Architectural Roofing & Waterproofing Volume 2 2011

2011, Volume 2

FROM THE GROUND

UP FOUNDATION WATERPROOFING CASE STUDY

• Long Term Service Life Study of EPDM

• The Value of Solar

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2011, Vol. 2 2011, Volume 2

About the Cover: FROM THE GROUND

10

UP FOUNDATION WATERPROOFING CASE STUDY

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A $180 million mixed-use development tower located in the heart of downtown New Haven, Conn., 360 State Street is the state’s largest private residential building. Photograph by Michael R. Fisher, the fisher group, LLC.

Features From the Ground Up: A Foundation Waterproofing Project Profile . . . . . . . . . . . .

10 Architect Profile: Jim Chamberlain. . . . . . 16 Long-Term Service Life Study of EPDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16

21 The High R Roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Commissioning Validates High-Performance Roofing . . . . . . . . . . . .

27 The Value of Solar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Web Exclusives Available online at www.arwmag.com:

Columns

Consultants Preach the Value of Preventive Maintenance

The Drawing Board: Roof Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Editor's Note . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Departments 6 Details: Roofing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Details: Waterproofing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Advertiser Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Roofing and Waterproofing Codes . . . . . . .

• EPDM Recycling Is a Sure Thing • Customizing Spaces That Build Career Interest

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{ Editor'sNote A Silver Lining in Tough Economic Times

R

oof consultants typically work with both the building owner and the roofing contractor, giving them a unique perspective when it comes to examining roof maintenance. I recently spoke with consultant Rick Cook, a partner with ADC Engineering in Charleston, S.C., and the current president of RCI, Inc. We were discussing environmentally friendly products and systems, including garden roofs and photovoltaics, when he surprised me by saying that when it comes to the building envelope, preventive maintenance might be the best way to help the environment. Cook noted that proper roof maintenance extends the life of the roof and delays — and in some cases prevents — that material from ending up in a landfill. “I teach a course which I titled ‘Saving our Facilities and Saving the World’ — a title that’s a bit tongue-in-cheek,” he said. “The point is the key word in our industry is ‘sustainability.’ With roofing and waterproofing, what is the one thing we can do to sustain our environment? It’s to save the roof. A typical roof should last 20 years — let’s use that as a benchmark. If the majority of roofs last 15 years, we’ve lost 25 percent of the life of those roofs. If we get into maintenance and extend the life, you see the value in it.” “There is a lot of talk about sustainability in new construction,” he continued. “With roofing and exterior walls of existing facilities, the focus is really on maintenance. In my PowerPoint presentation, I include the motto, ‘To sustain, you must endure, and to endure, you must maintain.’” Cook uses an analogy everyone can understand by comparing a roof to the family car, which needs oil changes and other routine maintenance to run smoothly and last longer. The lagging economy has brought increased attention to roof maintenance, which is a bit of a silver lining in tough economic times. “As the economy gets worse, we gain ground,” he said. “We’re getting closer to the life we should get out of our roofs.” For more on my interview with Cook, see the article “Consultants Preach the Value of Preventive Maintenance” online at www.arwmag.com.

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Announcing

THE NEXT GENERATION in TPO roofing.

GAF scientists have developed EverGuard ® Extreme™ TPO... designed for solar and other high heat applications...

EverGuard ® Extreme™ TPO is the next generation in TPO membranes—with the best guarantee in the industry!

Solar panels (which are dark in color by nature) can create areas of high temperatures up to 190°F on adjacent roof surfaces. Other highly reflective architectural structures (such as mirrored glass) can act as solar magnifiers and concentrate sunlight onto nearby roof surfaces. This concentrated sunlight can be far more intense than ambient sunlight — leading to premature membrane failure.

GAF scientists have created the next generation in TPO membranes, built to handle the extreme demands that new rooftop applications can place on roofing membranes. EverGuard® Extreme™ TPO uses proprietary stabilizers and UV absorbers to achieve weathering performance far beyond current standards. That means more protection for your customers — and for you.

Not eligible for Well Roof™ Advantage Guarantee extension. See guarantee for complete coverage and restrictions ©2011 GAF Materials Corporation 1/11

{ Roofing&WaterproofingCodes

RoofingCode: Section 1506

Materials 1506.3 Material specifications and physical characteristics. Roof-covering materials shall conform to the applicable standards listed in this chapter. In the absence of applicable standards or where materials are of questionable suitability, testing by an approved agency shall be required by the building official to determine the character, quality and limitations of application of the materials.

Code Interpretation This code implies that all roof covering assemblies must meet all standards set forth in the code. The material/system must be an approved published system that has been tested by an approved independent testing agency. The roofing section of the IBC defines performance standards, material testing and acceptable system components for both low-slope and steep-slope assemblies. If the materials and/or system proposed for a specific project does not comply with the established standards then the material/system must be tested in accordance with the established code. Roof performance testing includes wind uplift testing, fire testing and ASTM physical property testing.

WaterproofingCode: Section 1807

Dampproofing and Waterproofing 1807.1.2.1 Flood hazard areas. For buildings and structures in flood hazard areas as established in Section 1612.3, the finished ground level of an under-floor space such as a crawl space shall be equal to or higher than the outside finished ground level. Exception: Under-floor spaces of Group R-3 building that meet the requirements of FEMA/FIA-TB-11.

Code Interpretation This section implies that the under-floor space (crawl space) shall be at equal height or higher than the ground level in flood areas. Flood zones are defined as areas identified by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and adopted by the corresponding governing body. The only exception to this section is Group R-3 buildings that meet FEMA/FIA-TB-11.

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IT’S A POLYGLASS WORLD QUALITY, INNOVATION AND SERVICE AT ITS BEST.

Often times the simplest technological advancement makes a world of difference in a product. This is especially true for Polyglass’ Self Adhered (SA) roofing membranes. The difference is Polyglass’ SA products are produced utilizing ADESO ® technology, a revolutionary and patented manufacturing breakthrough, resulting in the ability to produce a dual compound membrane. The outcome of this technology is a reinforced product with the benefits of modified asphalt and/or aggressive adhesive compounds where contractors and building owners need them the most. Committed to adding value through innovation, Polyglass leads the industry in roofing technology and its qualified team is focused on helping you grow your business. Install Polyglass products and you can be assured you are partnered with the best the industry has to offer.

Scan this QR code with your smart phone to learn more. To download QR reader to your phone, visit http://www.i-nigma.mobi

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TECHNOLOGY

{ Details: Roofing High Concrete Parapet Flashing

I

n situations where the parapet wall extends above the maximum 12-inch flashing height and wall waterproofing is required, there are several options. In the case of concrete or masonry walls: waterproofing can be provided by installation of a membrane covering, a metal covering or a waterproofing coating. If the designer chooses to apply a waterproofing membrane, the following design techniques should be adhered to: 1. In cases where a modified bitumen sheet is used for flashing, it is a best practice to apply a second membrane flashing as the wall flashing. This material shall be applied over above the existing flashing, which should not extend above 12 inches up

the wall. The flashing height is maximized due to the weight of the modified sheet and the susceptibility of slumping. 2. Attach a termination bar over the roof flashing to decrease possibility of slumping. 3. Apply the wall flashing over the roof flashing and termination bar. 4. Both wall flashing and roof flashing should be fully adhered to the wall substrate. 5. Fasten the wall flashing at the top of the wall every 6 inches on center. 6. Apply a coping over the wall flashing and fasten with selftapping screws every 24 inches on center.

SHEET METAL COPING

Approx. 6" O.C.

SLOPED TOP PARAPET WALL (e.g. Beveled Siding, Nail Or Screw to Wood Nailer.)

CAPPED, GASKETED SELF-TAPPING SCREWS (Install At 24" O.C. Or As Local Code Design And Wind Uplift Requirements Dictate.)

WOOD NAILER, PRESERVATIVE TREATED OPTIONAL (Mechanically Attach To Wall As Required.)

NOTES: 1.

This detail may be used where wall heights are 24"- 48" above roof surface. However, for walls 24" and taller WSRCA suggests sheet metal wall cladding be considered in lieu of polymer modified bituminous membrane wall flashings per Detail MB-8a.

2.

On walls greater than 36" high, membrane wall flashing sheets should be strapped (i.e., installed vertically).

WALL FLASHING MEMBRANE (Fasten To Top Of Wall At Approximately 6" O.C.)

