DRENALINE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright Ó2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright Ó2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Adrenaline: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83680-9 1. Adrenaline-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on adrenaline. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications.
Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ADRENALINE ............................................................................................ 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Adrenaline..................................................................................... 6 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 12 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 13 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ADRENALINE ................................................................................ 101 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 101 Finding Nutrition Studies on Adrenaline ................................................................................. 101 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................. 106 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 107 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ADRENALINE .......................................................... 109 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 109 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine................................................ 109 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 114 General References ..................................................................................................................... 116 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON ADRENALINE ............................................................................ 117 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 117 Dissertations on Adrenaline ...................................................................................................... 117 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 117 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON ADRENALINE ....................................................................................... 119 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 119 Patents on Adrenaline................................................................................................................ 119 Patent Applications on Adrenaline............................................................................................ 127 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 132 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON ADRENALINE .......................................................................................... 133 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 133 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 133 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ........................................................................... 134 Chapters on Adrenaline ............................................................................................................. 136 CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON ADRENALINE ................................................................................ 137 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 137 Video Recordings ....................................................................................................................... 137 CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ADRENALINE ............................................................. 139 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 139 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 139 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 141 Academic Periodicals covering Adrenaline................................................................................ 141 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 145 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 145 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 145 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 147 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 149 The Genome Project and Adrenaline ......................................................................................... 149 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 153 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 153 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 153 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 155 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 157 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 157
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Preparation................................................................................................................................. 157 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 157 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 157 ONLINE GLOSSARIES ................................................................................................................ 163 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 163 ADRENALINE DICTIONARY.................................................................................................... 165 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 235
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with adrenaline is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about adrenaline, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to adrenaline, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on adrenaline. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to adrenaline, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on adrenaline. The Editors
1
From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ADRENALINE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on adrenaline.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and adrenaline, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “adrenaline” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: ·
New and Alternative Hemostatic Techniques Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America. 7(4): 641-656. October 1997. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Periodicals Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887. (800) 654-2452. Summary: This review article brings readers up to date on new and alternative hemostatic techniques used in patients with upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding. The authors note that early endoscopic intervention is unnecessary in most patients with upper GI bleeding because nearly 80 percent of bleeds stop spontaneously. However, in those patients at risk for persistent or recurrent bleeding, there is an associated mortality rate of 20 to 40 percent; this group can benefit highly from early endoscopy. Endoscopy
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Adrenaline
therapy using the injection and thermal methods reduces the rates of rebleeding, emergency surgery, and mortality in this subgroup of patients. The authors outline several new endoscopic hemostatis modalities and modifications that have been introduced over the past decade. These modalities aim at improving hemostasis rates and the safety of endoscopic treatment (particularly in this group of high-risk patients). The authors discuss injection therapy, including with Fibrin sealant, thrombin, gelatine, and tissue glue; thermal methods, including argon plasma coagulation (APC), and microwave; and mechanical techniques, including hemoclip, band ligation, endoloop, and a sewing machine. They conclude that preliminary experience using these techniques is encouraging, but recommendations cannot be made until more research studies are completed. For the present, injection therapy using diluted adrenaline appears to be the most practical and cost-effective approach to achieve initial hemostasis. To prevent rebleeding, subsequent injection of a sclerosant, hypertonic saline, or pure ethanol is widely practiced. Fibrin glue does not cause tissue damage and may even accelerate ulcer healing, but it is costly and probably requires repeated injections at scheduled intervals. Finally, the authors emphasize that it is important to recognize which bleeding lesions are suited for endoscopic therapy versus those that call for immediate surgery. 2 figures. 2 tables. 75 references. (AA-M). ·
Prescription and Over-the-Counter Drugs: The Ins and Outs Source: Diabetes Forecast. 45(2): 36-39. February 1992. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. 1701 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311. (800) 232-3472. Website: www.diabetes.org. Summary: This article summarizes drug reactions and interactions, focusing on problems commonly encountered by people with diabetes. The authors focus on the major drugs known to affect diabetes control. Three sections discuss over-the-counter and recreational drugs, including alcohol, aspirin, caffeine, cold remedies and diet pills, marijuana, sugary medicines, and tobacco; drugs that increase blood glucose levels, including corticosteroids, diazoxide, diuretics, epinephrine and adrenaline, estrogens, lithium carbonate, nicotinic acid and niacin, phenobarbitol, phenytoin, propanolol, rifampin, and thyroid preparations; and drugs that decrease blood glucose levels, including anabolic steroids, chloramphenicol, coumarin anticoagulants, fenfluramine, methyldopa, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, phenylbutazone, propanolol, and sulfa drugs. The authors conclude by encouraging readers to educate themselves about all drugs and medicines they are taking.
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Diffusing and Using Anger Source: Diabetes Self-Management. 7(4): 34-35. July-August 1990. Summary: Anger can spark physical stress reactions such as elevated blood sugar, rapid heart beat, increased blood pressure, and release of adrenaline. These physiological effects can all disrupt diabetes control. Common approaches people can take when dealing with anger, from repression to exploding, are discussed in this article. Solving the problem of anger and the physical stresses it creates for adults requires new ways of dealing with this emotion, different from the way it was handled as children. A step-bystep method is described which involves: realizing that you are responsible for your anger; studying your anger to see what triggers it; experimenting with changing your response to anger; taking specific actions to solve the problem; exploring forms of stress reduction; and talking to others in an effort to share and help solve the problem.
Studies
·
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Incremental Challenge Test in the Diagnosis of Adverse Reactions to Local Anesthetics Source: Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics. 91(4): 402-405. April 2001. Contact: Available from Mosby, Inc. 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887-4800. (800) 654-2452 or (407) 345-4000. Website: www.harcourthealth.com. Summary: The use of local anesthetics (LAs), especially in dental practice, has led to an increased reporting of adverse reactions to LAs and particularly to benzoic acid amides. This article reports on a study undertaken to assess the reliability of a diagnostic protocol, the incremental challenge test (ICT), for patients with and without a history of adverse reactions to local anesthetics (LA) or other drugs, to select an LA that could be safely used. The ICT was performed on 432 subjects, 314 female and 118 male. The challenges (n = 432) were carried out with LAs that were free of adrenaline and preservatives. Chi square analysis was performed to evaluate the existence of different predispositions to ICT positivity among subjects of the 4 categories studied. Four hundred fifteen tests were completed with no clinical events occurring. The analysis did not show any significant difference. These results confirm that immunoglobulin E mediated reactions to LAs are uncommon and that the ICT offers safety and specificity in diagnosing adverse reactions to LAs, allowing for the selection of a safe and reliable LA. 4 tables. 30 references.
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Hypertension More Deadly to Lean Persons Source: Healthy Weight Journal. 15(5): 66. September/October 2001. Summary: A study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association by researchers at the State University of New York found that obese patients with hypertension are less likely than lean people with hypertension to die prematurely or to have heart attacks or strokes. Genetics may be the reason because overweight people have a reduced adrenaline response as well as other potentially serious stress hormones during exercise. In thin people with hypertension, the hormones adrenaline, renin, and others appear to increase the size of the heart and cause stiffening of the arteries. The researchers gave 197 men and women treadmill exercise tests. They concluded that the cardiovascular properties are more dependent on catecholamines and the renin system in lean people. The different neuroendocrine responses may also explain their difference from obese people in cardiovascular outcomes.
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When Stress Makes You Fat Source: Shape. p.70-74,128. December 1998. Summary: According to Oliwenstein, stress makes the body produce higher levels of certain hormones, which result in storage of greater amounts of body fat, especially in the deep abdominal area. The high level of stress and resultant high levels of adrenaline often mean greater hunger, since the human body evolved to consume the fat stores in preparation for fight or flight. The result of these two interacting processes means weight gain for the chronically stressed. Oliwenstein offers several suggestions for reducing stress, including: meditating, exercising, compromising, and finding a support group.
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Adrenaline
Federally Funded Research on Adrenaline The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to adrenaline. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to adrenaline. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore adrenaline. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for adrenaline: ·
Project Title: APPLICATION OF MOLECULAR GENETICS TO CARDIAC BIOPHYSICS Principal Investigator & Institution: Reddy, Laxma G.; Biochem/Mole Biol/Biophysics; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, Mn 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 06-MAR-2000; Project End 28-FEB-2005 Summary: The primary goal of this proposal is to develop and promote the PI's independent research career by expanding his expertise in molecular genetics, cell culture, and protein expression. These techniques will be added to his current expertise in the biochemistry and biophysics of membranes, and will be applied to investigate the molecular basis of calcium transport regulation in the heart. The research will focus on two membrane proteins found in cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)- the calcium pump (CA-ATPase), which pumps Ca into the Sr to relax the muscle, and phospholamban (PLB), which regulates the pump by inhibiting it until PLB is phosphorylated due to stimulation of the cell by adrenaline. The goal of this research is to understand the molecular basis of this process, which is crucial to cardiac performance. The following specific aims will be pursued. 1. Optimize the reconstitution and labeling methods for PLB and Ca- ATPase to perform spectroscopic studies to understand the function, molecular interaction and structural changes in PLB and CAATPase. 2. Perturb the structure of PLB using molecular genetics and test the effects of these mutations on structure and function of PLB to understand structural features of PLB essential for its function. 3. Molecular genetics will be used to perturb the structure of Ca-ATPase and study the function, molecular dynamics and physical interactions between Ca-ATPase and PLB or PLB mutants. Molecular genetics and protein expression in tissue culture, is a powerful approach to understand structure-function and regulation (control) mechanisms of biological processes at the molecular level. This project will give the PI an opportunity to master these techniques and combine them with his expertise in biochemical and biophysical methods, producing an ideal combination of investigative tools to develop his independent research career. The success of this project and PI's goal to establish an independent investigator will be
2
Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
Studies
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aided by outstanding departmental facilities, and by excellent intellectual environment, which include similar research groups with strong expertise in membrane molecular biology and biophysics. The goal of this research program is to understand the molecular basis of cardiac calcium regulation-clearly has profound implications for the development of strategies for treating heart disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: B ADRENOCEPTOR SIGNALING COMPLEXES IN CARDIAC MYOCYTES Principal Investigator & Institution: Kobilka, Brian K.; Professor of Medicine, and Molecular And; None; Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute the largest family of hormone and neurotransmitter receptors. The specificity of signal transduction by these receptors is determined in part by the specificity of receptorligand binding, as well as the specificity of receptor-G protein interactions. However, many GPCRs can couple to more than one G protein, and individual G proteins can modulate the activity of multiple effector systems. The specificity of GPCR signaling in vivo therefore depends on additional factors such as the availability of specific G proteins and effectors, and the location of these signaling molecules relative to each other and the receptor. There is a growing body of evidence indicating that GPCRs and their associated down-stream signaling molecules exist as protein complexes held together by direct interactions or through scaffolding proteins or interactions with the cytoskeleton. These signaling complexes are likely to be cell-type specific in vivo, so that a given GPCR will activate signaling pathways in a cell-type specific manner.We have chosen betaAR signal transduction in cardiac myocytes as a model system to study the role of signaling complexes in differentiated cells. Beta1 and beta2 Adrenergic receptors (beta1AR and beta2AR) are highly homologous GPCRs activated by adrenaline and noradrenaline. These receptors have similar pharmacologic properties, and both couple preferentially to the Gs. Despite their structural and functional similarities, they have distinct signaling behavior in cardiac myocytes. Our preliminary studies provide evidence that the functional differences between beta1and beta2 can be attributed to the existence of subtype-specific signaling complexes in neonatal cardiac myocytes. The goals of this proposal are: to further characterize the subcellular location and functional properties of these signaling complexes; to investigate how these complexes either facilitate or restrict receptor signaling; to identify the structural domains of the receptor that are needed for interaction with the other components of the signaling complex; and to identify cellular proteins that define the subtype specific signaling complex. A better understanding of the organization of signaling complexes for receptors such as the beta1AR and beta2AR may provide new avenues to pharmacologically intervene in GPCR signaling. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ELECTRIC CONTRACTION
STUDIES
OF
EXCITATION,
SECRETION
&
Principal Investigator & Institution: Hille, Bertil; Professor; Physiology and Biophysics; University of Washington Seattle, Wa 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-1977; Project End 30-NOV-2007
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Summary: (provided by applicant):Intracellular Ca 2+ signaling and the regulation of vesicular exocytosis are two fundamental physiological properties of all eukaryotic cells. They have been analyzed in detail in only a few exemplar cell types. We need precise descriptions in each cell type to understand the implications for disease and therapy. This project will study pancreatic beta-cells, pancreatic ductal epithelium, chromaffin cells, pituitary gonadotropes, and sympathetic neurons. It will use patch clamp biophysical methods and optical Ca 2+ reporters to quantitate sources and sinks of Ca 2+ in differentiated mammalian endocrine, nerve, and epithelial cells. One focus will be on Ca 2+ buffering and Ca 2+ clearance. In these cells, cytoplasmic buffering and four membrane clearance processes shape the Ca 2+ transient and thus regulate secretion of the endocrine hormones insulin, adrenaline, and gonadotropins and the secretion of mucus of the gastrointestinal tract. Defects in regulation of secretion underlie some forms of diabetes, infertility, cystic fibrosis, and digestive disorders. We need basic understanding to inspire new therapeutic approaches. This project will determine a kinetic model for the secretory vesicle pools of pancreatic ductal epithelium, including their regulation by Ca 2+, protein kinases, and other physiological variables. The Ca 2+ buffering and Ca 2+ clearance mechanisms of sympathetic neurons, pancreatic betacells, and pancreatic ductal epithelial cells will be dissected and described by a quantitative model. Our analysis of the Ca 2+ dynamics within the endoplasmic reticulum of gonadotropes and within the mitochondria of chromaffin cells will be deepened. What are the Ca 2+ buffering and flux properties of these organelles? Our work in these cells concerns processes whose failure leads to disease and whose modulation offers new therapies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: ELECTROPHILIC ACTIVATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Klumpp, Douglas A.; California State Poly U Pomona 3801 W Temple Ave Pomona, Ca 91768 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The proposed research will involve the study of reactive electrophilic species. The objectives of the work include the generation of new electrophiles and the application of these chemical intermediates to the synthesis of biologically active products. The research will establish the importance of closely oriented, positive charge centers in determining the overall reactivity of electrophiles. It is proposed that certain organic functional groups have the tendency to form highly reactive dicationic electrophiles in acidic media. We will exploit the reactivity of these electrophilic species using electrophilic aromatic substitution chemistry to prepare anti-Parkinsonian drugs, anti-histamines, anti-depression drugs, anti-convulsant drugs, and anti-fungal drugs. Moreover, our studies will have implications toward the chemistry associated with epinephrine (adrenaline), the aromatic amino acids, and the NAD+/NADH redox system. In a typical experiment, a suitable pre-electrophile will be dissolved in a strong acid solution, protonation of the pre-electrophile will yield cationic or dicationic electrophiles, and the resulting electrophilic species will be reacted with an aromatic compound. The synthetic methods will also be applied to the combinatorial synthesis of libraries of anti-depression drugs and anti-Parkinsonian drugs. It is also proposed that novel derivatives of known drugs will be readily prepared using our new chemistry. Our synthetic studies will also be accompanied by kinetics experiments and theoretical analysis of the electrophilic intermediates. The theoretical studies will use semiempirical and ab initio computational methods. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: INJURY-INDUCES NOCICEPTORS
PAIN--
CHEMICAL
Studies
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MODULATION
OF
Principal Investigator & Institution: Raja, Srinivasa N.; Professor; Anesthesiology/Crit Care Med; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1989; Project End 30-APR-2005 Summary: The mechanisms underlying neuropathic pain remain incompletely understood. This grant will examine changes that occur in both the peripheral and central nervous system after a peripheral nerve injury. Psychophysical studies in patients with neuropathic pain will be complemented by behavioral and electrophysiological studies in a well-defined model of neuropathic pain that involves ligation of the L5 spinal nerve in rats, and in mice mutant for specific proteins. The first two specific aims focus on the adrenergic sensitivity that develops in the skin of a subset of patients with neuropathic pain that is maintained by activity in sympathetic efferent fibers (sympathetically maintained pain, SMP). During the previous grant period, intradermal injections of norepinephrine were found to produce a dose-dependent pain in patients with SMP, suggesting that cutaneous nociceptors develop a sensitivity to adrenaline in this disease. During the coming grant period, norepinephrine iontophoresis in patients with and without SMP will be tested as a new, non-invasive, diagnostic test for SMP (Sp. Aim 1). In addition, the adrenoceptor pharmacology of SMP will be investigated by measuring the alterations in pain following the cutaneous iontophoresis of selective adrenergic agonists and antagonists (Sp. Aim 2). Patients with neuropathic pain are particularly distressed by the pain evoked by normally innocuous mechanical stimuli. A series of experiments will focus on determining the differential role of nociceptive afferent fibers and low-threshold mechanoreceptors (LTMs) in signaling the hyperalgesia in neuropathic animals. The effects of selective loss of nociceptor function will be investigated using the neurotoxin, capsaicin (Sp. Aim 3), and selective depletion of LTMs will be examined by use of mice mutant for specific neurotrophic factors (Sp. Aim 4). The final two specific aims focus on the mechanisms of increased excitability of the spinal dorsal horn that develops following a nerve injury. This dorsal horn sensitization could be due to either an increase in excitatory mechanisms or a decrease in inhibitory mechanisms. During the coming grant period, changes in excitatory mechanisms will be explored by investigating the modulatory effects of neurokinin (NK) receptor systems on nociceptive transmission in the spinal cord (Sp. Aim 5). Changes in inhibitory mechanisms will be explored by investigating the modulatory effects of opioid receptor systems (Sp. Aim 6). Pharmacological and neurophysiological studies with selective NK antagonists will be used to determine if the NK receptors are upregulated in neuropathic pain. In addition, pain behavior and dorsal horn physiology will be examined in NK-1 receptor and mu-opioid receptor knockout mice. The results of these studies should provide new insights into the peripheral and central mechanisms of neuropathic pain and may lead to novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: MAGI-2 IN BETA-1-ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR FUNCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Hall, Randy A.; Pharmacology; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, Ga 30322 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAR-2000; Project End 28-FEB-2005 Summary: The beta1-adrenergic receptor (beta1AR) is a G protein-coupled receptor that mediates many of the physiological effects of adrenaline and noradrenaline. Little is
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known, however, about the molecular mechanisms of beta1AR targeting and regulation in cells. This project aims to study the interaction between the beta1tAR and MAGI-2, a previously-unknown intracellular beta1AR binding partner that associates with the beta1AR carboxyl-terminus via a high-affinity PDZ domain-mediated interaction. The functional significance of the beta1AR/MAGI-2 association is completely unknown. MAGI-2 may be either a scaffolding protein important for subcellular localization of the beta1AR, a regulatory protein that modulates receptor G protein coupling, or a signaling intermediate that couples the beta1AR to diverse intracellular signaling pathways. These possibilities will be explored with a combination of in vitro and cellular experiments. The in vitro experiments will determine the specificity of the beta1AR/MAGI-2 interaction and the potential ability of MAGI-2 to facilitate the formation of complexes between the beta1AR and other proteins. The cellular experiments will focus on the ability of MAGI-2 to regulate the subcellular distribution of the beta1AR and/or to alter beta1AR signaling to effectors such as adenylyl cyclase and MAP kinase. Furthermore, immunostaining of MAGI-2 and beta1AR in primary neuronal cultures and in brain sections will be examined in order to determine how well the two proteins co-localize in native tissues. These studies will provide mechanistic insight into localization and regulation of the beta1AR, a receptor that is a common target for therapeutics used in the treatment of heart disease and other disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: PRECONCENTRATORS BASED ON SELF-ASSEMBLED REAGENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Cox, James A.; Professor; Chemistry and Biochemistry; Miami University Oxford 500 E High St Oxford, Oh 45056 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long-term objective of our program is to develop analytical methods on micromachined platforms for biomedical analytes. The present proposal deals with the separation and preconcentration of selected analytes onto reagents that are tethered to gold electrodes or nanoclusters. The tethering is via molecular self-assembly. Fluorogenic crown ethers will be modified with alkanethiol tags and attached to gold by spontaneous formation of the thiolate. Selective uptake of lithium or potassium ion by the crown will provide the separation step. Release of the entire assembly into a flowing carrier solution by oxidation of the thiolate will be one strategy that will allow quantifying the results at a downstream detector. Prior to the next measurement, the assembly will be re-made or a new electrode will be placed in the system. Alternatives of the basic experiment include other combinations of capture reagent and analyte, e.g. a cyclophane and phenylalanine or adrenaline; tethering reagents to gold nanoclusters embedded in a flow-through silica sol-gel electrode; and chemical release that retains the integrity of the self-assembled monolayer on gold. These systems are designed specifically to be integrated with microchip and micromachined platforms to yield Total Analytical Systems. Applications as disposal devices for selective determinations of analytes in blood are envisioned. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: SUBUNITS
PROTEIN
PHOSPHATASE
1
REGULATION
BY
MULTIPLE
Principal Investigator & Institution: Haystead, Timothy A.; Associate Professor; Pharmacology and Cancer Biology; Duke University Durham, Nc 27706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 27-MAY-1997; Project End 31-JAN-2006
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Summary: The insulin resistance associated with type II diabetes is thought to have arisen from selective defects in protein kinase mediated signal transduction pathways utilized by the hormone. An understanding of the components that normally govern the regulation of these pathways is required if new therapies are to be developed to treat this disease. A focus in our laboratory is to under-stand the hormonal regulation of protein phosphatase 1 (PP-1) by insulin. Early research showed that PP-1 has significant regulatory roles in most of the major metabolic pathways controlled by the hormone, including glycolysis, glycogen synthesis, fatty acid synthesis, cholesterol bio- synthesis, protein synthesis and lipolysis. More recent studies with the phenotypes of genetic mutants in which PP-1 was deleted has shown the enzyme is also essential in the regulation of processes as diverse as the transport of ions and nutrients into cells, gene transcription and cell cycle. The sequencing of the human genome has revealed that about 2 percent of the expressed genome is devoted to protein kinases. However, the human genome encodes about 20 times fewer Ser/Thr protein phosphatases than Ser/Thr protein kinases. The question then arises as to how a relatively small protein like the catalytic subunit of PP-1 (PP-1 C) can coordinately regulate so many dephosphorylation events in vivo? The key to this paradox is the finding that the functions of PP-1 are closely linked to subcellular localization with regulatory targeting subunits that confer substrate specificity to a common catalytic subunit. About 20 of these have been identified, but given the involvement of PP-1 in so many cellular events others must exist. The physiological targets of PP-1 targeting subunits has only been defined in 1 or 2 cases. Identifying the physiological substrates of most protein phosphatases in cells has remained an intractable problem. The completion of human genome, and the near completion of other genomes such as mouse, in combination with advanced microsequencing technologies affords new opportunities for probing the functions of phosphatases in vivo. Using advanced microsequencing technologies it is now possible to identify any protein in a complex mixture with incredible sensitivity and rapidity. In this proposal we will utilize a combination of affinity capture technology, cell permeable PP-1 holoenzyme disrupting peptides and functional proteomics to determine the molecular mechanisms by which insulin and adrenaline coordinately regulate dephosphorylation events in skeletal muscle cells. Four important goals will be achieved; first, increased understanding of the molecular mechanisms of action of insulin; second, a re- established role for PP-1 in insulin and adrenaline action; third, an understanding of the mechanisms by which targeting subunits alter PP-1 activity in vivo; fourth, a demonstration of the utility of the proteomics in delineating signal transduction pathways in vivo. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·
Project Title: ROLE OF SMALL GTPASES IN MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR TRAFFICKING Principal Investigator & Institution: Radhakrishna, Harish; None; Georgia Institute of Technology 225 North Ave Nw Atlanta, Ga 30332 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-2001; Project End 30-NOV-2005 Summary: This is a proposal to investigate the cellular mechanisms that regulate the extent of signaling by the Gi- coupled m2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (m2Rs). These important regulators of cardiovascular function counteract the effects of adrenaline to either stimulate myopulmonary contraction or to decrease the rate and force of myocardial contraction. Limiting m2R signaling is critical for normal cardiac function since persistent activation (e.g., Sjogren's syndrome) often leads to congestive heart failure. One key mechanism that contributes to limiting m2R activity is receptor
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endocytosis. Although much is known about the mechanisms leading to m2R internalization (e.g., m2R phosphorylation) very little is known about how the subsequent post-endocytic trafficking of m2Rs is regulated. Members of the ARF and Rab families of GTPases are known to regulate the compartment-to-compartment trafficking of nutrient receptors like those that bind LDL or transferrin. In contrast, nothing is known about the role of these GTPases in regulating the intracellular trafficking and function of any muscarinic receptor class. Our recent observations suggest that the ARF6 GTPase, which regulates a non-clathrin mediated endocytic pathway, may regulate the trafficking of m2Rs, which are also internalized via an illdefined, non-clathrin dependent mechanism. These preliminary results provide support for the CENTRAL HYPOTHESIS of this proposal that specific ARF (ARF6) and Rab (Rabs 5 and 7) regulate the intracellular trafficking and sorting of internalized m2Rs. TO TEST THIS HYPOTHESIS, we will use a combination of molecular, morphological, and biochemical approaches to focus on the following THREE SPECIFIC AIMS. FIRST, we will define the post-endocytic itinerary of internalized m2Rs in cells. SECOND, we will determine the role of specific ARF(6) and Rab(5,7) GTPases in regulating multiple aspects of m2R trafficking. THIRD, we will investigate the role of these GTPases in regulating m2R-mediated ERK2 activation. The information gathered by this proposal will provide new information about the regulation of post-endocytic m2R trafficking and will lend insight into the relationship between ARF6-regulated and clathrindependent endocytic trafficking. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “adrenaline” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for adrenaline in the PubMed Central database: ·
Low dose subcutaneous adrenaline to prevent acute adverse reactions to antivenom serum in people bitten by snakes: randomised, placebo controlled trial. by Premawardhena AP, de Silva CE, Fonseka MM, Gunatilake SB, de Silva HJ.; 1999 Apr 17; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27835
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Noradrenaline and the kidney: friends or foes? by Bellomo R, Di Giantomasso D.; 2001; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=137371
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The effect of EGTA and Ca++ in regulation of the brain Na/K-ATP-ase by noradrenaline. by Abashidze S, Jariashvili T, Kometiani Z.; 2001; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=56634
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Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.
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The NK1 receptor mediates both the hyperalgesia and the resistance to morphine in mice lacking noradrenaline. by Jasmin L, Tien D, Weinshenker D, Palmiter RD, Green PG, Janni G, Ohara PT.; 2002 Jan 22; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=117425
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with adrenaline, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “adrenaline” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for adrenaline (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): ·
A comparison of the side effects of prilocaine with felypressin and lignocaine with adrenaline in large loop excision of the transformation zone of the cervix: results of a randomised trial. Author(s): Howells RE, Tucker H, Millinship J, Shroff JF, Dhar KK, Jones PW, Redman CW. Source: Bjog : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2000 January; 107(1): 28-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10645858&dopt=Abstract
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A comparison of three doses of sufentanil in combination with bupivacaineadrenaline in continuous epidural analgesia during labour. Author(s): Eriksson SL, Frykholm P, Stenlund PM, Olofsson C. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 2000 September; 44(8): 919-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10981566&dopt=Abstract
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A comparison of two concentrations of bupivacaine and adrenaline with and without fentanyl in paediatric inguinal herniorrhaphy. Author(s): Joshi W, Connelly NR, Dwyer M, Schwartz D, Kilaru PR, Reuben SS. Source: Paediatric Anaesthesia. 1999; 9(4): 317-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10411767&dopt=Abstract
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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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A dose-response study of adrenaline combined with lignocaine 2%: effect on acute postoperative pain after oral soft tissue surgery. Author(s): Jorkjend L, Skoglund LA. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2001 April; 51(4): 335-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11318769&dopt=Abstract
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A vote for inhaled adrenaline in the treatment of severe upper airway obstruction caused by piercing of the tongue in hereditary angioedema. Author(s): Trachsel D, Hammer J. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 1999 November; 25(11): 1335-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10654225&dopt=Abstract
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Absorption and hemodynamic effects of airway administration of adrenaline in patients with severe cardiac disease. Author(s): Raymondos K, Panning B, Leuwer M, Brechelt G, Korte T, Niehaus M, Tebbenjohanns J, Piepenbrock S. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2000 May 16; 132(10): 800-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10819703&dopt=Abstract
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Accidental digital injection of adrenaline from an autoinjector device. Author(s): Barkhordarian AR, Wakelin SH, Paes TR. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 December; 143(6): 1359. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11122074&dopt=Abstract
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Accidental digital injection of adrenaline from an autoinjector device. Author(s): Lee G, Thomas PC. Source: Journal of Accident & Emergency Medicine. 1998 July; 15(4): 287. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9681322&dopt=Abstract
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Accidental digital injection of adrenaline from an autoinjector device. Author(s): Murali KS, Nayeem N. Source: Journal of Accident & Emergency Medicine. 1998 July; 15(4): 287. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9681321&dopt=Abstract
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Activation of haemostasis by exercise, mental stress and adrenaline: effects on platelet sensitivity to thrombin and thrombin generation. Author(s): Wallen NH, Goodall AH, Li N, Hjemdahl P. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 1999 July; 97(1): 27-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10369791&dopt=Abstract
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Adding heat probe treatment to adrenaline injection for spurting haemorrhage of peptic ulcers. Injection of adrenaline and human thrombin is best option. Author(s): Hussaini SH, Hull MA. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1997 October 18; 315(7114): 1016. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9365313&dopt=Abstract
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Addition of adrenaline to pethidine for epidural analgesia after caesarean section. Author(s): Ngan Kee WD, Ma ML, Khaw KS. Source: Anaesthesia. 1997 September; 52(9): 853-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9349065&dopt=Abstract
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ADP, adrenaline and serotonin stimulate inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate production in human platelets. Author(s): Vanags DM, Lloyd JV, Rodgers SE, Bochner F. Source: European Journal of Pharmacology. 1998 September 25; 358(1): 93-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9809874&dopt=Abstract
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Adrenaline 0.5%? Author(s): Keohane M, Luney SR. Source: Anaesthesia. 2001 August; 56(8): 818. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11494429&dopt=Abstract
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Adrenaline and glycogenolysis in skeletal muscle during exercise: a study in adrenalectomised humans. Author(s): Kjaer M, Howlett K, Langfort J, Zimmerman-Belsing T, Lorentsen J, Bulow J, Ihlemann J, Feldt-Rasmussen U, Galbo H. Source: The Journal of Physiology. 2000 October 15; 528 Pt 2: 371-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11034626&dopt=Abstract
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Adrenaline and hypertension: new evidence for a guilty verdict? Author(s): Elam M, Grassi G. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 2000 June; 18(6): 675-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10872550&dopt=Abstract
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Adrenaline and non-life threatening allergic reactions: Cause of reactions should be identified. Author(s): Zauli D, Zucchini S, Grassi A, Ballardini G, Bianchi FB. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 July 26; 327(7408): 227; Author Reply 227. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12881294&dopt=Abstract
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Adrenaline and non-life threatening allergic reactions: Intramuscular adrenaline is safe. Author(s): Douglass JA, O'Hehir RE. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 July 26; 327(7408): 226-7; Author Reply 227. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12881289&dopt=Abstract
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Adrenaline autoinjectors and schoolchildren: a community based study. Author(s): Blyth TP, Sundrum R. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2002 January; 86(1): 26-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11806876&dopt=Abstract
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Adrenaline degradation in general practice. Author(s): Rudland SV, Annus T, Dickinson J, Langdon S. Source: The British Journal of General Practice : the Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 1997 December; 47(425): 827-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9463987&dopt=Abstract
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Adrenaline dosage and buffers in cardiac arrest. Author(s): Adgey AA. Source: Heart (British Cardiac Society). 1998 October; 80(4): 412-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9875126&dopt=Abstract
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Adrenaline dosage during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a critical review. Author(s): Hubloue I, Lauwaert I, Corne L. Source: European Journal of Emergency Medicine : Official Journal of the European Society for Emergency Medicine. 1994 September; 1(3): 149-53. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9422159&dopt=Abstract
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Adrenaline enhances LPS-induced IL-10 synthesis: evidence for protein kinase Amediated pathway. Author(s): Siegmund B, Eigler A, Hartmann G, Hacker U, Endres S. Source: International Journal of Immunopharmacology. 1998 January-March; 20(1-3): 5769. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9717082&dopt=Abstract
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Adrenaline for emergency kits. Author(s): Muller U, Mosbech H, Aberer W, Dreborg S, Ewan P, Kunkel G, Malling HJ, Przybilla B, Vervloet D. Source: Allergy. 1995 October; 50(10): 783-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8607558&dopt=Abstract
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Adrenaline for septic shock in newborn. Author(s): Daga SR, Gosavi DV, Verma B. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 2000 July; 37(7): 799-800. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10906823&dopt=Abstract
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Adrenaline given outside the context of life threatening allergic reactions. Author(s): Johnston SL, Unsworth J, Gompels MM. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 March 15; 326(7389): 589-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12637407&dopt=Abstract
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Adrenaline in reactions to intravenous contrast medium. Author(s): Hughes NC. Source: Clinical Radiology. 2000 May; 55(5): 409. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10896478&dopt=Abstract
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Adrenaline increases skeletal muscle glycogenolysis, pyruvate dehydrogenase activation and carbohydrate oxidation during moderate exercise in humans. Author(s): Watt MJ, Howlett KF, Febbraio MA, Spriet LL, Hargreaves M. Source: The Journal of Physiology. 2001 July 1; 534(Pt 1): 269-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11433007&dopt=Abstract
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Adrenaline induced inhibition of neutrophil PLA2 activity. Author(s): O'Dowd Y, Newsholme P. Source: Biochemical Society Transactions. 1998 August; 26(3): S235. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9765954&dopt=Abstract
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Adrenaline inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha in human monocytes: the role of beta-adrenergic receptors. Author(s): Li CY, Chou TC, Lee CH, Tsai CS, Loh SH, Wong CS. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2003 February; 96(2): 518-23, Table of Contents. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12538206&dopt=Abstract
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Adrenaline markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia produced by a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery. A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with and without adrenaline. Author(s): Niemi G, Breivik H. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1998 September; 42(8): 897-909. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9773133&dopt=Abstract
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Adrenaline plus cyanoacrylate injection for treatment of bleeding peptic ulcers after failure of conventional endoscopic haemostasis. Author(s): Repici A, Ferrari A, De Angelis C, Caronna S, Barletti C, Paganin S, Musso A, Carucci P, Debernardi-Venon W, Rizzetto M, Saracco G. Source: Digestive and Liver Disease : Official Journal of the Italian Society of Gastroenterology and the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver. 2002 May; 34(5): 349-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12118953&dopt=Abstract
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Adrenaline potentiates PI 3-kinase in platelets stimulated with thrombin and SFRLLN: role of secreted ADP. Author(s): Selheim F, Froyset AK, Strand I, Vassbotn FS, Holmsen H. Source: Febs Letters. 2000 November 17; 485(1): 62-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11086166&dopt=Abstract
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Adrenaline potentiates type 2B von Willebrand factor-induced activation of human platelets by enhancing both the formation and action of thromboxanes. Author(s): Francesconi M, Scapin M, Casonato A, Girolami A, Deana R. Source: Thrombosis Research. 2000 November 15; 100(4): 293-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11113273&dopt=Abstract
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Adrenaline precipitated intracerebral hemorrhage. Author(s): Choudhary HR, Jain R, Arora H. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1999 May; 47(5): 562. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10778580&dopt=Abstract
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Adrenaline responsiveness in mild hypertension: no evidence for altered betaadrenoceptor sensitivity. Author(s): Kahan T, Hjemdahl P, Lindvall K, Ostergren J, de Faire U. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1998 November; 32(5): 753-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9821849&dopt=Abstract
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Adrenaline syringes are vastly over prescribed. Author(s): Unsworth DJ. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2001 May; 84(5): 410-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11316684&dopt=Abstract
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Adrenaline syringes: community perspective. Author(s): Wolff T, Rumney C. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2001 December; 85(6): 510. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11724058&dopt=Abstract
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Adrenaline upregulates monocyte L-selectin in vitro. Author(s): Rainer TH, Lam N, Cocks RA. Source: Resuscitation. 1999 December; 43(1): 47-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10636317&dopt=Abstract
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Adrenaline vs glucagon in the primacy of glucose counterregulation. Author(s): De Feo P, Pampanelli S, Porcellati F, Rossetti P, Fanelli CG, Bolli GB. Source: Diabetes Nutr Metab. 2002 October; 15(5): 323-7; Discussion 328. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12625479&dopt=Abstract
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Adrenaline, cardiac arrest and evidence based medicine. Author(s): Inyang V. Source: Journal of Accident & Emergency Medicine. 1996 November; 13(6): 433. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8947812&dopt=Abstract
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Adrenaline, cardiac arrest, and evidence based medicine. Author(s): Rainer TH, Robertson CE. Source: Journal of Accident & Emergency Medicine. 1996 July; 13(4): 234-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8832338&dopt=Abstract
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Adrenaline, insulin and glucagon do not have acute effects on plasma leptin levels in sheep: development and characterisation of an ovine leptin ELISA. Author(s): Kauter K, Ball M, Kearney P, Tellam R, McFarlane JR. Source: The Journal of Endocrinology. 2000 July; 166(1): 127-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10856891&dopt=Abstract
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Adrenaline-induced immunological changes are altered in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Kittner JM, Jacobs R, Pawlak CR, Heijnen CJ, Schedlowski M, Schmidt RE. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2002 September; 41(9): 1031-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12209038&dopt=Abstract
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Adrenaline-induced mobilization of T cells in HIV-infected patients. Author(s): Sondergaard SR, Cozzi Lepri A, Ullum H, Wiis J, Hermann CK, Laursen SB, Qvist J, Gerstoft J, Skinhoj P, Pedersen BK. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 2000 January; 119(1): 115-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10606972&dopt=Abstract
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Airway adrenaline in patients with severe cardiac disease. Author(s): Paret G, Lotan D, Barzilay Z. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2001 May 1; 134(9 Pt 1): 796-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11329244&dopt=Abstract
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Alpha adrenergic blockers and adrenaline. A mysterious collapse. Author(s): Watson A. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1998 August; 27(8): 714-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9735490&dopt=Abstract
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An audit of the use of self-administered adrenaline syringes in patients with angiooedema. Author(s): Sabroe RA, Glendinning AK, Sabroe I, Lawlor F, Kobza Black A. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 April; 146(4): 615-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11966692&dopt=Abstract
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An audit of the use of self-administered adrenaline syringes in the east end of Glasgow. Author(s): Dawn G, Holmes SC. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2003 January; 148(1): 176-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12534622&dopt=Abstract
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An unusual toxic reaction to axillary block by mepivacaine with adrenaline. Author(s): Koscielniak-Nielsen ZJ. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1998 August; 42(7): 868-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9698967&dopt=Abstract
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Analysis of effects of adrenaline and collagen on the activity of prostaglandin E1stimulated human platelet adenylyl cyclase. Author(s): Juska A. Source: Blood Coagulation & Fibrinolysis : an International Journal in Haemostasis and Thrombosis. 1996 March; 7(2): 199-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8735818&dopt=Abstract
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Anaphylaxis and monoamine oxidase inhibitors--the use of adrenaline. Author(s): Fenwick MJ, Muwanga CL. Source: Journal of Accident & Emergency Medicine. 2000 March; 17(2): 143-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10718244&dopt=Abstract
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Antecedent hypoglycaemia in non-diabetic subjects reduces the adrenaline response for 6 days but does not affect the catecholamine response to other stimuli. Author(s): Robinson AM, Parkin HM, Macdonald IA, Tattersall RB. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 1995 October; 89(4): 359-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7493435&dopt=Abstract
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Atipamezole, an imidazoline-type alpha(2)-adrenoceptor inhibitor, binds to human platelets and inhibits their adrenaline-induced aggregation more effectively than yohimbine. Author(s): Mustonen P, Savola J, Lassila R. Source: Thrombosis Research. 2000 August 1; 99(3): 231-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10942789&dopt=Abstract
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Avoidance of adrenaline in peripheral local anaesthesia: a perpetuated medical myth? Author(s): Millard TP, James MP. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2001 November; 26(8): 731-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11722469&dopt=Abstract
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Beneficial effect of low-dose peritonsillar injection of lidocaine-adrenaline before tonsillectomy. A placebo-controlled clinical trial. Author(s): Sorensen WT, Wagner N, Aarup AT, Bonding P. Source: Auris, Nasus, Larynx. 2003 May; 30(2): 159-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12753987&dopt=Abstract
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Beta 2-adrenoceptor-mediated positive inotropic effect of adrenaline in human ventricular myocardium. Quantitative discrepancies with binding and adenylate cyclase stimulation. Author(s): Kaumann AJ, Lemoine H. Source: Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology. 1987 April; 335(4): 403-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2885760&dopt=Abstract
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Beta-adrenergic blockade is more effective in suppressing adrenaline-induced glucose production in Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes. Author(s): Shamoon H, Sherwin R. Source: Diabetologia. 1984 March; 26(3): 183-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6370767&dopt=Abstract
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Beta-adrenoceptor blockade and psychic stress in man. A comparison of the acute effects of labetalol, metoprolol, pindolol and propranolol on plasma levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline. Author(s): Trap-Jensen J, Carlsen JE, Hartling OJ, Svendsen TL, Tango M, Christensen NJ. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1982; 13(Suppl 2): 391S-395S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6125191&dopt=Abstract
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Beta-receptor stimulation by adrenaline elevates plasma noradrenaline and enhances the pressor responses to cold exposure and isometric exercise. Author(s): Vincent JH, Boomsma F, Man in 't Veld AJ, Schalekamp MA. Source: Journal of Hypertension. Supplement : Official Journal of the International Society of Hypertension. 1983 December; 1(2): 74-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6152740&dopt=Abstract
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Blood concentration of lidocaine after spinal anaesthesia using lidocaine and lidocaine with adrenaline. Author(s): Axelsson K, Widman B. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1981 June; 25(3): 240-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7324841&dopt=Abstract
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Blood loss during suction-assisted lipectomy with large volumes of dilute adrenaline. Author(s): Samdal F, Amland PF, Bugge JF. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery / Nordisk Plastikkirurgisk Forening [and] Nordisk Klubb for Handkirurgi. 1995 June; 29(2): 161-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7569814&dopt=Abstract
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Blood viscosity, plasma adrenaline and fasting insulin in hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy. ICARUS, a LIFE Substudy. Insulin CARotids US Scandinavica. Author(s): Hoieggen A, Fossum E, Nesbitt SD, Palmieri V, Kjeldsen SE. Source: Blood Pressure. 2000; 9(2-3): 83-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10855729&dopt=Abstract
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Bromocriptine-induced inhibition of plasma dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline responses to LH-RF. Author(s): Van Loon GR. Source: Nature. 1978 September 28; 275(5678): 331-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=357990&dopt=Abstract
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Bronchoalveolar surfactant system and intratracheal adrenaline. Author(s): So KL, Gommers D, Lachmann B. Source: Lancet. 1993 January 9; 341(8837): 120-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8093393&dopt=Abstract
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Bupivacaine with and without adrenaline in interscalene brachial plexus blockade. Studies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Pihlajamaki KK, Lindberg RL. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1987 November; 59(11): 1420-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3689617&dopt=Abstract
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Cardiac dysrhythmias during nasal surgery--a comparison with lignocaine-adrenaline and prilocaine-octapressin during halothane anaesthesia. Author(s): Elhakim M, Omar NS, el-Kader AA, Zowel T. Source: Anaesthesiol Reanim. 1990; 15(4): 199-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2222714&dopt=Abstract
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Cardiac effects of halothane and adrenaline in hare-lip and cleft-palate surgery. Author(s): Wallbank WA. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1970 June; 42(6): 548-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5423847&dopt=Abstract
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Cardiovascular and metabolic response to adrenaline infusion in weight-losing patients with and without cancer. Author(s): Drott C, Persson H, Lundholm K. Source: Clinical Physiology (Oxford, England). 1989 October; 9(5): 427-39. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2582730&dopt=Abstract
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Cardiovascular and metabolic responses to adrenaline infusion in patients with shortterm hypothyroidism. Author(s): Johnson AB, Webber J, Mansell P, Gallen I, Allison SP, Macdonald I. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1995 December; 43(6): 747-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8736279&dopt=Abstract
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Cardiovascular effects of epidural local anaesthetics. Comparison of 0.75% bupivacaine and 0.75% ropivacaine, both with adrenaline. Author(s): Kerkkamp HE, Gielen MJ. Source: Anaesthesia. 1991 May; 46(5): 361-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2035780&dopt=Abstract
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Cardiovascular responses to scalp infiltration with reduced concentration of adrenaline. Author(s): Biswas BK, Bithal PK, Dash HH. Source: Neurology India. 2002 June; 50(2): 168-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12134181&dopt=Abstract
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Cardiovascular safety of cocaine anaesthesia in the presence of adrenaline during septal surgery. Author(s): Kara CO, Kaftan A, Atalay H, Pinar HS, Ogmen G. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 2001 June; 30(3): 145-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11771042&dopt=Abstract
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Caustic-induced upper airway obstruction responsiveness to nebulized adrenaline. Author(s): Ziegler D, Bent G. Source: Pediatrics. 2001 April; 107(4): 807. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11380007&dopt=Abstract
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Central retinal artery occlusion after a local anesthetic with adrenaline on nasal mucosa. Author(s): Maaranen TH, Mantyjarvi MI. Source: Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology : the Official Journal of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society. 2000 December; 20(4): 234-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11130745&dopt=Abstract
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Changes in haemodynamics and plasma catecholamine concentrations after field block for inguinal herniorrhaphy using lignocaine with adrenaline. Author(s): Hayse-Gregson PB, Achola KJ, Smith G. Source: Anaesthesia. 1990 January; 45(1): 7-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2316857&dopt=Abstract
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Changes in plasma concentrations of interleukin-6 and interleukin-1 receptor antagonists in response to adrenaline infusion in humans. Author(s): Sondergaard SR, Ostrowski K, Ullum H, Pedersen BK. Source: European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2000 September; 83(1): 95-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11072780&dopt=Abstract
