the eye. First, quantitative measurement of the irregular aberrations of the eye has not been possible. Second, a mechanism to correct the monochromatic aberrations of the eye other than defocus and astigmatism has not been demonstrated. Subjective refractive methods of optometrists and objective autorefractors measure defocus and astigmatism only. They cannot measure the complete wave aberration of the eye, which includes all aberrations left uncorrected by conventional spectacles. The objective aberroscope disclosed by Walsh et al. in the Journal of the Optical Society of America A, Vol. 1, pp. 987-992 (1984) provides simultaneous wave aberration measurements of the entire pupil but cannot sample the pupil with a spacing finer than about 0.9 mm (See Charman in Optometry and Vision Science, Vol.68, pp. 574-583 (1991)). Moreover, rapid, automated computation of the wave aberration has not been demonstrated with this method. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method of improving astigmatism of a photoresist layer Inventor(s): Hsu, Wei-Hua; (Tai-Chung City, TW), Lin, Shun-Li; (Yun-Lin Hsiang, TW) Correspondence: NAIPO (NORTH AMERICA INTERNATIONAL PATENT OFFICE); P.O. BOX 506; MERRIFIELD; VA; 22116; US Patent Application Number: 20020160314 Date filed: April 25, 2001 Abstract: A photoresist layer comprising an optically active component is provided, so that after an incident linearly polarized light penetrates the photoresist layer, the intensity ratio of an S wave polarization and a P wave polarization divided from the linearly polarized light is effectively 1:1 so improving astigmatism. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of adjusting the polarization intensity for high numerical apertures (NA), and more particularly, to a method of adjusting the intensity ratio of an S wave polarization to a P wave polarization after penetrating a photoresist layer to a predetermined depth. The photolithography process is very important in the field of semiconductor manufacturing. The definition of each thin film, the interconnects, the doped areas, etc. are controlled by the photolithography process. The photolithography process is very complicated, including the coating of a photoresist layer, an exposure process, a development process, etc. Since the patterns of the mask must be transferred to the semiconductor wafer, the quality of the photolithography process is decisive to the product yield. Since the S wave polarization 14 and the P wave polarization 16 have different transmission coefficients for the photoresist layer 12, the intensity ratio of the S wave polarization 14 to the P wave polarization after penetrating the photoresist layer 12 is not 1:1. Following this, due to the intensity ratio not being 1:1, the exposure effect along the perpendicular direction and the parallel direction of the patterns is not equal. This then causes astigmatism. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Patents 117

•

Method of manufacturing progressive ophthalmic lenses Inventor(s): Altheimer, Helmut; (Lauchdorf, DE), Baumbach, Peter; (Muenchen, DE), Brosig, Jochen; (Gruenwald, DE), Esser, Gregor; (Muenchen, DE), Haimerl, Walter; (Muenchen, DE), Mueller, Werner; (Otisheim, DE), Pfeiffer, Herbert; (Muenchen, DE) Correspondence: ST. ONGE STEWARD JOHNSTON & REENS, LLC; 986 BEDFORD STREET; STAMFORD; CT; 06905-5619; US Patent Application Number: 20030048410 Date filed: July 16, 2002 Abstract: What is described here is a method of manufacturing progressive ophthalmic lenses whereof each is produced in correspondence with the individual data of a specific spectacle wearer, and whereof eachpresents a first surface having a defined surface power value (D1) in the surface apex, andpresents a non-spherical second surface (prescription surface) whose surface power (D2) varies along a line (referred to as principal line in the following) that follows at least approximately the main line of sight when the view is lowered, suchthat the ophthalmic lens produces a first effect (Df) in a first reference point (BF), which is suitable for, viewing in a first distance envisaged for the respective application, andthat this effect varies along the principal line by a predetermined value (addition Add) to a second value (Dn) present in a second reference point, which is suitable for viewing in a second distance envisaged for the respective application, and whose second surface possibly presents a surface astigmatism optionally for partly compensating an ocular astigmatism and/or the astigmatism of oblique bundles.The inventive method excels itself by the following steps of operation:initially, ophthalmic lens blanks (blanks) are produced with a finished first surface in a defined--particularly comparatively narrow--grading of the surface power value (D1),starting out from the individual data, specifically at least the respective required first effect Df the addition Add and possibly the value and the axial position of the ocular astigmatism of the spectacle wearer for whom the respective ophthalmic lens is intended, and on the basis of further design data, a first surface with a defined surface power value D, is selected and the second surface is so computed that the surface power value D2f of the second surface, which is required in the first reference point, is adjusted in correspondence with the respective selected surface power D, of the first surface so that, as a function of the respective design data for one and the same first effect D, and one and the same addition Add and possibly also one and the same value and axial position of the ocular astigmatism, different pairings of first surfaces, which are distinguished from each other at least with respect to the surface power value D1 and of associated second surfaces computed on an individualized basis in each case are achieved. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation of pending International Application No. PCT/DE01/00188 filed Jan. 17, 2001 which designates the United States and claims priority of German Application Nos. 100 01 726.6 filed Jan. 17, 2000, 100 20 244.6 filed Apr. 25, 2000 and 100 21 047.3 filed Apr. 28, 2000. The present invention relates to a method of manufacturing progressive ophthalmic lenses whereof each is produced in correspondence with the individual data of a specific spectacle wearer, in accordance with the introductory clause of Patent claim 1. Methods which the introductory clause of Patent claim 1 starts out from are known, for example, from the U.S. Pat. No. 2,878,721, the German Patent DE-A-43 37 369, the German trade journal DOZ 8/96, pp. 44 to 46, the trade journal NOJ 11/97, from page 18 onwards, or from the German Patent DE-A-1 97 01 312. In all other respects explicit reference is made to these prior art documents for an explanation of all particulars not described here in more details.

118 Astigmatism

Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method of treating the human eye with a wavefront sensor-based ophthalmic instrument Inventor(s): Levine, Bruce Martin; (Arcadia, CA) Correspondence: Jay P. Sbrollini, Esq.; Thomas J. Perkowski, Esq., PC; Soundview Plaza; 1266 East Main Street; Stamford; CT; 06902; US Patent Application Number: 20030009156 Date filed: June 5, 2001 Abstract: An improved method for treating the eye includes the step of providing an ophthalmic instrument including an integral wavefront sensor. The wavefront sensor measures phase aberrations in reflections directed thereto to characterize aberrations of the eye. The wavefront sensor may be operably coupled to a display device, which displays a graphical representation of the aberrations of the eye. Such graphical representation may include: two dimensional contour maps that graphically depict contribution of pre-specified terms (such as spherical aberration, astigmatism and coma) for the aberrations of the eye, coefficients corresponding to such pre-specified terms that characterize the aberrations of the eye, or predefined two-dimensional icons that provide a general graphical depiction of such pre-specified terms. Such graphical representations provide the practitioner with valuable information characterizing the high order optical errors of the eye (which is far beyond the diopter information typically provided by current ophthalmic instruments) for use in diagnosis and treatment of abnormalities and disease in the eye. In addition, the wavefront sensor may be part of an adaptive optical subsystem that compensates for the phase aberrations measured therein to provide phase-aligned images of the eye for capture by an image capture subsystem. Such images may be used by practitioner in diagnosis and treatment of abnormalities and disease in the eye. Excerpt(s): The present application is related to U.S. application Ser. No. 09/874,401 entitled "Modular Adaptive Optical Subsystem For Integration With A Fundus Camera Body And CCD Camera Unit And Improved Fundus Camera Employing Same" by Bruce M. Levine; U.S. application Ser. No. 09/874,403, entitled "Ophthalmic Imaging Instrument Having An Adaptive Optical Subsystem That Measures Phase Aberrations in Reflections Derived From Light Produced By An Imaging Light Source And That Compensates For Such Phase Aberrations When Capturing Images of Reflections Derived From Light Produced By The Same Imaging Light Source," by Bruce M. Levine; U.S. application Ser. No. 09/874,404, entitled "Ophthalmic Instrument Having An Integral Wavefront Sensor and Display Device That Displays A Graphical Representation of High Order Aberrations of the Human Eye Measured by the Wavefront Sensor," by Bruce M. Levine; each application filed Jun. 5, 2001 and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The present invention relates to ophthalmic instruments that aid in detection and diagnosis of eye disease, pre-surgery preparation and computer-assisted eye surgery (such as laser refractive surgery), including ophthalmic imaging and/or topography instruments (such as fundus cameras, corneal imaging devices, retinal imaging devices, corneal topographers, and retinal topographers) in addition to ophthalmic examination instruments (such as autorefractors, slit lamps and other indirect ophthalmoscopes). The optical system of the human eye has provided man with the basic design specification for the camera. Light comes in through the cornea, pupil and lens at the front of the eye (as the lens of the

Patents 119

camera lets light in). This light is then focused on the inside wall of the eye called the retina (as on the film in a camera). This image is detected by detectors that are distributed over the surface of the retina and sent to the brain by the optic nerve which connects the eye to the brain (as film captures the image focused thereon). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Methods for determining microlithography

focus

and

astigmatism

in

charged-particle-beam

Inventor(s): Suganuma, Wakako; (Tokyo, JP), Yahiro, Takehisa; (Agea-shi, JP) Correspondence: KLARQUIST SPARKMAN, LLP; One World Trade Center; Suite 1600; 121 S.W. Salmon Street; Portland; OR; 97240; US Patent Application Number: 20030043358 Date filed: August 30, 2002 Abstract: Evaluation methods are disclosed for evaluating the image-forming performance of charged-particle-beam microlithography systems, especially with regard to astigmatism and focus. In an embodiment, a subfield containing an evaluation pattern is subdivided into multiple regions. In the various regions, the respective lineand-space (L/S) pattern elements are oriented such that the elements in one region extend in a direction that intersects the direction, in the object plane of orientation of the pattern element in another region. The evaluation pattern is transferred lithographically to a resist film on a substrate. The developed resist, when observed at a magnification at which individual L/S pattern elements are not resolved, reveals a "shadow region" having a particular profile. The profile is a function of one or more parameters (e.g., astigmatism and focus) of image-forming performance. Excerpt(s): This disclosure pertains to microlithography, which is a key technology used in the fabrication of micro-electronic devices such as semiconductor integrated circuits, displays, and the like. More specifically, the disclosure pertains, in the context of microlithography performed using a charged particle beam, to methods for evaluating the image-forming performance of the charged-particle-beam (CPB) optical system as used in a CPB microlithography system. Such image-forming evaluations include, for example, astigmatism and focusing. The disclosure also is directed to methods for adjusting the microlithography system based on data obtained from the image-forming evaluations. As the sizes of active circuit elements in micro-electronic devices have continued to decrease, with concurrent increases in device-packing density, the development of "next-generation" lithography (NGL) systems and related methods has been rapid. Currently favored approaches to NGL technology utilize very short wavelengths of light (specifically, "extreme ultraviolet", or "EUV", light) and charged particle beams (specifically, electron beams and ion beams) in an effort to produce finer pattern resolution than currently obtainable using conventional optical microlithography. Regarding charged-particle-beam (CPB) microlithography, developments in electron-beam lithography have been especially rapid. An electron beam has an excellent propensity to propagate in a straight line, and thus is well-suited for making microlithographic exposures of extremely fine patterns. At the time electronbeam microlithography made its debut, patterns were "drawn" line-by-line on the substrate using an electron beam. This technique exhibited extremely low throughput, especially in contrast to optical microlithography in which an entire pattern can be exposed from the reticle to the substrate in a single "shot." Unfortunately, electron-beam microlithography currently is incapable of transferring an entire pattern from a reticle to

120 Astigmatism

a substrate in a single shot. But, to obtain substantially better throughput than obtained using the line-by-line drawing technique, the pattern as defined on the reticle is divided into a large number of portions, termed "subfields," each defining a respective set of pattern elements. The subfields are exposed individually in a sequential manner in respective shots onto the substrate. The respective images of the subfields are positioned accurately on the substrate so as to achieve proper "stitching" of the images into a contiguous entire pattern on the substrate. This technique is termed the "divided-reticle" transfer-exposure technique. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Multifocal phakic intraocular lens Inventor(s): Reynard, Michael; (Santa Monica, CA) Correspondence: ALBERT O COTA; 5460 WHITE OAK AVE; SUITE A-331; ENCINO; CA; 91316; US Patent Application Number: 20030014107 Date filed: June 28, 2001 Abstract: A multifocal phakic intraocular lens (10) designed to be placed in a phakic eye to correct various refractive disorders such as myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism and presbyopia. The lens (10) which can be positioned within the eye's anterior chamber (62) or posterior chamber (63), consists of a substantially circular optical section (20) having integrally attached either a circular haptic extension (36) or at least two separate haptic extensions (36). When the lens (10) is positioned in the anterior chamber (62), the haptic extensions fixate the lens (10) between the base of the iris (56) and the cornea (72). When the lens (10) is positioned in the posterior chamber (63), the haptic extensions stabilize the lens (10) between the posterior leaf of the iris (56) and the lens capsule (60). In either position, the lens (10) is continuously bathed with the aqueous humour of the eye. Excerpt(s): The invention pertains to the general field of multifocal lenses and more particularly to a multifocal phakic intraocular lens which aids in correcting a variety of refractive disorders such as myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism and presbyopia. Recent advances in human lens technology have advanced the use of phakic intraocular lenses as a method of correcting refractive visual disorders. Generally, a deformable artificial lens is implanted into an eye to remedy myopia, hyperopia or astigmatism. Phakic intraocular lenses can be implanted as a corneal inlay, in the anterior chamber or posterior chamber of the eye. Phakic intraocular lenses have an optical zone portion typically made of silicone or acrylic material, and a supportive element to assist in securing its position within the eye. In the prior art, phakic intraocular lenses have been limited to a single dioptric power. This version of phakic intraocular lens may be suitable for young individuals who possess the ability to accommodate and adjust their focal distance. However, single-power phakic intraocular lenses in presbyopic individials are unable to provide adequate vision at variable focal distances. Presbyopic individuals with single-power phakic intraocular lenses may have adequate vision for distance, but still require spectacles or contact lenses to see properly for near visual tasks, such as reading. Thus, the single-power phakic intraocular lens does not eliminate the necessity for an external optical appliance to obtain satisfactory vision correction. Eliminating or reducing the necessity of an external optical appliance to see adequately is highly desirable in occupations that involve particulate atmospheric matter, underwater viewing, and sports related activities. In these conditions, the use of an external optical device is impracticable or can limit performance.

Patents 121

Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Multi-layer common lens arrangement for main focus lens of multi-beam electron gun Inventor(s): Chang, Hsiang-Lin; (Taoyuan, TW), Chen, Hsing-Yao; (Fox River Grove, IL), Ma, Yu-Kun; (Taoyuan, TW), Yeh, Chun-Hsien; (Taipei, TW) Correspondence: EMRICH & DITHMAR; Suite 3000; 300 South Wacker Drive; Chicago; IL; 60606; US Patent Application Number: 20030189398 Date filed: April 4, 2002 Abstract: An inline electron gun for use in a multi-beam electron gun as in a color cathode ray tube (CRT) includes a main focus lens for focusing the electron beams on the CRT's display screen for providing a video image. The main focus lens includes plural charged grids aligned in a spaced manner along the electron gun's longitudinal axis through which plural (typically three) electron beams are directed. One or more of these charged grids includes at least two aligned common apertures for passing the three electron beams. The layered common aperture arrangement allows for increasing the length of the electron gun as well as the effective diameter of the electron gun's main focus lens for improved video image resolution without introducing electron beam astigmatism. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to multi-beam electron guns as used in color cathode ray tubes (CRTs) and is particularly directed to a multi-layer common lens arrangement in one or more charged grids in the main focus lens of a CRT electron gun. A typical color CRT employs a multi-beam electron gun which directs three inline electron beams on the inner surface of the CRT's glass display screen. A magnetic deflection yoke disposed outside of the CRT's glass envelope sweeps the three electron beams in unison across the display screen in a raster-like manner. The three electron beams are aligned generally horizontally, or in the direction of each sweep across the CRT's display screen. The energetic electrons incident upon a phosphor coating disposed on the display screen's inner surface produce a video image. The G4 grid also includes an elongated common beam passing aperture 22 in facing relation to the beam passing aperture 18 of the G3 grid. Disposed within the G4 grid in spaced relation are three inline beam passing apertures 24a, 24b and 24c through each of which is directed a respective one of the electron beams. Disposed on the upper end portion of the G4 grid is a conductive support, or convergence, cup 26 which includes plural bulb spacers 28 disposed about its circumference in a spaced manner. The support cup 26 and bulb spacer 28 combination is conventional and serves to securely maintain electron gun 10 in position in the neck portion of a CRT's glass envelope. Each of the aforementioned grids is coupled to and supported by glass beads (also not shown for simplicity) disposed in the glass envelope's neck portion. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