CONCRETE WALL (Prime With Asphalt Primer.)

PRESSURE PLATES AND FASTENERS, OR COMPRESSION TERMINATION BAR

Approx. 4" Lap

CANT STRIP (Mechanically Attach Wood Cant—Preservative Treated Optional. If Fiber Cant, Set Cant Over Base Sheet In Hot Asphalt Or Bituminous Roof Cement.)

SURFACED FLASHING PLY (See Note 6.)

BASE FLASHING MEMBRANE (Extend Above Cant 8" Min., 24" Max. And Fasten Through Termination Bar 6" O.C. Extend 3" MIN. Onto Roof Surface Beyond Toe 3" MIN. Of Cant.) MULTIPLE-PLY POLYMER MODIFIED BITUMEN ROOFING (Option: Field Plies May Be Extended Or Feathered Above Head Of Cant.)

WOOD ROOF DECK

MEMBRANE BASE WALL FLASHING (Extend 1" Min. Below Wood Nailer.)

CONTINUOUS CLEAT

BASE SHEET (Mechanically Attach As Required.)

3. Dimensions shown are recommended minimums and are intended to be approximate to allow for reasonable tolerances due to field conditions. 4. Attach top of membrane wall flashing approximately 6" O.C. 5.

6. Surfaced flashing ply is recommended to have white or other light reflecting surface to minimize heat gain and thermal movement. 7.

MIN

MIN. 3/4" RECOMMENDED

. 1"

Q Detail courtesy of the Western States Roofing Contractors Association.

See Appendix A for gauge or thickness guide for sheet metal flashing.

Certain components as depicted in these details may not be provided by the roofing contractor.

EXTERIOR VIEW

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{

Details: Waterproofing

Flashing Terminations POLYURETHANE CAULKING IF REQUIRED. (BY OTHERS) NEW/EXISTING COUNTERFLASHING-BEND UP AS REQUIRED TO PREPARE SURFACE, PRIME & APPLY KEMPEROL MEMBRANE. RETURN TO ORIGINAL POSITION AFTER MEMBRANE CURES. ANGLED RESIN FILL TYPICAL @ ALL MEMBRANE TERMINATION POINTS. FLASHINGS W/LESS THAN 8" MINIMUM HEIGHT REQUIRING A SEALED TERMINATION 2"

PREPARE, LEVEL & PATCH SUBSTRATE AS REQUIRED W/APPROVED LEVELING COMPOUND PRIOR TO APPLICATION OF KEMPEROL PRIMER & MEMBRANE (TYP.) (1) PLY KEMPEROL MEMBRANE FLASHING EXTEND 4" MIN. HORIZONTALLY ONTO FIELD SUBSTRATE. ASSURE FULL CONTACT OF COMPOSITE W/ SUBSTRATE & RESIN SATURATION OF FLEECE IN CORNER AREA. CONTINUOUS 4" WIDE STRIP OF KEMPEROL MEMBRANE @ WALL TO DECK TRANSITION KEMPEROL FIELD MEMBRANE

Q Detail courtesy of Kemper System.

2"

F

2"

lashing terminations may be mechanically secured using metal termination bars or by stripping off into a recessed form of a reglet design. However, it is a best practice to follow termination designs that are in accordance with the material manufacturer’s recommendations. A double-bladed saw cut or formed-in-place reglets can be good solutions for flashing and wall terminations because each can be easily corrected or re-worked. Double-bladed saw-cut

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reglets, termination bars and possibly through-wall, under-cap solutions or through-wall, behind-wall fascia are normally the only alternatives possible in retrofit and remedial work. In all cases, the membrane flashing should be raised well above the usual 6-inch minimum or the expected “water line” of the finished wear surfaces. A cast-in-place curb will form a good protective barrier against damage during construction and after it is complete.

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Q A $180 million mixed-use development tower located in the heart of downtown New Haven, Conn., 360 State Street is the state’s largest private residential building. Photographs by Michael R. Fisher, the fisher group, LLC.

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{

CASE study

FROM THE

GROUND by Michael R. Fisher

Just the Facts PROJECT 360 State Street LOCATION New Haven, Conn. MATERIAL CETCO Voltex DS THIRD-PARTY INSPECTION FIRM the fisher group, LLC, Oxford, Conn. APPLICATOR Kelly Enterprises, North Haven, Conn. CONSTRUCTION MANAGER Suffolk Construction Co., Inc. ARCHITECT/DEVELOPER Becker + Becker

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A Foundation Waterproofing Project Profile

A

t 32 stories and 670,000 square feet, 360 State Street is Connecticut’s largest private residential building. The $180 m i l l ion m i xe d - u se development tower is located in the heart of downtown New Haven, Conn. The building is the first residential project to receive LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) Platinum certification. It contains 500 apartment units and features street-level retail space, a grocery store, an early childhood learning center, and multi-story below-ground parking garage. The waterproofing phase of the project was crucial and the schedule was tight, so everyone involved in the project wanted to ensure it was completed per the manufacturer’s specifications. The manufacturer, Colloid Environmental Technologies

Company (CETCO), offers the HydroShield Quality Assurance Program. The program ensures that installation is done by approved applicators. It also provides design assistance, system review, and jobspecific construction details, as well as independent inspection, financial assurance and technical support throughout the construction phase. The decision to participate in the HydroShield program was essential to the success and timely completion of the waterproofing. It ensured effective communication, allowing problems and concerns encountered during the progression of work to be addressed and resolved in a timely and efficient manner. A Connecticut-based building envelope consulting firm, the fisher group, LLC, was the certified third-party inspection firm appointed by the owner for the quality assurance program. The

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study {CASE Voltex DS can be installed directly to green concrete without primers or adhesives in virtually any weather condition, including below freezing and damp conditions and is a highly effective and proven waterproofing system for both new and remedial waterproofing projects worldwide.

A Challenging Project

Q The underslab application at 360 State Street was particularly difficult due to the varying elevations of the structural mat slab. The foundation mat incorporated a 3-inch-thick, 2,500 psi non-reinforced concrete mud slab to achieve a suitable working platform.

independent inspection services considered every phase and aspect of the application throughout the duration of the project to ensure the waterproofing and ancillary products — most notably the waterstops — were installed in strict compliance with the waterproofing manufacturers’ guidelines. This proved to be an effective quality control measure. All pertinent field activities relevant to the waterproofing application were documented on a regular basis. Immediately following each site visit, a comprehensive written and photographic field report was compiled.

The Waterproofing System The principal waterproofing product used for this application was Voltex DS, as manufactured by CETCO. Voltex DS is a unique composite comprised of two high-strength geotextiles, 1.10 pounds of granular sodium bentonite per square foot, and an integrated high-density polyethylene (HDPE) liner. The two geotextiles are interlocked by a proprietary needle-punching process which encapsulates the bentonite and keeps it uniformly distributed throughout the product. Voltex DS is available in rolls that are 4 feet wide and 14.5 feet long.

The waterproofing phase of the project encompassed the entire building foundation structure. The waterproofing phase featured a variety of applications including underslab, backfilled foundation walls, concrete masonry unit (CMU) foundation walls, elevator pit foundation and grade beams. It also included property line construction, a blind-side application incorporating “Z” section steel sheet piling and stabilized earth retention walls. The project presented a variety of challenges, most notably the necessity of performing the underslab waterproofing installation — most critical phase of the project — during the winter season and under continuous hydrostatic conditions. Voltex DS was well suited for this application because of its durability and jobsite survivability. The product is capable of withstanding frequent freeze/thaw cycles and constant water contact, which consequently better facilitated the installation and minimized any construction delays. Furthermore, the ease of installation made for an efficient and productive application even during the harsh weather conditions.

Substrate Inspection In compliance with the manufacturer’s quality assurance program requirements, a thorough inspection of the substrate, i.e. mud slab, shoring, concrete, compacted earth or gravel subgrade, etc., was required to verify that the substrate to which the product is installed is acceptable to support the waterproofing construction and to identify any unsatisfactory conditions which may impair or otherwise compromise the performance of the waterproofing system. Basis criterion is as follows: • Mud slab: Mud slab shall exhibit a uniform surface profile and smooth planer surface without any surface imperfections/irregularities, e.g., voids, depressions, cracks, ridges or physical damage. • Compacted soil or gravel: Substrate shall be satisfactorily compacted to a minimum 85 percent modified proctor

Anatomy of Bentonite Bentonite is a naturally occurring non-toxic mineral of volcanic origin used in a variety of industries. There are several different types of bentonite and their classification depends on the dominant element, such as sodium (Na) or calcium (Ca). Sodium is the most common form of bentonite used for construction and environmental purposes. Sodium bentonite expands when wet (hydrated), absorbing as much as several times its dry mass. The property of swelling makes sodium bentonite useful for below grade waterproofing applications. When in a confined state (backfilled or incorporated as part of a concrete pour) under pressure, the swell is controlled, forming a dense, impervious monolithic barrier.