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Circulating adrenaline is not involved in the circadian blood pressure profile. Author(s): van der Steen MS, Lenders JW, den Arend J, Pieters GF, Thien T, de Leeuw PW. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 1995 December; 13(12 Pt 2): 1585-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8903614&dopt=Abstract
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Circumcisions using local anaesthetic with adrenaline in the prepuce only. Author(s): Paika R. Source: P N G Med J. 1988 September; 31(3): 205-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3245340&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical characteristics of patients with increased urinary excretion of adrenaline in mild to moderate heart failure. Author(s): Grochowicz U, Wolk R, Bednarz B, Budaj A, Ceremuzynski L. Source: Clin Cardiol. 2001 March; 24(3): 209-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11288966&dopt=Abstract
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Clonidine and or adrenaline decrease lignocaine plasma peak concentration after epidural injection. Author(s): Mazoit JX, Benhamou D, Veillette Y, Samii K. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1996 August; 42(2): 242-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8864326&dopt=Abstract
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Clonidine combined with sufentanil and bupivacaine with adrenaline for obstetric analgesia. Author(s): Le Polain B, De Kock M, Scholtes JL, Van Lierde M. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1993 November; 71(5): 657-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8251274&dopt=Abstract
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Cloricromene inhibits the activation of human platelets by ADP alone or in combination with adrenaline. Author(s): Del Maschio A, Bazzoni G, Zatta A, Chen ZM, Dejana E, Prosdocimi M. Source: European Journal of Pharmacology. 1990 October 23; 187(3): 541-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2073928&dopt=Abstract
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Closed method of dilute adrenaline infiltration in reduction mammoplasty. Author(s): Thomas SS, Srivastava S, Nancarrow JD. Source: British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 1998 July; 51(5): 411-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9771374&dopt=Abstract
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Cocaine and adrenaline paste: a fatal combination? Author(s): Nicholson KE, Rogers JE. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1995 July 22; 311(6999): 250-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7627047&dopt=Abstract
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Cocaine and adrenaline: a safe or necessary combination in the nose? A study to determine the effect of adrenaline on the absorption and adverse side effects of cocaine. Author(s): Pfleiderer AG, Brockbank M. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 1988 December; 13(6): 421-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2465851&dopt=Abstract
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Cocaine toxicity following dermal application of adrenaline-cocaine preparation. Author(s): Barnett P. Source: Pediatric Emergency Care. 1998 August; 14(4): 280-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9733253&dopt=Abstract
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Combination adrenaline and ethanolamine endoscopic injection therapy does not impair peptic ulcer healing. Author(s): Rajgopal C, Amin J, Palmer KR. Source: Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. 1993 December; 38(6): 335-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7509399&dopt=Abstract
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Combination therapy using adrenaline and heater probe to reduce rebleeding in patients with peptic ulcer haemorrhage: a prospective randomized trial. Author(s): Tekant Y, Goh P, Alexander DJ, Isaac JR, Kum CK, Ngoi SS. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1995 February; 82(2): 223-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7749698&dopt=Abstract
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Comparing the adrenaline-Pirquet test with international PPD tuberculin tests. Author(s): Jentoft HF, Omenaas E, Eide GE, Gulsvik A. Source: Respiratory Medicine. 2001 March; 95(3): 205-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11266238&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of adrenaline injection and bipolar electrocoagulation for the arrest of peptic ulcer bleeding. Author(s): Lin HJ, Tseng GY, Perng CL, Lee FY, Chang FY, Lee SD. Source: Gut. 1999 May; 44(5): 715-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10205211&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of cocaine alone or with adrenaline on nasal mucosal blood flow. Author(s): Porter MJ, Marais J, Tolley N. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1991 November; 105(11): 918-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1837046&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of haemodynamic effects of intravenous isoprenaline and adrenaline after aortic valvar homograft replacement. Author(s): Fordham RM, Resnekov L. Source: British Heart Journal. 1970 May; 32(3): 393-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5420085&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of i.v. and intra-tracheal administration of adrenaline. Author(s): McCrirrick A, Monk CR. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1994 May; 72(5): 529-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8198902&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of isoprenaline with adrenaline as components of epidural test dose solutions for halothane anaesthetized children. Author(s): Tyagi A, Sethi AK, Chatterji C. Source: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 2002 February; 30(1): 29-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11939435&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of lignocaine 2% with adrenaline, bupivacaine 0.5% with or without hyaluronidase and a mixture of bupivacaine, lignocaine and hyaluronidase for peribulbar block analgesia. Author(s): van den Berg AA, Montoya-Pelaez LF. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 2001 September; 45(8): 961-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11576046&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of nebulized adrenaline versus salbutamol in wheeze associated respiratory tract infection in infants. Author(s): Ray MS, Singh V. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 2002 January; 39(1): 12-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11805349&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of standard and high-dose adrenaline in the resuscitation of asystole and electromechanical dissociation. Author(s): Lindner KH, Ahnefeld FW, Prengel AW. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1991 April; 35(3): 253-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2038933&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of subcutaneous injections of terbutaline, salbutamol and adrenaline in acute asthmatic attacks in children. Author(s): Phanichyakarn P. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1989 December; 72(12): 692-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2628537&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of tetracaine, adrenaline, and cocaine with cocaine alone for topical anesthesia. Author(s): Ernst AA, Crabbe LH, Winsemius DK, Bragdon R, Link R. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1990 January; 19(1): 51-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2404436&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of tetracaine-adrenaline-cocaine (TAC) with topical lidocaineepinephrine (TLE): efficacy and cost. Author(s): Blackburn PA, Butler KH, Hughes MJ, Clark MR, Riker RL. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1995 May; 13(3): 315-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7755827&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of the effects of adrenaline, clonidine and ketamine on the duration of caudal analgesia produced by bupivacaine in children. Author(s): Cook B, Grubb DJ, Aldridge LA, Doyle E. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1995 December; 75(6): 698-701. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8672316&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of the effects of oxygen, 5-hydroxytryptamine, bradykinin and adrenaline in isolated human umbilical artery smooth muscle. Author(s): McGrath JC, MacLennan SJ, Whittle MJ. Source: Q J Exp Physiol. 1988 July; 73(4): 547-59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3174915&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of the effects of salbutamol and adrenaline on airway smooth muscle contractility in vitro and on bronchial reactivity in vivo. Author(s): Baldwin DR, Sivardeen Z, Pavord ID, Knox AJ. Source: Thorax. 1994 November; 49(11): 1103-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7831625&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of topical anesthetics without cocaine to tetracaine-adrenaline-cocaine and lidocaine infiltration during repair of lacerations: bupivacaine-norepinephrine is an effective new topical anesthetic agent. Author(s): Smith GA, Strausbaugh SD, Harbeck-Weber C, Shields BJ, Powers JD, Hackenberg D. Source: Pediatrics. 1996 March; 97(3): 301-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8604261&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of topical tetracaine, adrenaline, and cocaine anesthesia with lidocaine infiltration for repair of lacerations in children. Author(s): Hegenbarth MA, Altieri MF, Hawk WH, Greene A, Ochsenschlager DW, O'Donnell R. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1990 January; 19(1): 63-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2297157&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of transarterial and multiple nerve stimulation techniques for an initial axillary block by 45 mL of mepivacaine 1% with adrenaline. Author(s): Koscielniak-Nielsen ZJ, Hesselbjerg L, Fejlberg V. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1998 May; 42(5): 570-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9605374&dopt=Abstract
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Concentration-dependent effects of adrenaline on the profile of insulin secretion from isolated human islets of Langerhans. Author(s): Lacey RJ, Cable HC, James RF, London NJ, Scarpello JH, Morgan NG. Source: The Journal of Endocrinology. 1993 September; 138(3): 555-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8277227&dopt=Abstract
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Continuing controversy over use of epidural adrenaline in pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Levy DM. Source: Br J Hosp Med. 1993 May 19-June 1; 49(10): 745. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8324599&dopt=Abstract
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Contribution of autonomic neuropathy to reduced plasma adrenaline responses to hypoglycemia in IDDM: evidence for a nonselective defect. Author(s): Bottini P, Boschetti E, Pampanelli S, Ciofetta M, Del Sindaco P, Scionti L, Brunetti P, Bolli GB. Source: Diabetes. 1997 May; 46(5): 814-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9133549&dopt=Abstract
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Contribution of beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptors of human atrium and ventricle to the effects of noradrenaline and adrenaline as assessed with (-)-atenolol. Author(s): Lemoine H, Schonell H, Kaumann AJ. Source: British Journal of Pharmacology. 1988 September; 95(1): 55-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2851354&dopt=Abstract
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Contribution of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue to adrenaline-induced thermogenesis in man. Author(s): Simonsen L, Stallknecht B, Bulow J. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 1993 December; 17 Suppl 3: S47-51; Discussion S68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8124401&dopt=Abstract
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Conversion of adrenaline to indolic derivatives by the human erythrocyte plasma membrane. Author(s): Marques F, Duarte RO, Moura JJ, Bicho MP. Source: Biol Signals. 1996 September-October; 5(5): 275-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8937691&dopt=Abstract
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CPR and adrenaline in anaphylaxis. Author(s): Sahu S. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1999 October; 47(10): 1035. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10778711&dopt=Abstract
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Crystallization of PNMT, the adrenaline-synthesizing enzyme, is critically dependent on a high protein concentration. Author(s): Begun J, McLeish MJ, Caine JM, Palant E, Grunewald GL, Martin JL. Source: Acta Crystallographica. Section D, Biological Crystallography. 2002 February; 58(Pt 2): 314-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11807261&dopt=Abstract
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Dangers of cocaine and adrenaline paste. Author(s): Morris KE, Rogers JE. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1996 February 10; 312(7027): 381. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8611858&dopt=Abstract
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Dangers of cocaine and adrenaline paste. Accurate measurement of dose and patience are important. Author(s): Williamson P, Slack R. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1995 October 21; 311(7012): 1089. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7580675&dopt=Abstract
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Dangers of cocaine and adrenaline paste. Combination is still widely used. Author(s): Farrell RW. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1995 October 21; 311(7012): 1089. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7580676&dopt=Abstract
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Dangers of cocaine and adrenaline paste. Exceeding the recommended dose may have serious sequelae. Author(s): Burton M, Marks R. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1995 October 21; 311(7012): 1089. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7580677&dopt=Abstract
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Dangers of cocaine and adrenaline paste. Other aspects of anaesthetic technique may have added to danger. Author(s): Ellis PD, Wilkey BR. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1995 October 21; 311(7012): 1089-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7580678&dopt=Abstract
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Decreased cyclic AMP accumulation in lymphocytes in response to adrenaline and prostacyclin after n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in man. Author(s): Laustiola KE. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1989; 37(2): 195-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2477249&dopt=Abstract
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Decreased platelet-free dopamine and unchanged noradrenaline and adrenaline in essential hypertension. Author(s): Kjeldsen SE, Gjesdal K, Leren P, Eide IK. Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 1988 October 31; 60(2): 251-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3217920&dopt=Abstract
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Delayed pressure urticaria inhibition of induced lesions by adrenaline. Author(s): Aubin F, Blanc D, Agache P. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 1988 November; 13(6): 397-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3256460&dopt=Abstract
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Deleterious airway administration of adrenaline. Author(s): Raymondos K, Panning B. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2002 February; 94(2): 474. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11812723&dopt=Abstract
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Demonstration of a plasmatic cofactor different from fibrinogen necessary for platelet release by ADP and adrenaline. Author(s): Cronberg S, Kubisz P. Source: Thromb Diath Haemorrh. 1970 December 31; 24(3): 409-18. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5503940&dopt=Abstract
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Depressed responsiveness to adrenaline in platelets from apparently normal human donors: a familial trait. Author(s): Scrutton MC, Clare KA, Hutton RA, Bruckdorfer KR. Source: British Journal of Haematology. 1981 October; 49(2): 303-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6794593&dopt=Abstract
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Desensitization of alpha 2A-adrenoceptor signalling by modest levels of adrenaline is facilitated by beta 2-adrenoceptor-dependent GRK3 up-regulation. Author(s): Bawa T, Altememi GF, Eikenburg DC, Standifer KM. Source: British Journal of Pharmacology. 2003 March; 138(5): 921-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12642394&dopt=Abstract
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Desensitization of human adipose tissue to adrenaline stimulation studied by microdialysis. Author(s): Stallknecht B, Bulow J, Frandsen E, Galbo H. Source: The Journal of Physiology. 1997 April 1; 500 ( Pt 1): 271-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9097951&dopt=Abstract
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Desensitization of the platelet aggregation response to adrenaline during insulininduced hypoglycaemia in man. Author(s): Trovati M, Anfossi G, Mularoni E, Massucco P, Cavalot F, Mattiello L, Emanuelli G. Source: Diabetic Medicine : a Journal of the British Diabetic Association. 1990 June; 7(5): 414-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2142038&dopt=Abstract
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Determination of adrenaline and noradrenaline in human plasma in localization of pheochromocytoma. Author(s): Laursen T, Davidsen G, Hasner E, Lindenberg J, Sorensen B. Source: Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl. 1967; 100: 137. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6038124&dopt=Abstract
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Determination of adrenaline and noradrenaline in plasma by an isotope derivative method and ion pair liquid chromatography. Author(s): Eriksson BM, Andersson I, Borg KO, Persson BA. Source: Acta Pharm Suec. 1977; 14(5-6): 451-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=596163&dopt=Abstract
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Determination of noradrenaline and adrenaline in plasma by a radioenzymatic assay using high pressure liquid chromatography for the separation of the radiochemical products. Author(s): Endert E. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 1979 September 3; 96(3): 233-39. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=487592&dopt=Abstract
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Determination of plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline levels with the Cat-a-Kit. Author(s): Nel PB, du Preez SE. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1980 July 12; 58(2): 76-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7404186&dopt=Abstract
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Development of intralesional therapy with fluorouracil/adrenaline injectable gel for management of condylomata acuminata: two phase II clinical studies. Author(s): Swinehart JM, Skinner RB, McCarty JM, Miller BH, Tyring SK, Korey A, Orenberg EK. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1997 December; 73(6): 481-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9582466&dopt=Abstract
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Dexamethasone-induced neutrophilia. Negative correlation with increased plasma adrenaline concentrations. Author(s): Mishler JM, Benedict CR. Source: Experientia. 1978 February 15; 34(2): 259-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=624369&dopt=Abstract
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Diagnosis of splenic involvement in Hodgkin's disease by radionuclide evaluation of splenic contraction in response to adrenaline. Author(s): Osadchaya TI, Vasilo NI, Baisogolov GD. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 1980 April; 21(4): 384-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7381566&dopt=Abstract
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Differences in bleeding time, aspirin sensitivity and adrenaline between acute myocardial infarction and unstable angina. Author(s): Kristensen SD, Bath PM, Martin JF. Source: Cardiovascular Research. 1990 January; 24(1): 19-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2328510&dopt=Abstract
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Differences in cardiovascular responses to adrenaline in recumbent and free-standing man. Author(s): Brick I, Glover WE, Hutchison KJ, Roddie IC. Source: The Journal of Physiology. 1967 July; 191(1): 28P-29P. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6050626&dopt=Abstract
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Different inhibitory effect of adrenaline on platelet adenylate cyclase in the presence of GTP plus cholera toxin and of stable GTP analogues. Author(s): Jakobs KH, Schultz G. Source: Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology. 1979 December; 310(2): 1217. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=530318&dopt=Abstract
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Different modulating effects of the monoamines adrenaline, noradrenaline, and serotonin on the DNA synthesis response of human peripheral blood T lymphocytes activated by mercuric chloride and nickel sulfate. Author(s): Nordlind K, Sundstrom E. Source: Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1988; 87(3): 317-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3264547&dopt=Abstract
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Differential actions of desipramine on sympathoadrenal release of noradrenaline and adrenaline. Author(s): Eisenhofer G, Friberg P, Goldstein DS, Esler M. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1995 September; 40(3): 263-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8527288&dopt=Abstract
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Differential effect of high-dose naloxone on the plasma adrenaline response to the cold-pressor test. Author(s): Bouloux PM, Newbould E, Causon R, Perry L, Rees LH, Besser GM, Grossman A. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 1989 June; 76(6): 625-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2544345&dopt=Abstract
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Differential effects of low- and high-intensity lower body negative pressure on noradrenaline and adrenaline kinetics in humans. Author(s): Jacobs MC, Goldstein DS, Willemsen JJ, Smits P, Thien T, Lenders JW. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 1996 May; 90(5): 337-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8665770&dopt=Abstract
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Differential estimation of adrenaline, nor-adrenaline in adrenal gland and urine by colorimetric method. Author(s): Sethi PD. Source: Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1969 July; 13(3): 157-62. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5362631&dopt=Abstract
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Differential estimation of adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine, metanephrine and normetanephrine in urine. Author(s): Mattok GL, Wilson DL, Heacock RA. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 1966 July; 14(1): 99-107. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5958737&dopt=Abstract
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Digital blocks with adrenaline. An old dogma refuted. Author(s): Sylaidis P, Logan A. Source: Journal of Hand Surgery (Edinburgh, Lothian). 1998 February; 23(1): 17-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9571472&dopt=Abstract
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Dilated cardiomyopathy associated with chronic overuse of an adrenaline inhaler. Author(s): Stewart MJ, Fraser DM, Boon N. Source: British Heart Journal. 1992 August; 68(2): 221-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1389744&dopt=Abstract
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Diltiazem overdose in an elderly patient: efficacy of adrenaline. Author(s): Henderson A, Stevenson N, Hackett LP, Pond SM. Source: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 1992 November; 20(4): 507-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1463184&dopt=Abstract
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Dilute adrenaline infiltration and reduced blood loss in reduction mammaplasty. Author(s): Thomas SS, Srivastava S, Nancarrow JD, Mohmand MH. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1999 August; 43(2): 127-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10454316&dopt=Abstract
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Discrepancy between PNMT presence and relative lack of adrenaline production in extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma. Author(s): Funahashi H, Imai T, Tanaka Y, Tobinaga J, Wada M, Matsuyama T, Tsukamura K, Yamada F, Takagi H, Narita T, et al. Source: Journal of Surgical Oncology. 1994 November; 57(3): 196-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7967610&dopt=Abstract
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Discrepancy in the regulatory effects of sodium and guanine nucleotides on adrenaline and clonidine binding to alpha 2-adrenoceptors in human fat cell membranes. Author(s): Gonzalez JL, Carpene C, Berlan M, LaFontan M. Source: European Journal of Pharmacology. 1981 December 3; 76(2-3): 289-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6277648&dopt=Abstract
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Dissociation of the aggregating effect and the inhibitory effect upon cyclic adenosine monophosphate accumulation by adrenaline and adenosine diphosphate in human platelets. Author(s): Stormorken H, Lyberg T, Hakvaag L, Nakstad B. Source: Thrombosis Research. 1987 February 15; 45(4): 363-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3033838&dopt=Abstract
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Distribution of adrenaline-synthesizing enzyme activity in the human brain. Author(s): Kopp N, Denoroy L, Renaud B, Pujol JF, Tabib A, Tommasi M. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 1979 May; 41(3): 397-409. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=438861&dopt=Abstract
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Diurnal variations of platelet stickiness compared with effects produced by adrenaline. Author(s): Besterman E, Myat G, Travadi V. Source: British Medical Journal. 1967 March 11; 1(540): 597-600. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6023321&dopt=Abstract
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Does adrenaline improve epidural bupivacaine and fentanyl analgesia after abdominal surgery? Author(s): Breivik H, Niemi G. Source: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 2001 August; 29(4): 436-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11512659&dopt=Abstract
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Does adrenaline improve epidural bupivacaine and fentanyl analgesia after abdominal surgery? Author(s): Sakaguchi Y, Sakura S, Shinzawa M, Saito Y. Source: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 2000 October; 28(5): 522-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11094667&dopt=Abstract
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Does nebulised adrenaline (epinephrine) reduce admission rate in bronchiolitis? Author(s): Meates M. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2002 December; 87(6): 548-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12456566&dopt=Abstract
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Does nebulised adrenaline reduce admission rate in bronchiolitis? Author(s): Meates M. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2001 September; 85(3): 254-255. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12035815&dopt=Abstract
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Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine in the venous blood of adrenal gland of man: a comparison with levels in the periphery of the circulation. Author(s): Planz G, Planz R. Source: Experientia. 1979 February 15; 35(2): 207-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=421831&dopt=Abstract
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Dose response of oral timolol combined with adrenaline. Author(s): Ohrstrom A. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1982 April; 66(4): 242-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7039666&dopt=Abstract
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Dose-related interaction between timolol and adrenaline. Author(s): Ohrstrom A. Source: Albrecht Von Graefes Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol. 1981; 216(1): 55-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6909025&dopt=Abstract
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Double-masked cross-over comparison of Ganda 1.02 (guanethidine 1% and adrenaline 0.2% mixture) with gutt. adrenaline 1% (Simplene 1%) and with pilocarpine 1% (Sno-Pilo 1%). Author(s): Romano JH, Nagasubramanian S, Poinoosawmy D. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1981 January; 65(1): 50-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7004478&dopt=Abstract
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Dynamics of full fusion during vesicular exocytotic events: release of adrenaline by chromaffin cells. Author(s): Amatore C, Arbault S, Bonifas I, Bouret Y, Erard M, Guille M. Source: Chemphyschem : a European Journal of Chemical Physics and Physical Chemistry. 2003 February 17; 4(2): 147-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12619413&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of adrenaline and glucocorticoids on monocyte cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase (PDE4) in a monocytic cell line. Author(s): Delgado M, Fernandez-Alfonso MS, Fuentes A. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 2002 July; 294(4): 190-7. Epub 2002 June 04. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12111350&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of adrenaline infusion on fatty acid and glucose turnover in lean and obese human subjects in the post-absorptive and fed states. Author(s): Connacher AA, Bennet WM, Jung RT, Bier DM, Smith CC, Scrimgeour CM, Rennie MJ. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 1991 November; 81(5): 635-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1661650&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of adrenaline on extradural anaesthesia, plasma lignocaine concentrations and the feto-placental unit during elective caesarean section. Author(s): McLintic AJ, Danskin FH, Reid JA, Thorburn J. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1991 December; 67(6): 683-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1768538&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of adrenaline on glucose kinetics during exercise in adrenalectomised humans. Author(s): Howlett K, Galbo H, Lorentsen J, Bergeron R, Zimmerman-Belsing T, Bulow J, Feldt-Rasmussen U, Kjaer M. Source: The Journal of Physiology. 1999 September 15; 519 Pt 3: 911-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10457100&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of adrenaline on plasma concentrations of bupivacaine following intraarticular injection of bupivacaine for knee arthroscopy. Author(s): Butterworth JF 4th, Carnes RS 3rd, Samuel MP, Janeway D, Poehling GG. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1990 October; 65(4): 537-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2248822&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of adrenaline on plasma concentrations of bupivacaine following lower limb nerve block. Author(s): Robison C, Ray DC, McKeown DW, Buchan AS. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1991 February; 66(2): 228-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1817626&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of adrenaline on venous plasma concentrations of bupivacaine after interpleural administration. Author(s): Gin T, Chan K, Kan AF, Gregory MA, Wong YC, Oh TE. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1990 June; 64(6): 662-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2378770&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of caudal block on the plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations in paediatric patients undergoing ilioinguinal herniorrhaphy. Author(s): Gaitini LA, Somri M, Vaida SJ, Fradis M, Sabo E, Mogilner J, Levy N, Greenberg A, Lischinsky S, Zinder O. Source: European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 1999 February; 16(2): 92-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10101624&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of early captopril treatment on blood adrenaline levels in acute myocardial infarction (the substudy of ISIS-4). International Study of Infarct Survival-4. Author(s): Budaj A, Herbaczynska-Cedro K, Kokot F, Ceremuzynski L. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1998 February 1; 81(3): 335-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9468078&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of i.v. low-dose adrenaline and phenylephrine infusions on plasma concentrations of bupivacaine after lumbar extradural anaesthesia in elderly patients. Author(s): Sharrock NE, Go G, Mineo R. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1991 December; 67(6): 694-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1768539&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of insulin and adrenaline on the 59Fe transferrin uptake of lactating mouse mammary gland cells. Author(s): Moutafchiev DA, Sirakov LM. Source: Hormone and Metabolic Research. Hormon- Und Stoffwechselforschung. Hormones Et Metabolisme. 1992 September; 24(9): 420-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1427613&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of insulin and carbenoxolone on adrenaline stimulated lipolysis in human lipoma. Author(s): Gomez-Capilla JA, Amaya F, Lopez-Cantarero M, Fernandez-Fernandez JM. Source: Hormone and Metabolic Research. Hormon- Und Stoffwechselforschung. Hormones Et Metabolisme. 1990 October; 22(10): 551-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2079320&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of positive family history of hypertension on the blood pressure and catecholamine responses to a 6 hour adrenaline infusion. Author(s): Bachmann AW, Ballantine DM, Gordon RD. Source: Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology. 1993 May; 20(5): 395-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8324931&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of saiboku-to (TJ-96) on bronchial asthma. Induction of glucocorticoid receptor, beta-adrenaline receptor, IgE-Fc epsilon receptor expression and its effect on experimental immediate and late asthmatic reaction. Author(s): Nakajima S, Tohda Y, Ohkawa K, Chihara J, Nagasaka Y. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1993 June 23; 685: 549-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8395780&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of adrenaline and hyaluronidase on plasma concentrations of lignocaine and bupivacaine after peribulbar anaesthesia. Author(s): Barr J, Kirkpatrick N, Dick A, Leonard L, Hawksworth G, Noble DW. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1995 December; 75(6): 692-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8672315&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of adrenaline and mental stress on serum digoxin concentration. Author(s): Edner M, Hjemdahl P, Jogestrand T, Ljunghall S. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1991 February; 17(2): 325-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1709239&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of adrenaline and potassium on QTc interval and QT dispersion in man. Author(s): Lee S, Harris ND, Robinson RT, Yeoh L, Macdonald IA, Heller SR. Source: European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2003 February; 33(2): 93-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12588281&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of adrenaline infusion on plasma lipids and noradrenaline levels in rabbits with adriamycin-induced cardiomyopathy. Author(s): Minatoguchi S, Uno Y, Seishima M, Koshiji M, Kakami M, Yokoyama H, Ito H, Fujiwara H. Source: Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology. 1997 July; 24(7): 477-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9248663&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of adrenaline infusion on serum thromboxane B2 and plasma betathromboglobulin levels in hypertensive and normotensive subjects. Author(s): Douma S, Zamboulis C, Karagiannis A, Sinakos Z. Source: Nouv Rev Fr Hematol. 1992; 34(1): 73-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1387933&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of adrenaline infusion on the interstitial environment of subcutaneous adipose tissue as studied by microdialysis. Author(s): Samra JS, Simpson EJ, Clark ML, Forster CD, Humphreys SM, Macdonald IA, Frayn KN. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 1996 October; 91(4): 425-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8983867&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of adrenaline on ventricular function and coronary haemodynamics in relation to catecholamine handling in transplanted human hearts. Author(s): Roca J, Cruz Caturla M, Hjemdahl P, Masotti M, Ventura A, Oriol A, Crexells C. Source: European Heart Journal. 1993 April; 14(4): 474-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8472710&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of adrenaline, administered early or later after ischaemia, and reperfusion on the isolated rat heart. Author(s): De Glanville N, Lochner A, Coetzee A. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1998 February; 88 Suppl 1: C35-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9542493&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of age on cardiovascular responses to adrenaline in man. Author(s): White M, Leenen FH. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1997 April; 43(4): 407-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9146853&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of calcium antagonists on adrenaline-induced hypokalaemia. Author(s): Mimran A, Ribstein J, Sissmann J. Source: Drugs. 1993; 46 Suppl 2: 103-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7512462&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of common polymorphisms in the alpha1A-, alpha2B-, beta1- and beta2adrenoreceptors on haemodynamic responses to adrenaline. Author(s): Snapir A, Koskenvuo J, Toikka J, Orho-Melander M, Hinkka S, Saraste M, Hartiala J, Scheinin M. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 2003 May; 104(5): 509-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12519093&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of dopamine and adrenaline infusions in severe infection. Author(s): Barry B, Bodenham A. Source: Lancet. 1996 October 19; 348(9034): 1099-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8874473&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of dopamine and adrenaline infusions in severe infection. Author(s): Wyncoll DL, Beale RJ. Source: Lancet. 1996 October 19; 348(9034): 1099; Author Reply 1100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8874472&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of epidural block with lignocaine and lignocaine-adrenaline on umbilical artery velocity wave ratios. Author(s): Marx GF, Elstein ID, Schuss M, Anyaegbunam A, Fleischer A. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1990 June; 97(6): 517-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2378829&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of exogenous adrenaline on the number of the beta-adrenergic receptors after brain death in humans. Author(s): Fukushima N, Sakagoshi N, Ohtake S, Sawa Y, Kawata H, Shirakura R, Nakata S, Shimazu T, Yoshioka T, Matsuda H. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 2002 November; 34(7): 2571-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12431528&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of extradural bupivacaine with adrenaline for caesarean section on uteroplacental and fetal circulation. Author(s): Alahuhta S, Rasanen J, Jouppila R, Jouppila P, Hollmen AI. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1991 December; 67(6): 678-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1768537&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of hydrochlorothiazide, amiloride, and lisinopril on the metabolic response to adrenaline infusions in normal subjects. Author(s): Hansen O, Johansson BW. Source: Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy / Sponsored by the International Society of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy. 1992 June; 6(3): 219-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1322162&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of hydrocortisone and adrenaline on natural killer cell activity. Author(s): Nomoto Y, Karasawa S, Uehara K. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1994 September; 73(3): 318-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7946856&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of inhaled lignocaine and adrenaline on capsaicin-induced cough in humans. Author(s): Hansson L, Midgren B, Karlsson JA. Source: Thorax. 1994 November; 49(11): 1166-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7831637&dopt=Abstract
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Efficacy of tetracaine-adrenaline-cocaine topical anesthetic without tetracaine for facial laceration repair in children. Author(s): Bonadio WA, Wagner V. Source: Pediatrics. 1990 December; 86(6): 856-7. Erratum In: Pediatrics 1991 February; 87(2): 185. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2251022&dopt=Abstract
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Elevation of plasma atrial natriuretic peptide occurs during adrenaline infusion in hypertensive but not normotensive subjects. Author(s): Tunny TJ, Gordon RD, Bachmann AW, Klemm SA. Source: Clinical Autonomic Research : Official Journal of the Clinical Autonomic Research Society. 1992 October; 2(5): 303-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1422098&dopt=Abstract
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Endocrine, metabolic and cardiovascular responses to adrenaline after abdominal surgery. Author(s): Hilsted J, Wilken-Jensen C, Birch K, Damkjaer Nielsen M, Holst JJ, Kehlet H. Source: Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1990 August; 123(2): 143-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2171289&dopt=Abstract
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Endoscopic adrenaline injection in treatment of bleeding peptic ulcers. Author(s): Fock KM, Ng TM, Chong YY, Chia SC, Chew CN. Source: Int Surg. 1995 April-June; 80(2): 134-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8530229&dopt=Abstract
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Endoscopic injection for bleeding peptic ulcer: a comparison of adrenaline alone with adrenaline plus human thrombin. Author(s): Kubba AK, Murphy W, Palmer KR. Source: Gastroenterology. 1996 September; 111(3): 623-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8780566&dopt=Abstract
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Endoscopic injection of adrenaline for benign oesophageal ulcer haemorrhage. Author(s): Park KG, Steele RJ, Masson J. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1994 September; 81(9): 1317-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7953398&dopt=Abstract
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Endoscopic injection of adrenaline for severe peptic ulcer haemorrhage in high surgical risk patients. Author(s): Duhamel C, Parent B, Peillon C, Guedon C, Ducrotte P, Lerebours E, Colin R. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 1991; 17(5): 281-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1939873&dopt=Abstract
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Endoscopic injection therapy for bleeding peptic ulcer; a comparison of adrenaline alone with adrenaline plus ethanolamine oleate. Author(s): Choudari CP, Palmer KR. Source: Gut. 1994 May; 35(5): 608-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8200551&dopt=Abstract
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Endoscopic injection therapy of bleeding ulcer: a prospective and randomized comparison of adrenaline alone or with polidocanol. Author(s): Villanueva C, Balanzo J, Espinos JC, Fabrega E, Sainz S, Gonzalez D, Vilardell F. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1993 October; 17(3): 195-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8228078&dopt=Abstract
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Endoscopic treatment for bleeding peptic ulcers: randomised comparison of adrenaline injection and adrenaline injection + Nd:YAG laser photocoagulation. Author(s): Loizou LA, Bown SG. Source: Gut. 1991 October; 32(10): 1100-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1955161&dopt=Abstract
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Enhanced expression of mRNA coding for the adrenaline-synthesizing enzyme phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase in adrenaline-secreting pheochromocytomas. Author(s): Isobe K, Nakai T, Yashiro T, Nanmoku T, Yukimasa N, Ikezawa T, Suzuki E, Takekoshi K, Nomura F. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2000 January; 163(1): 357-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10604389&dopt=Abstract
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Epidural fentanyl markedly improves thoracic epidural analgesia in a low-dose infusion of bupivacaine, adrenaline and fentanyl. A randomized, double-blind crossover study with and without fentanyl. Author(s): Niemi G, Breivik H. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 2001 February; 45(2): 221-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11167169&dopt=Abstract
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Epidural fentanyl, adrenaline and clonidine as adjuvants to local anaesthetics for surgical analgesia: meta-analyses of analgesia and side-effects. Author(s): Curatolo M, Petersen-Felix S, Scaramozzino P, Zbinden AM. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1998 September; 42(8): 910-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9773134&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of Greenbaum's anaesthetic technique using lignocaine with adrenaline. Author(s): Ntim-Amponsah CT. Source: West Afr J Med. 1998 July-September; 17(3): 144-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9814081&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of specific high-performance liquid-chromatographic determinations of urinary adrenaline and noradrenaline by comparison with isotope dilution mass spectrometry. Author(s): Willemsen JJ, Ross HA, Wolthers BG, Sweep CG, Kema IP. Source: Annals of Clinical Biochemistry. 2001 July; 38(Pt 4): 356-64. Corrected and Republished In: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11471877&dopt=Abstract
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Evidence for presynaptic beta-adrenoceptor stimulation 24 hours after a 6 hour adrenaline infusion. Author(s): Bachmann AW, Gordon RD, Ballantine DM. Source: Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology. 1992 May; 19(5): 311-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1325881&dopt=Abstract
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Extradural diamorphine with adrenaline in labour: comparison with diamorphine and bupivacaine. Author(s): Keenan GM, Munishankarappa S, Elphinstone ME, Milne MK. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1991 February; 66(2): 242-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1817629&dopt=Abstract
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Failure of fetal platelets to aggregate in response to adrenaline and collagen. Author(s): Pandolfi M, Astedt B, Cronberg L, Milsson IM. Source: Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York, N. Y.). 1972 December; 141(3): 1081-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4645755&dopt=Abstract
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Faster and more reliable absorption of adrenaline by aerosol inhalation than by subcutaneous injection. Author(s): Mellem H, Lande K, Kjeldsen SE, Westheim A, Eide I, Ekholt PF, Boye NP. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1991 June; 31(6): 677-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1867961&dopt=Abstract
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Fibrinolytic and forearm blood flow responses to intravenous adrenaline in healthy subjects. Author(s): Cash JD, Lind AR, McNicol GW, Woodfield DG. Source: Life Sciences. 1969 February 1; 8(3): 207-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5775165&dopt=Abstract
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Fibrinolytic response of diabetics and non-diabetics to adrenaline. Author(s): Tanser AR. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1967 May; 20(3): 231-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5602554&dopt=Abstract
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Fluorescence studies of beta-adrenergic ligand binding to alpha 1-acid glycoprotein with 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate, isoprenaline, adrenaline and propranolol. Author(s): Johansen AK, Willassen NP, Sager G. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 1992 February 18; 43(4): 725-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1540225&dopt=Abstract
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Forearm metabolism during infusion of adrenaline: comparison of the dominant and non-dominant arm. Author(s): Simonsen L, Stefl B, Bulow J. Source: Clinical Physiology (Oxford, England). 2000 January; 20(1): 8-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10651786&dopt=Abstract
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Forgotten role of adrenaline in the management of anaphylactic reaction. Author(s): Gulati S. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1998 September; 46(9): 836. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11229268&dopt=Abstract
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Forgotten role of adrenaline in the management of anaphylactic reactions. Author(s): Malshe PC. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1998 August; 46(8): 747-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11229296&dopt=Abstract
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Free adrenaline and noradrenaline excretion related to occupational stress. Author(s): Timio M, Gentili S, Pede S. Source: British Heart Journal. 1979 October; 42(4): 471-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=508478&dopt=Abstract
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Free adrenaline, noradrenaline and vanilylmandelic acid excretion with 24-hour urine in patients with chronic circulatory failure. Author(s): Woyda J. Source: Pol Med Sci Hist Bull. 1975 July-August; 15(4): 425-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1223829&dopt=Abstract
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Free calcium response to adrenaline in platelets of normal and hypertensive (untreated and treated) subjects. Author(s): Erne P, Resink TJ, Bolli P, Hefti A, Ritz R, Buhler FR. Source: Journal of Hypertension. Supplement : Official Journal of the International Society of Hypertension. 1984 December; 2(3): S159-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6400364&dopt=Abstract
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Free noradrenaline and adrenaline excretion in relation to clinical syndromes following myocardial infarction. Author(s): Valori C, Thomas M, Shillingford J. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1967 November; 20(5): 605-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6053508&dopt=Abstract
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Free nor-adrenaline and adrenaline excretion in relation to complications in acute myocardial infarction. Author(s): Sainani GS, Talwalkar US, Upasani SP, Gulati RB. Source: Indian Heart J. 1977 January-February; 29(1): 12-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=892853&dopt=Abstract
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Free noradrenaline and adrenaline excretion in relation to the development of cardiac arrhythmias and heart failure in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Author(s): Jewitt DE, Mercer CJ, Reid D, Shillingford J, Thomas M, Valori C. Source: The Journal of Physiology. 1969 May; 202(1): 24P-25P. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5770896&dopt=Abstract
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Free noradrenaline and adrenaline excretion in relation to the development of cardiac arrhythmias and heart-failure in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Author(s): Jewitt DE, Reid D, Thomas M, Mercer CJ, Valori C, Shillingford JP. Source: Lancet. 1969 March 29; 1(7596): 635-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4179882&dopt=Abstract
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From adrenaline to formoterol: advances in beta-agonist therapy in the treatment of asthma. Author(s): Campbell LM. Source: Int J Clin Pract. 2002 December; 56(10): 783-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12510953&dopt=Abstract
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Gas gangrene after intramuscular injection of adrenaline. Author(s): Teo WS, Balasubramaniam P. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1983 April; (174): 206-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6831805&dopt=Abstract
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Gas gangrene following an adrenaline-in-oil injection into the left thigh with survival. Author(s): Maguire WB, Langley NF. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1967 May 13; 1(19): 973-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4290503&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic linkage of the human gene for phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT), the adrenaline-synthesizing enzyme, to DNA markers on chromosome 17q21-q22. Author(s): Hoehe MR, Plaetke R, Otterud B, Stauffer D, Holik J, Byerley WF, Baetge EE, Gershon ES, Lalouel JM, Leppert M. Source: Human Molecular Genetics. 1992 June; 1(3): 175-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1303174&dopt=Abstract
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Getting the adrenaline going: crystal structure of the adrenaline-synthesizing enzyme PNMT. Author(s): Martin JL, Begun J, McLeish MJ, Caine JM, Grunewald GL. Source: Structure (Cambridge, Mass. : 2001). 2001 October; 9(10): 977-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11591352&dopt=Abstract
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Gluconeogenesis from glutamine and lactate in the isolated human renal proximal tubule: longitudinal heterogeneity and lack of response to adrenaline. Author(s): Conjard A, Martin M, Guitton J, Baverel G, Ferrier B. Source: The Biochemical Journal. 2001 December 1; 360(Pt 2): 371-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11716765&dopt=Abstract
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Glucose and urea production and leucine, ketoisocaproate and alanine fluxes at supraphysiological plasma adrenaline concentrations in volunteers. Author(s): Ensinger H, Trager K, Geisser W, Anhaupl T, Ahnefeld FW, Vogt J, Georgieff M. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 1994; 20(2): 113-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8201090&dopt=Abstract
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Guanethidine - adrenaline eye drops in glaucoma simplex. Pupil behaviour and response of intraocular pressure. Author(s): Hoyng PF, Dake CL. Source: Documenta Ophthalmologica. Advances in Ophthalmology. 1981 March 31; 51(1-2): 175-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7249916&dopt=Abstract
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Guanethidine and adrenaline used in combination in chronic simple glaucoma. Author(s): Roth JA. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1973 July; 57(7): 507-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4579958&dopt=Abstract
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Guanethidine--adrenaline eye drops in glaucoma simplex production and outflow of the aqueous humour during a long-term treatment. Author(s): Hoyng PF, Dake CL. Source: Documenta Ophthalmologica. Advances in Ophthalmology. 1980 October 15; 49(2): 369-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7438992&dopt=Abstract
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Haemodynamic effects of adrenaline during treatment of hypertensive patients with propranolol and metoprolol. Author(s): van Herwaarden CL, Fennis JF, Binkhorst RA, van't Laar A. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1977 December 28; 12(6): 397-402. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=340237&dopt=Abstract
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Haemodynamic effects of atenolol, pindolol and propranolol during adrenaline infusion in man. Author(s): Rehling M, Svendsen TL, Maltbaek N, Tango M, Trap-Jensen J. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1986; 30(6): 659-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3533564&dopt=Abstract
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Haemodynamic effects of intravenous adrenaline sulphate following aortic valvar homograft replacement. Author(s): Fordham RM, Resenekov L, Paddle J. Source: British Heart Journal. 1968 May; 30(3): 350-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5651248&dopt=Abstract
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Haemodynamic effects of tracheal compared with intravenous adrenaline. Author(s): McCrirrick A, Kestin I. Source: Lancet. 1992 October 10; 340(8824): 868-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1357295&dopt=Abstract
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Haemodynamic effects of tracheally administered adrenaline in anaesthetised patients. Author(s): Kestin IG, McCrirrick AB. Source: Anaesthesia. 1995 June; 50(6): 514-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7618665&dopt=Abstract
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Haemostasis during carpal tunnel release under local anaesthesia: a controlled comparison of a tourniquet and adrenaline infiltration. Author(s): Braithwaite BD, Robinson GJ, Burge PD. Source: Journal of Hand Surgery (Edinburgh, Lothian). 1993 April; 18(2): 184-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8501369&dopt=Abstract
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Halothane, adrenaline and cardiac arrest. Author(s): Forbes AM. Source: Anaesthesia. 1966 January; 21(1): 22-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5901792&dopt=Abstract
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Heart rate response to an i.v. test dose of adrenaline and lignocaine with and without atropine pretreatment. Author(s): Narchi P, Mazoit JX, Cohen S, Samii K. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1991 May; 66(5): 583-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2031819&dopt=Abstract
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Hemodynamic effects of adrenaline, noradrenaline and isopropylnoradrenaline in patients with a fixed rate artificial pacemaker. Author(s): Johansson BW, Lindell SE. Source: Acta Med Scand. 1971 May; 189(5): 403-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5578490&dopt=Abstract
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Hemodynamic effects of tracheal and intravenous adrenaline in infants with congenital heart anomalies. Author(s): Jonmarker C, Olsson AK, Jogi P, Forsell C. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1996 September; 40(8 Pt 1): 927-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8908230&dopt=Abstract
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Heparin and heparinoids impair adrenaline and platelet-activating factor but not thrombin-induced inhibition of adenylate cyclase and stimulation of GTP hydrolysis in human platelet membranes. Author(s): Willuweit B, Aktories K. Source: Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology. 1988 March; 337(3): 354-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2969081&dopt=Abstract
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High arterial compliance in cirrhosis is related to low adrenaline and elevated circulating calcitonin gene related peptide but not to activated vasoconstrictor systems. Author(s): Henriksen JH, Moller S, Schifter S, Abrahamsen J, Becker U. Source: Gut. 2001 July; 49(1): 112-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11413119&dopt=Abstract
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High dose and standard dose adrenaline do not alter survival, compared with placebo, in cardiac arrest. Author(s): Woodhouse SP, Cox S, Boyd P, Case C, Weber M. Source: Resuscitation. 1995 December; 30(3): 243-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8867714&dopt=Abstract
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High permanent plasma adrenaline levels: a marker of adrenal medullary disease in medullary thyroid carcinoma. Author(s): Vistelle R, Grulet H, Gibold C, Chaufour-Higel B, Delemer B, Fay R, Delisle MJ, Caron J. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1991 February; 34(2): 133-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1673649&dopt=Abstract
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High urinary excretion of adrenaline in insulin dependent diabetic subjects. Author(s): Del Rio G, Marrama P, Della Casa L. Source: Horm Metab Res Suppl. 1992; 26: 106-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1490672&dopt=Abstract
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High-dose adrenaline and cardiac arrest. Author(s): Paradis NA, Brown CG. Source: Lancet. 1988 September 24; 2(8613): 749. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2901602&dopt=Abstract
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High-dose adrenaline in adult in-hospital asystolic cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a double-blind randomised trial. Author(s): Lipman J, Wilson W, Kobilski S, Scribante J, Lee C, Kraus P, Cooper J, Barr J, Moyes D. Source: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 1993 April; 21(2): 192-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8517510&dopt=Abstract
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High-dose adrenaline with low systemic vascular resistance and symmetrical peripheral gangrene. Author(s): Joynt G, Doedens L, Lipman J, Bothma P. Source: S Afr J Surg. 1996 May; 34(2): 99-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8764956&dopt=Abstract
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Histochemistry of the human axillary sweat glands: with special reference to the effects of mecholyl and adrenaline injection. Author(s): Miyake K. Source: Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn. 1966 July; 42(4): 219-47. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6013427&dopt=Abstract
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Human fat cell adenylate cyclase: regional differences in adrenaline responsiveness. Author(s): Kather H, Zollig K, Simon B, Schlierf G. Source: European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1977 December; 7(6): 595-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=415882&dopt=Abstract
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Human muscle sympathetic activity and cardiac catecholamine spillover: no support for augmented sympathetic noradrenaline release by adrenaline co-transmission. Author(s): Thompson JM, Wallin BG, Lambert GW, Jennings GL, Esler MD. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 1998 April; 94(4): 383-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9640344&dopt=Abstract
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Human platelet alpha 2-adrenoceptors: relationship between radioligand binding studies and adrenaline-induced aggregation in normal individuals. Author(s): Swart SS, Pearson D, Wood JK, Barnett DB. Source: European Journal of Pharmacology. 1984 August 3; 103(1-2): 25-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6090177&dopt=Abstract
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Hyperresponders and adrenaline in local anaesthetic solutions. Author(s): Ann Clin Biochem. 2001 Nov;38(Pt 6):722-30 Source: Sadj. 2001 April; 56(4): 175-7. /entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11732660
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Hypertension through adrenaline activation of prejunctional beta-adrenoceptors. Author(s): Majewski H, Tung LH, Rand MJ. Source: Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology. 1981 SeptemberOctober; 8(5): 463-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6276060&dopt=Abstract
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Hypokalaemia in alcohol withdrawal caused by high circulating adrenaline levels. Author(s): Manhem P, Nilsson LH, Moberg AL, Wadstein J, Hokfelt B. Source: Lancet. 1984 March 24; 1(8378): 679. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6142366&dopt=Abstract