122 Astigmatism

•

Objective lens and optical head device Inventor(s): Sasano, Tomohiko; (Osaka-shi, JP), Tanaka, Yasuhiro; (Ashiya-shi, JP), Yamagata, Michihiro; (Osaka-shi, JP) Correspondence: MERCHANT & GOULD PC; P.O. BOX 2903; MINNEAPOLIS; MN; 55402-0903; US Patent Application Number: 20030035226 Date filed: October 11, 2002 Abstract: An objective lens (1) for an optical disk, which focuses a light beam from a light source, is designed so that a third-order coma aberration generated when the objective lens is inclined at a unit angle is larger than a third-order coma aberration generated when the optical disk (2) is inclined at the unit angle, mounted on an actuator for inclining the objective lens according to an inclination amount of the optical disk, and used. With this structure, it is possible to obtain an objective lens for an optical disk that has a large numerical aperture and is easy to manufacture and assemble, and in which the third-order coma aberration generated when the optical disk surface is inclined owing to a warp or the like can be corrected by small inclination of the objective lens, so as to reduce a residual astigmatism, which is generated according to the inclination amount, after the correction. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an objective lens for an optical disk that focuses a light beam from a light source on an information recording surface of the optical disk such as a digital video disk, a digital audio disk or an optical memory disk for a computer, and an optical head device using the same. In optical head devices for optical disks, a single lens having an aspherical surface commonly is used as an objective lens for recording information or reproducing recorded information by focusing a light beam onto a diffraction-limited spot on an information recording surface of the optical disk. In the following, a conventional optical head device will be described, with reference to an accompanying drawing. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

•

Objective lens for optical pick-up Inventor(s): Maruyama, Koichi; (Tokyo, JP), Yamanouchi, Takashi; (Tokyo, JP) Correspondence: GREENBLUM & BERNSTEIN, P.L.C.; 1950 ROLAND CLARKE PLACE; RESTON; VA; 20191; US Patent Application Number: 20030189772 Date filed: April 1, 2003 Abstract: An objective lens of an optical pick-up is formed to provide axial astigmatism corresponding to wavefront aberration of 0.01.lambda. [rms] or more when a shorter wavelength laser beam emitted by a first laser diode is converged on a first optical disc, and to provide coma so that its sign when the shorter wavelength laser beam is converged on the first optical disc will be opposite to its sign when a longer wavelength laser beam emitted by a second laser diode is converged on a second optical disc. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an objective lens employed in an optical pick-up to be employed in an optical disc device capable of reading/writing from/to two or more types of optical discs having different cover layer thicknesses and data densities. There exist many types of optical discs according to various standards having

Patents 123

different thicknesses of the cover layer (transparent substrate covering the recording surface) and different data densities. For instance, the cover layer thickness of CD (Compact Disc) and CD-R (Compact Disc Recordable) having relatively low data density is 1.2 mm, while that of DVD (Digital Versatile Disc) having relatively high data density is 0.6 mm (1/2 of that of CD/CD-R). For the reading/writing of DVDs having high data density, a laser beam having a relatively short wavelength (635-660 nm) is necessary in order to realize a small beam spot diameter. On the other hand, a laser beam having a relatively long wavelength (approximately 780 nm) is necessary for the reading/writing of CD-Rs due to their reflection characteristics. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Objective lens optical system, optical head and optical information reproduction apparatus Inventor(s): Ariyoshi, Tetsuo; (Kokubunji, JP), Maruyama, Koichi; (Tokyo, JP), Shigematsu, Kazuo; (Yoshikawa, JP), Shimano, Takeshi; (Tokorozawa, JP), Takeuchi, Shuichi; (Wako, JP) Correspondence: REED SMITH LLP; Suite 1400; 3110 Fairview Park Drive; Falls Church; VA; 22042; US Patent Application Number: 20030076767 Date filed: February 19, 2002 Abstract: When it is intended to realize a lens having a large NA with one lens, an adjustment precision between both surfaces of the lens is very strict. Accordingly an objective lens having an NA of 0.8 or more was usually realized by two lenses. However, a working distance is small, and collision of the objective lens with a disc is apt to occur. A coma corrector for compensating coma caused by decentering of both surfaces in realizing the high NA lens with one lens is added. However, in this case, astigmatism occurs when the objective lens decenters from the coma corrector relatively accompanied with a tracking operation. The objective lens and the coma corrector are fixed to a mirror barrel so as to be unified with each other, and driven by a twodimensional lens actuator. With such a constitution, decentering of the objective lens and the coma corrector does not occur, and hence astigmatism does not occur. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an optical information reproducing apparatus for reproducing a next-generation high density optical disc, as well as to an optical head and an objective lens optical system which are incorporated therein. Recent years, high-density recording of an optical disc has been steadily developed, and in a digital versatile disc (DVD) the storage capacity of both of a read-only memory disc (ROM) and a rewritable disc (RAM) is as high as 4.7 GB. In addition to this, in recent years at which satellite broadcasting is to be digitized immediately, the optical disc is expected to be large capacity of 20 GB or more where high definition moving picture can be recorded for two hours or more. A size of a light beam spot that directly restricts a recording density of the optical disc is given as.lambda./NA when a wavelength of a light beam is represented as.lambda. and a numerical aperture of an objective lens is represented as NA. Accordingly, the wavelength must be set short or the numerical aperture must be set large in order to realize an optical disc with large capacity. With respect to the wavelength, development of a blue-violet laser diode which emit a light beam of 405 nm has been advanced, and it has been forecasted to realize an optical disc with capacity of 12 GB that is about 2.6 times as large as the present DVD for which a

124 Astigmatism

light beam of 650 nm is used. In order to further increase the capacity to 20 GB or more, NA must be increased to be 1.3 times as large as the present DVD, that is, 0.77 or more. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Observation apparatus Inventor(s): Aeba, Hidetaka; (Tokyo, JP), Fukuma, Yasufumi; (Tokyo, JP) Correspondence: ARMSTRONG,WESTERMAN & HATTORI, LLP; 1725 K STREET, NW; SUITE 1000; WASHINGTON; DC; 20006; US Patent Application Number: 20030128333 Date filed: December 4, 2002 Abstract: An observation apparatus capable of removing astigmatism is provided. The observation apparatus includes a variable power lens system (20) located on an observation path of an observation optical system (13a) extending from an objective lens (19) to an imaging lens (22). A portion of the observation optical system which extends from the objective lens (19) to the variable power lens system (20) serves as an observation path through which reflected light fluxes from an eye fundus (Er) of an operating eye (E) are relayed to the variable power lens system (20) as parallel light fluxes. A portion thereof which extends from the variable power lens system (20) to the imaging lens (22) serves as an observation path through which the reflected light fluxes obtained through the variable power lens system (20) are relayed to an eyepiece (26) as parallel light fluxes. An astigmatism canceling optical element (61) for canceling astigmatism power caused when optical members (60) are held against the operating eye (E) is provided in any location on the observation path of the observation optical system (13a) extending from the objective lens (19) to the eyepiece (26). Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an improvement of an observation apparatus such as an operation microscope or a slit lamp. The support arm 2 is composed of an Lshaped arm 4 and an swinging arm 5. The L-shaped arm 4 is attached to the top end portion of the support arm 2 such that it can be horizontally rotated. The swinging arm 5 is biased upward by a spring provided in the inner portion thereof. An arm 6 which is held so as to be horizontally rotatable and extends downward is provided to the end portion of the swinging arm 5. The bracket 3 is attached to the arm 6. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

•

Ophthalmic lenses useful in correcting astigmatism and presbyopia Inventor(s): Poling, Timothy R.; (Jacksonville, FL), Roffman, Jeffrey H.; (Jacksonville, FL) Correspondence: AUDLEY A. CIAMPORCERO JR.; JOHNSON & JOHNSON; ONE JOHNSON & JOHNSON PLAZA; NEW BRUNSWICK; NJ; 08933-7003; US Patent Application Number: 20030210376 Date filed: April 2, 2003 Abstract: This invention includes an ophthalmic lens having a convex surface and an opposite concave surface where one of said surfaces contains alternating distance and near power zones where one or more distance zones have cylinder power.

Patents 125

Excerpt(s): The invention relates to ophthalmic lenses. In particular, the invention provides lenses that are useful in the correction of presbyopia and astigmatism. As an individual ages, the eye is less able to accommodate, or bend the natural lens, to focus on objects that are relatively near to the observer. This condition affects is medically known as presbyopia. Typically aging patients have varying combinations of presbyopia, astigmatism, myopia, and hypermetropia, and fitting these patients with contact lenses presents a challenge. In particular, correcting the vision of patients with astigmatism and presbyopia is difficult, and over the years a number of methods of dealing with this problem have been suggested. One known method, is a contact lens that has a series of alternating spherical optical powers corresponding to the spherical distance power prescription, the spherical near power prescription, and a third spherical power which takes the cylindrical power into account, but does not use a cylindrical surface. Another approach to this problem combines a multifocal toric lens that corrects corneal or lenticular astigmatism with a correction for presbyopia. This contact lens has a front surface and an opposite back surface where one of these two surfaces has multifocus annular toric rings with alternating near distance and far distance powers, that corrects astigmatism. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Ophthalmic optical elements and methods for the design thereof Inventor(s): Rubinstein, Jacob; (Misgav, IL), Wolansky, Gershon Moshe; (Jerusalem, IL) Correspondence: Eitan, Pearl, Latzer & Cohen-Zedek; One Crystal Park; 2011 Crystal Drive, Suite 210; ALington; VA; 22202-3709; US Patent Application Number: 20030107706 Date filed: December 12, 2001 Abstract: In some embodiments of the present invention, a method for designing one or more surfaces of an ophthalmic optical element for an eye suffering at least from higher order aberrations includes computing an eye model and optimizing a merit function. The eye model may be computed from data on defocus of the eye, astigmatism of the eye and the higher order aberrations. The merit function may be defined in terms of the eye model and in terms of parameters of a representation of the surfaces. The optimization of the merit function yields a set of optimized parameters which can be used to obtain a description of the surfaces. The ophthalmic optical element may be a lens for spectacles, a contact lens, an intraocular lens or a multifocal lens for spectacles. The method may also be used to design the topography of corneal tissue. Excerpt(s): Recent advances have led to techniques for measuring outside of a human eye wavefronts reflected by a central point on the retina and refracted by optical components of the eye. It would be beneficial to apply these and other advances in wavefront technology to provide methods for designing ophthalmic optical elements to improve vision. In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the invention. However it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known methods and procedures have not been described in detail so as not to obscure the present invention. Some embodiments of the present invention are directed to methods for the design of lenses for spectacles and other such ophthalmic optical elements that correct defocus, astigmatism, and higher order aberrations. In this description and in the claims, the term "higher order aberrations" is used to mean aberrations beyond defocus and

126 Astigmatism

astigmatism. In this description and in the claims, the term "defocus" includes the case of no defocus and the term "astigmatism" includes the case of no astigmatism. Higher order aberrations may occur in people suffering from keratoconus, in people who have undergone refractive surgery and in others. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Optical detector, optical pickup and optical information reproducing apparatus using optical pickup Inventor(s): Fujita, Shinji; (Hitachinaka, JP), Inoue, Masayuki; (Yokohama, JP), Izumi, Katsuhiko; (Chigasaki, JP), Ohnishi, Kunikazu; (Yokosuka, JP), Shimada, Kenichi; (Yokohama, JP) Correspondence: ANTONELLI TERRY STOUT AND KRAUS; SUITE 1800; 1300 NORTH SEVENTEENTH STREET; ARLINGTON; VA; 22209 Patent Application Number: 20030072228 Date filed: November 15, 2002 Abstract: An optical pickup has a semiconductor laser having two laser sources of different wavelengths disposed in the same package, one diffraction grating and one optical detector. A plurality of light reception areas each having four divisional light reception planes of a -character shape are disposed at positions where light beams reflected from an optical disc are applied. A focus error signal is generated by an astigmatism method by using independently these light reception areas and a tracking error signal is generated by a differential phase detection method by using one or both the light reception areas. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an optical detector, an optical pickup, and an optical information reproducing apparatus (hereinafter described as an optical disc drive) using an optical pickup, capable of reproducing an information signal recorded in an optical information recording medium (hereinafter described as an optical disc). There are various types of optical discs having different substrate thicknesses and using different wavelengths. For example, discs such as CD and CD-R have a substrate thickness of 1.2 mm and use a 780 nm band as an optimum recording/reproducing laser wavelength, whereas recently standardized discs such as DVD-ROM and DVD-RAM have a substrate thickness of 0.6 mm and use a 650 nm band as an optimum recording/reproducing laser wavelength. Optical disc drives using a laser beam having a wavelength shorter than conventionally used wavelengths have been proposed as well. Under such circumstances, the main trend of, for example, optical pickups for DVD prevailing nowadays, is to mount semiconductor lasers having two different wavelengths in 780 nm and 650 nm bands in order to be compatible with CD optical discs already widely used. Most of optical pickups each having two semiconductor lasers have an optical system whose converging optical elements such as an objective lens and a collimator lens are used in common in order to make an optical pickup compact and inexpensive. An example of the structure of such an optical system is shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Patents 127

•

Optical head and disk recording and reproducing apparatus Inventor(s): Nagata, Takayuki; (Hirakata-shi, JP), Nakata, Hideki; (Soraku-gun, JP), Tomita, Hironori; (Ikoma-shi, JP) Correspondence: MERCHANT & GOULD PC; P.O. BOX 2903; MINNEAPOLIS; MN; 55402-0903; US Patent Application Number: 20030090985 Date filed: November 12, 2002 Abstract: An optical head and a disk recording and reproducing apparatus using this. The optical head can realize a stable recording and reproducing with less cross-talk and can be made small and thin by making the objective lens to be small and thin. The optical head includes an optical system including a light source having astigmatic difference and an objective lens that forms an optical spot on an information recording medium. The optical system has optical properties in that the optical spot has an initial astigmatism on the design optical axis, the direction of the initial astigmatism is a direction in which a back-side line focus is substantially perpendicular to the radial direction of the information recording medium, and astigmatism is generated in the direction in which the initial astigmatism of the optical spot is reduced as the objective lens moves in the direction in which the objective lens is distant from the design optical axis in the radial direction. The direction of astigmatism of the optical spot formed by the objective lens is a direction in which a back-side line focus is substantially perpendicular to the radial direction in the radial direction moving range of the objective lens. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an optical head of a disk recording and reproducing apparatus in which an optical spot is projected onto a disk-shaped information recording medium, thereby recording and reproducing information optically. Recently, an optical head and a disk recording and reproducing apparatus have been used for various applications, for example, DVD, MD, CD, CD-R, etc., and apparatus having a high density, high performance, high quality, and high added value have been demanded. In particular, in the magneto-optical disk recording and reproducing device using a magneto-optical media capable of recording, demands for portable type apparatus tend to greatly increase. Consequently apparatus having a small size, thin shape, high performance and low cost has been increasingly demanded. Hitherto, a great deal of investigation concerning techniques for an optical head of a disk recording and reproducing apparatus for magneto-optical disk has been reported. The following is an explanation for one example of a conventional optical head of a disk recording and reproducing apparatus for magneto-optical disk with reference to the drawings. FIGS. 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18 are views to illustrate a schematic configuration and the operation principle thereof. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

128 Astigmatism

•

Optical system for optical disk, optical head unit for optical disk, and optical drive unit Inventor(s): Sasano, Tomohiko; (Osaka-shi, JP), Tanaka, Yasuhiro; (Ashiya-shi, JP), Yamagata, Michihiro; (Osaka-shi, JP) Correspondence: MERCHANT & GOULD PC; P.O. BOX 2903; MINNEAPOLIS; MN; 55402-0903; US Patent Application Number: 20020186476 Date filed: May 2, 2002 Abstract: An optical system for an optical disk, comprising a light source (61), a collimating optical system (63) for converting a luminous flux from the light source into parallel rays of light, and an object lens (66) for condensing the parallel rays onto the information recording surface (71) of an optical disk. The object lens consisting of two or three lenses and having a numerical aperture (NA) of at least 0.82 enables a high-density recording. Since a third-order astigmatism produced when the object lens is tilted 0.7 degree with respect to an optical axis is as small as up to 10 m.lambda., a residual aberration, after a third-order comatic aberration produced when the optical disk is tilted due to warping or the like is corrected by tilting the optical lens, can be reduced. Therefore, a tilted optical disk still can ensure a satisfactory recording and/or reproducing quality. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an optical system for use with an optical disk, which focuses a luminous flux from a light source on an information recording surface of an optical disk such as a digital video disk, a digital audio disk, or an optical memory disk for use in a computer. The present invention also relates to an optical head device that is provided with the optical system for use with an optical disk, and to an optical drive device that is provided with the optical system for use with an optical disk. Generally, in optical head devices for use with optical disks, many of the lenses used as objective lenses for recording information or reproducing recorded information by focusing light so as to form a point image at the diffraction limit on an information recording surface of an optical disk are single lenses having aspherical surfaces. The following will describe a conventional optical head device, while referring to the drawings. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

•

Optical systems for reflective lcds Inventor(s): Magarill, Simon; (Cincinnati, OH), Rudolph, John D; (Cincinnati, OH) Correspondence: Maurice M Klee; Attorney at Law; 1951 Burr Street; Fairfield; CT; 06430; US Patent Application Number: 20030007105 Date filed: June 27, 2002 Abstract: A tilted polarization splitter (13) for use with a projection lens (15) and a light modulating panel (11) is provided. The polarization splitter has an ultra thin substrate (14) whose thickness is chosen so that the depth of focus of the projection lens in imager space is greater than the astigmatism produced by the splitter at its tilted angle. The polarization splitter can be a wire grid polarizer, polarization coating, or birefringence film carried by or formed on the ultra thin, plane parallel plate substrate.