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study {CASE

1

2

3

Saving the World One Roof at a Time

The Economical and Environmentally Friendly Solution

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density and uniformly graded, free of standing (ponding) water or ice, foreign debris, and large diameter aggregate/stones. • Shoring/timber lagging: Shoring and timber lagging shall be free of excessive gaps or cavities, irregular surfaces, or surface projections (nails, tie-rods, anchors, etc.). • Concrete: Concrete should be properly placed and consolidated, structurally sound condition exhibiting a satisfactorily smooth finish. Raised surface conditions such as form fins, ridges and the like should be ground smooth. Moderate to severe honeycombing, poorly consolidated concrete, voids, and formtie holes should be filled with non-shrink cementitious grout.

Project Details The underslab waterproofing was a dual-layer application. In this instance, Voltex DS comprised the principal waterproofing layer and Voltex was utilized as a protection course. The protection course was installed directly atop and perpendicular to the Voltex DS sheet, considering the amount of construction traffic and the loads which would be imposed during the construction, most notably the extensive reinforcing associated with the mat-slab foundation. In keeping with the manufacturer’s installation criteria, the Voltex DS underslab waterproofing end laps were staggered a minimum of 12 inches from the preceding membrane course. Both the Voltex DS and Voltex protection course laps (end and side laps) were mechanically fastened independent of one another at intervals (maximum 24 inches on-center spac-

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{

CASE study Q 1: The Voltex and Voltex DS were installed with the dark gray geotextile facing toward the pour to achieve a strong mechanical bond to the concrete. Surface water and snow collected atop the mud slab was squeegeed off prior to the waterproofing application. 2: The reinforcing bars were supported by concrete bricks to alleviate the possibility of membrane puncture and better distribute the excessive weight of the rebar. Supplemental attachment of the Voltex field sheet was provided at elevation transitions to prevent displacement of the sheet during the waterproofing installation. 3: A full-width sheet of Voltex DS was provided at the base of all blind-side wall (vertical) transition conditions. The blind-side waterproofing course consisted of a dual-layer application and the end laps of each sheet were offset. 4: In conjunction with the waterproofing installation, Waterstop-RX, a sodium bentonite waterstop manufactured by CETCO, was provided at all vertical and horizontal construction joints and through-wall/slab penetrations. 4

ing) using 5/8 -inch-by-1¼-inch-wide heavy-duty staples to safeguard against displacement before and during the concrete placement. A lever-operated heavy-duty box stapler was used in this procedure. The Voltex DS waterproofing at vertical surface conditions (foundation walls) was discontinued just below finished grade level. The grade termination condition basically consisted of a one-inch wide extruded aluminum termination bar mechanically fastened 12 inches oncenter with a Hilti pin and plate washer. The bar and terminated membrane edge were completely encapsulated with Bentoseal. The grade termination is concealed to view buried within the backfill and landscaping.

InSpir

Conclusion The total waterproofing installation (walls and underslab) represented approximately 35,000 square feet of surface area. Since the completion of the project and building occupancy, there has been no evidence of water ingress. The benefits of the HydroShield Quality Assurance Program, design assistance from CETCO, inspection services performed by the fisher group, LLC, and the durability of the products used made for a successful and timely installation and a dry building.

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Michael R. Fisher is the principal owner of the fisher group, LLC, a Connecticutbased building envelope consulting firm. He has over 27 years of experience in the design, evaluation and investigation of roofing and waterproofing systems, and all aspects of building restoration including exterior waterproofing, masonry and concrete rehabilitation.

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2011, Vol. 2

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ARCHITECT PROFILE

DIVERS A

Q SRSSA designed a 20,000-square-foot addition on two levels at East Lake Golf Club, which included a new Ballroom, Foyer and Grill, and an expanded kitchen.

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ARCHITECT PROFILE

J

im Chamberlain, Associate with Smallwood, Reynolds, Stewart, Stewart & Associates (SRSSA) in Atlanta, remembers his fascination with the aeronautics and space program, and how it propelled him to become an architect. “Our family moved to Melbourne, Florida, during the early days of the aeronautics and space program at Cape Canaveral,” he recalled. “My father worked for Pan American Airways and Bendix, which had contracts then to support the various programs at the Cape.” Chamberlain was influenced by his upbringing in the engineering environment to develop his drafting skills during junior and senior high school. “This led to work during my high school years drawing house plans for family friends and to a drafting job for a local manufacturer of computer printers and card readers,” he said. “I was highly encouraged, as it turns out, by the fact that I could earn money with these skills.” The work experience led Chamberlain to decide that he had a great-

er interest in buildings rather than the machine parts and logic diagrams for computers. “The decision on which college to attend came down to a choice between the architecture programs at the University of Florida and Georgia Tech, and I chose to come to Atlanta,” he said. Chamberlain completed his Bachelor of Science and Master of Architecture

degrees at Georgia Tech, during which time his professional interest in the design and construction industry was elevated by the many significant corporate and civic projects developed in Atlanta during the period. “I was fortunately able to receive an education in architectural history, design and theory, while simultaneously observing its practical application on the skyline,” he said. “The desire to

by Tom Watts

SE PORTFOLIO JIM CHAMBERLAIN

Q Smallwood, Reynolds, Stewart, Stewart & Associates (SRSSA)

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ARCHITECT

PROFILE

{

“We have experienced tremendous growth in the firm over 30 years, both in terms of geographic markets and project types over this span.”

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Q This photo shows the Ludowici tile roof on the East Lake Golf Club clubhouse in Atlanta.

earn some money again influenced my decisions and, after some summer jobs with Atlanta area companies, I was referred to a new firm with a growing résumé of projects.”

Joining the Firm Chamberlain joined Smallwood, Reynolds, Stewart, Stewart in December 1980 while still at Tech and has worked at the firm since then. “During 30 years with the firm, my résumé of projects has evolved and diversified along with our practice,” he said. “The early years featured many speculative office buildings, which supported a growing office market in Atlanta and around the southeastern United States.”

Chamberlain worked on hospitality and convention facilities, such as the Galleria in northwest Atlanta, during a subsequent early period when the firm developed expertise in those markets. Corporate headquarters office and data center projects for companies such as Ahold near Greenville, S.C., and Ring Power south of Jacksonville, Fla., were interspersed with mid-career phase work with speculative office and industrial facilities. “I managed the firm’s growing practice in warehouse and bulk distribution buildings through the first decade of the new century and look forward to a renewal in demand for those facilities when business returns to more normal levels,” he said.

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ARCHITECT PROFILE Diverse project experience with SRSSA over such an extended period of time has allowed Chamberlain to enjoy many longstanding and strong working relationships with owners, developers and contractors in the southeastern United States. “These relationships, the number of which is compounded by the separate but similar ones developed by my colleagues at SRSSA during their professional lives, have collectively been a key factor in maintaining the firm’s health and capacity to perform during the current recessionary period,” Chamberlain said. “An overwhelming percentage of the firm’s commissions have come through repeat clients. This is a ref lection of the fact that SRSSA, individually and collectively through our architectural practice, has provided a high level of service to these clients.”