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Immediate intracardiac adrenaline injection in asystole. Author(s): Eldor J. Source: Lancet. 1993 September 18; 342(8873): 738-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8103835&dopt=Abstract
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Impact of treatment with acetylsalicylic acid on the proaggregatory effects of adrenaline in vitro in patients with stable angina pectoris: influence of the anticoagulant. Author(s): Wallen NH, Held C, Rehnqvist N, Hjemdahl P. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 1993 November; 85(5): 577-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8287646&dopt=Abstract
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Impaired platelet aggregation after cardiopulmonary bypass in man: enhancement of collagen-induced aggregation in whole blood and plasma by adrenaline ex vivo. Author(s): Menys VC, Belcher PR, Noble MI, Drossos GE, Pillai R, Westaby S. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 1995 March; 88(3): 269-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7736695&dopt=Abstract
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Importance of beta 2-adrenoceptor stimulation in the suppression of intradermal antigen challenge by adrenaline. Author(s): Warren JB, Pixley FJ, Dollery CT. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1989 February; 27(2): 173-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2565729&dopt=Abstract
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In vitro adrenaline and collagen-induced mobilization of platelet calcium and its inhibition by naftopidil, doxazosin and nifedipine. Author(s): Alarayyed NA, Cooper MB, Prichard BN, Betteridge DJ, Smith CC. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1997 April; 43(4): 415-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9146854&dopt=Abstract
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In vitro effect of ephedrine, adrenaline, noradrenaline and isoprenaline on halothaneinduced contractures in skeletal muscle from patients potentially susceptible to malignant hyperthermia. Author(s): Urwyler A, Censier K, Seeberger MD, Rothenbuhler JM, Kaufmann MA, Drewe J. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1993 January; 70(1): 76-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8431339&dopt=Abstract
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In vitro effects of betamethasone, adrenaline and noradrenaline on normal human Tlymphocyte rosettes. Author(s): Kumar R, Schatterjee S, Singh LM. Source: Mater Med Pol. 1985 July-September; 17(3): 170-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3879522&dopt=Abstract
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In vitro influence of steroids, histamine, adrenaline and oxytocin on secretion of prostaglandins PGE2 and PGF2 alpha by human fetal membranes. Author(s): Acker GM, Pesty A, Bianchi A, Chasseray JE, Papiernik E. Source: Dev Pharmacol Ther. 1984; 7 Suppl 1: 67-71. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6596185&dopt=Abstract
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In vitro stimulation of plasminogen activator release from vein walls by adrenaline. Author(s): Kjaeldgaard A, Kjaeldgaard M. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1986 November; 39(11): 1241-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3098801&dopt=Abstract
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Inadvertent injection of adrenaline into subarachnoid space--a case report. Author(s): Mustafa WN, Mohandas K. Source: Med J Malaysia. 1982 June; 37(2): 108-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7132830&dopt=Abstract
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Increase in plasma growth hormone concentration in man after infusion of adrenaline-propranolol. Author(s): Massara F, Strumia E. Source: The Journal of Endocrinology. 1970 May; 47(1): 95-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5428922&dopt=Abstract
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Increase in volume of lignocaine/adrenaline-containing local anaesthetic solution causes increase in acute postoperative pain after gingivectomy. Author(s): Jorkjend L, Skoglund LA. Source: The British Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery. 2000 June; 38(3): 230-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10864732&dopt=Abstract
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Increased arterial adrenaline is highly correlated to blood pressure and in vivo platelet function in pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Kjeldsen SE, Eide I, Aakesson I, Oian P, Maltau JM, Lande K, Gjesdal K. Source: Journal of Hypertension. Supplement : Official Journal of the International Society of Hypertension. 1985 December; 3 Suppl 3: S93-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2856791&dopt=Abstract
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Increased arterial adrenaline is related to pain in uncomplicated myocardial infarction. Author(s): Husebye E, Kjeldsen SE, Lande K, Gjesdal K, Os I, Eide I. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 1990 December; 228(6): 617-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2149143&dopt=Abstract
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Increased beta-thromboglobulin in essential hypertension: interactions between arterial plasma adrenaline, platelet function and blood lipids. Author(s): Kjeldsen SE, Gjesdal K, Eide I, Aakesson I, Amundsen R, Foss OP, Leren P. Source: Acta Med Scand. 1983; 213(5): 369-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6192689&dopt=Abstract
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Increased metabolic sensitivity towards adrenaline in diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Author(s): Hilsted J, Richter EA, Madsbad S, Tronier B, Christensen NJ, Hildebrandt P, Galbo H, Damkjaer M. Source: Clinical Physiology (Oxford, England). 1985; 5 Suppl 5: 72-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2870836&dopt=Abstract
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Increased plasma noradrenaline during adrenaline infusion in man. Author(s): Musgrave IF, Bachmann AW, Gordon RD. Source: Journal of Hypertension. Supplement : Official Journal of the International Society of Hypertension. 1984 December; 2(3): S135-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6599660&dopt=Abstract
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Increased plasma noradrenaline during low dose adrenaline infusion in resting man and during sympathetic stimulation. Author(s): Musgrave IF, Bachmann AW, Jackson RV, Gordon RD. Source: Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology. 1985 May-June; 12(3): 285-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4028515&dopt=Abstract
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Increased platelet and vascular smooth muscle reactivity to low-dose adrenaline infusion in mild essential hypertension. Author(s): Lande K, Kjeldsen SE, Os I, Westheim A, Hjermann I, Eide I, Gjesdal K. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 1988 March; 6(3): 219-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2966193&dopt=Abstract
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Individual differences in adrenaline/noradrenaline reactivity and self-perceived health status. Author(s): Mejman TF, Mulders HP, Kompier MA, van Dormolen M. Source: Z Gesamte Hyg. 1990 August; 36(8): 413-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2267835&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of beta-adrenoceptor blockade by metoprolol and propranolol on plasma concentrations and effects of noradrenaline and adrenaline during i.v. infusion. Author(s): Hjemdahl P, Akerstedt T, Pollare T, Gillberg M. Source: Acta Physiologica Scandinavica. Supplementum. 1983; 515: 45-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6312744&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of coffee on the excretion of noradrenaline and adrenaline in urine. A pilot study for the comparison of two methodical models. Author(s): Klimmer F, Neidhart B, Legeler T, Brockmann W, Rutenfranz J. Source: International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. 1984; 54(4): 325-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6511102&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of dextran on the absorption of adrenaline-containing lignocaine solutions: a protective mechanism in local anaesthesia. Author(s): Adams HA, Biscoping J, Kafurke H, Muller H, Hoffmann B, Boerner U, Hempelmann G. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1988 May; 60(6): 645-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2454128&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of smoking and adrenaline (epinephrine) on the uterotubal insufflation test (Rubin test). Author(s): Neri A, Eckerling B. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1969 September-October; 20(5): 818-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5822864&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of urapidil on in vitro platelet response to adrenaline and other aggregating agents. Author(s): Emanuelli G, Anfossi G, Lanzio M, Mularoni E, Calcamuggi G, Brunello F, Busca GP, Ciani D. Source: Pharmacol Res Commun. 1988 October; 20(10): 883-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2976942&dopt=Abstract
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Influences on adrenaline-induced thermogenesis in obese women and relationship to cardiovascular responses. Author(s): Walsh KM, Adams C, Sinclair A, Leen E, Lean ME. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 1998 February; 94(2): 121-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9536919&dopt=Abstract
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Infusions of adrenaline stimulate noradrenergic transmission in man, but adrenaline is not released later as a co-transmitter. Author(s): Gordon RD, Bachmann AW, Zeffane B. Source: Clin Exp Hypertens A. 1989; 11 Suppl 1: 329-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2545386&dopt=Abstract
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Inhalation of racemic adrenaline in the treatment of mild and moderately severe croup. Clinical symptom score and oxygen saturation measurements for evaluation of treatment effects. Author(s): Kristjansson S, Berg-Kelly K, Winso E. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 1994 November; 83(11): 1156-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7841729&dopt=Abstract
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Inhaled adrenaline in the treatment of anaphylaxis. Author(s): Plomley RF, Czarny D. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1988 November 21; 149(10): 564. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3185331&dopt=Abstract
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Inhaled nebulized adrenaline improves lung function in infants with acute bronchiolitis. Author(s): Lodrup Carlsen KC, Carlsen KH. Source: Respiratory Medicine. 2000 July; 94(7): 709-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10926344&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibition of adrenaline-induced platelet aggregation by the alpha-adrenoceptor blocking drug benextramine. Author(s): Belleau B, Benfey BG, Melchiorre C, Montambault M. Source: British Journal of Pharmacology. 1982 June; 76(2): 253-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6124293&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibition of aggregation of rabbit and human platelets induced by adrenaline and 5hydroxytryptamine by KB-R7943, a Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchange inhibitor. Author(s): Takano S, Kimura J, Ono T. Source: British Journal of Pharmacology. 2001 April; 132(7): 1383-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11264230&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibition of cytochrome P450 2C9 activity in vitro by 5-hydroxytryptamine and adrenaline. Author(s): Gervasini G, Martinez C, Agundez JA, Garcia-Gamito FJ, Benitez J. Source: Pharmacogenetics. 2001 February; 11(1): 29-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11207028&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibition of human platelet adenylate cyclase activity by adrenaline, thrombin and collagen: analysis and reinterpretation of experimental data. Author(s): Juska A, Farndale RW. Source: The Biochemical Journal. 1999 May 15; 340 ( Pt 1): 245-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10391837&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibition of human platelet adenylate cyclase by collagen fibres. Effect of collagen is additive with that of adrenaline, but interactive with that of thrombin. Author(s): Farndale RW, Winkler AB, Martin BR, Barnes MJ. Source: The Biochemical Journal. 1992 February 15; 282 ( Pt 1): 25-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1311555&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibitory effects of adrenaline on the release of noradrenaline from sympathetic nerves in human dental pulp. Author(s): Parker DA, Hennian E, Marino V, de la Lande IS. Source: Archives of Oral Biology. 1999 May; 44(5): 391-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10391496&dopt=Abstract
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Insulin and glucagon responses to adrenaline infusion in abdominal obese men. Author(s): Mauriege P, Klein Kranenbarg WM, Prud'homme D, Lamarche B, Tremblay A, Bouchard C, Nadeau A, Despres JP. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 1996 July; 20(7): 668-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8817361&dopt=Abstract
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Insulin-antagonistic effects of pulsatile and continuous glucagon infusions in man--a comparison with the effect of adrenaline. Author(s): Attvall S, Fowelin J, von Schenck H, Smith U, Lager I. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1992 May; 74(5): 1110-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1569157&dopt=Abstract
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Intra-articular and subcutaneous prilocaine with adrenaline for pain relief in day case arthroscopy of the knee joint. Author(s): White AP, Laurent S, Wilkinson DJ. Source: Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 1990 November; 72(6): 3502. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2241050&dopt=Abstract
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Intra-articular bupivacaine plus adrenaline for arthroscopic surgery of the knee. Author(s): Gyrn JP, Olsen KS, Appelquist E, Chraemmer-Jorgensen B, Duus B, Berner Hansen L. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1992 October; 36(7): 643-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1441863&dopt=Abstract
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Intracellular pH and electrolytes in human skeletal muscle during adrenaline and insulin infusions. Author(s): Sahlin K, Henriksson J, Juhlin-Dannfelt A. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 1984 October; 67(4): 461-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6380895&dopt=Abstract
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Intramuscular or intravenous adrenaline in acute, severe anaphylaxis? Author(s): Brown AF. Source: Journal of Accident & Emergency Medicine. 2000 March; 17(2): 152; Author Reply 152-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10718249&dopt=Abstract
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Intranasal cocaine/adrenaline during halothane anaesthesia. Author(s): Shankar KB, Moseley HS, Kumar Y. Source: Anaesthesia. 1989 June; 44(6): 521. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2757164&dopt=Abstract
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Intraocular adrenaline maintains mydriasis during cataract surgery. Author(s): Corbett MC, Richards AB. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1994 February; 78(2): 95-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8123633&dopt=Abstract
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Intra-tracheal adrenaline. Author(s): Ahmed K. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1994 September; 73(3): 427-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7946879&dopt=Abstract
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Intra-tracheal adrenaline. Author(s): Baskett P, Lindner K, Chamberlain D. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1994 September; 73(3): 427. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7946878&dopt=Abstract
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Intratumoral cisplatin/adrenaline injectable gel for the treatment of patients with cutaneous and soft tissue metastases of malignant melanoma. Author(s): Oratz R, Hauschild A, Sebastian G, Schadendorf D, Castro D, Brocker EB, Orenberg EK. Source: Melanoma Research. 2003 February; 13(1): 59-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12569286&dopt=Abstract
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Intravenous adrenaline or vasopressin in sudden cardiac arrest: a literature review. Author(s): Ong ME, Lim SH, Anantharaman V. Source: Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2002 November; 31(6): 785-92. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12520835&dopt=Abstract
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In-vitro study of the effect of adrenaline on the functional capacity of human neutrophils: role during exercise. Author(s): Malpica MI, Rodriguez AB, Saez MC, Garcia JJ, Barriga C, Ortega E. Source: Journal of Neuroendocrinology. 2002 October; 14(10): 824-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12372007&dopt=Abstract
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Is adrenaline released by sympathetic nerves in man? Author(s): Esler M, Eisenhofer G, Chin J, Jennings G, Meredith I, Cox H, Lambert G, Thompson J, Dart A. Source: Clinical Autonomic Research : Official Journal of the Clinical Autonomic Research Society. 1991 June; 1(2): 103-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1822756&dopt=Abstract
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LAT (lidocaine-adrenaline-tetracaine) versus TAC (tetracaine-adrenaline-cocaine) for topical anesthesia in face and scalp lacerations. Author(s): Ernst AA, Marvez-Valls E, Nick TG, Weiss SJ. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1995 March; 13(2): 151-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7893297&dopt=Abstract
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Left ventricular diastolic pressure in cardiogenic shock treated by dextrose infusion and adrenaline. Author(s): Nixon PG, Taylor DJ, Morton SD. Source: Lancet. 1968 June 8; 1(7554): 1230-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4172778&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: Adrenaline in the treatment of anaphylaxis. Author(s): Frankland AW, Abdel-Maguid R. Source: British Medical Journal. 1975 October 18; 4(5989): 162. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1191977&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: Adrenaline provocative test in falciparum malaria. Author(s): Hall AP. Source: Lancet. 1974 April 20; 1(7860): 743. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4132472&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: Response to adrenaline and propranolol in hyperthyroidism. Author(s): Varma DR, Sharma KK, Arora RC. Source: Lancet. 1976 January 31; 1(7953): 260. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=55579&dopt=Abstract
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Leucocyte migration: effects of in vitro exposure to anaesthetic agents: possible potentiation of effects by adrenaline. Author(s): Smith CJ, Edwards AE, Gower DE, Ferguson BJ, Williams CP. Source: European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 1992 November; 9(6): 463-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1425614&dopt=Abstract
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Lidocaine adrenaline tetracaine gel versus tetracaine adrenaline cocaine gel for topical anesthesia in linear scalp and facial lacerations in children aged 5 to 17 years. Author(s): Ernst AA, Marvez E, Nick TG, Chin E, Wood E, Gonzaba WT. Source: Pediatrics. 1995 February; 95(2): 255-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7838644&dopt=Abstract
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Lignocaine 2% with adrenaline for epidural Caesarean section. Author(s): Brighouse D, Dyar O. Source: Anaesthesia. 1989 June; 44(6): 528-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2757173&dopt=Abstract
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Lignocaine 2% with adrenaline for epidural caesarean section. A comparison with 0.5% bupivacaine. Author(s): Norton AC, Davis AG, Spicer RJ. Source: Anaesthesia. 1988 October; 43(10): 844-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3059842&dopt=Abstract
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Lignocaine with adrenaline: is it as effective as cocaine in rhinological practice? Author(s): Kasemsuwan L, Griffiths MV. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 1996 April; 21(2): 127-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8735396&dopt=Abstract
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Limitations of adrenaline test doses in obstetric patients undergoing extradural anaesthesia. Author(s): Sosis A. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1989 May; 62(5): 578-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2730833&dopt=Abstract
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Lithium inhibition of adrenaline-stimulated adenylate cyclase in humans. Author(s): Ebstein R, Belmaker R, Grunhaus L, Rimon R. Source: Nature. 1976 February 5; 259(5542): 411-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=175287&dopt=Abstract
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Local anaesthesia containing hyaluronidase and adrenaline for anorectal surgery: experiences with 576 operations. Author(s): Clery AP. Source: Proc R Soc Med. 1973 July; 66(7): 680-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4741406&dopt=Abstract
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Local analgesic and vascular effects of intradermal ropivacaine and bupivacaine in various concentrations with and without addition of adrenaline in man. Author(s): Cederholm I, Akerman B, Evers H. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1994 May; 38(4): 322-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8067217&dopt=Abstract
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Local dental anaesthesia with lidocaine and adrenaline. Effects on plasma catecholamines, heart rate and blood pressure. Author(s): Salonen M, Forssell H, Scheinin M. Source: International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 1988 December; 17(6): 392-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3145958&dopt=Abstract
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Local therapeutic injection in bleeding peptic ulcer: a comparison of adrenaline to adrenaline plus a sclerosing agent. Author(s): Garrido Serrano A, Guerrero Igea FJ, Perianes Hernandez C, Arenas Posadas FJ, Palomo Gil S. Source: Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2002 July; 94(7): 395-405. English, Spanish. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12432836&dopt=Abstract
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Low centration guanethidine and adrenaline therapy of glaucoma. A preliminary report. Author(s): Nagasubramanian S, Tripathi RC, Poinoosawmy D, Gloster J. Source: Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K. 1976 April; 96(1): 179-83. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1070852&dopt=Abstract
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Low chance of survival among patients requiring adrenaline (epinephrine) or intubation after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Sweden. Author(s): Holmberg M, Holmberg S, Herlitz J. Source: Resuscitation. 2002 July; 54(1): 37-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12104107&dopt=Abstract
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Low dosage combined adrenaline-guanethidine formulations in the management of chronic simple glaucoma. Author(s): Jones DE, Norton DA, Davies DJ. Source: Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K. 1977 April; 97(1): 192-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=339412&dopt=Abstract
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Low dose subcutaneous adrenaline to prevent acute adverse reactions to antivenom serum in people bitten by snakes: randomised, placebo controlled trial. Author(s): Premawardhena AP, de Silva CE, Fonseka MM, Gunatilake SB, de Silva HJ. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1999 April 17; 318(7190): 1041-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10205101&dopt=Abstract
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Low plasma concentrations of adrenaline and physiological tremor in man. Author(s): Fellows IW, Macdonald IA, Wharrad HJ, Birmingham AT. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1986 April; 49(4): 396-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3701348&dopt=Abstract
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Low-dose combined guanethedine 1% and adrenaline 0.5% in the treatment of chronic simple glaucoma: a prospective study. Author(s): Murray A, Glover D, Hitchings R. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1981 August; 65(8): 533-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7028082&dopt=Abstract
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Maintenance therapy of glaucoma patients with guanethidine (3%) and adrenaline (0.5%) once daily. Author(s): Hoyng PF, Dake CL. Source: Albrecht Von Graefes Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol. 1980; 214(4): 269-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6905683&dopt=Abstract
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Managing acute anaphylaxis. Intravenous adrenaline should be considered because of the urgency of the condition. Author(s): Sadana A, O'Donnell C, Hunt MT, Gavalas M. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2000 April 1; 320(7239): 937-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10742015&dopt=Abstract
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Managing acute anaphylaxis. New guidelines emphasise importance of intramuscular adrenaline. Author(s): Hughes G, Fitzharris P. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1999 July 3; 319(7201): 1-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10390429&dopt=Abstract
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Many Gulf War illnesses may be autoimmune disorders caused by the chemical and biological stressors pyridostigmine bromide, and adrenaline. Author(s): Moss JI. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 2001 February; 56(2): 155-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11425278&dopt=Abstract
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Massive adrenaline doses in labetalol overdose. Author(s): Hicks PR, Rankin AP. Source: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 1991 August; 19(3): 447-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1767919&dopt=Abstract
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Maternal and fetal effects of adrenaline with bupivacaine (0.25%) for epidural analgesia during labour. Author(s): Dounas M, O'Kelly BO, Jamali S, Mercier FJ, Benhamou D. Source: European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 1996 November; 13(6): 594-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8958491&dopt=Abstract
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Memory modulation by the administration of ACTH, adrenaline or beta-endorphin after training or prior to testing in an inhibitory avoidance task in rats. Author(s): Dias RD, Izquierdo I. Source: Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research = Revista Brasileira De Pesquisas Medicas E Biologicas / Sociedade Brasileira De Biofisica. [et Al.]. 1983 December; 16(4): 333-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6324941&dopt=Abstract
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Mental stress and adrenaline increase plasma growth factor activity in humans. Author(s): Larsson PT, Olsson G, Hjemdahl P, Nilsson J. Source: Acta Physiologica Scandinavica. 1989 December; 137(4): 565-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2603753&dopt=Abstract
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Metabolic and haemodynamic effects of increased circulating adrenaline in man. Effect of labetalol, an alpha and beta blocker. Author(s): Struthers AD, Whitesmith R, Reid JL. Source: British Heart Journal. 1983 September; 50(3): 277-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6615664&dopt=Abstract
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Metabolic effects of adrenaline and noradrenaline in man: studies with somatostatin. Author(s): Pernet A, Walker M, Gill GV, Orskov H, Alberti KG, Johnston DG. Source: Diabete Metab. 1984 May; 10(2): 98-105. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6146542&dopt=Abstract
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Metabolic heat production and cardiovascular responses to an incremental intravenous infusion of adrenaline in healthy subjects. Author(s): Maggs DG, Gallen IW, Fone K, Macdonald IA. Source: Clinical Autonomic Research : Official Journal of the Clinical Autonomic Research Society. 1994 June; 4(3): 131-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7994166&dopt=Abstract
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Metabolic products of adrenaline (epinephrine) during long-term constant rate intravenous infusion in the human. Author(s): Alton H, Goodall M. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 1968 October; 17(10): 2163-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5696882&dopt=Abstract
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Metabolic, electrocardiographic, and hemodynamic responses to increased circulating adrenaline: effects of selective and nonselective beta adrenoceptor blockade. Author(s): Hansen O, Johansson BW, Nilsson-Ehle P. Source: Angiology. 1990 March; 41(3): 175-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1968731&dopt=Abstract
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Metabolic, hemodynamic, and electrocardiographic responses to increased circulating adrenaline: effects of pretreatment with class 1 antiarrhythmics. Author(s): Hansen O, Johansson BW, Gullberg B. Source: Angiology. 1991 December; 42(12): 990-1001. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1763833&dopt=Abstract
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Metabolism in the human of 3, 4-dihydroxymandelic acid, one of the metabolites of noradrenaline and adrenaline. Author(s): Goodall M, Alton H. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 1969 February; 18(2): 295-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5778148&dopt=Abstract
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Modeling of G-protein-coupled receptors: application to dopamine, adrenaline, serotonin, acetylcholine, and mammalian opsin receptors. Author(s): Trumpp-Kallmeyer S, Hoflack J, Bruinvels A, Hibert M. Source: Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 1992 September 18; 35(19): 3448-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1328638&dopt=Abstract
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Modification of the circulatory effects of extradural block combined with general anaesthesia by the addition of adrenaline to lignocaine solutions. Author(s): Scott DB, Littlewood DG, Drummond GB, Buckley PF, Covino BG. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1977 September; 49(9): 917-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=911591&dopt=Abstract
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Modulation by adrenaline of stimulation-evoked noradrenaline release from rabbit isolated aorta. Author(s): Abrahamsen J, Nedergaard OA. Source: Pharmacology & Toxicology. 1988; 63 Suppl 1: 21-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2849095&dopt=Abstract
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Mortality and neurodevelopmental outcome for infants receiving adrenaline in neonatal resuscitation. Author(s): O'Donnell AI, Gray PH, Rogers YM. Source: Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 1998 December; 34(6): 551-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9928649&dopt=Abstract
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Myocardial damage following inadvertent administration of adrenaline. Author(s): Hunt D, Sloman G. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1969 July 5; 2(1): 29-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5799008&dopt=Abstract
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Myocardial ischaemia and ventricular arrhthymias precipitated by physiological concentrations of adrenaline in patients with coronary artery disease. Author(s): Hall JA, Ferro A. Source: British Heart Journal. 1992 May; 67(5): 419-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1389726&dopt=Abstract
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Myocardial ischaemia and ventricular arrhythmias precipitated by physiological concentrations of adrenaline in patients with coronary heart disease. Author(s): McCance AJ, Forfar JC. Source: British Heart Journal. 1991 October; 66(4): 316-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1747286&dopt=Abstract
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Natural killer cell activity during cortisol and adrenaline infusion in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Tonnesen E, Christensen NJ, Brinklov MM. Source: European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1987 December; 17(6): 497-503. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3123249&dopt=Abstract
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Nebulised adrenaline 1:1000 in the treatment of croup. Author(s): Remington S, Meakin G. Source: Anaesthesia. 1986 September; 41(9): 923-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3777396&dopt=Abstract
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Nebulised adrenaline in acute severe asthma: comparison with salbutamol. Author(s): Coupe MO, Guly U, Brown E, Barnes PJ. Source: Eur J Respir Dis. 1987 October; 71(4): 227-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3691679&dopt=Abstract
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Nebulised adrenaline in adults with upper airway obstruction. Author(s): Scott PV. Source: Anaesthesia. 1995 May; 50(5): 476. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7793572&dopt=Abstract
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Nebulised adrenaline in wheeze associated respiratory tract infections. Author(s): Gupta AP. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 2003 August; 40(8): 795; Author Reply 795-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12951389&dopt=Abstract
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Nebulised racemic adrenaline in the treatment of acute bronchiolitis in infants and toddlers. Author(s): Kristjansson S, Lodrup Carlsen KC, Wennergren G, Strannegard IL, Carlsen KH. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1993 December; 69(6): 650-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8285776&dopt=Abstract
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Nebulized adrenaline vs. salbutamol in wheeze associated respiratory infections. Author(s): Okutan V, Kurekci AE, Akin R, Yanik A, Ozcan O, Gokcay E. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 2002 December; 39(12): 1170-1; Author Reply 1171. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12522287&dopt=Abstract
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Nebulized adrenaline. Author(s): Livesey JR, de Mello WF, Anaes FC. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1990 October; 104(10): 840. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2246592&dopt=Abstract
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Nebulized budesonide is as effective as nebulized adrenaline in moderately severe croup. Author(s): Fitzgerald D, Mellis C, Johnson M, Allen H, Cooper P, Van Asperen P. Source: Pediatrics. 1996 May; 97(5): 722-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8628614&dopt=Abstract
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Nebulized racemic adrenaline for wheezy bronchitis. Author(s): Wennergren G, Kristjansson S, Sten G, Bjure J, Engstrom I. Source: Acta Paediatr Scand. 1991 March; 80(3): 375-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2035333&dopt=Abstract
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Neuropeptide Y and platelet aggregation by adrenaline. Author(s): Dewar HA, Zar MA, Oxley A. Source: Life Sciences. 1989; 45(5): 367-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2770405&dopt=Abstract
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Neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity in adrenaline cells of adrenal medulla and in tumors and plasma of pheochromocytoma patients. Author(s): Lundberg JM, Hokfelt T, Hemsen A, Theodorsson-Norheim E, Pernow J, Hamberger B, Goldstein M. Source: Regulatory Peptides. 1986 January; 13(2): 169-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3513267&dopt=Abstract
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New automated fluorometric methods for estimation of small amounts of adrenaline and noradrenaline. Author(s): Viktora JK, Baukal A, Wolff FW. Source: Analytical Biochemistry. 1968 June; 23(3): 513-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4968727&dopt=Abstract
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New non-cocaine-containing topical anesthetics compared with tetracaine-adrenalinecocaine during repair of lacerations. Author(s): Smith GA, Strausbaugh SD, Harbeck-Weber C, Cohen DM, Shields BJ, Powers JD. Source: Pediatrics. 1997 November; 100(5): 825-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9346982&dopt=Abstract
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Nifedipine does not influence adrenaline induced hypokalaemia in man. Author(s): Struthers AD, Reid JL. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1983 September; 16(3): 342-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6626429&dopt=Abstract
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Nitrendipine enhances the effect of adrenaline on serum potassium in normal man. Author(s): Mimran A, Ribstein J. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1986 July; 22(1): 117-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2943307&dopt=Abstract
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Nocturnal asthma and urinary adrenaline and noradrenaline excretion. Author(s): Soutar CA, Carruthers M, Pickering CA. Source: Thorax. 1977 December; 32(6): 677-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=601729&dopt=Abstract
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Noradrenaline and adrenaline are high affinity agonists at dopamine D4 receptors. Author(s): Newman-Tancredi A, Audinot-Bouchez V, Gobert A, Millan MJ. Source: European Journal of Pharmacology. 1997 January 29; 319(2-3): 379-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9042615&dopt=Abstract
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Noradrenaline and adrenaline concentrations in various vascular beds in patients with cirrhosis. Relation to haemodynamics. Author(s): Henriksen JH, Christensen NJ, Ring-Larsen H. Source: Clinical Physiology (Oxford, England). 1981 June; 1(3): 293-304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7199989&dopt=Abstract
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Noradrenaline to adrenaline ratio in amniotic fluid as an index of fetal maturity. Author(s): Woodman DD, Watson D, Hatch U. Source: Annals of Clinical Biochemistry. 1978 May; 15(3): 157-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=677793&dopt=Abstract
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Noradrenaline, adrenaline and tyrosine hydroxylase in adrenal medulla from parkinsonian patients. Author(s): Cervera P, Rascol O, Ploska A, Gaillard G, Raisman R, Duyckaerts C, Hauw JJ, Scherman D, Montastruc JL, Javoy-Agid F, et al. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1988 August; 51(8): 1104-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3216216&dopt=Abstract
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Novel use of nebulised adrenaline in the treatment of secondary oropharyngeal haemorrhage. Author(s): Rowlands RG, Hicklin L, Hinton AE. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 2002 February; 116(2): 123-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11827586&dopt=Abstract
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Obstetric epidural analgesia with mixtures of bupivacaine, adrenaline and fentanyl. Author(s): Yau G, Gregory MA, Gin T, Oh TE. Source: Anaesthesia. 1990 December; 45(12): 1020-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2278324&dopt=Abstract
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Obstetric outcome following epidural analgesia with bupivacaine-adrenaline 0.25% or bupivacaine 0.125% with sufentanil--a prospective randomized controlled study in 1000 parturients. Author(s): Olofsson C, Ekblom A, Ekman-Ordeberg G, Irestedt L. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1998 March; 42(3): 284-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9542554&dopt=Abstract
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On the intracardiac use of combined adrenaline, isoprenaline and noradrenaline in the resuscitation of the heart beat - A review of resuscitation, Part II. Author(s): Hao-Hui C. Source: Resuscitation. 1981 March; 9(1): 53-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7255946&dopt=Abstract
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One hundred years of adrenaline: the discovery of autoreceptors. Author(s): Bennett MR. Source: Clinical Autonomic Research : Official Journal of the Clinical Autonomic Research Society. 1999 June; 9(3): 145-59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10454061&dopt=Abstract
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Opposite effects of adrenaline on plasma ammonia and blood lactate levels in humans. Author(s): Svedenhag J, Nowak J. Source: Acta Physiologica Scandinavica. 1998 September; 164(1): 115-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9777032&dopt=Abstract
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Ornithine-8-vasaopressin, a new vasoconstrictor for local anaesthesia in dentistry. A comparative study with adrenaline. Author(s): Nordenram A, Sydnes G. Source: Sven Tandlak Tidskr. 1970 November; 63(11): 773-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5275106&dopt=Abstract
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Pain relief after arthroscopic surgery of the knee: a prospective, randomized, and blinded assessment of bupivacaine and bupivacaine with adrenaline. Author(s): Osborne D, Keene G. Source: Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association. 1993; 9(2): 177-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8461077&dopt=Abstract
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Paracervical blockade with Marcaine-adrenaline. Author(s): Hollmen A, Ojala A, Korhonen M. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1969; 13(1): 1-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5363891&dopt=Abstract
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Patient-controlled epidural analgesia with sufentanil following caesarean section: the effect of adrenaline and clonidine admixture. Author(s): Vercauteren MP, Vandeput DM, Meert TF, Adriaensen HA. Source: Anaesthesia. 1994 September; 49(9): 767-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7978130&dopt=Abstract
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Patterns of cortisol and adrenaline variation in Australian aboriginal communities of the Kimberley region. Author(s): Schmitt LH, Harrison GA, Spargo RM, Pollard T, Ungpakorn G. Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 1995 January; 27(1): 107-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7876290&dopt=Abstract
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Peanut and nut allergy. Serious adverse reactions to adrenaline are becoming more likely. Author(s): Wilson JA. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1996 August 3; 313(7052): 299; Author Reply 300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8704558&dopt=Abstract
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Percentage of NK-cells in peripheral blood in resting normal subjects is negatively correlated to plasma adrenaline. Author(s): Knudsen JH, Kjaersgaard E, Jensen EW, Christensen NJ. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 1994 May; 54(3): 221-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8036446&dopt=Abstract
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Perivascular axillary block III: blockade following 40 ml of 0.5%, 1% or 1.5% mepivacaine with adrenaline. Author(s): Vester-Andersen T, Eriksen C, Christiansen C. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1984 February; 28(1): 95-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6711269&dopt=Abstract
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Perivascular axillary block IV: blockade following 40, 50 or 60 ml of mepivacaine 1% with adrenaline. Author(s): Vester-Andersen T, Husum B, Lindeburg T, Borrits L, Gothgen I. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1984 February; 28(1): 99-105. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6711270&dopt=Abstract
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Phaeochromocytomas secreting adrenaline but not noradrenaline do not cause hypertension and require precise adrenaline measurement for diagnosis. Author(s): Bachmann AW, Hawkins PG, Gordon RD. Source: Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology. 1989 April; 16(4): 275-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2743619&dopt=Abstract
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Phencyclidine binds to blood platelets with high affinity and specifically inhibits their activation by adrenaline. Author(s): Jamieson GA, Agrawal AK, Greco NJ, Tenner TE Jr, Jones GD, Rice KC, Jacobson AE, White JG, Tandon NN. Source: The Biochemical Journal. 1992 July 1; 285 ( Pt 1): 35-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1322125&dopt=Abstract
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Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, A23187 and L-adrenaline inhibit phospholipid methylation in human monocytes and lymphocytes. Inhibition is independent of oxyradical production and phospholipid hydrolysis. Author(s): French JK, Hurst NP, Betts WH. Source: Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 1990; 9(4): 271-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2178146&dopt=Abstract
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Phosphorylation of the skeletal muscle glycogen-targetting subunit of protein phosphatase 1 in response to adrenaline in vivo. Author(s): Walker KS, Watt PW, Cohen P. Source: Febs Letters. 2000 January 21; 466(1): 121-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10648825&dopt=Abstract
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Physiological control of splanchnic blood flow by adrenaline: studies during acute hypoglycaemia in man. Author(s): Parker DR, Braatvedt GD, Halliwell M, Corrall RJ. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 1999 June; 96(6): 623-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10334968&dopt=Abstract
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Pigmentation after long-term topical use of adrenaline compounds. Author(s): Mooney D. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1970 December; 54(12): 823-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5517425&dopt=Abstract
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Plasma adrenaline concentration is lower in post-obese than in never-obese women in the basal state, in response to sham-feeding and after food intake. Author(s): Bryde Andersen H, Raben A, Astrup A, Christensen NJ. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 1994 July; 87(1): 69-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8062522&dopt=Abstract
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Plasma adrenaline concentrations during functional endoscopic sinus surgery. Author(s): Anderhuber W, Walch C, Nemeth E, Semmelrock HJ, Berghold A, Ranftl G, Stammberger H. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1999 February; 109(2 Pt 1): 204-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10890766&dopt=Abstract
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Plasma adrenaline increases during sham-feeding in normal subjects but not in postobese women. Author(s): Andersen HB, Raben A, Astrup A, Christensen NJ. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 1993 December; 17 Suppl 3: S96; Discussion S97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8124413&dopt=Abstract
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Plasma adrenaline kinetics in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients with and without autonomic neuropathy. Author(s): Dejgaard A, Hilsted J, Henriksen JH, Christensen NJ. Source: Diabetologia. 1989 November; 32(11): 810-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2687065&dopt=Abstract
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Plasma adrenaline modulates alpha 1-adrenoceptor mediated pressor responses and the baroreflex control in patients with borderline hypertension. Author(s): Minatoguchi S, Ito H, Ishimura K, Suzuki T, Tonai N, Mori M, Hirakawa S, Fujiwara H. Source: Blood Pressure. 1995 March; 4(2): 105-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7599750&dopt=Abstract
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Plasma bupivacaine levels after fascia iliaca compartment block with and without adrenaline. Author(s): Doyle E, Morton NS, McNicol LR. Source: Paediatric Anaesthesia. 1997; 7(2): 121-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9188112&dopt=Abstract
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Plasma catecholamine concentrations--changes after infiltration with local anaesthetic solutions and adrenaline during bat-ear surgery. Author(s): Lew JK, Mobley KA, Achola KJ, Smith G. Source: Anaesthesia. 1988 June; 43(6): 490-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3407876&dopt=Abstract
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Plasma catecholamine levels following topical application versus infiltration of adrenaline for nasal surgery. Author(s): van Hasselt CA, Low JM, Waldron J, Gibb AG, Oh TE. Source: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 1992 August; 20(3): 332-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1524174&dopt=Abstract
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Plasma catecholamines after endotracheal administration of adrenaline during postnatal resuscitation. Author(s): Schwab KO, von Stockhausen HB. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition. 1994 May; 70(3): F213-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8198417&dopt=Abstract
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Plasma concentrations and pharmacokinetics of bupivacaine with and without adrenaline following caudal anaesthesia in infants. Author(s): Hansen TG, Morton NS, Cullen PM, Watson DG. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 2001 January; 45(1): 42-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11152032&dopt=Abstract
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Plasma concentrations of adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine during forearm dynamic exercise. Author(s): Hartling OJ, Kelbaek H, Gjorup T, Nielsen MD, Trap-Jensen J. Source: Clinical Physiology (Oxford, England). 1989 August; 9(4): 399-404. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2766683&dopt=Abstract
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Plasma concentrations of bupivacaine during extradural anaesthesia for caesarean section. The effect of adrenaline. Author(s): Wilson CM, Moore J, Ghaly RG, Flynn R, McClean E, Dundee JW. Source: Anaesthesia. 1988 January; 43(1): 12-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3344939&dopt=Abstract
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Plasma concentrations of catecholamines following intraocular irrigation with adrenaline. Author(s): Fell D, Watson AP, Hindocha N. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1989 May; 62(5): 573-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2730831&dopt=Abstract
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Plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline levels in eclampsia. A preliminary study. Author(s): Moodley J, McFadyen ML, Dilraj A, Rangiah S. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1991 August 17; 80(4): 191-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1876955&dopt=Abstract
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Platelet aggregation in whole blood: is the response to adrenaline, 5hydroxytryptamine and PAF a direct consequence of stimulation by these agonists? Author(s): Petty AC, Scrutton MC. Source: Thrombosis Research. 1989 April 15; 54(2): 151-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2749609&dopt=Abstract
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Platelet noradrenaline and adrenaline efflux in hypercholesterolaemia: studies in platelet-rich plasma. Author(s): Smith CT, Betteridge DJ. Source: Platelets. 2000 November; 11(7): 395-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11132106&dopt=Abstract
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Platelet responses promoted by the activation of protein kinase C or the increase of cytosolic Ca2+ are potentiated by adrenaline. Effects of cAMP and staurosporine. Author(s): Zoccarato F, Ruzzene M, Cavallini L, Doni MG, Francesconi MA, Deana R, Alexandre A. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 1991 March 19; 1092(1): 72-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1849018&dopt=Abstract
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POR 8, a new vasoconstrictor substitute for adrenaline in plastic surgery. Author(s): Clodius L, Smahel J. Source: British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 1970 January; 23(1): 73-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4905145&dopt=Abstract
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Porokeratosis (Mibelli), adrenaline necrosis, atopic eczema. Author(s): Finn OA. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1970 June; 82(6): 631-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5431568&dopt=Abstract
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Postmortem changes in serum noradrenaline and adrenaline concentrations in rabbit and human cadavers. Author(s): Hirvonen J, Huttunen P. Source: International Journal of Legal Medicine. 1996; 109(3): 143-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8956989&dopt=Abstract
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Post-operative epidural analgesia with low dose fentanyl, adrenaline and bupivacaine in children after major orthopaedic surgery. A prospective evaluation of efficacy and side effects. Author(s): Lovstad RZ, Halvorsen P, Raeder JC, Steen PA. Source: European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 1997 November; 14(6): 583-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9466093&dopt=Abstract
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Potassium, glucose, insulin interrelationships during adrenaline infusion in normotensive and hypertensive humans. Author(s): Gordon RD, Bachmann AW, Ballantine DM, Thompson RE. Source: Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology. 1991 May; 18(5): 291-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2065473&dopt=Abstract
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Potentiation by adrenaline of Ca2+ influx and mobilization in stimulated human platelets: dissociation from thromboxane generation and aggregation. Author(s): Powling MJ, Hardisty RM. Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 1988 April 8; 59(2): 212-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3388294&dopt=Abstract
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Potentiation by adrenaline of thrombin-induced elevation of pHi is not essential for synergistic activation of human platelets. Author(s): Steen VM, Cook CA, Tysnes OB, Holmsen H. Source: Febs Letters. 1989 July 3; 250(2): 211-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2546796&dopt=Abstract
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Potentiation of ADP-induced aggregation in human platelet-rich plasma by 5hydroxytryptamine and adrenaline. Author(s): Vanags DM, Rodgers SE, Duncan EM, Lloyd JV, Bochner F. Source: British Journal of Pharmacology. 1992 August; 106(4): 917-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1393289&dopt=Abstract
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Prediction of therapeutic failure after adrenaline injection plus heater probe treatment in patients with bleeding peptic ulcer. Author(s): Wong SK, Yu LM, Lau JY, Lam YH, Chan AC, Ng EK, Sung JJ, Chung SC. Source: Gut. 2002 March; 50(3): 322-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11839708&dopt=Abstract
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Preoperative injection using a diluted anesthetic/adrenaline solution significantly reduces blood loss in reduction mammaplasty. Author(s): Wilmink H, Spauwen PH, Hartman EH, Hendriks JC, Koeijers VF. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1998 August; 102(2): 373-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9703072&dopt=Abstract
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Pre-operative optimisation employing dopexamine or adrenaline for patients undergoing major elective surgery: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Author(s): Fenwick E, Wilson J, Sculpher M, Claxton K. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 2002 May; 28(5): 599-608. Epub 2002 March 26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12029409&dopt=Abstract
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Prescription of adrenaline auto-injectors for potential anaphylaxis--a population survey. Author(s): Singh J, Aszkenasy OM. Source: Public Health. 2003 July; 117(4): 256-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12966746&dopt=Abstract
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Presynaptic beta 2-adrenoceptors on the sympathetic nerve fibres of the human saphenous vein: no evidence for involvement in adrenaline-mediated positive feedback loop regulating noradrenergic transmission. Author(s): Molderings G, Likungu J, Zerkowski HR, Gothert M. Source: Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology. 1988 April; 337(4): 408-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2900473&dopt=Abstract
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Preventive action of phentolamine on adrenaline induced blood glucose elevation in humans. Author(s): Porta S, Hofmann HM, Ertl U, Rinner I, Puerstner P, Weiss PA, Felsner P, Korsatko W. Source: Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1988 February; 117(2): 166-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2898189&dopt=Abstract
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Prilocaine and lignocaine plus adrenaline. A clinical comparison. Author(s): Brown G, Ward NL. Source: British Dental Journal. 1969 June 17; 126(12): 557-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5255796&dopt=Abstract
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Prilocaine-phenylephrine and bupivacaine-phenylephrine topical anesthetics compared with tetracaine-adrenaline-cocaine during repair of lacerations. Author(s): Smith GA, Strausbaugh SD, Harbeck-Weber C, Cohen DM, Shields BJ, Powers JD, Barrett T. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1998 March; 16(2): 121-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9517683&dopt=Abstract
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Proposed use of adrenaline (epinephrine) in anaphylaxis and related conditions: a study of senior house officers starting accident and emergency posts. Author(s): Gompels LL, Bethune C, Johnston SL, Gompels MM. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2002 July; 78(921): 416-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12151658&dopt=Abstract
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Propranolol block of adrenaline-induced hypophosphataemia in man. Author(s): Massara F, Camanni F. Source: Clinical Science. 1970 February; 38(2): 245-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5416152&dopt=Abstract
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Protein kinase C inhibitor, chelerythrine, potentiates the adrenaline-mediated aggregation of human platelets through calcium influx. Author(s): Shah BH, Shamim G, Khan S, Saeed SA. Source: Biochem Mol Biol Int. 1996 May; 38(6): 1135-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8739035&dopt=Abstract
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Quantitation of adrenaline and noradrenaline from human plasma by combined gas chromatography--high-resolution mass fragmentography. Author(s): Jacob K, Vogt W, Knedel M, Schwertfeger G. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1978 September 1; 146(2): 221-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=701421&dopt=Abstract
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Quantitative behavior of acidophilic leukocytes in capillary blood of children after adrenaline and ACTH administration. Author(s): Chmielowa M, Korbas J, Krzywinska K, Waligora A. Source: Pol Med J. 1966; 5(3): 546-52. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4288331&dopt=Abstract
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Radioenzymatic assay of plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline: evidence for a catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibiting factor associated with essential hypertension. Author(s): Hoffmann JJ, Willemsen JJ, Thien T, Benraad TJ. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 1982 November 10; 125(3): 319-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7172441&dopt=Abstract
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Raised concentrations of glucose and adrenaline and increased in vivo platelet activation after myocardial infarction. Author(s): Oswald GA, Smith CC, Delamothe AP, Betteridge DJ, Yudkin JS. Source: British Heart Journal. 1988 June; 59(6): 663-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2969254&dopt=Abstract
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Randomised comparison between adrenaline injection alone and adrenaline injection plus heat probe treatment for actively bleeding ulcers. Author(s): Chung SS, Lau JY, Sung JJ, Chan AC, Lai CW, Ng EK, Chan FK, Yung MY, Li AK. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1997 May 3; 314(7090): 1307-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9158465&dopt=Abstract
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Randomised control trial of pH buffered lignocaine with adrenaline in outpatient operations. Author(s): Masters JE. Source: British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 1998 July; 51(5): 385-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9771366&dopt=Abstract
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Randomized controlled trial of nebulized adrenaline in acute bronchiolitis. Author(s): Hariprakash S, Alexander J, Carroll W, Ramesh P, Randell T, Turnbull F, Lenney W. Source: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 2003 April; 14(2): 134-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12675760&dopt=Abstract
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Randomized trial of adrenaline injection and laser photocoagulation in the control of haemorrhage from peptic ulcer. Author(s): Carter R, Anderson JR. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1994 June; 81(6): 869-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8044606&dopt=Abstract
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Rapid desensitization of adrenaline- and neuropeptide Y-stimulated Ca2+ mobilization in HEL-cells. Author(s): Michel MC. Source: British Journal of Pharmacology. 1994 June; 112(2): 499-504. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8075868&dopt=Abstract
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Rate of metabolism of adrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine by blood platelets. Author(s): Lahovaara S, Paasonen MK, Airaksinen MM. Source: Ann Med Exp Biol Fenn. 1968; 46(3): 453-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5734249&dopt=Abstract
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Reactivity of the dopa-dopamine-noradrenaline-adrenaline system in epileptic patients. Author(s): Karlov VA, Gleiser MA. Source: Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology. 1986 January-February; 16(1): 49-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3090474&dopt=Abstract
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Receptor mechanisms in the hyperglycaemic response to adrenaline in man. Author(s): Antonis A, Clark ML, Hodge RL, Molony M, Pilkington TR. Source: Lancet. 1967 May 27; 1(7500): 1135-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4164792&dopt=Abstract
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Redistribution of granulocytes during adrenaline infusion and following administration of cortisol in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Toft P, Helbo-Hansen HS, Tonnesen E, Lillevang ST, Rasmussen JW, Christensen NJ. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1994 April; 38(3): 254-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8023665&dopt=Abstract