Patents 129

Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit under 35 USC.sctn.119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/292,178, filed May 18, 2001, the contents of which are incorporated herein in their entirety. This invention relates to projection optical devices for use with reflective liquid crystal displays, e.g., LCoSs. More particularly, the invention relates to an arrangement of polarization components designed to work with reflective liquid crystal displays and maintain an effective separation of illuminating light and reflective light. The PBS diagonal has a multi-layer structure, which is designed to reflect S polarization and to transmit P polarization. The typical reflection factor for P polarization is.about.12%, which reduces the contrast of the system. The initial polarizer 9 in front of the PBS 3 absorbs light with P polarization to maintain the contrast at the required level. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Optoelectronic eye examination system Inventor(s): Riza, Nabeel Agha; (Oviedo, FL) Correspondence: BEUSSE, BROWNLEE, BOWDOIN & WOLTER, P. A.; 390 NORTH ORANGE AVENUE; SUITE 2500; ORLANDO; FL; 32801; US Patent Application Number: 20030210378 Date filed: January 13, 2003 Abstract: Optoelectronic eye examination apparatus is shown that can test the eyes for refraction errors and color blindness with the additional capability to perform eye strain relief and eye muscle exercises. This invention with its various embodiments exploits the electronic programmability features of Spatial Light Modulators (SLMs) combined with fixed refractive power lenses in a unique thin-lens cascaded arrangement to form an eye examination instrument that provides (a) an assessment of the present state of the refractive powers of the eye; i.e., an update in Diopters of the change in eye wear prescription required for improved vision, (b) an assessment of the color vision capability of the eyes, and (c) a visual platform to subject the eye to image-based muscular and neural processing leading to eye strain relief and other neural/human benefits. The instrument is divided into several sub-modules that include the light source optics, image generation optics via programmable amplitude mode SLM, fixed refractive power optics and optional beam delay optics, SLM-based electronically programmable lens (serves as the adjustable weak lens), and a controller to provide feedback to the programmable optics with input from the human under test and/or a objective image quality and refractive power test system. The preferred no-moving parts embodiment of the invention is based on liquid crystal (LC) optics with a transmissive LC programmable lens for refractive power control and LC SLM for vision image generation required for various eye tests and measurements. For instance, the SLM image generator can produce rapid near zero dark phase test image rotation via software control, implementing astigmatism measurements. An alternate embodiment of this invention uses a reflective lens arrangement via a LC SLM or a mirror-based SLM that function as the weak lens. Both these embodiments have a shutter arrangement that in one shutter state allows external light from an infinity image to impinge on the eye so as to prevent the eye from near field accommodation during far field (e.g., greater than 10 feet standard vision chart distance) testing. In addition, in the other shutter state, only light from the image generation LC display strikes the eye. Another embodiment of the invention introduces the use of a fixed bias lens in close cascade with the SLM-based lens. The purpose of the bias lens is via the thin-lens formula approximation, add to the

130 Astigmatism

Dioptric power of the combined eye refractive power test system to cover a wider power range than possible with a single SLM-based lens. Here, bias lenses of various powers can be attached in a wheel where rotating the wheel brings the desired bias lens in line with the SLM-based lens optical axis. Both a transmissive LC lens or a reflective lens such as via an actuated mirror device or an LC device can be used to form this embodiment of the invention. Additional embodiments of the invention use multiple cascaded SLMs to increase the Dioptric power and measurement capability of the vision testing instrument. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional patent application, Application No. 60/350,256, filed Jan. 17, 2002, incorporated herein by reference. The present invention is generally related to eye examination systems, and, specifically, to an optoelectronic eye examination system using spatial light modulators. The human eye is a vital part of our sensory system, see C. E. RISCHER AND T. A. EASTON, Focus ON HUMAN BIOLOGY, 363-368, (1992), that provides a window to the universe and the quality of life's pleasures it brings to us as individuals. From the day we are born to the day we depart, our eyes provide us with dedicated non-stop sensory feedback that shapes our lives. Like any other part of our human anatomy, the eye undergoes a gradual wear and tear process during the aging process, and in some cases, more serious changes or damage occur. The most common yet debilitating change in our eye is the change in eye lens quality that then affects our ability to see and function properly. Hence, knowing the well being of our eyes and their vision quality status is critical for functionality in our daily lives. In some cases like driving automobiles, flying aircrafts, operating military equipment, and running heavy or dangerous industrial machinery can have deadly consequences to society in general. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Pre-fabricated corneal tissue lens and method of corneal overlay to correct vision Inventor(s): Perez, Edward; (Menlo Park, CA) Correspondence: E. Thomas Wheelock; Morrison & Foerster LLP; 755 Page Mill Road; Palo Alto; CA; 94304-1018; US Patent Application Number: 20030105521 Date filed: December 11, 2002 Abstract: This invention relates to a contact lens made of donor corneal tissue, to a method of preparing that lens, and to a technique of placing the lens on the eye. The lens is made of donor corneal tissue that is acellularized by removing native epithelium and keratocytes. These cells are replaced with human epithelium and keratocytes to form a lens that has a structural anatomy similar to human cornea. The ocular lens is used to correct conditions such as astigmatism, myopia, aphakia, and presbyopia. Excerpt(s): This invention is in the field of ophthalmology. More particularly, it relates to a living contact lens made of donor corneal tissue, to a method of preparing that lens, and to a technique of placing the lens on the eye. The visual system allows the eye to focus light rays into meaningful images. The most common problem an ophthalmologist or optometrist will encounter is that of spherical ammetropia, or the formation of an image by the eye which is out of focus with accommodation due to an improperly shaped globe. The ophthalmologist or optometrist determines the refractive status of the eye and corrects the optical error with contact lenses or glasses. Many procedures have been developed to correct spherical ammetropia by modifying the shape of the cornea.

Patents 131

Light entering the eye is first focused by the cornea, which possesses approximately 75% of the eye's overall refractory power. The majority of refractive operations involve either decreasing or increasing the anterior curvature of the cornea. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Progressive addition lenses Inventor(s): Menezes, Edgar V.; (Roanoke, VA) Correspondence: Philip S. Johnson, Esq.; Johnson & Johnson; One Johnson & Johnson Plaza; New Brunswick; NJ; 08933-7003; US Patent Application Number: 20020196410 Date filed: April 10, 2001 Abstract: The present provides progressive addition lens designs and lenses in which unwanted lens astigmatism is reduced as compared to conventional progressive addition lenses. The lenses of the invention containing at least one surface that is a composite of a progressive surface design and a regressive surface design. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to multifocal ophthalmic lenses. In particular, the invention provides progressive addition lens designs and lenses in which unwanted lens astigmatism is reduced as compared to conventional progressive addition lenses. The use of ophthalmic lenses for the correction of ametropia is well known. For example, multifocal lenses, such as progressive addition lenses ("PAL's"), are used for the treatment of presbyopia. The progressive surface of a PAL provides far, intermediate, and near vision in a gradual, continuous progression of vertically increasing dioptric power from far to near focus, or top to bottom of the lens. PAL's are appealing to the wearer because PAL's are free of the visible ledges between the zones of differing dioptric power that are found in other multifocal lenses, such as bifocals and trifocals. However, an inherent disadvantage in PAL's is unwanted astigmatism, or astigmatism introduced or caused by one or more of the lens' surfaces. In hard design PAL's, the unwanted astigmatism borders the lens channel and near vision zone. In soft design PAL's, the unwanted astigmatism extends into the distance vision zone. Generally, in both designs the unwanted lens astigmatism at or near its approximate center reaches a maximum that corresponds approximately to the near vision dioptric add power of the lens. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

•

Progressive power spectacle lens Inventor(s): Yamamoto, Chikara; (Saitama-ken, JP) Correspondence: GREENBLUM & BERNSTEIN, P.L.C.; 1950 ROLAND CLARKE PLACE; RESTON; VA; 20191; US Patent Application Number: 20030128331 Date filed: January 7, 2003 Abstract: A progressive power spectacle lens has a progressive power surface on at least one of a front surface and a back surface of the spectacle lens. The progressive power surface includes a distance portion corresponding to a long-distance view, a near portion corresponding to a short-distance view and an intermediate portion between the

132 Astigmatism

distance portion and the near portion, a refracting power gradually changes in the intermediate portion between the distance portion and the near portion. In such a spectacle lens, a shape of the progressive power surface along a main meridian is formed not to be umbilical, and the distance portion is formed to include an area where quantity of surface astigmatism decreases from a position on the main meridian to a predetermined position farther from the main meridian in the horizontal direction, the surface astigmatism then increasing at positions farther, in the horizontal direction, from the predetermined position. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a progressive power spectacle lens having both a distance portion and a near portion. Dmin represents a minimum sectional surface power. In the conventional progressive power lens, in order to suppress the astigmatism on the main meridian MM', a relatively deep base curve is employed as a base curve of the progressive lens surface. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Progressive spectacle lens with low swaying effects Inventor(s): Altheimer, Helmut; (Lauchdorf, DE), Awrath, Norbert; (Muenchen, DE), Baumbach, Peter; (Muenchen, DE), Brosig, Jochen; (Gruenwald, DE), Dorsch, Rainer; (Muenchen, DE), Esser, Gregor; (Muenchen, DE), Haimerl, Walter; (Muenchen, DE), Haser, Stephan; (Muenchen, DE), Mueller, Werner; (Oetisheim, DE), Nikolaus, Winfried; (Haar, DE), Pfeiffer, Herbert; (Muenchen, DE), Wechs, Martin; (Muenchen, DE), Welk, Andrea; (Muenchen, DE), Zimmermann, Martin; (Kleinberghofen, DE) Correspondence: CROWELL & MORING LLP; INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY GROUP; P.O. BOX 14300; WASHINGTON; DC; 20044-4300; US Patent Application Number: 20030156251 Date filed: October 25, 2002 Abstract: Described is a spectacle lens comprising a region (distance portion) designed for viewing at large distances and in particular "to infinity", a region (near portion) designed for viewing at short distances and in particular "reading distances", and a progressive zone disposed between the distance portion and the near portion, in which the power of the spectacle lens increases from a value at a distance reference point located in the distance portion to a value at the near reference point located in the near portion along a curve (principal line) veering towards the nose. The invention is distinct in that the astigmatic deviation, i.e. the difference between the prescribed and the actual astigmatism along circles having a center lying 4 mm below the centration point and having a diameter of 10 to 40 mm satisfies the following conditions: two local minima occur which on a "right-hand side spectacle lens" are located at 95.degree.+-.10.degree. (according to TABO) and at 280.degree.+-.10.degree., and on a "left-hand side spectacle lens" at 85.degree.+-.10.degree. and 260.degree.+-.10.degree.; and two local maxima occur which on both a "right-hand side spectacle lens" and also a "left-hand-side spectacle lens" are located at 215.degree.+-.10.degree. and 335.degree.+-.10.degree. Excerpt(s): The present application is a continuation of International Patent Application No. PCT/DE01/01583, filed Apr. 25, 2001, designating the United States of America, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Priority is claimed based on German Patent Application No. 100 20 243.8, filed Apr. 25, 2000; German Patent Application No. 100 20 244.6, filed Apr. 25, 2000; German Patent Application No. 100 21 047.3, filed Apr. 28, 2000; and International Patent Application No. PCT/DE01/00188,

Patents 133

filed Jan. 17, 2001. The invention relates to a progressive spectacle lens as set out in the preamble of patent claim 1, the lens having low swaying effects. Progressive spectacle lenses (also called varifocal lenses, multifocal lenses etc.) are usually understood to be spectacle lenses having a different (lower) power in the region through which a spectacles wearer views an object located at a great distance-hereunder referred to as a distance portion--than in the region (near portion) through which the spectacles wearer views a near object. Located between the distance portion and the near portion is the socalled progressive zone in which the power of the spectacle lens continuously increases from that of the distance portion to that of the near portion. The magnitude of the power increase is also designated as addition power. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Projection system having low astigmatism Inventor(s): Aastuen, David J. W.; (Farmington, MN), Bruzzone, Charles L.; (Woodbury, MN), Eckhardt, Stephen K.; (Austin, TX), Ma, Jiaying; (Maplewood, MN) Correspondence: Attention: Yen Tong Florczak; Office of Intellectual Property Counsel; 3M Innovative Properties Company; PO Box 33427; St. Paul; MN; 55133-3427; US Patent Application Number: 20030038923 Date filed: June 11, 2001 Abstract: Generally, the present invention relates to an apparatus for reducing astigmatism in a projection system that is particularly well suited to reducing astigmatism in LCD projection systems. A projection system includes a light source to generate light, conditioning optics to condition the light from the light source and an imaging core to impose on image on conditioned light from the conditioning optics to form image light. The imaging core includes a polarizing beamsplitter and at least one imager, and at least one element in the imaging core is adapted to reduce astigmatism in the image light. The astigmatism may arise in the polarizing beamsplitter. A projection lens system projects the astigmatism-reduced image light from the imaging core. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed generally to systems for displaying information, and more particularly to reflective projection systems. Optical imaging systems typically include a transmissive or a reflective imager, also referred to as a light valve or light valve array, which imposes an image on a light beam. Transmissive light valves are typically translucent and allow light to pass through. Reflective light valves, on the other hand, reflect only selected portions of the input beam to form an image. Reflective light valves provide important advantages, as controlling circuitry may be placed behind the reflective surface and more advanced integrated circuit technology becomes available when the substrate materials are not limited by their opaqueness. New potentially inexpensive and compact liquid crystal display (LCD) projector configurations may become possible by the use of reflective liquid crystal microdisplays as the imager. Many reflective LCD imagers rotate the polarization of incident light. In other words, polarized light is either reflected by the imager with its polarization state substantially unmodified for the darkest state, or with a degree of polarization rotation imparted to provide a desired grey scale. A 90.degree. rotation provides the brightest state in these systems. Accordingly, a polarized light beam is generally used as the input beam for reflective LCD imagers. A desirable compact arrangement includes a folded light path between a polarizing beamsplitter (PBS) and the imager, wherein the illuminating beam and the projected image reflected from the imager share the same

134 Astigmatism

physical space between the PBS and the imager. The PBS separates the incoming light from the polarization-rotated image light. A single imager may be used for forming a monochromatic image or a color image. Multiple imagers are typically used for forming a color image, where the illuminating light is split into multiple beams of different color. An image is imposed on each of the beams individually, which are then recombined to form a full color image. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Semiconductor laser device, astigmatic correction plate used therefor and method of arranging the astigmatic correction plate Inventor(s): Miyahara, Hiroyuki; (Kanagawa, JP) Correspondence: RADER FISHMAN & GRAUER PLLC; LION BUILDING; 1233 20TH STREET N.W., SUITE 501; WASHINGTON; DC; 20036; US Patent Application Number: 20030099263 Date filed: November 19, 2002 Abstract: Provided are a semiconductor laser device capable of increasing an emission angle of a laser beam, an astigmatic correction plate used therefor and a method of arranging the astigmatic correction plate. In order to correct astigmatism of a laser beam emitted from a first laser light source or a second laser light source, the astigmatic correction plate is arranged so as to diagonally intersect an optical center line (an optical axis) of the laser beam, and the astigmatic correction plate, the first light source and the second light source are arranged so that an optical axis of the first laser light source coincides with a center line (CL) of an effective diameter of an aperture and a distance from the second laser light source to the astigmatic correction plate in a direction parallel to the optical axis is shorter than a distance from the first laser light source to the astigmatic correction plate. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a semiconductor laser device, an astigmatic correction plate used therefor and a method of arranging the astigmatic correction plate. A typical semiconductor laser has a large number of characteristics such as compact size, high efficiency, capability of low voltage operation, low power consumption, long life span, capability of high speed modulation and so on, so it is applicable as a light source for optical electronics such as for optical communications or for reading of date from an optical storage medium in various fields. Such semiconductor laser device emits one kind of a laser beam from one element, however, as a derivative of the device, twowavelength semiconductor laser devices emitting two kinds of laser beams with different wavelengths from one element have been proposed in, for example, Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. Hei 10-302289, Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. Hei 09-283853, Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. Hei 02-253676, Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. Sho 56-80195, Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. Sho 60-164381, Japanese Patent Publication No. 3095036, Japanese Patent Publication No. 3197050 and so on, and some of them have been already in practical use. The astigmatic correction plate 13 is arranged on a backside of a top surface of a so-called slanted cap 18 having an aperture with a predetermined effective diameter. The slanted cap 18 is arranged so as to cover the laser diode chip 16, thereby a main surface of the astigmatic correction plate 13 diagonally intersects optical axes 15 and 19 of the laser beams emitted from the laser diode chip 16.