East Lake Golf Club There are fewer projects to win in the current economic climate, but Chamberlain said he and his firm have worked hard to receive their fair share from this diverse client base in both the government and private sectors. “These prior relationships were one just one of the factors contributing to our successful performance on one of my favorite projects, an addition to the East Lake Golf Club clubhouse in Atlanta,” he said, noting historic East Lake was the home club for Bobby Jones and Charlie Yates. It is now the permanent home of The Tour Championship, the culminating event of the PGA Tour Playoffs for the FedEx Cup. In 2008, the Club retained SRSSA to design a 20,000-square-foot addition on two levels, which included a new Ballroom, Foyer and Grill, and an expanded kitchen. “The clubhouse was originally designed by famed Atlanta architect Philip Schutze,” Chamberlain said. “The program for the East Lake addition included a mandate, which we embraced, that it matches the spirit and character of the original clubhouse.” The addition also had to be constructed between The Tour Champi-

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onship events of 2007 and 2008. This program, therefore, required Chamberlain to have a close working relationship with the Club and Hardin Construction Company of Atlanta, which was retained by the Club to provide the fasttrack construction services. “During the planning phase for the addition, SRSSA found drawings prepared by Philip Schutze for an un-built

expansion to the clubhouse which the Atlanta Historical Society had kept in their archives,” Chamberlain said. “These drawings provided a framework for the design of the expanded Clubhouse.” Many studies were prepared to refine the look and feel of the addition. Signature elements in the design included exposed timber framing on the exterior walls and a steeply pitched roof with a

The Duro-Last® single-ply roofing system is a Proven Performer®, with over a billion square feet installed all over North America. Duro-Last’s reputation for quality stems from long-term, steady company ownership, a timetested product formulation, and a highly-refined installation method that relies on dependable, authorized contractors.

Are you specifying high-quality roofing systems for your clients? Architects, building owners, and specifiers choose Duro-Last because it is: • Prefabricated — Every Duro-Last roof is measured and manufactured to fit your project, eliminating up to 85 percent of on-site seaming and ensuring a predictable installation that delivers worry-free, leak-proof protection. • Durable — Our reinforced, thermoplastic membrane is resistant to fire, chemicals, grease, high winds, and punctures, and easily accommodates wide temperature extremes. • Energy-efficient — Duro-Last is a leader in cool roofing solutions, and a Charter Partner in the EPA’s ENERGY STAR® Roof Products Program. • Installed quickly and safely — No disruptions, loud machinery, hazardous materials, noxious fumes, hot tar or mess. • Warranted — Duro-Last protects the commercial and industrial building owner with either a 15-year full warranty or a 20-year prorated warranty. Both warranties are transferable, and both provide maximum protection. Both include coverage for consequential damages that result from defects in the Duro-Last material and/or installation.

Specify the Proven Performer: the Duro-Last roofing system. To find out more, call us or visit www.duro-last.com/specifiers and request our free brochure.

800-248-0280 • www.duro-last.com “Duro-Last”, the “World’s Best Roof” and “Proven Performer” are registered marks owned by Duro-Last Roofing, Inc.

2011, Vol. 2

19

ARCHITECT

PROFILE

Q This photo of the East Lake Golf Club shows the existing tile roof on the left and the new roof on the right side. (Photos courtesy of Smallwood, Reynolds, Stewart, Stewart & Associates.)

{

“The existing roof tiles, provided by Ludowici for the original construction of the clubhouse in 1925, are of a size which is no longer produced by modern day manufacturers.”

20

2011, Vol. 2

multi-color array of concrete tiles, Chamberlain said. “The existing roof tiles, provided by Ludowici for the original construction of the clubhouse in 1925, are of a size which is no longer produced by modern day manufacturers,” Chamberlain said. “The overlap of the tiles, which greatly affects the perceived color, pattern and texture of the roof, could not be replicated using modern day products without incurring considerable cost for a custom size tile to match the original installation.” SRSSA contacted Ludowici and the firm set out to work with them on achieving an acceptable match for the color and texture, Chamberlain said. “This process first involved identifying which colors were in the array and then what percentage of the total did each color represent,” he said. “This process included color matching with samples high up on the roof of the building, detailed photographs of representative areas, and the counting of colors within the representative area to arrive at a distribution for each color. This distribution was then applied to a calcula-

tion for how much of each color of the modern tiles should be exposed so that an observer would not be able to distinguish any differences between the new and the old roof.” This calculated process advanced the design team only so far. “We still had to undertake the tried and true step familiar to many architects engaged in sensitive design processes, which is, we still had to climb back up on that high roof with many samples of the new tiles and, with the much appreciated assistance of Hardin personnel, arrange them into a matching array on a sunlight side of the roof,” Chamberlain said. “The resulting formula for how many tiles of which color with a certain exposure should be in each square area of the roof was then established and communicated to the installers who had the great challenge of installing the tiles in accordance with that formula.” The effort and patience invested in this process paid off as Hardin’s installers performed with expert precision in the installation of the tiles for the new roof, Chamberlain said. East Lake Golf Club, now with its newly expanded clubhouse, carries on as part of the national stage for The Tour Championship each year. “We have experienced tremendous growth in the firm over 30 years, both in terms of geographic markets and project types over this span,” said Chamberlain, who enjoys golf and spending time with his wife, Pam, and their two teenage daughters near Cumming, Ga. “The firm experienced the economic downtown, as have most businesses, but it has also remained strong in our core talents and capabilities.” “We look forward to a rebound in the economy and again serving our many long standing clients,” he concluded. “Maintaining positive business relationships with our clients while they are sidelined is the immediate professional goal.” Tom Watts is the associate editor of Architectural Roofing & Waterproofing. He can be reached at 248-244-1738 or [email protected].

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Long-Term Service Life Study of

by Louisa Hart

C

ontractors and architect s in search of sustainable and energ y-ef ficient roofing products increasingly face a broad range of new choices. But a recent study suggests that a frontrunner in the race to be green may be one of the most tried and true products in the marketplace. The new study shows that EPDM roofing, available for more than 30 years, is giving Planet Earth a helping hand by doing its job very well and for a very long time. A common objective of sustainable building practices is to achieve a service life of 60 years. For roofing, this presents a special challenge. The typical roof system is often “out of sight and out of mind” as far as building owners are concerned, receiving service only when it leaks. At the same time, it serves as a work platform for an increasing amount of equipment and building utility systems: heating and air-conditioning units, plus a growing number of wind turbines and solar heating units. Given these demands, it will take a very

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tough roof to perform well for the 60 year benchmark. The results of a recent long-term service life study of EPDM roof systems proves conclusively that EPDM delivers durability for decades. EPDM roof systems have been in the North American low-slope roofing market for almost 30 years, and many of these roof systems, including those installed more than two decades ago, are still providing useful FIGURE 1.

Sample #

service. Customers have long maintained that well designed and installed EPDM roof systems can attain service lives of 25 years and more. Marc N. Boulay, Chief Engineer of Northridge Consulting Engineers in Southeastern Massachusetts, says that the longevity of EPDM is demonstrated across the major domestic manufacturer brands. “My main client has tens of millions of square feet of EPDM roofs in service

ELONGATION TEST RESULTS Roof Type/Location

Sample Age (yrs.)

ASTM Standard

Manufacturer Minimum

Test Results

32

D4637

New 350% Aged 200%

252.71%

29

D4637

New 350% Aged 200%

494.07%

28

D4637

New 350% Aged 200%

339.23%

29

D4637

New 350% Aged 200%

287.05%

29

D4637

New 350% Aged 200%

165.51%

Ballasted 45 mil EPDM 1

N. Michigan University • Jacobetti Ctr. 1401 Presque Isle Ave. Marquette, MI 49855

2

N. Michigan University • Jamerich Bldg. 1401 Presque Isle Ave. Marquette, MI 49855

3

North Asheboro Middle School 1861 North Asheboro School Rd. Asheboro, NC 27203

Ballasted 45 mil EPDM

Ballasted 45 mil EPDM

Ballasted 45 mil EPDM 4

5296 County Road P West West Bend, WI 53095

Fully Adhered 45 mil EPDM 5

Barrington C.C.S.D. 220 310 James Street, Barrington, IL 60010

2011, Vol. 2

21

Long-Term Service Life Study of EPDM

in North America, a fair percentage of which are well past 20 years old, numerous past 25 and a few closing in on 30.” In order to provide scientific evidence to back up these observations, the EPDM Roofing Association (ERA), commissioned a study of long-term performing EPDM roofs and how they were managed in an attempt to provide extended watertight protection.

The Research Study The goals of the long-term service life study were to: • Verify the long-term performance characteristics of EPDM membrane. • Validate empirical sustainability experiences. • Create a foundation for specifier-toowner discussions in regard to long-term service life. To conduct this study, samples from five roof systems, installed between 29 and 32 years ago, were collected for analysis. They were: 1. A ballasted, 45-mil EPDM roof membrane, in place for 32 years at the Jacobetti Center of Northern Michigan University in Marquette, Mich. 2. A ballasted, 45-mil EPDM, in place at the Jamrich Building for 29 years, also at Northern Michigan University

FIGURE 2.