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Reduction mammaplasty with adrenaline infiltration: effects on perioperative bleeding. Author(s): Blomqvist L, Sellman G, Strombeck JO. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery / Nordisk Plastikkirurgisk Forening [and] Nordisk Klubb for Handkirurgi. 1996 March; 30(1): 29-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8711439&dopt=Abstract
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Reference values for urinary HMMA, HVA, noradrenaline, adrenaline, and dopamine excretion in children using random urine samples and HPLC with electrochemical detection. Author(s): Fitzgibbon M, FitzGerald RJ, Tormey WP, O'Meara A, Kenny D. Source: Annals of Clinical Biochemistry. 1992 July; 29 ( Pt 4): 400-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1642445&dopt=Abstract
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Regulation of tumor necrosis factor production by adrenaline and beta-adrenergic agonists. Author(s): Severn A, Rapson NT, Hunter CA, Liew FY. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 1992 June 1; 148(11): 3441-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1350291&dopt=Abstract
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Relationship between arterial and peripheral venous catecholamine plasma catecholamine concentrations during infusion of noradrenaline and adrenaline in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Ensinger H, Weichel T, Lindner KH, Prengel A, Grunert A, Ahnefeld FW. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1992; 43(3): 245-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1425886&dopt=Abstract
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Relationship between sleep variables and urinary excretion of adrenaline in nocturnal sleep. Author(s): Nishihara K, Mori K, Endo S. Source: Ind Health. 1985; 23(4): 279-82. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3833859&dopt=Abstract
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Relationship of angiotensin II, aldosterone, arginine vasopressin, adrenaline and noradrenaline in plasma, blood and extracellular volumes to blood pressure in chronic glomerulonephritis. Author(s): Danielsen H, Pedersen EB, Christensen NJ. Source: European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1986 February; 16(1): 85-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3084277&dopt=Abstract
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Renal and systemic plasma immunoreactive neuropeptide Y and calcitonin generelated peptide responses to mental stress and adrenaline in humans. Author(s): Tidgren B, Theodorsson E, Hjemdahl P. Source: Clinical Physiology (Oxford, England). 1991 January; 11(1): 9-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2019081&dopt=Abstract
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Renin, noradrenaline and adrenaline responses to simulated altitude. Author(s): Kotchen TA, Hogan RP, Boyd AE, Li TK, Sing HC, Mason JW. Source: Clinical Science. 1973 March; 44(3): 243-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4693097&dopt=Abstract
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Response of atrial natriuretic peptide to adrenaline and noradrenaline infusion in man. Author(s): Tunny TJ, Bachmann AW, Gordon RD. Source: Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology. 1988 April; 15(4): 299303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2978742&dopt=Abstract
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Response to adrenaline, acetylcholine and change of contraction frequency in early human foetal hearts. Author(s): Gennser G, Nilsson E. Source: Experientia. 1970 October 15; 26(10): 1105-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5530062&dopt=Abstract
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Resting energy expenditure and the thermic effect of adrenaline in patients with liver cirrhosis. Author(s): Muller MJ, Willmann O, Fenk A, Rieger A, Selberg O, Canzler H, von zur Muhlen A, Schmidt FW. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 1992 August; 83(2): 191-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1327635&dopt=Abstract
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Reversal of adrenaline-induced increase in azygos blood flow in patients with cirrhosis receiving propranolol. Author(s): Valla D, Gaudin C, Geoffroy P, Braillon A, Lee SS, Lebrec D. Source: Journal of Hepatology. 1987 February; 4(1): 86-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3494761&dopt=Abstract
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Reversible “cardiomyopathy” after accidental adrenaline overdose. Author(s): Fyfe AI, Daly PA, Dorian P, Tough J. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1991 February 1; 67(4): 318-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1990800&dopt=Abstract
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Risk assessment of adverse pulmonary effects induced by adrenaline beta-receptor antagonists and rational drug dosage regimen based on receptor occupancy. Author(s): Yamada Y, Matsuyama K, Ito K, Sawada Y, Iga T. Source: Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics. 1995 October; 23(5): 463-78. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8656342&dopt=Abstract
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Role of adrenaline in cataract surgery. Author(s): Mathur JS, Mathur KN. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1965 November 16; 45(10): 539-41. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5851105&dopt=Abstract
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Role of adrenaline in the short-term upregulation of beta-adrenoceptors in essential hypertensive and adrenalectomized females. Author(s): Graafsma SJ, Lenders JW, Peters JH, van Tits LJ, Pieters GF, Rodrigues de Miranda JF, Thien T. Source: Journal of Hypertension. Supplement : Official Journal of the International Society of Hypertension. 1988 December; 6(4): S578-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2853762&dopt=Abstract
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Role of adrenaline neurons of ventrolateral medulla (the C1 group) in the tonic and phasic control of arterial pressure. Author(s): Reis DJ, Ross CA, Ruggiero DA, Granata AR, Joh TH. Source: Clin Exp Hypertens A. 1984; 6(1-2): 221-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6365368&dopt=Abstract
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Role of the splanchnic bed in extracting circulating adrenaline and noradrenaline in normal subjects and in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. Author(s): Keller U, Gerber PP, Buhler FR, Stauffacher W. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 1984 July; 67(1): 45-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6734077&dopt=Abstract
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Route of administration of adrenaline for the treatment of anaphylactic reactions to bee or wasp stings. Author(s): Ewan PW. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1991 November; 21(6): 753-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1777837&dopt=Abstract
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Safe and effective method for application of tetracaine, adrenaline, and cocaine to oral lacerations. Author(s): Bonadio WA. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1996 October; 28(4): 396-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8839523&dopt=Abstract
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Safe and effective use of tetracaine, adrenaline, and cocaine (TAC) solution anesthetic for anesthetizing of lacerations. Author(s): Engebo DA. Source: Journal of Emergency Nursing: Jen : Official Publication of the Emergency Department Nurses Association. 1990 March-April; 16(2): 100-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2181182&dopt=Abstract
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Safety and efficacy of levobupivacaine for postoperative pain relief after the surgical removal of impacted third molars: a comparison with lignocaine and adrenaline. Author(s): Rood JP, Coulthard P, Snowdon AT, Gennery BA. Source: The British Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery. 2002 December; 40(6): 491-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12464207&dopt=Abstract
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Safety of adrenaline. Author(s): Rood JP. Source: British Dental Journal. 1999 February 13; 186(3): 104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10101901&dopt=Abstract
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Safety of intraocular adrenaline with halothane anaesthesia. Author(s): Smith RB, Douglas H, Petruscak J, Breslin P. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1972 December; 44(12): 1314-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4650349&dopt=Abstract
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Safety of subcutaneous adrenaline as prophylaxis against acute adverse reactions to anti-venom serum in snakebite. Author(s): Dassanayake AS, Karunanayake P, Kasturiratne KT, Fonseka MM, Wijesiriwardena B, Gunatilake SB, de Silva HJ. Source: Ceylon Med J. 2002 June; 47(2): 48-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12140877&dopt=Abstract
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Salbutamol induced hypokalaemia: the effect of theophylline alone and in combination with adrenaline. Author(s): Whyte KF, Reid C, Addis GJ, Whitesmith R, Reid JL. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1988 May; 25(5): 571-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3408637&dopt=Abstract
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Secondary clumping effect in human citrated platelet-rich plasma produced by adenosine diphosphate and adrenaline. Author(s): Macmillan DC. Source: Nature. 1966 July 9; 211(45): 140-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5965510&dopt=Abstract
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Secretory mechanisms. Behaviour of adenine nucleotides during the platelet release reaction induced by adenosine diphosphate and adrenaline. Author(s): Holmsen H, Day HJ, Setkowsky CA. Source: The Biochemical Journal. 1972 August; 129(1): 67-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4675006&dopt=Abstract
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Selective alpha 2 receptor blockade facilitates the insulin response to adrenaline but not to glucose in man. Author(s): Struthers AD, Brown DC, Brown MJ, Schumer B, Bloom SR. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1985 November; 23(5): 539-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3002669&dopt=Abstract
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Selective inhibition of adrenaline-induced human platelet aggregation by the structurally related Paf antagonist Ro 19-3704. Author(s): Schattner M, Parini A, Fouque F, Vargaftig BB, Touqui L. Source: British Journal of Pharmacology. 1989 April; 96(4): 759-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2787179&dopt=Abstract
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Septic shock: does adrenaline have a role as a first-line inotropic agent? Author(s): Wilson W, Lipman J, Scribante J, Kobilski S, Lee C, Krause P, Cooper J, Barr J. Source: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 1992 November; 20(4): 470-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1463175&dopt=Abstract
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Serial plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline levels in myocardial infarction using a new double isotope technique. Author(s): Siggers DC, Salter C, Fluck DC. Source: British Heart Journal. 1971 November; 33(6): 878-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4107638&dopt=Abstract
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Serum potassium levels after induction of epidural anaesthesia using mepivacaine with and without adrenaline. Author(s): Lofgren A, Hahn RG. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1991 February; 35(2): 170-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2024567&dopt=Abstract
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Severe myocardial ischaemia induced by intravenous adrenaline. Author(s): Horak A, Raine R, Opie LH, Lloyd EA. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1983 February 12; 286(6364): 519. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6402132&dopt=Abstract
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Sex-related differences in resting and stimulated plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline. Author(s): Davidson L, Vandongen R, Rouse IL, Beilin LJ, Tunney A. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 1984 September; 67(3): 347-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6467838&dopt=Abstract
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Shape change and aggregation of blood platelets: interaction between the effects of adenosine and diphosphate, 5-hydroxytryptamine and adrenaline. Author(s): Michal F, Motamed M. Source: British Journal of Pharmacology. 1976 February; 56(2): 209-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1252669&dopt=Abstract
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Short term effects of adrenaline in bronchiolitis: a randomised controlled trial. Author(s): Abul-Ainine A, Luyt D. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2002 April; 86(4): 276-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11919104&dopt=Abstract
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Simple and fast analysis of adrenaline and noradrenaline in plasma on microbore high-performance liquid chromatography columns using fluorimetric detection. Author(s): Kamperman G, Kraak JC. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1985 February 8; 337(2): 384-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3988867&dopt=Abstract
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Simple and fast solvent extraction system for selective and quantitative isolation of adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine from plasma and urine. Author(s): Smedes F, Kraak JC, Poppe H. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1982 August 13; 231(1): 25-39. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7119063&dopt=Abstract
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Simultaneous radioenzymatic determination of plasma and tissue adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine within the femtomole range. Author(s): Da Prada M, Zurcher. Source: Life Sciences. 1976 October 15; 19(8): 1161-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=994720&dopt=Abstract
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Sixth National Burn Seminar. Adrenaline and noradrenaline excretion following burns. Author(s): Harrison T. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 1967 January; 7(1): 137-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6018123&dopt=Abstract
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Spontaneous hypoglycaemia with failure to increase adrenaline output. Author(s): Lloyd JK, Segall MM. Source: Proc R Soc Med. 1967 October; 60(10): 1004. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6057962&dopt=Abstract
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Staurosporine-independent platelet aggregation induced by the calcium ionophore ionomycin is inhibited by prostacyclin and sodium nitroprusside and stimulated by adrenaline. Author(s): Doni MG, Alexandre A, Padoin E, Francesconi MA, Deana R. Source: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 1993 March; 301(2): 431-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7681663&dopt=Abstract
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Steroids in the management of croup. Nebulised adrenaline is also useful. Author(s): Cronin M, Diedericks R. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1996 February 24; 312(7029): 510-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8597706&dopt=Abstract
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Stimulation by adrenaline and dopamine but not by noradrenaline of myocardial alpha-adrenoceptors mediating positive inotropic effects in human atrial preparations. Author(s): Wagner J, Schumann HJ, Knorr A, Rohm N, Reidemeister JC. Source: Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology. 1980 May; 312(1): 99-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6248799&dopt=Abstract
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Stress levels of adrenaline amplify the blood pressure response to sympathetic stimulation. Author(s): Vincent HH, Boomsma F, Man in 't Veld AJ, Schalekamp MA. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 1986 April; 4(2): 255-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3011893&dopt=Abstract
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Studies in the mechanism of chlorpromazine-induced adrenaline release from bovine adrenal gland. Author(s): Vapaatalo HI. Source: Ann Med Exp Biol Fenn. 1968; 46(3): 345-52. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5731232&dopt=Abstract
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Studies of alpha 2-adrenergic receptors of intact and functional washed human platelets by binding of 3H-dihydroergocryptine and 3H-yohimbine--correlation of 3H-yohimbine binding with the potentiation by adrenaline of ADP-induced aggregation. Author(s): Lanza F, Cazenave JP. Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 1985 August 30; 54(2): 402-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3001964&dopt=Abstract
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Studies on adrenaline-induced leucocytosis in normal man. I. The role of the spleen and of the thoracic duct. Author(s): Steel CM, French EB, Aitchison WR. Source: British Journal of Haematology. 1971 October; 21(4): 413-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5122666&dopt=Abstract
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Studies on adrenaline-induced leucocytosis in normal man. II. The effects of and adrenergic blocking agents. Author(s): French EB, Steel CM, Aitchison WR. Source: British Journal of Haematology. 1971 October; 21(4): 423-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4399331&dopt=Abstract
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Studies on the mechanism of platelet aggregation and release reaction induced by collagen and adrenaline. Author(s): Bygdeman S, Tangen O. Source: Thrombosis Research. 1977 August; 11(2): 141-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=905966&dopt=Abstract
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Studies on the stimulating effects of adrenaline and noradrenaline on respiration in man. Author(s): Lundholm L, Svedmyr N. Source: Acta Physiologica Scandinavica. 1966 May; 67(1): 65-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5963304&dopt=Abstract
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Subarachnoid anaesthesia produced by hyperbaric lignocaine in elderly patients. Prolongation of effect with adrenaline. Author(s): Racle JP, Benkhadra A, Poy JY. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1988 June; 60(7): 831-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3293642&dopt=Abstract
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Subcutaneous administration of adrenaline for anaphylaxis. Author(s): Keen S, Comer L. Source: Nurs Times. 1995 July 5-11; 91(27): 36-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7630773&dopt=Abstract
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Subcutaneous adrenaline infiltration in paediatric burn surgery. Author(s): Beausang E, Orr D, Shah M, Dunn KW, Davenport PJ. Source: British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 1999 September; 52(6): 480-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10673926&dopt=Abstract
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Subcutaneous adrenaline versus terbutaline in the treatment of acute severe asthma. Author(s): Spiteri MA, Millar AB, Pavia D, Clarke SW. Source: Thorax. 1988 January; 43(1): 19-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3281307&dopt=Abstract
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Submucosal adrenaline injection for posthemorrhoidectomy hemorrhage. Author(s): Nyam DC, Seow-Choen F, Ho YH. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 1995 July; 38(7): 776-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7607043&dopt=Abstract
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Support for adrenaline-hypertension hypothesis: 18 hour pressor effect after 6 hours adrenaline infusion. Author(s): Blankestijn PJ, Man in't Veld AJ, Tulen J, van den Meiracker AH, Boomsma F, Moleman P, Ritsema van Eck HJ, Derkx FH, Mulder P, Lamberts SJ, et al. Source: Lancet. 1988 December 17; 2(8625): 1386-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2904523&dopt=Abstract
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Swollen tongue and nebulized adrenaline. Author(s): Kluger M. Source: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 1991 August; 19(3): 470-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1767922&dopt=Abstract
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Sympathetic nerve and adrenal medullary response to thermal burn. Clinical analysis of adrenaline and noradrenaline depletion. Author(s): Goodall MG. Source: The American Surgeon. 1966 July; 32(7): 448-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5938617&dopt=Abstract
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Synergism between thrombin and adrenaline (epinephrine) in human platelets. Marked potentiation of inositol phospholipid metabolism. Author(s): Steen VM, Tysnes OB, Holmsen H. Source: The Biochemical Journal. 1988 July 15; 253(2): 581-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2845924&dopt=Abstract
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Synergistic activation of human platelets by lysophosphatidic acid and adrenaline. Author(s): Nilsson UK, Svensson SP, Grenegard M. Source: Haematologica. 2002 July; 87(7): 730-9; Discussion 739. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12091124&dopt=Abstract
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Synergistic effects of adrenaline and prostaglandin E1 on the human fat cell adenylate cyclase. Author(s): Kather H, Mordasini R, Oster P, Schlierf G, Simon B. Source: Hormone and Metabolic Research. Hormon- Und Stoffwechselforschung. Hormones Et Metabolisme. 1979 February; 11(2): 176. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=437683&dopt=Abstract
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Synergistic interaction of adrenaline and histamine in human platelet aggregation is mediated through activation of phospholipase, map kinase and cyclo-oxygenase pathways. Author(s): Shah BH, Lashari I, Rana S, Saeed O, Rasheed H, Arshad Saeed S. Source: Pharmacological Research : the Official Journal of the Italian Pharmacological Society. 2000 November; 42(5): 479-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11023712&dopt=Abstract
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Systemic absorption of adrenaline after aerosol, eye-drop and subcutaneous administration to healthy volunteers. Author(s): Dahlof C, Mellstrand T, Svedmyr N. Source: Allergy. 1987 April; 42(3): 215-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3592145&dopt=Abstract
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Systemic adrenaline attenuates skin response to antigen and histamine. Author(s): Warren JB, McCusker M, Fuller RW. Source: Clin Allergy. 1988 March; 18(2): 197-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2896554&dopt=Abstract
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Systemic hypertension in patients receiving dipivalyl adrenaline for glaucoma. Author(s): Nelson ME, Andrzejowski AZ. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1988 September 17; 297(6650): 741-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3147756&dopt=Abstract
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TAC (tetracaine, adrenaline, cocaine): a controversial topical anesthetic for suture of skin lacerations. Author(s): Foley JJ. Source: Journal of Emergency Nursing: Jen : Official Publication of the Emergency Department Nurses Association. 1994 June; 20(3): 221-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8007500&dopt=Abstract
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Tetracaine, adrenaline, and cocaine (TAC) confusion. Author(s): Bischof RO. Source: Pediatrics. 1996 February; 97(2): 287-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8584401&dopt=Abstract
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Tetracaine/adrenaline/cocaine for local anesthesia. Author(s): Wong S, Hart LL. Source: Dicp. 1990 December; 24(12): 1181-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2089829&dopt=Abstract
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The 'adrenaline hypothesis' of hypertension revisited: evidence for adrenaline release from the heart of patients with essential hypertension. Author(s): Rumantir MS, Jennings GL, Lambert GW, Kaye DM, Seals DR, Esler MD. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 2000 June; 18(6): 717-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10872556&dopt=Abstract
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The beta-adrenoceptor subtype(s) mediating adrenaline- and dobutamine-induced blood pressure and heart rate changes in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Daul A, Hermes U, Schafers RF, Wenzel R, von Birgelen C, Brodde OE. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1995 March; 33(3): 140-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7599912&dopt=Abstract
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The biochemical and haemodynamic effects of adrenaline in lignocaine local anaesthetic solutions in patients having third molar surgery under general anaesthesia. Author(s): Meechan JG, Thomson CW, Blair GS, Rawlins MD. Source: The British Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery. 1991 August; 29(4): 263-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1911676&dopt=Abstract
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The dangers of adrenaline. Author(s): Padfield A. Source: British Dental Journal. 1998 September 26; 185(6): 266. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9803029&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of a priming epidural injection of adrenaline on epidural blockade with bupivacaine. Author(s): Baranowski AP, Dean Y, Pither CE. Source: Anaesthesia. 1991 December; 46(12): 1023-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1781526&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of human platelet alloantigen polymorphisms on the in vitro responsiveness to adrenaline and collagen. Author(s): Theodoropoulos I, Christopoulos C, Metcalfe P, Dimitriadou E, Economopoulos P, Loucopoulos D. Source: British Journal of Haematology. 2001 August; 114(2): 387-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11529861&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of inhaled adrenaline on lung function of recurrently wheezy infants less than 18 months old. Author(s): Henderson AJ, Arnott J, Young S, Warshawski T, Landau LI, LeSouef PN. Source: Pediatric Pulmonology. 1995 July; 20(1): 9-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7478783&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of intracameral adrenaline infusion on pupil size, pulse rate, and blood pressure during phacoemulsification. Author(s): Liou SW, Yang CY. Source: Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics : the Official Journal of the Association for Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1998 August; 14(4): 357-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9715439&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of sibutramine on resting energy expenditure and adrenaline-induced thermogenesis in obese females. Author(s): Walsh KM, Leen E, Lean ME. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 1999 October; 23(10): 1009-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10557020&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of the addition of adrenaline to pethidine for patient-controlled epidural analgesia after caesarean section. Author(s): Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ma ML. Source: Anaesthesia. 1998 October; 53(10): 1012-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9893547&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of topical adrenaline on the development of myringosclerosis after tympanostomy tube insertion. Author(s): Banerjee AR, Jennings C, Marshall JN, Narula AA. Source: The American Journal of Otology. 2000 July; 21(4): 482-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10912691&dopt=Abstract
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The effects of adrenaline, hyaluronidase and age on peribulbar anaesthesia. Author(s): Morsman CD, Holden R. Source: Eye (London, England). 1992; 6 ( Pt 3): 290-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1446762&dopt=Abstract
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The effects of dopamine and adrenaline infusions on acid-base balance and systemic haemodynamics in severe infection. Author(s): Day NP, Phu NH, Bethell DP, Mai NT, Chau TT, Hien TT, White NJ. Source: Lancet. 1996 July 27; 348(9022): 219-23. Erratum In: Lancet 1996 September 28; 348(9031): 902. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8684198&dopt=Abstract
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The effects of fasting on the thermogenic, metabolic and cardiovascular responses to infused adrenaline. Author(s): Webber J, Taylor J, Greathead H, Dawson J, Buttery PJ, Macdonald IA. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 1995 October; 74(4): 477-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7577887&dopt=Abstract
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The effects of infiltration with adrenaline on blood loss during reduction mammaplasty. Author(s): Samdal F, Serra M, Skolleborg KC. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery / Nordisk Plastikkirurgisk Forening [and] Nordisk Klubb for Handkirurgi. 1992; 26(2): 211-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1411350&dopt=Abstract
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The effects of local anesthetic containing adrenaline on gingival blood flow in smokers and non-smokers. Author(s): Ketabi M, Hirsch RS. Source: Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 1997 December; 24(12): 888-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9442425&dopt=Abstract
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The efficacy of amrinone or adrenaline on low cardiac output following cardiopulmonary bypass in patients with coronary artery disease undergoing preoperative beta-blockade. Author(s): Gunnicker M, Brinkmann M, Donovan TJ, Freund U, Schieffer M, Reidemeister JC. Source: The Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeon. 1995 June; 43(3): 153-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7570567&dopt=Abstract
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The efficacy of bupivacaine with adrenaline in reducing pain and bleeding associated with breast reduction: a prospective trial. Author(s): Metaxotos NG, Asplund O, Hayes M. Source: British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 1999 June; 52(4): 290-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10624296&dopt=Abstract
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The efficacy of TAC (tetracaine, adrenaline, and cocaine) with various woundapplication durations. Author(s): Ordog GJ, Ordog C. Source: Academic Emergency Medicine : Official Journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine. 1994 July-August; 1(4): 360-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7614282&dopt=Abstract
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The importance of adrenaline, insulin and insulin sensitivity as determinants for blood pressure in young Danes. Author(s): Clausen JO, Ibsen H, Dige-Petersen H, Borch-Johnsen K, Pedersen O. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 1995 May; 13(5): 499-505. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7561006&dopt=Abstract
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The influence of adrenaline on postoperative analgesia after subarachnoid morphine. Author(s): Paech MJ. Source: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 1993 February; 21(1): 79-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8447613&dopt=Abstract
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The influence of bismuth subgallate and adrenaline paste upon operating time and operative blood loss in tonsillectomy. Author(s): Callanan V, Curran AJ, Smyth DA, Gormley PK. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1995 March; 109(3): 206-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7745335&dopt=Abstract
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The minimally effective concentration of adrenaline in a low-concentration thoracic epidural analgesic infusion of bupivacaine, fentanyl and adrenaline after major surgery. A randomized, double-blind, dose-finding study. Author(s): Niemi G, Breivik H. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 2003 April; 47(4): 439-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12694144&dopt=Abstract
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The platelet-stimulating effect of adrenaline through alpha 2-adrenergic receptors requires simultaneous activation by a true stimulatory platelet agonist. Evidence that adrenaline per se does not induce human platelet activation in vitro. Author(s): Steen VM, Holmsen H, Aarbakke G. Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 1993 September 1; 70(3): 506-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8259557&dopt=Abstract
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The potentiation of adrenaline-induced in vitro platelet aggregation by ADP, collagen and serotonin and its inhibition by naftopidil and doxazosin in normal human subjects. Author(s): Alarayyed NA, Graham BR, Prichard BN, Smith CC. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1995 April; 39(4): 369-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7640142&dopt=Abstract
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The systemic absorption of adrenaline from posterior segment infusion during vitreoretinal surgery. Author(s): Heyworth P, Bourke R, Moore C, Morlet N, Cooling R. Source: Eye (London, England). 1998; 12 ( Pt 6): 949-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10325993&dopt=Abstract
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The thienopyridine ticlopidine selectively prevents the inhibitory effects of ADP but not of adrenaline on cAMP levels raised by stimulation of the adenylate cyclase of human platelets by PGE1. Author(s): Gachet C, Cazenave JP, Ohlmann P, Bouloux C, Defreyn G, Driot F, Maffrand JP. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 1990 December 15; 40(12): 2683-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2175608&dopt=Abstract
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The use of high doses of adrenaline in paediatric cardiac resuscitation. Author(s): Higginson I, Montgomery D, Tuck R. Source: Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 1996 February; 32(1): 1-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8652203&dopt=Abstract
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The use of steroids and nebulised adrenaline in the treatment of viral croup over a seven year period at a district hospital. Author(s): McDonogh AJ. Source: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 1994 April; 22(2): 175-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8210021&dopt=Abstract
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Thermogenic effect of adrenaline: interaction with insulin. Author(s): Selberg O, Schlaak S, Balks HJ, von zur Muhlen A, Muller MJ. Source: European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology. 1991; 63(6): 417-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1765054&dopt=Abstract
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Thermogenic response to adrenaline during restricted blood flow in the forearm. Author(s): Simonsen L, Stefl B, Christensen NJ, Bulow J. Source: Acta Physiologica Scandinavica. 1999 May; 166(1): 31-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10372976&dopt=Abstract
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Topical lidocaine adrenaline tetracaine (LAT gel) versus injectable buffered lidocaine for local anesthesia in laceration repair. Author(s): Ernst AA, Marvez-Valls E, Nick TG, Mills T, Minvielle L, Houry D. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1997 August; 167(2): 79-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9291744&dopt=Abstract
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Tracheal adrenaline in infants. Author(s): Haymondo K, Panning B, Piepenbrock S. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1998 March; 42(3): 386-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9542572&dopt=Abstract
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Tracheal or venous administration of adrenaline. Author(s): Lunn JN. Source: Lancet. 1993 January 2; 341(8836): 59-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8093312&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of accidental digital injection of adrenaline from an auto-injector device. Author(s): McGovern SJ. Source: Journal of Accident & Emergency Medicine. 1997 November; 14(6): 379-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9413778&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of acute anaphylaxis. Avoid subcutaneous or intramuscular adrenaline. Author(s): Alexander R, Pappachan R, Smith GB, Taylor BL. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1995 November 25; 311(7017): 1434-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8520295&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of acute anaphylaxis. Benign allergic reactions should not be treated with adrenaline. Author(s): Hourihane JO, Warner JO. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1995 November 25; 311(7017): 1434. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8520292&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of acute anaphylaxis. Chart helps with calculation of dose of adrenaline for children. Author(s): Stuart J. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1995 November 25; 311(7017): 1435-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8520299&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of acute anaphylaxis. Expressing the dose of adrenaline in milligrams is easier. Author(s): Campbell S. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1995 November 25; 311(7017): 1435. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8520296&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of acute anaphylaxis. Patients should be taught how to inject adrenaline. Author(s): Davies H, Harris J, Kakoo A. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1996 March 9; 312(7031): 638. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8595356&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of priapism by injection of adrenaline into the corpora cavernosa penis. Author(s): van Driel MF, Mooibroek JJ, Mensink HJ. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology. 1991; 25(4): 251-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1780699&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of priapism with ethyl chloride spray after failed intracavernous injection with adrenaline. Author(s): Bos SD, Buys GA. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1994 November; 74(5): 677-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7827829&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of severe hemorrhage from a defunctionalized rectum with adrenaline chloride in ulcerative colitis. Author(s): Pesce G, Ceccarino R. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 1991 December; 34(12): 1139-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1959469&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of tubal pregnancy by local injection of methotrexate after adrenaline injection into the mesosalpinx: a report of 25 patients. Author(s): Kooi S, Kock HC. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1990 October; 54(4): 580-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2209877&dopt=Abstract
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Tuberculin test variability: using the Norwegian Adrenaline-Pirquet method. Author(s): Jentoft HF, Omenaas E, Eide GE, Gulsvik A. Source: The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease : the Official Journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 1999 April; 3(4): 3269. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10206503&dopt=Abstract
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Twenty-four hour ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate in a patient with a predominantly adrenaline secreting phaeochromocytoma. Author(s): Gallen IW, Taylor RS, Salzmann MB, Tooke JE. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1994 August; 70(826): 589-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7937455&dopt=Abstract
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Ultrastructure of adrenaline-synthesizing group-A1 neurons in the rat brain under normal and emotionally stressful conditions. Author(s): Zhigadlo BA, Belova TI. Source: Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology. 1982 September-October; 12(5): 40715. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6891957&dopt=Abstract
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Upper airway obstruction induced by a caustic substance found responsive to nebulised adrenaline. Author(s): Ziegler DS, Bent GP. Source: Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 2001 October; 37(5): 524-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11885726&dopt=Abstract
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Uptake, metabolism and release of (3H)-adrenaline by human platelets. Author(s): Born GV, Smith JB. Source: British Journal of Pharmacology. 1970 August; 39(4): 765-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5485150&dopt=Abstract
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Urinary adrenaline concentrations during 10 days of smoking abstinence. Author(s): West RJ, Russell MA, Jarvis MJ, Pizzey T, Kadam B. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1984; 84(1): 141-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6436883&dopt=Abstract
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Urinary dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline in type 2 diabetic patients with and without nephropathy. Author(s): Murabayashi S, Baba T, Tomiyama T, Takebe K. Source: Hormone and Metabolic Research. Hormon- Und Stoffwechselforschung. Hormones Et Metabolisme. 1989 January; 21(1): 27-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2925152&dopt=Abstract
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Urinary excretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline during hypoglycaemic clamp in diabetic and non-diabetic adolescents. Author(s): Bjorgaas M, Vik T, Sager G, Sagen E, Jorde R. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 1997 December; 57(8): 711-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9458494&dopt=Abstract
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Urinary excretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline during prolonged immobilization. Author(s): Zubek JP. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1968 June; 73(3): 223-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5658521&dopt=Abstract
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Urinary excretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline during prolonged perceptual deprivation. Author(s): Zubek JP, Schutte W. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1966 October; 71(5): 328-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5969969&dopt=Abstract
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Urinary excretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline in lumberjacks with vibration syndrome. Author(s): Une H, Esaki H. Source: Br J Ind Med. 1988 August; 45(8): 570-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3415926&dopt=Abstract
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Urinary excretion of adrenaline metabolites in man during intervals of 2 minutes, 5 minutes, and 10 minutes after intravenous injection of adrenaline. Author(s): Goodall M, Alton H. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 1965 November; 14(11): 1595-604. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5867514&dopt=Abstract
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Urinary excretion of adrenaline, noradrenaline and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid by children from one month up to eight years of age. Author(s): Borrell S, Vega P, Rivas C, Collado F, Torreblanca J. Source: Annales D'endocrinologie. 1974 March-April; 35(2): 121-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4417879&dopt=Abstract
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Urinary excretion of adrenaline, noradrenaline, 17-OHCS, 5-hydroxytryptamine and certain electrolytes in 24-hour shift workers taking a 4-hour night nap. Author(s): Sudo A. Source: Ind Health. 1980; 18(3): 117-28. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7451248&dopt=Abstract
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Urinary excretion of free noradrenaline and adrenaline following acute myocardial infarction. Author(s): Valori C, Thomas M, Shillingford JP. Source: Lancet. 1967 January 21; 1(7482): 127-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4163310&dopt=Abstract
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Urinary excretion of free noradrenaline and adrenaline in trained and untrained men. Author(s): Davies B, Massey BH, Lohman TG, Williams BT. Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine. 1977 June; 11(2): 94-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=884438&dopt=Abstract
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Urinary excretion of free noradrenaline and adrenaline related to age, sex and hypertension in 265 individuals. Author(s): Lehmann M, Keul J. Source: European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology. 1986; 55(1): 14-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3698984&dopt=Abstract
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Urinary output of adrenaline and noradrenaline during anaesthesia and surgery: preliminary study. Author(s): Ozdil T, Powell WF. Source: Can Anaesth Soc J. 1966 January; 13(1): 48-51. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5916350&dopt=Abstract
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Use of adrenaline and atropine in neonatal resuscitation. Author(s): Sims DG, Heal CA, Bartle SM. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition. 1994 January; 70(1): F3-9; Discussion F9-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8117124&dopt=Abstract
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Use of adrenaline and bupivacaine to reduce bleeding and pain following harvesting of bone graft. Author(s): Cheeseman GA, Chojnowski A. Source: Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 2003 July; 85(4): 284. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12908475&dopt=Abstract
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Use of adrenaline by junior doctors. Author(s): Gandhi JS. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2002 December; 78(926): 763; Author Reply 763. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12509704&dopt=Abstract
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Use of adrenaline in obstetric analgesia. Author(s): Holdcroft A. Source: Anaesthesia. 1992 November; 47(11): 987-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1466445&dopt=Abstract
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Use of guanethidine 5% and adrenaline 1% in the treatment of severe open angle glaucoma. Author(s): Romano J. Source: Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K. 1977 April; 97(1): 196-201. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=339413&dopt=Abstract
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Use of nebulised adrenaline in tracheal compression. Author(s): Dearlove OR, Barrie J. Source: Br J Hosp Med. 1995 February 15-28; 53(4): 179. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7735673&dopt=Abstract
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Use of nebulized adrenaline to aid expulsion of intra-nasal foreign bodies in children. Author(s): Douglas AR. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1996 June; 110(6): 559-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8763378&dopt=Abstract
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Uteroplacental and fetal circulation during extradural bupivacaine-adrenaline and bupivacaine for caesarean section in hypertensive pregnancies with chronic fetal asphyxia. Author(s): Alahuhta S, Rasanen J, Jouppila P, Jouppila R, Hollmen AI. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1993 September; 71(3): 348-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8398513&dopt=Abstract
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Vascular alpha-adrenoceptors in man: interactions with adrenaline and noradrenaline. Author(s): van Brummelen P, Jie K, Vermey P, Timmermans PB, van Zwieten PA. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 1985; 68 Suppl 10: 151S-153S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2982538&dopt=Abstract
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Vasoconstrictor effects of adrenaline in human septic shock. Author(s): Lipman J, Roux A, Kraus P. Source: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 1991 February; 19(1): 61-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2012297&dopt=Abstract
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Venous plasma adrenaline response to orthostatic syncope during tilting in healthy men. Author(s): Tatar P, Bulas J, Kvetnansky R, Strec V. Source: Clinical Physiology (Oxford, England). 1986 June; 6(3): 303-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3087688&dopt=Abstract
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Ventricular arrhythmias and adrenaline infiltration during gynaecological surgery. Author(s): Cunningham AJ. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1985 September; 57(9): 936-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4027114&dopt=Abstract
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Verification of the biphasic response in intraocular pressure during treatment of glaucoma patients with 3% guanethidine and 0.5% adrenaline. Author(s): Hoyng PF. Source: Documenta Ophthalmologica. Advances in Ophthalmology. 1981 March 31; 51(1-2): 161-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7249915&dopt=Abstract
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Water immersion induced alterations of plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline levels in patients with endstage renal failure (CRF) and in healthy persons. Author(s): Zukowska-Szczechowska E, Wocial B, Grzeszczak W, Kokot F. Source: Mater Med Pol. 1989 July-September; 21(3): 160-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2491265&dopt=Abstract
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What's in a name? Henry Dale and adrenaline, 1906. Author(s): Tansey EM. Source: Medical History. 1995 October; 39(4): 459-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8558993&dopt=Abstract
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Whole body and regional clearances of noradrenaline and adrenaline in man. Author(s): Christensen NJ, Galbo H, Gjerris A, Henriksen JH, Hilsted J, Kjaer M, RingLarsen H. Source: Acta Physiologica Scandinavica. Supplementum. 1984; 527: 17-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6589946&dopt=Abstract
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Withdrawal of the Medihaler-epi/Adrenaline Medihaler: comments of the Subcommittee on Insect Venom Allergy of the EAACI. Author(s): Muller UR, Bonifazi F, Przybilla B, Youlten L, Mosbech H, Fernandez Sanchez J, Vervloet D. Source: Allergy. 1998 June; 53(6): 619-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9689345&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ADRENALINE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and adrenaline.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Adrenaline The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “adrenaline” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
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Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “adrenaline” (or a synonym): ·
Adrenaline depolarization in paravertebral sympathetic neurones of bullfrogs. Author(s): Department of Physiology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Japan. Source: Akasu, T Pflugers-Arch. 1988 January; 411(1): 80-7 0031-6768
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Adrenaline hypothesis: effect of formoterol on noradrenaline release. Author(s): Catecholamines Biology Research Laboratory, INSERM - Broussais Faculty of Medicine, 15 rue de l'Ecole de Medecine, 75006 Paris, France. Source: Maignan, E Advenier, C Safar, M Cuche, J L J-Auton-Pharmacol. 2001 OctDecember; 21(5-6): 237-42 0144-1795
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Adrenaline inhibits muscarinic transmission in bullfrog sympathetic ganglia. Author(s): Department of Physiology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Japan. Source: Akasu, T Pflugers-Arch. 1989 April; 413(6): 616-21 0031-6768
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Adrenaline released as a cotransmitter does not enhance stimulation-evoked 3Hnoradrenaline release from rabbit isolated aorta. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Odense University, Denmark. Source: Abrahamsen, J Nedergaard, O A J-Auton-Pharmacol. 1989 October; 9(5): 337-46 0144-1795
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Adrenaline stimulates thromboxane and inhibits leukotriene synthesis in man. Author(s): Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Tampere, Finland. Source: Alanko, J Riutta, A Mucha, I Kerttula, T Kaukinen, S Vapaatalo, H Metsa Ketela, T Seppala, E Eicosanoids. 1992; 5(3-4): 169-75 0934-9820
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Aminophylline activation of adrenaline mediated transmembrane K transfer in hyperkalemic dogs. Author(s): Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048. Source: Hiatt, N Hiatt, J Biomed-Biochim-Acta. 1990; 49(5): 363-7 0232-766X
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Cardiovascular safety of cocaine anaesthesia in the presence of adrenaline during septal surgery. Author(s): Otolaryngology Department, Medicine School, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey. Source: Kara, C O Kaftan, A Atalay, H Pinar, H S Ogmen, G J-Otolaryngol. 2001 June; 30(3): 145-8 0381-6605
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Changes in plasma angiotensin-converting enzyme activity and noradrenaline responses to long-term nitric oxide inhibition vary depending on their basal values in chickens. Author(s): Firat University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Elazig, Turkey. Source: Aksulu, H E Bingol, I Karatas, F Sagmanligil, H Ustundag, B Physiol-Res. 2000; 49(1): 175-82 0862-8408
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Chronic naltrexone suppresses platelet aggregation induced by adrenaline and 5hydroxytryptamine in former heroin addicts. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Basque Country, Leioa. Source: Garcia Sevilla, J A Ulibarri, I Giralt, M T Areso, P Oliveros, R G Gutierrez, M JNeural-Transm. 1988; 73(2): 157-60 0300-9564
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Cocaine and adrenaline: a safe or necessary combination in the nose? A study to determine the effect of adrenaline on the absorption and adverse side effects of cocaine. Author(s): Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear Hospital, London, UK. Source: Pfleiderer, A G Brockbank, M Clin-Otolaryngol. 1988 December; 13(6): 421-6 0307-7772
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Comparative evaluation of pilocarpine 2% and combined guanethidine 1% & adrenaline 0.5% in the treatment of chronic simple glaucoma. Source: Mehrotra, A N Jain, B S Anand, G S Indian-J-Ophthalmol. 1987 May-June; 35(3): 146-8 0301-4738
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Cooperative homotropic interaction of L-noradrenaline with the catalytic site of phenylalanine 4-monooxygenase. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry, University of Bergen, Norway. Source: Martinez, A Haavik, J Flatmark, T Eur-J-Biochem. 1990 October 5; 193(1): 211-9 0014-2956
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Decreased cyclic AMP accumulation in lymphocytes in response to adrenaline and prostacyclin after n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in man. Author(s): Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland. Source: Laustiola, K E Eur-J-Clin-Pharmacol. 1989; 37(2): 195-7 0031-6970
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Differential secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline in response to various secretagogues from bovine chromaffin cells. Author(s): Department of Dental Pharmacology, Nippon Dental University School of Dentistry at Niigata, Japan.
[email protected] Source: Kuwashima, H Matsumura, C Kimura, T Clin-Exp-Pharmacol-Physiol. 2000 July; 27(7): 494-9 0305-1870
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Effect of adrenaline and glucocorticoids on monocyte cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase (PDE4) in a monocytic cell line. Author(s): Unidad de Cartografia Cerebral, Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Juan XXIII no. 1, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
[email protected] Source: Delgado, M Fernandez Alfonso, M S Fuentes, A Arch-Dermatol-Res. 2002 July; 294(4): 190-7 0340-3696
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Effect of insulin and carbenoxolone on adrenaline stimulated lipolysis in human lipoma. Author(s): Departamento de Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Universidad de Granada, Spain. Source: Gomez Capilla, J A Amaya, F Lopez Cantarero, M Fernandez Fernandez, J M Horm-Metab-Res. 1990 October; 22(10): 551-2 0018-5043
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Effects of adrenaline and tolbutamide on insulin secretion in INS-1 cells under voltage control. Author(s): Physiologisches Institut, Universitat Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. Source: Kampermann, J Herbst, M Ullrich, S Cell-Physiol-Biochem. 2000; 10(1-2): 81-90 1015-8987
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Effects of alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors on basal and adrenaline mediated insulin secretion in rats. Author(s): Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava. Source: Langer, P Endocrinol-Expage 1987 December; 21(4): 285-90 0013-7200
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Effects of depleting central and peripheral adrenaline stores on blood pressure in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Author(s): CSIRO Division of Human Nutrition, Adelaide, SA, Australia. Source: Rogers, P F Head, G A Lungershausen, Y K Howe, P R J-Auton-Nerv-Syst. 1991 June 1; 34(1): 9-16 0165-1838
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Effects of D-lysergic acid diethylamine on serotonin, adrenaline and dopamine evoked aorta contractions. Author(s): Institute of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, University of Rome, La Sapienza, Italy. Source: Silvestrini, B Palmery, M Severini, C Pharmacol-Res-Commun. 1988 May; 20(5): 435-6 0031-6989
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Effects of glucagon, glucose, adrenaline and insulin infusion on blood glucose level in the common African toad (bufo regularis). Author(s): Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Source: Oyebola, D D Ariwodola, J O Alada, A R Afr-J-Med-Med-Sci. 1998 Mar-June; 27(1-2): 89-94 0309-3913
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Effects of graded insulin infusions on plasma levels of free fatty acids, adrenaline and noradrenaline directly after open heart surgery. Source: Nilsson, F N Berglin, E E Ekroth, R Holm, G Milocco, I Mjos, O D Waldenstrom, A William Olsson, G E Thorac-Cardiovasc-Surg. 1987 April; 35(2): 96-100 0171-6425
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Force frequency relation in the myocardium of rainbow trout. Effects of K+ and adrenaline. Author(s): Department of Zoophysiology, Aarhus University, Denmark. Source: Hove Madsen, L Gesser, H J-Comp-Physiol-[B]. 1989; 159(1): 61-9 0174-1578
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Getting the adrenaline going: crystal structure of the adrenaline-synthesizing enzyme PNMT. Author(s): Centre for Drug Design and Development and Special Research Centre for Functional and Applied Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
[email protected] Source: Martin, J L Begun, J McLeish, M J Caine, J M Grunewald, G L Structure-(Camb). 2001 October; 9(10): 977-85 0969-2126
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High urinary excretion of adrenaline in insulin dependent diabetic subjects. Author(s): Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Modena, Italy. Source: Del Rio, G Marrama, P Della Casa, L Horm-Metab-Res-Suppl. 1992; 26106-8 0170-5903
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Insulin modulates early-phase noradrenaline response to glucose ingestion in humans. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine, National Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan. Source: Koh, H Waki, M Nambu, S Horm-Metab-Res. 1988 May; 20(5): 282-7 0018-5043
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Insulin modulation of chronotropic response to Adrenaline in diabetic dogs. Author(s): Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California. Source: Hiatt, N Hiatt, J R Horm-Metab-Res. 1992 November; 24(11): 501-3 0018-5043
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Interactions of adrenaline and magnesium on the cardiovascular system of the baboon. Author(s): Department of Anaesthesia, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. Source: James, M F Cork, R C Harlen, G M White, J F Magnesium. 1988; 7(1): 37-43 02521156
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Isotonic myocardial segment dynamics during barium contracture as a useful index of the cross-bridge kinetics: effect of adrenaline. Author(s): Department of Physiology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan. Source: Saeki, Y Front-Med-Biol-Eng. 1990; 2(3): 195-9 0921-3775
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Modulation of rat C-reactive protein serum level by dexamethasone and adrenaline-comparison with the response of alpha 2-acute phase globulin. Author(s): Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Humboldt-University, Berlin, GDR. Source: Schade, R Gohler, K Burger, W Hirschelmann, R Agents-Actions. 1987 December; 22(3-4): 280-7 0065-4299
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Nerve impulse-induced release of endogenous noradrenaline and adrenaline from the perfused cod spleen. Author(s): Department of Zoophysiology, University of Goteborg, Sweden. Source: Ehrenstrom, F Ungell, A L J-Comp-Physiol-[B]. 1990; 160(4): 401-6 0174-1578
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Neuropeptide Y increases the inhibitory effects of clonidine on potassium evoked 3H-noradrenaline but not 3H-5-hydroxytryptamine release from synaptosomes of the hypothalamus and the frontoparietal cortex of the male Sprague-Dawley rat. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy. Source: Martire, M Fuxe, K Pistritto, G Preziosi, P Agnati, L F J-Neural-Transm-GenSect. 1989; 78(1): 61-72 0300-9564
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Oxidation of adrenaline and its derivatives by S-nitrosoglutathione. Author(s): Centro di Studio delle Biomembrane and Dipartmento di Chimica Biologica, Universita di Padova, Padova, Italy. Source: Rigobello, M P Scutari, G Boscolo, R Bindoli, A Nitric-Oxide. 2001 February; 5(1): 39-46 1089-8603
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Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide and vasoactive intestinal peptidestimulated cyclic AMP synthesis in rat cerebral cortical slices: interaction with noradrenaline, adrenaline, and forskolin. Author(s): Department of Biogenic Amines, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz.
[email protected] Source: Nowak, J Z Kuba, K J-Mol-Neurosci. 2002 Feb-April; 18(1-2): 47-52 0895-8696
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Preventive effect of trifluoperazine on atherosclerosis induced by cholesterol & adrenaline in rabbits. Source: Mohindroo, A Kukreja, R S Kaul, D Indian-J-Med-Res. 1989 June; 90215-9 09715916
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Responses of potassium-depolarized rat tail arteries to adrenaline and serotonin. Source: Polidoro, J H Savino, E A Arch-Int-Pharmacodyn-Ther. 1987 April; 286(2): 20611 0003-9780
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Roles of the AMP-activated and cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinases in the adrenaline-induced inactivation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase in rat adipocytes. Author(s): Biochemistry Department, The University, Dundee, Scotland.