Patents 135

Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Semiconductor laser element having a diverging region Inventor(s): Balsamo, Stefano; (Cairo, IT), Ghislotti, Giorgio; (Montevecchia, IT), Morasca, Salvatore; (Como, IT), Trezzi, Fiorenzo; (Agliate, IT) Correspondence: Ronald J Paglierani; Corning Incorporated; 11 Oak Park; LZ 902; Bedford; MA; 01730; US Patent Application Number: 20030031222 Date filed: June 21, 2002 Abstract: A semiconductor ridge laser for coupling to a single-mode optical fiber has a ridge with a narrow parallel region, a diverging region, and then a wide parallel region that is adjacent to an output facet. A pump region for the laser may be less than the entire area of the ridge and have a "T" shape. Preferably, the ridge has a depth of about 350 to 550 nm and the narrow parallel region has a length of more than 0.4 times the overall length of the ridge. The wide parallel region at the output enables the laser to obtain low thermal resistance, which leads to a low operating temperature, a low power density in the laser cavity, and low astigmatism. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to semiconductor laser devices and, more particularly, to a high-power ridge laser adapted for coupling to a single-mode optical fiber without additional corrective optics. With the growth of optical communications, semiconductor lasers have become important components in telecommunication systems. These laser devices enable a high quality of light emission, in particular single transverse mode emission, at relatively high power levels. High power single-mode semiconductor lasers can be used, in particular, as pump lasers for optical fiber amplifiers. In a standard semiconductor laser, an active region is embedded in a p-n junction. A multilayer structure creates a high refractive index region at both sides of the active region. In such a way, light propagating parallel to the layers can be guided in the active region. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

•

Spectacle lens manufacturing method and spectacle lens supply system Inventor(s): Ueno, Yasunori; (Tokyo, JP) Correspondence: Oliff & Berridge; PO Box 19928; Alexandria; VA; 22320; US Patent Application Number: 20020176052 Date filed: April 15, 2002 Abstract: The difference in optical performance, such as astigmatism, the radius of curvature of a first surface, etc., of left and right lenses is kept at or below a specific level, and the difference in optical performance and the radius of curvature of the first surfaces between new and old lenses when the wearer changes lenses is also kept at or below a specific level, the result being lenses that are more comfortable to wear and are more attractive. When spectacle lens prescription values for a customer are transmitted from an order-side computer to a manufacturer-side computer, a check is made for whether prescription data already exists for that customer, and if it does. the optical performance of the new and old lens designs is compared, and if the difference is within

136 Astigmatism

a specific range. the process moves on to the machining step, but otherwise new design data is selected and the optical performance compared, and the above step is repeated until the optical performance difference falls within the specified range. If the optical performance difference or the difference in the radius of curvature of the first surfaces between the left and right lenses is higher than specified, design is repeated until a value within the specific range is attained. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a supply system equipped with a lens design function, with which a spectacle lens with good appearance and optical performance can be obtained even when the difference in prescription, such as the diopter, between the left and right eyes is over a specific amount, and furthermore with which optical performance can be taken into account when the wearer changes his or her prescription and new spectacles are produced, or when the eyewear history of a customer is updated. There are already known systems for the online ordering of spectacle lenses (see Japanese Patent No. 2,982,991, for instance). With this conventional system, a computer is set up on the side where the spectacle lenses are ordered, and a manufacturer-side computer is connected to this order-side computer so as to allow the exchange of information, with this computer executing order receipt processing such as obtaining lens design data on the basis of order information such as a lens prescription transmitted from the order-side computer. The order-side computer and the manufacturer-side computer perform computational processing according to specific input operations, and perform the processing necessary for placing and taking orders for spectacle lenses while exchanging information with each other. In prescribing spectacle lenses that correct the vision of a patient's eyes, lenses of the same refractive power (diopter) are prescribed when the left and right eyes both have the same visual acuity, so the curvature of the first refractive surface and the second refractive surface is also the same, and the optical performance, such as astigmatism, curvature of field, and distortion, is also the same. If the visual acuity of the left and right eyes is not the same, however, lenses having different refractive power (diopter) will of course be prescribed. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Surgical correction of human eye refractive errors by active composite artificial muscle implants Inventor(s): Shahinpoor, Mohsen; (Albuquerque, NM), Shahinpoor, Parsa; (Albuquerque, NM), Soltanpour, David; (Larchmont, NY) Correspondence: Dennis F. Armijo, Esq.; DENNIS F. ARMIJO, P.C.; Suite 200; 5300 Sequoia Rd, NW; Albuquerque; NM; 87120; US Patent Application Number: 20030139808 Date filed: January 16, 2003 Abstract: Correction of eye refractive errors such as presbyopia, hyperopia, myopia, and astigmatism by using either pre-tensioned or transcutaneously energized artificial muscle implants to change the axial length and the anterior curvatures of the eye globe by bringing the retina/macula region to coincide with the focal point. The implants are scleral constrictor bands, segments or ribs for inducing accommodation of a few diopters, to correct the refractive errors on demand or automatically. The implant comprises an active sphinctering band encircling the sclera, implanted under the conjunctiva and under the extraocular muscles to uniformly constrict the eye globe, to induce active temporary myopia (hyperopia) by increasing(decreasing) the length and curvature of the globe. Multiple and specially designed constrictor bands enable

Patents 137

surgeons to correct astigmatism. The artificial muscles comprise materials such as composite magnetic shape memory (MSM), heat shrink, shape memory alloy-silicone rubber, electroactive ionic polymeric artificial muscles or electrochemically contractile ionic polymers bands. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/633,023, entitled "Surgical Correction of Human Eye Refractive Errors by Active Composite Artificial Muscle Implants", filed on Aug. 4, 2000, the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference. The invention relates to surgical correction of human eye refractive errors such as presbyopia, hyperopia, myopia, and astigmatism. More particularly, it is related to surgical corrections of such errors with implantation of a prosthesis for increasing or decreasing the eye length and scleral, as well a corneal, curvatures, and thus bringing the retina/macula region to coincide with the focal point of the eye. The present invention also relates to a signal energized smart prostheses equipped with composite artificial muscles for automatic correction of presbyopia. This invention can also be applicable to any medical problem requiring controlled compression and/or dilation of an internal or external mammalian organ. There are many refractive errors associated with the human eye. When the focal point of images is formed in front of the retina/macula region due to too much refraction of light rays, the refractive error is called myopia or near-sightedness. When, on the other hand, the focal point of images lies outside the eye behind the retina/macula region due to too little refraction of light rays, the refractive error is called either hyperopia or far-sightedness or presbyopia. These problems can be surgically corrected by either changing the eye length or scleral/corneal curvatures. In the case of presbyopia, as individuals age, the human eye loses its ability to focus on nearby objects. This condition, known as presbyopia, is due to a progressive loss in the elasticity of the lens of the eye. The ciliary muscles which normally force the lens, through the action of zonule fibers on the lens capsule, which is in a rounded shape, to accommodate near objects, can no longer exert the necessary changes in the lens' shape. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

TORIC INTRAOCULAR LENS Inventor(s): FEINGOLD, VLADIMIR; (LAGUNA NIGUEL, CA) Correspondence: KLIMA AND PEZZLO; P.O. BOX 2855; STAFFORD; VA; 22554 Patent Application Number: 20030060880 Date filed: January 29, 1997 Abstract: A toric shaped intraocular lens having at least one toric shape lens portion. The toric shaped intraocular lens corrects astigmatism of the eye. Preferably, the toric shaped intraocular lens is a deformable type intraocular lens. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to a toric intraocular lens. Specifically, the present invention is directed to an intraocular lens having a toric shaped lens portion on one or both sides of the lens. A conventional intraocular lens is defined by a pair of spherical lens portions located on opposite sides of a centerplane of the lens. Typically, haptics or means of attachment of the lens to the eye are located in the centerplane. In some conventional intraocular lens, a center portion of the lens can be defined by a planar piece of lens material having a circular center portion with a set of haptics extending from opposite sides thereof. The haptics can be defined by uniform thickness protrusions each having a hole therethrough for attachment in the eye by the capsule

138 Astigmatism

walls sewing to each through the hole. The spherical lens portions extend outwardly from opposite sides of the center portion. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Wide-angle lens system Inventor(s): Kondo, Yasuhiro; (Nagoya, JP), Yamada, Kazuyoshi; (Kasugai, JP) Correspondence: OSTROLENK FABER GERB & SOFFEN; 1180 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS; NEW YORK; NY; 100368403 Patent Application Number: 20030117721 Date filed: December 23, 2002 Abstract: In a wide-angle lens system having a long back focal length, the various types of aberration, particularly distortion, are kept small. The wide-angle lens system 100 is disposed in front of a 1/3" CCD camera 40 and the focal length (f) for all lens groups is 3.0 mm, the F-number is 3.0 and the half-field angle is 46.degree. In this wide-angle lens system 100, the following conditions are met by the first lens group 10:1
Patents 139

•

Zoom lens Inventor(s): Miyano, Hitoshi; (Kumagaya City, JP) Correspondence: Arnold International; P.O. Box 129; Great Falls; VA; 22066-0129; US Patent Application Number: 20030067689 Date filed: September 18, 2002 Abstract: A zoom lens having only four lens groups is disclosed. In order from the object side, these are: a first lens group having positive refractive power, a second lens group having negative refractive power that moves for zooming, a third lens group having negative refractive power that moves for correcting a shift in the image surface position when zooming, and a fourth lens group having positive refractive power and formed of front and rear subgroups, with the rear subgroup consisting of a single positive lens element that moves to correct for different back focus lengths that are required when the zoom lens is used in different television cameras. Various conditions are preferably satisfied in order to maintain favorable correction of spherical aberration and astigmatism even when the back focus of the zoom lens is adjusted slightly so as to compensate for manufacturing tolerances. Excerpt(s): In general, the back flange length of a mount in a television camera varies among individual cameras even though they satisfy the same standard. Therefore, after a lens is mounted in a television camera, the back focus is adjusted so that the image pick-up plane of the television camera coincides with the image plane of the lens. Back focus adjustment is performed by moving one or more lens elements of a lens group in order to adjust the image plane position. Table 2 below shows at both the wide-angle end (WIDE) and telephoto end (TELE) for Prior Art Example 1: the focal length f (in mm); the F-number F.sub.NO with the diaphragm stop fully open; and the on-axis spacings D10, D18 and D21 (in mm) between the lens groups. Also listed, for the wideangle end (WIDE) of Prior Art Example 1 are: the back focus Bf (in mm) of the zoom lens; the back focus Bf.sub.4b of the rear subgroup of the fourth lens group that is moveable in order to adjust the back focus; the ratio Bf.sub.4b/Bf; the maximum ray height Ha on the image-side surface immediately before the movable component(s) of the fourth lens group (in this case, the surface of radius of curvature R.sub.29) at the wide-angle end when the diaphragm stop is fully open; the maximum ray height Hb on the lens surface of the movable component(s) of the fourth-lens group nearest the object side (in this case, the surface of radius of curvature R.sub.30) at the wide-angle end when the diaphragm stop is fully open; the absolute value of Ha minus Hb; the value 0.02 Bf/F.sub.N; and the amount of axial shift (in mm) in focal point position when the rear subgroup IVb is moved (from the position given in Table 1) 1 mm toward the image so as to adjust the back focus. In the bottom portion of the table are listed the image sensor diameter (hereinafter termed the "screen size", in mm) for which the zoom lens of Prior Art Example 1 is designed, as well as the diameter of the diaphragm stop (in mm) when fully open. FIGS. 19(a) and 19(b) show the spherical aberration and the astigmatism, respectively, at the wide-angle end of the zoom lens of Prior Art Example 1 with the image plane position as designed (i.e., as given in Table 1 above). FIGS. 19(c) and 19(d) show the spherical aberration and astigmatism, respectively, at the wideangle end of the zoom lens of Prior Art Example 1 after the rear subgroup IVb has been moved (from the position indicated in Table 1 above) 1 mm toward the image so as to adjust the back focus. In FIGS. 19(b) and 19(d) the astigmatism is shown for both the sagittal (S) and tangential (T) image planes. As is apparent from FIGS. 19(a)-19(d), the zoom lens of Prior Art Example 1 does not show significant differences in spherical aberration and astigmatism after the rear subgroup IVb has been moved (from its

140 Astigmatism

position indicated in Table 1) 1 mm toward the image so as to adjust the back focus. In fact, the lens performance changes very little when the rear subgroup IVb is moved 1 mm toward the image from its design position. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with astigmatism, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “astigmatism” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on astigmatism. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning astigmatism. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

141

CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON ASTIGMATISM Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to astigmatism. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on astigmatism include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “astigmatism” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “astigmatism” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “astigmatism” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

A Complete Surgical Guide for Correcting Astigmatism: An Ophthalmic Manifesto by James P. Gills (2003); ISBN: 1556426127; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1556426127/icongroupinterna

•

A textbook of radial keratotomy and astigmatism surgery by William Ellis; ISBN: 0937465240; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0937465240/icongroupinterna

•

Corneal Astigmatism: Etiology, Prevention and Management by Richard C. Troutman, Kurt A. Buzard; ISBN: 0801655315; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801655315/icongroupinterna

•

Do You Really Need Glasses?: The Complete Guide to Laser Treatment of Shortsightedness, Long-sightedness and Astigmatism by Lennart Storm, Vivian Highman FRCS FRCOphth; ISBN: 0709055390; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0709055390/icongroupinterna

142 Astigmatism

•

Microsurgery of Cataract, Vitreous, and Astigmatism by Ophthalmic Microsurgery Study Group (1976); ISBN: 3805523238; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805523238/icongroupinterna

•

Refractive Keratotomy for Cataract Surgery and Astigmatism by Robert M. Kershner; ISBN: 1556422377; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1556422377/icongroupinterna

•

Refractive Keratotomy for Myopia and Astigmatism by George O. Waring; ISBN: 0801653495; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801653495/icongroupinterna

•

Surgical Treatment of Astigmatism by James P. Gills, et al; ISBN: 1556422202; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1556422202/icongroupinterna

•

The Complete Guide to Refractive Surgery: Nearsightedness, Farsightedness, and Astigmatism by Stanley C. Grandon, Susan Giffin; ISBN: 0962888613; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0962888613/icongroupinterna

•

The Official Patient's Sourcebook on Astigmatism by Icon Health Publications, et al; ISBN: 0597831270; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0597831270/icongroupinterna

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “astigmatism” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:8 •

A theoretical and practical treatise on astigmatism, by Swan M. Burnett. With fiftynine diagrams and illustrations. Author: Burnett, Swan Moses,; Year: 1999; St. Louis, Mo., J. H. Chambers; co., 1887

•

Astigmatism: illustrative cases from clinical memoranda: read before the Ohio State Medical Society, June 18, 1875 Author: Buckner, J. H. (James Henry),; Year: 1941; Cincinnati, O.: R. Clarke; Co., 1875

•

Excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy: the correction of myopia and astigmatism; report submitted to the Minister of Health and Social Services of Québec. Author: Conseil d'évaluation des technologies de la santé du Québec.; Year: 1938; Montréal, Québec: Conseil d'évaluation des technologies de la santé du Québec, [1997]; ISBN: 2550326105

•

Refractive corneal surgery: the correction of astigmatism Author: Binder, Perry S.; Year: 1986; Boston: Little, Brown, c1983

8

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

Books

143

•

Short sight, long sight, and astigmatism; an elementary guide to the refraction of the eye. Author: Helm, George Frederick,; Year: 2003; London, Churchill, 1886

•

Some observations on corneal astigmatism and conditions that change corneal curvature. Author: Lautenbach, Louis J.; Year: 2000; Philadelphia, 1894

Chapters on Astigmatism In order to find chapters that specifically relate to astigmatism, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and astigmatism using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “astigmatism” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on astigmatism: •

Common Refractive Errors (Ametropias) and Deafness Source: in Johnson, D.D. Deafness and Vision Disorders: Anatomy and Physiology, Assessment Procedures, Ocular Anomalies, and Educational Implications. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, Ltd. 1999. p. 224-264. Contact: Available from Charles C. Thomas Publisher, Ltd. 2600 South First Street, Springfield, IL 62794-9265. (800) 258-8980 or (217) 789-8980. Fax (217) 789-9130. PRICE: $74.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 039806945X. Summary: Refractive errors are functional optical (eye) defects in which the parallel light rays from the environment, after passing through the eye's transparent substances, are not brought to a sharp focus precisely on the retina when the eye is unaccommodated; hence, the retinal images are blurred. This chapter on refractive errors (ametropias) is from a textbook written to help students preparing for work in the field of deafness to understand and incorporate an awareness of vision disorders in the deaf population. The information concerning the congenital anomalies, functional defects, and pathologic ocular conditions most often found within a deaf student population was obtained from eleven years of research unobtrusively conducted within the NTID Eye and Ear Clinic between August 1984 and May 1995 (at the National Technical Institute for the Deaf, one of the eight colleges of the Rochester Institute of Technology). This chapter deals specifically with those refractive errors common in this population: myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), astigmatism, or a combination thereof. For each condition, the author provides definitions and general comments, classification issues, etiology, and the statistics for the condition in the NTID population. Refractive errors were by far the most common ocular disorders found among NTID deaf students, ranging from approximately 40 percent of the total population of students (n = 3190) entering NTID to about 85 percent of those 756 students seen in the NTID Eye and Ear Clinic. 12 tables. 57 references.

145

CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON ASTIGMATISM Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on astigmatism. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Bibliography: Multimedia on Astigmatism The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in astigmatism (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on astigmatism: •

Inferior oblique surgery [videorecording]; Intraoperative control of corneal astigmatism during penetrating keratoplasty: addition of corneal sutures; The transcaruncular approach to the medial orbit Source: American Academy of Ophthalmology; Year: 1997; Format: Videorecording; San Francisco: The Academy, c1997

147

CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ASTIGMATISM Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover astigmatism.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on astigmatism is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “astigmatism” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to astigmatism. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “astigmatism” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for astigmatism: •

Genetic effects implicated in myopia/hyperopia, astigmatism Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 25, 2001

•

FDA approves VISX's Star excimer laser system for hyperopic astigmatism Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 19, 2000

148 Astigmatism

•

FDA approves implantable eye lens that corrects astigmatism Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 18, 1998

•

VISX Laser System Approved By FDA For Astigmatism Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 28, 1997

•

FDA Approves Lasers for Astigmatism Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 28, 1997

•

FDA Says VISX's Laser Treatment For Astigmatism Is Approvable Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 17, 1997

•

FDA Advisory Panel Recommends Conditional Approval of Keratotomy For Astigmatism Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 15, 1997

•

FDA Allows Expedited Review For VISX Product For Astigmatism Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 16, 1996 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “astigmatism” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests.