Sample #

TENSILE STRENGTH TEST RESULTS Roof Type/Location

2011, Vol. 2

ASTM Standard

Manufacturer Minimum

Test Results (psi)

32

D4637

1305.00

1888.7

29

D4637

1305.00

1836.5

28

D4637

1305.00

1828.8

29

D4637

1305.00

2200.9

29

D4637

1305.00

1519.0

Ballasted 45 mil EPDM 1

N. Michigan University • Jacobetti Ctr. Marquette, MI

2

N. Michigan University • Jamerich Bldg. Marquette, MI

Ballasted 45 mil EPDM

3

Ballasted 45 mil EPDM

4

Ballasted 45 mil EPDM

5

Fully Adhered 45 mil EPDM

Asheboro, NC West Bend, WI Barrington, IL

3. A ballasted, 45-mil EPDM in place for 28 years at the North Asheboro Middle School in Asheboro, N.C. 4. A ballasted, 45-mil EPDM in place for 29 years at a warehouse facility in West Bend, Wis. 5. A fully adhered EPDM, in place for 29 years at the Barrington Combined Community School District 220 Headquarters in Barrington, Ill. The samples were sent to Momentum Technologies, a testing facility for the roofing industry, in Uniontown, Ohio, where the following tests were performed: • Elongation (percentage) • Tensile Strength (psi)

Q ABOVE AND PREVIOUS PAGE: The roof in Sample 2 was located at Northern Michigan University. It was a ballasted, 45-mil EPDM that had been in place at the Jamrich Building for 29 years.

22

Sample Age (yrs.)

• Thickness XD (Cross Direction) (inches) • Thickness MD (Machine Direction) (inches) • Factory Seam Strength (psi) The Factory Seam Strength tests were done using the ASTM Standard D816, Standard Test Methods for Rubber Cements. The other four tests were conducted, using the AST M Standard D4637, Standard Specification for EPDM Sheet Used In SinglePly Roof Membrane. In addition, manufacturer minimum physical characteristics for new EPDM were applied to the results. Those results showed that all of the samples were essentially performing like new products: They had physical characteristic properties above or just below the minimum physical characteristics of 45-mil EPDM membrane being manufactured today or for aged EPDM. For example, regarding Elongation Test Results (Figure 1), four of the five roof samples exceeded the minimum characteristics for aged EPDM, and one exceeded the minimum for new EPDM, with another roof nearly exceeding the minimum for a new product. For Tensile Strength (Figure 2), all five samples exceeded the minimum standard. For Thickness XD (Cross Direction) (Figure 3), three samples exceeded the manufacturer mininum, while the other two missed by one-thousandth of an inch. For Tensile Strength MD (Machine Direction) (also shown in Figure 3), three achieved or exceeded the minimum,

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Long-Term Service Life Study of EPDM

FIGURE 3.

Sample #

THICKNESS TEST RESULTS Roof Type/Location

Sample Age (yrs.)

ASTM Standard

Manufacturer Minimum (in)

XD Test Results (in)

MD Test Results (in)

32

D4637

0.0405

0.0390

0.0360

29

D4637

0.0405

0.0430

0.0390

28

D4637

0.0405

0.0400

0.0400

29

D4637

0.0405

0.0390

0.0450

29

D4637

0.0405

0.0530

0.0530

Ballasted 45 mil EPDM 1

N. Michigan University • Jacobetti Ctr. Marquette, MI

2

N. Michigan University • Jamerich Bldg. Marquette, MI

Ballasted 45 mil EPDM

Q A fully adhered EPDM in place for 29 years at the Barrington Combined Community School District 220 Headquarters in Barrington, Ill., was used for Sample 5.

while one missed by one one-thousandth of an inch and another by four one-thousandths of an inch. For Factory Seam Strength (Figure 4), it was only possible to test two of the samples and both easily surpassed manufacturers’ minimums. These test results validated the results of earlier, anecdotal studies and determined that properly designed, installed and maintained EPDM membranes can successfully withstand the effects of very harsh climates. It also indicates that these roofs and other EPDM systems can approach or exceed 40 years of service life. Long service life means less frequent need to replace a roofing system, conserving the financial resources of the business owner and the energy resources of the environment. Given the sustainability target of 60 years for roofing systems, these particular samples are now being heat-aged to simulate use at prorated “life spans” of 40, 50 and 60 years. It should also be noted that these tests were conducted solely on 45-mil membrane. In the time since their installation, the manufacturers of EPDM have introduced 60-mil and 90-mil EPDM, and both are likely to have service lives that exceed the performance of 45-mil EPDM, perhaps 50 years or more. It is important to note that these roof systems were properly designed, installed and maintained. Certainly those factors combined with the inherent durability of the mem-

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3

Ballasted 45 mil EPDM

4

Ballasted 45 mil EPDM

5

Fully Adhered 45 mil EPDM

Asheboro, NC West Bend, WI Barrington, IL

FIGURE 4.

Sample #

FACTORY SEAM STRENGTH TEST RESULTS Roof Type/Location

Sample Age (yrs.)

ASTM Standard

Manufacturer Minimum (psi)

Test Results (psi)

32

D816

N/A

N/A

29

D816

N/A

N/A

28

D816

N/A

N/A

29

D816

± 100

677.40

29

D816

± 100

734.30

Ballasted 45 mil EPDM 1

N. Michigan University • Jacobetti Ctr. Marquette, MI

2

N. Michigan University • Jamerich Bldg. Marquette, MI

Ballasted 45 mil EPDM

3

Ballasted 45 mil EPDM

4

Ballasted 45 mil EPDM

5

Fully Adhered 45 mil EPDM

Asheboro, NC West Bend, WI Barrington, IL

brane to allow for this type of service life. In addition, all of the samples were taken from moderate to cold climates, since that is where EPDM roofing has been used for at least three decades. But industry experts say that white EPDM, now widely used in warmer climates,

can be expected to deliver the same long service life. Louisa Hart is a Communications Consultant for ERA — EPDM Roofing Association. For more information, visit www.epdmroofs.org.

Q The roof in Sample 4 is shown here. It was a ballasted, 45-mil EPDM in place for 29 years at a warehouse facility in West Bend, Wis.

2011, Vol. 2

23

Q Photo courtesy of Atlas Roofing

THE HIGH

R

ROOF

Increasing Insulation Boosts Energy Efficiency

I

n February, President Obama announced the Better Buildings Initiative, a multi-pronged effort to make commercial buildings 20 percent more energy efficient over the next decade by encouraging private sector investment through incentives to upgrade schools, universities and municipal facilities, as well as offices, stores and other commercial buildings. One of the best and simplest ways to achieve a high degree of energy efficiency is by increasing the levels of insulation on the roof. In fact for long-term energy savings, the commercial roofing market provides a significant multiplier effect to accelerate energy efficiency efforts. For every new roof installed on a new building, approximately three additional roofs are installed on existing buildings to replace older, less energy-efficient systems. Therefore a significant opportunity to increase building energy efficiency lies within the commercial roofing sector, where over 50 billion square feet of flat roofs are currently available for retrofit, 4 billion of which are retrofit each year.

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2011, Vol. 2

If the insulation levels in these commercial roofs were upgraded from their current R-value to the high performance levels embodied in a High R Roof — 50 percent above the minimum required values — annual energy savings would exceed $2 billion. (For more information, see http://roof knowledge.org/ main /energ yef ficientroofs /theroleofroofsinenergyefficiency/whyisenergyefficienncyimportant.) For rooftops to become vital contributors to the ambitious goal of national energy efficiency and independence, building owners in both the public and private sectors need to understand the specific factors to be considered when making investment decisions about roof insulation. In addition, building professionals need to understand the necessary construction and operating practices which will ensure the High R Roofs will deliver that anticipated energy savings throughout their entire service lives. Finally, these high performance roofing guidelines and operating practices must be targeted to address the unique conditions of re-roofing, where energy upgrades can contribute the greatest value.

by Jared Blum The High R Roof So what is a High R Roof and, more importantly, why would a building owner want one? A High R Roof is a roof that provides a level of thermal resistance, or R-value, higher than current minimum building code standards and practices. These roofs have many benefits: they save money, increase the energy efficiency of a building and reduce carbon emissions. On a larger scale, High R Roofs contribute to achieving goals of national energy efficiency and independence.