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Source: Haystead, T A Moore, F Cohen, P Hardie, D G Eur-J-Biochem. 1990 January 12; 187(1): 199-205 0014-2956 ·
Safe and effective use of tetracaine, adrenaline, and cocaine (TAC) solution anesthetic for anesthetizing of lacerations. Source: Engebo, D A J-Emerg-Nurs. 1990 Mar-April; 16(2): 100-2 0099-1767
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Selective peripheral regulation of noradrenaline and adrenaline release by nitric oxide. Author(s): UCSD Medical Center, San Diego, California 92103-8341, USA. Source: Elayan, H H Kennedy, B P Ziegler, M G Clin-Exp-Pharmacol-Physiol. 2002 July; 29(7): 589-94 0305-1870
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The activation of Ca(2+)-dependent K+ conductance by adrenaline in mouse peritoneal macrophages. Author(s): Department of Physiology, Shimane Medical University, Izumo, Japan. Source: Hara, N Ichinose, M Sawada, M Maeno, T Pflugers-Arch. 1991 October; 419(3-4): 371-9 0031-6768
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The effects of formulation and addition of adrenaline to cocaine for haemostasis in intranasal surgery. Source: Lips, F J O'Reilly, J Close, D Beaumont, G D Clapham, M Anaesth-IntensiveCare. 1987 May; 15(2): 141-6 0310-057X
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: ·
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: ·
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMDÒHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
The following is a specific Web list relating to adrenaline; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: ·
Food and Diet Hypertension Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ADRENALINE Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to adrenaline. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to adrenaline and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “adrenaline” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to adrenaline: ·
Activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases by endothelin and noradrenaline in small arteries, regulation by calcium influx and tyrosine kinases, and their role in contraction. Author(s): Ohanian J, Cunliffe P, Ceppi E, Alder A, Heerkens E, Ohanian V. Source: Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2001 December; 21(12): 1921-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11742865&dopt=Abstract
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Activation of voltage-independent Ca2+ entry by noradrenaline involves cGMP in vascular myocytes. Author(s): Gregoire G, Pacaud P, Loirand G. Source: Cell Calcium. 1995 December; 18(6): 505-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8746949&dopt=Abstract
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Allyl-containing sulfides in garlic increase uncoupling protein content in brown adipose tissue, and noradrenaline and adrenaline secretion in rats. Author(s): Oi Y, Kawada T, Shishido C, Wada K, Kominato Y, Nishimura S, Ariga T, Iwai K. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1999 February; 129(2): 336-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10024610&dopt=Abstract
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Alpha 1 B, but not alpha 1A, adrenoreceptor activates calcium influx through the stimulation of a tyrosine kinase/phosphotyrosine phosphatase pathway, following noradrenaline-induced emptying of IP3 sensitive calcium stores, in PC Cl3 rat thyroid cell line. Author(s): Meucci O, Scorziello A, Avallone A, Florio T, D'Alto V, Fattore M, Schettini G. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1995 April 17; 209(2): 630-8. Erratum In: Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995 May 25; 210(3): 1083. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7537494&dopt=Abstract
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Bradykinin B2-receptor-mediated stimulation of exocytotic noradrenaline release from cardiac sympathetic neurons. Author(s): Kurz T, Tolg R, Richardt G. Source: Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology. 1997 September; 29(9): 2561-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9299378&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of signalling mechanisms involved in rat mesenteric microvessel contraction by noradrenaline and sphingosylphosphorylcholine. Author(s): Altmann C, Steenpass V, Czyborra P, Hein P, Michel MC. Source: British Journal of Pharmacology. 2003 January; 138(1): 261-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12522098&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of transarterial and multiple nerve stimulation techniques for axillary block using a high dose of mepivacaine with adrenaline. Author(s): Koscielniak-Nielsen ZJ, Nielsen PR, Nielsen SL, Gardi T, Hermann C. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1999 April; 43(4): 398-404. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10225072&dopt=Abstract
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Different effects on [3H]noradrenaline uptake of the Aconitum alkaloids aconitine, 3acetylaconitine, lappaconitine, and N-desacetyllappaconitine in rat hippocampus. Author(s): Seitz U, Ameri A. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 1998 March 15; 55(6): 883-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9586961&dopt=Abstract
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Dopamine and noradrenaline efflux in the rat prefrontal cortex after classical aversive conditioning to an auditory cue. Author(s): Feenstra MG, Vogel M, Botterblom MH, Joosten RN, de Bruin JP.
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Source: The European Journal of Neuroscience. 2001 March; 13(5): 1051-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11264679&dopt=Abstract ·
Effects of Hypericum perforatum on levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine, noradrenaline and dopamine in the cortex, diencephalon and brainstem of the rat. Author(s): Calapai G, Crupi A, Firenzuoli F, Costantino G, Inferrera G, Campo GM, Caputi AP. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 1999 June; 51(6): 723-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10454050&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of noradrenaline on frequency tuning of auditory cortex neurons during wakefulness and slow-wave sleep. Author(s): Manunta Y, Edeline JM. Source: The European Journal of Neuroscience. 1999 June; 11(6): 2134-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10336682&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of noradrenaline on rate-level function of auditory cortex neurons: is there a “gating” effect of noradrenaline? Author(s): Manunta Y, Edeline JM. Source: Experimental Brain Research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Experimentation Cerebrale. 1998 February; 118(3): 361-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9497143&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of tetrandrine on cardiac noradrenaline release evoked by electrical stimulation. Author(s): Feng Y, Huang K, Zhang Y, Wang M. Source: J Tongji Med Univ. 1996; 16(2): 103-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9275703&dopt=Abstract
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Eicosapentaenoic acid stimulates nitric oxide production and decreases cardiac noradrenaline in diabetic rats. Author(s): Nishimura M, Nanbu A, Komori T, Ohtsuka K, Takahashi H, Yoshimura M. Source: Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology. 2000 August; 27(8): 61824. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10901392&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibition of adrenaline-induced lipolysis by ginseng polypeptide and its modified peptides. Author(s): Kajiwara H, Aso H, Okubo A, Yamazaki S. Source: Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 1998 October; 62(10): 2065-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9836446&dopt=Abstract
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Involvement of cyclic AMP-mediated pathway in neural release of noradrenaline in canine isolated mesenteric artery and vein. Author(s): Mutafova-Yambolieva VN, Smyth L, Bobalova J. Source: Cardiovascular Research. 2003 January; 57(1): 217-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12504831&dopt=Abstract
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Involvement of monoamine oxidase and noradrenaline uptake in the positive chronotropic effects of apigenin in rat atria. Author(s): Lorenzo PS, Rubio MC, Medina JH, Adler-Graschinsky E. Source: European Journal of Pharmacology. 1996 September 26; 312(2): 203-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8894597&dopt=Abstract
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Microtubules and microfilaments participate in the inhibition of synaptosomal noradrenaline release by tetanus toxin. Author(s): Ashton AC, Dolly JO. Source: Journal of Neurochemistry. 1997 February; 68(2): 649-58. Erratum In: J Neurochem 1997 May; 68(5): 2225. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9003052&dopt=Abstract
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Modulation of noradrenaline-induced microvascular constriction by protein kinase inhibitors. Author(s): Fetscher C, Chen H, Schafers RF, Wambach G, Heusch G, Michel MC. Source: Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology. 2001 January; 363(1): 57-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11191837&dopt=Abstract
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Noradrenaline, but not neuropeptide Y, is elevated in cerebrospinal fluid from the third cerebral ventricle following audiovisual stress in gonadectomised rams and ewes. Author(s): Turner AI, Rivalland ET, Clarke IJ, Lambert GW, Morris MJ, Tilbrook AJ. Source: Neuroendocrinology. 2002 December; 76(6): 373-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12566945&dopt=Abstract
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Paring down on Descartes: a review of brain noradrenaline and sympathetic nervous function. Author(s): Lambert GW. Source: Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology. 2001 December; 28(12): 979-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11903297&dopt=Abstract
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Phospholipase D-induced phosphatidate production in intact small arteries during noradrenaline stimulation: involvement of both G-protein and tyrosinephosphorylation-linked pathways. Author(s): Ward DT, Ohanian J, Heagerty AM, Ohanian V.
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Source: The Biochemical Journal. 1995 April 15; 307 ( Pt 2): 451-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7733882&dopt=Abstract ·
Profiles of the response to noradrenaline in the whole and bisected rat vas deferens. Author(s): Boselli C, Bianchi L, Grana E. Source: Journal of Autonomic Pharmacology. 1997 April; 17(2): 97-107. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9234080&dopt=Abstract
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Retrobulbar anesthesia with and without adrenaline in extracapsular cataract surgery. A prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Author(s): Krohn J, Hovding G, Seland JH, Aasved H. Source: Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica. 1995 February; 73(1): 56-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7627761&dopt=Abstract
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Source(s) of activator calcium for noradrenaline-induced vasoconstriction in the perfused rabbit isolated ovarian vascular bed: a role for tyrosine kinase. Author(s): Yousif MH, Williams KI, Oriowo MA. Source: General Pharmacology. 1999 May; 32(5): 563-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10382858&dopt=Abstract
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Stimulatory effect of paeoniflorin on the release of noradrenaline from ileal synaptosomes of guinea-pig in-vitro. Author(s): Liu TP, Liu M, Tsai CC, Lai TY, Hsu FL, Cheng JT. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2002 May; 54(5): 681-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12005363&dopt=Abstract
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Stimulatory effect of trans-cinnamaldehyde on noradrenaline secretion in guinea-pig ileum myenteric nerve terminals. Author(s): Cheng JT, Liu IM, Huang WC, Kou DH. Source: Life Sciences. 2000; 66(11): 981-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10724445&dopt=Abstract
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The adrenaline rush: nursing students' experiences with the Northern Ireland Ambulance Service. Author(s): Melby V. Source: Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2001 June; 34(6): 727-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11422542&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of adrenaline and Walker-256 tumour-induced cachexia upon Kupffer cell metabolism. Author(s): Seelaender MC, Kazantzis M, Costa Rosa LF.
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Source: Cell Biochemistry and Function. 1999 September; 17(3): 151-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10451535&dopt=Abstract ·
The effect of cytochalasin D and colcemid on noradrenaline release in the human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y. Author(s): Danks K, Walker JH, Vaughan PF. Source: Biochemical Society Transactions. 1998 May; 26(2): S111. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9649786&dopt=Abstract
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Toosendanin facilitates [3H]noradrenaline release from rat hippocampal slices. Author(s): Hua-Yu H, Cheng-Wen Z, Yu-Liang S. Source: Natural Toxins. 1996; 4(2): 92-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8726329&dopt=Abstract
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Vitamin C supplementation attenuates the increases in circulating cortisol, adrenaline and anti-inflammatory polypeptides following ultramarathon running. Author(s): Peters EM, Anderson R, Nieman DC, Fickl H, Jogessar V. Source: International Journal of Sports Medicine. 2001 October; 22(7): 537-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11590482&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: ·
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.comÒ: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMDÒHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
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The following is a specific Web list relating to adrenaline; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: ·
General Overview Asthma Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Food Allergy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Alternative Therapy Shiatsu Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,733,00.html
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Herbs and Supplements Adrenal Extract Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Astragalus Mem Alternative names: Huang-Qi; Astragalus membranaceus Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Curcuma Alternative names: Turmeric; Curcuma longa L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Eleuthero Alternative names: Siberian Ginseng, Eleuthero; Acanthopanax/Eleutherococcus senticosus Rupr. & Maxim. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Ephedra Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Ephedra (ma Huang) Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,777,00.html Ephedrine and Pseudoephedrine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Epinephrine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Eriodictyon Yerbasanta Alternative names: Yerba Santa; Eriodictyon californicum Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Eugenia Clove Alternative names: Cloves; Eugenia sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Glycyrrhiza1 Alternative names: Licorice; Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Gymnema Alternative names: Gymnema sylvestre Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Piper Alternative names: Kava; Piper methysticum Forst.f Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org St. John’s Wort Alternative names: Hypericum perforatum Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tanacetum Alternative names: Feverfew; Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz-Bip. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Theophylline/aminophylline Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Thymus Alternative names: Thyme; Thymus vulgaris Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Zingiber Alternative names: Ginger; Zingiber officinale Roscoe Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON ADRENALINE Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to adrenaline. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “adrenaline” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on adrenaline, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Adrenaline ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to adrenaline. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: ·
Examination of the Adrenaline Induced Hyperpolarization in the Postganglionic Neurones of Amphibian Sympathetic Ganglia by Rafuse, Paul Edward; Phd from University of Alberta (canada), 1985 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL22898
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On the Localization of Cyclopropane-adrenaline Cardiac Arrhythmias by Sasyniuk, Betty Irene; Advdeg from The University of Manitoba (canada), 1968 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK03308
Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON ADRENALINE Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “adrenaline” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on adrenaline, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Adrenaline By performing a patent search focusing on adrenaline, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 8Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on adrenaline: ·
Antihypertensive 4-(2-imidazolin-2-yl-amino)-2-methyl-indazole Inventor(s): Geissmann; Felix (Zofingen, CH), Thiele; Kurt (Zofingen, CH), Jahn; Ulrich (Zofingen, CH), Molnar; Istvan (Zofingen, CH) Assignee(s): Siegfried Aktiengesselschaft (Zofingen, CH) Patent Number: 4,526,898 Date filed: September 7, 1983 Abstract: 4-(2-Imidazolin-2-yl-amino)-2-methyl-indazole is a highly selective and effective.alpha.sub.2 -antagonist,.alpha.sub.1 -partial agonist and.alpha.sub.1s -agonist and displays anti-hypertensive activity and antagonistic activity on adrenaline and noradrenaline. It is useful as an.alpha.-adrenoceptor influencing and as an antihypertensively active drug. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a 2H-indazole derivative, more precisely to a 2-methyl-indazole derivative. Clonidine (INN for 2-((2,6-dichloro-phenyl)-imino)imidazolidine) and Phenoxybenzamine (INN for N-benzyl-N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-(1methyl-2-phenoxy-ethyl)-amine) rank amongst the most valuable anti-hypertensives. Both are in use as drugs. Nevertheless, both have significant drawbacks, especially as to side-effects and contra-indications. Clonidine is an.alpha.sub.2 -agonist, i.e. it has stimulating agonist activity on the prejunctional.alpha.sub.2 -adrenoceptors, especially those in the medulla oblongata. Clonidine thus penetrates the blood-brain barrier for central anti-hypertensive action. Phenoxybenzamine in contrast is an.alpha.sub.2 adrenoceptor antagonist at higher concentration and a very effective.alpha.sub.1 adrenoceptor blocker already at lower concentration. Nevertheless, phenoxybenzamine, too, readily penetrates the blood-brain barrier. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04526898__
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Asthma medication pouch Inventor(s): Martinelli; Vincent (255-29 75 Ave., Glen Oaks, NY 11004) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,779,122 Date filed: May 5, 1997 Abstract: An asthma medication pouch that is adaptable to be replaceably attachable to one of a belt, clothing, and an ankle of an asthma patient, and carries asthma medications for the asthma patient. The asthma medication pouch includes a primary pouch for carrying at least one spray inhaler for the asthma patient, an elastic band that is disposed on the primary pouch for carrying an intramuscular injection of adrenaline for the asthma patient, attaching apparatus for attaching the asthma medication pouch to one of the belt, the clothing, and the ankle, and a secondary pouch that is disposed on the primary pouch for carrying asthma pills for the asthma patient. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a pouch. More particularly, the present invention relates to an asthma medication pouch. When avid runners and cyclists who have asthma compete in races, they must always have their spray inhalers and
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medication ready for instant use to help restore breathing and provide relief during an asthma attack. People with asthma attest to its uncomfortable, painful, and debilitating symptoms. Asthma is one of the top five causes of death in the United States. While working or running, the inhaler is kept in a sock or stuck in a waistband. This causes it to get dusty and sweaty, and therefore rendering it ineffective when sprayed in the mouth. Keeping the inhaler in the pocket is cumbersome at best. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05779122__ ·
Method and composition for enabling passage through the blood-brain-barrier Inventor(s): Friedman; Alon (M. Post HaNeguev, IL), Siedman; Shlomo (Neve Daniel, IL), Kaufer; Daniela (Mevasseret Zion, IL), Soreq; Hermona (Jerusalem, IL) Assignee(s): Yissum Research Development Company (Jerusalem, IL) Patent Number: 6,258,780 Date filed: November 20, 1997 Abstract: A pharmaceutical composition for facilitating passage of compounds through the blood-brain barrier comprising the agent ACHE-I4 readthrough (SEQ ID No:1) splice variant or the I4 peptide (SEQ ID No:2) and analogues of each thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is disclosed. Alternatively, the pharmaceutical composition for facilitating passage of compounds through the blood-brain barrier can comprise the agents adrenaline, atropine, dopamine and/or an adrenergic combination and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The composition can comprise at least two of the agents. The composition of the present invention can optionally include the compound to be transported across the blood-brain barrier. Alternatively, the compound can be co-administered (simultaneously) with the composition or can be administered at some point during the biologically effective period of the action of the composition. The present invention provides a method for administering a compound to the CNS of an animal by subjecting the animal to a stress-mimicking agent or treatment. This agent or treatment facilitates disruption of the blood-brain barrier. During the period that the BBB is opened or disrupted a compound can be administer such that the compound is enabled to passage through the disrupted BBB into the CNS. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method and composition for transporting compounds including pharmaceutical compositions across the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB). The Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) maintains a homeostatic environment in the central nervous system (CNS). The capillaries that supply the blood to the brain have tight junctions which block passage of most molecules through the capillary endothelial membranes. While the membranes do allow passage of lipid soluble materials, such as heroin and other psychoactive drugs, water soluble materials such as glucose, proteins and amino acids do not pass through the BBB. Mediated transport mechanisms exist to transport glucose and essential amino acids across the BBB. Active transport mechanisms remove molecules which become in excess, such as potassium, from the brain. For a general review see Goldstein and Betz, 1986 and Betz et al, 1994, incorporated herein in their entirety by reference. The BBB was initially observed by Ehrlich when he observed what he termed "lower affinity" of vital dyes for the brain than other tissue. Goldmann in 1913 however, determined the actual presence of a barrier by showing that the vital dye trypan blue when injected directly into the brain stained the brain but did not leave the CNS. These early experiments by Golmann and others established that the CNS is separated from the bloodstream by blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barriers.
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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06258780__ ·
Method of controlling the reactivity of human blood platelets by oral administration of the extract of the maritime pine (pycnogenol) Inventor(s): Rohdewald; Peter (Schulze-Isforstr. 4, D-48341 Altenberge, DE) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,720,956 Date filed: April 10, 1996 Abstract: A method of inhibiting platelet aggregation with an agent which is able to normalize and enhance platelet reactivity without adversely affecting the bleeding time. The method additionally prevents adrenaline-induced platelet aggregation. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of controlling human blood platelets reactivity. Platelet aggregation is a major contributing factor to a great variety of cardiovascular diseases. In the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis, besides lesions of the endothelium, the activation of platelet aggregation leading to the adhesion of platelet aggregates to the vascular wall is one of the first steps in thrombus formation. Consequently, inhibition of platelet aggregation is applied in stroke prophylaxis. Therefore, acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), a well-known inhibitor of platelet aggregation has been successfully tested in clinical trials for the prevention of arterio-thrombotic, cerebral or myocardial infarction. ASA was found to reduce the number of infarctions in volunteers and in high-risk patients, too. In a subpopulation of patients platelet aggregation could not be prevented by ASA. One reason for the lack of the antithrombotic effect of ASA in those patients might be the fact that adrenaline is able to induce platelet aggregation even in presence of ASA. Since adrenaline is produced under stress, non-responders to ASA anti-thrombotic prophylaxis may be under greater continuous stress than responders. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05720956__
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Process for preparing adrenaline Inventor(s): Klingler; Franz Dietrich (Griesheim, DE), Wolter; Lienhard (Hochstetten/Dhaun, DE) Assignee(s): Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma KG (Ingelheim, DE) Patent Number: 6,218,575 Date filed: July 26, 2000 Abstract: An improved process for preparing adrenaline, or an addition salt thereof, on an industrial scale, with asymmetric hydrogenation as a key step and a special sequence of successive steps, using [Rh(COD)Cl].sub.2 as catalyst and a chiral, bidentate phosphine ligand such as (2R,4R)-4-(dicyclohexylphosphino)-2(diphenylphosphinomethyl)-N-methylamin ocarbonylpyrrolidine as the catalyst system. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an improved process for preparing adrenaline, or an addition salt thereof, on an industrial scale, with asymmetric hydrogenation as a key step and a special sequence of successive steps, using [Rh(COD)Cl].sub.2 as catalyst and a chiral, bidentate phosphine ligand such as (2R,4R)4-(dicyclohexylphosphino)-2-(diphenylphosphinomethyl)-N-methylamin
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ocarbonylpyrrolidine as the catalyst system. Adrenaline is a hormone and neurotransmitter which belongs to the catecholamines. In the human body, it is formed from tyrosine when the latter is reacted via dihydroxyphenylalanine, dopamine, and noradrenaline, finally producing adrenaline. Adrenaline, being a sympathetic agent, stimulates the adrenergic receptors of the sympathetic nervous system, increasing the pulse rate, cardiac output, and systolic blood pressure, reducing intestinal peristalsis, relaxing the bronchial muscles and dilating the bronchi, dilating the pupils, increasing the basal metabolic rate by promoting O.sub.2 consumption, hyperglycemia and glycosuria by mobilizing the glycogen reserves in the liver and increasing lipolysis, inter alia, thereby increasing the free fatty acids in the blood. Because of its wide range of activities adrenaline is of considerable commercial interest in the treatment of anaphylactic shock, inter alia, or as an addition to local anesthetics. Industrially, adrenaline is usually manufactured by non-stereoselective hydrogenation of 3',4'dihydroxy-2-N-methylaminoacetophenone or a derivative thereof with protected OH functions or amino function and subsequent racemate separation. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06218575__ ·
Process for preparing adrenochrome Inventor(s): Boot; Deryck F. (Knighton, GB2) Assignee(s): Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company (St. Paul, MN) Patent Number: 4,501,923 Date filed: September 13, 1982 Abstract: A process is described for preparing adrenochrome comprising oxidizing adrenaline or a salt thereof with a persulfate in an aqueous medium at a pH in the range 4 to 8 in the presence of one or more water-soluble salts of bismuth. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a process for preparing adrenochrome, and in particular to the preparation of high quality adrenochrome by oxidation of adrenaline. Adrenochrome is an intermediate for adrenochrome monosemicarbazone and adrenochrome monoaminoguanidine known as hemostatics. Adrenochrome has been commercially prepared by oxidizing adrenaline or its salts with potassium ferricyanide in an aqueous medium. This process is uneconomical in view of the large quantities of potassium ferricyanide needed and the ensuing effluent disposal problems, together with variability in product quality. It is reported in the literature that persulfates can be employed as the oxidizing agent. The use of the persulfates is advantageous since the problems associated with the use of potassium ferricyanide are precluded and they are significantly cheaper than potassium ferricyanide. However, the oxidation process with persulfates is slow so that long reaction periods are required for complete reaction. This is disadvantageous in operation efficiency of a process. Also, this results in lowering of yields of adrenochrome since the produced adrenochrome may be further oxidized to decompose to black by-products during the reaction. Accordingly, oxidation with persulfates is not practical for the commercial manufacture of adrenochrome. British Patent Specification No. 1,519,756 discloses a process for preparing adrenochrome by oxidizing adrenaline or a salt thereof with a persulfate in the presence of a water-soluble salt of copper, zinc, nickel or cobalt. The presence of these catalysts provides a high reaction rate and a good yield of high quality adrenochrome. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04501923__
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Topical anesthetic Inventor(s): Brogan; Gerald (8 Beardsley La., Huntington, NY 11743), Karen; Joel (140 Round Swamp Rd., Huntington, NY 11743), Malerba; Richard (11 Beecher St., Coram, NY 11727) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,620,852 Date filed: December 17, 2001 Abstract: The present invention is directed to an improved flowable anesthetic composition that does not need to be applied by an applicator. The anesthetic composition of the present invention may be applied by dripping or spraying the composition onto a wound or other injured area. The composition of the anesthetic includes one or more anesthetics, and a base comprising a surgical lubricant. If desired, the composition may also include one or more vasoconstrictors. The vasoconstrictor is preferably an adrenaline based compound and more preferably epinephrine. The surgical lubricant is preferably water soluble. The anesthetics may include any of the well-known anesthetics such as lidocaine, pontocaine, tetracaine, bupivicaine, procaine and others. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to improvements in topical anesthetics and in particular topical anesthetics that may be applied by dripping into a wound or other area without the pressure of an applicator on the wound surface. Many, if not most ailments of the body cause pain or discomfort in some degree. Generally pain is experienced when the free nerve endings which constitute the pain receptors in the skin as well as in certain internal tissues are subjected to mechanical, thermal or chemical stimuli. The pain receptors transmit signals along afferent neurons into the central nervous system and thence to the brain. The causes of pain can include inflammation, injury, disease, muscle spasm and the onset of a neuropathic event or syndrome. Ineffectively treated pain can be devastating to the person experiencing it by limiting function, reducing mobility, complicating sleep, and dramatically interfering with the quality of life. Inflammatory pain can occur when tissue is damaged, as can result from surgery or due to an adverse physical, chemical or thermal event or to infection by a biologic agent. Although inflammatory pain is generally reversible and subsides when the injured tissue has been repaired or the pain inducing stimulus removed, present methods for treating inflammatory pain have many drawbacks and deficiencies. Neuropathic pain is a persistent or chronic pain syndrome that can result from damage to the nervous system, the peripheral nerves, the dorsal root ganglion or dorsal root, or to the central nervous system. Neuropathic pain syndromes include allodynia, various neuralgias such as post herpetic neuralgia and trigeminal neuralgia, phantom pain, and complex regional pain syndromes, such as reflex sympathetic dystrophy and causalgia. Causalgia is characterized by spontaneous burning pain combined with hyperalgesia and allodynia. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06620852__
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Topical anesthetic comprising lidocaine, adrenaline, and tetracaine, and its method of use Inventor(s): Ernst; Amy A. (26 Maryland Dr., New Orleans, LA 70124) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,942,543 Date filed: December 16, 1996 Abstract: A topical anesthetic includes about 1-10% by weight lidocaine hydrochloride, about 0.01-0.10% by weight adrenaline, and about 0.25-4% by weight tetracaine hydrochloride, preferably in an aqueous base with about 2% benzyl alcohol or in a gel including about 3% hydroxyethyl cellulose. The topical anesthetic has been found to be at least as effective as TAC (tetracaine hydrochloride, adrenaline, cocaine), but with fewer harmful side effects and at a greatly reduced cost (about 1/10 of the cost of TAC). Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to topical anesthetics. More particularly, the present invention relates to topical anesthetics for lacerations. There has been a long-felt need for a topical anesthetic that affords painless, safe application, does not contain narcotics or controlled substances, and has a maximum safety with complete anesthesia. Several studies since that of Pryor et al. have shown varying efficacy of the TAC solution, and have compared the efficacy of TAC to injected lidocaine in application and anesthetic properties (2-5). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05942543__
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Topical compositions and methods for treatment of skin damage and aging using catecholamines and related compounds Inventor(s): Perricone; Nicholas V. (27 Coginchaug Ct., Guilford, CT 06437) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,643,586 Date filed: September 7, 1995 Abstract: Compositions for the topical treatment of sagging subcutaneous muscle and overlying cutaneous tissue contain catecholamines and/or related compounds in a dermatologically acceptable carrier. Examplary catecholamines include adrenaline, norepinepherine, dopamine and their precursors; catecholamine precursors such as tyrosine and phenylalanine are preferred. Preferred embodiments further contain at least one other ingredient that enhances neurotransmitter synthesis and/or skin penetration. In some embodiments, an acetylcholine precursor such as dimethylaminoethanol and/or a fatty acid ester of ascorbic acid are included in the formulation. In these and other embodiments, particularly those employing tyrosine and/or phenylalanine as a catecholamine precursor, other cofactors such as vitamin B.sub.6 and pantothenic acid or calcium pantothenate are included in the composition to enhance the action of the active ingredients. Other compounds that scavenge free radicals and antioxidants may also be added. Excerpt(s): This invention relates primarily to the treatment of subcutaneous muscles and overlying skin, particularly for faces that have developed prominent lines such as the nasolabial folds, hanging of tissue from the mandibular region, and increased sagging of tissue around the eyes and other areas observed in aging and in other conditions such as myasthenia gravis. In addition, sagging pectoralis muscles result in
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sagging of the chest and breast. The invention concerns compositions and methods of treating subcutaneous muscles and the overlying epidermis to ameliorate these changes, and improve the external appearance. With age, subcutaneous muscles lengthen and give a sagging appearance to the skin because underlying muscle is looser. Current treatments of placid skin and muscles from aging typically involve plastic surgery. The plastic surgeon cuts the skin and muscle and then pulls it taut, reducing some of the tissue and discarding it, then suturing it so that the facial, chest and/or buttocks muscles remain tight. The external appearance of aging individuals is particularly affected by subcutaneous changes in skeletal muscle tissue. When muscles are at rest, a certain amount of tautness usually remains. The residual degree of contraction in skeletal muscles is called muscle tone. In aging individuals, the degree of contraction relaxes, and is particularly obvious in the face. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05643586__ ·
Tricyclic compounds and drug compositions containing the same Inventor(s): Ogawa; Kohei (Shizuoka, JP), Miyoshi; Shiro (Sizuoka, JP) Assignee(s): Asahi Kasei Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 6,187,809 Date filed: December 28, 1999 Abstract: Compounds having a.beta.-3 adrenaline receptor agonist and are useful as drugs for the treatment and prevention of diabetes, obesity, hyperlipemia, etc., represented by a general formula (I) and salts thereof, and a process for producing these, and their intermediates, wherein R represents hydrogen or methyl; R.sup.1 represents hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, benzyloxy, amino, or hydroxymethyl; R.sup.2 represents hydrogen, hydroxymethyl, NHR.sup.3, SO.sub.2 NR.sup.4 R.sup.4, or nitro; R.sup.6 represents hydrogen or lower alkyl; and X represents nitrogen, R.sup.9 represents hydrogen, one of R.sup.7 and R.sup.8 represent hydrogen, and the other thereof represents hydrogen, amino, acetylamino, or hydroxy. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to novel tricyclic compounds and to drug compositions containing such tricyclic compounds. In the past, it was accepted that.beta.-adrenaline receptors are classified into two groups.beta.1 and.beta.2, wherein the stimulation by.beta.1 induces an increase in the cardiac rate and the stimulation by.beta.2 brings about relaxation in the smooth muscle tissue and lowering of blood pressure. Arch et al discovered a compound which exhibits scarce activities to.beta.1 and.beta.2 but emphasizes lipolysis of fatty cells, wherefrom they have made clear the existence of a third receptor [Nature, 309, 163-165 (1984)]. Afterwards, the primary structure thereof was clarified [Emorine et al: Science, Vol. 245, 1118-1121 (1989)] and the receptor was named as.beta.3. Recently, it has been shown that compounds exhibiting a.beta.3 activity are useful as a drug for preventive treatment of diabetes, obesity, hyperlipemia, digestive diseases and depression [int. J. Obesity 8 (suppl. 1), 93102 (1984); Nature, 309, 163-165(1984); U.S. Pat. No. 5,120,766; Brit. J. Pharmacol., 103, 1351-1356 (1991); Eur. J. Pharmacol., 219, 193-201 (1992)]. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06187809__
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Patent Applications on Adrenaline As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to adrenaline: ·
Adrenaline feature for sports video games Inventor(s): Knauer, Mike; (Newbury Park, CA), Baker, Bob; (Thousand Oaks, CA), Brandwood, John; (Ventura, CA), Palmer, Colin; (Seattle, WA), Mayer, Umrao S.; (Moorpark, CA) Correspondence: NIXON & VANDERHYE P.C.; 8th Floor; 1100 North Glebe Road; Arlington; VA; 22201-4714; US Patent Application Number: 20030032467 Date filed: September 24, 2001 Abstract: A method for controlling game play for use in a video game, wherein a plurality of possible animated actions can be taken by a game character in response to an input from a user provided through a game controller. The method includes: detecting user input from the game controller requesting an animated action by the player; reading an adrenaline value from a control element on the controller indicating a level of aggression desired by the user for the animated action; selecting an animated action from the plurality of possible animated actions based at least in part on the adrenaline value; and performing the selected animated action. Excerpt(s): The instant invention relates to the field of video games and, more particularly, to an adrenaline feature for sports video games and the like. The invention provides an adrenaline feature for sports video games and the like which can be used by the user to cause a player to act with more or less adrenaline or aggression during game play. In accordance with an important aspect of the instant invention, the adrenaline feature can be used to determine the type of action that the player takes in certain situations. For example, in basketball games, the adrenaline feature can be used to select the particular type of dunk, block, dribble, steal and/or shot that a player does at a particular time in the game. The adrenaline feature is preferably implemented using an analog button on a game controller. If the button is not pressed at all during an action of the player (such as a dunk), then the player will perform the action with little adrenaline or aggression, i.e., the player will act conservatively (make a simple dunk) with respect to the situation that the player is currently involved. In contrast, if the adrenaline button is pressed all the way down (indicating maximum adrenaline) the player will act very aggressively during the current action in which the player is engaged (e.g., the player may do a 360 degree slam or tomahawk dunk). In accordance with the preferred embodiment of the invention, use of the adrenaline button also has a penalty, in that the probability increases for an undesirable event (such as a block, an offensive foul or a miss when dunking) as the adrenaline is increased. Thus, the invention is designed to cause a user to use the adrenaline button with discretion and prudently in order to improve (and not detract from) his performance in the game. Pressing the analog adrenaline button partially will cause the player to act with adrenaline that is proportional to the amount that the button is pressed. In this way a wide range of adrenaline can be selected (e.g., 256 levels of adrenaline for a typical analog button),
9
This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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depending on the desire of the user at any point in the game. The adrenaline button is preferably implemented in a game such that it can control the aggressiveness for a variety of actions that a player takes in a sports game. In basketball, for example, the adrenaline button can be used to control how aggressively (i.e. with how much adrenaline) the player shoots, dunks, blocks, dribbles and steals on a play-by-play basis. Preferably, the video games on which the invention is implemented also include a momentum feature that increases as the performance of a team increases, and is used to give a team momentum or a temporary advantage over another team. In accordance with the invention, the adrenaline button can be used to increase the momentum of the team when used successfully, thereby giving the user a incentive to use the adrenaline button. Thus, successful use of the adrenaline button can cause the team to be "on-fire" or to have a momentum swing in their direction, which increases the likelihood that future actions for that team will be successful. For example, in basketball, the shooting percentage may increase temporarily when the team's momentum is high. Thus, the adrenaline button can be used to increase the momentum for a team, as well as to make an exciting and aggressive play at a particular time during a game. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·
Combined agents for treatment of glaucoma Inventor(s): Yokoyama, Tomihisa; (Saitama-shi, JP) Correspondence: FRISHAUF, HOLTZ, GOODMAN & CHICK, PC; 767 THIRD AVENUE; 25TH FLOOR; NEW YORK; NY; 10017-2023; US Patent Application Number: 20030040529 Date filed: May 16, 2002 Abstract: A pharmaceutical composition for the prophylaxis or treatment of glaucoma which comprises an angiotensin II antagonist and at least one compound selected from an adrenaline receptor blocker, a prostaglandin and a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; and a method for the prophylaxis or treatment of glaucoma by administering the composition to a patient. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part application of International Application No. PCT/JP00/08545 filed Dec. 1, 2000. The present invention relates to a prophylactic or therapeutic agent (pharmaceutical composition) for glaucoma having excellent intraocular pressure lowering action and a method for preventing or treating glaucoma by administering the composition to a patient.beta.-Blockers (timolol maleate, carteolol, etc.), prostaglandin type compounds (isopropyl unoprostone and latanoprost) and a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor (dorzolamide hydrochloride) have been mainly used as agents for the treatment of glaucoma. Moreover, an.alpha.1-blocker (bunazosin hydrochloride) and an.alpha.beta.-blocker (nipradilol) are now at the stage of clinical trials or application for approval. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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·
Method and apparatus for interactive real time music composition Inventor(s): Comair, Claude; (Vancouver, CA), Schwedler, Lawrence; (Sammamish, WA), Phillipsen, James; (Seattle, WA), Johnston, Rory; (Bellevue, WA) Correspondence: NIXON & VANDERHYE P.C.; 8th Floor; 1100 North Glebe Road; Arlington; VA; 22201; US Patent Application Number: 20030037664 Date filed: May 14, 2002 Abstract: An interactive dynamic musical composition real time music presentation video game system uses individually composed musical compositions stored as building blocks. The building blocks are structured as nodes of a sequential state machine. Transitions between states are defined based on exit point of current state and entrance point into the new state. Game-related parameters can trigger transition from one compositional building block to another. For example, an interactivity variable can keep track of the current state of the video game or some aspect of it. In one example, an adrenaline counter gauging excitement based on the number of game objectives that have been accomplished can be used to control transitions between more relaxed musical states to more exciting and energetic musical states. Transitions can be handled by cross-fading between one music compositional component to another, or by providing transitional compositions. The system can be used to dynamically generate a musical composition in real time. Advantages include allowing a musical composer to compose a number of discrete musical compositions corresponding to different video game or other multimedia presentation states, and providing smooth transition between the different compositions responsive to interactive user input and/or other parameters. Excerpt(s): Priority is claimed from application No. 60/290,689 filed May 15, 2001, which is incorporated herein by reference. The invention relates to computer generation of music and sound effects, and more particularly, to video game or other multimedia applications which interactively generate a musical composition or other audio in response to game state. Still more particularly, the invention relates to systems and methods for generating, in real time, a natural-sounding musical score or other sound track by handling smooth transitions between disparate pieces of music or other sounds. Music is an important part of the modern entertainment experience. Anyone who has ever attended a live sports event or watched a movie in the theater or on television knows that music can significantly add to the overall entertainment value of any presentation. Music can, for example, create excitement, suspense, and other mood shifts. Since teenagers and others often accompany many of their everyday experiences with a continual music soundtrack through use of mobile and portable sound systems, the sound track accompanying a movie, video game or other multimedia presentation can be a very important factor in the success, desirability or entertainment value of the presentation. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Novel tricyclic compounds and drug compositions containing same Inventor(s): Ogawa, Kohei; (Shizuoka, JP), Miyoshi, Shiro; (Shizuoka, JP) Correspondence: YOUNG & THOMPSON; 745 SOUTH 23RD STREET 2ND FLOOR; ARLINGTON; VA; 22202 Patent Application Number: 20030139475 Date filed: September 30, 2002 Abstract: Compounds having a.beta.-3 adrenaline receptor agonist and are useful as drugs for the treatment and prevention of diabetes, obesity, hyperlipemia, etc., represented by a general formula (I) and salts thereof, and a process for producing these, and their intermediates, wherein R represents hydrogen or methyl; R.sup.1 represents hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, benzyloxy, amino, or hydroxymethyl; R.sup.2 represents hydrogen, hydroxymethyl, NHR.sup.3, SO.sub.2NR.sup.4R.sup.4', or nitro; R.sup.6 represents hydrogen or lower alkyl; and X represents nitrogen, R.sup.9 represents hydrogen, one of R.sup.7 and R.sup.8 represent hydrogen, and the other thereof represents hydrogen, amino, acetylamino, or hydroxy. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to novel tricyclic compounds and to drug compositions containing such tricyclic compounds. In the past, it was accepted that.beta.-adrenaline receptors are classified into two groups.beta.1 and.beta.2, wherein the stimulation by induces an increase in the cardiac rate and the stimulation by.beta.2 brings about relaxation in the smooth muscle tissue and lowering of blood pressure. Arch et al discovered a compound which exhibits scarce activities to.beta.1 and.beta.2 but emphasizes lipolysis of fatty cells, wherefrom they have made clear the existence of a third receptor [Nature, 309, 163-165 (1984)]. Afterwards, the primary structure thereof was clarified [Emorine et al: Science, Vol. 245, 1118-1121 (1989)] and the receptor was named as.beta.3. Recently, it has been shown that compounds exhibiting a.beta.3activity are useful as a drug for preventive treatment of diabetes, obesity, hyperlipemia, digestive diseases and depression [Int. J. Obesity 8 (suppl. 1), 93-102 (1984); Nature, 309, 163-165(1984); U.S. Pat. No. 5,120,766; Brit. J. Pharmacol., 103, 1351-1356 (1991); Eur. J. Pharmacol., 219, 193-201 (1992)]. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Substituted acetylpyridine derivatives and process for the preparation intermediates for optically active beta3 agonist by the use of the same
of
Inventor(s): Taoka, Naoaki; (Hyogo, JP), Mitsuda, Masaru; (Hyogo, JP), Inoue, Kenji; (Hyogo, JP), Amano, Susumu; (Hyogo, JP) Correspondence: ARMSTRONG,WESTERMAN & HATTORI, LLP; 1725 K STREET, NW; SUITE 1000; WASHINGTON; DC; 20006; US Patent Application Number: 20030130521 Date filed: November 27, 2002 Abstract: It is an objective to produce intermediates of optically active beta-3 adrenaline receptor agonists from readily available raw materials in a safe, efficient and industrially advantageous manner. A substituted acetylpyridine derivative represented by the general formula (9) is reduced by enantioselective reduction to produce an optically active hydroxyethylpyridine derivative represented by the general formula (10) (wherein * represents an asymmetric carbon atom), and it is further derivatized to an
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intermediate of an optically active beta-3 adrenaline receptor agonist, such as an optically active dihydroxyethylpyridine derivative represented by the general formula (14) or an optically active oxirane derivative represented by the general formula (16). 1 Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of producing optically active beta3 adrenaline receptor agonist intermediates which are important in producing medicinals, and to those important intermediates. (iii) the process which involves the asymmetric reduction of aminoacetylpyridine derivatives using a microorganism (WO 9803672). However, the process (i) uses highly toxic osmium oxide and further requires an expensive asymmetric ligand, hence have problems from the industrial utilization viewpoint. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·
Topical anesthetic Inventor(s): Malerba, Richard; (Coram, NY), Karen, Joel; (Huntington, NY), Brogan, Gerald; (Huntington, NY) Correspondence: Thomas A. O'Rourke; Bodner & O'Rourke LLP; 425 Broadhollow Roas; Melville; NY; 11747; US Patent Application Number: 20030114522 Date filed: December 17, 2001 Abstract: The present invention is directed to an improved flowable anesthetic composition that does not need to be applied by an applicator. The anesthetic composition of the present invention may be applied by dripping or spraying the composition onto a wound or other injured area. The composition of the anesthetic includes one or more anesthetics, and a base comprising a surgical lubricant. If desired, the composition may also include one or more vasoconstrictors. The vasoconstrictor is preferably an adrenaline based compound and more preferably epinephrine. The surgical lubricant is preferably water soluble. The anesthetics may include any of the well-known anesthetics such as lidocaine, pontocaine, tetracaine, bupivicaine, procaine and others. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to improvements in topical anesthetics and in particular topical anesthetics that may be applied by dripping into a wound or other area without the pressure of an applicator on the wound surface. Many, if not most ailments of the body cause pain or discomfort in some degree. Generally pain is experienced when the free nerve endings which constitute the pain receptors in the skin as well as in certain internal tissues are subjected to mechanical, thermal or chemical stimuli. The pain receptors transmit signals along afferent neurons into the central nervous system and thence to the brain. The causes of pain can include inflammation, injury, disease, muscle spasm and the onset of a neuropathic event or syndrome. Ineffectively treated pain can be devastating to the person experiencing it by limiting function, reducing mobility, complicating sleep, and dramatically interfering with the quality of life. Inflammatory pain can occur when tissue is damaged, as can result from surgery or due to an adverse physical, chemical or thermal event or to infection by a biologic agent. Although inflammatory pain is generally reversible and subsides when the injured tissue has been repaired or the pain inducing stimulus removed, present methods for treating inflammatory pain have many drawbacks and deficiencies. Neuropathic pain is a persistent or chronic pain syndrome that can result from damage to the nervous system, the peripheral nerves, the dorsal root ganglion or dorsal root, or
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to the central nervous system. Neuropathic pain syndromes include allodynia, various neuralgias such as post herpetic neuralgia and trigeminal neuralgia, phantom pain, and complex regional pain syndromes, such as reflex sympathetic dystrophy and causalgia. Causalgia is characterized by spontaneous burning pain combined with hyperalgesia and allodynia. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with adrenaline, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “adrenaline” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on adrenaline. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning adrenaline. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON ADRENALINE Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to adrenaline. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on adrenaline include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in PrintÒ). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “adrenaline” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “adrenaline” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “adrenaline” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): ·
Adrenaline by John Olson (2003); ISBN: 0764228196; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0764228196/icongroupinterna
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Adrenaline by Bill Edison, Bill Eidson; ISBN: 0812577736; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0812577736/icongroupinterna
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Adrenaline by James Robert Baker; ISBN: 1555835651; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1555835651/icongroupinterna
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Adrenaline and Stress/the Exciting New Breakthrough That Helps You Overcome Stress Damage: The Exciting New Breakthrough That Helps You Overcome Stress Damage by Archibald Hart (1995); ISBN: 084993690X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/084993690X/icongroupinterna
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Adrenaline High by Eugene E. Jordan; ISBN: 1889501182; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1889501182/icongroupinterna
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Adrenaline Sports! by William Nealy (1994); ISBN: 0897321448; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0897321448/icongroupinterna
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Adrenaline: The Key to Your Behavior by Lyman Burgess, Hollingsworth; ISBN: 0801958385; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801958385/icongroupinterna
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Audio Adrenaline (Ccm Life Lines) by Shari MacDonald; ISBN: 0736904301; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0736904301/icongroupinterna
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Central adrenaline neurons : basic aspects and their role in cardiovascular functions : proceedings of an international symposium held at the Wenner-Gren Center, Stockholm, August 27-28, 1979; ISBN: 0080259278; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0080259278/icongroupinterna
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Effects of Bisulphite & the Stability of Adrenaline by Goran Nilsson, Ghoran Nilsson (1986); ISBN: 9155418880; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9155418880/icongroupinterna
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Executive Adventures: 50+ Exhilarating Out of the Office Escapes to Help You Recharge Your Overworked Batteries with Adrenaline Therapy by Jane Reifert; ISBN: 1587623579; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1587623579/icongroupinterna
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Plan It Adrenaline by Media Vision (1993); ISBN: 5553219752; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/5553219752/icongroupinterna
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Planit Adrenaline by Multimedia Studio Ibm (1995); ISBN: 1571040072; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1571040072/icongroupinterna
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Real Fighting : Adrenaline Stress Conditioning Through Scenario-Based Training by Peyton Quinn (Author) (1996); ISBN: 0873648935; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0873648935/icongroupinterna
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X-treme Cuisine : An Adrenaline-Charged Cookbook for the Young at Heart by Robert Earl, Tony Hawk (2002); ISBN: 0060094133; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0060094133/icongroupinterna
The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “adrenaline” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:10
10
In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.
Books
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Adrenaline and noradrenaline; presence in the organism, secretion and elimination. Author: Lund, Alf.; Year: 1959; København, Munksgaard, 1951
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Adrenaline, adrenergic-sympathomimetic and adenolytic-sympatholytic drugs; an index & annotated bibliography. Author: Griffith, Fred R.; Year: 1956; Buffalo, 1956
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Behavioral efficiency as related to adrenaline release. Author: Frankenhaeuser, Marianne.; Year: 1968; [Stockholm] 1968
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Effect of some antihistaminics on adrenaline responses in animal tests. Author: Paasonen, M. K.; Year: 1953; Helsinki, 1953
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Effects of adrenaline on protein synthesis in the isolated rat heart Author: Källfelt, Björn.; Year: 1975; Göteborg [Sweden: s.n.], 1975
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Experimental arteriosclerosis: biochemical and morphological changes induced by adrenaline and thyroxine Author: Lorenzen, Ib.; Year: 1963; Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1963
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Interindividual differences in diurnal variations in alertness and adrenaline excretion. Author: Pátkai, Paula.; Year: 1926; [Stockholm] 1968
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Noradrenaline and adrenaline in mammalian tissues; distribution under normal and pathological conditions with special reference to the endocrine system. Author: Hökfelt, Bernt.; Year: 1951; Stockholm, Zetterlund; Thelander, 1951
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Occurrence and function of biogenic amines (5-hydroxytryptamine, dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline, and octopamine) in invertebrates: bibliography = Vorkommen und Funktion biogener Amine (5-hydroxytryptamin, Dopamin, Noradrenalin, Adrenalin, und Octopamin) bei wirbellosen Tieren: Bibliographie Author: Hentschel, Erwin.; Year: 1969; Jena: Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Universitätsbibliothek, 1986
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On the excretion of noradrenaline, adrenaline, 17-hydroxycorticosteroids and 17ketosteroids during the postoperative stage, by Aimo Halme [et al.]. Author: Halme, Aimo.; Year: 1957; Turku, 1957
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On the secretion, distribution and excretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline, with special reference to pharmacological influences. Author: Schaepdryver, A. F. de (André F.),; Year: 1950; Bruges, St. Catherine Press, 1959
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Regulation of the increased adrenomedullary secretion by drugs; effects of drugs on the urinary excretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline under insulin shock of rats. Author: Manninen, Kimmo.; Year: 1948; Turku, 1969
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Secretion of adrenaline and sympathins. Author: Satake, Yasutaro.; Year: 1951; Sendai, Japan, Tohoku Univ., 1954
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Studies of adrenaline and noradrenaline in mammalian heart and suprarenals. Author: Goodall, McChesney,; Year: 1951; Stockholm, 1951
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Studies on adrenaline and noradrenaline in human plasma. Author: Vendsalu, Aado.; Year: 1960; Lund, 1960
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Studies on glucose infusions before, during and after surgery: blood glucose and plasma free fatty acids in relation to serum insulin and growth hormone, and the relation of adrenaline and noradrenaline to the suppression of insulin secretion Author: Äärimaa, Markku.; Year: 1978; Turku: [s.n.], 1978
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Studies on the chemical determination, occurrence and metabolism of adrenaline in the animal organism. Author: Pekkarinen, Aimo.; Year: 1948; Helsinki, 1948
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Studies on the determination and excretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline in the urine. Author: Pitkänen, Elja.; Year: 1956; Helsinki, 1956
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The effect of body posture on the urinary excretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline. Author: Sundin, Tage.; Year: 1958; Uppsala, 1958
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The effect of thyroid powder on the lethal dose of adrenaline. Author: Peltola, Pentti.; Year: 1950; Helsinki, 1950
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The formation of adrenaline in the body. Author: Burn, J. H. (Joshua Harold),; Year: 1951; [Nottingham, 1951]
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The influence of the blood glucose level on the secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline from the suprarenal. Author: Duner, Hans.; Year: 1953; Stockholm [Mauritzon] 1953
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The mechanism of the relaxing effect of adrenaline on smooth muscle. Author: Lundholm, Ella (Mohme); Year: 1953; Gothenburg, 1953
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The mechanism of the vasodilator effect of adrenaline. Author: Lundholm, Lennart.; Year: 9999; Stockholm, 1956-
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The mode of action of adrenaline in the isolated rat heart Author: Oye, Ivar.; Year: 1967; [Oslo]: Universitetsforlaget, c1967
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The urinary excretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline in some mental diseases; a clinical and experimental study. [Tr. by Stanley Vernon]. Author: Bergsman, Arne.; Year: 1959; Copenhagen, 1959
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The urinary excretion of noradrenaline and adrenaline in different age groups; its diurnal variation and the effect of muscular work on it. [Tr. from the Finnish]. Author: Kärki, N. T.; Year: 1956; Turku, 1956
Chapters on Adrenaline In order to find chapters that specifically relate to adrenaline, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and adrenaline using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “adrenaline” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box.