Periodicals and News

149

Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “astigmatism” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to astigmatism, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “astigmatism” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Astigmatism Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to astigmatism. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering astigmatism that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

151

APPENDICES

153

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute9: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

9

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

154 Astigmatism

•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources

155

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.10 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:11 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

10

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 11 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

156 Astigmatism

•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway12 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.13 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “astigmatism” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 4651 43 124 3 0 4821

HSTAT14 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.15 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.16 Simply search by “astigmatism” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

12

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

13

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 14 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 15 16

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources

157

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists17 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.18 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.19 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

The Genome Project and Astigmatism In the following section, we will discuss databases and references which relate to the Genome Project and astigmatism. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders authored and edited by Dr. Victor A. McKusick and his colleagues at Johns Hopkins and elsewhere. OMIM was developed for the World Wide Web by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).20 The database contains textual information, pictures, and reference information. It also contains copious links to NCBI’s Entrez database of MEDLINE articles and sequence information.

17 Adapted 18

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 19 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process. 20 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. Established in 1988 as a national resource for molecular biology information, NCBI creates public databases, conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information--all for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease.

158 Astigmatism

To search the database, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/searchomim.html. Type “astigmatism” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Search.” If too many results appear, you can narrow the search by adding the word “clinical.” Each report will have additional links to related research and databases. In particular, the option “Database Links” will search across technical databases that offer an abundance of information. The following is an example of the results you can obtain from the OMIM for astigmatism: •

Astigmatism Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603047 Genes and Disease (NCBI - Map)

The Genes and Disease database is produced by the National Center for Biotechnology Information of the National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health. This Web site categorizes each disorder by system of the body. Go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/, and browse the system pages to have a full view of important conditions linked to human genes. Since this site is regularly updated, you may wish to revisit it from time to time. The following systems and associated disorders are addressed: •

Cancer: Uncontrolled cell division. Examples: Breast and ovarian cancer, Burkitt lymphoma, chronic myeloid leukemia, colon cancer, lung cancer, malignant melanoma, multiple endocrine neoplasia, neurofibromatosis, p53 tumor suppressor, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, Ras oncogene, RB: retinoblastoma, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Cancer.html

•

Immune System: Fights invaders. Examples: Asthma, autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, Crohn’s disease, DiGeorge syndrome, familial Mediterranean fever, immunodeficiency with Hyper-IgM, severe combined immunodeficiency. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Immune.html

•

Metabolism: Food and energy. Examples: Adreno-leukodystrophy, atherosclerosis, Best disease, Gaucher disease, glucose galactose malabsorption, gyrate atrophy, juvenile-onset diabetes, obesity, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, phenylketonuria, Refsum disease, Tangier disease, Tay-Sachs disease. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Metabolism.html

•

Muscle and Bone: Movement and growth. Examples: Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, Marfan syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Muscle.html

•

Nervous System: Mind and body. Examples: Alzheimer disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Angelman syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, epilepsy, essential tremor, fragile X syndrome, Friedreich’s ataxia, Huntington disease, Niemann-Pick disease, Parkinson disease, Prader-Willi syndrome, Rett syndrome, spinocerebellar atrophy, Williams syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Brain.html

•

Signals: Cellular messages. Examples: Ataxia telangiectasia, Cockayne syndrome, glaucoma, male-patterned

Physician Resources

159

baldness, SRY: sex determination, tuberous sclerosis, Waardenburg syndrome, Werner syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Signals.html •

Transporters: Pumps and channels. Examples: Cystic fibrosis, deafness, diastrophic dysplasia, Hemophilia A, long-QT syndrome, Menkes syndrome, Pendred syndrome, polycystic kidney disease, sickle cell anemia, Wilson’s disease, Zellweger syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Transporters.html Entrez

Entrez is a search and retrieval system that integrates several linked databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). These databases include nucleotide sequences, protein sequences, macromolecular structures, whole genomes, and MEDLINE through PubMed. Entrez provides access to the following databases: •

3D Domains: Domains from Entrez Structure, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo

•

Books: Online books, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=books

•

Genome: Complete genome assemblies, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Genome

•

NCBI’s Protein Sequence Information Survey Results: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/proteinsurvey/

•

Nucleotide Sequence Database (Genbank): Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Nucleotide

•

OMIM: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=OMIM

•

PopSet: Population study data sets, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Popset

•

ProbeSet: Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo

•

Protein Sequence Database: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Protein

•

PubMed: Biomedical literature (PubMed), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed

•

Structure: Three-dimensional macromolecular structures, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Structure

•

Taxonomy: Organisms in GenBank, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Taxonomy

To access the Entrez system at the National Center for Biotechnology Information, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=search&DB=genome, and then select the database that you would like to search. The databases available are listed in the

160 Astigmatism

drop box next to “Search.” Enter “astigmatism” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Go.” Jablonski’s Multiple Congenital Anomaly/Mental Retardation (MCA/MR) Syndromes Database21 This online resource has been developed to facilitate the identification and differentiation of syndromic entities. Special attention is given to the type of information that is usually limited or completely omitted in existing reference sources due to space limitations of the printed form. At http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_toc/toc_a.html, you can search across syndromes using an alphabetical index. Search by keywords at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_db.html. The Genome Database22 Established at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland in 1990, the Genome Database (GDB) is the official central repository for genomic mapping data resulting from the Human Genome Initiative. In the spring of 1999, the Bioinformatics Supercomputing Centre (BiSC) at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Ontario assumed the management of GDB. The Human Genome Initiative is a worldwide research effort focusing on structural analysis of human DNA to determine the location and sequence of the estimated 100,000 human genes. In support of this project, GDB stores and curates data generated by researchers worldwide who are engaged in the mapping effort of the Human Genome Project (HGP). GDB’s mission is to provide scientists with an encyclopedia of the human genome which is continually revised and updated to reflect the current state of scientific knowledge. Although GDB has historically focused on gene mapping, its focus will broaden as the Genome Project moves from mapping to sequence, and finally, to functional analysis. To access the GDB, simply go to the following hyperlink: http://www.gdb.org/. Search “All Biological Data” by “Keyword.” Type “astigmatism” (or synonyms) into the search box, and review the results. If more than one word is used in the search box, then separate each one with the word “and” or “or” (using “or” might be useful when using synonyms).

21 Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/about_syndrome.html. 22 Adapted from the Genome Database: http://gdbwww.gdb.org/gdb/aboutGDB.html - mission.

161

APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on astigmatism can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to astigmatism. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to astigmatism. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “astigmatism”:

162 Astigmatism

•

Other guides Cataract http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cataract.html Eye Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/eyediseases.html Eye Wear http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/eyewear.html Laser Eye Surgery http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/lasereyesurgery.html Refractive Errors http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/refractiveerrors.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to astigmatism, the following was listed: •

General/Overview 20/20 Vision Source: American Optometric Association http://www.aoa.org/eweb/DynamicPage.aspx?site=AOAstage&WebCode=2020Vi sion What Are Refractive Errors? Source: American Academy of Ophthalmology http://www.medem.com/medlb/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZYXB80Z9C& sub_cat=38

•

Treatment Automated Lamellar Keratoplasty (ALK) Source: American Academy of Ophthalmology http://www.medem.com/medlb/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZ1A4IOH4C& sub_cat=38 Corneal Modifications Source: American Optometric Association http://www.aoa.org/eweb/DynamicPage.aspx?site=AOAstage&WebCode=Corne alModifications MEDLINEplus: Laser Eye Surgery Source: National Library of Medicine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/lasereyesurgery.html Other Refractive Surgeries Source: LASIK Institute http://www.lasikinstitute.org/other_refractive_surgeries.html Vision Correction: Taking a Look at What's New Source: Food and Drug Administration http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/2001/501_eyes.html

Patient Resources

•

163

Specific Conditions/Aspects Eye Coordination Problems Source: American Optometric Association http://www.aoa.org/eweb/DynamicPage.aspx?site=AOAstage&WebCode=EyeCo ordination Hyperopia Source: American Optometric Association http://www.aoa.org/eweb/DynamicPage.aspx?site=AOAstage&WebCode=Hyper opia Keratoconus Source: American Optometric Association http://www.aoa.org/eweb/DynamicPage.aspx?site=AOAstage&WebCode=Kerato conus Myopia Source: American Optometric Association http://www.aoa.org/eweb/DynamicPage.aspx?site=AOAstage&WebCode=Myopi a Selecting a Refractive Eye Surgeon Source: LASIK Institute http://www.lasikinstitute.org/Selecting_Surgeon.html Sports & Vision Source: American Optometric Association http://www.aoa.org/eweb/DynamicPage.aspx?site=AOAstage&WebCode=Sports Vision

•

Children Children's Eye Problems Source: Prevent Blindness America http://www.preventblindness.org/children/ch_eye_problems.html Eye Tests For Children Source: Prevent Blindness America http://www.preventblindness.org/children/children_eye_tests.html Taking a Good Look at Glasses Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/kid/stay_healthy/body/glasses.html Your Child's Vision Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/general/eyes/vision.html

•

From the National Institutes of Health Cornea and Corneal Disease Source: National Eye Institute http://www.nei.nih.gov/health/cornealdisease/index.htm

164 Astigmatism

•

Organizations American Academy of Ophthalmology http://www.aao.org/ American Optometric Association http://www.aoa.org ASCRS/ASOA Online Source: American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, American Society of Ophthalmic Administrators http://www.ascrs.org/ National Eye Institute http://www.nei.nih.gov/ Prevent Blindness America http://www.preventblindness.org/

•

Pictures/Diagrams Diagram of the Eye Source: National Eye Institute http://www.nei.nih.gov/health/eyediagram/index.htm Eye Disease Simulations Source: National Eye Institute http://www.nei.nih.gov/photo/sims/sims.htm Eye Examinations Source: National Eye Institute http://www.nei.nih.gov/photo/eye_exam/eye_exam.htm

•

Prevention/Screening Distance Vision Test For Adults Source: Prevent Blindness America http://www.preventblindness.org/eye_tests/dist_adult_test.html Great American Eye Test http://www.aoa.org/eweb/Documents/EyeTest.pdf How Often to Have an Eye Exam Source: American Academy of Ophthalmology http://www.medem.com/medlb/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZAKCLP3SC& sub_cat=113 Near Vision Test For Adults Source: Prevent Blindness America http://www.preventblindness.org/eye_tests/near_vision_test.html

•

Research Conductive Keratoplasty (CK) Safe and Effective for Correction of Low to Moderate Farsightedness Source: American Academy of Ophthalmology http://www.medem.com/medlb/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZZP32POZC&

Patient Resources

165

sub_cat=2 Corneal Ring Segments Improve Vision for Patients with Keratoconus Source: American Academy of Ophthalmology http://www.medem.com/medlb/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZ3A81DIGD& sub_cat=2 Ethnic Background Affects a Child's Risk of Certain Eye Problems Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/research/refractive.html Intraocular Lens Effective in Correcting Refractive Errors Source: American Academy of Ophthalmology http://www.medem.com/medlb/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZZ2KWPZAD &sub_cat=2 Refractive Errors Associated with Ocular Hypertension, Glaucoma Source: American Academy of Ophthalmology http://www.medem.com/medlb/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZPP57QZAD& sub_cat=2 Statement on the Use of Progressive Addition Lenses vs. Single Vision Lenses to Treat Myopia in Children Source: National Eye Institute http://www.nei.nih.gov/news/statements/comet.htm You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. Healthfinder™ Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •

Astigmatism Summary: This fact sheet provides basic information about astigmatism, a common vision condition. Source: American Optometric Association http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3877

166 Astigmatism

•

Eye Care Links Summary: This page links to general eye care information and glossaries as well as to information on amblyopia, astigmatism/myopia, cataracts, conjunctivitis, enucleation, glaucoma, low vision, macular Source: Surgical Eye Expeditions International http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7703

•

FAQ - About LASIK Summary: Answers to commonly asked questions about LASIK -- a surgical procedure used in correcting a wide range of nearsightedness (myopia), farsightedness (hyperopia) and astigmatism. Source: LASIK Institute http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5299 The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to astigmatism. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Patient Resources

167

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to astigmatism. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with astigmatism. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about astigmatism. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “astigmatism” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “astigmatism”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “astigmatism” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

168 Astigmatism

The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “astigmatism” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

169

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.23

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

23

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

170 Astigmatism

libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)24: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

24

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

171

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

172 Astigmatism

•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

173

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

174 Astigmatism

•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

175

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on astigmatism: •

Basic Guidelines for Astigmatism Astigmatism Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001015.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Astigmatism Vision problems Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003029.htm

•

Diagnostics and Tests for Astigmatism Refraction test Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003844.htm Standard ophthalmic exam Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003434.htm

176 Astigmatism

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

177

ASTIGMATISM DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abducens: A striated, extrinsic muscle of the eyeball that originates from the annulus of Zinn. [NIH] Abducens Nerve: The 6th cranial nerve. The abducens nerve originates in the abducens nucleus of the pons and sends motor fibers to the lateral rectus muscles of the eye. Damage to the nerve or its nucleus disrupts horizontal eye movement control. [NIH] Abducens Nerve Diseases: Diseases of the sixth cranial (abducens) nerve or its nucleus in the pons. The nerve may be injured along its course in the pons, intracranially as it travels along the base of the brain, in the cavernous sinus, or at the level of superior orbital fissure or orbit. Dysfunction of the nerve causes lateral rectus muscle weakness, resulting in horizontal diplopia that is maximal when the affected eye is abducted and esotropia. Common conditions associated with nerve injury include intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; ischemia; and infratentorial neoplasms. [NIH] Ablate: In surgery, is to remove. [NIH] Ablation: The removal of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Ablation zone: The area of tissue that is removed during laser surgery. [NIH] Accommodation: Adjustment, especially that of the eye for various distances. [EU] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acoustic: Having to do with sound or hearing. [NIH] Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. [NIH] Acuity: Clarity or clearness, especially of the vision. [EU] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adduction: The rotation of an eye toward the midline (nasally). [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent

178 Astigmatism

chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amblyopia: A nonspecific term referring to impaired vision. Major subcategories include stimulus deprivation-induced amblyopia and toxic amblyopia. Stimulus deprivationinduced amblopia is a developmental disorder of the visual cortex. A discrepancy between visual information received by the visual cortex from each eye results in abnormal cortical development. Strabismus and refractive errors may cause this condition. Toxic amblyopia is a disorder of the optic nerve which is associated with alcoholism, tobacco smoking, and other toxins and as an adverse effect of the use of some medications. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Anisometropia: A condition of an inequality of refractive power of the two eyes. [NIH] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]

Anode: Electrode held at a positive potential with respect to a cathode. [NIH] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH]

Dictionary 179

Anterior chamber: The space in front of the iris and behind the cornea. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Aperture: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Aphakia: Absence of crystalline lens totally or partially from field of vision, from any cause except after cataract extraction. Aphakia is mainly congenital or as result of lens dislocation and subluxation. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Approximate: Approximal [EU] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Aqueous fluid: Clear, watery fluid that flows between and nourishes the lens and the cornea; secreted by the ciliary processes. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU]

180 Astigmatism

Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Artificial Organs: Devices intended to replace non-functioning organs. They may be temporary or permanent. Since they are intended always to function as the natural organs they are replacing, they should be differentiated from prostheses and implants and specific types of prostheses which, though also replacements for body parts, are frequently cosmetic (artificial eye) as well as functional (artificial limbs). [NIH] Asthenopia: Term generally used to describe complaints related to refractive error, ocular muscle imbalance, including pain or aching around the eyes, burning and itchiness of the eyelids, ocular fatigue, and headaches. [NIH] Astigmatism: A condition in which the surface of the cornea is not spherical; causes a blurred image to be received at the retina. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrioventricular: Pertaining to an atrium of the heart and to a ventricle. [EU] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Beta Rays: A stream of positive or negative electrons ejected with high energy from a disintegrating atomic nucleus; most biomedically used isotopes emit negative particles (electrons or negatrons, rather than positrons). Cathode rays are low-energy negative electrons produced in cathode ray tubes, also called television tubes or oscilloscopes. [NIH] Bifida: A defect in development of the vertebral column in which there is a central deficiency of the vertebral lamina. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Binocular vision: The blending of the separate images seen by each eye into a single image; allows images to be seen with depth. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU]

Dictionary 181

Biomechanics: The study of the application of mechanical laws and the action of forces to living structures. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blinking: Brief closing of the eyelids by involuntary normal periodic closing, as a protective measure, or by voluntary action. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blot: To transfer DNA, RNA, or proteins to an immobilizing matrix such as nitrocellulose. [NIH]

Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone scan: A technique to create images of bones on a computer screen or on film. A small amount of radioactive material is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream; it collects in the bones and is detected by a scanner. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic

182 Astigmatism

weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Cataract: An opacity, partial or complete, of one or both eyes, on or in the lens or capsule, especially an opacity impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). [EU] Cathode: An electrode, usually an incandescent filament of tungsten, which emits electrons in an X-ray tube. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Choroid: The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye

Dictionary 183

between the retina and sclera. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Ciliary: Inflammation or infection of the glands of the margins of the eyelids. [NIH] Ciliary Body: A ring of tissue extending from the scleral spur to the ora serrata of the retina. It consists of the uveal portion and the epithelial portion. The ciliary muscle is in the uveal portion and the ciliary processes are in the epithelial portion. [NIH] Ciliary muscles: The muscles that relax the zonules to enable the lens to change shape for focusing. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Cod Liver Oil: Oil obtained from fresh livers of the cod family, Gadidae. It is a source of vitamins A and D. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the

184 Astigmatism

high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Color blindness: A form of defective color vision requiring only two primary colors, mixed in various proportions, to match all other colors. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH]

Dictionary 185

Cone: One of the special retinal receptor elements which are presumed to be primarily concerned with perception of light and color stimuli when the eye is adapted to light. [NIH] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Conjunctivitis: Inflammation of the conjunctiva, generally consisting of conjunctival hyperaemia associated with a discharge. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Constrict: Tighten; narrow. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contrast Sensitivity: The ability to detect sharp boundaries (stimuli) and to detect slight changes in luminance at regions without distinct contours. Psychophysical measurements of this visual function are used to evaluate visual acuity and to detect eye disease. [NIH] Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Controlled clinical trial: A clinical study that includes a comparison (control) group. The comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all. [NIH] Cor: The muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood. c. adiposum a heart that has undergone fatty degeneration or that has an accumulation of fat around it; called also fat or fatty, heart. c. arteriosum the left side of the heart, so called because it contains oxygenated (arterial) blood. c. biloculare a congenital anomaly characterized by failure of formation of the atrial and ventricular septums, the heart having only two chambers, a single atrium and a single ventricle, and a common atrioventricular valve. c. bovinum (L. 'ox heart') a greatly enlarged heart due to a hypertrophied left ventricle; called also c. taurinum and bucardia. c. dextrum (L. 'right heart') the right atrium and ventricle. c. hirsutum, c. villosum. c. mobile (obs.) an abnormally movable heart. c. pendulum a heart so movable that it seems to be hanging by the great blood vessels. c. pseudotriloculare biatriatum a congenital cardiac anomaly in which the heart functions as a three-chambered heart because of tricuspid atresia, the right ventricle being extremely small or rudimentary and the right atrium greatly dilated. Blood passes from the right to the left atrium and thence disease due to pulmonary hypertension secondary to disease of the lung, or its blood vessels, with hypertrophy of the right ventricle. [EU] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Corneal Diseases: Diseases of the cornea. [NIH] Corneal Edema: An excessive amount of fluid in the cornea due to damage of the epithelium or endothelium causing decreased visual acuity. [NIH] Corneal Stroma: The lamellated connective tissue constituting the thickest layer of the

186 Astigmatism

cornea between the Bowman and Descemet membranes. [NIH] Corneal Topography: Measurement of the anterior surface of the cornea, its curvature and shape. It is used often to diagnose keratoconus and other corneal diseases, and corneal changes after keratotomy and keratoplasty. A significant application is in the fitting of contact lenses. In performing corneal topography, many different techniques can be employed: keratometry, keratoscopy, photokeratoscopy, profile photography, computerassisted image processing, videokeratography, etc. [NIH] Corneal Transplantation: Partial or total replacement of the cornea from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cytogenetics: A branch of genetics which deals with the cytological and molecular behavior of genes and chromosomes during cell division. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Data Collection: Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Deprivation: Loss or absence of parts, organs, powers, or things that are needed. [EU]

Dictionary 187

DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Diabetic Retinopathy: Retinopathy associated with diabetes mellitus, which may be of the background type, progressively characterized by microaneurysms, interretinal punctuate macular edema, or of the proliferative type, characterized by neovascularization of the retina and optic disk, which may project into the vitreous, proliferation of fibrous tissue, vitreous hemorrhage, and retinal detachment. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding inspiration. [NIH] Diathermy: The induction of local hyperthermia by either short radio waves or highfrequency sound waves. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Diopter: The measurement of refractive error. A negative diopter value signifies an eye with myopia and positive diopter value signifies an eye with hyperopia. [NIH] Diplopia: A visual symptom in which a single object is perceived by the visual cortex as two objects rather than one. Disorders associated with this condition include refractive errors; strabismus; oculomotor nerve diseases; trochlear nerve diseases; abducens nerve diseases; and diseases of the brain stem and occipital lobe. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Dislocation: The displacement of any part, more especially of a bone. Called also luxation. [EU]

Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the

188 Astigmatism

effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Eccentricities: Oddness of behavior or conduct without insanity. [NIH] Eccentricity: Oddness of behavior or conduct without insanity. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrode: Component of the pacing system which is at the distal end of the lead. It is the interface with living cardiac tissue across which the stimulus is transmitted. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electron microscope: A microscope (device used to magnify small objects) that uses electrons (instead of light) to produce an enlarged image. An electron microscopes shows tiny details better than any other type of microscope. [NIH] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]

Elementary Particles: Individual components of atoms, usually subatomic; subnuclear particles are usually detected only when the atomic nucleus decays and then only transiently, as most of them are unstable, often yielding pure energy without substance, i.e., radiation. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU]

Dictionary 189

Endophthalmitis: Suppurative inflammation of the tissues of the internal structures of the eye; not all layers of the uvea are affected. Fungi, necrosis of intraocular tumors, and retained intraocular foreign bodies often cause a purulent endophthalmitis. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium, Lymphatic: Unbroken cellular lining (intima) of the lymph vessels (e.g., the high endothelial lymphatic venules). It is more permeable than vascular endothelium, lacking selective absorption and functioning mainly to remove plasma proteins that have filtered through the capillaries into the tissue spaces. [NIH] Endothelium, Vascular: Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components from interstitium to lumen; this function has been most intensively studied in the blood capillaries. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Energetic: Exhibiting energy : strenuous; operating with force, vigour, or effect. [EU] Enucleation: Removal of the nucleus from an eucaryiotic cell. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erbium: Erbium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Er, atomic number 68, and atomic weight 167.26. [NIH] ERV: The expiratory reserve volume is the largest volume of gas that can be expired from the end-expiratory level. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Esotropia: A form of ocular misalignment characterized by an excessive convergence of the visual axes, resulting in a "cross-eye" appearance. An example of this condition occurs when paralysis of the lateral rectus muscle causes an abnormal inward deviation of one eye on attempted gaze. [NIH] Ethnic Groups: A group of people with a common cultural heritage that sets them apart from others in a variety of social relationships. [NIH]

190 Astigmatism

Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Excimer laser: An ultraviolet laser used in refractive surgery to remove corneal tissue. [NIH] Exotropia: A form of ocular misalignment where the visual axes diverge inappropriately. For example, medial rectus muscle weakness may produce this condition as the affected eye will deviate laterally upon attempted forward gaze. An exotropia occurs due to the relatively unopposed force exerted on the eye by the lateral rectus muscle, which pulls the eye in an outward direction. [NIH] Expiratory: The volume of air which leaves the breathing organs in each expiration. [NIH] Expiratory Reserve Volume: The extra volume of air that can be expired with maximum effort beyond the level reached at the end of a normal, quiet expiration. Common abbreviation is ERV. [NIH] External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extraocular: External to or outside of the eye. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Farsightedness: The common term for hyperopia. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fissure: Any cleft or groove, normal or otherwise; especially a deep fold in the cerebral cortex which involves the entire thickness of the brain wall. [EU] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a

Dictionary 191

fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fovea: The central part of the macula that provides the sharpest vision. [NIH] Fundus: The larger part of a hollow organ that is farthest away from the organ's opening. The bladder, gallbladder, stomach, uterus, eye, and cavity of the middle ear all have a fundus. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Generator: Any system incorporating a fixed parent radionuclide from which is produced a daughter radionuclide which is to be removed by elution or by any other method and used in a radiopharmaceutical. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glare: Scatter from bright light that decreases vision. [NIH] Glycosylation: The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction. [NIH]

192 Astigmatism

Goniotomy: A surgical procedure for congenital glaucoma in which a sweeping incision is made in the neshwork at the filtration angle by means of a knife-needle inserted through the opposite limbus and carried across the anterior chamber parallel to the iris. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Grading: A system for classifying cancer cells in terms of how abnormal they appear when examined under a microscope. The objective of a grading system is to provide information about the probable growth rate of the tumor and its tendency to spread. The systems used to grade tumors vary with each type of cancer. Grading plays a role in treatment decisions. [NIH]

Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Habitual: Of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary. [EU] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterotropia: One in which the angle of squint remains relatively unaltered on conjugate movement of the eyes. [NIH] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hydration: Combining with water. [NIH] Hydrogel: A network of cross-linked hydrophilic macromolecules used in biomedical applications. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H,

Dictionary 193

atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperaemia: An excess of blood in a part; engorgement. [EU] Hypermetropia: Visual disorder caused by an insufficient refractive power of the eye; only objects far from the eyes appear to be in focus. [NIH] Hyperopia: Farsightedness; ability to see distant objects more clearly than close objects; may be corrected with glasses or contact lenses. [NIH] Hyperthermia: A type of treatment in which body tissue is exposed to high temperatures to damage and kill cancer cells or to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation and certain anticancer drugs. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incisional: The removal of a sample of tissue for examination under a microscope. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate

194 Astigmatism

agents. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inlay: In dentistry, a filling first made to correspond with the form of a dental cavity and then cemented into the cavity. [NIH] In-line: A sexually-reproducing population derived from a common parentage. [NIH] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracranial Pressure: Pressure within the cranial cavity. It is influenced by brain mass, the circulatory system, CSF dynamics, and skull rigidity. [NIH] Intraocular: Within the eye. [EU] Intraocular pressure: Pressure of the fluid inside the eye; normal IOP varies among individuals. [NIH] Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH]

Dictionary 195

Iridocyclitis: Acute or chronic inflammation of the iris and ciliary body characterized by exudates into the anterior chamber, discoloration of the iris, and constricted, sluggish pupil. Symptoms include radiating pain, photophobia, lacrimation, and interference with vision. [NIH]

Iris: The most anterior portion of the uveal layer, separating the anterior chamber from the posterior. It consists of two layers - the stroma and the pigmented epithelium. Color of the iris depends on the amount of melanin in the stroma on reflection from the pigmented epithelium. [NIH] Iris diaphragm: Standard type of adjustable lens stop. It consists of a number of thin metal or vulcanite leaves arranged to form a roughly circular aperture. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratectomy: The surgical removal of corneal tissue. [NIH] Keratitis: Inflammation of the cornea. [NIH] Keratoconus: A disorder characterized by an irregular corneal surface (cone-shaped) resulting in blurred and distorted images. [NIH] Keratomileusis: Carving of the cornea to reshape it. [NIH] Keratotomy: A surgical incision (cut) of the cornea. [NIH] Keratotomy, Radial: A procedure to treat myopia by cutting radial slits into the cornea to flatten it and thereby change its refractive properties. [NIH] Lacerations: Torn, ragged, mangled wounds. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Laser Surgery: The use of a laser either to vaporize surface lesions or to make bloodless cuts in tissue. It does not include the coagulation of tissue by laser. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Lenticular: 1. Pertaining to or shaped like a lens. 2. Pertaining to the crystalline lens. 3. Pertaining to the lenticular nucleus. [EU] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Lipid: Fat. [NIH]

196 Astigmatism

Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver scan: An image of the liver created on a computer screen or on film. A radioactive substance is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream. It collects in the liver, especially in abnormal areas, and can be detected by the scanner. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Longitudinal Studies: Studies in which variables relating to an individual or group of individuals are assessed over a period of time. [NIH] Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a "cohort study" or "prospective study"; the analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups that differ in exposure levels. [NIH] Low vision: Visual loss that cannot be corrected with eyeglasses or contact lenses and interferes with daily living activities. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Macula: A stain, spot, or thickening. Often used alone to refer to the macula retinae. [EU] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior

Dictionary 197

producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Meridional: The meridional or longitudinal fibers of the ciliary muscle. [NIH] Methacrylate: A vinyl monomer. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microkeratome: A surgical device that is affixed to the eye by use of a vacuum ring. When secured, a very sharp blade cuts a layer of the cornea at a predetermined depth. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It acts as a bi- or trifunctional alkylating agent causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monocular: Diplopia identified with one eye only; it may be induced with a double prism, or it may occur either as a result of double imagery due to an optical defect in the eye, or as a result of simultaneous use of normal and anomalous retinal correspondence. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH] Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myopia: That error of refraction in which rays of light entering the eye parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the retina, as a result of the eyeball being too long from front to back (axial m.) or of an increased strength in refractive power of the media of the eye (index m.). Called also nearsightedness, because the near point is less distant than it is in emmetropia with an equal amplitude of accommodation. [EU]

198 Astigmatism

NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Nearsightedness: The common term for myopia. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH]

Dictionary 199

Nystagmus: Rhythmical oscillation of the eyeballs, either pendular or jerky. [NIH] Occipital Lobe: Posterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Oculomotor: Cranial nerve III. It originate from the lower ventral surface of the midbrain and is classified as a motor nerve. [NIH] Oculomotor Nerve: The 3d cranial nerve. The oculomotor nerve sends motor fibers to the levator muscles of the eyelid and to the superior rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique muscles of the eye. It also sends parasympathetic efferents (via the ciliary ganglion) to the muscles controlling pupillary constriction and accommodation. The motor fibers originate in the oculomotor nuclei of the midbrain. [NIH] On-line: A sexually-reproducing population derived from a common parentage. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Ophthalmologic: Pertaining to ophthalmology (= the branch of medicine dealing with the eye). [EU] Ophthalmologist: A medical doctor specializing in the diagnosis and medical or surgical treatment of visual disorders and eye disease. [NIH] Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH] Ophthalmoscope: A lighted instrument used to examine the inside of the eye, including the retina and the optic nerve. [NIH] Opsin: A protein formed, together with retinene, by the chemical breakdown of metarhodopsin. [NIH] Optic Chiasm: The X-shaped structure formed by the meeting of the two optic nerves. At the optic chiasm the fibers from the medial part of each retina cross to project to the other side of the brain while the lateral retinal fibers continue on the same side. As a result each half of the brain receives information about the contralateral visual field from both eyes. [NIH]

Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Optic Nerve Diseases: Conditions which produce injury or dysfunction of the second cranial or optic nerve, which is generally considered a component of the central nervous system. Damage to optic nerve fibers may occur at or near their origin in the retina, at the optic disk, or in the nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, or lateral geniculate nuclei. Clinical manifestations may include decreased visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, impaired color vision, and an afferent pupillary defect. [NIH] Optic nerve head: The circular area (disc) where the optic nerve connects to the retina. [NIH] Optometrist: A primary eye care provider who diagnoses, manages, and treats disorders of the visual system and eye diseases. [NIH] Orbit: One of the two cavities in the skull which contains an eyeball. Each eye is located in a bony socket or orbit. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the

200 Astigmatism

increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pantoscopic: Spectacles used for reading, in which the top halves of the lenses are cut off so as not to affect distant vision. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Peripheral vision: Side vision; ability to see objects and movement outside of the direct line of vision. [NIH] Petrolatum: A colloidal system of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as an ointment base, topical protectant, and lubricant. [NIH] Phallic: Pertaining to the phallus, or penis. [EU] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic. [NIH]

Dictionary 201

Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Photokeratoscopy: Determination of corneal curvatines and topography by observing or photographing the corneal image of the target of a photokeratoscope. [NIH] Photophobia: Abnormal sensitivity to light. This may occur as a manifestation of eye diseases; migraine; subarachnoid hemorrhage; meningitis; and other disorders. Photophobia may also occur in association with depression and other mental disorders. [NIH] Photoreceptors: Cells specialized to detect and transduce light. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigments: Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in plants, animals, or micro-organisms. [NIH]

Plana: The radiographic term applied to a vertebral body crushed to a thin plate. [NIH] Plasticity: In an individual or a population, the capacity for adaptation: a) through gene changes (genetic plasticity) or b) through internal physiological modifications in response to changes of environment (physiological plasticity). [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of

202 Astigmatism

the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Posterior chamber: The space between the back of the iris and the front face of the vitreous; filled with aqueous fluid. [NIH] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Post-translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Presbyopia: The normal decreasing elasticity of the crystalline lens that leads to loss of accommodation. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prosthesis: An artificial replacement of a part of the body. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH]

Dictionary 203

Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Ptosis: 1. Prolapse of an organ or part. 2. Drooping of the upper eyelid from paralysis of the third nerve or from sympathetic innervation. [EU] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary hypertension: Abnormally high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Radial Keratotomy: Commonly referred to as RK; a surgical procedure designed to correct myopia (nearsightedness) by flattening the cornea using radial cuts. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radio Waves: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum beyond the microwaves, with wavelengths as high as 30 KM. They are used in communications, including television. Short Wave or HF (high frequency), UHF (ultrahigh frequency) and VHF (very high frequency) waves are used in citizen's band communication. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiopharmaceutical: Any medicinal product which, when ready for use, contains one or more radionuclides (radioactive isotopes) included for a medicinal purpose. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Radius: The lateral bone of the forearm. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH]

204 Astigmatism

Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reference point: The midpoint of a line connecting the centers of the two end faces of the acoustic test fixture. [NIH] Reflective: Capable of throwing back light, images, sound waves : reflecting. [EU] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractive Errors: Deviations from the average or standard indices of refraction of the eye through its dioptric or refractive apparatus. [NIH] Refractive Power: The ability of an object, such as the eye, to bend light as light passes through it. [NIH] Refractometer: Any of several objective or subjective devices for measuring the refractive state of an eye. [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]

Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Resolving: The ability of the eye or of a lens to make small objects that are close together, separately visible; thus revealing the structure of an object. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinae: A congenital notch or cleft of the retina, usually located inferiorly. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative

Dictionary 205

enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinal Detachment: Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12). [NIH] Retinal Ganglion Cells: Cells of the innermost nuclear layer of the retina, the ganglion cell layer, which project axons through the optic nerve to the brain. They are quite variable in size and in the shapes of their dendritic arbors, which are generally confined to the inner plexiform layer. [NIH] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retreatment: The therapy of the same disease in a patient, with the same agent or procedure repeated after initial treatment, or with an additional or alternate measure or follow-up. It does not include therapy which requires more than one administration of a therapeutic agent or regimen. Retreatment is often used with reference to a different modality when the original one was inadequate, harmful, or unsuccessful. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Robotics: The application of electronic, computerized control systems to mechanical devices designed to perform human functions. Formerly restricted to industry, but nowadays applied to artificial organs controlled by bionic (bioelectronic) devices, like automated insulin pumps and other prostheses. [NIH] Rods: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide side vision and the ability to see objects in dim light (night vision). [NIH] Rubber: A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (latex) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to atleast twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different chemicals, including styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene. [NIH] Sagittal: The line of direction passing through the body from back to front, or any vertical plane parallel to the medial plane of the body and inclusive of that plane; often restricted to the medial plane, the plane of the sagittal suture. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Satellite: Applied to a vein which closely accompanies an artery for some distance; in cytogenetics, a chromosomal agent separated by a secondary constriction from the main body of the chromosome. [NIH] Scans: Pictures of structures inside the body. Scans often used in diagnosing, staging, and

206 Astigmatism

monitoring disease include liver scans, bone scans, and computed tomography (CT) or computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. In liver scanning and bone scanning, radioactive substances that are injected into the bloodstream collect in these organs. A scanner that detects the radiation is used to create pictures. In CT scanning, an x-ray machine linked to a computer is used to produce detailed pictures of organs inside the body. MRI scans use a large magnet connected to a computer to create pictures of areas inside the body. [NIH] Scatter: The extent to which relative success and failure are divergently manifested in qualitatively different tests. [NIH] Schematic: Representative or schematic eye computed from the average of a large number of human eye measurements by Allvar Gullstrand. [NIH] Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Scotoma: A localized defect in the visual field bordered by an area of normal vision. This occurs with a variety of eye diseases (e.g., retinal diseases and glaucoma), optic nerve diseases, and other conditions. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Segmental: Describing or pertaining to a structure which is repeated in similar form in successive segments of an organism, or which is undergoing segmentation. [NIH] Segmentation: The process by which muscles in the intestines move food and wastes through the body. [NIH] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Sharpness: The apparent blurring of the border between two adjacent areas of a radiograph having different optical densities. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled

Dictionary 207

to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of silicon dioxide. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight 28.09. [NIH] Silicon Dioxide: Silica. Transparent, tasteless crystals found in nature as agate, amethyst, chalcedony, cristobalite, flint, sand, quartz, and tridymite. The compound is insoluble in water or acids except hydrofluoric acid. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solar radiation: Sunbathing as a therapeutic measure. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrometer: An apparatus for determining spectra; measures quantities such as wavelengths and relative amplitudes of components. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Spina bifida: A defect in development of the vertebral column in which there is a central deficiency of the vertebral lamina. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU]

208 Astigmatism

Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Strabismus: Deviation of the eye which the patient cannot overcome. The visual axes assume a position relative to each other different from that required by the physiological conditions. The various forms of strabismus are spoken of as tropias, their direction being indicated by the appropriate prefix, as cyclo tropia, esotropia, exotropia, hypertropia, and hypotropia. Called also cast, heterotropia, manifest deviation, and squint. [EU] Strained: A stretched condition of a ligament. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Stroma: The middle, thickest layer of tissue in the cornea. [NIH] Stromal: Large, veil-like cell in the bone marrow. [NIH] Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Surgical Instruments: Hand-held tools or implements used by health professionals for the performance of surgical tasks. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH]

Dictionary 209

Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tonometry: The standard to determine the fluid pressure inside the eye (intraocular pressure). [NIH] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trabecular Meshwork: A porelike structure surrounding the entire circumference of the anterior chamber through which aqueous humor circulates to the canal of Schlemm. [NIH] Trabeculectomy: Any surgical procedure for treatment of glaucoma by means of puncture or reshaping of the trabecular meshwork. It includes goniotomy, trabeculotomy, and laser perforation. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transferases: Transferases are enzymes transferring a group, for example, the methyl group or a glycosyl group, from one compound (generally regarded as donor) to another compound (generally regarded as acceptor). The classification is based on the scheme "donor:acceptor group transferase". (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein

210 Astigmatism

through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Trephining: Surgical operation in which the skull is opened, e. g. to reduce intracranial pressure following head injury with cerebral hemorrhage. [NIH] Tricuspid Atresia: Absence of the orifice between the right atrium and ventricle, with the presence of an atrial defect through which all the systemic venous return reaches the left heart. As a result, there is left ventricular hypertrophy because the right ventricle is absent or not functional. [NIH] Trochlear Nerve: The 4th cranial nerve. The trochlear nerve carries the motor innervation of the superior oblique muscles of the eye. [NIH] Trochlear Nerve Diseases: Diseases of the fourth cranial (trochlear) nerve or its nucleus in the midbrain. The nerve crosses as it exits the midbrain dorsally and may be injured along its course through the intracranial space, cavernous sinus, superior orbital fissure, or orbit. Clinical manifestations include weakness of the superior oblique muscle which causes vertical diplopia that is maximal when the affected eye is adducted and directed inferiorly. Head tilt may be seen as a compensatory mechanism for diplopia and rotation of the visual axis. Common etiologies include craniocerebral trauma and infratentorial neoplasms. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Valves: Flap-like structures that control the direction of blood flow through the heart. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilators: Any nerve or agent which induces dilatation of the blood vessels. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in

Dictionary 211

nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertebral: Of or pertaining to a vertebra. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Visual Acuity: Acuteness or clearness of vision, especially of form vision, which is dependent mainly on the sharpness of the retinal focus. [NIH] Visual Cortex: Area of the occipital lobe concerned with vision. [NIH] Visual field: The entire area that can be seen when the eye is forward, including peripheral vision. [NIH] Vitrectomy: Removal of the whole or part of the vitreous body in treating endophthalmitis, diabetic retinopathy, retinal detachment, intraocular foreign bodies, and some types of glaucoma. [NIH] Vitreous Body: The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the crystalline lens of the eye and in front of the retina. It is contained in a thin hyoid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH]

212 Astigmatism

Zonules: The fibers that hold the lens suspended in position and enable it to change shape during accommodation. [NIH]

213

INDEX A Abducens, 177, 187 Abducens Nerve, 177, 187 Abducens Nerve Diseases, 177, 187 Ablate, 4, 103, 177 Ablation, 18, 21, 23, 28, 45, 54, 55, 75, 85, 86, 91, 92, 97, 98, 103, 177 Ablation zone, 54, 86, 177 Accommodation, 8, 15, 81, 97, 129, 130, 136, 177, 197, 199, 202, 212 Acetylcholine, 177, 198 Acoustic, 177, 204 Acrylonitrile, 177, 205 Acuity, 5, 6, 18, 57, 62, 69, 110, 136, 177 Adaptation, 7, 177, 201 Adduction, 55, 177 Adjustment, 5, 65, 86, 102, 104, 112, 113, 114, 123, 139, 177 Adverse Effect, 177, 178, 206 Affinity, 177, 207 Algorithms, 178, 181 Alpha Particles, 178, 203 Alternative medicine, 148, 178 Amblyopia, 5, 6, 12, 17, 42, 61, 63, 65, 66, 166, 178 Amino Acids, 178, 191, 200, 201, 202 Anaesthesia, 178, 193 Anal, 178, 190, 196 Analog, 102, 178 Anatomical, 178, 180, 193 Anesthesia, 62, 178 Anions, 178, 194 Anisometropia, 6, 7, 51, 65, 178 Annealing, 112, 178 Anode, 78, 178 Anomalies, 10, 66, 81, 143, 178 Anterior chamber, 9, 11, 120, 179, 192, 195, 209 Antibacterial, 179, 207 Antibiotic, 179, 197, 207 Antibodies, 179, 193, 196 Antibody, 178, 179, 184, 194, 195, 197, 203, 211 Antigen, 4, 178, 179, 184, 194 Antineoplastic, 179, 197 Antioxidant, 179, 200 Aperture, 77, 79, 81, 82, 83, 86, 90, 91, 95, 121, 122, 123, 128, 134, 179, 195, 203

Aphakia, 97, 130, 179, 205 Apoptosis, 4, 179 Approximate, 8, 89, 131, 179 Aqueous, 120, 179, 180, 186, 188, 195, 202, 209 Aqueous fluid, 179, 202 Arginine, 179, 198 Argon, 50, 179 Arterial, 179, 185, 202 Arteries, 179, 180, 181, 186, 197, 203 Arterioles, 180, 181, 182 Artificial Organs, 180, 205 Asthenopia, 86, 180 Atrial, 180, 185, 210 Atrioventricular, 180, 185 Atrium, 180, 185, 210, 211 Axons, 180, 199, 205 B Bacteria, 179, 180, 197, 207, 209, 210 Bacterial Physiology, 177, 180 Bacteriophage, 180, 209 Base, 7, 120, 132, 177, 180, 186, 191, 195, 200, 208 Beta Rays, 180, 188 Bifida, 180 Bilateral, 92, 180 Bile, 180, 191, 192, 196 Binocular vision, 12, 180 Biochemical, 180, 191 Biomechanics, 9, 181 Biotechnology, 14, 142, 148, 155, 181 Bladder, 181, 191 Blinking, 80, 181 Blood pressure, 181, 203, 207 Blood vessel, 181, 185, 189, 196, 207, 208, 209, 210 Blot, 4, 181 Body Fluids, 181, 207 Bone Marrow, 181, 196, 208 Bone scan, 181, 206 Bowel, 178, 181, 187 Bowel Movement, 181, 187 Brachytherapy, 181, 194, 195, 203, 211 Bradykinin, 181, 198 Brain Stem, 181, 187 Branch, 173, 181, 186, 199, 200, 203, 207, 208 Breakdown, 181, 191, 199

214 Astigmatism

C Calcium, 181, 184, 206 Capillary, 49, 181, 182, 211 Carbohydrate, 182, 191, 201 Carbon Dioxide, 182, 191 Carcinogenic, 182, 194 Cardiac, 182, 185, 188, 189, 197 Carotene, 182, 205 Cathode, 78, 82, 102, 114, 121, 178, 180, 182, 188 Cations, 182, 194 Caudal, 182, 202 Cell Death, 179, 182, 198 Cell Differentiation, 182, 206 Cell proliferation, 182, 206 Central Nervous System, 177, 182, 199 Cerebral, 181, 182, 189, 190, 199, 210 Character, 126, 182 Choroid, 182, 204 Chromatin, 179, 183 Chromosomal, 183, 205 Chromosome, 183, 205 Chronic, 183, 194, 195, 208 Ciliary, 113, 114, 137, 179, 183, 195, 197, 199 Ciliary Body, 183, 195 Ciliary muscles, 113, 114, 137, 183 CIS, 183, 205 Clear cell carcinoma, 183, 187 Clinical Medicine, 183, 202 Clinical study, 183, 185 Clinical trial, 3, 69, 70, 155, 183, 185, 202, 203 Cloning, 13, 181, 183 Coagulation, 182, 183, 195 Cod Liver Oil, 183, 188 Cofactor, 183, 202 Collagen, 25, 63, 74, 183, 201, 202 Colloidal, 184, 188, 200 Color blindness, 129, 184 Complement, 184, 191 Complementary and alternative medicine, 61, 67, 184 Complementary medicine, 61, 184 Computational Biology, 155, 184 Computed tomography, 184, 206 Computerized axial tomography, 184, 206 Cone, 185, 195 Conjunctiva, 136, 185 Conjunctivitis, 166, 185 Connective Tissue, 181, 183, 185, 190 Constrict, 136, 185

Constriction, 8, 185, 199, 205 Consumption, 134, 185 Contamination, 78, 185 Contraindications, ii, 185 Contrast Sensitivity, 5, 12, 13, 22, 185, 199 Control group, 7, 185 Controlled clinical trial, 62, 185 Cor, 4, 9, 185 Corneal Diseases, 63, 185, 186 Corneal Edema, 69, 185 Corneal Stroma, 9, 185 Corneal Topography, 10, 14, 55, 64, 107, 186 Corneal Transplantation, 4, 13, 98, 186 Coronary, 186, 197 Coronary Thrombosis, 186, 197 Cortex, 80, 178, 186, 190 Cortical, 178, 186 Cranial, 177, 186, 194, 199, 210 Curative, 186, 208 Cyclic, 186, 192, 198 Cytogenetics, 186, 205 Cytoplasm, 179, 186, 192 Cytotoxic, 4, 186, 203, 207 D Data Collection, 7, 186 Databases, Bibliographic, 155, 186 Deletion, 179, 186 Dendrites, 186, 198 Density, 11, 69, 86, 95, 112, 119, 123, 127, 128, 135, 186, 199, 207 Depolarization, 186, 207 Deprivation, 12, 61, 64, 65, 178, 186 DES, 142, 187 Diabetic Retinopathy, 187, 211 Diagnostic procedure, 73, 148, 187 Diaphragm, 139, 187 Diathermy, 88, 187 Diffusion, 187, 194 Digestive system, 70, 187 Dilation, 137, 181, 187 Diopter, 107, 113, 118, 136, 187 Diplopia, 86, 177, 187, 197, 210 Direct, iii, 7, 102, 183, 187, 200, 204 Dislocation, 179, 187 Dissection, 9, 187 Distal, 187, 188, 203 Dorsal, 187, 201 Drive, ii, vi, 59, 85, 95, 96, 121, 123, 125, 126, 128, 187 Drug Interactions, 187 Drug Tolerance, 187, 209

Index 215

Dystrophy, 13, 92, 188 E Eccentricities, 97, 188 Eccentricity, 97, 188 Edema, 10, 187, 188 Efficacy, 34, 69, 188 Elasticity, 81, 137, 188, 202 Elastin, 183, 188 Elective, 50, 188 Electrode, 78, 178, 182, 188 Electrolyte, 188, 207 Electron microscope, 87, 99, 188 Electrons, 87, 109, 121, 179, 180, 182, 188, 194, 200, 203 Electrophoresis, 13, 188 Elementary Particles, 188, 198, 202 Embryo, 182, 188, 193 Emulsion, 84, 188, 191 Endophthalmitis, 189, 211 Endothelial cell, 9, 69, 189 Endothelium, 9, 185, 189, 198 Endothelium, Lymphatic, 189 Endothelium, Vascular, 189 Endothelium-derived, 189, 198 Energetic, 121, 189 Enucleation, 166, 189 Environmental Health, 154, 156, 189 Enzymatic, 182, 184, 189, 205 Enzyme, 189, 192, 206, 208, 209, 211 Epidemiological, 46, 189 Epinephrine, 189, 210 Epithelial, 10, 69, 75, 85, 183, 189 Epithelial Cells, 85, 189 Epithelium, 75, 97, 130, 185, 189, 195, 205 Erbium, 103, 189 ERV, 5, 156, 189, 190 Esophagus, 187, 189, 208 Esotropia, 177, 189, 208 Ethnic Groups, 10, 189 Eukaryotic Cells, 190, 193 Evoke, 190, 208 Exotropia, 190, 208 Expiratory, 189, 190 Expiratory Reserve Volume, 189, 190 External-beam radiation, 190, 195, 203, 211 Extracellular, 185, 190, 207 Extraction, 20, 39, 62, 179, 190, 205 Extraocular, 136, 190 F Family Planning, 155, 190

Farsightedness, 86, 92, 107, 110, 113, 142, 143, 164, 166, 190, 193 Fat, 181, 182, 185, 190, 195, 207 Fatigue, 110, 180, 190 Fibrin, 99, 190, 209 Fibrinogen, 190, 209 Fibrosis, 4, 190 Fissure, 48, 177, 190, 210 Fixation, 32, 39, 190 Flatus, 191 Fluorescence, 75, 191 Fold, 99, 190, 191 Forearm, 181, 191, 203 Fovea, 191 Fundus, 118, 124, 191 G Gallbladder, 187, 191 Gas, 6, 38, 179, 182, 187, 189, 191, 193, 198, 208 Gene, 13, 142, 181, 191, 201 Gene Expression, 13, 191 Generator, 129, 191 Genetic Code, 191, 198 Genetic Engineering, 181, 183, 191 Genetics, 8, 13, 32, 50, 111, 186, 191 Genotype, 191, 201 Gland, 191, 200, 206, 208, 209 Glare, 86, 191 Glycosylation, 13, 191 Goniotomy, 192, 209 Governing Board, 192, 202 Grade, 5, 85, 192 Grading, 117, 192 Graft, 9, 46, 192 Grafting, 192, 193 Granulocytes, 192, 207 Growth, 8, 11, 113, 135, 179, 182, 192, 209, 210 Guanylate Cyclase, 192, 198 H Habitual, 7, 182, 192 Hemorrhage, 187, 192, 201, 208, 210 Hereditary, 8, 192 Heredity, 191, 192 Heterotropia, 192, 208 Hormone, 187, 189, 192, 194, 206, 209 Host, 9, 98, 115, 180, 192 Humour, 120, 192 Hybrid, 77, 192 Hydration, 10, 192 Hydrogel, 81, 192