Energy Codes and Standards Energ y codes t ypically specif y requirements for “thermal resistance” in the building shell and windows, minimum air leakage, and minimum efficiency for heating and cooling equipment. Stronger national model building energy codes and standards mean better energy efficiency in commercial buildings and are an integral part of a High R Roof. • ASHR AE 90.1-2007. ASHR AE 90.1, set by the American Society of

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Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), represents the minimum standard for roof insulation levels. In 2007, the R-value requirements for this standard were increased by 33 percent for climate zones 2 thru 8. The above-deck roof insulation requirements for those climate zones increased from R-15 to R-20. Note that at the end of 2010, the ASHRAE Standard 90.1 committee approved a proposal to increase the minimum required prescriptive R-values for roof and wall insulation levels in the 2010 version of the standard. While still under final review, expect this code to change very soon. • IECC. Introduced by the International Code Council (ICC), the International Energy Conservation Code (IECC), which is being adopted rapidly by state and local code jurisdictions across the United States, incorporates the ASHRAE 90.1 standard. The code contains minimum energy efficiency provisions for residential and commercial buildings and also features building envelope requirements for thermal performance and air leakage. Note that the 2012 IECC calls for a 30 percent increase in energy savings in residential and commercial buildings as compared to the 2006 code. This represents the single largest efficiency increase in the

President Obama’s Better Buildings Initiative At the start of 2011, President Obama announced a multi-pronged effort to make commercial buildings 20 percent more energy efficient over the next decade. The Better Buildings Initiative outlines several goals, including offsetting the cost of electricity by roughly $40 billion per year for business and landlords and saving energy by reforming outdated incentives and challenging the private sector to act. The steps to achieve these goals include: • Providing new, workable tax incentives to encourage building efficiency. • Offering more financing opportunities for commercial retrofits. • Proposing new competitive grants to states and/or local governments that streamline standards, encourage upgrades and attract private sector investment. • A pilot program allowing the Department of Energy to guarantee private loans for energy efficiency upgrades at hospitals, schools and other buildings. • Challenging CEOs and University presidents to move toward energy efficiency. • Training the next generation of commercial building technology workers. history of the model energy code. (See Figure 1.)

How to Ensure Energy Efficiency and Longevity According to numerous studies, the energy savings provided by well-insulated roofing may be compromised by a few conditions, including thermal breaks in the system, moisture infiltration and

Figure 1. Minimum Above-Deck Roof R Values for ASHRAE 90.1 and IECC Climate Zones

ASHRAE 90.1-2007 Current Prescriptive Roof Insulation R-Values

ASHRAE 90.1 - 2010 Proposed Prescriptive Roof Insulation R-Values*

IECC 2012

1

15

20

20

2

20

25

20

3

20

25

20

4

20

30

25

5

20

30

25

6

20

30

30

7

20

35

35

8

20

35

35

* The ASHRAE Standard 90.1 committee, approved a proposal to increase the minimum required prescriptive R-values for roof and wall insulation levels in the 2010 version of the standard. While still under final review, expect this code to change very soon.

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roof traffic. The following tips can help you deal with these issues, allowing you to get the best bang for your buck when it comes to High R Roofs. Thermal breaks can occur at joints or gaps in the insulation layers and at intersections with building walls, impacting the energy efficiency of a home or building. Important practices to minimize this energy-loss include: • Careful measurement, cutting and fitting of insulation materials. By cutting insulation materials in the field to the proper measure and fit of a particular roof, significant thermal value can be retained. • Installing insulation boards in two or more staggered layers. Multi-layering of roof insulation boards can reduce the potential for thermal loss at board joints. Moisture infiltration into a roof system, either from leaks in the roofing membrane or through vapor drive within the building, can seriously degrade insulation performance and reduce the overall service life of the entire roofing system. Important practices to minimize the effects of moisture infiltration include: • Effective moisture barrier design. Buildings in regions with cold winter cli-

2011, Vol. 2

25

The High R Roof

RoofPoint: Center for Environmental Innovation in Roofing Developed by the Center for Environmental Innovation in Roofing, RoofPoint is a roofing-specific version of green building rating systems that have emerged to promote an environmentally responsible built environment. Similar to its whole-building counterparts, RoofPoint embraces a mission to elevate the professional practice of everyone involved in the roofing process to a higher level of accomplishment and recognition. In order to accomplish this mission, the system embraces several important functions. First, RoofPoint is a guideline for the selection of environmentally innovative roofing systems, roofing systems that maximize energy efficiency and longevity while minimizing environmental impact. In addition, RoofPoint serves as a checklist to identify the many ways roofing systems provide economic and environmental benefit. It also serves as an assessment system to compare different roofing alternatives for a particular environmental application. Finally, RoofPoint provides a platform for a comprehensive certification program to recognize and reward environmentally responsible roofing practice. For more information, visit www.roofingcenter.org.

mates or with high internal levels of moisture or humidity should consider the use of a vapor retarder if testing suggests that moisture could condense within the roofing system. • Protection of jobsite materials prior to installation. Packages of insulation or roofing materials should be elevated above the ground or roof with blocking and covered with protective tarps to reduce the potential for moisture intrusion. • Durable roofing membrane selection. Regions with high winds or heavy hailstorms should use roofing membranes that meet or exceed anticipated weather and operating conditions for the roof. • Ongoing roof inspection and maintenance. Roofing systems should be inspected periodically in order to ensure that minor roof damage or weather does not lead to major events, such as water intrusion. Like moisture infiltration, excessive foot traffic or equipment movement on a rooftop can compromise insulation performance and reduce the overall service life of the roof. Important practices to minimize roof traffic damage include: • Walkway systems to protect the roof surface and direct traffic flow. Walkway systems minimize roof traffic damage, can further protect the roof surface and underlying insulation from damage and help limit foot traffic in non-protected areas. • Use of cover boards. High compressive strength cover boards can protect

26

2011, Vol. 2

the underlying insulation by spreading the point loads of roof traffic across a wider surface area.

Making the Decision to Replace Your Roof Understanding the condition of an existing roof and building are critical for successful High R Roof installation, even if the existing roofing system is removed in its entirety. Prior to the installation of a High R Roof, inspect the roof and test the roof for moisture levels. Similarly, because the insulation levels recommended for High R Roofs require

Q A worker installs tapered polyiso insulation during a re-roofing project. Photo courtesy of Firestone Building Products.

greater total roof system thickness compared to older roofing systems, wall and curb flashings may need to be modified to ensure effective drainage.

The Role of Polyiso in High R Roofs Polyiso is a rigid foam insulation used in over 70 percent of commercial roof construction, in commercial sidewall construction and in residential construction. Polyiso has zero ozone depletion potential and virtually no global warming potential. High R Roofs are constructed using polyiso insulation due to its many benefits. In addition to having the highest R-value per inch of thickness, polyiso is moisture resistant, has superior compressive strength and dimensional stability, and has shown excellent performance in fire tests. Moreover, using polyiso in the construction of a High R Roof can result in a thinner roof with shorter fasteners. Its nationwide availability, preferred insurance ratings, extensive building code approvals and compatibility with most roofing systems make polyiso insulation a logical, cost-effective choice when it comes to roofing systems. Jared Blum is President of the Polyisocyanurate Insulation Manufacturers Association (PIMA), which serves as the unified voice of the rigid polyiso industry proactively advocating for safe, cost-effective, sustainable and energy efficient construction. To learn more, visit www.polyiso.org.

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Q Architectural Testing, Inc. conducts dynamic water testing on a full-scale mockup. Photos courtesy of Architectural Testing, Inc.