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CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON ADRENALINE Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on adrenaline. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.
Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on adrenaline is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “adrenaline” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “adrenaline” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on adrenaline: ·
Stress Management For Persons With Diabetes Source: Los Angeles, CA: National Health Video, Inc. 1996. (videorecording). Contact: Available from National Health Video. 12021 Wilshire Boulevard, Suite 550, Los Angeles, CA 90025. (800) 543-6803. Fax (310) 477-8198. PRICE: $89.00. Summary: This video, narrated by Amy Barr, RD, is designed to teach people with diabetes how to manage stress. The narrator points out that while people cannot avoid stress, they can control their reactions to it. According to the video, stress has two effects on people with diabetes. It increases the release of adrenaline, extra cortisone, and stored glucose, and suppresses insulin release; in turn, diabetes management efforts can be undermined by additional eating. In addition, stress may interfere with self care by distracting people from following their meal plan, self monitoring blood glucose levels, and exercising. Topics include recognizing stress, planning, eliminating mistaken ideas, relaxation techniques, exercise, and seeking professional help. The narrator notes that asking for help is a sign of health rather than weakness, and that viewers should consult
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health care professionals for further stress management ideas. An accompanying teaching guide includes learning objectives and activities, a quiz, and the video script. (AA-M).
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CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ADRENALINE Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover adrenaline.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on adrenaline is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing.
PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “adrenaline” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance.
Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to adrenaline. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “adrenaline” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for adrenaline: ·
Bronchiolitis in infants not improved by inhaled adrenaline Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: April 26, 2002
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Adrenaline for food allergies often misused Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: January 08, 2002
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Morning caffeine raises blood pressure, adrenaline levels into evening Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 05, 1999
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Adrenaline-Thrombin Combination Effective In Peptic Ulcer Hemorrhage Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 20, 1996
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Adrenaline Infusion Associated with Lactic Acidosis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 30, 1996
The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine.
Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name.
Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “adrenaline” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests.
Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “adrenaline” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to adrenaline, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.
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BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “adrenaline” (or synonyms).
Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “adrenaline” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on adrenaline: ·
Answering Your Questions About Immunity Source: University of California, Berkeley, Wellness Letter. 17(8):4-5. May 2001. Contact: Health Letter Associates. P.O. Box 412, Prince Street Station, New York, NY 10012-0007. Summary: This article addresses various questions about the immune system and its disease-fighting properties. Some evidence suggests that physically active people have a more vigorous immune system than those who are sedentary. Moderate activity, such as a walking program undertaken by previously sedentary people, seems to improve immune function. Evidence also suggests that excessive exercise may depress the immune system. High-intensity or prolonged endurance exercise increases the output of adrenaline and cortisol, which can depress various components of the immune system. Because the health benefits of physical activity are clear, the notion that immune cells might not show a response to an exercise program should not deter sedentary individuals from exercising or from starting a fitness regime. The article also recommends consuming a varied and balanced diet to nurture the immune system.
Academic Periodicals covering Adrenaline Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to adrenaline. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering adrenaline that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical
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periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute11: ·
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
·
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
11
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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·
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.12 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:13 ·
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
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HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
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NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
·
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
12
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 13 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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·
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway14 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.15 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “adrenaline” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 97568 276 183 6 0 98033
HSTAT16 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.17 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.18 Simply search by “adrenaline” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
14
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
15
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 16 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 17 18
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists19 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.20 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.21 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: ·
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
·
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
The Genome Project and Adrenaline In the following section, we will discuss databases and references which relate to the Genome Project and adrenaline.
Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders authored and edited by Dr. Victor A. McKusick and his colleagues at Johns Hopkins and elsewhere. OMIM was developed for the World Wide Web by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).22 The database contains textual information, pictures, and reference information. It also contains copious links to NCBI’s Entrez database of MEDLINE articles and sequence information.
19 Adapted from 20
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 21 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process. 22 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. Established in 1988 as a national resource for molecular biology information, NCBI creates public databases, conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information--all for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease.
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To search the database, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/searchomim.html. Type “adrenaline” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Search.” If too many results appear, you can narrow the search by adding the word “clinical.” Each report will have additional links to related research and databases. In particular, the option “Database Links” will search across technical databases that offer an abundance of information. The following is an example of the results you can obtain from the OMIM for adrenaline: ·
Platelet Responsiveness to Adrenaline, Depressed Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?173580
Genes and Disease (NCBI - Map) The Genes and Disease database is produced by the National Center for Biotechnology Information of the National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health. This Web site categorizes each disorder by system of the body. Go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/, and browse the system pages to have a full view of important conditions linked to human genes. Since this site is regularly updated, you may wish to revisit it from time to time. The following systems and associated disorders are addressed: ·
Cancer: Uncontrolled cell division. Examples: Breast and ovarian cancer, Burkitt lymphoma, chronic myeloid leukemia, colon cancer, lung cancer, malignant melanoma, multiple endocrine neoplasia, neurofibromatosis, p53 tumor suppressor, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, Ras oncogene, RB: retinoblastoma, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Cancer.html
·
Immune System: Fights invaders. Examples: Asthma, autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, Crohn’s disease, DiGeorge syndrome, familial Mediterranean fever, immunodeficiency with Hyper-IgM, severe combined immunodeficiency. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Immune.html
·
Metabolism: Food and energy. Examples: Adreno-leukodystrophy, atherosclerosis, Best disease, Gaucher disease, glucose galactose malabsorption, gyrate atrophy, juvenile-onset diabetes, obesity, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, phenylketonuria, Refsum disease, Tangier disease, Tay-Sachs disease. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Metabolism.html
·
Muscle and Bone: Movement and growth. Examples: Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, Marfan syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Muscle.html
·
Nervous System: Mind and body. Examples: Alzheimer disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Angelman syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, epilepsy, essential tremor, fragile X syndrome, Friedreich’s ataxia, Huntington disease, Niemann-Pick disease, Parkinson disease, Prader-Willi syndrome, Rett syndrome, spinocerebellar atrophy, Williams syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Brain.html
·
Signals: Cellular messages. Examples: Ataxia telangiectasia, Cockayne syndrome, glaucoma, male-patterned
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baldness, SRY: sex determination, tuberous sclerosis, Waardenburg syndrome, Werner syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Signals.html ·
Transporters: Pumps and channels. Examples: Cystic fibrosis, deafness, diastrophic dysplasia, Hemophilia A, long-QT syndrome, Menkes syndrome, Pendred syndrome, polycystic kidney disease, sickle cell anemia, Wilson’s disease, Zellweger syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Transporters.html
Entrez Entrez is a search and retrieval system that integrates several linked databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). These databases include nucleotide sequences, protein sequences, macromolecular structures, whole genomes, and MEDLINE through PubMed. Entrez provides access to the following databases: ·
3D Domains: Domains from Entrez Structure, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo
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Books: Online books, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=books
·
Genome: Complete genome assemblies, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Genome
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NCBI’s Protein Sequence Information Survey Results: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/proteinsurvey/
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Nucleotide Sequence Database (Genbank): Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Nucleotide
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OMIM: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=OMIM
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PopSet: Population study data sets, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Popset
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ProbeSet: Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo
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Protein Sequence Database: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Protein
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PubMed: Biomedical literature (PubMed), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed
·
Structure: Three-dimensional macromolecular structures, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Structure
·
Taxonomy: Organisms in GenBank, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Taxonomy
To access the Entrez system at the National Center for Biotechnology Information, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=search&DB=genome, and then select the database that you would like to search. The databases available are listed in the
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drop box next to “Search.” Enter “adrenaline” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Go.”
Jablonski’s Multiple Congenital Anomaly/Mental Retardation (MCA/MR) Syndromes Database23 This online resource has been developed to facilitate the identification and differentiation of syndromic entities. Special attention is given to the type of information that is usually limited or completely omitted in existing reference sources due to space limitations of the printed form. At http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_toc/toc_a.html, you can search across syndromes using an alphabetical index. Search by keywords at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_db.html. The Genome Database24 Established at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland in 1990, the Genome Database (GDB) is the official central repository for genomic mapping data resulting from the Human Genome Initiative. In the spring of 1999, the Bioinformatics Supercomputing Centre (BiSC) at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Ontario assumed the management of GDB. The Human Genome Initiative is a worldwide research effort focusing on structural analysis of human DNA to determine the location and sequence of the estimated 100,000 human genes. In support of this project, GDB stores and curates data generated by researchers worldwide who are engaged in the mapping effort of the Human Genome Project (HGP). GDB’s mission is to provide scientists with an encyclopedia of the human genome which is continually revised and updated to reflect the current state of scientific knowledge. Although GDB has historically focused on gene mapping, its focus will broaden as the Genome Project moves from mapping to sequence, and finally, to functional analysis. To access the GDB, simply go to the following hyperlink: http://www.gdb.org/. Search “All Biological Data” by “Keyword.” Type “adrenaline” (or synonyms) into the search box, and review the results. If more than one word is used in the search box, then separate each one with the word “and” or “or” (using “or” might be useful when using synonyms).
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/about_syndrome.html. 24 Adapted from the Genome Database: http://gdbwww.gdb.org/gdb/aboutGDB.html - mission. 23
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on adrenaline can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to adrenaline. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly.
The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below.
Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to adrenaline. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “adrenaline”:
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·
Other guides Adrenal Gland Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/adrenalglanddisorders.html Food Allergy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/foodallergy.html
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search.
The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to adrenaline. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html.
Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: ·
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
·
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
·
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
·
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
·
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
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WebMDÒHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to adrenaline. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with adrenaline.
The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about adrenaline. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797.
Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “adrenaline” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information.
The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “adrenaline”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “adrenaline” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.
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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “adrenaline” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.25
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
25
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)26: ·
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
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Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
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Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
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Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
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Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: ·
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
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On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: ·
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
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MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
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Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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ADRENALINE DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 17-Hydroxycorticosteroids: A group of hydroxycorticosteroids bearing a hydroxy group at the 17-position. Urinary excretion of these compounds is used as an index of adrenal function. They are used systemically in the free alcohol form, but with esterification of the hydroxy groups, topical effectiveness is increased. [NIH] Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Ablate: In surgery, is to remove. [NIH] Abscess: Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Aconitine: A alkaloid from the root of Aconitum napellus L. and other aconites. Activates voltage-gated Na+ channels. Has been used to induce arrhythmia in experimental animals. Shows antiinflammatory and antineuralgic properties. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position. [NIH] Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenylic acid. Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position. [NIH] Adenylate Cyclase: An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the formation of cyclic AMP
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and pyrophosphate from ATP. EC 4.6.1.1. [NIH] Adipocytes: Fat-storing cells found mostly in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue. Fat is usually stored in the form of tryglycerides. [NIH] Adipose Tissue: Connective tissue composed of fat cells lodged in the meshes of areolar tissue. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenaline: A hormone. Also called epinephrine. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adrenergic Agonists: Drugs that bind to and activate adrenergic receptors. [NIH] Adrenoreceptor: Receptors specifically sensitive to and operated by adrenaline and/or noradrenaline and related sympathomimetic drugs. Adrenoreceptor is an alternative name. [NIH]
Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]
Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Age Groups: Persons classified by age from birth (infant, newborn) to octogenarians and older (aged, 80 and over). [NIH] Aged, 80 and Over: A person 80 years of age and older. [NIH] Aggressiveness: The quality of being aggressive (= characterized by aggression; militant; enterprising; spreading with vigour; chemically active; variable and adaptable). [EU] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Airway Obstruction: Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs. [NIH]
Dictionary 167
Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases immunity, and provides energy for muscle tissue, brain, and the central nervous system. [NIH] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Aldosterone: (11 beta)-11,21-Dihydroxy-3,20-dioxopregn-4-en-18-al. A hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that functions in the regulation of electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium. [NIH] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Allantois: An embryonic diverticulum of the hindgut of reptiles, birds, and mammals; in man its blood vessels give rise to those of the umbilical cord. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Allergic Rhinitis: Inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane associated with hay fever; fits may be provoked by substances in the working environment. [NIH] Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. [NIH] Alpha-1: A protein with the property of inactivating proteolytic enzymes such as leucocyte collagenase and elastase. [NIH] Alprenolol: 1-((1-Methylethyl)amino)-3-(2-(2-propenyl)phenoxy)-2-propanol. Adrenergic beta-blocker used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU]
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Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains theophylline and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amnion: The extraembryonic membrane which contains the embryo and amniotic fluid. [NIH]
Amniotic Fluid: Amniotic cavity fluid which is produced by the amnion and fetal lungs and kidneys. [NIH] Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is dextroamphetamine. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic agent with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell. Its therapeutic use in congestive heart or left ventricular failure is associated with significant increases in the cardiac index, reductions in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and systemic vascular resistance, and little or no change in mean arterial pressure. One of its more serious side effects is thrombocytopenia in some patients. [NIH] Anabolic: Relating to, characterized by, or promoting anabolism. [EU] Anabolic Steroids: Chemical derivatives of testosterone that are used for anabolic promotion of growth and repair of body tissues and the development of male sexual characteristics. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anaesthetic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or producing anaesthesia. 2. A drug or agent that is used to abolish the sensation of pain. [EU] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analytes: A component of a test sample the presence of which has to be demonstrated. The term "analyte" includes where appropriate formed from the analyte during the analyses. [NIH]
Anaphylactic: Pertaining to anaphylaxis. [EU]
Dictionary 169
Anaphylaxis: An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered antigen. The reaction may include rapidly progressing urticaria, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic shock, and death. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Angina Pectoris: The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to myocardial ischemia usually of distinctive character, location and radiation, and provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the myocardium exceed the capacity of the coronary circulation to supply it. [NIH] Anginal: Pertaining to or characteristic of angina. [EU] Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of which a fragment of 14 amino acids is converted by renin to angiotensin I, the inactive precursor of angiotensin II. It is a member of the serpin superfamily. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Ankle: That part of the lower limb directly above the foot. [NIH] Anogenital: Pertaining to the anus and external genitals. [EU] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Anorectal: Pertaining to the anus and rectum or to the junction region between the two. [EU] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antiarrhythmic: An agent that prevents or alleviates cardiac arrhythmia. [EU] Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antidiuretic: Suppressing the rate of urine formation. [EU] Antiemetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting. Also antinauseant. [EU]
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Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antipsychotic: Effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects (orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. [EU] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Antithrombotic: Preventing or interfering with the formation of thrombi; an agent that so acts. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Aperture: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Aponeurosis: Tendinous expansion consisting of a fibrous or membranous sheath which serves as a fascia to enclose or bind a group of muscles. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat
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as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arrhythmia: Any variation from the normal rhythm or rate of the heart beat. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arteriolar: Pertaining to or resembling arterioles. [EU] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriolosclerosis: Sclerosis and thickening of the walls of the smaller arteries (arterioles). Hyaline arteriolosclerosis, in which there is homogeneous pink hyaline thickening of the arteriolar walls, is associated with benign nephrosclerosis. Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis, in which there is a concentric thickening with progressive narrowing of the lumina may be associated with malignant hypertension, nephrosclerosis, and scleroderma. [EU] Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls. Atherosclerosis is the most common form of arteriosclerosis and involves lipid deposition and thickening of the intimal cell layers within arteries. Additional forms of arteriosclerosis involve calcification of the media of muscular arteries (Monkeberg medial calcific sclerosis) and thickening of the walls of small arteries or arterioles due to cell proliferation or hyaline deposition (arteriolosclerosis). [NIH] Arteriovenous: Both arterial and venous; pertaining to or affecting an artery and a vein. [EU] Arteriovenous Fistula: An abnormal communication between an artery and a vein. [NIH] Arthroscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy and surgery of the joint. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Ascites: Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity. [NIH] Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. [NIH] Asphyxia: A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life. [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astringent: Causing contraction, usually locally after topical application. [EU] Astrocytes: The largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including
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those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with microglia) respond to injury. Astrocytes have high- affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitter, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is not well understood. [NIH] Asystole: Cardiac standstill or arrest; absence of a heartbeat; called also Beau's syndrome. [EU]
Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to propranolol, but without a negative inotropic effect. [NIH] Atmospheric Pressure: The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned. [NIH] Atopic: Pertaining to an atopen or to atopy; allergic. [EU] Atopic Eczema: Generic term for acute or chronic inflammatory conditions of the skin, typically erythematous, edematous, papular, vesicular, and crusting; often accompanied by sensations of itching and burning. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Atropine: A toxic alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly Solanaceae. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Auditory Cortex: Area of the temporal lobe concerned with hearing. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autonomic Nervous System: The enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous systems taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus, which receive information relayed from visceral afferents; these and related central and sensory structures are sometimes (but not here) considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system itself. [NIH] Autonomic Neuropathy: A disease of the nerves affecting mostly the internal organs such as the bladder muscles, the cardiovascular system, the digestive tract, and the genital organs. These nerves are not under a person's conscious control and function automatically. Also called visceral neuropathy. [NIH] Autoreceptors: Transmitter receptors on or near presynaptic terminals (or varicosities) which are sensitive to the transmitter(s) released by the terminal itself. Receptors for the hormones released by hormone-releasing cells are also included. [NIH] Axilla: The underarm or armpit. [NIH] Axillary: Pertaining to the armpit area, including the lymph nodes that are located there. [NIH]
Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. [NIH] Bacillus: A genus of Bacillaceae that are spore-forming, rod-shaped cells. Most species are
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saprophytic soil forms with only a few species being pathogenic. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous. [NIH] Baroreflex: A negative feedback system which buffers short-term changes in blood pressure. Increased pressure stretches blood vessels which activates pressoreceptors (baroreceptors) in the vessel walls. The net response of the central nervous system is a reduction of central sympathetic outflow. This reduces blood pressure both by decreasing peripheral vascular resistance and by lowering cardiac output. Because the baroreceptors are tonically active, the baroreflex can compensate rapidly for both increases and decreases in blood pressure. [NIH]
Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal metabolic rate: Represents the minimum energy expenditure required for the maintenance of vital functions; normally the amount of energy expended, measured in calories, per unit of time at rest; measured after 14-18 hours of rest. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Belladonna: A species of very poisonous Solanaceous plants yielding atropine (hyoscyamine), scopolamine, and other belladonna alkaloids, used to block the muscarinic autonomic nervous system. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Benign tumor: A noncancerous growth that does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to glycine in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid. [NIH] Benzyl Alcohol: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with lidocaine injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring. [NIH] Beta blocker: A drug used to slow the heart rate and reduce pressure inside blood vessels. It also can regulate heart rhythm. [NIH] Beta-Endorphin: A peptide consisting of amino acid sequence 61-91 of the endogenous pituitary hormone beta-lipotropin. The first four amino acids show a common tetrapeptide
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sequence with methionine- and leucine enkephalin. The compound shows opiate-like activity. Injection of beta-endorphin induces a profound analgesia of the whole body for several hours. This action is reversed after administration of naloxone. [NIH] Beta-Thromboglobulin: A platelet-specific protein which is released when platelets aggregate. Elevated plasma levels have been reported after deep venous thrombosis, preeclampsia, myocardial infarction with mural thrombosis, and myeloproliferative disorders. Measurement of beta-thromboglobulin in biological fluids by radioimmunoassay is used for the diagnosis and assessment of progress of thromboembolic disorders. [NIH] Bewilderment: Impairment or loss of will power. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biogenic Amines: A group of naturally occurring amines derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of the natural amino acids. Many have powerful physiological effects (e.g., histamine, serotonin, epinephrine, tyramine). Those derived from aromatic amino acids, and also their synthetic analogs (e.g., amphetamine), are of use in pharmacology. [NIH] Biogenic Monoamines: Biogenic amines having only one amine moiety. Included in this group are all natural monoamines formed by the enzymatic decarboxylation of natural amino acids. [NIH] Biophysics: The science of physical phenomena and processes in living organisms. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotransformation: The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alteration may be either nonsynthetic (oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis) or synthetic (glucuronide formation, sulfate conjugation, acetylation, methylation). This also includes metabolic detoxication and clearance. [NIH] Biphasic: Having two phases; having both a sporophytic and a gametophytic phase in the life cycle. [EU] Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, atomic number 83 and atomic weight 208.98. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Bleeding Time: Duration of blood flow after skin puncture. This test is used as a measure of capillary and platelet function. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH]
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Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood-Brain Barrier: Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells (tight junctions) that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the brain tissue. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Mass Index: One of the anthropometric measures of body mass; it has the highest correlation with skinfold thickness or body density. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Brachial: All the nerves from the arm are ripped from the spinal cord. [NIH] Brachial Plexus: The large network of nerve fibers which distributes the innervation of the upper extremity. The brachial plexus extends from the neck into the axilla. In humans, the nerves of the plexus usually originate from the lower cervical and the first thoracic spinal cord segments (C5-C8 and T1), but variations are not uncommon. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchioles: The tiny branches of air tubes in the lungs. [NIH] Bronchiolitis: Inflammation of the bronchioles. [NIH] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Bronchodilator: A drug that relaxes the smooth muscles in the constricted airway. [NIH] Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of asthma, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic rhinitis. [NIH] Buffers: A chemical system that functions to control the levels of specific ions in solution. When the level of hydrogen ion in solution is controlled the system is called a pH buffer. [NIH]
Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent. [NIH] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge
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of electricity. [NIH] Bypass: A surgical procedure in which the doctor creates a new pathway for the flow of body fluids. [NIH] Cachexia: General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease. [NIH] Caesarean section: A surgical incision through the abdominal and uterine walls in order to deliver a baby. [NIH] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcification: Deposits of calcium in the tissues of the breast. Calcification in the breast can be seen on a mammogram, but cannot be detected by touch. There are two types of breast calcification, macrocalcification and microcalcification. Macrocalcifications are large deposits and are usually not related to cancer. Microcalcifications are specks of calcium that may be found in an area of rapidly dividing cells. Many microcalcifications clustered together may be a sign of cancer. [NIH] Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide: Calcitonin gene-related peptide. A 37-amino acid peptide derived from the calcitonin gene. It occurs as a result of alternative processing of mRNA from the calcitonin gene. The neuropeptide is widely distributed in neural tissue of the brain, gut, perivascular nerves, and other tissue. The peptide produces multiple biological effects and has both circulatory and neurotransmitter modes of action. In particular, it is a potent endogenous vasodilator. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calmodulin: A heat-stable, low-molecular-weight activator protein found mainly in the brain and heart. The binding of calcium ions to this protein allows this protein to bind to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and to adenyl cyclase with subsequent activation. Thereby this protein modulates cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capillary Permeability: Property of blood capillary walls that allows for the selective exchange of substances. Small lipid-soluble molecules such as carbon dioxide and oxygen move freely by diffusion. Water and water-soluble molecules cannot pass through the endothelial walls and are dependent on microscopic pores. These pores show narrow areas (tight junctions) which may limit large molecule movement. [NIH] Capsaicin: Cytotoxic alkaloid from various species of Capsicum (pepper, paprika), of the Solanaceae. [NIH]
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Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of peptidyl-dipeptidase A. It blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the renin-angiotensin system and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin. [NIH] Carbenoxolone: An agent derived from licorice root. It is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. Antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise the drug is low in toxicity. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]
Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiac arrest: A sudden stop of heart function. [NIH] Cardiac Output: The volume of blood passing through the heart per unit of time. It is usually expressed as liters (volume) per minute so as not to be confused with stroke volume (volume per beat). [NIH] Cardiogenic: Originating in the heart; caused by abnormal function of the heart. [EU] Cardiomyopathy: A general diagnostic term designating primary myocardial disease, often of obscure or unknown etiology. [EU] Cardiopulmonary: Having to do with the heart and lungs. [NIH] Cardiopulmonary Bypass: Diversion of the flow of blood from the entrance of the right atrium directly to the aorta (or femoral artery) via an oxygenator thus bypassing both the heart and lungs. [NIH] Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: The artificial substitution of heart and lung action as indicated for heart arrest resulting from electric shock, drowning, respiratory arrest, or other causes. The two major components of cardiopulmonary resuscitation are artificial ventilation and closed-chest cardiac massage. [NIH] Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: The artificial substitution of heart and lung action as indicated for heart arrest resulting from electric shock, drowning, respiratory arrest, or other causes. The two major components of cardiopulmonary resuscitation are artificial ventilation and closed-chest cardiac massage. [NIH] Cardioselective: Having greater activity on heart tissue than on other tissue. [EU] Cardiotonic: 1. Having a tonic effect on the heart. 2. An agent that has a tonic effect on the heart. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Cardiovascular System: The heart and the blood vessels by which blood is pumped and
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circulated through the body. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Carteolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used as an anti-arrhythmia agent, an anti-angina agent, an antihypertensive agent, and an antiglaucoma agent. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Cataract: An opacity, partial or complete, of one or both eyes, on or in the lens or capsule, especially an opacity impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). [EU] Catechol: A chemical originally isolated from a type of mimosa tree. Catechol is used as an astringent, an antiseptic, and in photography, electroplating, and making other chemicals. It can also be man-made. [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Caustic: An escharotic or corrosive agent. Called also cauterant. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Cellobiose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage.
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Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central retinal artery: The blood vessel that carries blood into eye; supplies nutrition to the retina. [NIH] Centrifugation: A method of separating organelles or large molecules that relies upon differential sedimentation through a preformed density gradient under the influence of a gravitational field generated in a centrifuge. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebellar Diseases: Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, gait ataxia, and muscle hypotonia. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking dopamine receptors. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup. [NIH] Cholera: An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is vibrio cholerae. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated. [NIH] Cholera Toxin: The enterotoxin from Vibrio cholerae. It is a protein that consists of two major components, the heavy (H) or A peptide and the light (L) or B peptide or choleragenoid. The B peptide anchors the protein to intestinal epithelial cells, while the A peptide, enters the cytoplasm, and activates adenylate cyclase, and production of cAMP. Increased levels of cAMP are thought to modulate release of fluid and electrolytes from intestinal crypt cells. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially
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the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chorion: The outermost extraembryonic membrane. [NIH] Chromaffin Cells: Cells that store epinephrine secretory vesicles. During times of stress, the nervous system signals the vesicles to secrete their hormonal content. Their name derives from their ability to stain a brownish color with chromic salts. Characteristically, they are located in the adrenal medulla and paraganglia (paraganglia, chromaffin) of the sympathetic nervous system. [NIH] Chromaffin System: The cells of the body which stain with chromium salts. They occur along the sympathetic nerves, in the adrenal gland, and in various other organs. [NIH] Chromatography, Ion Exchange: Separation technique in which the stationary phase consists of ion exchange resins. The resins contain loosely held small ions that easily exchange places with other small ions of like charge present in solutions washed over the resins. [NIH] Chromic: Catgut sterilized and impregnated with chromium trioxide. [NIH] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chronotropic: Affecting the time or rate, as the rate of contraction of the heart. [EU] Circadian: Repeated more or less daily, i. e. on a 23- to 25-hour cycle. [NIH] Circulatory system: The system that contains the heart and the blood vessels and moves blood throughout the body. This system helps tissues get enough oxygen and nutrients, and it helps them get rid of waste products. The lymph system, which connects with the blood system, is often considered part of the circulatory system. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Cisplatin: An inorganic and water-soluble platinum complex. After undergoing hydrolysis, it reacts with DNA to produce both intra and interstrand crosslinks. These crosslinks appear to impair replication and transcription of DNA. The cytotoxicity of cisplatin correlates with cellular arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Clamp: A u-shaped steel rod used with a pin or wire for skeletal traction in the treatment of certain fractures. [NIH] Clathrin: The main structural coat protein of coated vesicles which play a key role in the intracellular transport between membranous organelles. Clathrin also interacts with cytoskeletal proteins. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]
Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH]
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Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Coated Vesicles: Vesicles formed when cell-membrane coated pits invaginate and pinch off. The outer surface of these vesicles are covered with a lattice-like network of coat proteins, such as clathrin, coat protein complex proteins, or caveolins. [NIH] Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis. [NIH] Coca: Any of several South American shrubs of the Erythroxylon genus (and family) that yield cocaine; the leaves are chewed with alum for CNS stimulation. [NIH] Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake. [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cognitive restructuring: A method of identifying and replacing fear-promoting, irrational beliefs with more realistic and functional ones. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collagen disease: A term previously used to describe chronic diseases of the connective tissue (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and systemic sclerosis), but now is thought to be more appropriate for diseases associated with defects in collagen, which is a component of the connective tissue. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Combinatorial: A cut-and-paste process that churns out thousands of potentially valuable compounds at once. [NIH]
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Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Compress: A plug used to occludate an orifice in the control of bleeding, or to mop up secretions; an absorbent pad. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conduction: The transfer of sound waves, heat, nervous impulses, or electricity. [EU] Condylomata Acuminata: Sexually transmitted form of anogenital warty growth caused by the human papillomaviruses. [NIH] Cones: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide sharp central vision and color vision. [NIH] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Congestive heart failure: Weakness of the heart muscle that leads to a buildup of fluid in body tissues. [NIH]
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Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Constitutional: 1. Affecting the whole constitution of the body; not local. 2. Pertaining to the constitution. [EU] Constrict: Tighten; narrow. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Constriction, Pathologic: The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contractility: Capacity for becoming short in response to a suitable stimulus. [EU] Contracture: A condition of fixed high resistance to passive stretch of a muscle, resulting from fibrosis of the tissues supporting the muscles or the joints, or from disorders of the muscle fibres. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled clinical trial: A clinical study that includes a comparison (control) group. The comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]
Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Corneum: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Circulation: The circulation of blood through the coronary vessels of the heart. [NIH]
Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU]
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Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Corticosteroids: Hormones that have antitumor activity in lymphomas and lymphoid leukemias; in addition, corticosteroids (steroids) may be used for hormone replacement and for the management of some of the complications of cancer and its treatment. [NIH] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Coumarin: A fluorescent dye. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Croup: A condition characterized by resonant barking cough, hoarseness and persistant stridor and caused by allergy, foreign body, infection, or neoplasm. It occurs chiefly in infants and children. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Curettage: Removal of tissue with a curette, a spoon-shaped instrument with a sharp edge. [NIH]
Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytoskeletal Proteins: Major constituent of the cytoskeleton found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. They form a flexible framework for the cell, provide attachment points for organelles and formed bodies, and make communication between parts of the cell possible. [NIH]
Cytoskeleton: The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm. [NIH] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of
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data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decompression: Decompression external to the body, most often the slow lessening of external pressure on the whole body (especially in caisson workers, deep sea divers, and persons who ascend to great heights) to prevent decompression sickness. It includes also sudden accidental decompression, but not surgical (local) decompression or decompression applied through body openings. [NIH] Decongestant: An agent that reduces congestion or swelling. [EU] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dentate Gyrus: Gray matter situated above the gyrus hippocampi. It is composed of three layers. The molecular layer is continuous with the hippocampus in the hippocampal fissure. The granular layer consists of closely arranged spherical or oval neurons, called granule cells, whose axons pass through the polymorphic layer ending on the dendrites of pyramidal cells in the hippocampus. [NIH] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH] Deprivation: Loss or absence of parts, organs, powers, or things that are needed. [EU] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Desensitization: The prevention or reduction of immediate hypersensitivity reactions by administration of graded doses of allergen; called also hyposensitization and immunotherapy. [EU] Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholingeric activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors. [NIH] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Dexamethasone: (11 beta,16 alpha)-9-Fluoro-11,17,21-trihydroxy-16-methylpregna-1,4diene-3,20-dione. An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used either in the free alcohol or esterified form in treatment of conditions that respond generally to cortisone. [NIH] Diabetes Insipidus: A metabolic disorder due to disorders in the production or release of vasopressin. It is characterized by the chronic excretion of large amounts of low specific gravity urine and great thirst. [NIH] Diabetic Retinopathy: Retinopathy associated with diabetes mellitus, which may be of the background type, progressively characterized by microaneurysms, interretinal punctuate macular edema, or of the proliferative type, characterized by neovascularization of the retina and optic disk, which may project into the vitreous, proliferation of fibrous tissue, vitreous hemorrhage, and retinal detachment. [NIH]
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Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Diastole: Period of relaxation of the heart, especially the ventricles. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diastolic pressure: The lowest pressure to which blood pressure falls between contractions of the ventricles. [NIH] Diencephalon: The paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus are derived. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dihydroxy: AMPA/Kainate antagonist. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Dilution: A diluted or attenuated medicine; in homeopathy, the diffusion of a given quantity of a medicinal agent in ten or one hundred times the same quantity of water. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Disorientation: The loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Dissociative Disorders: Sudden temporary alterations in the normally integrative functions of consciousness. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Diuretic: A drug that increases the production of urine. [NIH] Diurnal: Occurring during the day. [EU] Dobutamine: A beta-2 agonist catecholamine that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia. It is proposed as a cardiotonic after myocardial infarction or open heart surgery. [NIH]
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Dopa: The racemic or DL form of DOPA, an amino acid found in various legumes. The dextro form has little physiologic activity but the levo form (levodopa) is a very important physiologic mediator and precursor and pharmacological agent. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dorsum: A plate of bone which forms the posterior boundary of the sella turcica. [NIH] Dose-dependent: Refers to the effects of treatment with a drug. If the effects change when the dose of the drug is changed, the effects are said to be dose dependent. [NIH] Doxazosin: A selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker that lowers serum cholesterol. It is also effective in the treatment of hypertension. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Eclampsia: Onset of convulsions or coma in a previously diagnosed pre-eclamptic patient. [NIH]
Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electric shock: A dangerous patho-physiological effect resulting from an electric current passing through the body of a human or animal. [NIH] Electrocoagulation: Electrosurgical procedures used to treat hemorrhage (e.g., bleeding ulcers) and to ablate tumors, mucosal lesions, and refractory arrhythmias. [NIH] Electrode: Component of the pacing system which is at the distal end of the lead. It is the
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interface with living cardiac tissue across which the stimulus is transmitted. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophysiological: Pertaining to electrophysiology, that is a branch of physiology that is concerned with the electric phenomena associated with living bodies and involved in their functional activity. [EU] Electroplating: Coating with a metal or alloy by electrolysis. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Empirical: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endocytosis: Cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles or microvesicles. Endosomes play a central role in endocytosis. [NIH] Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Endoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery performed on interior parts of the body. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium, Lymphatic: Unbroken cellular lining (intima) of the lymph vessels (e.g., the high endothelial lymphatic venules). It is more permeable than vascular endothelium, lacking selective absorption and functioning mainly to remove plasma proteins that have filtered through the capillaries into the tissue spaces. [NIH] Endothelium, Vascular: Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components from interstitium to lumen; this function has been most intensively studied in the blood capillaries. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] Energetic: Exhibiting energy : strenuous; operating with force, vigour, or effect. [EU] Energy balance: Energy is the capacity of a body or a physical system for doing work.