216 Astigmatism

Hydrogen, 180, 182, 192, 196, 197, 198, 200, 202 Hydrophilic, 192, 193 Hydroxylysine, 183, 193 Hydroxyproline, 183, 193 Hyperaemia, 185, 193 Hypermetropia, 35, 63, 125, 193 Hyperthermia, 187, 193 Hypertrophy, 185, 193, 210 I Id, 60, 67, 166, 172, 174, 193 Immune response, 179, 193, 211 Immunohistochemistry, 4, 193 Impairment, 103, 193, 197 Implant radiation, 193, 194, 195, 203, 211 Implantation, 4, 19, 20, 22, 25, 29, 30, 32, 38, 48, 51, 63, 85, 137, 193 In Situ Hybridization, 4, 193 In vitro, 4, 193 In vivo, 9, 193 Incision, 9, 19, 22, 25, 27, 30, 31, 32, 37, 42, 47, 48, 74, 85, 98, 192, 193, 195 Incisional, 30, 63, 74, 193 Indicative, 141, 193, 200, 210 Induction, 30, 187, 193 Infancy, 11, 18, 65, 194 Infarction, 186, 194, 197 Infection, 74, 183, 194, 196, 208 Infiltration, 98, 194 Inflammation, 99, 183, 185, 189, 190, 194, 195 Initiation, 5, 194 Inlay, 120, 194 In-line, 79, 194 Innervation, 194, 203, 210 Insight, 12, 13, 16, 194 Insulin, 194, 205 Internal radiation, 194, 195, 203, 211 Interstitial, 181, 194, 195, 211 Intracellular, 194, 198, 206 Intracranial Pressure, 194, 210 Intraocular pressure, 19, 48, 194, 209 Involuntary, 181, 194, 197, 204 Ions, 87, 180, 188, 193, 194 Iridocyclitis, 17, 195 Iris, 5, 51, 99, 103, 111, 120, 179, 185, 192, 195, 202, 203 Iris diaphragm, 103, 195 Irradiation, 75, 86, 94, 112, 195, 211 K Kb, 154, 195 Keratitis, 24, 195

Keratoconus, 3, 6, 13, 35, 37, 48, 55, 92, 126, 163, 165, 186, 195 Keratotomy, 20, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 42, 66, 74, 142, 148, 186, 195 Keratotomy, Radial, 74, 195 L Lacerations, 63, 195 Large Intestine, 187, 195, 204 Laser Surgery, 86, 103, 177, 195 Latent, 89, 195 Lenticular, 27, 37, 103, 125, 195 Library Services, 172, 195 Ligament, 195, 208 Lipid, 194, 195, 196, 200 Lipid Peroxidation, 196, 200 Liver, 180, 187, 188, 191, 196, 206 Liver scan, 196, 206 Localization, 193, 196 Localized, 191, 194, 196, 206 Longitudinal Studies, 11, 196 Longitudinal study, 11, 196 Low vision, 166, 196 Lymph, 189, 192, 196 Lymphatic, 189, 194, 196 Lymphocyte, 179, 196 M Macula, 136, 137, 191, 196 Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 196, 206 Manifest, 7, 196, 208 Medial, 145, 190, 196, 199, 205 MEDLINE, 155, 196 Melanin, 195, 196, 201, 210 Membrane, 86, 182, 184, 185, 186, 190, 196, 202, 204, 207, 210, 211 Memory, 88, 89, 96, 102, 122, 123, 128, 137, 196 Mental Disorders, 71, 196, 201, 203 Mental Health, iv, 3, 71, 154, 156, 197, 203 Meridional, 5, 6, 12, 63, 197 Methacrylate, 30, 40, 197 MI, 66, 176, 197 Microbiology, 177, 197 Microkeratome, 39, 107, 197 Microscopy, 109, 197 Mitomycin, 50, 197 Mitosis, 179, 197 Modeling, 97, 98, 197 Modification, 191, 197, 203 Molecular, 3, 155, 157, 181, 184, 186, 190, 197, 205 Molecule, 179, 180, 184, 189, 197, 200, 203, 204, 206, 210

Index 217

Monoclonal, 195, 197, 203, 211 Monocular, 86, 197 Morphology, 182, 197 Muscular Dystrophies, 188, 197 Mydriatic, 187, 197 Myocardium, 197 N NCI, 1, 70, 153, 183, 198 Nearsightedness, 13, 86, 92, 107, 113, 142, 143, 166, 197, 198, 203 Necrosis, 179, 189, 194, 197, 198 Need, 4, 13, 84, 85, 100, 101, 114, 141, 143, 167, 198, 209 Nerve, 177, 178, 180, 186, 194, 198, 199, 202, 203, 208, 210 Nervous System, 182, 198 Neural, 11, 129, 198, 205 Neurons, 11, 186, 198, 208 Neutrons, 178, 195, 198, 203 Nitric Oxide, 4, 198 Nitrogen, 179, 191, 198, 210 Nuclear, 188, 190, 198, 205 Nuclei, 178, 188, 191, 196, 197, 198, 199, 202 Nucleic acid, 4, 191, 193, 198 Nucleus, 177, 179, 180, 183, 186, 188, 189, 190, 195, 198, 202, 210 Nystagmus, 64, 199 O Occipital Lobe, 187, 199, 211 Ocular, 7, 8, 11, 12, 14, 38, 41, 62, 69, 80, 97, 101, 110, 117, 130, 143, 165, 180, 189, 190, 199 Oculomotor, 187, 199 Oculomotor Nerve, 187, 199 On-line, 101, 175, 199 Opacity, 182, 186, 199 Ophthalmologic, 85, 199 Ophthalmologist, 63, 97, 130, 199 Ophthalmoscope, 53, 199 Opsin, 199, 205 Optic Chiasm, 199 Optic Nerve, 53, 119, 178, 199, 204, 205, 206 Optic Nerve Diseases, 199, 206 Optic nerve head, 53, 199 Optometrist, 97, 130, 199 Orbit, 66, 145, 177, 199, 210 Oxidation, 179, 196, 199, 200 Oxidative Stress, 4, 200 P Palliative, 200, 208

Pancreas, 187, 194, 200 Pantoscopic, 108, 200 Paralysis, 189, 200, 203 Parasite, 200 Parasitic, 99, 200 Particle, 77, 78, 79, 87, 99, 104, 114, 115, 119, 200, 207, 209 Patch, 110, 200 Pathogenesis, 4, 200 Pathologic, 143, 179, 186, 200 Pathologic Processes, 179, 200 Peptide, 200, 201, 202 Perception, 11, 106, 185, 200 Perforation, 179, 200, 209 Peripheral vision, 200, 211 Petrolatum, 188, 200 Phallic, 190, 200 Pharmacologic, 178, 200, 209 Phenolphthalein, 188, 200 Phenotype, 4, 201 Phenylalanine, 201, 210 Phospholipases, 201, 206 Phosphorus, 182, 201 Phosphorylation, 4, 13, 201 Photokeratoscopy, 186, 201 Photophobia, 195, 201 Photoreceptors, 12, 201, 205 Physiologic, 201, 204 Physiology, 9, 62, 66, 143, 201 Pigments, 182, 201, 205 Plana, 20, 201 Plasticity, 64, 65, 201 Platelet Activation, 201, 207 Platelet Aggregation, 198, 201 Platelets, 198, 201 Polymers, 137, 201, 202, 208 Polypeptide, 183, 190, 201 Polysaccharide, 179, 201 Posterior, 9, 19, 56, 80, 111, 120, 178, 182, 187, 195, 199, 200, 201, 202, 206 Posterior chamber, 111, 120, 202 Postoperative, 9, 25, 46, 48, 53, 60, 65, 98, 202 Postsynaptic, 202, 206 Post-translational, 13, 202 Potentiation, 202, 207 Practice Guidelines, 156, 202 Precursor, 8, 189, 201, 202, 210 Presbyopia, 40, 56, 80, 81, 85, 88, 97, 101, 111, 120, 124, 125, 130, 131, 136, 137, 202 Prevalence, 5, 6, 46, 202 Progression, 7, 8, 37, 131, 202

218 Astigmatism

Progressive, 13, 80, 113, 117, 131, 132, 133, 137, 165, 182, 187, 192, 197, 198, 201, 202 Projection, 74, 77, 79, 100, 102, 106, 128, 129, 133, 199, 202 Proline, 183, 193, 202 Prospective study, 196, 202 Prosthesis, 137, 202 Protein S, 142, 181, 191, 202 Proteins, 4, 13, 178, 179, 181, 183, 184, 189, 191, 197, 198, 200, 201, 202, 209 Protocol, 6, 202 Protons, 178, 193, 202, 203 Proximal, 12, 187, 203 Psychiatry, 190, 203 Ptosis, 65, 203 Public Health, 5, 156, 203 Public Policy, 155, 203 Pulmonary, 181, 185, 203, 211 Pulmonary hypertension, 185, 203 Pulse, 86, 98, 112, 203 Pupil, 16, 20, 53, 80, 83, 116, 118, 185, 187, 195, 197, 203 Q Quality of Life, 7, 130, 203 R Radial Keratotomy, 35, 76, 92, 107, 141, 203 Radiation, 84, 90, 92, 111, 188, 190, 191, 193, 194, 195, 203, 206, 211 Radiation therapy, 190, 194, 195, 203, 211 Radio Waves, 187, 203 Radioactive, 181, 193, 194, 195, 196, 198, 203, 206, 211 Radiolabeled, 195, 203, 211 Radiopharmaceutical, 191, 203 Radiotherapy, 181, 195, 203, 211 Radius, 80, 135, 139, 203 Randomized, 6, 7, 30, 35, 46, 188, 203, 204 Randomized clinical trial, 7, 35, 204 Receptor, 4, 177, 179, 185, 204, 206 Recombinant, 204, 211 Rectum, 181, 187, 191, 195, 204 Recurrence, 37, 204 Refer, 1, 184, 190, 196, 198, 204 Reference point, 56, 117, 132, 204 Reflective, 83, 105, 106, 128, 129, 133, 204 Reflex, 53, 204 Refraction, 7, 11, 84, 85, 97, 103, 107, 129, 137, 143, 175, 197, 204, 207 Refractive Errors, 4, 12, 14, 49, 63, 66, 86, 92, 101, 136, 137, 143, 162, 165, 178, 187, 204

Refractive Power, 74, 75, 81, 86, 88, 103, 113, 114, 129, 136, 138, 139, 178, 193, 197, 204 Refractometer, 93, 204 Refractory, 97, 131, 204 Regimen, 188, 204, 205 Reliability, 78, 90, 105, 204 Remission, 204 Resection, 9, 49, 204 Resolving, 79, 204 Retina, 12, 53, 80, 81, 86, 88, 92, 107, 115, 119, 125, 136, 137, 143, 180, 183, 187, 195, 197, 199, 204, 205, 211 Retinae, 196, 204 Retinal, 8, 11, 31, 115, 118, 143, 185, 187, 197, 199, 204, 205, 206, 211 Retinal Detachment, 187, 205, 211 Retinal Ganglion Cells, 199, 205 Retinol, 204, 205 Retreatment, 28, 35, 205 Risk factor, 8, 12, 46, 202, 205 Robotics, 100, 205 Rods, 205 Rubber, 137, 177, 205 S Sagittal, 139, 205 Salivary, 187, 205 Salivary glands, 187, 205 Satellite, 123, 205 Scans, 87, 96, 205 Scatter, 10, 191, 206 Schematic, 10, 41, 127, 206 Sclera, 98, 136, 183, 185, 206 Scotoma, 39, 206 Screening, 10, 23, 49, 57, 66, 183, 206 Secretion, 192, 206 Segmental, 45, 206 Segmentation, 206 Sensor, 94, 100, 115, 118, 139, 206 Sequencing, 13, 206 Serous, 189, 206 Sharpness, 206, 211 Shock, 206, 210 Side effect, 177, 206, 209 Signal Transduction, 4, 206 Silicon, 105, 106, 207 Silicon Dioxide, 207 Skull, 194, 199, 207, 208, 210 Social Environment, 203, 207 Sodium, 22, 207 Soft tissue, 66, 181, 207 Solar radiation, 111, 207

Index 219

Solvent, 5, 207 Sound wave, 187, 204, 207 Specialist, 167, 187, 207 Species, 90, 189, 192, 197, 200, 207, 208, 210 Spectrometer, 114, 207 Spectrum, 7, 203, 207 Spina bifida, 55, 207 Spinal cord, 181, 182, 198, 204, 207 Stabilization, 8, 80, 207 Staging, 205, 208 Stimulus, 12, 65, 178, 187, 188, 194, 204, 208 Stomach, 187, 189, 191, 192, 208 Strabismus, 18, 55, 63, 65, 66, 178, 187, 208 Strained, 114, 208 Stress, 200, 205, 208 Stroke, 71, 82, 83, 154, 208 Stroma, 3, 9, 195, 208 Stromal, 10, 13, 42, 63, 208 Styrene, 205, 208 Subacute, 194, 208 Subclinical, 194, 208 Subcutaneous, 188, 208 Subspecies, 207, 208 Substrate, 77, 79, 89, 112, 119, 123, 126, 128, 133, 208 Suction, 88, 208 Surgical Instruments, 9, 208 Synaptic, 207, 208 Systemic, 7, 181, 189, 194, 195, 203, 208, 210, 211 T Temporal, 26, 27, 41, 48, 52, 53, 208 Therapeutics, 208 Thermal, 5, 16, 29, 30, 37, 74, 135, 198, 209 Thoracic, 187, 209 Thrombin, 190, 201, 209 Thrombosis, 202, 208, 209 Thyroid, 209, 210 Tolerance, 80, 209 Tomography, 42, 184, 209 Tonometry, 21, 209 Tooth Preparation, 177, 209 Toxic, iv, 111, 178, 208, 209 Toxicity, 187, 209 Toxicology, 156, 209 Toxins, 178, 179, 194, 209 Trabecular Meshwork, 209 Trabeculectomy, 29, 50, 54, 209 Trace element, 207, 209 Transduction, 4, 206, 209

Transfection, 181, 209 Transferases, 191, 209 Translational, 13, 209 Translocation, 31, 210 Transplantation, 9, 210 Trauma, 37, 177, 198, 210 Trees, 205, 210 Trephining, 98, 210 Tricuspid Atresia, 185, 210 Trochlear Nerve, 187, 210 Trochlear Nerve Diseases, 187, 210 Tryptophan, 183, 210 Tuberculosis, 185, 210 Tungsten, 182, 210 Tyrosine, 4, 210 U Unconscious, 193, 210 Uterus, 191, 210 V Vaccine, 202, 210 Vagina, 187, 210 Valves, 133, 210 Vascular, 182, 189, 194, 198, 210 Vasodilators, 198, 210 Vector, 21, 39, 40, 46, 56, 101, 209, 210 Vein, 198, 205, 211 Venous, 202, 210, 211 Ventricle, 180, 185, 203, 210, 211 Ventricular, 185, 210, 211 Venules, 181, 182, 189, 211 Vertebral, 180, 201, 207, 211 Veterinary Medicine, 155, 211 Viral, 209, 211 Virus, 180, 191, 209, 211 Visual Acuity, 4, 6, 7, 24, 69, 85, 86, 110, 136, 185, 199, 211 Visual Cortex, 61, 178, 187, 211 Visual field, 12, 199, 206, 211 Vitrectomy, 20, 211 Vitreous Body, 204, 211 Vitro, 211 Vivo, 9, 211 W Wound Healing, 4, 9, 64, 211 X X-ray, 182, 184, 191, 195, 198, 203, 206, 211 X-ray therapy, 195, 211 Y Yeasts, 201, 211 Z Zonules, 183, 212

220

Index 221

222 Astigmatism

Index 223

224 Astigmatism

Astigmatism - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hepatitis A Vaccine: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Influenza A - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Foot and Mouth Disease - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Condoms - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Facial Palsy - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Premature Ejaculation - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Pubic Lice: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Breech Birth: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Naproxen Sodium: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Motrin: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Cystocele: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Irbesartan: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Batten Disease: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Endometrioma: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Aromasin: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Tricor: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Cretinism: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Capital Punishment: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Malepattern Baldness: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Cylert: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lowprotein Diet: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lodine: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Omnicef: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Birth Injuries: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Heart Palpitations: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Norwalk Virus Infection: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Impacted Teeth: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Dermatitis Herpetiformis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Colloidal Silver - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Ultram: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Astigmatism - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hepatitis A Vaccine: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Influenza A - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Foot and Mouth Disease - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Condoms - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Facial Palsy - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Premature Ejaculation - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Pubic Lice: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Breech Birth: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Naproxen Sodium: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Motrin: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Cystocele: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Irbesartan: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Batten Disease: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Endometrioma: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Aromasin: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Tricor: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Cretinism: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Capital Punishment: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Malepattern Baldness: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Cylert: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lowprotein Diet: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lodine: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Omnicef: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Birth Injuries: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Heart Palpitations: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Norwalk Virus Infection: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Impacted Teeth: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Dermatitis Herpetiformis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Colloidal Silver - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Ultram: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Recommend Documents