COMMISSIONING

Validates High-Performance Roofing

A

rchitectural Commissioning (ARCx), a more comprehensive term for Building Enclosure Commissioning (BECx), is a systematic process of ensuring that the exterior elements of a newly-constructed or renovated building provide effective environmental separation between the exterior environment and interior occupied space according to the building Owner’s Performance Requirements (OPR) for the intended use. The primary role of ARCx is that of risk management, as building enclosure failure can impose significant losses on building owners in the form of repairs, higher operating and maintenance costs, occupant dissatisfaction and legal liability proceedings based on water damage, indoor environmental degradation or health-and-safety issues. This exposure can expand to encompass architects and

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specifiers as errors and omissions liability, and to contractors and subcontractors in the form of “callbacks” for re-work and warranty claims. While most of the conversation surrounding ARCx is devoted to its role in evaluating the building façade, roofing is just as much a part of the building enclosure and plays an equal if not more critical role in energy efficiency and waterproofing. A roof system must provide not only a moisture barrier, but also an effective thermal barrier to maintain indoor comfort and minimize heating and cooling costs. It may also contain a vapor barrier to prevent the diffusion of moisture from the building into the roof. And, it must do so while maintaining structural integrity under forces such as wind uplift and hail impact, and while meeting an evolving array of building codes and standards. There are also mandated “green” rating targets from pro-

by John Runkle, PE grams such as LEED ®, GreenGlobes™ and ENERGY STAR® Cool Roof Rating.

Scope of the Roofing System Subject to ARCx The mission of ARCx is to verify that the building envelope — including the roofing — meets the applicable requirements of all of these mandates. This means that all aspects of the roofing system are subject to review, evaluation and confirmation that they will perform as advertised, delivered as specified and installed as required to achieve the intended performance. The International Building Code (IBC) defines “Roof Assembly” as “a system designed to provide weather protection and resistance to design loads. The system consists of a roof covering and roof deck or a single component serving as both the roof covering and the roof deck. [It] includes the roof deck, vapor retarder, substrate or thermal barrier, insulation

2011, Vol. 2

27

ARCx

and roof covering.” The National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS) Guideline 3, Exterior Enclosure Technical Requirements for the Commissioning Process, also includes roof terminations (e.g., fascia and perimeter flashing), penetrations (including vent hoods, pipe chases, skylights, sloped glazing and smoke vents), flashing at corners, intersections, valleys, eaves, curbs and parapets, and drainage systems (scuppers, gutters and downspouts).

The ARCx Process Traditional concepts of building commissioning tended to focus on the construction stage; but, experience demon-

grate the construction process and reduce the potential for conflict and confusion. 2. Design Stage: As part of this stage, the ARCx Agent reviews the project drawings and specifications for constructability, expected performance and compatibility among systems and materials. This is to confirm that there are no issues inherent in the design that may cause the system to not function as intended. Several roofing-related performance factors are considered, again depending on the requirements stated in the OPR: • Structural considerations. Although not specific to the defined roofing system, factors such as snow load,

Q A whole building air leakage test is performed on a commercial building.

strates the need for early involvement at project inception and continuing through completion and building occupancy. NIBS Guideline 3 outlines the basic framework for ARCx, which unfolds in five project stages. 1. Pre-Design Stage: Among the first orders of business is the selection of the ARCx Agent — the individual or firm responsible for the ARCx activities. The selected ARCx Agent immediately begins working with building owners to develop and document the OPR and review the architect’s design concepts for realizing the OPR. An overall ARCx Plan or Specification should be prepared to guide the building enclosure design process for congruence with the OPR, inte-

28

2011, Vol. 2

service load paths, ponding loads (if drainage is blocked), and “green roof ” dead loads due to soil and water are evaluated as part of the overall ARCx scope. • Uplift analysis due to interior pressure and wind. Perimeter flashing is often worthy of particular attention. The majority of roof covering failures occur when wind suction or pressure overcomes the resistance strength of the metal flashing fascia and/or wood nailer cant strip assembly. The roof covering is then vulnerable and may be easily peeled back, leaving the insulation and deck unprotected. • Heat transfer (R-value) and air infiltration analysis. The ARCx Agent

reviews simulation/test reports and may perform thermal analysis of various aspects of the system. “Cool Roof ” credentials (reflectivity and emissivity) are verified from laboratory test reports. • Water resistance evaluation. Susceptible locations, such as roof terminations, interface conditions at rooftop dormers, interfaces between roof and exterior wall assemblies and at roof penetrations, receive careful attention for leak-resistant design. • Vapor barrier evaluation verifies the need and type of vapor barrier. Building use, insulation thickness and reflectance are considered to evaluate the condensation risk. • Impact resistance. Test results and certifications are reviewed. For example, Architectural Testing Inc. (ATI) certifies to FM4473 or UL2218 for hail impact. • Fire rating. Manufacturers’ test results for conformance with standards such as ASTM E108 are confirmed. 3. Pre-Construction Stage: The preconstruction stage includes a review of construction sequencing, coordination and scheduling to ensure the building enclosure is erected according to the specifications, maintains the critical path and realizes the design intent. Meetings are conducted to ensure all parties involved in the construction of the building enclosure understand their responsibilities. Construction quality control checklists are finalized. Functional Performance Testing (FPT) may be conducted at this stage to verify performance of certain materials, manufactured products or subsystems. This activity, which should be spelled out in an FPT Specification, can range from laboratory tests and/or computer performance simulations of material or product samples, to construction and testing of large-scale wall section mockups. Most of the individual component materials and products that comprise a roofing system will have been individually tested according to prescribed ASTM, SPRI, UL, FM or other standards (as dictated by relevant codes and the OPR). Here, the ARCx task is essentially one of reviewing the vari-

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ARCx

ous test reports or certifications to verify compliance. It should be noted that compliance with a specific standard does not necessarily make an individual product an ideal choice for a given functional mission. It is in helping ensure that this is indeed the case where ARCx proves its real value. 4. Construction Stage: To help avoid problems inherent in coordinating the work of multiple trades and errors in the interfacing of various separatelyinstalled components, the ARCx Agent works with the individual contractors to periodically inspect and evaluate work in progress, providing technical guidance and performing or supervising field quality assurance testing. Roofing-specific field tests that may be conducted on installed roofing often include “bubble gun” tests to verify waterproofing and seam probing to verify seam integrity. 5. Post-Construction and Occupancy Stage: The post-construction stage involves compiling project close-out documentation, and may include training for building maintenance personnel. A post-occupancy performance evaluation program to collect and analyze actual performance data is often implemented.

• Attending pre-construction and construction-stage building enclosure coordination meetings to discuss construction sequencing, the coordination of trades and the general contractor’s project-specific quality control program. • Participating in testing/inspection procedural meetings concerning any field quality control tests and inspections required by the contract documents. • Performing or assisting with the scheduled testing and inspections.

• Participating in final review and acceptance meeting. • Providing input for final commissioning documentation as applicable. Conducting a full ARCx program can forestall many functional and coordination problems experienced with multifaceted high-performance buildings. Particularly as green construction mandates and increasingly tighter, more complex building codes govern construction projects, ARCx is an effective risk-management tool for owners, architects, contractors

The ARCx Specification The ARCx Specification should spell out the expected roles of the project team members at each stage of the commissioning process. For example, the architect’s responsibilities typically include: • Providing copies of project drawings and specifications. • Providing written responses to design review comments from the ARCx Agent or other parties. • Attending design, pre-construction and construction stage coordination meetings. • Participating in testing/inspection procedures meetings. • Participating in resolving field conflicts.

The Contractor’s Responsibilities The roofing contractor’s responsibilities typically break down (as applicable to the specific project) as follows:

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Q Russell Clark, Fire Testing Technician, conducts a burning brand test pursuant to ASTM E108 roofing fire testing protocol.

• Providing applicable cut sheets, shop drawings, coordination drawings, material certificates, letters of compatibility and other relevant information to the ARCx Agent as required. • Constructing any on-site mock-ups to review constructability, including roof-to-wall interfaces, and providing a representative to observe air and water leakage performance testing on the mock-up. • Providing a written protocol and timeline for the repair of any deficiencies noted during the performance testing. • Reimbursing the owner for tests and inspections of non-compliant components. • Addressing current punch list items.

and component manufacturers to optimize building performance and reduce energy use, while minimizing liability concerns and remediation costs. John Runkle, PE, is the Director of Building Sciences for Architectural Testing, Inc. (ATI) at York, Pa. He manages ATI’s greater Chicago, Los Angeles and Philadelphia regional offices, as well as the Architectural Commissioning, Forensic Services and Field Testing operations in York, Pa. All of these offices offer architectural commissioning, consulting, QA/QC, field testing, investigative and expert witness services. He is a graduate of the Pennsylvania State University with a degree in Civil Engineering and is a licensed professional engineer. For more information, call ATI at 717-7647700 or visit http://www.archtest.com/prof_ eng/bldg_enc_commissioning.aspx.