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Energy balance is the state in which the total energy intake equals total energy needs. [NIH] Enkephalin: A natural opiate painkiller, in the hypothalamus. [NIH] Entorhinal Cortex: Cortex where the signals are combined with those from other sensory systems. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Ephedrine: An alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used in the treatment of several disorders including asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists. [NIH] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidural: The space between the wall of the spinal canal and the covering of the spinal cord. An epidural injection is given into this space. [NIH] Epidural block: An injection of an anesthetic drug into the space between the wall of the spinal canal and the covering of the spinal cord. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithalamus: The dorsal posterior subdivision of the diencephalon. The epithalamus is generally considered to include the habenular nuclei (habenula) and associated fiber bundles, the pineal body, and the epithelial roof of the third ventricle. The anterior and posterior paraventricular nuclei of the thalamus are included with the thalamic nuclei although they develop from the same pronuclear mass as the epithalamic nuclei and are sometimes considered part of the epithalamus. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erectile: The inability to get or maintain an erection for satisfactory sexual intercourse. Also called impotence. [NIH] Erection: The condition of being made rigid and elevated; as erectile tissue when filled with blood. [EU] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH]
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Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esterification: The process of converting an acid into an alkyl or aryl derivative. Most frequently the process consists of the reaction of an acid with an alcohol in the presence of a trace of mineral acid as catalyst or the reaction of an acyl chloride with an alcohol. Esterification can also be accomplished by enzymatic processes. [NIH] Estrogens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of secondary female sex characteristics and control of the cyclical changes in the reproductive cycle. They are also required for pregnancy maintenance and have an anabolic effect on protein metabolism and water retention. [NIH] Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ethanolamine: A viscous, hygroscopic amino alcohol with an ammoniacal odor. It is widely distributed in biological tissue and is a component of lecithin. It is used as a surfactant, fluorimetric reagent, and to remove CO2 and H2S from natural gas and other gases. [NIH] Ethyl Chloride: A gas that condenses under slight pressure. Because of its low boiling point ethyl chloride sprayed on skin produces an intense cold by evaporation. Cold blocks nerve conduction. Ethyl chloride has been used in surgery but is primarily used to relieve local pain in sports medicine. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Excitability: Property of a cardiac cell whereby, when the cell is depolarized to a critical level (called threshold), the membrane becomes permeable and a regenerative inward current causes an action potential. [NIH] Excitatory: When cortical neurons are excited, their output increases and each new input they receive while they are still excited raises their output markedly. [NIH] Exercise Test: Controlled physical activity, more strenuous than at rest, which is performed in order to allow assessment of physiological functions, particularly cardiovascular and pulmonary, but also aerobic capacity. Maximal (most intense) exercise is usually required but submaximal exercise is also used. The intensity of exercise is often graded, using criteria such as rate of work done, oxygen consumption, and heart rate. Physiological data obtained from an exercise test may be used for diagnosis, prognosis, and evaluation of disease severity, and to evaluate therapy. Data may also be used in prescribing exercise by determining a person's exercise capacity. [NIH] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Exocytosis: Cellular release of material within membrane-limited vesicles by fusion of the vesicles with the cell membrane. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Expiration: The act of breathing out, or expelling air from the lungs. [EU] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH]
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Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]
Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Felypressin: Synthetic analog of lypressin with more vasoconstrictor than antidiuretic action. It is used as a hemostatic. [NIH] Femoral: Pertaining to the femur, or to the thigh. [EU] Femoral Artery: The main artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery. [NIH] Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release. [NIH] Fentanyl: A narcotic opioid drug that is used in the treatment of pain. [NIH] Fetal Membranes: Thin layers of tissue which surround the embryo or fetus and provide for its nutrition, respiration, excretion and protection; they are the yolk sac, allantois, amnion, and chorion. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fissure: Any cleft or groove, normal or otherwise; especially a deep fold in the cerebral cortex which involves the entire thickness of the brain wall. [EU] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral,
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anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that acts as an antineoplastic antimetabolite and also has immunosuppressant. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the thymidylate synthetase conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid. [NIH] Foetal: Of or pertaining to a fetus; pertaining to in utero development after the embryonic period. [EU] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Forskolin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant Coleus forskohlii. Has antihypertensive, positive ionotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland. [NIH] Fractionation: Dividing the total dose of radiation therapy into several smaller, equal doses delivered over a period of several days. [NIH] Frontal Lobe: The anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Frostbite: Damage to tissues as the result of low environmental temperatures. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungistatic: Inhibiting the growth of fungi. [EU] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU] Gangrene: Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Juices: Liquids produced in the stomach to help break down food and kill bacteria. [NIH]
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Gastric Mucosa: Surface epithelium in the stomach that invaginates into the lamina propria, forming gastric pits. Tubular glands, characteristic of each region of the stomach (cardiac, gastric, and pyloric), empty into the gastric pits. The gastric mucosa is made up of several different kinds of cells. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Ginseng: An araliaceous genus of plants that contains a number of pharmacologically active agents used as stimulants, sedatives, and tonics, especially in traditional medicine. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]
Glomeruli: Plural of glomerulus. [NIH] Glomerulonephritis: Glomerular disease characterized by an inflammatory reaction, with leukocyte infiltration and cellular proliferation of the glomeruli, or that appears to be the result of immune glomerular injury. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throught the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from glutamic acid and ammonia. It is the principal carrier of nitrogen in the body and is an important energy source for many cells. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycogen: A sugar stored in the liver and muscles. It releases glucose into the blood when cells need it for energy. Glycogen is the chief source of stored fuel in the body. [NIH]
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Glycolysis: The pathway by which glucose is catabolized into two molecules of pyruvic acid with the generation of ATP. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycosuria: The presence of glucose in the urine; especially the excretion of an abnormally large amount of sugar (glucose) in the urine, i.e., more than 1 gm. in 24 hours. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Gp120: 120-kD HIV envelope glycoprotein which is involved in the binding of the virus to its membrane receptor, the CD4 molecule, found on the surface of certain cells in the body. [NIH]
Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Gravis: Eruption of watery blisters on the skin among those handling animals and animal products. [NIH] Groin: The external junctural region between the lower part of the abdomen and the thigh. [NIH]
Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Gynaecological: Pertaining to gynaecology. [EU] Habitual: Of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary. [EU] Haematoma: A localized collection of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue, due to a break in the wall of a blood vessel. [EU] Haemorrhage: The escape of blood from the vessels; bleeding. Small haemorrhages are classified according to size as petechiae (very small), purpura (up to 1 cm), and ecchymoses (larger). The massive accumulation of blood within a tissue is called a haematoma. [EU] Haemostasis: The arrest of bleeding, either by the physiological properties of vasoconstriction and coagulation or by surgical means. [EU] Hair Cells: Mechanoreceptors located in the organ of Corti that are sensitive to auditory stimuli and in the vestibular apparatus that are sensitive to movement of the head. In each case the accessory sensory structures are arranged so that appropriate stimuli cause movement of the hair-like projections (stereocilia and kinocilia) which relay the information centrally in the nervous system. [NIH] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH]
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Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Health Status: The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures. [NIH] Heart Arrest: Sudden and usually momentary cessation of the heart beat. This sudden cessation may, but not usually, lead to death, sudden, cardiac. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Heartbeat: One complete contraction of the heart. [NIH] Hematopoiesis: The development and formation of various types of blood cells. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]
Hemostatic Techniques: Techniques for controlling bleeding. [NIH] Hemostatics: Agents acting to arrest the flow of blood. Absorbable hemostatics arrest bleeding either by the formation of an artificial clot or by providing a mechanical matrix that facilitates clotting when applied directly to the bleeding surface. These agents function more at the capillary level and are not effective at stemming arterial or venous bleeding under any significant intravascular pressure. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Hernia: Protrusion of a loop or knuckle of an organ or tissue through an abnormal opening. [NIH]
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Herniorrhaphy: An operation to repair a hernia. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]
Hiccup: A spasm of the diaphragm that causes a sudden inhalation followed by rapid closure of the glottis which produces a sound. [NIH] Hippocampus: A curved elevation of gray matter extending the entire length of the floor of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle (Dorland, 28th ed). The hippocampus, subiculum, and dentate gyrus constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the entorhinal cortex in the hippocampal formation. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Hoarseness: An unnaturally deep or rough quality of voice. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Horny layer: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Human papillomavirus: HPV. A virus that causes abnormal tissue growth (warts) and is often associated with some types of cancer. [NIH] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hyaluronidase: An enzyme that splits hyaluronic acid and thus lowers the viscosity of the acid and facilitates the spreading of fluids through tissues either advantageously or disadvantageously. [NIH] Hybridomas: Cells artificially created by fusion of activated lymphocytes with neoplastic cells. The resulting hybrid cells are cloned and produce pure or "monoclonal" antibodies or T-cell products, identical to those produced by the immunologically competent parent, and continually grow and divide as the neoplastic parent. [NIH] Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It has been used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism. [NIH] Hydrocortisone: The main glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless,
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odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydroxycorticosteroids: A group of corticosteroids carrying hydroxy groups, usually in the 11- or 17-positions. They comprise the bulk of the corticosteroids used systemically. As they are relatively insoluble in water, salts of various esterified forms are often used for injections or solutions. [NIH] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperalgesia: Excessive sensitiveness or sensibility to pain. [EU] Hyperbaric: Characterized by greater than normal pressure or weight; applied to gases under greater than atmospheric pressure, as hyperbaric oxygen, or to a solution of greater specific gravity than another taken as a standard of reference. [EU] Hyperbaric oxygen: Oxygen that is at an atmospheric pressure higher than the pressure at sea level. Breathing hyperbaric oxygen to enhance the effectiveness of radiation therapy is being studied. [NIH] Hyperglycemia: Abnormally high blood sugar. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperthyroidism: Excessive functional activity of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypoglycaemia: An abnormally diminished concentration of glucose in the blood, which may lead to tremulousness, cold sweat, piloerection, hypothermia, and headache, accompanied by irritability, confusion, hallucinations, bizarre behaviour, and ultimately, convulsions and coma. [EU] Hypoglycemia: Abnormally low blood sugar [NIH] Hypokalaemia: Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood; it may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhoea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. [EU] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Hypothermia: Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals; in man usually accidental or unintentional. [NIH] Hypothyroidism: Deficiency of thyroid activity. In adults, it is most common in women and is characterized by decrease in basal metabolic rate, tiredness and lethargy, sensitivity to
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cold, and menstrual disturbances. If untreated, it progresses to full-blown myxoedema. In infants, severe hypothyroidism leads to cretinism. In juveniles, the manifestations are intermediate, with less severe mental and developmental retardation and only mild symptoms of the adult form. When due to pituitary deficiency of thyrotropin secretion it is called secondary hypothyroidism. [EU] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Ileal: Related to the ileum, the lowest end of the small intestine. [NIH] Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH] Immersion: The placing of a body or a part thereof into a liquid. [NIH] Immune function: Production and action of cells that fight disease or infection. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]
effects
of
foreign
Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infant, Newborn: An infant during the first month after birth. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH]
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Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inguinal: Pertaining to the inguen, or groin. [EU] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction. [NIH] Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin. [NIH] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insomnia: Difficulty in going to sleep or getting enough sleep. [NIH] Insufflation: The act of blowing a powder, vapor, or gas into any body cavity for experimental, diagnostic, or therapeutic purposes. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Interleukin-1: A soluble factor produced by monocytes, macrophages, and other cells which
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activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. IL-1 consists of two distinct forms, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta which perform the same functions but are distinct proteins. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation. The factor is distinct from interleukin-2. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Interleukin-6: Factor that stimulates the growth and differentiation of human B-cells and is also a growth factor for hybridomas and plasmacytomas. It is produced by many different cells including T-cells, monocytes, and fibroblasts. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracellular Membranes: Membranes of subcellular structures. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intramuscular injection: IM. Injection into a muscle. [NIH] Intraocular: Within the eye. [EU] Intraocular pressure: Pressure of the fluid inside the eye; normal IOP varies among individuals. [NIH] Intravascular: Within a vessel or vessels. [EU] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Intubation: Introduction of a tube into a hollow organ to restore or maintain patency if obstructed. It is differentiated from catheterization in that the insertion of a catheter is usually performed for the introducing or withdrawing of fluids from the body. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Invertebrates: Animals that have no spinal column. [NIH] Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ion Exchange: Reversible chemical reaction between a solid, often an ION exchange resin, and a fluid whereby ions may be exchanged from one substance to another. This technique is used in water purification, in research, and in industry. [NIH] Ionization: 1. Any process by which a neutral atom gains or loses electrons, thus acquiring a net charge, as the dissociation of a substance in solution into ions or ion production by the passage of radioactive particles. 2. Iontophoresis. [EU] Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH]
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Iontophoresis: Therapeutic introduction of ions of soluble salts into tissues by means of electric current. In medical literature it is commonly used to indicate the process of increasing the penetration of drugs into surface tissues by the application of electric current. It has nothing to do with ion exchange, air ionization nor phonophoresis, none of which requires current. [NIH] Iris: The most anterior portion of the uveal layer, separating the anterior chamber from the posterior. It consists of two layers - the stroma and the pigmented epithelium. Color of the iris depends on the amount of melanin in the stroma on reflection from the pigmented epithelium. [NIH] Irrigation: The washing of a body cavity or surface by flowing solution which is inserted and then removed. Any drug in the irrigation solution may be absorbed. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Isopropyl: A gene mutation inducer. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kallidin: A decapeptide bradykinin homolog produced by the action of tissue and glandular kallikreins on low-molecular-weight kininogen. It is a smooth-muscle stimulant and hypotensive agent that functions through vasodilatation. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (receptors, NMethyl-D-Aspartate) and may interact with sigma receptors. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Labetalol: Blocker of both alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors that is used as an antihypertensive. [NIH] Laceration: 1. The act of tearing. 2. A torn, ragged, mangled wound. [EU] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Lectin: A complex molecule that has both protein and sugars. Lectins are able to bind to the outside of a cell and cause biochemical changes in it. Lectins are made by both animals and plants. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Leptin: A 16-kD peptide hormone secreted from white adipocytes and implicated in the regulation of food intake and energy balance. Leptin provides the key afferent signal from fat cells in the feedback system that controls body fat stores. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Lethargy: Abnormal drowsiness or stupor; a condition of indifference. [EU] Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. [NIH]
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Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Levo: It is an experimental treatment for heroin addiction that was developed by German scientists around 1948 as an analgesic. Like methadone, it binds with opioid receptors, but it is longer acting. [NIH] Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of dopa and the immediate precursor of dopamine. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to dopamine. It is used for the treatment of parkinsonism and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of procaine but its duration of action is shorter than that of bupivacaine or prilocaine. [NIH] Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligaments: Shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue connecting together articular extremities of bones. They are pliant, tough, and inextensile. [NIH] Ligation: Application of a ligature to tie a vessel or strangulate a part. [NIH] Limbic: Pertaining to a limbus, or margin; forming a border around. [EU] Limbic System: A set of forebrain structures common to all mammals that is defined functionally and anatomically. It is implicated in the higher integration of visceral, olfactory, and somatic information as well as homeostatic responses including fundamental survival behaviors (feeding, mating, emotion). For most authors, it includes the amygdala, epithalamus, gyrus cinguli, hippocampal formation (see hippocampus), hypothalamus, parahippocampal gyrus, septal nuclei, anterior nuclear group of thalamus, and portions of the basal ganglia. (Parent, Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy, 9th ed, p744; NeuroNames, http://rprcsgi.rprc.washington.edu/neuronames/index.html (September 2, 1998)). [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lip: Either of the two fleshy, full-blooded margins of the mouth. [NIH] Lipectomy: Removal of localized subcutaneous fat deposits by suction curettage or blunt cannulization in the cosmetic correction of obesity and other esthetic contour defects. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipolysis: The hydrolysis of lipids. [NIH] Lipoma: A benign tumor composed of fat cells. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lisinopril: An orally active angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure. [NIH] Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders. [NIH]
Lithium Carbonate: A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of biogenic monoamines in the central nervous system, and affects multiple
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neurotransmission systems. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver Cirrhosis: Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Lower Body Negative Pressure: External decompression applied to the lower body. It is used to study orthostatic intolerance and the effects of gravitation and acceleration, to produce simulated hemorrhage in physiologic research, to assess cardiovascular function, and to reduce abdominal stress during childbirth. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lypressin: 8-Lysyl vasopressin. The porcine antidiuretic hormone most frequently used clinically. A cyclic nonapeptide with lysine in position 8 of the chain; it is used to treat diabetes insipidus and as hemostatic because of its vasoconstrictor action. [NIH] Lysergic acid: A compound close in chemical structure to LSD-25 but without hallucinogenic effects; one of the direct chemical predecessors of LSD-25. Sometimes LSD-25 is erroneously called by this name. [NIH] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-1: A chemokine that is chemotactic for neutrophils and monocytes, stimulates macrophages, and may play a role in regulating hematopoiesis. Its two variants, MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta, are 60% homologous to each other. [NIH] Malaria: A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the genus Plasmodium
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(P. falciparum (malaria, falciparum), P. vivax (malaria, vivax), P. ovale, and P. malariae) and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus Anopheles. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high fever, sweating, shaking chills, and anemia. Malaria in animals is caused by other species of plasmodia. [NIH] Malaria, Falciparum: Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations. [NIH] Malaria, Vivax: Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax. This form of malaria is less severe than malaria, falciparum, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile paroxysms often occur every other day. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant Hyperthermia: Rapid and excessive rise of temperature accompanied by muscular rigidity following general anesthesia. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]
Mammaplasty: Surgical reconstruction of the breast including both augmentation and reduction. [NIH] Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Man-made: Ionizing radiation emitted by artificial or concentrated natural, radioactive material or resulting from the operation of high voltage apparatus, such as X-ray apparatus or particle accelerators, of nuclear reactors, or from nuclear explosions. [NIH] Mass Fragmentography: A microanalytical technique combining mass spectrometry and gas chromatography for the qualitative as well as quantitative determinations of compounds. [NIH]
Mastication: The act and process of chewing and grinding food in the mouth. [NIH] Mechanoreceptors: Cells specialized to transduce mechanical stimuli and relay that information centrally in the nervous system. Mechanoreceptors include hair cells, which mediate hearing and balance, and the various somatosensory receptors, often with nonneural accessory structures. [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Medullary: Pertaining to the marrow or to any medulla; resembling marrow. [EU] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological
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color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Mental Processes: Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms. [NIH] Mercuric Chloride: Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant. [NIH] Mesenteric: Pertaining to the mesentery : a membranous fold attaching various organs to the body wall. [EU] Mesentery: A layer of the peritoneum which attaches the abdominal viscera to the abdominal wall and conveys their blood vessels and nerves. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metanephrine: Product of epinephrine O-methylation. It is a commonly occurring, pharmacologically and physiologically inactive metabolite of epinephrine. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent. Before its alphaadrenergic actions became clear, methyldopa was thought to act by inhibiting decarboxylation of DOPA leading to depletion of norepinephrine or by conversion to and release as the false transmitter alpha-methylnorepinephrine. [NIH] Methyltransferase: A drug-metabolizing enzyme. [NIH] Metoprolol: Adrenergic beta-1-blocking agent with no stimulatory action. It is less bound to plasma albumin than alprenolol and may be useful in angina pectoris, hypertension, or cardiac arrhythmias. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microcirculation: The vascular network lying between the arterioles and venules; includes capillaries, metarterioles and arteriovenous anastomoses. Also, the flow of blood through this network. [NIH] Microdialysis: A technique for measuring extracellular concentrations of substances in tissues, usually in vivo, by means of a small probe equipped with a semipermeable membrane. Substances may also be introduced into the extracellular space through the membrane. [NIH]
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Microfilaments: The smallest of the cytoskeletal filaments. They are composed chiefly of actin. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Miotic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or producing miosis : contraction of the pupil. 2. An agent that causes the pupil to contract. 3. Meiotic: characterized by cell division. [EU] Mitochondria: Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also known as cell respiration) takes place. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases: A serine-threonine protein kinase family whose members are components in protein kinase cascades activated by diverse stimuli. These MAPK kinases phosphorylate mitogen-activated protein kinases and are themselves phosphorylated by MAP kinase kinase kinases. JNK kinases (also known as SAPK kinases) are a subfamily. EC 2.7.10.- [NIH] Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases: A superfamily of protein-serine-threonine kinases that are activated by diverse stimuli via protein kinase cascades. They are the final components of the cascades, activated by phosphorylation by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases which in turn are activated by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAP kinase kinase kinases). Families of these mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) include extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), stress-activated protein kinases (SAPKs) (also known as c-jun terminal kinases (JNKs)), and p38-mitogen-activated protein kinases. EC 2,7,1.- [NIH] Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Mobilization: The process of making a fixed part or stored substance mobile, as by separating a part from surrounding structures to make it accessible for an operative procedure or by causing release into the circulation for body use of a substance stored in the body. [EU] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds. [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monoamine: Enzyme that breaks down dopamine in the astrocytes and microglia. [NIH] Monoamine Oxidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of naturally occurring monoamines. It is a flavin-containing enzyme that is localized in mitochondrial membranes, whether in nerve terminals, the liver, or other organs. Monoamine oxidase is important in regulating the metabolic degradation of catecholamines and serotonin in neural or target tissues. Hepatic monoamine oxidase has a crucial defensive role in inactivating
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circulating monoamines or those, such as tyramine, that originate in the gut and are absorbed into the portal circulation. (From Goodman and Gilman's, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p415) EC 1.4.3.4. [NIH] Monocyte: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Mucinous: Containing or resembling mucin, the main compound in mucus. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Muscle Contraction: A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments. [NIH] Muscle relaxant: An agent that specifically aids in reducing muscle tension, as those acting at the polysynaptic neurons of motor nerves (e.g. meprobamate) or at the myoneural junction (curare and related compounds). [EU] Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH] Musculoskeletal System: Themuscles, bones, and cartilage of the body. [NIH] Myasthenia: Muscular debility; any constitutional anomaly of muscle. [EU] Mydriasis: Dilation of pupils to greater than 6 mm combined with failure of the pupils to constrict when stimulated with light. This condition may occur due to injury of the pupillary fibers in the oculomotor nerve, in acute angle-closure glaucoma, and in Adie syndrome. [NIH]
Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Myeloproliferative Disorders: Disorders in which one or more stimuli cause proliferation of hemopoietically active tissue or of tissue which has embryonic hemopoietic potential. [NIH] Myenteric: On stimulation of an intestinal segment, the segment above contracts and that below relaxes. [NIH] Myocardial Contraction: Contractile activity of the heart. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardial Ischemia: A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (coronary arteriosclerosis), to obstruction by a thrombus (coronary thrombosis), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (myocardial infarction). [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle
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known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myristate: Pharmacological activator of protein kinase C. [NIH] Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors. [NIH] Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of naloxone. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence. [NIH] Narcolepsy: A condition of unknown cause characterized by a periodic uncontrollable tendency to fall asleep. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Nasal Cavity: The proximal portion of the respiratory passages on either side of the nasal septum, lined with ciliated mucosa, extending from the nares to the pharynx. [NIH] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike physostigmine, does not cross the blood-brain barrier. [NIH] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nerve Endings: Specialized terminations of peripheral neurons. Nerve endings include neuroeffector junction(s) by which neurons activate target organs and sensory receptors which transduce information from the various sensory modalities and send it centrally in the nervous system. Presynaptic nerve endings are presynaptic terminals. [NIH] Nerve Fibers: Slender processes of neurons, especially the prolonged axons that conduct nerve impulses. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuralgia: Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve. [NIH] Neuroblastoma: Cancer that arises in immature nerve cells and affects mostly infants and children. [NIH]
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Neuroeffector Junction: The synapse between a neuron (presynaptic) and an effector cell other than another neuron (postsynaptic). Neuroeffector junctions include synapses onto muscles and onto secretory cells. [NIH] Neuroendocrine: Having to do with the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system. Describes certain cells that release hormones into the blood in response to stimulation of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neuropeptide: A member of a class of protein-like molecules made in the brain. Neuropeptides consist of short chains of amino acids, with some functioning as neurotransmitters and some functioning as hormones. [NIH] Neurophysiology: The scientific discipline concerned with the physiology of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurosecretory Systems: A system of neurons that has the specialized function to produce and secrete hormones, and that constitutes, in whole or in part, an endocrine organ or system. [NIH] Neurotoxic: Poisonous or destructive to nerve tissue. [EU] Neurotoxin: A substance that is poisonous to nerve tissue. [NIH] Neurotransmitters: Endogenous signaling molecules that alter the behavior of neurons or effector cells. Neurotransmitter is used here in its most general sense, including not only messengers that act directly to regulate ion channels, but also those that act through second messenger systems, and those that act at a distance from their site of release. Included are neuromodulators, neuroregulators, neuromediators, and neurohumors, whether or not acting at synapses. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme urease. [NIH] Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful antianginal agent that also lowers blood pressure. The use of nifedipine as a tocolytic is being investigated. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP.
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[NIH]
Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nitroprusside: (OC-6-22)-Pentakis(cyano-C)nitrosoferrate(2-). A powerful vasodilator used in emergencies to lower blood pressure or to improve cardiac function. It is also an indicator for free sulfhydryl groups in proteins. [NIH] Nociceptors: Peripheral receptors for pain. Nociceptors include receptors which are sensitive to painful mechanical stimuli, extreme heat or cold, and chemical stimuli. All nociceptors are free nerve endings. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Normetanephrine: A methylated metabolite of norepinephrine that is excreted in the urine and found in certain tissues. It is a marker for tumors. [NIH] Normotensive: 1. Characterized by normal tone, tension, or pressure, as by normal blood pressure. 2. A person with normal blood pressure. [EU] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Octopamine: An alpha-adrenergic sympathomimetic amine, biosynthesized from tyramine in the CNS and platelets and also in invertebrate nervous systems. It is used to treat hypotension and as a cardiotonic. The natural D(-) form is more potent than the L(+) form in producing cardiovascular adrenergic responses. It is also a neurotransmitter in some invertebrates. [NIH] Oculomotor: Cranial nerve III. It originate from the lower ventral surface of the midbrain and is classified as a motor nerve. [NIH] Oculomotor Nerve: The 3d cranial nerve. The oculomotor nerve sends motor fibers to the levator muscles of the eyelid and to the superior rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique muscles of the eye. It also sends parasympathetic efferents (via the ciliary ganglion) to the muscles controlling pupillary constriction and accommodation. The motor fibers originate in the oculomotor nuclei of the midbrain. [NIH] Odour: A volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell. [EU] Oedema: The presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces of the body; usually applied to demonstrable accumulation of excessive fluid in the subcutaneous tissues. Edema may be localized, due to venous or lymphatic obstruction or to increased vascular permeability, or it may be systemic due to heart failure or renal disease. Collections of edema fluid are designated according to the site, e.g. ascites (peritoneal cavity), hydrothorax (pleural cavity), and hydropericardium (pericardial sac). Massive
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generalized edema is called anasarca. [EU] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Ophthalmic Artery: Artery originating from the internal carotid artery and distributing to the eye, orbit and adjacent facial structures. [NIH] Opium: The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few morphine, codeine, and papaverine - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic. [NIH] Opsin: A protein formed, together with retinene, by the chemical breakdown of metarhodopsin. [NIH] Optic Chiasm: The X-shaped structure formed by the meeting of the two optic nerves. At the optic chiasm the fibers from the medial part of each retina cross to project to the other side of the brain while the lateral retinal fibers continue on the same side. As a result each half of the brain receives information about the contralateral visual field from both eyes. [NIH]
Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the organ. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Orthopaedic: Pertaining to the correction of deformities of the musculoskeletal system; pertaining to orthopaedics. [EU] Orthostatic: Pertaining to or caused by standing erect. [EU] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Overdose: An accidental or deliberate dose of a medication or street drug that is in excess of what is normally used. [NIH] Overweight: An excess of body weight but not necessarily body fat; a body mass index of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Oxygen Consumption: The oxygen consumption is determined by calculating the difference between the amount of oxygen inhaled and exhaled. [NIH] Oxygenase: Enzyme which breaks down heme, the iron-containing oxygen-carrying constituent of the red blood cells. [NIH]
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Oxygenator: An apparatus by which oxygen is introduced into the blood during circulation outside the body, as during open heart surgery. [NIH] Oxytocin: A nonapeptide posterior pituitary hormone that causes uterine contractions and stimulates lactation. [NIH] Pacemaker: An object or substance that influences the rate at which a certain phenomenon occurs; often used alone to indicate the natural cardiac pacemaker or an artificial cardiac pacemaker. In biochemistry, a substance whose rate of reaction sets the pace for a series of interrelated reactions. [EU] Paediatric: Of or relating to the care and medical treatment of children; belonging to or concerned with paediatrics. [EU] Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Paraganglia, Chromaffin: Small bodies containing chromaffin cells occurring outside of the adrenal medulla, most commonly near the sympathetic ganglia and in organs such as the kidney, liver, heart and gonads. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pectoralis Muscles: The pectoralis major and pectoralis minor muscles that make up the upper and fore part of the chest in front of the axilla. [NIH] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Pepsin: An enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins. [NIH] Pepsin A: Formed from pig pepsinogen by cleavage of one peptide bond. The enzyme is a single polypeptide chain and is inhibited by methyl 2-diaazoacetamidohexanoate. It cleaves peptides preferentially at the carbonyl linkages of phenylalanine or leucine and acts as the principal digestive enzyme of gastric juice. [NIH] Peptic: Pertaining to pepsin or to digestion; related to the action of gastric juices. [EU] Peptic Ulcer: Ulcer that occurs in those portions of the alimentary tract which come into contact with gastric juice containing pepsin and acid. It occurs when the amount of acid and
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pepsin is sufficient to overcome the gastric mucosal barrier. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide T: N-(N-(N(2)-(N-(N-(N-(N-D-Alanyl L-seryl)-L-threonyl)-L-threonyl) L-threonyl)L-asparaginyl)-L-tyrosyl) L-threonine. Octapeptide sharing sequence homology with HIV envelope protein gp120. It is potentially useful as antiviral agent in AIDS therapy. The core pentapeptide sequence, TTNYT, consisting of amino acids 4-8 in peptide T, is the HIV envelope sequence required for attachment to the CD4 receptor. [NIH] Perioperative: Around the time of surgery; usually lasts from the time of going into the hospital or doctor's office for surgery until the time the patient goes home. [NIH] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nerves: The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peristalsis: The rippling motion of muscles in the intestine or other tubular organs characterized by the alternate contraction and relaxation of the muscles that propel the contents onward. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Perivascular: Situated around a vessel. [EU] Petechiae: Pinpoint, unraised, round red spots under the skin caused by bleeding. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenotypes: An organism as observed, i. e. as judged by its visually perceptible characters resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment. [NIH] Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic anatagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator. [NIH] Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of Raynaud's
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disease and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease. [NIH] Phenyl: Ingredient used in cold and flu remedies. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phenylephrine: An alpha-adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent. [NIH] Phonophoresis: Use of ultrasound to increase the percutaneous adsorption of drugs. [NIH] Phosphodiesterase: Effector enzyme that regulates the levels of a second messenger, the cyclic GMP. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Phosphotyrosine: An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis. [NIH] Photocoagulation: Using a special strong beam of light (laser) to seal off bleeding blood vessels such as in the eye. The laser can also burn away blood vessels that should not have grown in the eye. This is the main treatment for diabetic retinopathy. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pigmentation: Coloration or discoloration of a part by a pigment. [NIH] Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma. [NIH] Piloerection: Involuntary erection or bristling of hairs. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized
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regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasmin: A product of the lysis of plasminogen (profibrinolysin) by plasminogen activators. It is composed of two polypeptide chains, light (B) and heavy (A), with a molecular weight of 75,000. It is the major proteolytic enzyme involved in blood clot retraction or the lysis of fibrin and quickly inactivated by antiplasmins. EC 3.4.21.7. [NIH] Plasminogen: Precursor of fibrinolysin (plasmin). It is a single-chain beta-globulin of molecular weight 80-90,000 found mostly in association with fibrinogen in plasma; plasminogen activators change it to fibrinolysin. It is used in wound debriding and has been investigated as a thrombolytic agent. [NIH] Plasminogen Activators: A heterogeneous group of proteolytic enzymes that convert plasminogen to plasmin. They are concentrated in the lysosomes of most cells and in the vascular endothelium, particularly in the vessels of the microcirculation. EC 3.4.21.-. [NIH] Plastic surgeon: A surgeon who specializes in reducing scarring or disfigurement that may occur as a result of accidents, birth defects, or treatment for diseases. [NIH] Plastids: Self-replicating cytoplasmic organelles of plant and algal cells that contain pigments and may synthesize and accumulate various substances. Plastids are used in phylogenetic studies. [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]
Pleural: A circumscribed area of hyaline whorled fibrous tissue which appears on the surface of the parietal pleura, on the fibrous part of the diaphragm or on the pleura in the interlobar fissures. [NIH] Pleural cavity: A space enclosed by the pleura (thin tissue covering the lungs and lining the interior wall of the chest cavity). It is bound by thin membranes. [NIH] Plexus: A network or tangle; a general term for a network of lymphatic vessels, nerves, or veins. [EU] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Polyunsaturated fat: An unsaturated fat found in greatest amounts in foods derived from
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plants, including safflower, sunflower, corn, and soybean oils. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Post-synaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Pre-Eclampsia: Development of hypertension with proteinuria, edema, or both, due to pregnancy or the influence of a recent pregnancy. It occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but it may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease. [NIH] Pre-eclamptic: A syndrome characterized by hypertension, albuminuria, and generalized oedema, occurring only in pregnancy. [NIH] Prefrontal Cortex: The rostral part of the frontal lobe, bounded by the inferior precentral fissure in humans, which receives projection fibers from the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus. The prefrontal cortex receives afferent fibers from numerous structures of the diencephalon, mesencephalon, and limbic system as well as cortical afferents of visual, auditory, and somatic origin. [NIH] Pregnancy Maintenance: Physiological mechanisms that sustain the state of pregnancy. [NIH]
Prepuce: A covering fold of skin; often used alone to designate the preputium penis. [EU] Pressoreceptors: Receptors in the vascular system, particularly the aorta and carotid sinus, which are sensitive to stretch of the vessel walls. [NIH] Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Presynaptic Terminals: The distal terminations of axons which are specialized for the release of neurotransmitters. Also included are varicosities along the course of axons which have similar specializations and also release transmitters. Presynaptic terminals in both the central and peripheral nervous systems are included. [NIH] Priapism: Persistent abnormal erection of the penis, usually without sexual desire, and accompanied by pain and tenderness. It is seen in diseases and injuries of the spinal cord,
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and may be caused by vesical calculus and certain injuries to the penis. [EU] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016). [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Propanolol: Beta blocker. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Proportional: Being in proportion : corresponding in size, degree, or intensity, having the same or a constant ratio; of, relating to, or used in determining proportions. [EU] Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol is used in the treatment or prevention of many disorders including acute myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, angina pectoris, hypertension, hypertensive emergencies, hyperthyroidism, migraine, pheochromocytoma, menopause, and anxiety. [NIH] Prosencephalon: The part of the brain developed from the most rostral of the three primary vesicles of the embryonic neural tube and consisting of the diencephalon and telencephalon. [NIH]
Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU]
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Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Kinase C: An enzyme that phosphorylates proteins on serine or threonine residues in the presence of physiological concentrations of calcium and membrane phospholipids. The additional presence of diacylglycerols markedly increases its sensitivity to both calcium and phospholipids. The sensitivity of the enzyme can also be increased by phorbol esters and it is believed that protein kinase C is the receptor protein of tumor-promoting phorbol esters. EC 2.7.1.-. [NIH] Protein Kinases: A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein. EC 2.7.1.37. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases: A group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in proteins, with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors. EC 2.7.10. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Prothrombin: A plasma protein that is the inactive precursor of thrombin. It is converted to thrombin by a prothrombin activator complex consisting of factor Xa, factor V, phospholipid, and calcium ions. Deficiency of prothrombin leads to hypoprothrombinemia. [NIH]
Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Protozoal: Having to do with the simplest organisms in the animal kingdom. Protozoa are single-cell organisms, such as ameba, and are different from bacteria, which are not members of the animal kingdom. Some protozoa can be seen without a microscope. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU]
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Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]
Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Putrefaction: The process of decomposition of animal and vegetable matter by living organisms. [NIH] Pyridostigmine Bromide: A cholinesterase inhibitor with a slightly longer duration of action than neostigmine. It is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the actions of muscle relaxants. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiochemical: The proportion of the total activity of the radionuclide in the sample considered, which is due to the nuclide in the stated chemical form. [NIH] Radioimmunoassay: Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Nonimmunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reabsorption: 1. The act or process of absorbing again, as the selective absorption by the kidneys of substances (glucose, proteins, sodium, etc.) already secreted into the renal tubules, and their return to the circulating blood. 2. Resorption. [EU] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure,
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produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Reconstitution: 1. A type of regeneration in which a new organ forms by the rearrangement of tissues rather than from new formation at an injured surface. 2. The restoration to original form of a substance previously altered for preservation and storage, as the restoration to a liquid state of blood serum or plasma that has been dried and stored. [EU] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Relaxant: 1. Lessening or reducing tension. 2. An agent that lessens tension. [EU] Relaxation Techniques: The use of muscular relaxation techniques in treatment. [NIH] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]
Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Renin: An enzyme which is secreted by the kidney and is formed from prorenin in plasma and kidney. The enzyme cleaves the Leu-Leu bond in angiotensinogen to generate angiotensin I. EC 3.4.23.15. (Formerly EC 3.4.99.19). [NIH] Renin-Angiotensin System: A system consisting of renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme, and angiotensin II. Renin, an enzyme produced in the kidney, acts on angiotensinogen, an alpha-2 globulin produced by the liver, forming angiotensin I. The converting enzyme contained in the lung acts on angiotensin I in the plasma converting it to angiotensin II, the most powerful directly pressor substance known. It causes contraction of the arteriolar smooth muscle and has other indirect actions mediated through the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Reperfusion: Restoration of blood supply to tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. It is primarily a procedure for treating infarction or other ischemia, by enabling viable ischemic tissue to recover, thus limiting further necrosis. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing reperfusion injury. [NIH] Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes, including necrosis, in ischemic tissues thought to result from reperfusion to ischemic areas of the tissue. The most common instance is myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into
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the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory System: The tubular and cavernous organs and structures, by means of which pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange between ambient air and the blood are brought about. [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Resuscitation: The restoration to life or consciousness of one apparently dead; it includes such measures as artificial respiration and cardiac massage. [EU] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinal Artery: Central retinal artery and its branches. It arises from the ophthalmic artery, pierces the optic nerve and runs through its center, enters the eye through the porus opticus and branches to supply the retina. [NIH] Retinal Artery Occlusion: Occlusion or closure of the central retinal artery causing sudden, usually nearly complete, loss of vision in one eye. Occlusion of the branch retinal artery causes sudden visual loss in only a portion of the visual field. [NIH] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Risk patient: Patient who is at risk, because of his/her behaviour or because of the type of person he/she is. [EU] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH]