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{ DrawingBoard by John A. D’Annunzio

Taking Roof Maintenance to the Next Level

T

he initial cost of a roof system is typically 10 percent of the total building cost. However, over the life span the building the roof could account for nearly 60 percent of the building’s total maintenance costs. This provides roofing contractors with an opportunity to become one of the building owner’s most valuable allies. In today’s economic environment, it has become more critical that the roofing

help their owner clients get the maximum value out of existing roofs. It will also put them in the perfect position to handle the roof replacement project when the time comes.

Extending Service Life The most important reason to conduct roof maintenance is to extend the service life of the existing roof system. Comprehensive repairs extend the service life of

Q A proactive approach to roof maintenance prevents minor problems from becoming major headaches. Photo courtesy of Tecta America Corp.

contractor provide maintenance services beyond repairing leaks. The roof maintenance program must now also extend the service life of the existing roof system to provide the owner with an extended period in which proper finances for replacement can be obtained. Roofing contractors that are able to provide these services will be able to

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the roof system and provide cost savings to the owner. The maintenance program provides the establishment of a proactive posture in the detection and avoidance of leaks and other roofing problems instead of just reacting when a problem occurs. Problems are addressed at their initial stages, minimizing and preventing damage from leaks to interior furnish-

ings, equipment, building materials and finishes. In this way, the owner avoids expenditures for such items as deck damage repair and associated costs resulting from reactive maintenance. Specific maintenance guidelines are developed based on the profile of the roof systems in place. Minor problems can be detected at their initial stages and corrected before they become severe, extensive problems. The building owner should view roof maintenance operations they way they view mortgage insurance. A manageable yearly expense could provide the dividends of a roof system that meets or exceeds its anticipated service life. For instance, a properly maintained 20-year roof system should protect the interior operations of the building for the full twenty years; any service life beyond this time could be considered free money to the owner. Similar to preventive maintenance on manufacturing equipment, once the roof system has extended its depreciated service life, the owner receives a return on expenditures. Every year that the roof system is extended is an additional year that the owner does not have to expand a substantial expense for remedial roof construction.

Long-Term Savings Building owners often lack sufficient in-house expertise for optimizing the service life of their roofs. Their main concern, quite naturally, is in conducting their primary business to which the buildings are ancillary. More often than not, roof maintenance is fragmented, decentralized, reactive, and it consists of doing too much too early, or too little, too late. The theory of “don’t fix it unless it’s broken” results in missed

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opportunities to add years of useful service life to roofs. Roof maintenance, though perhaps the most significant expenditure in maintaining buildings, is seldom approached systematically and logically. Too often, roof maintenance expenditures are made by individuals lacking the tools and information necessary to arrive at appropriate and cost-effective decisions. Without proper guidelines, information, and assurances, a significant percentage of roof dollars can be wasted. A proper roof maintenance program will provide the building owner with a systematic approach to controlling and budgeting roof maintenance dollars. The primary goal of the program should be to direct the owners roofing dollars where they will do the most good. The owner should realize both short-term and longterm returns. The owner should also have a clear and verifiable system of allocating the money that they are currently spending on their roofs and have a practical understanding of what they are getting for their money. All warranties provided by roof material manufacturers expressly state that the building owner is required to complete maintenance of the roof system throughout its service life. The absence of proper maintenance may be grounds for warranty nullification. Read the fine print of the warranty and clarify with the manufacturer what they consider to be maintenance items. Removal of the existing roofing due to poor workman-

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{

DrawingBoard

Q Roof maintenance programs provides the building owner with a systematic approach to controlling and budgeting roof maintenance dollars. Photo courtesy of Tecta America Corp.

ship or material failure should not be construed as maintenance and should be covered under the manufacturer’s warranty. In addition to maintenance, the building owner is required to contact the manufacturer when any alterations or additions are completed in the warranted roof areas.

Recommendations While the weathering process of roof systems cannot be arrested, certain administrative actions, combined with technological advancements in roof maintenance, can amount to a major step in controlling roofing dollars. Achieving controlled maintenance of the building’s major protective system — the roof — can lead to savings in energy expenditures and increased success in the maintenance of structural components of the facility. The following five broad recommendations encompass the fundamental elements of an effective approach in the maintenance of roofing assemblies: 1. Maintain an adequate level of inhouse expertise to diagnose maintenance and corrective action requirements, or develop an administrative process for obtaining adequate expert support.

2. Keep a suitable inventory of the roof’s material and system information to ensure proper materials and procedures are used in roof maintenance. 3. Take advantage of new maintenance materials. Many have more universal applications than conventional materials. Also, new moisture detection systems, including handheld moisture meters and infrared cameras, can be used to assist in the analysis of problems. 4. Be proactive to keep the roof functioning and prevent damage to structural or mechanical systems. 5. Set up a monitoring system that verifies repairs are being properly completed. Document and maintain a record of all work done on the roof with photographs. John A. D’Annunzio is President of Paragon Consultants, a construction engineering firm he founded in 1989. He is the editorial director of Architectural Roofing & Waterproofing and a technical columnist for Roofing Contractor. He has published more than 100 articles and has written four books on building exterior issues. For more information, visit www. paragonroofingtech.com.

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THE VALUE OF

SOLAR

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2011, Vol. 2

Mixed-Income Development Benefits From PV Panels, Reflective Shingles by Anthony J. Summers, LEED AP

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St. Louis. A unique aspect of the development’s design is the specification of photovoltaic panels and highly reflective shingles to reduce energy consumption. Plans for the development include 112-mixed finance, mixed-income rental units in garden apartments, townhouses, semi-detached housing, a new mixeduse building and the rehabilitation of the historic Arlington Elementary School for a total gross residential square footage of 162,000 and 5,000 square feet of commercial/retail. Plans for the school renovation and surrounding block include 21 apartments and 91 new construction townhomes and garden apartments designed to meet mandatory EGC criteria and were required by the Capital Fund Recovery Competition (CFRC) grant, a stimulus-related grant awarded by the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD).

Solar Panels Photovoltaic panels are expected to provide at least 10 percent of the

Q The site plan that shows where the PV panels will be located in the Arlington Grove development. Image courtesy of KAI Design & Build.

T

he A rling ton Grove neighborhood in St. Louis has seen its share of hard times in recent years, but through the ef forts of the community’s dedicated church officials, residents and alderman, plus developer McCormack Baron Salazar, KAI Design & Build, the City of St. Louis and the St. Louis Housing Authority, its future is looking brighter and greener.

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The $41 million Arlington Grove redevelopment project is considered one of the first mixed-income developments in the country designed to Enterprise Green Communities (EGC) criteria, and it is a first for Missouri and the City of

development’s total energy demands. The panels are specified for the roof of the new mixed-use building and other flat-roof buildings in the development. Any power generated by the panels will be fed back to the local utility. The

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The Value of Solar

Q This rendering shows how the Arlington Grove development will look. Image courtesy of KAI Design & Build.

to air condition buildings — one sixth of all electricity generated in a year. Energy Star-qualified roof products can lower roof surface temperatures by up to 100 degrees Fahrenheit, decreasing the amount of heat transferred into a building. According to the EPA, Energy Star-qualified roof products can help reduce the amount of air conditioning needed in buildings and can reduce peak cooling demands by 10 percent to 15 percent, which may allow the home or building owner to purchase a smaller, less expensive and more efficient cooling system. These roof products may also maintain a more constant temperature, therefore reducing thermal shock and helping to extend the life of the roof. utility company will then “buy back ” electrical energy from the building, the simplest option for most owners. Utility companies generally buy the energy back at a lower rate than normally billed by the user. The majority of the buildings in the development, including the elementary school building, will feature highly reflective, Energy Star-qualified shingles.

According to the EPA, solar reflectance is the most important characteristic of a roof product in terms of yielding the highest energy savings during warmer months. The higher the solar reflective value, the more efficient the product is in reflecting sunlight and heat away from the building and reducing roof temperature. The EPA estimates that about $40 billion is spent annually in the U.S.

Anthony J. Summers, LEED AP, brings more than 35 years of experience to his role as Senior Project Manager for KAI Design & Build (www.kai-db.com). With specific expertise in green/sustainable projects, Summers has recently managed the construction of two LEED Silver-certified recreational centers and a green housing development featuring solar panels and other innovative sustainable elements.

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