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Saline: A solution of salt and water. [NIH] Saphenous: Applied to certain structures in the leg, e. g. nerve vein. [NIH] Saphenous Vein: The vein which drains the foot and leg. [NIH] Sarcoplasmic Reticulum: A network of tubules and sacs in the cytoplasm of skeletal muscles that assist with muscle contraction and relaxation by releasing and storing calcium ions. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Scrotum: In males, the external sac that contains the testicles. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebaceous gland: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Secretory Vesicles: Vesicles derived from the golgi apparatus containing material to be released at the cell surface. [NIH] Sedentary: 1. Sitting habitually; of inactive habits. 2. Pertaining to a sitting posture. [EU] Self Care: Performance of activities or tasks traditionally performed by professional health care providers. The concept includes care of oneself or one's family and friends. [NIH] Seminal vesicles: Glands that help produce semen. [NIH] Sensibility: The ability to receive, feel and appreciate sensations and impressions; the quality of being sensitive; the extend to which a method gives results that are free from false negatives. [NIH] Sensitization: 1. Administration of antigen to induce a primary immune response; priming; immunization. 2. Exposure to allergen that results in the development of hypersensitivity. 3. The coating of erythrocytes with antibody so that they are subject to lysis by complement in the presence of homologous antigen, the first stage of a complement fixation test. [EU] Septal: An abscess occurring at the root of the tooth on the proximal surface. [NIH] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Sequence Homology: The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of amino acid and nucleotide sequences provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of certain species. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH]
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Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Shivering: Involuntary contraction or twitching of the muscles. It is a physiologic method of heat production in man and other mammals. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Sibutramine: A drug used for the management of obesity that helps reduce food intake and is indicated for weight loss and maintenance of weight loss when used in conjunction with a reduced-calorie diet. It works to suppress the appetite primarily by inhibiting the reuptake of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin. Side effects include dry mouth, headache, constipation, insomnia, and a slight increase in average blood pressure. In some patients it causes a higher blood pressure increase. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skin Tests: Epicutaneous or intradermal application of a sensitizer for demonstration of either delayed or immediate hypersensitivity. Used in diagnosis of hypersensitivity or as a test for cellular immunity. [NIH]
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Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Social Support: Support systems that provide assistance and encouragement to individuals with physical or emotional disabilities in order that they may better cope. Informal social support is usually provided by friends, relatives, or peers, while formal assistance is provided by churches, groups, etc. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Somatostatin: A polypeptide hormone produced in the hypothalamus, and other tissues and organs. It inhibits the release of human growth hormone, and also modulates important physiological functions of the kidney, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract. Somatostatin receptors are widely expressed throughout the body. Somatostatin also acts as a neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous systems. [NIH] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spermatozoa: Mature male germ cells that develop in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. Each consists of a head, a body, and a tail that provides propulsion. The head consists mainly of chromatin. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal Nerves: The 31 paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment. The spinal nerve plexuses and the spinal roots are also included. [NIH]
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Spinous: Like a spine or thorn in shape; having spines. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Sports Medicine: The field of medicine concerned with physical fitness and the diagnosis and treatment of injuries sustained in sports activities. [NIH] Staurosporine: A drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkaloids. It is being studied in the treatment of cancer. [NIH] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]
Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stress management: A set of techniques used to help an individual cope more effectively with difficult situations in order to feel better emotionally, improve behavioral skills, and often to enhance feelings of control. Stress management may include relaxation exercises, assertiveness training, cognitive restructuring, time management, and social support. It can be delivered either on a one-to-one basis or in a group format. [NIH] Stridor: The loud, harsh, vibrating sound produced by partial obstruction of the larynx or trachea. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Stroke Volume: The amount of blood pumped out of the heart per beat not to be confused with cardiac output (volume/time). [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH]
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Subiculum: A region of the hippocampus that projects to other areas of the brain. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Substrate Specificity: A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts. [NIH] Subthalamus: A transition zone in the anterior part of the diencephalon interposed between the thalamus, hypothalamus, and tegmentum of the mesencephalon. Components of the subthalamus include the subthalamic nucleus, zona incerta, nucleus of field H, and the nucleus of ansa lenticularis. The latter contains the entopeduncular nucleus. [NIH] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Sufentanil: An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent. [NIH] Sulfides: Chemical groups containing the covalent sulfur bonds -S-. The sulfur atom can be bound to inorganic or organic moieties. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Suprarenal: Above a kidney. [NIH] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]
Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Sweat Glands: Sweat-producing structures that are embedded in the dermis. Each gland consists of a single tube, a coiled body, and a superficial duct. [NIH] Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic
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nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptosomes: Pinched-off nerve endings and their contents of vesicles and cytoplasm together with the attached subsynaptic area of the membrane of the post-synaptic cell. They are largely artificial structures produced by fractionation after selective centrifugation of nervous tissue homogenates. [NIH] Syncope: A temporary suspension of consciousness due to generalized cerebral schemia, a faint or swoon. [EU] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Systolic blood pressure: The maximum pressure in the artery produced as the heart contracts and blood begins to flow. [NIH] Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Temporal Lobe: Lower lateral part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic. [NIH]
Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Tetani: Causal agent of tetanus. [NIH] Tetanic: Having the characteristics of, or relating to tetanus. [NIH] Tetanus: A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by Clostridium tetani. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form. [NIH] Tetanus Toxin: The toxin elaborated by Clostridium tetani. It is a protein with a molecular weight of about 150,000, probably consisting of two fragments, tetanolysin being the hemolytic and tetanospasmin the neurotoxic principle. The toxin causes disruption of the inhibitory mechanisms of the CNS, thus permitting uncontrolled nervous activity, leading to fatal convulsions. [NIH] Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia. [NIH]
Thalamus: Paired bodies containing mostly gray substance and forming part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle of the brain. The thalamus represents the major portion of the diencephalon and is commonly divided into cellular aggregates known as nuclear groups. [NIH]
228 Adrenaline
Theophylline: Alkaloid obtained from Thea sinensis (tea) and others. It stimulates the heart and central nervous system, dilates bronchi and blood vessels, and causes diuresis. The drug is used mainly in bronchial asthma and for myocardial stimulation. Among its more prominent cellular effects are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and antagonism of adenosine receptors. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thermogenesis: The generation of heat in order to maintain body temperature. The uncoupled oxidation of fatty acids contained within brown adipose tissue and shivering are examples of thermogenesis in mammals. [NIH] Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH] Third Ventricle: A narrow cleft inferior to the corpus callosum, within the diencephalon, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the hypothalamus, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by ependyma. It communicates with the fourth ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct, and with the lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramina. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytes: Blood cells that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called platelets. [NIH] Thrombocytopenia: A decrease in the number of blood platelets. [NIH] Thrombolytic: 1. Dissolving or splitting up a thrombus. 2. A thrombolytic agent. [EU] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]
Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thromboxanes: Physiologically active compounds found in many organs of the body. They are formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides and cause platelet aggregation, contraction of arteries, and other biological effects. Thromboxanes are important mediators of the actions of polyunsaturated fatty acids transformed by cyclooxygenase. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are
Dictionary 229
concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyrotropin: A peptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary. It promotes the growth of the thyroid gland and stimulates the synthesis of thyroid hormones and the release of thyroxine by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Ticlopidine: Ticlopidine is an effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation. The drug has been found to significantly reduce infarction size in acute myocardial infarcts and is an effective antithrombotic agent in arteriovenous fistulas, aorto-coronary bypass grafts, ischemic heart disease, venous thrombosis, and arteriosclerosis. [NIH] Time Management: Planning and control of time to improve efficiency and effectiveness. [NIH]
Timolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist similar in action to propranolol. The levo-isomer is the more active. Timolol has been proposed as an antihypertensive, antiarrhythmic, antiangina, and antiglaucoma agent. It is also used in the treatment of migraine and tremor. [NIH]
Timolol Maleate: Antihistaminic drug. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Culture: Maintaining or growing of tissue, organ primordia, or the whole or part of an organ in vitro so as to preserve its architecture and/or function (Dorland, 28th ed). Tissue culture includes both organ culture and cell culture. [NIH] Tonic: 1. Producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. Characterized by continuous tension. 3. A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue. [EU] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Tourniquet: A device, band or elastic tube applied temporarily to press upon an artery to stop bleeding; a device to compress a blood vessel in order to stop bleeding. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicokinetics: Study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of test substances. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case
230 Adrenaline
of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tremor: Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of cerebellar diseases, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of Parkinson disease. [NIH] Tricyclic: Containing three fused rings or closed chains in the molecular structure. [EU] Trifluoperazine: A phenothiazine with actions similar to chlorpromazine. It is used as an antipsychotic and an antiemetic. [NIH] Trigeminal: Cranial nerve V. It is sensory for the eyeball, the conjunctiva, the eyebrow, the skin of face and scalp, the teeth, the mucous membranes in the mouth and nose, and is motor to the muscles of mastication. [NIH] Trypan Blue: An azo that that is used in protozoal infections. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tubercle: A rounded elevation on a bone or other structure. [NIH] Tuberculin: A sterile liquid containing the growth products of, or specific substances extracted from, the tubercle bacillus; used in various forms in the diagnosis of tuberculosis. [NIH]
Tuberculin Test: One of several skin tests to determine past or present tuberculosis infection. A purified protein derivative of the tubercle bacilli, called tuberculin, is introduced into the skin by scratch, puncture, or interdermal injection. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Tyramine: An indirect sympathomimetic. Tyramine does not directly activate adrenergic receptors, but it can serve as a substrate for adrenergic uptake systems and monoamine oxidase so it prolongs the actions of adrenergic transmitters. It also provokes transmitter release from adrenergic terminals. Tyramine may be a neurotransmitter in some invertebrate nervous systems. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH]
Dictionary 231
Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Uterine Contraction: Contraction of the uterine muscle. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vacuoles: Any spaces or cavities within a cell. They may function in digestion, storage, secretion, or excretion. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vas Deferens: The excretory duct of the testes that carries spermatozoa. It rises from the scrotum and joins the seminal vesicles to form the ejaculatory duct. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vascular Resistance: An expression of the resistance offered by the systemic arterioles, and to a lesser extent by the capillaries, to the flow of blood. [NIH] Vasoactive: Exerting an effect upon the calibre of blood vessels. [EU] Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, single-chain polypeptide isolated from the intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems. It is also found in several parts of the central and peripheral nervous systems and is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Vasoconstriction: Narrowing of the blood vessels without anatomic change, for which constriction, pathologic is used. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH]
232 Adrenaline
Venom: That produced by the poison glands of the mouth and injected by the fangs of poisonous snakes. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous blood: Blood that has given up its oxygen to the tissues and carries carbon dioxide back for gas exchange. [NIH] Venous Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a thrombus within a vein. [NIH] Ventilation: 1. In respiratory physiology, the process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air. Pulmonary ventilation (usually measured in litres per minute) refers to the total exchange, whereas alveolar ventilation refers to the effective ventilation of the alveoli, in which gas exchange with the blood takes place. 2. In psychiatry, verbalization of one's emotional problems. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Ventricular Function: The hemodynamic and electrophysiological action of the ventricles. [NIH]
Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vibrio: A genus of Vibrionaceae, made up of short, slightly curved, motile, gram-negative rods. Various species produce cholera and other gastrointestinal disorders as well as abortion in sheep and cattle. [NIH] Vibrio cholerae: The etiologic agent of cholera. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Visual field: The entire area that can be seen when the eye is forward, including peripheral vision. [NIH] Vitamin A: A substance used in cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Vitreoretinal: A rare familial condition characterized by a clear vitreous, except for preretinal filaments and veils which have been loosened from the retina, a dense hyaloid
Dictionary 233
membrane which is perforated and detached, and masses of peripheral retinal pigmentation inters. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Voltage-gated: It is opened by the altered charge distribution across the cell membrane. [NIH]
Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH] Wakefulness: A state in which there is an enhanced potential for sensitivity and an efficient responsiveness to external stimuli. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of impotence. It is also alleged to be an aphrodisiac. [NIH]
Yolk Sac: An embryonic membrane formed from endoderm and mesoderm. In reptiles and birds it incorporates the yolk into the digestive tract for nourishing the embryo. In placental mammals its nutritional function is vestigial; however, it is the source of most of the intestinal mucosa and the site of formation of the germ cells. It is sometimes called the vitelline sac, which should not be confused with the vitelline membrane of the egg. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]
235
INDEX 1 17-Hydroxycorticosteroids, 135, 165 A Abdomen, 165, 175, 194, 200, 203, 213, 225, 228 Abdominal, 5, 36, 43, 57, 165, 166, 176, 203, 205, 212, 213, 231 Abdominal Pain, 165, 231 Ablate, 165, 187 Abscess, 165, 222 Acceptor, 165, 211 Acetylcholine, 11, 64, 80, 125, 165, 209 Aconitine, 110, 165 Actin, 165, 206, 207 Adaptation, 165, 179 Adenine, 83, 165 Adenosine, 36, 83, 84, 165, 176, 214, 228 Adenosine Diphosphate, 36, 83, 165 Adenosine Monophosphate, 36, 165 Adenylate Cyclase, 21, 34, 50, 51, 57, 61, 88, 93, 105, 165, 179, 192 Adipocytes, 105, 166, 201 Adipose Tissue, 30, 32, 40, 110, 166, 228 Adrenal Cortex, 166, 167, 184, 196, 220 Adrenal Medulla, 50, 67, 68, 87, 166, 178, 180, 189, 210, 212 Adrenergic Agonists, 9, 79, 166 Adrenoreceptor, 110, 166 Adverse Effect, 166, 223 Aerobic, 166, 190, 206 Aerosol, 45, 88, 166 Afferent, 9, 124, 131, 166, 201, 216 Affinity, 10, 11, 68, 71, 121, 166, 172, 185, 224 Age Groups, 136, 166 Aged, 80 and Over, 166 Aggressiveness, 128, 166 Agonist, 47, 92, 120, 126, 130, 131, 166, 186, 187, 189, 205, 208, 214, 227 Airway, 14, 20, 24, 28, 31, 66, 96, 166, 175 Airway Obstruction, 14, 24, 66, 96, 166 Alanine, 48, 167 Albumin, 167, 205, 219 Aldosterone, 79, 167 Alertness, 135, 167, 176 Algorithms, 167, 174 Alimentary, 167, 212 Alkaline, 167, 168, 173, 176
Alkaloid, 165, 167, 172, 176, 181, 207, 228, 233 Allantois, 167, 191 Allergen, 167, 185, 222 Allergic Rhinitis, 167, 175 Allylamine, 167 Alpha-1, 167, 187 Alprenolol, 167, 205 Alternative medicine, 140, 167 Amine, 120, 135, 167, 174, 196, 210 Amino Acid Sequence, 168, 169, 173 Amino Acids, 8, 121, 168, 169, 173, 174, 209, 213, 215, 218, 226, 231 Aminophylline, 102, 116, 168 Ammonia, 69, 167, 168, 193, 226, 231 Amnion, 168, 191 Amniotic Fluid, 68, 168 Amphetamine, 168, 174 Ampulla, 168, 188 Amrinone, 91, 168 Anabolic, 4, 168, 190 Anabolic Steroids, 4, 168 Anaesthetic, 25, 31, 44, 52, 54, 60, 72, 89, 168 Analgesic, 61, 92, 168, 202, 207, 211, 226 Analog, 127, 168, 191, 192 Analytes, 10, 168 Anaphylactic, 46, 81, 123, 168 Anaphylaxis, 20, 30, 56, 58, 60, 62, 63, 75, 76, 86, 94, 95, 168, 169 Anatomical, 169, 172, 183, 222 Anemia, 169, 181, 204 Anesthesia, 17, 28, 29, 31, 59, 60, 89, 94, 113, 125, 166, 169, 201, 204, 217, 226, 227 Anesthetics, 5, 28, 67, 76, 123, 124, 125, 131, 169, 189 Angina, 33, 52, 169, 178, 205, 217 Angina Pectoris, 52, 169, 205, 217 Anginal, 167, 169, 209 Angiotensinogen, 169, 220 Anions, 167, 169, 200 Ankle, 120, 169 Anogenital, 169, 182 Anomalies, 50, 169 Anorectal, 61, 169 Antagonism, 169, 176, 228 Antiarrhythmic, 169, 229 Antibodies, 169, 194, 196, 203
236 Adrenaline
Antibody, 166, 169, 170, 182, 194, 196, 198, 199, 204, 219, 222, 224 Anticoagulant, 52, 169, 218 Antidiuretic, 169, 177, 191, 203 Antiemetic, 169, 170, 179, 230 Antigen, 52, 88, 166, 169, 170, 182, 196, 197, 199, 204, 219, 222 Antihypertensive, 120, 167, 170, 178, 192, 194, 201, 205, 229 Anti-inflammatory, 114, 170, 171, 185, 193 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 170, 171 Antimetabolite, 170, 192 Antineoplastic, 170, 192 Antioxidant, 170, 171 Antipsychotic, 170, 179, 230 Antiseptic, 170, 178, 205 Antithrombotic, 170, 229 Antiviral, 170, 213 Anus, 169, 170 Anxiety, 170, 217 Aorta, 65, 102, 104, 170, 177, 216, 232 Aperture, 170, 219 Aponeurosis, 170, 192 Aqueous, 48, 123, 125, 170, 173, 184, 201 Arachidonic Acid, 170, 217 Arginine, 79, 171, 209 Argon, 4, 171 Aromatic, 8, 171, 174, 214 Arrhythmia, 165, 169, 171, 178 Arterial, 50, 54, 79, 81, 167, 168, 171, 177, 195, 197, 218, 227 Arteries, 5, 105, 109, 112, 170, 171, 175, 183, 205, 207, 228 Arteriolar, 171, 175, 220 Arterioles, 171, 175, 176, 205, 207, 231 Arteriolosclerosis, 171 Arteriosclerosis, 109, 122, 135, 171, 207, 229 Arteriovenous, 171, 205, 229 Arteriovenous Fistula, 171, 229 Arthroscopy, 38, 58, 69, 171 Articular, 38, 58, 171, 202 Ascites, 171, 210 Ascorbic Acid, 125, 171, 197 Asphyxia, 99, 171 Aspirin, 4, 33, 171 Assay, 33, 77, 171, 219 Astringent, 171, 178 Astrocytes, 171, 206 Asystole, 27, 52, 172 Atenolol, 29, 49, 172 Atmospheric Pressure, 172, 197
Atopic, 74, 172 Atopic Eczema, 74, 172 Atrial, 42, 80, 85, 172 Atrium, 29, 172, 177, 232 Atropine, 49, 98, 121, 172, 173 Attenuated, 172, 186 Auditory, 110, 111, 172, 194, 216 Auditory Cortex, 111, 172 Autonomic, 29, 42, 54, 59, 64, 69, 72, 113, 165, 170, 172, 173, 210, 213, 226 Autonomic Nervous System, 172, 173, 213, 226 Autonomic Neuropathy, 29, 54, 72, 172 Autoreceptors, 69, 172 Axilla, 172, 175, 212 Axillary, 20, 29, 51, 70, 110, 172 Axons, 172, 185, 208, 211, 213, 216 B Bacillus, 172, 230 Bacteria, 170, 173, 188, 192, 205, 206, 218, 230, 231 Bactericidal, 173, 190 Bacteriophage, 173, 230 Barium, 105, 173 Baroreflex, 72, 173 Basal Ganglia, 170, 173, 192, 202 Basal metabolic rate, 123, 173, 197 Base, 91, 124, 125, 131, 165, 173, 201, 227 Basophils, 173, 194, 202 Belladonna, 172, 173 Benign, 43, 94, 171, 173, 192, 195, 202, 208 Benign tumor, 173, 202 Benzoic Acid, 5, 173 Benzyl Alcohol, 125, 173 Beta blocker, 63, 173, 217 Beta-Endorphin, 63, 173 Beta-Thromboglobulin, 40, 54, 174 Bewilderment, 174, 182 Bile, 174, 192, 196, 203, 225 Biogenic Amines, 105, 135, 174 Biogenic Monoamines, 174, 202 Biophysics, 6, 7, 85, 174 Biosynthesis, 171, 174, 192 Biotechnology, 12, 13, 111, 134, 140, 147, 174 Biotransformation, 174 Biphasic, 100, 174 Bismuth, 92, 123, 174 Bladder, 172, 174, 198, 231 Bleeding Time, 33, 122, 174 Blood Coagulation, 20, 174, 175, 176, 228
Index 237
Blood Glucose, 4, 76, 104, 135, 136, 137, 174, 195, 199 Blood Platelets, 71, 78, 84, 122, 175, 223, 228 Blood-Brain Barrier, 120, 121, 175, 202, 208 Body Fluids, 175, 176, 187, 224 Body Mass Index, 175, 211 Bowel, 175, 200, 213, 231 Brachial, 23, 175 Brachial Plexus, 23, 175 Bradykinin, 28, 110, 175, 201, 209 Branch, 161, 175, 188, 203, 212, 221, 224, 228 Breakdown, 175, 186, 192, 211 Bronchi, 123, 175, 189, 228, 229 Bronchial, 28, 39, 123, 168, 175, 196, 228 Bronchioles, 175 Bronchiolitis, 36, 37, 56, 66, 78, 84, 139, 175 Bronchitis, 67, 175 Bronchodilator, 175, 227 Budesonide, 66, 175 Buffers, 16, 173, 175 Burns, 85, 175 Burns, Electric, 175 Bypass, 176, 229 C Cachexia, 113, 176 Caesarean section, 15, 38, 42, 60, 70, 73, 90, 99, 176 Caffeine, 4, 140, 176 Calcification, 171, 176 Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, 80, 176 Calcium, 6, 41, 46, 53, 76, 85, 109, 110, 113, 125, 168, 176, 182, 199, 200, 209, 218, 222, 223 Calmodulin, 176, 199 Capillary, 77, 121, 168, 174, 175, 176, 195, 232 Capillary Permeability, 175, 176 Capsaicin, 9, 42, 176 Captopril, 39, 177 Carbenoxolone, 39, 103, 177 Carbohydrate, 17, 177, 215 Carbon Dioxide, 176, 177, 185, 192, 221, 232 Carcinogenesis, 177, 214 Carcinoma, 50, 177 Cardiac arrest, 16, 19, 49, 50, 51, 59, 62, 177 Cardiac Output, 91, 123, 173, 177, 225 Cardiogenic, 59, 177 Cardiomyopathy, 35, 40, 80, 177
Cardiopulmonary, 16, 51, 52, 91, 177 Cardiopulmonary Bypass, 52, 91, 177 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, 16, 51, 177 Cardioselective, 172, 177, 217 Cardiotonic, 168, 177, 186, 210, 214 Cardiovascular disease, 122, 177 Cardiovascular System, 105, 172, 177 Carotene, 178, 221 Carteolol, 128, 178 Case report, 53, 178, 180 Cataract, 58, 81, 113, 178 Catechol, 77, 178 Catecholamine, 21, 24, 39, 40, 51, 72, 79, 125, 178, 186, 187 Catheterization, 178, 200 Cations, 178, 200 Caudal, 28, 38, 73, 178, 186, 197, 216 Caustic, 24, 96, 178 Cell Cycle, 11, 178, 180 Cell Differentiation, 178, 223 Cell Division, 173, 178, 206, 215 Cell membrane, 36, 178, 185, 190, 199, 214, 233 Cell proliferation, 171, 178, 223 Cell Respiration, 178, 206, 221 Cellobiose, 178, 179 Cellulose, 125, 179, 215 Central retinal artery, 24, 179, 221 Centrifugation, 179, 227 Cerebellar, 179, 230 Cerebellar Diseases, 179, 230 Cerebral, 103, 105, 112, 122, 173, 175, 179, 183, 189, 190, 191, 192, 204, 227, 228 Cerebrospinal, 112, 121, 179 Cerebrospinal fluid, 112, 121, 179 Cerebrovascular, 177, 179 Cerebrum, 179 Cervical, 175, 179 Cervix, 13, 179 Character, 127, 169, 179 Chlorpromazine, 85, 179, 230 Cholera, 34, 179, 232 Cholera Toxin, 34, 179 Cholesterol, 11, 105, 174, 179, 183, 187, 225 Chorion, 180, 191 Chromaffin Cells, 8, 37, 103, 180, 212 Chromaffin System, 180, 188 Chromatography, Ion Exchange, 179, 180 Chromic, 180 Chromosome, 47, 180, 202
238 Adrenaline
Chronic, 35, 46, 48, 62, 79, 99, 102, 103, 124, 131, 172, 176, 180, 181, 185, 199, 225, 231, 233 Chronic Disease, 176, 180, 181 Chronotropic, 104, 112, 180 Circadian, 24, 180 Circulatory system, 180, 188 CIS, 180, 221 Cisplatin, 59, 180 Citrus, 171, 180 Clamp, 8, 96, 180 Clathrin, 12, 180, 181 Clinical Medicine, 180, 216 Clinical study, 180, 183 Clinical trial, 6, 122, 128, 147, 180, 183, 218, 219 Cloning, 174, 181 Coagulation, 4, 174, 181, 194, 195, 228 Coated Vesicles, 180, 181 Cobalt, 123, 181 Coca, 181 Cocaine, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 42, 58, 59, 60, 67, 76, 82, 88, 89, 92, 102, 103, 106, 125, 181 Coenzyme, 171, 181 Cofactor, 31, 181, 209, 218, 228 Cognitive restructuring, 181, 225 Colitis, 181 Collagen, 20, 45, 52, 53, 57, 86, 90, 93, 181, 191, 196, 215, 217 Collagen disease, 181, 196 Collapse, 20, 169, 175, 181 Combinatorial, 8, 181 Complement, 182, 222 Complementary and alternative medicine, 109, 116, 182 Complementary medicine, 109, 182 Compress, 182, 229 Computational Biology, 147, 182 Conduction, 182, 190 Condylomata Acuminata, 33, 182 Cones, 182, 221 Confusion, 89, 182, 186, 197, 231 Congestive heart failure, 11, 182, 202 Conjugated, 173, 183, 184 Conjunctiva, 183, 230 Connective Tissue, 171, 181, 183, 191, 192, 203, 213, 221 Consciousness, 168, 183, 186, 221, 227 Constipation, 170, 183, 223 Constitutional, 183, 207 Constrict, 183, 207
Constriction, 112, 183, 201, 210, 231 Constriction, Pathologic, 183, 231 Consumption, 123, 183, 211 Contractility, 28, 183 Contracture, 105, 183 Contraindications, ii, 183 Controlled clinical trial, 21, 183 Controlled study, 69, 183 Convulsions, 183, 187, 197, 227 Corneum, 183, 189 Coronary, 40, 65, 91, 169, 177, 183, 205, 207, 229 Coronary Circulation, 169, 183 Coronary heart disease, 65, 177, 183 Coronary Thrombosis, 183, 205, 207 Corpus, 183, 212, 228 Cortex, 105, 111, 183, 184, 189, 190, 191, 216 Cortical, 105, 184, 190, 216 Corticosteroids, 4, 184, 193, 197 Cortisol, 65, 70, 78, 114, 141, 167, 184 Cortisone, 137, 184, 185 Coumarin, 4, 184 Cranial, 184, 195, 208, 210, 211, 213, 230 Croup, 56, 66, 85, 93, 184 Curative, 184, 209, 228 Curettage, 184, 202 Cutaneous, 9, 59, 125, 184 Cyclic, 31, 36, 103, 105, 112, 165, 176, 184, 192, 194, 203, 209, 214, 217, 228 Cytochrome, 57, 184 Cytoplasm, 173, 178, 179, 184, 189, 194, 199, 222, 227 Cytoskeletal Proteins, 180, 184 Cytoskeleton, 7, 184 Cytotoxic, 176, 184, 223 Cytotoxicity, 167, 180, 184 D Databases, Bibliographic, 147, 184 Deamination, 185, 206, 231 Decarboxylation, 174, 185, 196, 205 Decompression, 185, 203 Decongestant, 185, 214 Dehydration, 179, 185 Dendrites, 185, 209 Dentate Gyrus, 185, 196 Depolarization, 102, 185, 223 Depressive Disorder, 185, 202 Deprivation, 97, 185 Dermal, 26, 185 Desensitization, 32, 78, 185 Desipramine, 34, 185
Index 239
Deuterium, 185, 197 Dexamethasone, 33, 105, 185 Diabetes Insipidus, 185, 196, 203 Diabetic Retinopathy, 185, 214 Diagnostic procedure, 119, 140, 186 Diarrhoea, 186, 197 Diastole, 186 Diastolic, 59, 186, 197 Diastolic pressure, 59, 186, 197 Diencephalon, 111, 186, 189, 197, 216, 217, 226, 227, 228 Diffusion, 176, 186, 199 Digestion, 167, 174, 175, 186, 200, 203, 212, 225, 231 Digestive tract, 172, 177, 186, 224, 233 Dihydroxy, 123, 167, 186 Dilatation, 186, 217 Dilation, 175, 186, 207 Dilution, 44, 186 Direct, iii, 7, 73, 180, 186, 187, 203, 220 Disinfectant, 186, 190, 205 Disorientation, 182, 186 Dissociation, 27, 36, 75, 166, 186, 200 Dissociative Disorders, 186 Distal, 186, 187, 216, 218 Diuresis, 176, 186, 228 Diuretic, 186, 196 Diurnal, 36, 135, 136, 186 Dobutamine, 89, 186 Dopa, 78, 187, 202 Dopamine, 22, 31, 35, 37, 41, 64, 68, 73, 78, 79, 84, 85, 91, 96, 104, 110, 111, 121, 123, 125, 135, 168, 170, 179, 181, 187, 202, 206, 214 Dorsal, 9, 124, 131, 187, 189, 216, 224 Dorsum, 187, 192 Dose-dependent, 9, 187 Doxazosin, 53, 93, 187 Drug Interactions, 187 Duct, 86, 168, 178, 187, 226, 231 Duodenum, 174, 187, 188, 225 Dyes, 121, 173, 187 Dystrophy, 124, 132, 187 E Eclampsia, 73, 187 Edema, 185, 187, 196, 210, 216 Effector, 7, 165, 182, 187, 209, 214 Efficacy, 28, 35, 42, 74, 82, 91, 92, 125, 187 Elasticity, 171, 187 Elastin, 181, 187 Elective, 38, 75, 187 Electric shock, 177, 187
Electrocoagulation, 26, 181, 187 Electrode, 10, 187 Electrolyte, 167, 188, 216, 224 Electrons, 170, 173, 188, 200, 211, 219 Electrophysiological, 9, 188, 232 Electroplating, 178, 188 Embryo, 168, 178, 188, 191, 198, 233 Empirical, 8, 188 Endemic, 179, 188, 204 Endocrine System, 135, 188, 209 Endocytosis, 12, 188 Endoscope, 188 Endoscopic, 3, 18, 26, 43, 44, 71, 171, 188 Endoscopy, 3, 188 Endothelial cell, 175, 188, 228 Endothelium, 122, 188, 209, 215 Endothelium, Lymphatic, 188 Endothelium, Vascular, 188 Endothelium-derived, 188, 209 Endotoxin, 188, 230 Energetic, 129, 188 Energy balance, 188, 201 Enkephalin, 174, 189 Entorhinal Cortex, 189, 196 Environmental Health, 55, 146, 148, 189 Enzymatic, 174, 176, 178, 182, 189, 190, 196, 221 Eosinophils, 189, 194, 202 Ephedrine, 53, 115, 189 Epidermis, 126, 183, 189, 196, 219 Epidural, 13, 15, 17, 23, 25, 27, 29, 36, 41, 44, 60, 63, 68, 69, 70, 74, 83, 89, 90, 92, 189 Epidural block, 41, 89, 189 Epithalamus, 186, 189, 202 Epithelial, 8, 179, 189 Epithelial Cells, 8, 179, 189 Epithelium, 8, 188, 189, 193, 201 Erectile, 189, 212 Erection, 189, 214, 216 Erythema, 189, 231 Erythrocytes, 169, 190, 220, 222 Esterification, 165, 190 Estrogens, 4, 190 Ethanol, 4, 190 Ethanolamine, 26, 43, 190 Ethyl Chloride, 95, 190 Eukaryotic Cells, 8, 184, 190, 211 Evoke, 190, 225 Excitability, 9, 190 Excitatory, 9, 190, 193 Exercise Test, 5, 190
240 Adrenaline
Exhaustion, 169, 190, 204 Exocytosis, 8, 190 Exogenous, 42, 174, 177, 190 Expiration, 190, 221 Extracellular, 79, 172, 183, 188, 190, 191, 205, 206, 224 Extracellular Space, 190, 205 Extraction, 84, 191 Extrapyramidal, 170, 187, 191 Extremity, 175, 191 F Facial, 42, 60, 126, 191, 211 Family Planning, 147, 191 Fat, 5, 36, 51, 88, 166, 170, 178, 183, 191, 201, 202, 211, 215, 221, 224, 226 Fatigue, 191, 195 Fatty acids, 104, 123, 135, 167, 191, 217, 228 Felypressin, 13, 191 Femoral, 177, 191 Femoral Artery, 177, 191 Fenfluramine, 4, 191 Fentanyl, 13, 17, 36, 44, 68, 74, 92, 191 Fetal Membranes, 53, 191 Fetus, 191, 192, 231 Fibrin, 4, 174, 191, 215, 228 Fibrinogen, 31, 191, 215, 228 Fibroblasts, 191, 200 Fibrosis, 8, 167, 183, 191, 222 Fissure, 185, 191, 216 Fixation, 191, 222 Flatus, 192 Fluorouracil, 33, 192 Foetal, 80, 192 Fold, 191, 192, 205, 216 Forearm, 45, 46, 73, 93, 175, 192 Forskolin, 105, 192 Fractionation, 192, 227 Frontal Lobe, 192, 216 Frostbite, 192, 214 Fungi, 192, 205, 206 Fungistatic, 173, 192 G Gallbladder, 165, 192 Ganglia, 102, 117, 165, 192, 208, 212, 213, 226 Ganglion, 124, 131, 192, 210, 211 Gangrene, 47, 51, 192 Gas, 47, 77, 168, 171, 177, 186, 190, 192, 197, 199, 204, 209, 210, 221, 226, 232 Gas exchange, 192, 221, 232 Gastric, 192, 193, 196, 212
Gastric Juices, 192, 212 Gastric Mucosa, 193, 213 Gastrin, 193, 196 Gastrointestinal, 3, 8, 175, 189, 190, 193, 197, 204, 223, 224, 226, 231, 232 Gastrointestinal tract, 8, 190, 193, 223, 224 Gene, 11, 47, 50, 134, 174, 176, 193, 201 Genetics, 5, 6, 47, 193 Genital, 172, 193 Genotype, 193, 213 Gestation, 193, 216 Ginseng, 111, 115, 193 Gland, 35, 37, 39, 85, 154, 166, 180, 184, 193, 203, 212, 214, 222, 225, 226, 228, 229 Glomerular, 193, 220 Glomeruli, 193 Glomerulonephritis, 79, 193 Glucocorticoid, 39, 175, 185, 193, 196 Glutamic Acid, 193, 217 Glutamine, 48, 193 Glycine, 173, 193 Glycogen, 11, 71, 123, 193 Glycolysis, 11, 194 Glycoprotein, 45, 191, 194, 228, 230 Glycosuria, 123, 194 Governing Board, 194, 216 Gp120, 194, 213 Graft, 98, 194, 198 Granulocytes, 78, 194, 223, 233 Gravis, 125, 194, 208, 219 Groin, 194, 199 Growth, 53, 63, 135, 168, 169, 170, 173, 178, 182, 192, 194, 196, 200, 204, 208, 211, 214, 224, 228, 229, 230 Guanethidine, 37, 48, 61, 62, 99, 100, 103, 194 Guanylate Cyclase, 194, 209 Gynaecological, 100, 194 H Habitual, 179, 194 Haematoma, 194 Haemorrhage, 15, 26, 43, 68, 78, 194 Haemostasis, 14, 18, 20, 31, 49, 75, 86, 92, 106, 194 Hair Cells, 194, 204 Hair follicles, 194, 233 Haptens, 166, 194, 219 Headache, 176, 195, 197, 223 Health Status, 55, 195 Heart Arrest, 177, 195 Heart attack, 5, 177, 195 Heart failure, 25, 47, 189, 195, 210
Index 241
Heartbeat, 172, 195 Hematopoiesis, 195, 203 Heme, 184, 195, 211 Hemoglobin, 169, 190, 195, 201 Hemolytic, 195, 227 Hemorrhage, 18, 87, 95, 140, 185, 187, 195, 203, 219, 225 Hemostasis, 4, 195, 223 Hemostatic Techniques, 3, 195 Hemostatics, 123, 195 Hepatic, 167, 195, 203, 206 Hereditary, 14, 195 Heredity, 193, 195 Hernia, 195, 196 Herniorrhaphy, 13, 24, 38, 196 Heterogeneity, 48, 166, 196 Hiccup, 179, 196 Hippocampus, 110, 185, 196, 202, 226 Histamine, 53, 88, 170, 174, 196 Histidine, 196 Hoarseness, 184, 196 Homologous, 7, 196, 203, 222, 227 Hormonal, 11, 180, 196 Horny layer, 189, 196 Human papillomavirus, 182, 196 Humour, 48, 196 Hyaluronidase, 27, 40, 61, 90, 196 Hybridomas, 196, 200 Hydrochlorothiazide, 42, 196 Hydrocortisone, 42, 196 Hydrogen, 126, 130, 165, 167, 173, 175, 177, 185, 196, 206, 211, 218 Hydrolysis, 50, 71, 174, 179, 180, 197, 202, 214, 215, 218 Hydroxycorticosteroids, 165, 197 Hydroxylysine, 181, 197 Hydroxyproline, 181, 197 Hyperalgesia, 9, 13, 124, 132, 197 Hyperbaric, 86, 197 Hyperbaric oxygen, 197 Hyperglycemia, 123, 197 Hypersensitivity, 167, 169, 185, 197, 221, 222, 223 Hyperthyroidism, 60, 197, 217 Hypertrophy, 22, 197 Hypoglycaemia, 21, 32, 71, 85, 197 Hypoglycemia, 29, 197 Hypokalaemia, 41, 52, 67, 82, 197 Hypotension, 170, 183, 197, 210 Hypothalamus, 105, 172, 186, 189, 197, 202, 214, 224, 226, 228 Hypothermia, 197
Hypothyroidism, 23, 197 I Id, 107, 114, 154, 160, 162, 198 Ileal, 113, 198 Ileum, 113, 198 Immersion, 100, 198 Immune function, 141, 198 Immune response, 170, 184, 194, 198, 222, 226, 232 Immune system, 141, 198, 203, 231, 233 Immunity, 141, 167, 198, 223 Immunization, 198, 222 Immunoglobulin, 5, 169, 198 Immunology, 19, 78, 79, 81, 166, 198 Immunosuppressant, 192, 198 Immunosuppressive, 193, 198 Immunotherapy, 185, 198 Impotence, 189, 198, 214, 233 In vitro, 10, 19, 28, 52, 53, 56, 57, 60, 90, 92, 93, 198, 229 In vivo, 7, 11, 28, 54, 71, 77, 198, 205, 228 Incision, 176, 198, 200 Incontinence, 189, 198 Indicative, 133, 198, 212, 231 Induction, 39, 83, 170, 198, 201 Infant, Newborn, 166, 198 Infarction, 198, 220, 229 Infection, 27, 41, 91, 124, 131, 165, 184, 198, 199, 203, 209, 221, 225, 230, 231, 233 Infertility, 8, 199 Infiltration, 24, 25, 28, 29, 35, 49, 72, 79, 87, 91, 100, 193, 199, 217 Inflammation, 124, 131, 167, 170, 171, 175, 181, 191, 196, 199, 221, 231, 233 Ingestion, 104, 199 Inguinal, 13, 24, 199 Inhalation, 45, 56, 166, 196, 199 Innervation, 175, 199 Inorganic, 180, 199, 207, 226 Inositol, 15, 87, 199 Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate, 15, 199 Inotropic, 21, 83, 85, 168, 172, 187, 199 Insight, 10, 12, 199 Insomnia, 199, 223 Insufflation, 55, 199 Insulin, 8, 11, 19, 21, 22, 29, 32, 39, 50, 57, 58, 72, 74, 83, 92, 93, 103, 104, 135, 137, 199 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 199 Interleukin-1, 24, 199 Interleukin-2, 200 Interleukin-6, 24, 200
242 Adrenaline
Interstitial, 40, 190, 200, 220 Intestinal, 123, 178, 179, 200, 207, 231, 233 Intestine, 175, 200, 201, 213 Intoxication, 200, 233 Intracellular, 8, 10, 12, 58, 176, 180, 199, 200, 205, 209, 216, 217, 220, 223 Intracellular Membranes, 200, 205 Intramuscular, 16, 47, 58, 63, 94, 120, 200 Intramuscular injection, 47, 120, 200 Intraocular, 48, 58, 73, 82, 100, 128, 192, 200 Intraocular pressure, 48, 100, 128, 192, 200 Intravascular, 195, 200 Intravenous, 17, 27, 45, 49, 50, 58, 59, 62, 64, 84, 97, 199, 200 Intrinsic, 166, 200 Intubation, 62, 178, 200 Invasive, 9, 198, 200 Invertebrates, 135, 200, 210 Involuntary, 200, 207, 214, 220, 223, 224 Ion Exchange, 180, 200, 201 Ionization, 200, 201 Ionomycin, 85, 200 Ions, 11, 173, 175, 176, 180, 186, 188, 197, 199, 200, 201, 206, 218, 222 Iontophoresis, 9, 200, 201 Iris, 201, 219 Irrigation, 73, 201 Ischemia, 201, 220 Isopropyl, 128, 201 J Joint, 58, 171, 201 K Kallidin, 175, 201 Kb, 146, 201 Ketamine, 28, 201 Kinetic, 8, 201 L Labetalol, 22, 63, 201 Laceration, 42, 94, 201, 227 Lactation, 201, 212 Large Intestine, 186, 200, 201, 220, 224 Lectin, 201, 205 Lens, 178, 201 Leptin, 19, 201 Lesion, 201, 203, 230 Lethal, 136, 173, 201 Lethargy, 197, 201 Leucine, 48, 174, 201, 212 Leukocytes, 77, 173, 189, 194, 202, 230 Levo, 187, 202, 229 Levodopa, 187, 202
Library Services, 160, 202 Lidocaine, 21, 22, 28, 29, 59, 60, 61, 94, 124, 125, 131, 173, 202 Life cycle, 174, 192, 202 Ligaments, 183, 202 Ligation, 4, 9, 202 Limbic, 202, 216 Limbic System, 202, 216 Linkage, 47, 178, 202 Lip, 23, 202 Lipectomy, 22, 202 Lipid, 121, 171, 176, 199, 202 Lipolysis, 11, 39, 103, 111, 123, 126, 130, 202 Lipoma, 39, 103, 202 Lipopolysaccharide, 17, 202 Lisinopril, 42, 202 Lithium, 4, 10, 61, 170, 202 Lithium Carbonate, 4, 202 Liver, 18, 80, 81, 123, 165, 167, 171, 173, 174, 192, 193, 195, 203, 206, 212, 220, 231 Liver Cirrhosis, 80, 203 Localization, 10, 11, 32, 117, 203 Localized, 192, 194, 199, 202, 203, 206, 210, 214, 227, 230, 231 Loop, 13, 76, 195, 203 Lower Body Negative Pressure, 34, 203 Lumbar, 39, 203 Lymph, 172, 179, 180, 188, 196, 203 Lymph node, 172, 179, 203 Lymphatic, 188, 199, 203, 210, 215, 225 Lymphatic system, 203, 225 Lymphocyte, 53, 170, 203, 204 Lymphoid, 169, 184, 203 Lypressin, 191, 203 Lysergic acid, 104, 203 M Macrophage, 17, 200, 203 Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-1, 17, 203 Malaria, 60, 203, 204 Malaria, Falciparum, 204 Malaria, Vivax, 204 Malignant, 53, 59, 170, 171, 204, 208 Malignant Hyperthermia, 53, 204 Malnutrition, 167, 176, 204 Mammaplasty, 35, 75, 79, 91, 204 Mammary, 39, 204 Manic, 170, 202, 204 Man-made, 178, 204 Mass Fragmentography, 77, 204 Mastication, 204, 230
Index 243
Mechanoreceptors, 9, 194, 204 Medial, 171, 204, 211 Mediate, 187, 204 Mediator, 187, 200, 204, 223 MEDLINE, 147, 204 Medullary, 50, 204 Melanin, 201, 204, 214, 230 Melanocytes, 204, 205 Melanoma, 59, 205 Membrane Proteins, 6, 205 Meninges, 179, 205 Menopause, 205, 217 Mental Processes, 186, 205, 219 Mercuric Chloride, 34, 205 Mesenteric, 110, 112, 205 Mesentery, 205, 213 Metabolite, 174, 205, 210 Metanephrine, 35, 205 Methionine, 174, 205, 226 Methyldopa, 4, 205 Methyltransferase, 47, 77, 205 Metoprolol, 22, 48, 55, 205 MI, 24, 52, 59, 163, 205 Microbe, 205, 229 Microcirculation, 203, 205, 215 Microdialysis, 32, 40, 205 Microfilaments, 112, 206 Microorganism, 131, 181, 206, 233 Migration, 60, 206 Miotic, 206, 214 Mitochondria, 8, 206, 211 Mitochondrial Swelling, 206, 208 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases, 206 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases, 109, 206 Mobility, 124, 131, 206 Mobilization, 19, 53, 75, 78, 206 Modification, 65, 206, 219 Molecular Structure, 206, 230 Molecule, 170, 173, 176, 181, 182, 186, 187, 188, 194, 197, 201, 206, 211, 220, 223, 226, 231 Monoamine, 4, 20, 112, 168, 206, 230 Monoamine Oxidase, 4, 20, 112, 168, 206, 230 Monocyte, 19, 37, 103, 207 Mononuclear, 207, 230 Morphine, 13, 92, 207, 208, 211 Morphological, 12, 135, 188, 204, 207 Morphology, 178, 207 Motility, 207, 223
Mucinous, 192, 207 Mucosa, 193, 207, 208, 231, 233 Mucus, 8, 207, 231 Muscle Contraction, 207, 222 Muscle relaxant, 207, 208, 219 Muscular Dystrophies, 187, 207 Musculoskeletal System, 207, 211 Myasthenia, 125, 207, 208, 219 Mydriasis, 58, 207 Mydriatic, 186, 207, 214, 233 Myeloproliferative Disorders, 174, 207 Myenteric, 113, 207 Myocardial Contraction, 11, 207 Myocardial infarction, 33, 39, 46, 47, 54, 77, 83, 97, 122, 174, 183, 186, 205, 207, 217 Myocardial Ischemia, 169, 207 Myocardium, 21, 104, 169, 205, 207 Myristate, 71, 208 N Naloxone, 34, 174, 208 Naltrexone, 102, 208 Narcolepsy, 189, 208 Narcotic, 191, 207, 208 Nasal Cavity, 208 Nasal Mucosa, 24, 26, 208 Necrosis, 74, 198, 205, 207, 208, 220 Need, 3, 8, 124, 125, 131, 136, 137, 141, 155, 166, 193, 208 Neonatal, 7, 65, 73, 98, 208 Neoplasm, 184, 208, 230 Neoplastic, 196, 208 Neostigmine, 208, 219 Nephropathy, 96, 208 Nerve Endings, 124, 131, 194, 208, 210, 227 Nerve Fibers, 175, 208 Nervous System, 9, 121, 124, 131, 165, 166, 167, 168, 172, 173, 176, 179, 180, 181, 189, 192, 193, 194, 195, 202, 204, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 213, 223, 226, 227, 228, 230 Neural, 102, 105, 112, 166, 176, 185, 204, 206, 208, 217 Neuralgia, 124, 132, 208 Neuroblastoma, 114, 208 Neuroeffector Junction, 208, 209 Neuroendocrine, 5, 209 Neuromuscular, 165, 197, 209 Neuromuscular Junction, 165, 209 Neuronal, 10, 209, 213
244 Adrenaline
Neurons, 8, 81, 96, 110, 111, 124, 131, 134, 181, 185, 190, 192, 202, 207, 208, 209, 226, 227 Neuropathy, 172, 209 Neuropeptide, 67, 78, 80, 105, 112, 176, 209 Neurophysiology, 185, 209 Neurosecretory Systems, 188, 209 Neurotoxic, 209, 227 Neurotoxin, 9, 209 Neurotransmitters, 209, 216, 223 Neutrophil, 17, 209 Niacin, 4, 209, 230 Nickel, 34, 123, 209 Nifedipine, 53, 67, 209 Nitric Oxide, 102, 106, 111, 209 Nitrogen, 126, 130, 167, 171, 192, 193, 210, 230 Nitroprusside, 85, 210 Nociceptors, 9, 210 Norepinephrine, 9, 28, 166, 185, 187, 189, 194, 205, 210, 223 Normetanephrine, 35, 210 Normotensive, 40, 42, 74, 210 Nuclear, 33, 173, 181, 188, 190, 192, 202, 204, 208, 210, 227 Nucleic acid, 210 Nucleus, 172, 173, 184, 185, 189, 190, 207, 210, 216, 218, 226 O Octopamine, 135, 210 Oculomotor, 207, 210 Oculomotor Nerve, 207, 210 Odour, 171, 210 Oedema, 20, 210, 216 Opacity, 178, 211 Ophthalmic, 211, 221 Ophthalmic Artery, 211, 221 Opium, 207, 211 Opsin, 64, 211, 221 Optic Chiasm, 197, 211 Optic Nerve, 211, 221 Organ Culture, 211, 229 Organelles, 8, 179, 180, 184, 205, 211, 215 Orthopaedic, 74, 211 Orthostatic, 99, 170, 203, 211 Outpatient, 77, 211 Overdose, 35, 63, 80, 211 Overweight, 5, 106, 211 Oxidation, 10, 17, 105, 123, 165, 170, 174, 184, 211, 228 Oxygen Consumption, 190, 211, 221
Oxygenase, 88, 211 Oxygenator, 177, 212 Oxytocin, 53, 212 P Pacemaker, 50, 212 Paediatric, 13, 38, 72, 87, 93, 212 Palate, 23, 212 Palliative, 212, 228 Pancreas, 165, 199, 212, 224 Pancreatic, 8, 212 Paraganglia, Chromaffin, 180, 212 Paralysis, 197, 212 Paroxysmal, 169, 212 Particle, 204, 212, 230 Patch, 8, 212 Pathogenesis, 122, 212 Pathologic, 183, 197, 212 Pectoralis Muscles, 125, 212 Penis, 95, 212, 216 Pepsin, 212 Pepsin A, 212 Peptic, 15, 18, 26, 43, 44, 61, 75, 78, 140, 212 Peptic Ulcer, 15, 18, 26, 43, 44, 61, 75, 78, 140, 212 Peptide, 42, 50, 80, 121, 173, 176, 179, 201, 212, 213, 215, 218, 229 Peptide T, 80, 213 Perioperative, 79, 213 Peripheral blood, 34, 70, 213 Peripheral Nerves, 124, 131, 213, 224 Peripheral Nervous System, 205, 213, 216, 224, 226, 231 Peristalsis, 123, 213 Peritoneal, 106, 171, 210, 213 Peritoneal Cavity, 171, 210, 213 Peritoneum, 205, 213 Perivascular, 70, 176, 213 Petechiae, 194, 213 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 179, 190, 213 Pharmacokinetic, 213 Pharmacologic, 7, 168, 169, 213, 229 Phenotypes, 11, 213 Phenoxybenzamine, 120, 213 Phentolamine, 76, 213 Phenyl, 120, 214 Phenylalanine, 10, 103, 125, 212, 214, 230 Phenylephrine, 39, 76, 214 Phonophoresis, 201, 214 Phosphodiesterase, 37, 103, 168, 214 Phospholipases, 214, 223
Index 245
Phospholipids, 191, 199, 214, 218 Phosphorus, 176, 214 Phosphorylated, 6, 181, 206, 214 Phosphorylation, 12, 71, 112, 206, 214, 218 Phosphotyrosine, 110, 214 Photocoagulation, 44, 78, 181, 214 Physiologic, 166, 174, 187, 203, 214, 217, 220, 223, 230 Pigment, 204, 205, 214 Pigmentation, 71, 214, 233 Pilocarpine, 37, 103, 214 Piloerection, 197, 214 Pilot study, 55, 214 Pituitary Gland, 192, 214 Plants, 167, 172, 173, 177, 180, 181, 193, 201, 207, 210, 214, 216, 229 Plasma, 4, 19, 22, 24, 25, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 38, 39, 40, 42, 48, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 61, 62, 63, 67, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 77, 79, 80, 83, 84, 99, 100, 102, 104, 135, 167, 169, 174, 178, 188, 191, 195, 205, 215, 218, 220 Plasmin, 215 Plasminogen, 53, 215 Plasminogen Activators, 215 Plastic surgeon, 126, 215 Plastids, 211, 215 Platelet Activation, 77, 92, 215, 223 Platelet Aggregation, 32, 52, 56, 67, 83, 85, 86, 88, 93, 102, 122, 192, 209, 215, 228, 229 Platinum, 180, 203, 215 Pleural, 210, 215 Pleural cavity, 210, 215 Plexus, 175, 215 Polypeptide, 105, 111, 168, 181, 191, 212, 215, 224, 231, 233 Polysaccharide, 170, 179, 215 Polyunsaturated fat, 31, 103, 215, 228 Posterior, 93, 187, 189, 201, 212, 216 Postnatal, 73, 216 Postoperative, 14, 54, 82, 92, 135, 216 Postsynaptic, 209, 216, 223 Post-synaptic, 216, 227 Potassium, 10, 40, 67, 74, 83, 105, 121, 123, 167, 196, 197, 216 Potentiates, 18, 76, 185, 200, 216 Potentiation, 60, 75, 86, 87, 93, 216, 223 Practice Guidelines, 148, 216 Precursor, 125, 169, 171, 187, 189, 202, 210, 214, 215, 216, 218, 230 Pre-Eclampsia, 29, 54, 174, 216
Pre-eclamptic, 187, 216 Prefrontal Cortex, 110, 216 Pregnancy Maintenance, 190, 216 Prepuce, 25, 216 Pressoreceptors, 173, 216 Presynaptic, 45, 76, 172, 208, 209, 216 Presynaptic Terminals, 172, 208, 216 Priapism, 95, 216 Probe, 15, 26, 75, 77, 205, 217 Procaine, 124, 131, 202, 217 Progressive, 171, 178, 194, 207, 208, 215, 217, 220, 230 Projection, 210, 211, 216, 217 Proline, 181, 197, 217 Prone, 104, 217 Propanolol, 4, 217 Prophylaxis, 82, 122, 128, 217 Proportional, 127, 217 Propranolol, 22, 45, 48, 49, 53, 55, 60, 76, 80, 172, 217, 229 Prosencephalon, 186, 217 Prospective study, 62, 217 Prostaglandin, 20, 88, 128, 217, 228 Prostaglandins A, 217, 218 Protein C, 7, 10, 30, 110, 167, 168, 173, 181, 218, 231 Protein Kinase C, 206, 218 Protein Kinases, 8, 11, 105, 206, 218 Protein S, 11, 105, 134, 135, 174, 218 Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases, 206, 218 Proteinuria, 216, 218 Proteolytic, 167, 182, 191, 215, 218 Prothrombin, 218, 228 Protocol, 5, 218 Protons, 197, 218, 219 Protozoa, 206, 218 Protozoal, 218, 230 Proximal, 48, 186, 208, 216, 218, 222 Psychic, 22, 219 Psychology, 97, 186, 219 Public Policy, 147, 219 Publishing, 12, 219 Pulmonary, 81, 168, 175, 183, 190, 219, 221, 226, 232 Pulmonary Artery, 175, 219, 232 Pulse, 90, 123, 219 Pupil, 48, 90, 186, 206, 207, 219 Purpura, 194, 219 Putrefaction, 192, 219 Pyridostigmine Bromide, 63, 219
246 Adrenaline
Q Quality of Life, 124, 131, 219 R Race, 56, 66, 67, 187, 206, 219 Radiation, 169, 192, 197, 204, 219 Radioactive, 197, 200, 204, 210, 219 Radiochemical, 33, 219 Radioimmunoassay, 174, 219 Randomized, 26, 43, 44, 69, 78, 92, 113, 187, 219 Reabsorption, 196, 219 Reagent, 10, 190, 219 Receptors, Serotonin, 220, 223 Reconstitution, 6, 220 Rectum, 87, 95, 169, 170, 186, 192, 198, 201, 220 Red blood cells, 190, 195, 211, 220 Refer, 1, 182, 191, 192, 203, 220 Reflex, 124, 132, 220 Refractory, 187, 220 Regeneration, 220 Regimen, 81, 187, 220 Relaxant, 192, 220 Relaxation Techniques, 137, 220 Reliability, 5, 220 Renal failure, 100, 195, 220 Renin, 5, 80, 169, 177, 220 Renin-Angiotensin System, 177, 220 Reperfusion, 41, 220 Reperfusion Injury, 220 Respiration, 86, 177, 191, 220, 221 Respiratory System, 221, 231 Restoration, 220, 221 Resuscitation, 19, 27, 50, 62, 65, 69, 73, 93, 98, 177, 221 Retina, 179, 182, 185, 201, 211, 221, 232 Retinal, 185, 211, 221, 233 Retinal Artery, 221 Retinal Artery Occlusion, 221 Retinol, 221 Rheumatism, 221 Rheumatoid, 19, 23, 181, 221 Rheumatoid arthritis, 19, 23, 181, 221 Rhinitis, 189, 221 Ribose, 165, 221 Rigidity, 204, 215, 221 Risk factor, 217, 221 Risk patient, 4, 43, 122, 221 Rod, 172, 180, 221 S Saline, 4, 222 Saphenous, 76, 222
Saphenous Vein, 76, 222 Sarcoplasmic Reticulum, 6, 222 Schizoid, 222, 233 Schizophrenia, 222, 233 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 222, 233 Sclerosis, 171, 181, 222 Screening, 180, 222 Scrotum, 222, 231 Sebaceous, 222, 233 Sebaceous gland, 222, 233 Secretion, 8, 29, 53, 103, 110, 113, 135, 136, 196, 197, 198, 199, 201, 207, 222, 231 Secretory, 8, 83, 180, 209, 222 Secretory Vesicles, 180, 222 Sedentary, 141, 222 Self Care, 137, 222 Seminal vesicles, 222, 231 Sensibility, 168, 197, 222 Sensitization, 9, 222 Septal, 24, 102, 202, 222 Septic, 17, 83, 99, 222 Sequence Homology, 213, 222 Sequencing, 11, 222 Serotonin, 15, 34, 64, 93, 104, 105, 170, 174, 185, 191, 206, 220, 223, 230 Serous, 188, 223 Serum, 12, 40, 62, 67, 74, 82, 83, 135, 167, 182, 187, 219, 220, 223, 230 Sex Characteristics, 190, 223, 227 Shivering, 223, 228 Shock, 17, 59, 83, 99, 123, 135, 169, 196, 223, 230 Sibutramine, 90, 223 Side effect, 13, 26, 74, 103, 125, 166, 168, 170, 177, 223, 229 Signal Transduction, 7, 11, 199, 214, 223 Skeletal, 11, 15, 17, 30, 53, 58, 71, 126, 180, 207, 222, 223, 224 Skeleton, 165, 201, 217, 223 Skin Tests, 223, 230 Small intestine, 187, 196, 198, 200, 224 Smooth muscle, 28, 55, 126, 130, 136, 167, 175, 176, 192, 196, 207, 220, 224, 226 Social Environment, 219, 224 Social Support, 224, 225 Sodium, 36, 85, 167, 196, 219, 224, 226 Soft tissue, 14, 59, 223, 224 Solvent, 84, 190, 224 Somatic, 202, 213, 216, 224 Somatostatin, 64, 224 Spasm, 124, 131, 196, 224 Specialist, 155, 186, 224
Index 247
Species, 8, 172, 173, 176, 189, 203, 206, 219, 222, 224, 226, 230, 232 Specificity, 5, 7, 10, 166, 224 Sperm, 180, 224 Spermatozoa, 224, 231 Spinal cord, 9, 171, 175, 179, 180, 189, 192, 205, 208, 209, 213, 216, 220, 224, 226 Spinal Nerves, 213, 224 Spinous, 189, 225 Spleen, 86, 105, 203, 225 Sports Medicine, 98, 114, 158, 190, 225 Staurosporine, 74, 85, 225 Steel, 86, 180, 225 Sterile, 225, 230 Sterility, 55, 95, 199, 225 Steroid, 184, 225 Stimulant, 168, 176, 186, 196, 201, 225 Stimulus, 124, 131, 183, 188, 199, 220, 225, 228 Stomach, 165, 177, 186, 192, 193, 196, 212, 213, 224, 225 Stress management, 138, 225 Stridor, 184, 225 Stroke, 104, 122, 146, 177, 225 Stroke Volume, 177, 225 Subacute, 199, 225 Subarachnoid, 53, 86, 92, 195, 225 Subclinical, 199, 225 Subcutaneous, 12, 27, 40, 45, 58, 62, 82, 86, 87, 88, 94, 125, 166, 187, 202, 210, 225 Subiculum, 196, 226 Subspecies, 224, 226 Substance P, 205, 220, 222, 226 Substrate, 11, 226, 230 Substrate Specificity, 11, 226 Subthalamus, 186, 226 Suction, 22, 202, 226 Sufentanil, 13, 25, 69, 70, 226 Sulfides, 110, 226 Sulfur, 205, 226 Supplementation, 31, 103, 114, 226 Support group, 5, 226 Suppression, 52, 135, 226 Suprarenal, 136, 226 Surfactant, 23, 190, 226 Sweat, 51, 197, 226 Sweat Glands, 51, 226 Sympathetic Nervous System, 123, 172, 180, 226 Sympathomimetic, 135, 166, 168, 187, 189, 210, 226, 230 Synaptic, 223, 227
Synaptosomes, 105, 113, 227 Syncope, 99, 227 Synergistic, 75, 88, 227 Systemic, 51, 80, 88, 91, 93, 168, 169, 170, 175, 181, 189, 199, 210, 227, 231 Systolic, 123, 197, 227 Systolic blood pressure, 123, 227 T Tachycardia, 186, 227 Temporal, 172, 196, 227 Temporal Lobe, 172, 227 Terbutaline, 27, 87, 227 Testosterone, 168, 227 Tetani, 227 Tetanic, 227 Tetanus, 112, 227 Tetanus Toxin, 112, 227 Tetracaine, 28, 29, 42, 59, 60, 67, 76, 82, 88, 89, 92, 94, 106, 124, 125, 131, 227 Thalamus, 186, 189, 202, 216, 226, 227 Theophylline, 82, 116, 168, 228 Therapeutics, 10, 90, 207, 228 Thermal, 4, 87, 124, 131, 186, 228 Thermogenesis, 30, 56, 90, 228 Thigh, 47, 191, 194, 228 Third Ventricle, 189, 197, 227, 228 Thoracic, 17, 44, 86, 91, 92, 175, 228, 233 Thorax, 28, 42, 68, 87, 165, 203, 228 Threonine, 206, 213, 218, 228 Threshold, 9, 190, 197, 228 Thrombin, 4, 14, 15, 18, 43, 50, 57, 75, 87, 140, 191, 215, 218, 228 Thrombocytes, 215, 228 Thrombocytopenia, 168, 228 Thrombolytic, 215, 228 Thrombomodulin, 218, 228 Thrombosis, 18, 20, 21, 31, 36, 73, 75, 86, 92, 109, 174, 218, 225, 228 Thromboxanes, 18, 171, 228 Thrombus, 122, 183, 198, 207, 215, 228, 232 Thyroid, 4, 50, 110, 136, 197, 228, 229, 230 Thyroid Gland, 197, 228, 229 Thyrotropin, 198, 229 Thyroxine, 135, 167, 214, 229 Ticlopidine, 93, 229 Time Management, 225, 229 Timolol, 37, 128, 229 Timolol Maleate, 128, 229 Tissue Culture, 6, 229 Tonic, 81, 177, 229
248 Adrenaline
Topical, 28, 29, 42, 59, 60, 67, 71, 72, 76, 88, 90, 94, 124, 125, 131, 165, 171, 190, 205, 229 Tourniquet, 49, 229 Toxic, iv, 20, 131, 172, 184, 198, 205, 209, 229 Toxicity, 26, 177, 187, 229 Toxicokinetics, 229 Toxicology, 65, 105, 148, 229 Toxins, 114, 170, 199, 229 Trace element, 181, 209, 229 Trachea, 175, 225, 228, 229 Traction, 180, 229 Transduction, 7, 11, 223, 229 Transfection, 174, 230 Transmitter, 56, 165, 172, 187, 204, 205, 210, 230 Trauma, 85, 195, 208, 230 Tremor, 62, 229, 230 Tricyclic, 126, 130, 185, 230 Trifluoperazine, 105, 230 Trigeminal, 124, 132, 230 Trypan Blue, 121, 230 Tryptophan, 181, 223, 230 Tubercle, 230 Tuberculin, 26, 95, 230 Tuberculin Test, 26, 230 Tuberculosis, 95, 183, 230 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 79, 230 Tumour, 113, 192, 230 Tyramine, 174, 207, 210, 230 Tyrosine, 68, 109, 110, 112, 113, 123, 125, 187, 214, 230 U Ulcer, 4, 43, 212, 230 Ulcerative colitis, 95, 231 Unconscious, 169, 198, 231 Urea, 48, 226, 231 Uremia, 220, 231 Urethra, 212, 231 Urinary, 25, 44, 50, 68, 79, 96, 97, 98, 104, 135, 136, 165, 189, 198, 231 Urine, 35, 46, 55, 79, 84, 135, 169, 174, 185, 186, 194, 198, 210, 218, 231 Urticaria, 31, 169, 231 Uterine Contraction, 212, 231 Uterus, 179, 183, 231 V Vaccine, 218, 231 Vacuoles, 188, 211, 231
Vagina, 179, 231 Vas Deferens, 113, 231 Vascular Resistance, 51, 168, 173, 231 Vasoactive, 105, 231 Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, 105, 231 Vasoconstriction, 113, 186, 189, 194, 231 Vasodilator, 136, 168, 175, 176, 187, 196, 209, 210, 213, 231 Vector, 230, 231 Vein, 53, 112, 171, 200, 210, 222, 231, 232 Venom, 82, 100, 232 Venous, 37, 38, 79, 94, 99, 171, 174, 195, 210, 218, 229, 232 Venous blood, 37, 232 Venous Thrombosis, 174, 229, 232 Ventilation, 177, 221, 232 Ventricle, 29, 112, 196, 219, 227, 228, 232 Ventricular, 21, 22, 40, 59, 65, 100, 168, 232 Ventricular Function, 40, 232 Venules, 175, 176, 188, 205, 232 Vertebrae, 224, 232 Vesicular, 8, 37, 172, 232 Veterinary Medicine, 147, 232 Vibrio, 179, 232 Vibrio cholerae, 179, 232 Viral, 93, 229, 232 Virulence, 172, 229, 232 Virus, 173, 194, 196, 230, 232 Visceral, 172, 202, 213, 232 Viscosity, 22, 196, 232 Visual field, 211, 221, 232 Vitamin A, 199, 221, 232 Vitreoretinal, 93, 232 Vitro, 10, 59, 113, 233 Vivo, 7, 11, 52, 233 Voltage-gated, 165, 233 Vulgaris, 116, 233 W Wakefulness, 111, 233 Weight Gain, 5, 233 White blood cell, 169, 202, 203, 207, 209, 233 Windpipe, 228, 233 Withdrawal, 52, 100, 214, 233 Y Yohimbine, 21, 86, 233 Yolk Sac, 191, 233 Z Zymogen, 218, 233
Index 249
250 Adrenaline
Index 251
252 Adrenaline
